UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549


FORM 10-K
☑ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20182019
OR
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934


For the Transition Period from _____ to _____
Commission file No. 1-6908

AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware11-1988350
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
200 Vesey Street, New York, New York10285
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number including area code: (212) 640-2000.

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12 (b) of the Act:
Title of each class Trading Symbol
Name of each exchange on which registered
2.375 percent Medium-Term Senior Notes New York Stock Exchange
Series F, due May 26, 2020AXP/20New York Stock Exchange
0.625 percent Senior Notes, due November 22, 2021AXP/21New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12 (g) of the Act: None.
THE REGISTRANT MEETS THE CONDITIONS SET FORTH IN GENERAL INSTRUCTION I (1) (a) AND (b) OF FORM 10-K AND HAS THEREFORE OMITTED CERTAIN ITEMS FROM THIS REPORT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REDUCED DISCLOSURE FORMAT PERMITTED UNDER INSTRUCTION I.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Yes ☑ No ☐
       YesþNoo
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
Yes ☐ oNo ☑þ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    
Yes ☑ þNo ☐¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes☑þNo☐
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☑

¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitiondefinitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ☐¨
Accelerated filer ☐¨
Non-accelerated filer ☑þ
Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.☐
¨



Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes☐No ☑
þ


American Express Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, owns all of the outstanding common stock of the registrant. Accordingly, there is no0 market for the registrant’s common stock. At March 1, 2019,February 27, 2020, 1,504,938 shares of the common stock, par value $0.10 per share, were outstanding.

Documents incorporated by reference:None



Table of Contents
    
Form 10-K   
Item Number  Page
  
PART I
 
1.  
  
     Introduction
1
  
     Overview
1
  
1
  
1
1A. 
2
1B. 
8
2. 
9
3. 
9
4. 
9
      
  
PART II
   
5. 
9
6. 
9
7. 
10
  
10
  
10
  
11
  
11
  
12
  
12
  
13
  
13
  
13
  
14
  
14
  
14
  
15
  
17
  
     Risk Management
17
  
21
  
     Other Matters
22
7A. 
23
8. 
23
  
23
  
24
  
25
  
26
  
32
9. 
54
9A. 
54
9B. 
54
      
  
PART III
   
10. 
54
11. 
54
12. 
54
13. 
54
14. 
55
      
  
PART IV
   
15. 
56
16. 
59
  
60
Table of Contents
    
Form 10-K   
Item Number  Page
  
PART I
 
1. 
BUSINESS
 
  
     Introduction
1
  
     Overview
1
  
     American Express Card Business
1
  
     General Nature of Credco’s Business
2
  
     Employees
3
 1A. 
RISK FACTORS
4
 1B. 
UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
10
2. 
PROPERTIES
10
3. 
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
10
4. 
MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
10
    
  
PART II
 
5. 
MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
11
6. 
SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
11
7. 
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (MD&A)
12
  
     Business Environment
12
  
     Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
12
  
     Results of Operations
13
  
     Volume of Business
14
  
     Card Member Receivables and Card Member Loans
14
  
     Changes in Card Member Receivables and Card Member Loans Reserves for Losses
15
  
     Loans to Affiliates and Other
16
  
     Due from/to Affiliates
16
  
     Restricted Cash with Affiliates
16
  
     Short-term Debt to Affiliates
16
  
     Long-term Debt to Affiliates
17
  
     Service Fees to Affiliates
17
  
     Sources of Funds
17
  
     Consolidated Capital Resources and Liquidity
18
  
     Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
20
  
     Risk Management
21
  
     Critical Accounting Estimates
25
  
     Other Matters
26
 7A. 
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
28
8. 
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
28
  
     Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
28
  
     Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
29
  
     Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
30
  
     Consolidated Financial Statements
31
  
     Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
36
 
 

9. 
CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
60
 9A. 
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
60
 9B. 
OTHER INFORMATION
60
    
  
PART III
 
10. 
DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
61
11. 
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
61
12. 
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
61
13. 
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
61
14. 
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
61
    
  
PART IV
 
15. 
EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
62
16. 
FORM 10-K SUMMARY
62
  
SIGNATURES
63
  
EXHIBIT INDEX
E-1

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 that are subject to risks and uncertainties. You can identify forward-looking statements by words such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “aim,” “will,” “may,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “likely,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue” or other similar expressions. Credco discusses certain factors that affect Credco’s business and operations and that may cause its actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements under “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date on which they are made. Credco undertakes no obligation to update publicly or revise any forward-looking statements.


Throughout this report the term “Credco” refers to American Express Credit Corporation and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis, unless stated or the context implies otherwise. The use of the term “partner” in this report does not mean or imply a formal legal partnership, and is not meant in any way to alter the terms of American Express’ relationship with any third parties.

Table of Contents
PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS
INTRODUCTION


Overview

Overview
Credco was incorporated in Delaware in 1962 and was acquired by American Express Company (American Express) in December 1965. On January 1, 1983, Credco became a wholly owned subsidiary of American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc. (TRS), a wholly owned subsidiary of American Express. Both American Express and TRS are bank holding companies. As of December 31, 2019, Credco employed 4 people, whom Credco refers to as colleagues.
Credco is engaged in the business of financing certain non-interest-earning Card Member receivables arising from the use of the American Express charge cards issued in the United States and in certain countries outside the United States. Credco also finances certain interest-earning revolving loans generated by Card Member spending on American Express credit cards issued in non-U.S. markets.
American Express Card Business
American Express is a globally integrated payments company that provides customers with access to products, insights and experiences that enrich lives and build business success. American Express’ principal productsExpress is a leader in providing credit and services are charge and credit card products and travel-related services offeredcards to consumers, small businesses, mid-sized companies and businesseslarge corporations around the world.

The charge American Express® cards are designed primarilyissued by American Express as a method of payment, with Card Members generally payingwell as by third-party banks and other institutions on the full amount billed each month. Charges are approved based on a variety of factors including a Card Member’s current spending patterns, payment history, credit record and financial resources. Some charge card accounts have features that allowAmerican Express network permit Card Members to revolve certain charges. In addition to charge purchases of goods and services at the millions of merchants around the world that accept cards TRS andbearing its subsidiaries and licensees also offer a variety of revolving credit cards marketed in the United States and other countries. These cards have a range of different payment terms, interest rate and fee structures.logo.
In the United States, American Express’ marketing, sale and servicing of consumer financial products and its compliance with certain federal consumer financial laws, are supervised and examined by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), which has broad rulemaking and enforcement authority over providers of credit, savings and payment services and products, and authority to prevent “unfair, deceptive or abusive” acts or practices. In addition, a number of U.S. states have significant consumer credit protection, disclosure and other laws (in certain cases more stringent than U.S. federal laws). U.S. federal law also regulates abusive debt collection practices, which, along with bankruptcy and debtor relief laws, can affect American Express’ ability to collect amounts owed to it or subject it to regulatory scrutiny.
In countries outside the United States, American Express has seen an increase in regulatoryregulators continue to focus in relation toon a number of key areas impacting itsAmerican Express’ card-issuing businesses, particularly consumer protection (such as in the European Union (EU), the United Kingdom and Canada) and responsible lending (such as in Australia, Mexico, New Zealand and Singapore). Regulators in a number of countries are shifting their focus from, with increasing importance on and attention to customers and outcomes rather than just ensuring compliance with local rules and regulations toward paying greater attention to the product design and operation with a focus on customers and outcomes.regulations. Regulators’ expectations of firms in relation to their compliance, risk and control frameworks continue to increase and regulators are placing significant emphasis on a firm’s systems and controls relating to the identification and resolution of issues.
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General Nature of Credco’s Business
Credco engages primarily in the business of financing Card Member receivables and in providing loans to certain of its affiliates. The use of a centralized funding source for assets originated by affiliated entities provides American Express with operational efficiency in the form of a single point of issuance to investors in the capital markets.efficiency. Because its business operations have the limited scope of providing funding to its card-issuing affiliates, Credco’s results are insulated to a large extent from sources of volatility and risk inherent in the primary businesses of American Express and its other affiliates, making credit evaluations by investors and rating agencies less complex. Credco receives ongoing financial support from American Express through maintenance of its minimum required 1.25 fixed charge coverage ratio, which is achieved by charging appropriate discount rates on the purchases of receivables Credco makes from, and the interest rates on the loans Credco provides to, TRS and other American Express affiliates. During each monthly period, the discount and interest rates are determined or adjusted to generate income for Credco that is sufficient to maintain its minimum fixed charge coverage ratio.

1
The agreements for the purchase and sale of card receivables and loans (receivables agreements) between Credco and its affiliates provide that the parties intend for the transactions thereunder be conducted on an arm’s-length basis and that, for example, the price at which receivables and loans are sold to Credco or its subsidiaries be at fair market value (including consideration of changes in interest rates or significant changes in collectability). Credco considers its expenses, such as interest costs, expected credit losses and applicable margin in the calculation of the discount rate at which Credco offers to purchase receivables and loans to maintain Credco’s minimum required fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.25. As a result, Credco’s level of profitability relative to its assets should not be materially negatively impacted by an increase in either the provisions for credit losses or the cost of funds.
Credco funds, either directly or indirectly through its consolidated subsidiaries, Card Member receivables and loans primarily in one or more of the following ways:
•purchases, without recourse, of Card Member receivables and loans directly from issuers of American Express cards (card issuers);

•purchases of participation interests from TRS’ securitization program;
·purchases, without recourse, of Card Member receivables and loans directly from issuers of American Express cards (card issuers);
•unsecured loans provided to affiliates; and
·purchases of participation interests from TRS’ securitization program;
·unsecured loans provided to affiliates; and
·transfers of Card Member receivables and loans with recourse, representing loans provided to affiliates that are collateralized by the underlying Card Member receivables and loans.

•transfers of Card Member receivables and loans with recourse, representing loans provided to affiliates that are collateralized by the underlying Card Member receivables and loans.
Where Credco purchases Card Member receivables and loans without recourse, amounts resulting from unauthorized charges (for example, those made with a lost or stolen card) are excluded from the definition of receivables and loans under the receivables agreements and are not eligible for purchase by Credco. If the unauthorized nature of the charge is discovered after purchase by Credco, the card issuer repurchases the charge from Credco.
Credco generally purchases non-interest-earning Card Member receivables at face amount less a specified discount, which is determined at the time of purchase based upon the nature of the receivables. The discount rate applicable to purchases of new receivables reflects the prevailing funding costs and the collectability of the receivables.
Certain Card Member loans are purchased by Credco, which consist of interest-earning revolving loans generated by Card Member spending on American Express credit cards issued in non-U.S. markets.
As part of its funding activities, Credco regularly reviews funding sources and strategies in international markets and funds the subsidiaries of TRS either by way of unsecured loans or by purchasing Card Member receivables and/or loans, either with or without recourse, as per the terms of the receivables agreement with the respective card-issuing entity.
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TRS and its subsidiaries originate the Card Member receivables and loans and establish credit standards for Card Members on Credco’s behalf.Members. In addition, TRS and its subsidiaries perform services necessary to bill and collect all Card Member receivables and loans owned by Credco, as agents for Credco. The receivables agreements provide that, except with the prior written consent of Credco, the seller shall not materially reduce the credit standards used in determining whether a card is to be issued to an applicant or materially change the policy as to the cancellation of cards for credit reasons.
American Express, as the parent of TRS, has agreed with Credco that it will take all necessary steps to assure performance of certain TRS obligations under the receivables agreementagreements between TRS and Credco. The receivables agreements may be terminated at any time by the parties thereto, generally upon little or no notice. The obligations of Credco are not guaranteed under the receivables agreements or otherwise by American Express or the card issuers.


Employees

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, Credco had 5 and 6 employees, respectively.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

This section highlights specific risks that could affect Credco and its business. Based on the information currently known to it, Credco believes the following information identifies the most significant risk factors affecting Credco. However, the risks and uncertainties that Credco faces are not limited to those described below. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to Credco or that Credco currently believes to be immaterial may also adversely affect Credco’s business.
If any of the following risks and uncertainties develop into actual events or if the circumstances described in the risks and uncertainties occur or continue to occur, these events or circumstances could have a material adverse effect on Credco’s business, financial condition or results of operations. These events or circumstances could also have a negative effect on the trading price of its debt securities.
2
Adverse financial market conditions may significantly affect Credco’s ability to meet liquidity needs, access to capital and cost of capital.

Credco needs liquidity to purchase receivables from, and make loans to, its affiliates and to pay operating and other expenses, interest on debt and to repay maturing liabilities. The principal sources of Credco’s liquidity are payments from Card Members, intercompany borrowings, proceeds from the issuance of unsecured medium and long-term notes, cash and cash equivalents, assets that could be sold to TRS for securitization, and a committed bank borrowingcredit facility, as well as access to additional liquidity in the form of cash and readily marketable securities held by certain affiliates, through intercompany loan agreements.

affiliates.
Credco’s ability to obtain financing in the debt capital markets for unsecured term debt and asset securitizations is dependent on market conditions. Disruptions, uncertainty or volatility across the financial markets, as well as adverse developments affecting American Express’ competitors and the financial industry generally, could negatively impact market liquidity and limit Credco’s access to funding required to operate its business. Such market conditions may also limit its ability to replace, in a timely manner, maturing liabilities and access the funding necessary to provide financing to its affiliates. In some circumstances, Credco may incur an unattractive cost to raise capital, which could decrease profitability and significantly reduce financial flexibility.
As a result of recent regulatory and other legal proceedings, actions by regulators or law enforcement agencies may result in changes to the manner in which the London interbank offered rate (LIBOR) is determined, its discontinuance or the establishment of alternative reference rates. At this time, it is not possible to predict the effect that these developments may have on the markets, Credco or Credco’s floating rate debt securities. Uncertainty as to the nature of such developments may negatively impact market liquidity, Credco’s access to funding required to operate Credco’s business, the trading market for Credco’s floating rate debt securities and the interest payable on Credco’s outstanding floating rate debt securities.
Difficult conditions in the business and economic environment, as well as political conditions in the United States and elsewhere, may materially adversely affect Credco’s business and results of operations.

Credco’s results of operations are materially affected by economic, market, political and social conditions in the United States and abroad. American Express offers a broad array of products and services to consumers, small businesses and commercial clients and thus is very dependent upon the level of consumer and business activity and the demand for payment and financing products. Slow economic growth, volatile or deteriorating economic conditions or shifts in broader consumer and business trends could changesignificantly impact customer behaviors, including spending on American Express cards, the ability and willingness of Card Members to borrow and pay amounts owed to American Express, and demand for fee-based products and services. Political conditions, prolonged or recurring government shutdowns, regional hostilities, and the prospect or occurrence of more widespread conflicts, social upheaval, fiscal and monetary policies, trade concernswars and tariffs could also negatively affect consumer and business spending, including travel patterns and business investment, and demand for credit.
Factors such as consumer spending and confidence, unemployment rates, business investment, geopolitical instability, election results, government spending, trade relationships with other countries, interest rates, taxes, energy costs, the volatility and strength of the capital markets, inflation and deflation all affect the economic environment and, ultimately, Credco’s profitability. Such factors may also cause Credco’s earnings, receivables, credit metrics and margins to fluctuate and diverge from expectations of analysts and investors, who may have differing assumptions regarding their impact on Credco’s business.
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Travel and entertainment expenditures, for example, are sensitive to business and personal discretionary spending levels and safety concerns, including those related to the recent coronavirus outbreak, and also tend to decline during general economic downturns. Likewise, spending by small businesses and corporate clients depends in part on the economic environment and a favorable climate for continued business investment and new business formation. Increases in delinquencies and write-off rates as a result of increases in bankruptcies, unemployment rates, changes in customer behaviors or otherwise could also have a material adverse effect on Credco’s results of operations. The consequences of negative circumstances impacting Credco or the environment generally can be sudden and severe.

American Express’ business in the United Kingdom and elsewhere may be negatively impacted by the uncertainty regarding the exit of the United Kingdom from the EU (commonly referred to as Brexit). on January 31, 2020. Brexit could lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations in the United Kingdom and the EU, which could affectadversely impact Credco’s business and financial results. Credco may makehas made changes to its structure of business operations in Europe in anticipation of Brexit, although the financial, trade and legal implications of Brexit are stillremain uncertain given the lack of comparable precedent.

Any reduction in Credco’s credit ratings could increase the cost of its funding from and restrict Credco’s access to the capital markets and have a material adverse effect on Credco’s results of operations and financial condition.

Rating agencies regularly evaluate Credco, and their ratings of Credco’s long-term and short-term debt are based on a number of factors, including Credco’s financial strength, as well as factors not within Credco’s control, including conditions affecting the financial services industry generally and the wider state of the economy. Credco’s ratings could be downgraded at any time and without any notice by any of the rating agencies, which could, among other things, adversely limit its access to the capital markets and adversely affect the cost and other terms upon which Credco is able to obtain funding.

3
Uncertainty relating to LIBOR and other reference rates and their potential discontinuance may negatively impact Credco’s access to funding and the value of its financial instruments.
Due to uncertainty surrounding the suitability and sustainability of the London interbank offered rate (LIBOR), central banks and global regulators have called for financial market participants to prepare for the discontinuance of LIBOR by the end of 2021 and the establishment of alternative reference rates. At this time, it is not possible to predict the effect that any discontinuance, modification or other reforms to LIBOR or any other reference rate, the establishment of alternative reference rates, or the impact of any such events on contractual mechanisms may have on the markets, Credco, or its financial instruments that reference LIBOR.
Alternative reference rates are calculated using components different from those used in the calculation of LIBOR and may fluctuate differently than, and not be representative of, LIBOR.
Uncertainty as to the nature and timing of the potential discontinuance or modification of LIBOR, the replacement of LIBOR with one or more alternative reference rates or other reforms may negatively impact market liquidity, Credco’s access to funding required to operate its business and the trading market for its financial instruments. Furthermore, the timing of implementation and use of alternative reference rates and corresponding adjustments or other reforms could be subject to disputes, could cause the interest payable on Credco’s outstanding financial instruments to be materially different than expected and may impact the value of its financial instruments.
For a further discussion on LIBOR Transition, see “Risk Management ― LIBOR Transition” under “MD&A.”
Adverse currency fluctuations and foreign exchange controls could decrease the revenue Credco receives from its international operations.
During 2018,2019, approximately 2930 percent of Credco’s revenue was generated from activities outside the United States. Credco is exposed to foreign exchange risk from its international operations, and accordingly the revenue it generates outside the United States is subject to unpredictable fluctuations if the values of other currencies change relative to the U.S. dollar (including as a result of Brexit), which could have a material adverse effect on Credco’s results of operations. Furthermore, Credco may become subject to foreign exchange regulations that might restrict or prohibit the conversion of other currencies into U.S. dollars or Credco’s ability to transfer them and this could impact Credco’s results of operations.
Continuing concerns regarding the euro may cause the value of the euro to continue to fluctuate and could lead to the reintroduction of individual currencies in one or more Eurozone countries, or, in more extreme circumstances, the possible dissolution of the euro currency entirely. The reintroduction of certain individual country currencies, a significant devaluation of the euro or the complete dissolution of the euro could adversely affect the value of Credco’s euro-denominated assets and liabilities.
Potential developments regarding the euro could also have an adverse impact on consumer and business behavior in Europe and globally, which could have a material adverse effect on Credco’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
Credco is an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of American Express. As such, it is affected by the strategic decisions and operating performance of American Express.
As an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of American Express, Credco’s business and operating performance can be affected by a wide range of possible strategic decisions that American Express may make from time to time. Those strategic decisions could affect the level and types of financing Credco provides to support the business of American Express and its other subsidiaries and the level and types of transactional or other support made available to Credco by American Express. In addition, circumstances affecting American Express can significantly affect Credco. For example, Credco’s debt ratings are closely tied to those of American Express, and when rating agencies take actions regarding American Express’ ratings, they may take the same actions with respect to Credco’s ratings. Significant changes in American Express’ strategy or its relationship with Credco or material adverse changes in the performance of American Express or its other subsidiaries could have a material adverse effect on Credco. The outstanding debt and other securities of Credco are not obligations of American Express, TRS or other American Express subsidiaries.
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American Express’ business is subject to comprehensive government regulation and supervision, which could materially adversely affect Credco’s results of operations and financial condition.

American Express’ business is subject to comprehensive government regulation and supervision in jurisdictions around the world, which significantly affects its business, and has the potential to restrict the scoperequires continual enhancement of American Express’ existing businesses, increase its costs of doing business, and limit its ability to pursue certain business opportunities, require changes to its business practices, and affect its relationships with partners, merchants and Card Members.compliance efforts. Regulatory oversight and supervision of American Express’ businesses are generally designed to protect consumers and enhance financial stability and are not designed to protect its security holders. New laws or regulations, enhanced supervision

4
Supervision efforts or changes inand the enforcement of existing laws orand regulations applicable toimpact the scope and profitability of American Express’ businesses could impact the profitability of itsexisting business activities, limit its ability to pursue certain business opportunities orand adopt new technologies, and affect its relationships with Card Members, partners, merchants, vendors and other third parties. New laws and regulations could similarly affect American Express’ business, increase its costs of doing business and require it to change certain of its business practices or alter its relationships with partners, merchants and Card Members, or affect retention of its key personnel. Such changes also may require American Express to invest significant management attention and resources, to make any necessary changes andall of which could adversely affect Credco’s results of operations and financial condition. Legislators and regulators around the world are aware of each other’s approaches to the regulation of the payments industry. Consequently, a development in one country, state or region may influence regulatory approaches in another. To the extent that different regulatory systems impose overlapping or inconsistent requirements on the conduct of American Express’ business, it faces complexity and additional costs in its compliance efforts.
If American Express fails to satisfy regulatory requirements or maintain its financial holding company status, its financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected, and it may be restricted in its ability to take certain capital actions (such as declaring dividends or repurchasing outstanding shares) or engage in certain business activities or acquisitions. Additionally, its banking regulators have wide discretion in the examination and the enforcement of applicable banking statutes and regulations and may restrict its ability to engage in certain business activities or acquisitions, or may require American Express to maintain more capital.
In recent years, legislators and regulators have focused on the operation of card networks, including interchange fees paid to card issuers in payment networks such as Visa, Inc. (Visa) and Mastercard International Inc. (Mastercard) and the fees merchants are charged to accept cards. Even where American Express is not directly regulated, regulation of bankcard fees can significantly negatively impactimpacts the discount revenue derived from American Express’ business, including as a result of downward pressure on its discount rate from decreases in competitor pricing in connection with caps on interchange fees. In addition, there is uncertainty as to when or how interchange fee caps and other provisions of the EU payments legislation might apply when American Express works with cobrand partners and agents in the EU. In a ruling issued on February 7, 2018, the EU Court of Justice confirmed the validity of the application of the fee caps and other provisions in circumstances where three-party networks issue cards with a cobrand partner or through an agent, although the ruling provided only limited guidance as to when or how the provisions might apply in such circumstances.circumstances and remain subject to differing interpretations by regulators and participants in cobrand arrangements. As a result there can be no assurance that American Express will be able to maintain its existing cobrand and agent relationships in their current formthe EU. Furthermore, the European Commission is in the EU.process of conducting an impact assessment of the interchange fee caps, which could potentially result in lower and/or additional interchange fee caps and restrictions.
American Express is subject to certain provisions of the Bank Secrecy Act, as amended by the USA PATRIOT Act, with regard to maintaining effective anti-money laundering (AML) programs. Similar AML requirements apply under the laws of most jurisdictions where American Express operates. Increased regulatory focus in this area couldis likely to result in additional obligations orincreased costs related to oversight, supervision and fines, and may result in changes to American Express business practices, including restrictions with respect to the types of products and services American Expressit may offer to consumers, the countries in which its cards may be used, and the types of customers and merchants who can obtain or accept its cards. Emerging technologies, such as digital currencies, could limit American Express’ ability to track the movement of funds. Money laundering, terrorist financing and other illicit activities involving American Express’ cardsbusiness could result in enforcement action, and American Express’ reputation may suffer due to its customers’ association with certain countries, persons or entities or the existence of any such transactions.
Various regulatory agencies and legislatures are also considering regulations and legislation covering identity theft, account management guidelines, credit bureau reporting, disclosure rules, security and marketing that would impact American Express directly, in part due to increased scrutiny of its underwriting and account management standards. These new requirements may restrict its ability to issue charge and credit cards or partner with other financial institutions, which could adversely affect its revenue growth and Credco’s results of operations.
6
A major information or cyber security incident or an increase in fraudulent activity affecting American Express could affect Credco’ s results of operations and financial condition.
American Express and third parties process, transmit, store and provide access to account information in connection with American Express’ charge and credit cards and other products, and in the normal course of American Express’ business, it collects, analyzes and retains significant volumes of certain types of personally identifiable and other information pertaining to its customers and employees.colleagues.
American Express’ networks and systems are subject to constant attempts to identify and exploit potential vulnerabilities in its operating environment with intent to disrupt its business operations and capture, destroy, manipulate or expose various types of information relating to corporate trade secrets, customer information, employeecolleague information and other sensitive business information.
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Global financial institutions like American Express, as well as its customers, colleagues, regulators, vendors and other third parties, have experienced a significant increase in information and cyber security risk in recent years and will likely continue to be the target of increasingly sophisticated cyberattacks, including computer viruses, malicious or destructive code, ransomware, social engineering attacks (including phishing, impersonation and identity takeover attempts), corporate espionage, hacking, website defacement, denial-of-service attacks and other attacks and similar disruptions from the misconfiguration or unauthorized use of or access to computer systems. For example, American Express and other U.S. financial services providers have been the targetstarget of distributed denial-of-service attacks from sophisticated third parties. These threats can arise from external parties as well as insiders who knowingly or unknowingly engage in or enable malicious cyber activities. An information or cyber security incident may not be detected until well after it occurs and the severity and potential impact may not be fully known for a substantial period of time after it has been discovered.
Information or cyber security incidents, fraudulent activity and other actual or perceived failures to maintain confidentiality, integrity, privacy and/or security has led to increased regulatory scrutiny and may lead to regulatory investigations and intervention (such as mandatory card reissuance), increased litigation (including class action litigation), remediation, fines and response costs, negative assessments of American Express and its subsidiaries by banking regulators and rating agencies, reputational and financial damage to the American Express brand, and reduced usage and acceptance of American Express cards.products and services.
Successful cyberattacks, data breaches, disruptions or other incidents related to the actual or perceived failures to maintain confidentiality, integrity, privacy and/or security at other large financial institutions, large retailers, travel and hospitality companies, government agencies or other market participants, whether or not American Express is impacted, could lead to a general loss of customer confidence that could negatively affect American Express, including harming the market perception of the effectiveness of its security measures or harming the reputation of the financial system in general, which could result in reduced use of its products and services.
The risk management policies and procedures of American Express, Credco and the card issuers may not be effective.
American Express’ risk management framework seeks to identify and mitigate risk and appropriately balance risk and return. American Express has established policies and procedures intended to identify, monitor and manage the types of risk to which it is subject, including credit risk, market risk, asset liability risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, compliance risk, model risk, strategic and business risk and reputational risk. Although American Express and the card issuers have devoted significant resources to develop their risk management policies and procedures and expect to continue to do so in the future, these policies and procedures, as well as their risk management techniques such as hedging strategies, may not be fully effective. There may also be risks that exist, or develop in the future, that have not been appropriately anticipated, identified or mitigated. As regulations and markets in which American Express, Credco and the card issuers operate continue to evolve, the risk management framework may not always keep sufficient pace with those changes. If the risk management framework does not effectively identify or mitigate these risks, Credco could suffer unexpected losses or reputational harm that could materially adversely affect Credco.
Management of these risks in some cases depends upon the use of analytical and/or forecasting models. Although American Express has a governance framework for model development and independent model validation, the modeling methodology or key assumptions could be erroneous or the models could be misused. In addition, issues with the quality or effectiveness of American Express’ data aggregation and validation procedures, as well as the quality and integrity of data inputs, could result in ineffective or inaccurate model outputs and reports. For example, models based on historical data sets might not be accurate predictors of future outcomes and their ability to appropriately predict future outcomes may degrade over time. Upon the adoption of the new accounting guidance for the recognition of credit losses on certain financial instruments, effective January 1, 2020, American Express, Credco and the card issuers began using a new credit reserve methodology, which requires measurement of expected credit losses for the estimated life of the financial instrument, not only based on historical experience and current conditions, but also by including forecasts incorporating forward-looking information. If theseAmerican Express’ business decisions or estimates for credit losses are based on incorrect or misused models and assumptions or American Express fails to manage data inputs effectively and to aggregate or analyze data in an accurate and timely manner, CredcoCredco’s results of operations and financial condition may face adverse consequences, such as financial loss, poor business and strategic decision-making, or damage to its reputation.be materially adversely affected.
Management of credit, market, liquidity, operational and compliance risk requires, among other things, policies and procedures to record properly and verify a large number of transactions and events, and these policies and procedures may not be fully effective.

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Credit risk is the risk ofdefined as loss fromdue to obligor or counterparty default or changes in the credit quality of a counterparty.counterparty or security. Credco is exposed to both consumer credit risk and institutional credit risk through theprincipally from consumer and small business Card Member receivables and Card Member loans it purchases generally without recourse, as well as through its participation interests. Third parties may default on their obligations to Credco due to bankruptcy, lack of liquidity, operational failure or other reasons. General economic factors, such as the rate of inflation, unemployment levels and interest rates, may result in greater delinquencies that lead to greater credit losses. Country, regional and political risks can also contribute to credit risk. A customer’s ability and willingness to repay Credco can be negatively impacted not only by economic, market, political and social conditions but alsoby a customer’s other payment obligations.obligations, and increasing leverage can result in a higher risk that customers will default or become delinquent in their obligations to Credco.
American Express and Credco rely principally on the customer’s creditworthiness for repayment of the loans or receivables and therefore they have no other recourse for collection. American Express’ and Credco’s ability to assess creditworthiness may be impaired if the criteria or models used to manage credit risk prove inaccurate in predicting future losses, which could cause Credco’s losses to rise and have a negative impact on Credco’s results of operations. Further, American Express’ pricing strategies may not offset the negative impact on profitability caused by increases in delinquencies and losses; thus any material increases in delinquencies and losses beyond its current estimates could have a material adverse impact on Credco’s result of operations.
Rising delinquencies and rising rates of bankruptcy are often precursors of future write-offs and may require Credco to increase its reserve for losses. Higher write-off rates and an increase in Credco’s reserves for losses adversely affect its profitability and may increase its cost of funds.
Although American Express, Credco and the card issuers make estimates to provide for credit losses in their respective outstanding portfolio of receivables and loans, these estimates may not be accurate. In addition, the information American Express, Credco and the card issuers use in managing their credit risk may be inaccurate or incomplete. As noted above, American Express, Credco and the card issuers began using a new credit reserve methodology, effective January 1, 2020, which differs significantly from their previous approach and alters the estimation process, inputs and assumptions used in estimating expected credit losses for receivables and loans. The new methodology may have a significant effect on Credco's reported results and could cause fluctuations in its reported results, even if there are no underlying changes in the economics of the business. For more information on recently issued accounting standards, see Note 1 to the “Consolidated Financial Statements.”
Although American Express, Credco and the card issuers regularly reviews credit exposure to specific clients and counterparties and to specific industries, countries and regions that American Express, Credco and the card issuers believe may present credit concerns, default risk may arise from events or circumstances that are difficult to foresee or detect, such as fraud. In addition, American Express’, Credco’s and the card issuers’ ability to manage credit risk may be adversely affected by legal or regulatory changes (such as restrictions on collections or changes in bankruptcy laws, minimum payment regulations and re-age guidance). Increased credit risk, whether resulting from underestimating the credit losses inherent in Credco’s portfolio of receivables and loans, deteriorating economic conditions, increases in the level of receivables, changes in the mix of businesses or otherwise, could require Credco to increase its provisions for losses and could have a material adverse effect on its results of operations and financial condition.

Market risk representsincludes the loss in value of portfolios and financial instruments due to adverse changes in market variables, which could negatively impact itsCredco’s financial condition. Credco is primarily exposed to market risk from the impact of interest rate movements on its borrowings and interest-earning assets. If the rate of interest Credco pays on its borrowings increases, this will lead to Credco increasing the discount rate at which it offers to purchase receivables in order to achieve the minimum required 1.25 fixed charge coverage ratio; toratio. To the extent this discount rate is not acceptable to the seller, Credco’s ability to purchase receivables may be limited, resulting in an adverse impact on its results of operations.
Liquidity risk is defined as the inability to access cash and cash equivalents needed to meet business requirements and satisfy Credco’s obligations. If Credco is unsuccessful in managing its liquidity risk, it may maintain too much liquidity, which can be costly and limit financial flexibility, or it may be too illiquid, which could limit its growth opportunities, curtail operations or result in financial distress during a liquidity event. For additional information regarding Credco’s management of liquidity risk, see “Adverse financial market conditions may significantly affect Credco’s ability to meet liquidity needs, access to capital and cost of capital” above.

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Credco considers operational risk to be the risk of not achieving business objectives due to inadequate or failed processes or information systems, poor data quality, human error or the external environment (i.e., natural disasters). Operational risk includes, among others, the risk that error or misconduct could result in a material financial misstatement;misstatement, a failure to monitor a third party’s compliance with regulatory or legal requirements;requirements, or a failure to adequately monitor and control access to, or use of, data in the systems Credco grants to third parties. As processes are changed, or new products and services are introduced, Credco may not fully appreciate or identify new operational risks that may arise from such changes. Through human error, fraud or malfeasance, conduct risk can result in harm to broader markets and Credco and its employees.
Compliance risk arises from the failure to adhere to applicable laws, rules, regulations and internal policies and procedures. Operational, conduct and compliance risks can expose Credco to reputational and legal risks as well as fines, civil money penalties or payment of damages and can lead to diminished business opportunities and diminished ability to expand key operations.

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Credco is an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of American Express and any arrangements or agreements between the two entities may have different terms than would have been negotiated by independent, unrelated parties.
Credco is an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of American Express. As a result, the arrangements and agreements between Credco and its subsidiaries, on the one hand, and American Express and its other subsidiaries, principally the card issuers, on the other hand, may have different terms and provisions than would have been negotiated by independent, unrelated parties. The principal agreements between the parties are the receivables agreements between Credco, on the one hand, and TRS, on the other hand. Credco or its subsidiaries are also parties to agreements with card issuers in various international markets for the purchase or transfer of card receivables and for unsecured loans to card issuers. The agreements between Credco and the card issuers provide that the parties intend that the transactions thereunder be conducted on an arm’s-length basis and that, for example, the price at which receivables are sold to Credco or its subsidiaries be at fair market value (including consideration of changes in interest rates or significant changes in collectability). While there can be no assurance that the terms of these arrangements are exactly the same as would be negotiated between independent, unrelated parties, Credco and its subsidiaries are prohibited, under the terms of the indenture governing Credco’s senior debt securities, from engaging in transactions with any other American Express entities (such as the card issuers) on a basis that is materially less favorable to Credco or its subsidiaries than would be the case if the transaction were with an unrelated third party.
Credco and its subsidiaries are dependent on the card issuers that generate receivables.
Credco and its subsidiaries are parties to receivables agreements with the card issuers. These receivables agreements generally require that non-interest and interest-earning receivables be purchased at discount rates that are negotiated and determined at the time of purchase based upon the nature of the receivables. Credco and its subsidiaries are dependent upon these contractual arrangements. Lower levels of Card Member receivables and loans generated by the card issuers from which Credco and its subsidiaries purchase receivables would result in a reduction in the level of finance operations and a reduction in the revenues and net income of Credco and its subsidiaries.
Ongoing legal proceedings regarding provisions in American Express’ merchant contracts could have a material adverse effect on its business and result in additional litigation and/or arbitrations, substantial monetary damages and damage to American Express’ reputation and brand.

American Express is a defendant in a number of actions, including proposed class actions, filed by merchants that challenge the non-discrimination and honor-all-cards provisions in American Express’ card acceptance agreements and seek damages.
It is possible that the resolution of one or any combination of these merchant claims could have a material adverse effect on American Express’ business and results of operations, require American Express to change its merchant agreements in a way that could expose American Express’ cards to increased merchant steering and other forms of discrimination that could impair the Card Member experience, result in additional litigation and/or arbitrations, impose substantial monetary damages and damage its reputation and brand. Even if American Express was not required to change its merchant agreements, changes in Visa’s and Mastercard’s policies or practices as a result of legal proceedings, lawsuit settlements or regulatory actions pending against them could result in changes to its business practices and materially and adversely impact American Express’ profitability.

Tax legislative initiatives or challenges to American Express’ tax positions could adversely affect Credco’s results of operations and financial condition.
American Express is subject to income and other taxes in the United States and in various foreign jurisdictions. The laws and regulations related to tax matters are extremely complex and subject to varying interpretations. Although American Express believes its positions are reasonable, American Express is subject to audit by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the United States and by tax authorities in all the jurisdictions in which it conducts business operations. These tax authorities may determine that American Express owes additional taxes or apply existing laws and regulations more broadly, which could result in a significant increase in Credco’s liabilities for taxes and interest in excess of accrued liabilities.

New tax legislative initiatives may be proposed from time to time, which may impact Credco’s effective tax rate and could adversely affect Credco’s tax positions or tax liabilities. New guidance or modifications to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the Tax Act) could have an adverse effect on Credco’sCredco's results of operations. In addition, unilateral or multi-jurisdictional actions by various tax authorities, including an increase in tax audit activity, could have an adverse impact on Credco’s tax liabilities.

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Changes in accounting principles or standards could adversely affect Credco’s reported financial results in a particular period, even if there are no underlying changes in the economics of the business.

Credco is subject to changes in and interpretations of financial accounting matters, which could change certain of the assumptions or estimates Credco previously used in preparing its financial statements, even if it does not change the way in which it transacts or conducts its business. A change in accounting guidance can have a significant effect on Credco’s reported results, may retroactively affect previously reported results and could cause fluctuations in its reported results. For more information on recently issued accounting standards, see Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

ITEM1B.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.



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ITEM 2.PROPERTIES

Credco neither owns nor leases any material physical properties.

ITEM 3.LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

There are no material pending legal proceedings to which Credco or its subsidiaries is a party or of which any of their property is the subject. Credco knows of no such proceedings being contemplated by government authorities.

ITEM 4.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

American Express, through its wholly owned subsidiary, TRS, owns all of the outstanding common stock of Credco. Therefore, there is no market for Credco’s common stock.
Credco did not pay any cash dividends to TRS in 2018, 2017 and 2016. For information about limitations on Credco’s ability to pay dividends, refer to Note 5 to the Consolidated“Consolidated Financial Statements.”

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
(Millions)20192018201720162015
Operating Results     
Revenues$1,615  $1,461  $1,087  $718  $755  
Provisions for losses230  249  244  151  165  
Interest expense (including to affiliates)954  851  553  341  360  
Pretax income512  416  275  212  252  
Income tax provision(a)
94  29  878  15  38  
Net income (loss)$418  $387  $(603) $197  $214  
Balance Sheet
Cash and cash equivalents$33  $102  $196  $1,211  $173  
Card Member receivables held for sale—  —  —  —  24  
Gross Card Member receivables25,557  24,596  20,276  18,218  17,607  
Reserves for losses, Card Member receivables162  167  145  110  114  
Gross Card Member loans697  641  561  476  435  
Reserves for losses, Card Member loans10  5  5  5  4  
Loans to affiliates and other(b)
10,345  14,136  14,527  10,659  14,262  
Total assets37,357  40,042  35,889  31,936  33,285  
Short-term debt3,216  826  1,308  2,993  2,120  
Short-term debt to affiliates6,225  5,899  5,997  4,559  5,439  
Long-term debt13,469  20,447  24,153  20,512  21,725  
Long-term debt to affiliates9,292  7,523  270  —  —  
Shareholder’s equity2,587  2,196  1,871  2,209  2,119  
Cash dividends$—  $—  $—  $—  $115  
(Millions) 2018  2017  2016  2015  2014 
Operating Results               
Revenues $1,461  $1,087  $718  $755  $929 
Provisions for losses  249   244   151   165   202 
Interest expense (including to affiliates)  851   553   341   360   502 
Pretax income  416   275   212   252   318 
Income tax provision (benefit)(a)
  29   878   15   38   (35)
Net income (loss) $387  $(603) $197  $214  $353 
Balance Sheet                    
Cash and cash equivalents $102  $196  $1,211  $173  $74 
Card Member receivables held for sale  ―   ―   ―   24   ― 
Gross Card Member receivables  24,596   20,276   18,218   17,607   14,507 
Reserves for losses, Card Member receivables  167   145   110   114   94 
Gross Card Member loans  641   561   476   435   401 
Reserves for losses, Card Member loans  5   5   5   4   3 
Loans to affiliates and other(b)
  14,136   14,527   10,659   14,262   15,303 
Total assets  40,042   35,889   31,936   33,285   32,840 
Short-term debt  826   1,308   2,993   2,120   769 
Short-term debt to affiliates  5,899   5,997   4,559   5,439   4,334 
Long-term debt  20,447   24,153   20,512   21,725   24,282 
Long-term debt to affiliates  7,523   270   ―   ―   ― 
Shareholder’s equity  2,196   1,871   2,209   2,119   2,389 
Cash dividends $―  $―  $―  $115  $342 
(a)Includes impact of the Tax Act as of both 2018 and 2017. Refer to Note 10 to the “Consolidated Financial Statements.”
(b)Includes loans to the joint ventures that issue American Express cards in certain countries (the American Express joint ventures) of $71 million, $53 million, $34 million, nil and $75 million as of December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
(a)Includes impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act as of both December 31, 2018 and 2017. Refer to Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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(b)Includes loans to the joint ventures that issue American Express cards in certain countries (the American Express joint ventures) of $53 million, $34 million, nil, $75 million and $40 million as of December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
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ITEM 7.MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (MD&A)

Business Environment
Management’s discussion of the results of Credco is in the context of the wider business environment for American Express.
American Express’ results for 20182019 continued the steady, consistent performance that it has delivered over the past two years. These results reflect strong performanceits strategy of investing in share, scale and its focus on,relevance and investmentdemonstrate American Express' success in executing against its four strategic imperatives – expand its leadership in the premium consumer space, build on its strong position in commercial payments, strengthen its global, integrated network and make American Express an essential part of its customers’ digital lives. Billings and revenue growth reflected momentum across American Express’ businesses.imperatives. American Express continued to invest in new card acquisitions, new services and Card Member benefits, refreshing and launching new card acquisitionsproducts, and expanding its merchant network. During the year, American Express returned a significant amount of capital to its shareholders through its share buyback program and an increase in its dividend,, while increasing itsmaintaining strong capital ratios.
American Express continues to see attractive growth opportunities across its businesses and plans to continue making investmentsinvest to take advantage of them in its businessorder to generate and sustain a strong level of revenue growth, which itAmerican Express believes is the foundation for steady and consistent double-digit earnings per share growth. While American Express continues to see some headwinds in the environment, including from an uncertain economic environment,and geopolitical uncertainty, regulation in countries around the world and intense competition, it remains focused on delivering differentiated value to its merchants, Card Members and business partners and delivering appropriate returns to its shareholders.

Effective for the second quarter of 2018, American Express realigned its reportable operating segments to reflect the organizational changes announced during the first quarter of 2018 which combined its U.S. and International consumer businesses into a global consumer services organization, among other changes. To enhance the comparability and usefulness of Credco’s financial statements with that of American Express, Credco has also combined its U.S. and International consumer Card Member receivables and Card Member loans in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the periods presented. This change did not have any impact on Credco’s underlying assumptions or judgments with respect to reserves for losses or credit performance.
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Tax Act), which made broad and complex changes to the U.S. federal corporate income tax rules. Most notably, effective January 1, 2018, the Tax Act reduced the U.S. federal statutory corporate income tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent, introduced a territorial tax system in which future dividends paid from earnings outside the United States to a U.S. corporation are not subject to U.S. federal taxation and imposed new U.S. federal corporate income taxes on certain foreign operations.

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Results of Operations

Net income depends largely on the volume of Card Member receivables and Card Member loans purchased, the discount rate used to determine purchase price, interest earned, interest expense, collectability of purchased Card Member receivables and Card Member loans, and income taxes.

Credco’s consolidated net income increased by $990$31 million to $387$418 million, as compared to a net lossincome of $603$387 million for the same period in 2017.2018. The year-over-year increase is primarily driven by a tax charge of $858 millionan increase in the fourth quarter of 2017, relateddiscount revenue earned from Card Member receivables, partially offset by lower interest income from affiliates and higher interest expense to the Tax Act.

affiliates.
Table 1: Total Revenues Summary
Years Ended December 31,       Change Years Ended December 31,Change
(Millions, except percentages) 2018  2017  2018 vs. 2017 (Millions, except percentages)201920182019 vs. 2018
Discount revenue earned from purchased Card Member receivables and Card Member loans $1,017  $760  $257   34%Discount revenue earned from purchased Card Member receivables and Card Member loans$1,204  $1,017  $187  18 %
Interest income from affiliates and other  383   279   104   37 Interest income from affiliates and other332  383  (51) (13) 
Finance revenue  61   48   13   27 Finance revenue79  61  18  30  
Total revenues $1,461  $1,087  $374   34%Total revenues$1,615  $1,461  $154  11 %
Total revenues
Discount revenue increased, due to higher discount rates and higher volumes of Card Member receivables purchased.
Interest income increased,decreased, primarily due to higher interest rates anda decrease in average loan balances, partially offset by higher average loan balances.
interest rates.
Finance revenue increased, primarily due to higher average outstanding Card Member loan balances.
Table 2: Total Expense Summary
Years Ended December 31,       Change Years Ended December 31,Change
(Millions, except percentages) 2018  2017  2018 vs. 2017 (Millions, except percentages)201920182019 vs. 2018
Provisions for losses $249  $244  $5   2%Provisions for losses$230  $249  $(19) (8)%
Interest expense  626   495   131   26 Interest expense521  626  (105) (17) 
Interest expense to affiliates  225   58   167   # Interest expense to affiliates433  225  208  92  
Other, net  (55)  15   (70)  # Other, net(81) (55) (26) 47  
Total expenses $1,045  $812  $233   29%Total expenses$1,103  $1,045  $58  6 %


# Denotes a variance greater than 100 percent.
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Total expenses
Interest expense increased,Provisions for losses decreased, primarily due to higher LIBOR rates,net losses in prior year, largely in the corporate portfolio, partially offset by growth in Card Member receivables.
See Note 1 to Credco's “Consolidated Financial Statements” for information about the implementation and expected impact of new accounting guidance for the recognition of credit losses on financial instruments, effective January 1, 2020, and the new credit reserving methodology known as the Current Expected Credit Loss (CECL) methodology. Following the adoption, the future effects of CECL on Credco's provisions for losses will ultimately be dependent on a decreasenumber of internal and external factors. Since Credco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets primarily contain Card Member receivables, which have a shorter average estimated life than the Card Member loans, the estimated allowance for losses may be lower under CECL relative to the current accounting methodology assuming no change in averagethe growth in its Card Member receivables, current macroeconomic conditions and portfolio quality.
Interest expense decreased, primarily due to scheduled debt balances and current period gains associated with hedging of fixed-rate debt, previously reported in Other expense.maturities, partially offset by higher LIBOR rates.
Interest expense to affiliates increased, primarily due to higher LIBOR ratesan increase in average debt balances and higher average debt balances.
interest rates.
Other expenses decreased, primarily driven by higher forward point gains of $39 million in the current period and prior period losses associated with hedging of fixed-rate debt previously reported in Other expenses now reported in Interest expense.
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Income taxes
The effective tax rate for 2019 was 18.4 percent. The effective tax rate for 2018 was 7.0 percent and includes a $23 million discrete tax benefit relating to an adjustment to the 2017 provisional Tax Act charge. The tax rate for 2018 also reflects the reduction in the U.S. federal statutory tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent as a result of the Tax Act. The effective tax rate for 2017 was 319.3 percent and reflected a substantial charge of $858 million related to the Tax Act that was accounted for as a provisional estimate under Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118. Refer to Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Volume of Business
The following table shows substantially all Card Member receivables and Card Member loans purchased by Credco during each of the years indicated, together with Card Member receivables and Card Member loans owned by Credco as of the end of such years:
Table 3: Gross Card Member Receivables and Loans Purchased and Owned by Credco
(Billions)                  
  Volume of Gross Card Member  Gross Card Member 
  Receivables and Loans Purchased  Receivables and Loans Owned 
  
For the Years Ended December 31,(a)
  as of December 31, 
Year U.S.  Non-U.S.  Total  U.S.  Non-U.S.  Total 
2018 $208  $81  $289  $18  $7  $25 
2017  189   64   253   15   6   21 
2016  160   59   219   14   5   19 
2015  169   52   221   13   5   18 
2014  173   44   217   12   3   15 

(Billions)      
Volume of Gross Card MemberGross Card Member
Receivables and Loans PurchasedReceivables and Loans Owned
For the Years Ended December 31,(a)
as of December 31,
YearU.S.Non-U.S.TotalU.S.Non-U.S.Total
2019$227  $87  $314  $19  $7  $26  
2018208  81  289  18  7  25  
2017189  64  253  15  6  21  
2016160  59  219  14  5  19  
2015169  52  221  13  5  18  
(a)
In addition to the above activity, Credco also purchased new groups of, and participation interests in, Card Member receivables from affiliates, totaling $9.8 billion, $9.4 billion, $5.4 billion, $5.8 billion and $3.4 billion in 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
(a)In addition to the above activity, Credco also purchased new groups of, and participation interests in, Card Member receivables from affiliates, totaling $2.7 billion, $9.8 billion, $9.4 billion, $5.4 billion and $5.8 billion in 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.


Card Member Receivables and Card Member Loans
As of December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, Credco owned $24.6$25.6 billion and $20.3$24.6 billion, respectively, of gross Card Member receivables. Card Member receivables represent amounts due on American Express charge card products and are recorded at the time they are purchased from the seller. Included in Card Member receivables are Credco Receivables Corporation’s (CRC) purchases of participation interests from RFCAmerican Express Receivables Financing Corporation VIII LLC (RFC VIII) in conjunction with TRS’ securitization program. As of December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, CRC owned approximately $6.7$8.1 billion and $4.1$6.7 billion, respectively, of such participation interests.
As of December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, Credco owned gross Card Member loans totaling $641$697 million and $561$641 million, respectively. These loans generally represent revolving amounts due on American Express lending card products.

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The following table summarizes selected information related to the Card Member receivables portfolio as of December 31:

Table 4: Selected Information Related to Card Member Receivables


(Millions, except percentages and where indicated) 2018  2017  2016  2015  2014 (Millions, except percentages and where indicated)20192018201720162015
Total gross Card Member receivables(a)
 $24,596  $20,276  $18,218  $17,607  $14,507 
Total gross Card Member receivables(a)
$25,557  $24,596  $20,276  $18,218  $17,607  
Loss reserves ― Card Member receivables(a)
 $167  $145  $110  $114  $94 
Loss reserves ― Card Member receivables(a)
$162  $167  $145  $110  $114  
Loss reserves as a % of receivables  0.7%  0.7%  0.6%  0.6%  0.6%Loss reserves as a % of receivables0.6 %0.7 %0.7 %0.6 %0.6 %
Average life of Card Member receivables (# in days)(b)
  30   30   30   29   29 
Average life of Card Member receivables (# in days)(b)
29  30  30  30  29  
(a)Refer to Notes 2 and 3 to the “Consolidated Financial Statements” for further discussion.
(a)
Refer to Notes 2 and 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.
(b)Represents the average life of Card Member receivables owned by Credco, based upon the ratio of the average amount of both billed and unbilled receivables owned by Credco at the end of each month, during the years indicated, to the volume of Card Member receivables purchased by Credco.
(b)
Represents the average life of Card Member receivables owned by Credco, based upon the ratio of the average amount of both billed and unbilled receivables owned by Credco at the end of each month, during the years indicated, to the volume of Card Member receivables purchased by Credco.


Changes in Card Member Receivables and Card Member Loans Reserves for Losses

The following table presents the changes in the reserve for losses related to Card Member receivables and Card Member loans:
Table 5: Reserve for Losses related to Card Member receivables and Card Member loans


Years Ended December 31, (Millions, except percentages)
 2018  2017  2016  2015  2014 
Years Ended December 31, (Millions, except percentages)
20192018201720162015
Balance, January 1 $150  $115  $118  $97  $80 Balance, January 1$172  $150  $115  $118  $97  
Provisions  249   244   151   165   202 Provisions230  249  244  151  165  
Other credits(a)
  53   58   20   32   15 
Other credits(a)
13  53  58  20  32  
Net write-offs(b)
  (244)  (204)  (151)  (161)  (170)
Net write-offs(b)
(238) (244) (204) (151) (161) 
Other debits(c)
  (36)  (63)  (23)  (15)  (30)
Other debits(c)
(5) (36) (63) (23) (15) 
Balance, December 31 $172  $150  $115  $118  $97 Balance, December 31$172  $172  $150  $115  $118  
Reserve for losses as a % of gross Card Member receivables and loans owned at December 31  0.7%  0.7%  0.6%  0.7%  0.7%Reserve for losses as a % of gross Card Member receivables and loans owned at December 310.7 %0.7 %0.7 %0.6 %0.7 %

(a)Primarily reserve balances related to new groups of, and participation interests in, Card Member receivables purchased from affiliates totaling $2.7 billion, $9.8 billion, $9.4 billion, $5.4 billion and $5.8 billion in 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
(a)Primarily reserve balances related to new groups of, and participation interests in, Card Member receivables purchased from affiliates. New groups of Card Member receivables purchased totaled $9.8 billion, $9.4 billion, $5.4 billion, $5.8 billion and $3.4 billion in 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
(b)Net of recoveries of $127 million, $121 million, $96 million, $92 million and $101 million in 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

(c)Primarily reserve balances related to participation interests in Card Member receivables sold to an affiliate. Sale of these participation interests in Card Member receivables totaled $1.1 billion, $6.2 billion, $9.4 billion, $5.7 billion and $2.6 billion in 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
(b)Net of recoveries of $121 million, $96 million, $92 million, $101 million and $102 million in 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

(c)Primarily reserve balances related to participation interests in Card Member receivables sold to an affiliate and, for 2014, reserves applicable to Card Member receivables and loans sold to the American Express joint ventures following the termination of the agreements to purchase Card Member receivables and loans in the third quarter of 2014. Sales of these participation interests and Card Member receivables and loans totaled $6.2 billion, $9.4 billion, $5.7 billion, $2.6 billion and $3.4 billion in 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.


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Loans to Affiliates and Other
Credco’s loans to affiliates and other represent floating-rate interest-bearing borrowings by wholly owned subsidiaries of TRS and the joint ventures that issue American Express cards in certain countries.
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The components of loans to affiliates and other as of December 31 were as follows:


Table 6: Loans to Affiliates and Other
 
(Millions)20192018
American Express Services Europe Limited$4,206  $3,552  
American Express Australia Limited2,052  1,839  
Amex Bank of Canada1,587  1,334  
Amex Global Holdings C.V.888  888  
American Express Company (Mexico) S.A. de C.V.534  463  
American Express International, Inc., Singapore Branch413  383  
American Express Bank (Mexico) S.A.404  348  
Alpha Card S.C.R.L./C.V.B.A.120  114  
American Express Saudi Arabia (C) JSC71  53  
American Express International (NZ), Inc.70  72  
American Express Limited(a)
—  3,847  
American Express International, Inc.(a)
—  1,243  
Total(b)
$10,345  $14,136  
(Millions) 2018  2017 
American Express Limited $3,847  $3,847 
American Express Services Europe Limited  3,552   2,747 
American Express Australia Limited  1,839   1,616 
Amex Bank of Canada  1,334   1,737 
American Express International, Inc.  1,243   1,180 
Amex Global Holdings C.V.  888   888 
American Express Company (Mexico) S.A. de C.V.  463   812 
American Express International, Inc. – Branch – Singapore  383   124 
American Express Bank (Mexico) S.A.  348   325 
Alpha Card S.C.R.L./C.V.B.A.  114   138 
American Express International (NZ), Inc.  72   80 
American Express Saudi Arabia (C) JSC  53   34 
Amex Funding Management (Europe) Limited  ―   38 
American Express Company  ―   961 
Total (a)
 $14,136  $14,527 
(a)As a result of funding structure changes in the ordinary course of business, Credco terminated the intercompany loan agreement with American Express Limited and American Express International, Inc. and settled the related borrowings from American Express Company during the second quarter of 2019.

(b)As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, approximately $8.2 billion and $7.2 billion, respectively, were collateralized by the underlying Card Member receivables and Card Member loans transferred with recourse.
(a)As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, approximately $7.2 billion and $5.0 billion, respectively, were collateralized by the underlying Card Member receivables and Card Member loans transferred with recourse.
Due from/to Affiliates
As of both December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, amounts due from affiliates were $0.7 billion and $0.2 billion.billion, respectively. As of December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, amounts due to affiliates were $2.9$2.1 billion and $2.0$2.9 billion, respectively. These amounts relate primarily to timing differences from the purchase of Card Member receivables, net of remittances from TRS and its subsidiaries, as well as from operating activities. As of both December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, due to affiliates also includes an amount pertaining to tax liability on account ofrelated to the Tax Act.
Restricted Cash with Affiliates
As of December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, the amount of interest-bearing restricted cash was $93$116 million and $100$93 million, respectively, which represents cash deposited with Amex Bank of Canada relating to the purchase of Card Member receivables and the collateralized loan arrangement for transfer of Card Member loans. It is included under “Other assets” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Short-term Debt to Affiliates

Short-term debt to affiliates consists primarily of interest-bearing master notes payable on demand. Components of short-term debt to affiliates as of December 31 were as follows:


Table 7: Short-term Debt to Affiliates
 
(Millions)  2018  2017 (Millions)20192018
AE Exposure Management Limited  $5,122  $4,548 AE Exposure Management Limited$5,731  $5,122  
American Express Europe LLC   517   765 American Express Europe LLC219  517  
American Express Holdings Netherlands CV   192   192 American Express Holdings Netherlands CV192  192  
Accertify, Inc.   68   48 Accertify, Inc.82  68  
American Express Swiss Holdings GmbH   ―   444 American Express Swiss Holdings GmbH1  ―  
Total  $5,899  $5,997 Total$6,225  $5,899  


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Long-term Debt to Affiliates
Long-term debt to affiliates consists primarily of master note agreements with original contractual maturity dates of one year or greater and are not payable on demand. During the fourth quarter of 2018, the master note arrangement with American Express Company was amended to exclude a ‘payable on demand’ clause. This revision in the agreement resulted in a change in the classification of the net borrowings from short-term debt to affiliates to long-term debt to affiliates. The net borrowings from American Express Company were nil as on December 31, 2017. Components of long-term debt to affiliates as of December 31 were as follows:
Table 8: Long-term Debt to Affiliates
 
20192018
(Millions, except percentages)Outstanding BalanceYear-End Stated Interest Rate on DebtOutstanding BalanceYear-End Stated Interest Rate
  on Debt
American Express Company (a)
$8,959  2.85 %$7,240  3.32 %
Amex Funding Management (Europe) Limited (b)
333  0.28  283  0.28  
Total$9,292  2.76 %$7,523  3.20 %
      
 2018 2017  
(Millions, except percentages) Outstanding Balance 
Year-End Stated Interest Rate on Debt		  Outstanding Balance 
Year-End Stated Interest Rate
  on Debt 		  
American Express Company(a)
 $7,240  3.32% $―   ― % 
Amex Funding Management (Europe) Limited(b)
  283  0.28   ―   ―  
LB Luxembourg Two S.a.r.l.  ―  ―   270   0.22  
Total $7,523  3.20% $270   0.22 % 
(a)Amounts payable by November 2023.

(b)Amounts payable by September 2021.
(a)Amounts payable by November 2023.
(b)Amounts payable by September 2021.

Service Fees to Affiliates

Credco’s affiliates do not explicitly charge Credco a service fee for the servicing of receivables purchased. Instead Credco receives a lower discount rate on the receivables purchased than would be the case if servicing fees were charged. If a servicing fee had been charged by these affiliates from which Credco purchases receivables, fees to affiliates for servicing receivables would have been approximately $305$328 million and $234$305 million for the years ended December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, respectively. Correspondingly, discount revenue would have increased by approximately the same amounts in these periods.

Sources of Funds
Credco’s business is financed by borrowings consisting principally of intercompany borrowings, issuances of term debt, and issuances of commercial paper, as well as cash provided through operations. Credco has not issued asset-backed securities (although Credco has the ability to sell receivables to TRS, which in turn can securitize them). For a more detailed discussion of Credco’s funding strategies, refer to Consolidated“Consolidated Capital Resources and Liquidity ― Funding Strategy.

”
The weighted-average effective interest rates on an annual basis of all borrowings, after giving effect to commitment fees under lines of credit and the impact of interest rate swaps, during the following years were as follows:


Table 9: Weighted-Average Effective Interest Rate
 
  Weighted-Average 
Year Effective Interest Rate 
2018 2.60%
2017 1.78%
2016 1.28%
2015 1.25%
2014 1.74%

Weighted-Average
YearEffective Interest Rate
20192.98 %
20182.60 %
20171.78 %
20161.28 %
20151.25 %
Refer to Notes 4 and 98 to the Consolidated“Consolidated Financial StatementsStatements” for additional information about Credco’s short-term and long-term debt, including lines of credit.
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CONSOLIDATED CAPITAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY


Credco’s balance sheet management objectives are to maintain:
•A broad, deep and diverse set of funding sources to finance its assets and meet operating requirements; and

·A broad, deep and diverse set of funding sources to finance its assets and meet operating requirements; and

·Liquidity programs that enable Credco to continuously meet expected future financing obligations and business requirements for at least a twelve-month period, in the event it is unable to continue to raise new funds under its traditional funding programs during a substantial weakening in economic conditions.

•Liquidity programs that enable Credco to continuously meet expected future financing obligations and business requirements for at least a twelve-month period, in the event it is unable to raise new funds under its regular funding programs during a substantial weakening in economic conditions.
Funding Strategy
American Express has in place an enterprise-wide funding policy. The principal funding objective is to maintain broad and well-diversified funding sources to allow American Express, including Credco, to meet its maturing obligations, cost-effectively finance current and future asset growth in its global businesses as well as to maintain a strong liquidity profile.

Credco has historically relied on intercompany borrowings and the debt capital markets to fulfill a substantial amount of its funding needs. It has a variety of funding sources available to access the debt capital markets, including senior unsecured debenturesdebt and commercial paper. One of the principal tenets of Credco’s issuance strategy is to issue debt with a wide range of maturities to distribute its refinancing requirements across future periods. Credco continues to assess its funding needs and investor demand and could change the mix of its existing sources as well as add new sources to its funding mix. Credco’s annual funding plan is subjectplans can vary due to various risks and uncertainties, such as the disruption of financial markets or reductions in market capacity and demand for securities offered by Credco as well as any regulatory changes or changes in its long-term or short-term credit ratings. Many of these risks and uncertainties are beyond Credco’s control.

Credco’s funding strategy is designed, among other things, to maintain appropriate and stable unsecured debt ratings from the major credit rating agencies: Fitch Ratings (Fitch), Moody’s Investor Services (Moody’s) and Standard & Poor’s (S&P). Such ratings help support Credco’s access to cost-effective unsecured funding as part of its overall funding strategy.


Table 10: Unsecured Debt Ratings
 
Credit AgencyShort-Term RatingsLong-Term RatingsOutlook
FitchCredit AgencyF1Short-Term RatingsALong-Term RatingsStableOutlook
FitchF1AStable
Moody’sPrime-1A2Stable
Moody’sPrime-1A2Stable
S&PA-2A-Stable

Downgrades in the ratings of Credco’s unsecured debt could result in higher funding costs, as well as higher fees related to borrowings under its unused lines of credit. Declines in credit ratings could also reduce Credco’s borrowing capacity in the unsecured term debt and commercial paper markets. The overall level of the funding provided by Credco to other American Express affiliates is impacted by a variety of factors, among them Credco’s ratings. To the extent that Credco is subject to a higher cost of funds, whether due to an adverse ratings action or otherwise, the affiliates could continue to use, or could increase their use of, alternative sources of funding for their receivables that offer better pricing.

Short-term Funding Programs
Short-term borrowings, such as commercial paper, is defined as debt with original contractual maturity of twelve months or less. Credco’s issuance and sale of commercial paper is primarily utilized for working capital needs. The amount of short-term borrowings issued in the future will depend on Credco’s funding strategy, its needs and market conditions. As of December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, Credco had $0.8$3.0 billion and $1.2$0.8 billion, respectively, of commercial paper outstanding. The average commercial paper outstanding was $0.23$0.30 billion and $1.1$0.23 billion for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, and 2017, respectively.

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Long-term Debt Programs

During 2018,2019, Credco did not issue any unsecured debt securities. Long-term debt is raised through the offering of debt securities both in and outside the United States. Long-term debt is generally defined as any debt with an original contractual maturity greater than twelve months.
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Credco had the following long-term debt outstanding as of December 31:


Table 11: Long-Term Debt Outstanding

(Billions) 2018  2017 (Billions)20192018
Long-term debt outstanding (a)
 $20.4  $24.2 
Long-term debt outstanding (a)
$13.5  $20.4  
Average long-term debt (b)
 $22.8  $24.3 
Average long-term debt (b)
$16.4  $22.8  

(a)The outstanding balances include (i) unamortized discount, (ii) the impact of movements in exchange rates on foreign currency denominated debt and (iii) the impact of fair value hedge accounting on certain fixed-rate notes that have been swapped to floating rate through the use of interest rate swaps.
(a)The outstanding balances include (i) unamortized discount, (ii) the impact of movements in exchange rates on foreign currency denominated debt and (iii) the impact of fair value hedge accounting on certain fixed-rate notes that have been swapped to floating rate through the use of interest rate swaps.
(b)Average long-term debt outstanding during the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

(b)Average long-term debt outstanding during the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Refer to Note 4 to the Consolidated“Consolidated Financial StatementsStatements” for further details on total year-end interest rates on debt and maturities.

Credco has the ability to issue debt securities under the shelf registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The latest shelf registration statement filed with the SEC is for an unspecified amount of debt securities. As of December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, Credco had $20.7$13.5 billion and $23.9$20.7 billion of debt securities outstanding, respectively, issued under the SEC registration statement. Credco may redeem from time to time certain debt securities within 31 days prior to the original contractual maturity dates in accordance with the optional redemption provisions of those debt securities.
Credco has also established a program in Australia for the issuance of debt securities of up to approximately $4.2 billion (AUD $66 billion). During 2018, no notes were issued under this program. As of December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, the entire amount of approximately $4.2 billion and $4.7 billion, respectively, of notes waswere available for issuance under this program and there were no outstanding notes as of such dates.
Credco also established a medium-term note program in Canada, which provided for the issuance of notes by American Express Canada Credit Corporation (AECCC), an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Credco. The prospectus for this program expired in September 2014 and was not renewed. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, AECCC had nil and $0.5 billion, respectively, of medium-term notes outstanding under this program. AECCC’s financial results are included in the consolidated financial results of Credco.

The covenants of debt instruments issued by Credco impose the requirement that Credco maintain a minimum consolidated net worth of $50 million, which limits the amount of dividends Credco can pay to its parent. During 20182019 and 2017,2018, Credco did not pay any cash dividends to TRS. When considering the amount of dividends it pays, Credco takes into account the amount of capital required to maintain capital strength, support business growth and meet the expectations of debt investors. To the extent excess capital is available, it may be distributed to TRS, Credco’s parent company, via dividends. There are no significant restrictions on the ability of Credco to obtain funds from its subsidiaries by dividend or loan. Additionally, there are no limitations on the amount of debt that can be issued by Credco, provided it maintains the minimum required fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.25. As of December 31, 2018,2019, Credco was in compliance with all restrictive covenants contained in its debt agreements.
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Liquidity Management
The liquidity objective of American Express and its subsidiaries, including Credco, is to maintain access to a diverse set of on- and off-balance sheet liquidity sources and seek to maintain liquidity sources in amounts sufficient to meet their expected future financial obligations and business requirements for liquidity for a period of at least twelve months in the event they are unable to raise new funds under their regular funding programs during a substantial weakening in economic conditions.
The liquidity management strategy includes a number of elements, including, but not limited to:
•Maintaining diversified funding sources;

•Maintaining unencumbered liquid assets and off-balance sheet liquidity sources;
·Maintaining diversified funding sources;
•Projecting cash inflows and outflows under a variety of economic and market scenarios;
·Maintaining unencumbered liquid assets and off-balance sheet liquidity sources;
•Establishing clear objectives for liquidity risk management, including compliance with regulatory requirements; and
·Projecting cash inflows and outflows under a variety of economic and market scenarios;
•Incorporating liquidity risk management as appropriate into American Express’ capital adequacy framework.
·Establishing clear objectives for liquidity risk management, including compliance with regulatory requirements; and
·Incorporating liquidity risk management as appropriate into American Express’ capital adequacy framework.


Credco regularly accesses liquidity through its various funding programs and maintains a variety of contingent sources of cash and financing, such as access to securitizations of Card Member receivables through sales of receivables to TRS for securitization by RFC VIII and the American Express Issuance Trust II (the Charge Trust), as well as a committed bank credit facility.
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Subsequent to year end, American Express removed U.S. consumer and small business Card Member receivables from the Charge Trust and substantially replaced them with U.S. corporate Card Member receivables.
To effect this change, on January 7, 2020, Credco sold $5.2 billion of U.S. corporate Card Member receivables to TRS. Then on February 1, 2020, TRS transferred $5.2 billion of U.S. corporate Card Member receivables to the Charge Trust and removed $7.2 billion of U.S. consumer and small business Card Member receivables from the Charge Trust. Since Credco maintains participation interests in the Charge Trust, these transactions resulted in Credco (i) no longer having an interest in the $7.2 billion in U.S. consumer and small business Card Member receivables and (ii) having an interest in the U.S. corporate Card Member receivables in the Charge Trust. Settlement of these transactions was undertaken through borrowings from American Express Company and thus Long-term debt to affiliates has also decreased by $7.2 billion.
As of December 31, 2018,2019, Credco had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $0.1 billion.$33 million. In addition to its actual holdings of cash and cash equivalents, Credco maintains access to additional liquidity, in the form of cash and cash equivalents held by certain affiliates, through intercompany loan agreements.
Committed Bank Credit Facility

Credco maintained a U.S. dollar-denominated committed syndicated bank credit facility as of December 31, 20182019 of $3.5 billion, with a maturity date of October 16, 2020.15, 2022. As of December 31, 2018,2019, no amounts were drawn on this facility. The capacity of the facility mainly served to further enhance Credco’s contingent funding resources. The availability of this facility is subject to Credco’s compliance with certain financial covenants that require maintenance of a 1.25 minimum required fixed charge coverage ratio. The fixed charge coverage ratio for Credco was 1.491.54 and 1.501.49 for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, and 2017, respectively.
Credco may, from time to time, use this facility in the ordinary course of business to fund working capital needs. Any undrawn portion of this facility could serve as backstop for the amount of commercial paper outstanding.
The committed syndicated bank credit facility does not contain a material adverse change clause, which might otherwise preclude borrowing under the credit facility, nor is it dependent on Credco’s credit rating.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
To mitigate counterparty credit risk related to derivatives, Credco may accept non-cash collateral from its derivatives counterparties. There was no such non-cash collateral as of both December 31, 20182019 and 2017.
2018.
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RISK MANAGEMENT


Credco’s risk management objective is to identify, monitor and appropriately control its risk exposures. Credco’s risk management oversight is performed through internal and independent oversight functions. Risk management governance at Credco begins with the American Express Enterprise-wide Risk Management (ERM) Policy, approved by the Risk Committee of the American Express Board of Directors (the Risk Committee). The ERM policy governs risk governance, risk oversight and risk appetite for risks, including individual credit risk, institutional credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, reputational risk, compliance risk, model risk, asset/liability risk, and strategic and business risks.risk and foreign country risk. Risk appetite defines the authorized risk limits to control exposures within American Express’ risk capacity and risk tolerance, including stressed forward-looking scenarios. In addition, it establishes principles for risk-taking in the aggregate and for each risk type, and is supported by a comprehensive system for monitoring limits, escalation triggers and assessing control programs.
The Risk Committee reviews and concurs in the appointment, replacement, performance and compensation of American Express’ Chief Risk Officer and receives regular updates from the Chief Risk Officer on key risks, transactions and exposures.
The Risk Committee reviews American Express’ risk profile against the tolerance specified in the Risk Appetite Framework, including significant risk exposures, risk trends in American Express’ portfolios and major risk concentrations.
The Audit and Compliance Committee of the American Express Board of Directors reviews and approves compliance policies, which include American Express’ Compliance Risk Tolerance Statement. In addition, the Audit and Compliance Committee reviews the effectiveness of the American Express Corporate-wide Compliance Risk Management Program. More broadly, this committee is responsible for assisting the Board in its oversight responsibilities relating to the integrity of financial statements and financial reporting process; internal and external auditing, including the qualifications and independence of the independent registered public accounting firm and the performance of internal audit services function; and the integrity of systems of internal controls.

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The Audit and Compliance Committee provides oversight of the American Express Internal Audit Group. The Audit and Compliance Committee reviews and concurs in the appointment, replacement, performance and compensation of American Express’ Chief Audit Executive and approves Internal Audit’s annual audit plan, charter, policies and budget. The Audit and Compliance Committee also receives regular updates on the audit plan’s status and results including significant reports issued by Internal Audit and the status of American Express’ corrective actions.
There are several internal management committees, including the Enterprise-wide Risk Management Committee (ERMC), chaired by the American Express Chief Risk Officer. The ERMC is the highest-level management committee to oversee all firm-wide risks and is responsible for risk governance, risk oversight and risk appetite. It maintains the enterprise-wide risk appetite framework and monitors compliance with limits and escalations defined in it. The ERMC oversees implementation of risk policies across American Express, including Credco, with approval by the appropriate board committee. The ERMC reviews key risk exposures, trends and concentrations, significant compliance matters, and provides guidance on the steps to monitor, control and report major risks.
As defined in the ERM policy, American Express follows the “three lines of defense” approach to risk management. The first line of defense comprises functions and management committees directly initiating risk-taking. Business unit presidents, the Chief Credit Officer, Chief Market Risk Officer and Functional Risk Officer are part of the first line of defense. The second line comprises independent functions overseeing risk-taking activities of the first line. The Chief Risk Officer, the Chief Compliance & Ethics Officer, the Chief Operational Risk Officer and certain control groups, both at the enterprise level and within regulated entities, are part of the second line of defense. The global risk oversight team oversees the policies, strategies, frameworks, models, processes and capabilities deployed by the first line teams and provides challenges and independent assessments on how the first line of defense is managing risks.
In addition, the Asset-Liability Committee, chaired by American Express’ Chief Financial Officer, is responsible for managing market, liquidity and asset/liability risk, capital and resolution planning.
American Express Internal Audit Group constitutes the third line of defense, and provides independent assessments and effective challenge of the first and second lines of defense.


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Credit Risk ManagementProcess
Credit risk is defined as the risk of loss due to obligor or counterparty default or changes in the credit quality of a counterparty.counterparty or security. American Express manages the overall credit risk exposure associated with the Card Member receivables and loans purchased by Credco. Credco is exposed to credit risk through the Card Member receivables and Card Member loans it purchases generally without recourse, as well as through its participation interests in Card Member receivables. Since Credco’s portfolio consists of millions of borrowers and individual exposures across multiple geographies, occupations and social segments, its risk is reduced through diversification. A loss distribution is characterized by a higher frequency but manageable severity that is more closely linked to general economic and legal conditions than by borrower-specific events. Receivable and loan purchase decisions and the related discount pricing are impacted by the overall credit risk considerations inherent in Card Member receivables and Card Member loans.
Credit risk associated with Credco’s derivatives is limited to the risk that a derivative counterparty will not perform in accordance with the terms of the contract. To mitigate such risk, Credco’s counterparties are all required to be rated as investment grade. Additionally, Credco enters into master netting agreements with its counterparties wherever practical.

Operational Risk Management Process
Operational risk is the risk of not achieving business objectives due to inadequate or failed processes, people, or information systems, or the external environment, including failures to comply with laws and regulations.regulations as well as impacts from relationships with third parties. Operational risk is inherent in all business activities and can impact an organization through direct or indirect financial loss, brand damage, customer dissatisfaction, or legal and regulatory penalties.
To appropriately measure and manage operational risk, American Express has implemented a comprehensive operational risk framework that is defined in the Operational Risk Management Policy approved by the Risk Committee. The Operational Risk Management Committee (ORMC), chaired by the Chief Operational Risk Officer, provides governance for the operational risk framework and coordinates with all control groups on effective risk assessments and controls and oversees the preventive, responsive and mitigation efforts by Operational Excellence teams in the business units and staff groups, including Credco.
American Express uses the operational risk framework to identify, measure, monitor and report inherent and emerging operational risks. This framework, supervised by the ORMC, consists of (a) operational risk event capture, (b) a project office to coordinate issue management and control enhancements, (c) key risk indicators, and (d) process and entity-level risk assessments.
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The framework requires the assessment of operational risk events to determine root causes, impact to customers and/or American Express, and resolution plan accountability to correct any defect, remediate customers, and enhance controls and testing to mitigate future issues. The impact is assessed from an operational, financial, brand, regulatory compliance and legal perspective.
Compliance Risk Management Process
American Express defines compliance risk as the risk of legal or reputational harm, fines, monetary penalties and payment of damages or other forms of sanction as a result of non-compliance with applicable laws, regulations, rules or standards of conduct.
American Express views its ability to effectively mitigate compliance risk as an important aspect of its business model. American Express’ Global Compliance and Ethics organization is responsible for establishing and maintaining American Express’ corporate-wide Compliance Risk Management Program. Pursuant to this program, American Express seeks to manage and mitigate compliance risk by assessing, controlling, monitoring, measuring and reporting the legal and regulatory risks to which it is exposed. The Compliance Risk Management Committee (CRMC), chaired by the Chief Compliance and Ethics Officer, is responsible for identifying, evaluating, managing, and escalating compliance risks. The CRMC has a dual reporting relationship directly to both the ERMC and the Audit and Compliance Committee.
American Express has a comprehensive Anti-Money Laundering program that monitors and reports suspicious activity to the appropriate government authorities. As part of that program, the Global Risk Oversight team provides independent risk assessment of the rules used by the Anti-Money Laundering team. In addition, the Internal Audit Group reviews the processes for practices consistent with regulatory guidance.
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Market Risk Management Process
Market risk is the risk to earnings or asset and liability values resulting from movements in market prices. Credco’s market risk exposures include:
•Interest rate risk in its funding activities; and

•Foreign exchange risk arising from transactions, funding, investments and earnings in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.
·Interest rate risk in its funding activities; and


·Foreign exchange risk arising from transactions, funding, investments and earnings in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.

American Express’ Asset Liability Management (ALM) and Market Risk policies establish the framework that guides and governs market risk management for American Express and its subsidiaries, including Credco, with clear quantitative limits and escalation triggers. These policies are approved by the RiskAsset Liability Committee of the American Express Board of Directors or Market Risk Management Committee.

Market risk is managed by the American Express Market Risk Management Committee. The Market Risk Oversight Officer provides an independent risk assessment and oversight over the policies and exposure management for market risk and ALM activities as well as overseeing compliance with the Volcker Rule and other regulatory requirements. Market risk management is also guided and governed by policies covering the use of derivative financial instruments, funding, liquidity and investments.


Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk arises through the funding of Card Member receivables and Card Member loans purchased with variable-rate borrowings. Interest rate exposure can vary over time through, among other things, the proportion of Credco’s total funding provided by variable- and fixed-rate debt. In addition, interest rate swaps are used from time to time to effectively convert debt issuance to (or from) variable-rate, from (or to) fixed-rate. Credco does not engage in derivative financial instruments for trading purposes. Use of derivative financial instruments is incorporated into the discussion below as well as Note 6 to Consolidated“Consolidated Financial Statements.”
Given the nature of Credco’s business model, where Credco includes its costs of funding in both the calculation of the discount at which Credco offers to purchase receivables and in the calculation of the interest at which it lends to affiliates and where such discount and interest is determined to maintain Credco’s minimum required fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.25, there would be minimal detrimental effect on Credco’s pretax earnings of a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in interest rates.


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LIBOR Transition
Due to uncertainty surrounding the suitability and sustainability of LIBOR, central banks and global regulators have called for financial market participants to prepare for the discontinuance of LIBOR by the end of 2021 and the establishment of alternative reference rates.
Credco has financial instruments that will be impacted by the discontinuance of LIBOR, including floating rate debt, derivatives and borrowings. American Express has established an enterprise-wide, cross-functional initiative to identify, assess and monitor risks associated with LIBOR, engage with the industry participants and regulators and to transition to new alternative reference rates. As part of this initiative, American Express is reviewing and updating its operational processes, IT systems and models for a timely transition.
See “Uncertainty relating to LIBOR and other reference rates and their potential discontinuance may negatively impact Credco’s access to funding and the value of its financial instruments” under “Risk Factors” for additional information.
Foreign Exchange Risk
Foreign exchange exposures arise in two principal ways: 1) funding foreign currency Card Member receivables and loans in U.S. dollars and 2) foreign currency (equity and earnings) in subsidiaries outside the United States.
Credco’s foreign exchange risk is managed primarily by entering into foreign exchange spot transactions or hedged with foreign exchange forward contracts when the hedge costs are economically justified and in notional amounts designed to offset pretax impacts from currency movements in the period in which they occur.
As of December 31, 2018 and 2017,2019, foreign currency derivative instruments with total notional amounts of approximately $14.5 billion and $14$16.4 billion were outstanding, respectively.outstanding. Derivative hedging activities related to balance sheet exposures and foreign currency earnings generally do not qualify for hedge accounting; however, derivative hedging activities related to translation exposure of foreign subsidiary equity qualify for net investment hedge accounting.
With respect to foreign currency balance sheet exposures, including related foreign exchange forward contracts and swaps outstanding, the effect on Credco’s earnings of a hypothetical 10 percent changestrengthening in the value of the U.S. dollar would be immaterial as of December 31, 2018.

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2019.
Funding and Liquidity Risk Management Process
Liquidity risk is defined as the inability of Credco to meet its ongoing financial and business obligations as they become due at a reasonable cost.
American Express’ Liquidity Risk Policy establishes the framework that guides and governs liquidity risk management.
Liquidity risk for American Express as a whole is managed by the Funding and Liquidity Committee. In addition, the Market Risk Oversight Officer provides independent oversight of liquidity risk management.
Liquidity risk is managed at an aggregate American Express level as well as at certain subsidiaries, including Credco, in order to ensure that sufficient and accessible liquidity resources are maintained. American Express manages liquidity risk by maintaining access to a diverse set of cash, readily-marketable securities and contingent sources of liquidity, such that it can continuously meet its business requirements and expected future financing obligations for at least a twelve-month period, in the event it is unable to raise new funds under its regular funding programs during a substantial weakening in economic conditions. The Funding and Liquidity Committee reviews forecasts of American Express aggregate cash positions and financing requirements, approves funding plans designed to satisfy those requirements under normal and stressed conditions, establishes guidelines to identify the amount of liquidity resources required and monitors positions and determines any actions to be taken.

Foreign Country Risk Management Process
24Foreign country risk is defined as the risk that economic, social, and/or political conditions and events in a foreign country will adversely impact Credco, primarily as a result of greater credit losses, increased operational risk or the inability to repatriate capital. Credco manages foreign country risk as part of the normal course of business. Policies and procedures establish foreign country risk escalation thresholds to control and limit exposure, driven by processes that enable the monitoring of foreign country conditions in which Credco has exposure.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
Refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated“Consolidated Financial StatementsStatements” for a summary of Credco’s significant accounting policies. Certain of Credco’s accounting policies requiring significant management assumptions and judgments are as follows:


Reserves for Card Member Losses
Reserves for Card Member losses represent management’s best estimate of the probable losses inherent in Credco’s outstanding portfolio of Card Member receivables and loans, as of the balance sheet date.
In estimating these losses, American Express uses statistical and analytical models that analyze portfolio performance and reflect its judgment regarding the quantitative components of the reserve. The models take into account several factors, including delinquency-based loss migration rates, loss emergence periods and average losses and recoveries over an appropriate historical period. American Express also considers whether to adjust the quantitative reserve for certain external and internal qualitative factors that may increase or decrease the reserves for losses on Card Member receivables and loans. Refer to Note 3 to the Consolidated“Consolidated Financial StatementsStatements” for additional information.
The process of estimating these reserves requires a high degree of judgment. To the extent historical credit experience, updated for any external and internal qualitative factors such as environmental trends, is not indicative of future performance, actual losses could differ significantly from management’s judgments and expectations, resulting in either higher or lower future provisions for Card Member losses in any quarter.
As of December 31, 2018,2019, a 10 percent increase in Credco’s estimate of losses inherent in the outstanding portfolio of Card Member receivables and loans, evaluated collectively for impairment, would increase reserves for losses with a corresponding change to provisions for losses by approximately $17 million. This sensitivity analysis is provided as a hypothetical scenario to assess the sensitivity of the provisions for losses. It does not represent Credco’s expectations for losses in the future, nor does it include how other portfolio factors such as delinquency-based loss migration rates or recoveries, or the amount of outstanding balances, may impact the level of reserves for losses and the corresponding impact on the provisions for losses.

Fair Value Measurement
Credco’s Card Member receivables and Card Member loans are initially recorded at fair value when purchased from its affiliates on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and consequently result in discount revenue on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Estimating the purchase price of the Card Member receivables and Card Member loans requires management to make assumptions and apply judgments when assessing the fair value at purchase.
The objective of a fair value measurement is to determine the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability by utilizing the three-level hierarchy of inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value.  Credco does not incorporate quoted market prices in the determination of fair value as they are not readily available (Level 1).  Credco measures the fair value of Card Member receivables purchased using pricing models with significant observable inputs (Level 2), and Card Member loans purchased using pricing models with significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). For additional information on Credco’s fair value hierarchy, referRefer to Note 71 to the Consolidated“Consolidated Financial Statements.

The fair valueStatements” for information about the implementation and impact of Credco’s Card Member receivablesnew accounting guidance for the recognition of credit losses on financial instruments, effective January 1, 2020, and Card Member loans acquired is estimated using internal pricing models. Although some of the underlying inputs used innew credit reserving methodology known as the pricing models are based on observable markets inputs, the pricing models do entail a certain amount of subjectivity, and therefore differing judgments in the underlying inputs, or how they are modeled, could result in a different estimate of fair value. Credco validates its internal pricing models quarterly through comparison with a third-party vendor’s pricing model.
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CECL methodology.
Income Taxes
As a member of the consolidated federal income tax return of American Express, Credco is subject to the income tax laws of the United States, its states and municipalities and those of the foreign jurisdictions in which Credco operates. These tax laws are complex, and the manner in which they apply to the taxpayer’s facts is sometimes open to interpretation. In establishing a provision for income tax expense, Credco must make judgments about the application of inherently complex tax laws.

In particular, the Tax Act is complex and requires interpretation of certain provisions to estimate the impact on Credco’s income tax expense. The estimates are based on the information available and Credco’s current interpretationinterpretations of the Tax Act, and may change due to changes in interpretations and assumptions Credco makes and additional guidance or context from the Internal Revenue Service,IRS, the U.S. Treasury Department the Financial Accounting Standards Board or others regarding the Tax Act. Refer to Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
others.


Unrecognized Tax Benefits
Credco establishes a liability for unrecognized tax benefits, which are the differences between a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and the benefit recognized in the financial statements.

In establishing a liability for an unrecognized tax benefit, assumptions may be made in determining whether, and the extent to which, a tax position should be sustained. A tax position is recognized only when it is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the relevant taxing authority, based on its technical merits. The amount of tax benefit recognized is the largest benefit that management believes is more likely than not to be realized on ultimate settlement. As new information becomes available, Credco evaluates its tax positions and adjusts its unrecognized tax benefits, as appropriate.
Tax benefits ultimately realized can differ from amounts previously recognized due to uncertainties, with any such differences generally impacting the provision for income tax.


Deferred Tax Asset Realization
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates expected to be in effect for the years in which the differences are expected to reverse.

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Since deferred taxes measure the future tax effects of items recognized in the Consolidated Financial Statements, certain estimates and assumptions are required to determine whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the benefit of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. In making this assessment, management analyzes and estimates the impact of future taxable income, reversing temporary differences and available tax planning strategies. These assessments are performed quarterly, taking into account any new information.
Changes in facts or circumstances can lead to changes in the ultimate realization of deferred tax assets due to uncertainties.



OTHER MATTERS

Recently Issued Accounting Standards
Refer to the Recently Issued Accounting Standards section of Note 1 to the Consolidated“Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Various statements have been made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that may constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements may also be made in Credco’s other reports filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)SEC and in other documents. In addition, from time to time, Credco, through its management, may make oral forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from such statements. The words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “aim,” “will,” “may,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “likely”, “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Credco cautions you that the risk factors described above and other factors described below are not exclusive. There may also be other risks that Credco is unable to predict at this time that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date on which they are made. Credco undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from Credco’s forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, the following:
•credit trends, which will depend in part on the economic environment, including, among other things, the rate of bankruptcies and the unemployment rate, which can affect spending on card products and debt payments by individual and corporate customers;
•the effectiveness of Credco’s risk management policies and procedures, including Credco’s ability to accurately estimate the provisions for losses in Credco’s outstanding portfolio of Card Member receivables and Card Member loans, and operational risk;
•the growth of provisions for losses being higher or lower than current expectations, which will depend in part on changes in the level of Card Member receivable and Card Member loan balances and delinquency and write-off rates; the impact of new accounting guidance and the CECL methodology; collections capabilities and recoveries of previously written-off Card Member receivables and Card Member loans; and macroeconomic factors like unemployment rates and the volume of bankruptcies;
•fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;
•negative changes in Credco’s credit ratings, which could result in decreased liquidity and higher borrowing costs;
•changes in laws or government regulations affecting American Express’ business, including the potential impact of regulations adopted by regulators relating to certain credit and charge card practices;
•the effect of fluctuating interest rates, which could affect Credco’s borrowing costs and have an adverse effect on the market price of notes issued by Credco;
•the impact on American Express’ business resulting from continuing geopolitical uncertainty and concerns relating to the recent coronavirus outbreak, travel restrictions and bans;
•the impact on American Express’ business of changes in the substantial and increasing worldwide competition in the payments industry;
•the impact on American Express’ business resulting from a failure in or breach of operational or security systems, processes or infrastructure, or those of third parties, including as a result of cyberattacks, which could compromise the

·credit trends, which will depend in part on the economic environment, including, among other things, the housing market and the rates of bankruptcies, which can affect spending on card products and debt payments by individual and corporate customers;
·the effectiveness of Credco’s risk management policies and procedures, including Credco’s ability to accurately estimate the provisions for losses in Credco’s outstanding portfolio of Card Member receivables and Card Member loans, and operational risk;
·fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;
·negative changes in Credco’s credit ratings, which could result in decreased liquidity and higher borrowing costs;
·changes in laws or government regulations affecting American Express’ business, including the potential impact of regulations adopted by regulators relating to certain credit and charge card practices;
·the effect of fluctuating interest rates, which could affect Credco’s borrowing costs and have an adverse effect on the market price of notes issued by Credco;
·the impact on American Express’ business resulting from continuing geopolitical uncertainty;
·the impact on American Express’ business of changes in the substantial and increasing worldwide competition in the payments industry;
·the impact on American Express’ business resulting from a failure in or breach of operational or security systems, processes or infrastructure, or those of third parties, including as a result of cyberattacks, which could compromise the confidentiality, integrity, privacy and/or security of data, disrupt operations, reduce the use and acceptance of American Express cards and lead to regulatory scrutiny, litigation, remediation and response costs, and reputational harm;
·the impact on American Express’ business that could result from litigation such as class actions or proceedings brought by governmental and regulatory agencies;
·Credco’s ability to satisfy its liquidity needs and execute on its funding plans, which will depend on, among other things, Credco’s future business growth, the impact of global economic, political and other events on market capacity, Credco’s credit ratings, demand for securities offered by Credco, performance by Credco’s counterparties under its bank credit facilities and other lending facilities, and regulatory changes;
·Credco’s tax rate remaining in line with current expectations, which could be impacted by, among other things, Credco’s geographic mix of income, further changes in tax laws and regulation, unfavorable tax audits and other unanticipated tax items; and the impact of accounting changes; and
·the implementation of legislation and additional guidance or context from the Internal Revenue Service, the U.S. Treasury Department, state and foreign taxing authorities, the Financial Accounting Standards Board or others regarding the Tax Act, and any future changes or amendments to that legislation.
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confidentiality, integrity, privacy and/or security of data, disrupt operations, reduce the use and acceptance of American Express cards and lead to regulatory scrutiny, litigation, remediation and response costs, and reputational harm;
•the impact on American Express’ business that could result from litigation such as class actions or from government regulation or supervision;
•Credco’s ability to satisfy its liquidity needs and execute on its funding plans, which will depend on, among other things, Credco’s future business growth, the impact of global economic, political and other events on market capacity, Credco’s credit ratings, demand for securities offered by Credco, performance by Credco’s counterparties under its bank credit facilities and other lending facilities, and regulatory changes; and
•Credco’s tax rate remaining in line with current expectations, which could be impacted by, among other things, Credco’s geographic mix of income, further changes in tax laws and regulation, unfavorable tax audits and other unanticipated tax items; and the impact of accounting changes.


ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Refer to the “Risk Management” under “MD&A” for quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk.



ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Credco’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting.
Credco’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP), and includes those policies and procedures that:

•Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of Credco;
·Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of Credco;
·Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of Credco are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of Credco; and
•Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of Credco are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of Credco; and
·Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of Credco’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
•Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of Credco’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Credco’s management assessed the effectiveness of Credco’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018.2019. In making this assessment, Credco’s management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013).
Based on management’s assessment and those criteria, management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2018,2019, Credco’s internal control over financial reporting is effective.
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm


 

To the Board of Directors and Shareholder of
American Express Credit Corporation
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of American Express Credit Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, and the related consolidated statements of income, of comprehensive income, of cash flows, and of shareholder’s equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018,2019, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 20182019 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB)(“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the auditaudits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Significant Transactions with Related Parties
As discussed in Note 98 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has entered into significant related party transactions with affiliates.


/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP


 
New York, New York
February 27, 2020
March 1, 2019

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2005.


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(Item 15 (a))


AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

COVERED BY REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM



Page
Consolidated Statements of Income – For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 20172019, 2018 and 20162017
31
26
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income – For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 20172019, 2018 and 20162017
32
27
Consolidated Balance Sheets – December 31, 20182019 and 20172018
33
28
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows – For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 20172019, 2018 and 20162017
34
29
Consolidated Statements of Shareholder’s Equity – For the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 20172019, 2018 and 20162017
35
31
Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
36
32
Note 2 – Card Member Receivables and Card Member Loans
39
34
Note 3 – Reserves for Losses
42
36
Note 4 – Debt
43
37
Note 5 – Restrictions as to Dividends and Limitations on Indebtedness
44
39
Note 6 – Derivatives and Hedging Activities
44
39
Note 7 – Fair Values
48
42
Note 8 – Variable Interest EntityTransactions with Affiliates
51
45
Note 9 – Transactions with Affiliates
51
Note 10 – Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
54
48
Note 1110 – Income Taxes
55
48
Note 1211 – Significant Credit Concentrations
58
51
Note 1312 – Geographic Regions
59
52
Note 13 – Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
52
Note 14 – Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)Subsequent Events
59
53


Throughout this report the term “Credco” refers to American Express Credit Corporation and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis, unless stated or the context implies otherwise.
All other schedules are omitted since the required information is not present or because the information required is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or notes thereto.

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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
 
Years Ended December 31 (Millions)
 2018  2017  2016 
Years Ended December 31 (Millions)
201920182017
Revenues         Revenues   
Discount revenue earned from purchased Card Member receivables and Card Member loans $1,017  $760  $471 Discount revenue earned from purchased Card Member receivables and Card Member loans$1,204  $1,017  $760  
Interest income from affiliates and other  383   279   207 Interest income from affiliates and other332  383  279  
Finance revenue  61   48   40 Finance revenue79  61  48  
Total revenues  1,461   1,087   718 Total revenues1,615  1,461  1,087  
Expenses            Expenses
Provisions for losses  249   244   151 Provisions for losses230  249  244  
Interest expense  626   495   317 Interest expense521  626  495  
Interest expense to affiliates  225   58   24 Interest expense to affiliates433  225  58  
Other, net  (55)  15   14 Other, net(81) (55) 15  
Total expenses  1,045   812   506 Total expenses1,103  1,045  812  
Pretax income  416   275   212 Pretax income512  416  275  
Income tax provision  29   878   15 Income tax provision94  29  878  
Net income (loss) $387  $(603) $197 Net income (loss)$418  $387  $(603) 


See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.


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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME


Years Ended December 31 (Millions)
 2018  2017  2016 
Years Ended December 31 (Millions)
201920182017
Net income (loss) $387  $(603) $197 Net income (loss)$418  $387  $(603) 
Other comprehensive (loss) income:            Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax  (62)  265   (107)Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax(27) (62) 265  
Other comprehensive (loss) income  (62)  265   (107)Other comprehensive (loss) income(27) (62) 265  
Comprehensive income (loss) $325  $(338) $90 Comprehensive income (loss)$391  $325  $(338) 


See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.


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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS


 December 31,  December 31, 
(Millions, except share data) 2018  2017 (Millions, except share data)December 31,
2019		December 31,
2018
Assets      Assets  
Cash and cash equivalents $102  $196 Cash and cash equivalents$33  $102  
Card Member receivables, less reserves: 2018, $167; 2017, $145  24,429   20,131 
Card Member loans, less reserves: 2018, $5; 2017, $5  636   556 
Card Member receivables, less reserves: 2019, $162; 2018, $167Card Member receivables, less reserves: 2019, $162; 2018, $16725,395  24,429  
Card Member loans, less reserves: 2019, $10; 2018, $5Card Member loans, less reserves: 2019, $10; 2018, $5687  636  
Loans to affiliates and other  14,136   14,527 Loans to affiliates and other10,345  14,136  
Due from affiliates  210   189 Due from affiliates652  210  
Other assets  529   290 Other assets245  529  
Total assets $40,042  $35,889 Total assets$37,357  $40,042  
Liabilities and Shareholder’s Equity        Liabilities and Shareholder’s Equity
Liabilities        Liabilities
Short-term debt $826  $1,308 Short-term debt$3,216  $826  
Short-term debt to affiliates  5,899   5,997 Short-term debt to affiliates6,225  5,899  
Long-term debt  20,447   24,153 Long-term debt13,469  20,447  
Long-term debt to affiliates  7,523   270 Long-term debt to affiliates9,292  7,523  
Total debt  34,695   31,728 Total debt32,202  34,695  
Due to affiliates  2,869   1,988 Due to affiliates2,133  2,869  
Accrued interest and other liabilities  282   302 Accrued interest and other liabilities435  282  
Total liabilities $37,846  $34,018 Total liabilities$34,770  $37,846  
Shareholder’s Equity        Shareholder’s Equity
Common stock, $0.10 par value, authorized 3 million shares; issued and outstanding 1.5 million shares as of December 31, 2018 and 2017  ―   ― 
Common stock, $0.10 par value, authorized 3 million shares; issued and outstanding 1.5 million shares as of December 31, 2019 and 2018Common stock, $0.10 par value, authorized 3 million shares; issued and outstanding 1.5 million shares as of December 31, 2019 and 2018—  —  
Additional paid-in capital  161   161 Additional paid-in capital161  161  
Retained earnings  3,095   2,708 Retained earnings3,513  3,095  
Accumulated other comprehensive loss        Accumulated other comprehensive loss
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax of: 2018, $34; 2017, $17  (1,060)  (998)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax of: 2019, $25; 2018, $34Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax of: 2019, $25; 2018, $34(1,087) (1,060) 
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss  (1,060)  (998)Total accumulated other comprehensive loss(1,087) (1,060) 
Total shareholder’s equity  2,196   1,871 Total shareholder’s equity2,587  2,196  
Total liabilities and shareholder’s equity $40,042  $35,889 Total liabilities and shareholder’s equity$37,357  $40,042  


See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.


33
28
AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS


Years Ended December 31 (Millions)
 2018 2017 2016 
Years Ended December 31 (Millions)
201920182017
Cash Flows from Operating Activities       Cash Flows from Operating Activities   
Net income (loss) $387 $(603)$197 Net income (loss)$418  $387  $(603) 
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:          Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provisions for losses  249  244  151 Provisions for losses230  249  244  
Amortization of underwriting expense  25  28  23 Amortization of underwriting expense19  25  28  
Deferred taxes  (35) 55  14 Deferred taxes13  (35) 55  
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:          Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Interest, taxes and other amounts due to/from affiliates  (90) 1,088  (39)Interest, taxes and other amounts due to/from affiliates(247) (90) 1,088  
Other operating assets and liabilities  405  (378) 475 Other operating assets and liabilities344  405  (378) 
Net cash provided by operating activities  941  434  821 Net cash provided by operating activities777  941  434  
Cash Flows from Investing Activities          Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net increase in Card Member receivables and Card Member loans,including held for sale  (4,984) (1,998) (1,059)
Net (increase) decrease in loans to affiliates and other  (67) (1,245) 2,973 
Net increase (decrease) in due to/from affiliates  978  (1,718) (515)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities  (4,073) (4,961) 1,399 
Net increase in Card Member receivables and Card Member loansNet increase in Card Member receivables and Card Member loans(1,226) (4,984) (1,998) 
Net increase in loans to affiliates and other(a)
Net increase in loans to affiliates and other(a)
(1,128) (67) (1,245) 
Net (decrease) increase in due to/from affiliatesNet (decrease) increase in due to/from affiliates(924) 978  (1,718) 
Net cash used in investing activitiesNet cash used in investing activities(3,278) (4,073) (4,961) 
Cash Flows from Financing Activities          Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net (decrease) increase in short-term debt  (482) (1,685) 873 
Net (decrease) increase in short-term debt to affiliates(a)
  (97) 1,414  (861)
Net increase (decrease) in short-term debtNet increase (decrease) in short-term debt2,390  (482) (1,685) 
Net increase (decrease) in short-term debt to affiliates(b)
Net increase (decrease) in short-term debt to affiliates(b)
327  (97) 1,414  
Proceeds from long-term debt  ―  8,438  3,791 Proceeds from long-term debt—  —  8,438  
Principal payments of long-term debt  (3,647) (4,900) (4,961)
Proceeds from long-term debt to affiliates(a)
  11,812  270  ― 
Principal payments of long-term debt to affiliates  (4,546) ―  ― 
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities  3,040  3,537  (1,158)
Principal payments of long-term debt(c)
Principal payments of long-term debt(c)
(7,152) (3,647) (4,900) 
Proceeds from long-term debt to affiliates(b)
Proceeds from long-term debt to affiliates(b)
33,559  11,812  270  
Principal payments of long-term debt to affiliates(a)(b)
Principal payments of long-term debt to affiliates(a)(b)
(26,674) (4,546) —  
Net cash provided by financing activitiesNet cash provided by financing activities2,450  3,040  3,537  
Effect of foreign currency exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash  (9) 75  (24)Effect of foreign currency exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash5  (9) 75  
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash  (101) (915) 1,038 
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cashNet decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(46) (101) (915) 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period  296  1,211  173 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period195  296  1,211  
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period $195 $296 $1,211 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period$149  $195  $296  
Supplementary cash flow information          
Non-cash Investing activity          
Replacement of due from affiliate balance with new loan arrangement with affiliates(b)
 $― $2,129  $―  
        
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reconciliation 
Dec-18
 
Dec-17
 
Dec-16
 
Cash and cash equivalents per Consolidated Balance Sheets $102 $196 $1,211 
Restricted cash included in Other assets per Consolidated Balance Sheets (c)
  93  100  ― 
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $195 $296 $1,211 

(a)
Supplementary cash flow information
Non-cash Investing activity
Pursuant to the revisionReplacement of the master notedue from affiliate balance with new loan arrangement with American Express Company during the fourth quarteraffiliates(d)
$— $— $2,129 
Termination of 2018, Credco has changed the classification of the net borrowings from short-term debt to affiliates to long-term debt to affiliates. Refer to Note 9 for additional information.
(b)To more effectively manage inter-affiliate funding, Credco entered into newintercompany loan agreements in July 2017agreement with American Express Limited and American Express International, Inc. The new loans were funded by the assignment(a)5,109 — — 
Non-cash Financing activity
Settlement of its existing loan toborrowings with American Express Company and its outstanding due from affiliate balance with TRS.(a)
$(5,109)$— $— 
(c)Represents cash deposited with Amex Bank of Canada relating to the purchase of Card Member receivables and the collateralized loan arrangement for transfer of Card Member loans.

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reconciliationDec-19Dec-18Dec-17
Cash and cash equivalents per Consolidated Balance Sheets$33  $102  $196  
Restricted cash included in Other assets per Consolidated Balance Sheets(e)
116  93  100  
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash$149  $195  $296  
29

(a)As a result of funding structure changes in the ordinary course of business, Credco terminated the intercompany loan agreement with American Express Limited and American Express International, Inc. and settled the related borrowings from American Express Company during the second quarter of 2019.
(b)Pursuant to the revision of the master note arrangement with American Express Company during the fourth quarter of 2018, Credco has changed the classification of the net borrowings from short-term debt to affiliates to long-term debt to affiliates.
(c)Includes $2 million paid during the fourth quarter of 2019 towards the renewal of Credco's existing U.S. dollar-denominated committed bank credit facility.
(d)To more effectively manage inter-affiliate funding, Credco entered into new loan agreements in July 2017 with American Express Limited and American Express International, Inc. The new loans were funded by the assignment of its existing loan to American Express Company and its outstanding due from affiliate balance with TRS.
(e)Represents cash deposited with Amex Bank of Canada relating to the purchase of Card Member receivables and the collateralized loan arrangement for transfer of Card Member loans.

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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30
AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDER’S EQUITY


          Accumulated    
       Additional  Other    
Three Years Ended December 31, 2018    Common  Paid-in  Comprehensive  Retained 
Three Years Ended December 31, 2019Three Years Ended December 31, 2019TotalCommon
Stock		Additional
Paid-in
Capital		Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss		Retained
Earnings
(Millions) Total  Stock  Capital  Loss  Earnings (Millions)
Balances as of December 31, 2015 $2,119  $―  $161  $(1,156) $3,114 
Net income  197               197 
Other comprehensive loss  (107)          (107)    
Balances as of December 31, 2016  2,209   ―   161   (1,263)  3,311 Balances as of December 31, 2016$2,209  $—  $161  $(1,263) $3,311  
Net loss  (603)              (603)Net loss(603) (603) 
Other comprehensive income  265           265     Other comprehensive income265  265  
Balances as of December 31, 2017  1,871   ―   161   (998)  2,708 Balances as of December 31, 20171,871  —  161  (998) 2,708  
Net income  387               387 Net income387  387  
Other comprehensive loss  (62)          (62)    Other comprehensive loss(62) (62) 
Balances as of December 31, 2018 $2,196  $―  $161  $(1,060) $3,095 Balances as of December 31, 20182,196  —  161  (1,060) 3,095  
Net incomeNet income418  418  
Other comprehensive lossOther comprehensive loss(27) (27) 
Balances as of December 31, 2019Balances as of December 31, 2019$2,587  $—  $161  $(1,087) $3,513  


See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.



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31

AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1–Summary of Significant Accounting Policies


The Company
American Express Credit Corporation (Credco), together with its subsidiaries,Credco is a wholly owned subsidiary of American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc. (TRS), which is a wholly owned subsidiary of American Express Company (American Express).
Credco is engaged in the business of financing certain non-interest-earning Card Member receivables arising from the use of the American Express charge cards issued in the United States and in certain countries outside the United States. Credco also finances certain interest-earning revolving loans generated by Card Member spending on American Express credit cards issued in non-U.S. markets.
Credco executes material transactions with its affiliates. The agreements between Credco and its affiliates provide that the parties intend that the transactions thereunder be conducted on an arm’s-length basis; however, there can be no assurance that the terms of these arrangements are the same as would be negotiated between independent, unrelated parties.
American Express provides Credco with financial support with respectis required to maintenance ofmaintain its minimum required 1.25 fixed charge coverage ratio at a minimum of 1.25, which is achieved by charging appropriate discount rates on the purchasespurchase of receivables Credco makes from, and the interest rates on the loans Credco provides to, TRS and other American Express subsidiaries. Each monthly period, the discount and interest rates are determined to generate income for Credco that is sufficient to maintain its minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, whilst maintaining the intention for these transactions to occur on an arm's-length basis. Should it be required, American Express would provide Credco with financial support with respect to maintenance of its minimum fixed charge coverage ratio. The revenue earned by Credco from purchasing Card Member receivables and Card Member loans at a discount is reported as discountDiscount revenue earned from purchased Card Member receivables and Card Member loans on the Consolidated Statements of Income.
Principles of Consolidation
The Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). Significant intercompany transactions are eliminated.
Credco consolidates entities in which Credco holds a controlling"controlling financial interest." For voting interest entities, Credco is considered to hold a controlling financial interest when it is able to exercise control over the investees’ operating and financial decisions. For variable interest entities (VIEs), the determination of which is based on the amount and characteristics of the entity’s equity, Credco is considered to hold a controlling financial interest when it is determined to be the primary beneficiary. A primary beneficiary is the party that has both: (1) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact that VIE’s economic performance, and (2) the obligation to absorb the losses of, or the right to receive the benefits from, the VIE that could potentially be significant to that VIE.
Foreign Currency
Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars based upon exchange rates prevailing at the end of the reporting period; non-monetary assets and liabilities are translated at the historic exchange rate at the date of the transaction; revenues and expenses are translated at the average month-end exchange rates during the year. Resulting translation adjustments, along with any related qualifying hedge and tax effects, are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI), a component of shareholder’s equity. Translation adjustments, including qualifying hedge and tax effects, are reclassified to earnings upon the sale or substantial liquidation of investments in foreign operations. Gains and losses related to transactions in a currency other than the functional currency are reported net in Other, net expenses, in Credco’s Consolidated Statements of Income.
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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Amounts Based on Estimates and Assumptions
Accounting estimates are an integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements. These estimates are based, in part, on management’s assumptions concerning future events. Among the more significant assumptions are those that relate to reserves for Card Member losses on receivables and loans and income taxes. These accounting estimates reflect the best judgment of management, but actual results could differ.
Discount Revenue Earned from Purchased Card Member Receivables and Card Member Loans
Credco earns discount revenue from purchasing Card Member receivables and Card Member loans at a discount to par value. The discount is deferred and recognized as revenue over the period that the receivables and loans are estimated to be outstanding or funded. Estimates are based on the historical average life of Card Member receivables and Card Member loans.

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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Interest Income from Affiliates
Interest income from affiliates is earned on interest-bearing loans made by Credco to affiliates. Interest income is accrued primarily using the average daily balance method on loans and is recognized based on the outstanding loan principal amount and interest rates specified in the agreements until the outstanding loan balance is paid.
Finance Revenue
Finance revenue is assessed using the average daily balance method for Card Member loans and is recognized based upon the loan principal amount outstanding in accordance with the terms of the applicable account agreement until the outstanding balance is paid or written off.
Interest Expense
Interest expense includes interest incurred primarily to fund Card Member receivables and Card Member loans, general corporate purposes and liquidity needs, and is recognized as incurred.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash and amounts due from banks, interest-bearing bank balances, and other highly liquid investments with original maturities of 90 days or less.
Other Significant Accounting Policies
The following table identifies Credco’s other significant accounting policies, along with the related Note and page number where the Note can be found.

Note
Significant Accounting PolicyNote
Number		Note TitlePage
Card Member Receivables and Card Member LoansNote 2Card Member Receivables and Card Member Loans3934 
Reserves for Losses – Card Member Receivables and LoansNote 3Reserves for Losses4236 
Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging ActivitiesNote 6Derivatives and Hedging Activities4439 
Fair Value MeasurementsNote 7Fair Values4842 
Income TaxesNote 1110Income Taxes5548 
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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
RECENTLY ISSUED AND ADOPTED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued new accounting guidance for the recognition of credit losses on certain financial instruments,instruments. The guidance, as amended and effective January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted on January 1, 2019. Credco does not intend to early adopt the new standard. The guidance introduces a new credit reserving modelmethodology known as the Current Expected Credit Loss (CECL) model,approach, which is based on expected losses, and differs significantly from the incurred loss approach used today.through December 31, 2019 and alters the estimation process, inputs and assumptions used in estimating credit losses. The CECL modelmethodology requires measurement of expected credit losses for the estimated life of the financial instrument, not only based on historical experience and current conditions, but also by including reasonable and supportable forecasts incorporating forward-looking information. The guidance also requires a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the reporting period of adoption. Credco continues to evaluate the impact the new guidance will have on Credco’s financial position, results of operations, cash flowsCredco's approach incorporates separate reasonable and credit ratings. Credco expects that the CECL model will alter the assumptions used in estimating credit losses on Card Member receivables and loans, and may result in material increases to Credco’s credit reserves as the new guidance involves earlier recognition of expected lossessupportable periods for the life of the assets. However, the extent of the impact will depend on the characteristics of Credco’s loan portfolio, macroeconomic conditions and forecasted information at the date of adoption. American Express continues to be actively engaged in cross-functional implementation efforts and is in the process of developing and implementing CECL models that satisfy the requirements of the new standard, along with appropriate business processes and controls.
In February 2018, as a result of the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Tax Act), the FASB issued new accounting guidance on the reclassification of certain tax effects from AOCI to retained earnings. The optional reclassification is effective January 1, 2019. Credco is evaluating the new guidance along with any impacts on Credco’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows, none of which are expected to be material.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
In January 2016, the FASB issued new accounting guidance on the recognition and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities, which was effective and adopted by Credco as of January 1, 2018. The guidance makes targeted changes to GAAP; specifically to the classification and measurement of equity securities, and to certain disclosure requirements associated with the fair value of financial assets and liabilities. The adoption of the guidance did not have a material impact on Credco’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Credco implemented changes to its accounting policies, business processes and internal controls in support of the new guidance. Such changes were not material.
In November 2016, the FASB issued new accounting guidance on the cash flow classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents, effective January 1, 2018. The guidance provides specifically that amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents are to be included with cash and cash equivalents on the statements of cash flows. Credco holds a restricted cash balance such that it becomes a material change to the way balances are presented on the statements of cash flows. Beginning with the quarter ended March 31, 2018, Credco’s Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows reflect the adoption of the standard using the full retrospective method, which applies the new standard to each prior reporting period presented.
In August 2017, the FASB issued new accounting guidance providing targeted improvements to the accounting for hedging activities, effective January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted in any interim period or fiscal year before the effective date. The guidance introduces a number of amendments, several of which are optional, that are designed to simplify the application of hedge accounting, improve financial statement transparency and more closely align hedge accounting with an entity’s risk management strategies. Effective January 1, 2018, Credco adopted the guidance with no material impact on its financial position, results of operations and cash flows, along with associated changes to its accounting policies, business processes and internal controls in support of the new guidance. Such changes were not material.

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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Other Information
Effective for the second quarter of 2018, American Express realigned its reportable operating segments to reflect the organizational changes announced during the first quarter of 2018 which combined its U.S. and International consumer businesses into a global consumer services organization, among other changes. To enhance the comparability and usefulness of Credco’s financial statements with that of American Express, Credco has also combined its U.S. and International consumer Card Member receivables and Card Member loans in Note 2and uses a weighted average of multiple future economic scenarios. Additionally, the guidance requires a modified retrospective transition, which records the difference between the reserves measured using the CECL methodology and the reserves using the incurred loss approach, tax effected, as a cumulative effect adjustment upon adoption through retained earnings. As a result, Credco's financial position and results of operations for the periods presented. This change didprior to January 1, 2020 will not have any impact on Credco’s underlying assumptions or judgments with respect to reserves for losses or credit performance.be restated.

33

AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Credco currently estimates a decrease to Card Member receivable reserves of approximately $147 million and an increase to Card Member loan reserves of approximately $7 million, along with the associated current and deferred tax impact of approximately $24 million, and cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings, net of tax, of approximately $116 million as of January 1, 2020. Credco's cross-functional implementation team is finalizing its operational processes, controls and governance.

Note 2– Card Member Receivables and Card Member Loans

American Express’ charge and lending payment card products result in the generation of Card Member receivables and Card Member loans, respectively.loans.


Card Member Receivables
Card Member receivables represent amounts due on American Express charge card products. For American Express, the Card Member receivables are recorded at the time a Card Member enters into a point-of-sale transaction with a merchant. Each charge card transaction is authorized based on its likely economics, a Card Member’s most recent credit information and spend patterns. Additionally, global spend limits are established to limit the maximum exposure for American Express. Charge Card Members generally must pay the full amount billed each month.

Credco records these Card Member receivables at the time they are purchased from TRS and certain of its subsidiaries that issue the card (card issuers). Card Member receivable balances are presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, net of reserves for losses (refer to Note 3). Card Member receivables also include participation interests purchased from an affiliate. Participation interests in Card Member receivables represent undivided interests in the cash flows of the non-interest-earning Card Member receivables. In conjunction with TRS’ securitization program, Credco, through its wholly owned subsidiary, Credco Receivables Corporation (CRC), purchases participation interests from American Express Receivables Financing Corporation VIII LLC (RFC VIII), a wholly owned subsidiary of TRS that receives undivided, pro rata interests in Card Member receivables transferred to the American Express Issuance Trust (the Charge Trust), by TRS. The Charge Trust is a special purpose entity that is consolidated by TRS.


Card Member receivables as of December 31, 20182019 and 20172018 consisted of:
(Millions) 2018  2017 
Global Consumer Services Group (a)
 $8,485  $5,384 
Global Commercial Services (b)
  16,111   14,892 
Card Member receivables (c)
  24,596   20,276 
Less: Reserve for losses  167   145 
Card Member receivables, net (d)
 $24,429  $20,131 

(Millions)20192018
Global Consumer Services Group(a)
$9,847  $8,485  
Global Commercial Services(b)
15,710  16,111  
Card Member receivables(c)
25,557  24,596  
Less: Reserve for losses162  167  
Card Member receivables, net(d)
$25,395  $24,429  
(a)Comprised of U.S. and International Consumer Services.
(a)Comprised of U.S. and International Consumer Services.
(b)Comprised of Corporate and Small Business Services.
(b)Comprised of Corporate and Small Business Services.
(c)Net of deferred discount revenue totaling $68 million and $43 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
(c)Net of deferred discount revenue totaling $75 million and $68 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
(d)Card Member receivables modified in a troubled debt restructuring (TDR) program were immaterial.
(d)Card Member receivables modified in a troubled debt restructuring (TDR) program were immaterial.
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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


Card Member Loans

Card Member loans represent revolving amounts due on American Express cards. For American Express lending card products, these Card Member loans are recorded at the time a Card Member enters into a point-of-sale transaction with a merchant, as well as amounts due from charge Card Members who utilize the Pay Over Time features on their account and elect to revolve a portion of the outstanding balance by entering into a revolving payment arrangement with American Express. These loans have a range of terms such as credit limits, interest rates, fees and payment structures, which can be revised over time based on new information about Card Members and in accordance with applicable regulations and the respective product’s terms and conditions. Card Members holding revolving loans are typically required to make monthly payments based on pre-established amounts and the amounts that Card Members choose to revolve are subject to finance charges.


34

AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Credco records these Card Member loans at the time they are purchased from TRS and certain of its subsidiaries that issue the card (card issuers). Card Member loans are presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, net of reserves for losses (refer to Note 3), and include principal and any related accrued interest and fees. American Express’ policy generally is to cease accruing interest on a Card Member loan at the time the account is written off, and establish reserves for interest that will not be collected.

Card Member loans as of December 31, 20182019 and 20172018 consisted of:
(Millions) 2018  2017 
Global Consumer Services Group (a)
 $641  $561 
Less: Reserve for losses  5   5 
Card Member loans, net (b)
 $636  $556 


(Millions)20192018
Global Consumer Services Group(a)
$697  $641  
Less: Reserve for losses10  5  
Card Member loans, net(b)
$687  $636  
(a)Comprised of International Consumer Services.
(a)Comprised of International Consumer Services.
(b)Card Member loans modified in a TDR program were immaterial.
(b)Card Member loans modified in a TDR program were immaterial.

Card Member Receivables and Card Member Loans Aging

Generally, a Card Member account is considered past due if payment is not received within 30 days after the billing statement date. The following table presents the aging of Card Member receivables and Card Member loans as of December 31, 20182019 and 2017:2018:
      30-59   60-89       
     Days  Days  90+ Days    
2018 (Millions)
 Current  Past Due  Past Due  Past Due  Total 
Card Member Receivables:                 
Global Consumer Services Group $8,432  $17  $12  $24  $8,485 
Global Commercial Services                    
Global Small Business Services  1,787   7   4   7   1,805 
Global Corporate Payments (a)
 (b)  (b)  (b)   103   14,306 
Card Member Loans:                    
Global Consumer Services Group $636  $2  $1  $2  $641 

2019 (Millions)
Current30-59
Days
Past Due		60-89
Days
Past Due		90+ Days
Past Due		Total
Card Member Receivables:     
Global Consumer Services Group$9,766  $29  $16  $36  $9,847  
Global Commercial Services
Global Small Business Services1,996  10  5  9  2,020  
Global Corporate Payments(a)
(b)(b)(b)105  13,690  
Card Member Loans:
Global Consumer Services Group$689  $3  $2  $3  $697  

2018 (Millions)
Current30-59
Days
Past Due		60-89
Days
Past Due		90+ Days
Past Due		Total
Card Member Receivables:     
Global Consumer Services Group$8,432  $17  $12  $24  $8,485  
Global Commercial Services
Global Small Business Services1,787  7  4  7  1,805  
Global Corporate Payments(a)
(b)(b)(b)103  14,306  
Card Member Loans:
Global Consumer Services Group$636  $2  $1  $2  $641  
(a)Delinquency data is tracked based on days past billing status rather than days past due. A Card Member account is considered 90 days past billing if payment has not been received within 90 days of the Card Member’s billing statement date. In addition, if collection procedures are initiated on an account prior to the account becoming 90 days past billing, the associated Card Member receivable balance is classified as 90 days past billing. These amounts are shown above as 90+ Days Past Due for presentation purposes. See also (b).
(b)Delinquency data for periods other than 90 days past billing is not available due to system constraints. Therefore, such data has not been utilized for risk management purposes. The balances that are current to 89 days past due can be derived as the difference between the Total and the 90+ Days Past Due balances.
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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
                
      30-59   60-89       
     Days  Days  90+ Days    
2017 (Millions)
 Current  Past Due  Past Due  Past Due  Total 
Card Member Receivables:                 
Global Consumer Services Group $5,336  $18  $11  $19  $5,384 
Global Commercial Services                    
Global Small Business Services  1,397   5   4   6   1,412 
Global Corporate Payments (a)
 (b)  (b)  (b)   112   13,480 
Card Member Loans:                    
Global Consumer Services Group $557  $1  $1  $2  $561 
(a)For Global Corporate Payments Card Member receivables in Global Commercial Services, delinquency data is tracked based on days past billing status rather than days past due. A Card Member account is considered 90 days past billing if payment has not been received within 90 days of the Card Member’s billing statement date. In addition, if collection procedures are initiated on an account prior to the account becoming 90 days past billing, the associated Card Member receivable balance is classified as 90 days past billing. These amounts are shown above as 90+ Days Past Due for presentation purposes. See also (b).
(b)Delinquency data for periods other than 90 days past billing is not available due to system constraints. Therefore, such data has not been utilized for risk management purposes. The balances that are current to 89 days past due can be derived as the difference between the Total and the 90+ Days Past Due balances.
Credit Quality Indicators for Card Member Receivables and Card Member Loans


The following tables present the key credit quality indicators as of or for the years ended December 31:
  2018  2017 
     30+ Days      30+ Days 
  Net  Past Due  Net   Past Due 
  Write-off  as a % of  Write-off   as a % of 
  Rate (a) Total  Rate (a)  Total 
Card Member Receivables:             
Global Consumer Services Group  1.14 %  0.62%  1.01 %   0.89%
Global Small Business Services  1.34 %  1.00%  1.11 %   1.06%
Card Member Loans:                 
Global Consumer Services Group  1.03 %  0.78%  1.24 %   0.71%

 20192018
Net
Write-off
Rate
 (a)
30+ Days
Past Due
as a % of
Total		Net
Write-off
Rate
 (a)
30+ Days
Past Due
as a % of
Total
Card Member Receivables:      
Global Consumer Services Group1.10 %0.82 %1.14 %0.62 %
Global Small Business Services1.39 %1.19 %1.34 %1.00 %
Card Member Loans:
Global Consumer Services Group1.53 %1.15 %1.03 %0.78 %
 
 
    
 2018  2017 
 
  Net Loss
Ratio as a % of
Charge Volume
   
90+ Days
Past Billing as a
% of Receivables
  Net Loss
Ratio as a % of
Charge Volume
   
90+ Days
Past Billing as a
% of Receivables
  20192018
             Net Loss
Ratio as a % of
Charge Volume		 90+ Days
Past Billing as a
% of Receivables		Net Loss
Ratio as a % of
Charge Volume		 90+ Days
Past Billing as a
% of Receivables
  (b)     (b)   
 (b)
 (b)
Card Member Receivables:                  Card Member Receivables:        
Global Corporate Payments  0.08 %   0.72%   0.08 %  0.83%Global Corporate Payments0.06 %0.77 %0.08 %0.72 %

(a)Represents the amount of Card Member receivables or Card Member loans owned by Credco that are written off, net of recoveries, expressed as a percentage of the average Card Member receivables or Card Member loans balances in each of the periods indicated.
(a)Represents the amount of Card Member receivables or Card Member loans owned by Credco that are written off, net of recoveries, expressed as a percentage of the average Card Member receivables or Card Member loans balances in each of the periods indicated.
(b)Represents the amount of Card Member receivables owned by Credco that are written off, net of recoveries, expressed as a percentage of the volume of Card Member receivables purchased by Credco in each of the periods indicated.

(b)Represents the amount of Card Member receivables owned by Credco that are written off, net of recoveries, expressed as a percentage of the volume of Card Member receivables purchased by Credco in each of the periods indicated.
Refer to Note 3 for additional indicators, including external environmental qualitative factors, management considers in its monthly evaluation process for reserves for losses.


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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 3–Reserves for Losses
Reserves for losses relating to Card Member receivables and Card Member loans represent management’s best estimate of the probable inherent losses in Credco’s outstanding portfolio of receivables and loans, as of the balance sheet date. Management’s evaluation process requires certain estimates and judgments.
Reserves for losses are primarily based upon statistical and analytical models that analyze portfolio performance and reflect management’s judgmentjudgments regarding the quantitative components of the reserve. The models take into account several factors, including delinquency-based loss migration rates, loss emergence periods and average losses and recoveries over an appropriate historical period. Management considers whether to adjust the quantitative reserves for certain external and internal qualitative factors, which may increase or decrease the reserves for losses on Card Member receivables and loans. These external factors include employment, spend, sentiment, housing and credit, and changes in the legal and regulatory environment, while the internal factors include increased risk in certain portfolios, impact of risk management initiatives, changes in underwriting requirements and overall process stability. As part of this evaluation process, management also considers various reserve coverage metrics, such as reserves as a percentage of past due amounts, reserves as a percentage of Card Member receivables or loans and net write-off coverage ratios.
 
Card Member receivables and Card Member loans balances are written off when management considers amounts to be uncollectible, which is generally determined by the number of days past due and is typically no later than 180 days past due. Card Member receivables and Card Member loans in bankruptcy or owed by deceased individuals are generally written off upon notification.


36

AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Changes in Card Member Receivables Reserve for Losses

The following table presents changes in the Card Member receivables reserve for losses for the years ended December 31:
(Millions) 2018  2017  2016 (Millions)201920182017
Balance, January 1 $145  $110  $114 Balance, January 1$167  $145  $110  
Provisions  243   238   145 Provisions216  243  238  
Other credits(a)
  53   58   20 
Other credits(a)
13  53  58  
Net write-offs(b)
  (238)  (198)  (146)
Net write-offs(b)
(229) (238) (198) 
Other debits(c)
  (36)  (63)  (23)
Other debits(c)
(5) (36) (63) 
Balance, December 31 $167  $145  $110 Balance, December 31$162  $167  $145  
(a)Primarily reserve balances related to new groups of, and participation interests in, Card Member receivables purchased from affiliates, totaling $9.8 billion, $9.4 billion and $5.4 billion for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
(a)Primarily reserve balances related to new groups of, and participation interests in, Card Member receivables purchased from affiliates, totaling $2.7 billion, $9.8 billion and $9.4 billion for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
(b)
Net of recoveries of $119 million, $95 million and $91 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
(b)Net of recoveries of $125 million, $119 million and $95 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
(c)
Primarily reserve balances related to participation interests in Card Member receivables sold to an affiliate. Participation interests in Card Member receivables sold totaled $6.2 billion, $9.4 billion and $5.7 billion for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
(c)Primarily reserve balances related to participation interests in Card Member receivables sold to an affiliate. Participation interests in Card Member receivables sold totaled $1.1 billion, $6.2 billion and $9.4 billion for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Changes in Card Member Loans Reserve for Losses


The following table presents changes in the Card Member loans reserve for losses for the years ended December 31:
 
(Millions) 2018  2017  2016 (Millions)201920182017
Balance, January 1 $5  $5  $4 Balance, January 1$5  $5  $5  
Provisions  6   6   6 Provisions14  6  6  
Net write-offs(a)
  (6)  (6)  (5)
Net write-offs(a)
(9) (6) (6) 
Balance, December 31 $5  $5  $5 Balance, December 31$10  $5  $5  
(a)Net of recoveries of $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, and $1.0 million for both the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
(a)Net of recoveries of $1.6 million, $1.8 million and $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.


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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 4– Debt


Short-Term Debt


Credco’s short-term debt outstanding (excluding short-term debt to affiliates), defined as borrowings with original contractual maturity dates of less than one year, as of December 31 werewas as follows:

 2018  2017 
    Year-End Stated     Year-End Stated 
 Outstanding  Interest Rate on  Outstanding  Interest Rate on  20192018
(Millions, except percentages)  Balance  
Debt(a)
   Balance  
Debt(a)
 (Millions, except percentages)Outstanding
Balance
Year-End Stated
Interest Rate on
Debt (a)
Outstanding
Balance
Year-End Stated
Interest Rate on
Debt (a)
Commercial paper(b)
 $752   2.71% $1,168   1.54%
Commercial paper(b)
$3,001  1.94 %$752  2.71 %
Other short-term borrowings(c)
  74   2.39   140   1.27 
Other short-term borrowings(c)
215  1.58  74  2.39  
Total $826   2.68% $1,308   1.51%Total$3,216  1.91 %$826  2.68 %
(a)For floating-rate issuances, the stated interest rates are weighted based on the outstanding principal balances and interest rates in effect as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.
(b)Average commercial paper outstanding was $299 million and $228 million in 2019 and 2018, respectively.
(c)Represents interest-bearing book overdrafts with banks.

(a)For floating-rate issuances, the stated interest rates are weighted based on the outstanding principal balances and interest rates in effect as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.
37
(b)Average commercial paper outstanding was $228 million and $1,076 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively.

(c)
Represents interest-bearing overdrafts with banks.
AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Long-Term Debt


Credco’s long-term debt outstanding (excluding long-term debt to affiliates), defined as debt with original contractual maturity dates of one year or greater, as of December 31 was as follows:

  
Original
Contractual
Maturity
Dates
  2018   2017 
     
Outstanding
Balance
     
Year-End
Interest
Rate
on Debt
   
Year-End
Interest
Rate with
Swaps
     
Outstanding
Balance
      
Year-End
Interest
Rate
on Debt
  
Year-End
Interest
Rate with
Swaps
  2019 2018
                        
Original
Contractual
Maturity
Dates
  
Outstanding
Balance(a)
 
Year-End
Interest
Rate
on Debt(b)
 
Year-End
Interest
Rate with
Swaps(b)(c)
 
  
Outstanding
Balance(a)
 
Year-End
Interest
Rate
on Debt(b)
 
Year-End
Interest
Rate with
Swaps(b)(c)
 
(Millions, except                
percentages)    (a)   (b)   (b)(c)   (a)   (b)   (b)(c)
(Millions, except
percentages)		(Millions, except
percentages)		 
Original
Contractual
Maturity
Dates
  
Outstanding
Balance(a)
Year-End
Interest
Rate
on Debt(b)
Year-End
Interest
Rate with
Swaps(b)(c)
  
Outstanding
Balance(a)
Year-End
Interest
Rate
on Debt(b)
Year-End
Interest
Rate with
Swaps(b)(c)
Fixed Rate Senior Notes  2019-2027  $16,677   2.28 %   3.06 %  $19,652   2.24 %   2.27 %Fixed Rate Senior Notes
Floating Rate Senior Notes  2019-2022   3,800   3.31    ―    4,550   2.09   ― Floating Rate Senior Notes2020-20221,650  2.64  —  3,800  3.31  —  
Unamortized Underwriting Fees      (30)            (49)        Unamortized Underwriting Fees (20) (30) 
Total Long-Term Debt     $20,447   2.47 %        $24,153   2.21 %     Total Long-Term Debt $13,469  2.43 %$20,447  2.47 %
(a)The outstanding balances include (i) unamortized discount, (ii) the impact of movements in exchange rates on foreign currency denominated debt and (iii) the impact of fair value hedge accounting on certain fixed-rate notes that have been swapped to floating rate through the use of interest rate swaps. Refer to Note 6 for more details on Credco’s treatment of fair value hedges.
(a)The outstanding balances include (i) unamortized discount, (ii) the impact of movements in exchange rates on foreign currency denominated debt and (iii) the impact of fair value hedge accounting on certain fixed-rate notes that have been swapped to floating rate through the use of interest rate swaps. Refer to Note 6 for more details on Credco’s treatment of fair value hedges.
(b)For floating-rate issuances, the stated interest rate on debt is weighted based on outstanding principal balances and interest rates in effect as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.
(b)For floating-rate issuances, the stated interest rate on debt is weighted based on outstanding principal balances and interest rates in effect as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.
(c)(c)Interest rates with swaps are only presented when swaps are in place to hedge the underlying debt. The interest rates with swaps are weighted based on the outstanding principal balances and the interest rates on the floating leg of the swaps in effect as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.

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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTs

the swaps in effect as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.
Aggregate annual maturities on long-term debt obligations (based on contractual maturity or anticipated redemption dates) as of December 31, 20182019 were as follows:

(Millions)   
2019 $7,150 
2020  6,600 
2021  2,890 
2022  2,050 
2023  ― 
Thereafter  2,000 
Total  20,690 
Unamortized Underwriting Fees  (30)
Unamortized Discount  (29)
Impacts due to Fair Value Hedge Accounting  (184)
Total Long-Term Debt $20,447 

(Millions) 
2020$6,600  
20212,864  
20222,050  
2023—  
2024—  
Thereafter2,000  
Total13,514  
Unamortized Underwriting Fees(20) 
Unamortized Discount(23) 
Impacts due to Fair Value Hedge Accounting(2) 
Total Long-Term Debt$13,469  
Credco maintained a bank line of credit of $3.5 billion as of both December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, all of which was undrawn as of the respective dates. These undrawn amounts support contingent funding needs. Credco paid $2.5$4.9 million and $6.0$2.5 million in fees to maintain these lines for the years ended December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, respectively. The availability of the credit line is subject to compliance with certain financial covenants, including the maintenance of a 1.25 minimum required fixed charge coverage ratio. The fixed charge coverage ratio for Credco was 1.491.54 for the year ended December 31, 2018.2019. As of December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, Credco was not in violation of any of its debt covenants.
The committed facility does not contain material adverse change clauses that would preclude borrowing under the credit facility. Additionally, the facility may not be terminated should there be a change in Credco’s credit ratings.
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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Credco paid total interest, primarily related to short- and long-term debt, and corresponding interest rate swaps of $0.5 billion, $0.6 billion $0.5 billion and $0.3$0.5 billion for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 2017 and 2016,2017, respectively.


Note 5– Restrictions as to Dividends and Limitations on Indebtedness
The debt instruments issued by Credco impose the requirement that Credco maintain a minimum consolidated net worth of $50 million, which limits the amount of dividends Credco can pay to its parent. There are no limitations on the amount of debt that can be issued by Credco, provided it maintains the minimum required fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.25.


Note 6– Derivatives and Hedging Activities
Credco uses derivative financial instruments to manage exposures to various market risks. These instruments derive their value from an underlying variable or multiple variables, including interest rates and foreign exchange rates, and are carried at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. These instruments enable end users to increase, reduce or alter exposure to various market risks and, for that reason, are an integral component of Credco’s market risk management. Credco does not transact in derivatives for trading purposes.
Market risk is the risk to earnings or asset and liability values resulting from movements in market prices. Credco’s market risk exposures include:
•Interest rate risk in its funding activities; and

·Interest rate risk in its funding activities; and
·Foreign exchange risk arising from earnings, funding, transactions and investments in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.

•Foreign exchange risk arising from earnings, funding, transactions and investments in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.
American Express centrally monitors market risks using market risk limits and escalation triggers as defined in its Asset/Liability Management Policy.
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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


Interest rate risk primarily arises through the funding of Card Member receivables and fixed-rate loans with variable-rate borrowings, as well as through the risk to net interest margin from changes in the relationship between benchmark rates such as Prime, LIBOR and the overnight indexed swap rate. Interest rate exposure within charge card and fixed-rate lending products is managed by varying the proportion of total funding provided by short-term and variable-rate debt compared to fixed-rate debt. In addition, interest rate swaps are used from time to time to economically convert fixed-rate debt obligations to variable-rate obligations or to convert variable-rate debt obligations to fixed-rate obligations. Credco may change the mix between variable-rate and fixed-rate funding based on changes in business volumes and mix, among other factors.

Foreign exchange risk is generated by funding foreign currency Card Member receivables and loans with U.S. dollars, foreign currency balance sheet exposures, foreign subsidiary equity and foreign currency earnings in entities outside the United States. Credco’s foreign exchange risk is managed primarily by entering into agreements to buy and sell currencies on a spot basis or by hedging this market exposure to the extent it is economical, through various means, including the use of derivatives such as foreign exchange forwards and cross-currency swap contracts. Exposures from foreign subsidiary equity in Credco’s entities outside the United States are hedged through the use of foreign exchange forwards executed either by Credco or TRS.
Derivatives may give rise to counterparty credit risk, which is the risk that a derivative counterparty will default on, or otherwise be unable to perform pursuant to an uncollateralized derivative exposure. This risk is managed by considering the current exposure, which is the replacement cost of contracts on the measurement date, as well as estimating the maximum potential value of the contracts over the next 12 months, considering such factors as the volatility of the underlying or reference index. To mitigate derivative credit risk, counterparties are required to be pre-approved by American Express and rated as investment grade, and counterparty risk exposures are centrally monitored.

39

AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Additionally, in order to mitigate the bilateral counterparty credit risk associated with derivatives, Credco has in certain instances entered into master netting agreements with its derivative counterparties, which provide a right of offset for certain exposures between the parties. A majority of Credco’s derivative assets and liabilities as of December 31, 20182019 and 20172018 are subject to master netting agreements with its derivative counterparties. Credco has no derivative amounts subject to enforceable master netting arrangements that are not offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. To further mitigate counterparty credit risk, Credco exercises its rights under executed credit support agreements with the respective derivative counterparties for most of its bilateral interest rate swaps. These agreements require that, in the event the fair value change in the net derivatives position between the two parties exceeds certain dollar thresholds, the party in the net liability position posts collateral to its counterparty. All derivative contracts cleared through a central clearinghouse are collateralized to the full amount of the fair value of the contracts.
In relation to Credco’s credit risk, certain of Credco’s bilateral derivative agreements include provisions that allow counterpartiesCredco or the counterparty to terminate the agreement and settle the fair value of existing positions in the event of a downgrade of Credco’s debtone party’s credit rating below investment grade and settle the outstanding net liability position. Asgrade. The aggregate fair value of December 31, 2018, these derivatives were notCredco’s derivative instruments in a net liability position.position that contain credit-risk-related contingent features as of December 31, 2019, is $38 million. Credco has no individually significant third-party derivative counterparties and therefore, no significant risk exposure to any single derivativethird-party counterparty. Based on Credco’s assessment of the credit risk of its derivative counterparties and its own credit risk as of December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, no credit risk adjustment to the derivative portfolio was required.
Credco’s derivatives are carried at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The accounting for changes in fair value depends on the instruments’ intended use and the resulting hedge designation, if any, as discussed below. Refer to Note 7 for a description of Credco’s methodology for determining the fair value of derivatives.
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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following table summarizes the total fair value, excluding interest accruals, of derivative assets and liabilities as of December 31:
   Other Assets  Other Liabilities 
   Fair Value  Fair Value 
(Millions) 2018  2017  2018  2017 
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:            
Fair value hedges - Interest rate contracts (a)(b)
 $―  $―  $―  $― 
Net investment hedges - Foreign exchange contracts  57   54   10   38 
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments  57   54   10   38 
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:                
Foreign exchange contracts  220   9   6   57 
Total derivatives, gross  277   63   16   95 
Less: Derivative asset and derivative liability netting (c)
  (11)  (26)  (11)  (26)
Total derivatives, net $266  $37  $5  $69 


Other Assets
Fair Value		Other Liabilities
Fair Value
(Millions)2019201820192018
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Fair value hedges - Interest rate contracts(a)(b)
$—  $—  $—  $—  
Net investment hedges - Foreign exchange contracts12  57  44  10  
Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments12  57  44  10  
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign exchange contracts31  220  182  6  
Total derivatives, gross43  277  226  16  
Derivative asset and derivative liability netting(c)
(27) (11) (27) (11) 
Total derivatives, net$16  $266  $199  $5  
(a)For Credco’s centrally cleared derivatives, variation margin payments are legally characterized as settlement payments as opposed to collateral.
(a)For Credco’s centrally cleared derivatives, variation margin payments are legally characterized as settlement payments as opposed to collateral.
(b)Credco posted $55 million and $115 million as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, as initial margin on its centrally cleared interest rate swaps; such amounts are recorded within Other assets on Credco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and are not netted against the derivative balances.
(b)Credco posted $20 million and $55 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, as initial margin on its centrally cleared interest rate swaps; such amounts are recorded within Other assets on Credco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and are not netted against the derivative balances.
(c)Represents the amount of netting of derivative assets and derivative liabilities executed with the same counterparties under an enforceable master netting arrangement.
(c)Represents the amount of netting of derivative assets and derivative liabilities executed with the same counterparties under an enforceable master netting arrangement.

 
Derivative Financial Instruments that Qualify for Hedge Accounting
Derivatives executed for hedge accounting purposes are documented and designated as such when Credco enters into the contracts. In accordance with its risk management policies, Credco structures its hedges with terms similar to those of the item being hedged. Credco formally assesses, at inception of the hedge accounting relationship and on a quarterly basis, whether derivatives designated as hedges are highly effective in offsetting the fair value or cash flows of the hedged items. These assessments usually are made through the application of a regression analysis method. If it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective as a hedge, Credco will discontinue the application of hedge accounting.

40

AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Fair Value Hedges
A fair value hedge involves a derivative designated to hedge Credco’s exposure to future changes in the fair value of an asset or a liability, or an identified portion thereof that is attributable to a particular risk.
Interest Rate Contracts
Credco is exposed to interest rate risk associated with its fixed-rate long-term debt obligations. At the time of issuance, certain fixed-rate long-term debt obligations are designated in fair value hedging relationships using interest rate swaps to economically convert the fixed interest rate to a floating interest rate. Credco has $13.8$8.8 billion and $16.2$13.8 billion of its fixed-rate debt obligations designated in fair value hedging relationships as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and 2017, respectively.

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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


Gains or losses on the fair value hedging instrument principally offset the losses or gains on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk. The changes in the fair value of the derivative and the changes in the hedged item may not fully offset due to differences between a debt obligation’s interest rate and the benchmark rate, primarily due to credit spreads at inception of the hedging relationship that are not reflected in the fair value of the interest rate swap. Furthermore, the difference may be caused by changes in 1-month LIBOR, 3-month LIBOR and the overnight indexed swap rate, as spreads between these rates impact the fair value of the interest rate swap without an exact offsetting impact to the fair value of the hedged debt.
The following table presents the gains and losses associated with the fair value hedges of Credco’s fixed-rate long-term debt for the years ended December 31:


 Gains (losses)  Gains (losses)
(Millions) 2018  2017  2016 (Millions)201920182017
 Interest Expense (a) Other expenses  Other expenses 
Interest Expense(a)
Interest Expense(a)
Other, net expenses
Fixed-rate long-term debt $29  $100  $91 Fixed-rate long-term debt$(181) $29  $100  
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments  (13)  (129)  (102)Derivatives designated as hedging instruments184  (13) (129) 
Total $16  $(29) $(11)Total$3  $16  $(29) 

(a)Credco adopted a new accounting guidance providing targeted improvements to the accounting for hedging activities effective January 1, 2018. In compliance with the standard, amounts previously recorded in Other expenses have been prospectively recorded in Interest expense.
(a)Credco adopted new accounting guidance providing targeted improvements to the accounting for hedging activities effective January 1, 2018. In compliance with the standard, amounts previously recorded in Other expenses have been prospectively recorded in Interest expense. Refer to Note 1 for additional information.


The carrying values of the hedged liabilities, recorded within Long-term debt on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, were $13.5$8.7 billion and $16.0$13.5 billion as of December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, respectively, including offsetting amounts of $184 million and $155 million for the respective periods, related to the cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments.adjustments of $(2) million and $(184) million for the respective periods.
Credco recognized a net increaseincreases of $90 million and $75 million in Interest expense on Long-term debt for the yearyears ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and net reductions of $53 million and $126 million for the yearsyear ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, primarily related to the net settlements (interest accruals) on Credco’s interest rate derivatives designated as fair value hedges.
Net Investment Hedges
A net investment hedge is used to hedge future changes in currency exposure of a net investment in a foreign operation. Credco primarily designates foreign currency derivatives, typically foreign exchange forwards, and on occasion foreign currency denominated debt, as hedges of net investments in certain foreign operations. These instruments reduce exposure to changes in currency exchange rates on Credco’s investments in non-U.S. subsidiaries. Credco had notionalsnotional amounts of approximately $2.9$3.0 billion and $3.0$2.9 billion of foreign currency derivatives designated as net investment hedges as of December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, respectively. The gain or loss on net investment hedges, net of taxes, recorded in AOCI as part of the cumulative translation adjustment waswere a loss of $44 million, a gain of $127 million and a loss of $174 million and a gain of $80 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, and 2016, respectively. No amounts associated with net investment hedges were reclassified from AOCI into income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedges
Credco has derivatives that act as economic hedges, but are not designated as such for hedge accounting purposes. Foreign currency transactions from time to time may be partially or fully economically hedged through foreign currency contracts, primarily foreign exchange forwards. These hedges generally mature within one year. Foreign currency contracts involve the purchase and sale of designated currencies at an agreed-upon rate for settlement on a specified date.
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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The changes in the fair value of derivatives that are not designated as hedges are intended to offset the related foreign exchange gains or losses of the underlying foreign currency exposures. The changes in the fair value of the derivatives and the related underlying foreign currency exposures resulted in a net gains of $87 million, $59 million $21 million and $1$21 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, and 2016, respectively, andwhich are recognized in Other, expenses.
net expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
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Note 7–Fair Values
Fair value is defined as the price that would be required to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, based on the principal or, in the absence of a principal, most advantageous market for the specific asset or liability.
GAAP provides for a three-level hierarchy of inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value, defined as follows:
•Level 1 – Inputs that are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity can access.
·Level 1 – Inputs that are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity can access.
•Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability, including:
·Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability, including:
–Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;
-Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;
–Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active;
-Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active;
–Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability; and
-Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability; and
–Inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.
-Inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.
·Level 3 – Inputs that are unobservable and reflect Credco’s own estimates about the estimates market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best information available in the circumstances (e.g., internally derived assumptions surrounding the timing and amount of expected cash flows). Credco did not measure any financial instruments presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, although the disclosed fair value of certain assets that are not carried at fair value, as presented later in this Note, are classified within Level 3.

•Level 3 – Inputs that are unobservable and reflect Credco’s own estimates about the estimates market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best information available in the circumstances (e.g., internally derived assumptions surrounding the timing and amount of expected cash flows). Credco did not measure any financial instruments presented on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, although the disclosed fair value of certain assets that are not carried at fair value, as presented later in this Note, are classified within Level 3.
Credco monitors the market conditions and evaluates the fair value hierarchy levels at least quarterly. For the years ended December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, there were no Level 3 transfers.
Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities Carried at Fair Value


The following table summarizes Credco’s financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, categorized by GAAP’s fair value hierarchy as Level 2 (as described in the preceding paragraphs), as of December 31:

(Millions) 2018  2017 (Millions)20192018
Assets:      Assets:
Derivatives, gross (a)
 $277  $63 
Derivatives, gross(a)
$43  $277  
Total assets  277   63 Total assets43  277  
Liabilities:        Liabilities:
Derivatives, gross (a)
  16   95 
Derivatives, gross(a)
226  16  
Total liabilities $16  $95 Total liabilities$226  $16  
(a)Refer to Note 6 for the fair values of derivative assets and liabilities, on a further disaggregated basis.

(a)Refer to Note 6 for the fair values of derivative assets and liabilities, on a further disaggregated basis.

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Valuation Techniques Used in the Fair Value Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities Carried at Fair Value
For the financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (categorized in the valuation hierarchy table), Credco applies the following valuation techniques:

Derivative Financial Instruments
The fair value of Credco’s derivative financial instruments is estimated internally by using third-party pricing models, where the inputs to those models are readily observable from actively quotedactive markets. The pricing models used are consistently applied and reflect the contractual terms of the derivatives as described below. Credco reaffirms its understanding of the valuation techniques at least annually and validates the valuation output on a quarterly basis. Credco’s derivative instruments are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
The fair value of Credco’s interest rate swaps is determined based on a discounted cash flow method using the following significant inputs: the contractual terms of the swap such as the notional amount, fixed coupon rate, floating coupon rate and tenor, as well as discount rates consistent with the underlying economic factors of the currency in which the cash flows are denominated.
The fair value of foreign exchange forward contracts is determined based on a discounted cash flow method using the following significant inputs: the contractual terms of the forward contracts such as the notional amount, maturity dates and contract rate, as well as relevant foreign currency forward curves, and discount rates consistent with the underlying economic factors of the currency in which the cash flows are denominated.
Credit valuation adjustments are necessary when the market parameters, such as a benchmark curve, used to value derivatives are not indicative of Credco’s credit quality or that of its counterparties. Credco considers the counterparty credit risk by applying an observable forecasted default rate to the current exposure. Refer to Note 6 for additional fair value information.
Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities Carried at Other Than Fair Value


The following table summarizes the estimated fair value forvalues of Credco’s financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured at amortized cost, and not required to be carried at fair value on a recurring basis, as of December 31, 20182019 and 2017.2018. The fair values of these financial instruments are estimates based upon the market conditions and perceived risks as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 and 2017 and require managementmanagement's judgment. These figures may not be indicative of future fair values, nor can Credco’sthe fair value of Credco be estimated by aggregating the amounts presented.

 Carrying  Corresponding Fair Value Amount 
2018 (Billions)
 Value  Total  Level 1  Level 2  Level 3 
CarryingCorresponding Fair Value Amount
2019 (Billions)
2019 (Billions)
ValueTotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Financial Assets:               Financial Assets:     
Financial assets for which carrying values equal or approximate fair value               Financial assets for which carrying values equal or approximate fair value     
Cash and cash equivalents(a)
 $0.1  $0.1  $0.1  $―  $― 
Other financial assets(b)
  24.9   24.9   0.1   24.8   ― 
Cash and cash equivalentsCash and cash equivalents$—  $—  $—  $—  $—  
Other financial assets(a)
Other financial assets(a)
26.3  26.3  0.1  26.2  —  
Financial assets carried at other than fair value                    Financial assets carried at other than fair value
Card Member loans, net  0.6   0.6   ―   ―   0.6 Card Member loans, net0.7  0.7  —  —  0.7  
Loans to affiliates and other  14.1   14.1   ―   7.4   6.7 Loans to affiliates and other10.3  10.4  —  2.8  7.6  
Financial Liabilities:                    Financial Liabilities:
Financial liabilities for which carrying values equal or approximate fair value  9.0   9.0   ―   9.0   ― Financial liabilities for which carrying values equal or approximate fair value11.2  11.2  —  11.2  —  
Financial liabilities carried at other than fair value                    Financial liabilities carried at other than fair value
Long-term debt  20.4   20.5   ―   20.5   ― Long-term debt13.5  13.7  —  13.7  —  
Long-term debt to affiliates $7.5  $7.3  $―  $7.3  $― Long-term debt to affiliates$9.3  $9.4  $—  $9.4  $—  


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


   Carrying  Corresponding Fair Value Amount 
2017 (Billions)
 Value  Total  Level 1  Level 2  Level 3 
Financial Assets:               
Financial assets for which carrying values equal or approximate fair value               
Cash and cash equivalents(a)
 $0.2  $0.2  $0.2  $―  $― 
Other financial assets(b)
  20.6   20.6   0.1   20.5   ― 
Financial assets carried at other than fair value                    
Card Member loans, net  0.6   0.6   ―   ―   0.6 
Loans to affiliates and other  14.5   14.4   ―   10.0   4.4 
Financial Liabilities:                    
Financial liabilities for which carrying values equal or approximate fair value  8.6   8.6   ―   8.6   ― 
Financial liabilities carried at other than fair value                    
Long-term debt  24.2   24.5   ―   24.5   ― 
Long-term debt to affiliates $0.3  $0.3  $―  $0.3  $― 
(a)Amounts reflect interest-bearing deposits.
(b)Level 1 amounts reflect interest-bearing restricted cash and Level 2 amounts primarily reflect Card Member receivables.

  CarryingCorresponding Fair Value Amount
2018 (Billions)
ValueTotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
Financial Assets:     
Financial assets for which carrying values equal or approximate fair value     
Cash and cash equivalents(b)
$0.1  $0.1  $0.1  $—  $—  
Other financial assets(a)
24.9  24.9  0.1  24.8  —  
Financial assets carried at other than fair value
Card Member loans, net0.6  0.6  —  —  0.6  
Loans to affiliates and other14.1  14.1  —  7.4  6.7  
Financial Liabilities:
Financial liabilities for which carrying values equal or approximate fair value9.0  9.0  —  9.0  —  
Financial liabilities carried at other than fair value
Long-term debt20.4  20.5  —  20.5  —  
Long-term debt to affiliates$7.5  $7.3  $—  $7.3  $—  

(a)Level 1 amounts reflect interest-bearing restricted cash and Level 2 amounts primarily reflect Card Member receivables.
(b)Amounts reflect interest-bearing deposits.
Valuation Techniques Used in the Fair Value Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities Carried at Other Than Fair Value
For the financial assets and liabilities that are not required to be carried at fair value on a recurring basis (categorized in the valuation hierarchy table), Credco applies the following valuation techniques to measure fair value:
Financial Assets For Which Carrying Values Equal Or Approximate Fair Value
Financial assets for which carrying values equal or approximate fair value include cash and cash equivalents, Card Member receivables, due from affiliates, accrued interest and certain other assets. For these assets, the carrying values approximate fair value because they are short term in duration, have no defined maturity or have a market-based interest rate.
Financial Assets Carried At Other Than Fair Value
Card Member loans
Card Member loans are recorded at historical cost, less reserves, on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. In estimating the fair value for Credco’s Card Member loans, Credco uses a discounted cash flow model. Due to the lack of a comparable whole loan sales market for similar loans and the lack of observable pricing inputs thereof, Credco uses various inputs to estimate fair value. Such inputs include projected income, discount rates and relevant credit losses.


Loans to affiliates and other
Loans to affiliates and other are recorded at historical cost on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. In estimating the fair value for Credco’s loans to affiliates and other, Credco uses discounted cash flow models. For loans to affiliates collateralized by Card Member loans, Credco derives the value of the loans based on the fair value of the underlying collateral used to finance the loans using a discounted cash flow model with inputs as detailed above (Card Member loans), and as such is classified as Level 3. For the remaining loans to affiliates and other, the models use market observable interest rates and adjust those rates for necessary risks.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


Financial Liabilities For Which Carrying Values Equal Or Approximate Fair Value
Financial liabilities for which carrying values equal or approximate fair value include short-term debt, short-term debt to affiliates, due to affiliates, accrued interest and certain other liabilities for which the carrying values approximate fair value because they are short term in duration, have no defined maturity or have a market-based interest rate.
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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Financial Liabilities Carried At Other Than Fair Value
Long-term debt
Long-term debt, including with affiliates, is recorded at historical issuance cost on the Consolidated Balance Sheets adjusted for (i) unamortized discount and unamortized fees, (ii) the impact of movements in exchange rates on foreign currency denominated debt and (iii) the impact of fair value hedge accounting on certain fixed-rate notes that have been swapped to floating rate through the use of interest rate swaps. The fair value of Credco’s long-term debt is measured using quoted offer prices when quoted market prices are available. If quoted market prices are not available, the fair value is determined by discounting the future cash flows of each instrument at rates currently observed in publicly-traded debt markets for debt of similar terms and credit risk. For long-term debt, where there are no rates currently observable in publicly-traded debt markets of similar terms and comparable credit risk, Credco uses market interest rates and adjusts those rates for necessary risks, including Credco’s own credit risk. In determining an appropriate spread to reflect Credco’s credit standing, Credco considers credit default swap spreads, bond yields of other long-term debt offered by Credco, and interest rates currently offered to Credco for similar debt instruments of comparable maturities.


Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements

During the years ended December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, Credco did not0t have any assets that were measured at fair value due to impairment on a nonrecurring basis.


Note 8 – Variable Interest Entity
Credco established a VIE, American Express Canada Credit Corporation (AECCC), primarily to issue notes in Canada under a medium-term note program and lend the proceeds to affiliates. The notes issued under the medium-term note program are fully guaranteed by Credco. The prospectus for this program expired in September 2014 and was not renewed. Credco is considered the primary beneficiary of the entity and owns all of the outstanding voting interests and, therefore, consolidates the entity.
As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, total assets of AECCC were $0.4 million and $466 million, respectively, and total liabilities were nil and $457 million, respectively, none of which were eliminated in consolidation. In March 2018, the funds lent by AECCC were repaid by the affiliates and used to satisfy the scheduled maturity of notes issued under the medium-term note program.
Note 9 8–Transactions with Affiliates
As described below, Credco executes material transactions with its affiliates. The agreements between Credco and its affiliates provide that the parties intend that the transactions thereunder be conducted on an arm’s-length basis. However, there can be no assurance that the terms of these arrangements are the same as would be negotiated between independent parties.
In 2019, 2018 2017 and 2016,2017, Credco purchased Card Member receivables and loans without recourse from TRS and certain of its subsidiaries totaling approximately $316 billion, $299 billion $262 billion and $225$262 billion, respectively. In 2019, 2018 2017 and 2016,2017, Credco sold Card Member receivables and participating interests to affiliates totaling $1.1 billion, $6.2 billion $9.4 billion and $5.7$9.4 billion, respectively. The discount revenue on purchased Card Member receivables and loans totaled $1.2 billion, $1.0 billion $0.8 billion and $0.5$0.8 billion for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 2017 and 2016,2017, respectively. The receivables agreements require TRS and its subsidiaries to perform servicing, clerical and other services necessary to bill and collect all Card Member receivables and loans owned by Credco. Since settlements under the agreements occur monthly, an amount due from, or payable to, such affiliates may arise at the end of each month.
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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


As of December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, CRC owned approximately $6.7$8.1 billion and $4.1$6.7 billion, respectively, of participation interests purchased from RFC VIII.
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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Transactions with affiliates as of or for the years ended December 31, were as follows:

(Millions, except percentages) 2018  2017  2016 
Loans to affiliates and other $14,136  $14,527  $10,659 
Average interest rate on loans to affiliates and other  2.79%  2.19%  1.78%
Due from affiliates $210  $189  $997 
Restricted cash with affiliates  93   100   ― 
Short-term debt to affiliates  5,899   5,997   4,559 
Average interest rate on short-term debt to affiliates  2.09%  1.04%  0.49%
Maximum month-end level of short-term debt during the year $14,216  $8,377  $5,091 
Long term debt to affiliates  7,523   270   ― 
Average interest rate on long-term debt to affiliates  2.69%  0.23%  ― 
Maximum month-end level of long-term debt during the year $8,725  $270  $― 
Due to affiliates  2,869   1,988   1,517 
Maximum month-end level of loans to affiliates during the year  14,136   14,527   13,083 
Interest income from affiliates and other  383   279   207 
Interest expense to affiliates  225   58   24 
Other, net expense  2   2   1 
Interest paid on short-term and long-term debt $198  $54  $21 

(Millions, except percentages)201920182017
Loans to affiliates and other$10,345  $14,136  $14,527  
Average interest rate on loans to affiliates and other2.89 %2.79 %2.19 %
Due from affiliates$652  $210  $189  
Restricted cash with affiliates116  93  100  
Short-term debt to affiliates6,225  5,899  5,997  
Average interest rate on short-term debt to affiliates2.33 %2.09 %1.04 %
Maximum month-end level of short-term debt during the year$7,087  $14,216  $8,377  
Long-term debt to affiliates9,292  7,523  270  
Average interest rate on long-term debt to affiliates3.17 %2.69 %0.23 %
Maximum month-end level of long-term debt during the year$13,391  $8,725  270  
Due to affiliates2,133  2,869  1,988  
Maximum month-end level of loans to affiliates during the year14,264  14,136  14,527  
Interest income from affiliates and other332  383  279  
Interest expense to affiliates433  225  58  
Other, net expense2  2  2  
Interest paid on short-term and long-term debt$421  $198  $54  
Credco’s loans to affiliates and other represent floating-rate interest-bearing intercompany borrowings by American Express Company, other wholly owned subsidiaries of TRS and the joint ventures that issue American Express joint ventures.cards in certain countries. Revenue earned from loans to affiliates and other is recorded as interest income from affiliates and other in the Consolidated Statements of Income. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and 2017, no0 amount of loss reserves has been recorded and no loans are 30 days or more past due.


The components of loans to affiliates and other as of December 31 were as follows:

(Millions) 2018  2017 (Millions)20192018
American Express Limited $3,847  $3,847 
American Express Services Europe Limited  3,552   2,747 American Express Services Europe Limited$4,206  $3,552  
American Express Australia Limited  1,839   1,616 American Express Australia Limited2,052  1,839  
Amex Bank of Canada  1,334   1,737 Amex Bank of Canada1,587  1,334  
American Express International, Inc.  1,243   1,180 
Amex Global Holdings C.V.  888   888 Amex Global Holdings C.V.888  888  
American Express Company (Mexico) S.A. de C.V.  463   812 American Express Company (Mexico) S.A. de C.V.534  463  
American Express International, Inc. – Branch – Singapore  383   124 
American Express International, Inc., Singapore BranchAmerican Express International, Inc., Singapore Branch413  383  
American Express Bank (Mexico) S.A.  348   325 American Express Bank (Mexico) S.A.404  348  
Alpha Card S.C.R.L./C.V.B.A.  114   138 Alpha Card S.C.R.L./C.V.B.A.120  114  
American Express Saudi Arabia (C) JSCAmerican Express Saudi Arabia (C) JSC71  53  
American Express International (NZ), Inc.  72   80 American Express International (NZ), Inc.70  72  
American Express Saudi Arabia (C) JSC  53   34 
Amex Funding Management (Europe) Limited  ―   38 
American Express Company  ―   961 
Total (a)
 $14,136  $14,527 
American Express Limited(a)
American Express Limited(a)
—  3,847  
American Express International, Inc.(a)
American Express International, Inc.(a)
—  1,243  
Total(b)
Total(b)
$10,345  $14,136  
(a)As a result of funding structure changes in the ordinary course of business, Credco terminated the intercompany loan agreement with American Express Limited and American Express International, Inc. and settled the related borrowings from American Express Company during the second quarter of 2019.
(b)As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, approximately $8.2 billion and $7.2 billion, respectively, were collateralized by the underlying Card Member receivables and loans transferred with recourse.
(a)As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, approximately $7.2 billion and $5.0 billion, respectively, were collateralized by the underlying Card Member receivables and loans transferred with recourse.
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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Due from/to affiliates relate primarily to timing differences from the purchase of Card Member receivables, net of remittances from TRS and its subsidiaries, as well as from operating activities. As of December 31, 2018,2019, due to affiliates primarily representsalso includes an amount pertaining to tax liability on account of the Tax Act. Refer to Note 1110 to the Consolidated“Consolidated Financial Statements.
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”
As of December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, the amount of interest-bearing restricted cash was $93$116 million and $100$93 million, respectively, which represents cash deposited with Amex Bank of Canada relating to the purchase of Card Member receivables and the collateralized loan arrangement for transfer of Card Member loans. It is included under “Other assets” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Short-term debt to affiliates consists primarily of interest-bearing master note agreementsnotes payable on demand. Credco does not expect any changes to its short-term funding strategies with affiliates. Components of short-term debt to affiliates as of December 31 were as follows:

(Millions) 2018  2017 (Millions)20192018
AE Exposure Management Limited $5,122  $4,548 AE Exposure Management Limited$5,731  $5,122  
American Express Europe LLC  517   765 American Express Europe LLC219  517  
American Express Holdings Netherlands CV  192   192 American Express Holdings Netherlands CV192  192  
Accertify Inc.  68   48 Accertify Inc.82  68  
American Express Swiss Holdings GmbH  ―   444 American Express Swiss Holdings GmbH1  —  
Total $5,899  $5,997 Total$6,225  $5,899  


Long-term debt to affiliates consists primarily of master note agreements with original contractual maturity dates of one year or greater and are not payable on demand. During the fourth quarter of 2018, the master note arrangement with American Express Company was amended to exclude a ‘payable on demand’ clause. This revision in the agreement resulted in a change in the classification of the net borrowings from short-term debt to affiliates to long-term debt to affiliates. The net borrowings from American Express Company were nil as on December 31, 2017. Components of long-term debt to affiliates as of December 31 were as follows:
  2018  2017 
  
 
Outstanding
 Balance		  
Year-End Stated
Interest Rate on
Debt
  
 
Outstanding
 Balance		  
Year-End Stated
Interest Rate on
Debt
 
         
(Millions, except percentages)        
American Express Company(a)
 $7,240   3.32% $―   ― %
Amex Funding Management (Europe) Limited(b)
  283   0.28   ―   ― 
LB Luxembourg Two S.a.r.l.  ―   ―   270   0.22 
 Total $7,523   3.20% $270   0.22%

.
 20192018
  
Outstanding
Balance		Year-End Stated
Interest Rate on
Debt		 
Outstanding
 Balance		Year-End Stated
Interest Rate on
Debt
 
(Millions, except percentages)
American Express Company(a)
$8,959  2.85 %$7,240  3.32 %
Amex Funding Management (Europe) Limited(b)
333  0.28  283  0.28  
Total$9,292  2.76 %$7,523  3.20 %
(a)Amounts payable by November 2023.

(b)Amounts payable by September 2021.
(a)Amounts payable by November 2023.

(b)Amounts payable by September 2021.

Service Fees to Affiliates

Credco’s affiliates do not explicitly charge Credco a servicing fee for the servicing of receivables purchased. Instead Credco receives a lower discount rate on the receivables purchased than would be the case if servicing fees were charged. If a servicing fee had been charged by these affiliates from which Credco purchases receivables, fees to affiliates for servicing receivables would have been approximately $328 million, $305 million $234 million and $253$234 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 2017 and 2016,2017, respectively. Correspondingly, discount revenue would have increased by approximately the same amounts in these periods.



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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 10 9– Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

AOCI is a balance sheet item in the Shareholder’s Equity section on Credco’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. It is comprised of items that have not been recognized in earnings but may be recognized in earnings in the future when certain events occur.
Changes in Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments for the three years ended December 31 were as follows:
  Foreign 
  Currency 
  Translation 
  Adjustment 
(Millions), net of tax
 (losses) gains 
Balances as of December 31, 2015 $(1,156)
Net translation loss of investments in foreign operations  (187)
Net gains related to hedges of investments in foreign operations  80 
Net change in accumulated other comprehensive loss  (107)
Balances as of December 31, 2016  (1,263)
Net translation gain of investments in foreign operations(a)
  439 
Net losses related to hedges of investments in foreign operations  (174)
Net change in accumulated other comprehensive loss  265 
Balances as of December 31, 2017  (998)
Net translation loss of investments in foreign operations  (189)
Net gains related to hedges of investments in foreign operations  127 
Net change in accumulated other comprehensive loss  (62)
Balances as of December 31, 2018 $(1,060)


(a)Includes $289 million
(Millions), net of tax benefit recognized
Foreign
Currency
Translation
Adjustment
(losses) gains
Balances as of December 31, 2016$(1,263)
Net translation gain of investments in the year endedforeign operations(a)
439 
Net losses related to hedges of investments in foreign operations(174)
Net change in accumulated other comprehensive loss265 
Balances as of December 31, 2017 (refer(998)
Net translation loss of investments in foreign operations(189)
Net gains related to Note 11).hedges of investments in foreign operations127 
Net change in accumulated other comprehensive loss(62)
Balances as of December 31, 2018(1,060)
Net translation gain of investments in foreign operations17 
Net losses related to hedges of investments in foreign operations(44)
Net change in accumulated other comprehensive loss(27)
Balances as of December 31, 2019$(1,087)

(a)Includes $289 million of tax benefit recognized in the year ended December 31, 2017 (refer to Note 10).
The following table shows the tax impact for the three years ended December 31 for the changes in Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments presented above:
 
 Tax expense (benefit)  Tax expense (benefit)
(Millions) 2018  2017  2016 (Millions)201920182017
Net translation on investments in foreign operations(a)
 $(23) $(209) $49 
Net translation on investments in foreign operations(a)
$5  $(23) $(209) 
Net hedges of investments in foreign operations  40   (103)  48 Net hedges of investments in foreign operations(14) 40  (103) 
Total tax impact $17  $(312) $97 Total tax impact$(9) $17  $(312) 
(a)Includes $289 million of tax benefit recognized in the year ended December 31, 2017 (refer to Note 10).
(a)Includes $289 million of tax benefit recognized in the year ended December 31, 2017 (refer to Note 11).
NoNaN amounts were reclassified out of AOCI into the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 2017 and 2016.
2017.


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Note 11 10– Income Taxes

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the Tax Act), enacted by the U.S. government on December 22, 2017, made broad and complex changes to the U.S. federal corporate income tax code which required time to interpret. The SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (SAB 118) in December, 2017, to provide guidance on accounting for the effects of the Tax Act. SAB 118 provides for a measurement period of up to one year fromrules. Most notably, effective January 1, 2018, the Tax Act enactment date for companies to complete their assessment of and accounting for those effects ofreduced the Tax Act required under ASC 740, “Implementation Guidance on Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes” to be reported in the period of enactment. Under SAB 118, a company must first reflect theU.S. federal statutory corporate income tax effects ofrate from 35 percent to 21 percent, introduced a territorial tax system in which future dividends paid from earnings outside the Tax Act for which the accounting is complete in the period of the date of enactment. To the extent the accounting for otherUnited States to a U.S. corporation are not subject to U.S. federal taxation and imposed new U.S. federal corporate income tax effects is incomplete, but a reasonable estimate can be determined, companies must record a provisional estimate to be included in their financial statements. For any income tax effect for which a reasonable estimate cannot be determined, an entity must continue to apply ASC 740 basedtaxes on the provisions of the tax laws in effect immediately prior to the Tax Act being enacted until such time as a reasonable estimate can be determined.
In 2017, Credco recorded a net discrete tax charge of $858 million related to the Tax Act that was accounted for as a provisional estimate under SAB 118. Credco has completed its assessment of and accounting for the Tax Act, and recorded a net discrete tax benefit of $23 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, which represents the final adjustment to Credco’s 2017 original provisional estimate, which is further explained below.

1.
Impacts of the Deemed Repatriation: In 2017, Credco recorded a provisional tax charge of $737 million related to the one-time transition tax on unrepatriated post-1986 accumulated earnings and profits (E&P) of certain foreign subsidiaries. Credco has completed its assessment of the transition tax, which resulted in an additional tax charge of $2 million to its original estimate of $737 million. Credco also recorded a provisional deferred tax liability of $105 million to account for the state income and foreign withholding tax on potential future cash dividends paid from such E&P. Credco has completed its assessment and reduced the deferred tax liability for state income and foreign withholding taxes related to certain foreign subsidiaries, which resulted in a discrete tax benefit adjustment of $25 million to its original provisional estimate.
2.
Remeasurement of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities: In 2017, Credco recorded a provisional deferred tax charge of $16 million related to the remeasurement of its U.S. federal net deferred tax assets to reflect the change in the corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent, as well as other provisions of the Tax Act. Credco has completed its assessment of the remeasurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities which resulted in no change to its original estimate.
The global intangible low tax income (GILTI) provisions of the Tax Act impose a minimum tax on foreign income in excess of a deemed return on tangible assets. Credco has elected to account for GILTI as a current period expense when incurred.operations.
The results of operations of Credco are included in the consolidated U.S. federal income tax return of American Express. Under an agreement with American Express, provision for income taxes is recognized on a separate company basis. If benefits for net operating losses, future tax deductions and foreign tax credits cannot be recognized on a separate company basis, such benefits
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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
are then recognized based upon a share, derived by formula, of those deductions and credits that are recognizable on an American Express consolidated reporting basis.

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The components of income tax expense for the years ended December 31 included in Credco’s Consolidated Statements of Income were as follows:

(Millions) 2018  2017  2016 (Millions)201920182017
Current income tax expense (benefit):         Current income tax expense (benefit):
U.S. federal $(14) $785  $(4)U.S. federal$45  $(14) $785  
U.S. state and local  (6)  15   (6)U.S. state and local13  (6) 15  
Non-U.S.  84   24   11 Non-U.S.23  84  24  
Total current income tax expense  64   824   1 Total current income tax expense81  64  824  
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense:            
Deferred income tax expense (benefit):Deferred income tax expense (benefit):
U.S. federal  (28)  58   10 U.S. federal11  (28) 58  
U.S. state and local  1   1   1 U.S. state and local—  1  1  
Non-U.S.  (8)  (5)  3 Non-U.S.2  (8) (5) 
Total deferred income tax (benefit) expense  (35)  54   14 
Total deferred income tax expense (benefit)Total deferred income tax expense (benefit)13  (35) 54  
Total income tax expense $29  $878  $15 Total income tax expense$94  $29  $878  
A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21 percent as of both December 31, 2019, and 2018, and 35 percent as of both December 31, 2017, and 2016, to Credco’s actual income tax rate on continuing operations was as follows:
  2018  2017  2016 
U.S. statutory federal income tax rate  21.0%  35.0%  35.0%
(Decrease) increase in taxes resulting from:            
State and local income taxes, net of federal benefit  (0.4)  (0.3)  (0.5)
Non-U.S. subsidiaries earnings(a)
  (8.7)  (25.7)  (25.1)
Tax settlements(b)
  ―   (1.1)  (1.4)
U.S. Tax Act(c)
  (5.6)  311.6   ― 
Other(d)
  0.7   (0.2)  (0.9)
Actual tax rate  7.0%  319.3%  7.1%

 201920182017
U.S. statutory federal income tax rate21.0 %21.0 %35.0 %
Increase (decrease) in taxes resulting from:
State and local income taxes, net of federal benefit0.8  (0.4) (0.3) 
Non-U.S. subsidiaries earnings(a)
(3.7) (8.7) (25.7) 
Tax settlements(b)
—  —  (1.1) 
U.S. Tax Act(c)
—  (5.6) 311.6  
Other(d)
0.3  0.7  (0.2) 
Actual tax rate18.4 %7.0 %319.3 %
(a)Results for 2018 reflect the reduction in the U.S. federal statutory tax rate and the impact of certain prior years’ tax item. Results for 2017 and 2016 primarily included tax benefits associated with the undistributed earnings of certain non-U.S. subsidiaries that were deemed to be reinvested indefinitely.
(a)2017 primarily included tax benefits associated with the undistributed earnings of certain non-U.S. subsidiaries that were deemed to be reinvested indefinitely.
(b)Relates to the resolution of tax matters in various jurisdictions.
(b)Related to the resolution of tax matters in various jurisdictions.
(c)Relates to the $858 million charge in 2017 for the impacts of the Tax Act and the adjustments thereto in 2018.
(c)2017 included the $858 million provisional charge for the impacts of the Tax Act and the adjustments thereto are included in 2018.
(d)Results for all years include the impact of prior year tax returns filed in the current year.
(d)Results for all years include the impact of prior year tax returns filed in the current year.
Credco records a deferred income tax (benefit) provision when there are differences between assets and liabilities measured for financial reporting and for income tax return purposes. These temporary differences result in taxable or deductible amounts in future years and are measured using the tax rates and laws that will be in effect when such differences are expected to reverse. In particular, the 2017 balances were reduced to reflect the remeasurement of certain federal net deferred tax assets due to the enacted lower federal tax rate of 21 percent.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31 are reflected in the following table:
(Millions) 2018  2017 
Deferred tax assets:      
Reserves not yet deducted for tax purposes $36  $26 
State income taxes  7   5 
Foreign exchange loss  42   7 
Other  29   ― 
Gross deferred tax assets  114   38 
Deferred tax liabilities:        
Investment in foreign subsidiaries(a)
  77   105 
Gross deferred tax liabilities  77   105 
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) $37  $(67)


(Millions)20192018
Deferred tax assets:
Reserves not yet deducted for tax purposes$29  $36  
State income taxes9  7  
Foreign exchange loss32  42  
Other25  29  
Gross deferred tax assets95  114  
Deferred tax liabilities:
Investment in foreign subsidiaries(a)
74  77  
Gross deferred tax liabilities74  77  
Net deferred tax assets$21  $37  
(a)
Deferred state income and foreign withholding tax consequences of future cash distributions from non-U.S. subsidiaries.

(a)Deferred state income and foreign withholding tax consequences of future cash distributions from non-U.S. subsidiaries.
Credco is subject to the income tax laws of the United States, its states and municipalities and those of the foreign jurisdictions in which American Express operates. These tax laws are complex, and the manner in which they apply to the taxpayer’s facts is sometimes open to interpretation. Given these inherent complexities, Credco must make judgments in assessing the likelihood that a tax position will be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the tax position. A tax position is recognized only when, based on management’s judgment regarding the application of income tax laws, it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination. The amount of benefit recognized for financial reporting purposes is based on management’s best judgment of the largest amount of benefit that is more likely than not to be realized on ultimate settlement with the taxing authority given the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date. Credco adjusts the level of unrecognized tax benefits when there is new information available to assess the likelihood of the outcome.
Credco is under continuous examination by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and tax authorities in other countries and states in which it has significant business operations. The tax years under examination and open for examination vary by jurisdiction. In 2018, Credco settled its US federal income tax audits for tax years 2008-2014, and the statute of limitations for these years remain open through 2019. Tax years from 20152016 onwards are open for examination by the IRS.
The following table presents changes in unrecognized tax benefits:
(Millions) 2018  2017  2016 
Balance, January 1 $24  $308  $211 
Increases:            
Current year tax positions  4   8   79 
Tax positions related to prior years  46   ―   24 
Decreases:            
Tax positions related to prior years (a)
  ―   (289)  (1)
Settlements with tax authorities  ―   ―   (1)
Lapse of statute of limitations  (1)  (3)  (4)
Balance, December 31 $73  $24  $308 

(a)Decrease due to the resolution with the IRS of an uncertain tax position in January 2017, which resulted in the recognition of $289 million in shareholder’s equity, specifically within AOCI.
(Millions)201920182017
Balance, January 1$73  $24  $308  
Increases:
Current year tax positions5  4  8  
Tax positions related to prior years4  46  —  
Decreases:
Tax positions related to prior years(a)
—  —  (289) 
Lapse of statute of limitations(2) (1) (3) 
Balance, December 31$80  $73  $24  
(a)Decrease due to the resolution with the IRS of an uncertain tax position in January 2017, which resulted in the recognition of $289 million in shareholder’s equity, specifically within AOCI.
Included in the unrecognized tax benefits of $80 million, $73 million $24 million and $308$24 million for December 31, 2019, 2018 2017 and 2016,2017, respectively, are approximately $57 million, $52 million $19 million and $12$19 million, respectively, that if recognized, would favorably affect the effective tax rate in a future period.
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Credco believes it is reasonably possible that its unrecognized tax benefits could decrease within the next 12 months by as much as $3$4 million principally as a result of potential resolutions of prior years’ tax items with various taxing authorities. The prior years’ tax items include unrecognized tax benefits relating to the deductibility of certain expenses or losses and the attribution of taxable income to a particular jurisdiction or jurisdictions. Of the $3$4 million of unrecognized tax benefits, approximately $2$3 million relates to amounts that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate in a future period.
Interest and penalties relating to unrecognized tax benefits are reported in the income tax provision. For the year ended December 31, 2019 Credco recognized a tax charge of $3 million for interest and penalties. For the year ended December 31, 2018, Credco recognized an immaterial amount for interest and penalties. For the yearsyear ended December 31, 2017, and 2016, Credco recognized tax benefits of approximately $1 million and $2 million, respectively, for interest and penalties. Credco had approximately $8 million and $5 million accrued for the payment of interest and penalties as of both December 31, 2019 and 2018, and 2017.respectively.
Current taxes due to American Express or affiliates as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 and 2017 were $727$431 million and $786$727 million, respectively. The amount due to American Express for 20182019 includes a $731$441 million payable related to the deemed repatriation tax.
one time transition tax on the repatriated earnings and profits of certain foreign subsidiaries under the Tax Act.
  Payments due by year 
(Millions) 2019   2020 - 2021   2022 – 2023  2024 and thereafter  Total 
Deemed repatriation tax(a)
 $63  $116  $116  $436  $731 


 Payments due by year
(Millions)20202021 - 20222023 – 20242025 and thereafterTotal
Deemed repatriation tax(a)
$—  $—  $115  $326  $441  
(a)Represents Credco’s estimated obligation under the Tax Act to pay the deemed repatriation tax to American Express on certain non-U.S. earnings over eight years starting in 2018. This amount does not reflect other related non-cash accruals.

(a)In 2019, the IRS applied the prior year U.S. federal income tax return overpayment against a portion of the remaining obligation.
Net income taxes paid by Credco during 2019 and 2018 were approximately $359 million and $144 million, and net income taxes refunded to Credco during 2017 were approximately $308 million.respectively.
Note 12 11– Significant Credit Concentrations

Concentrations of credit risk exist when changes in economic, industry or geographic factors similarly affect groups of counterparties whose aggregate credit exposure is material in relation to Credco’s total credit exposure. Credco’s primary credit exposure, Card Member receivables, Card Member loans and loans to affiliates and other, is diversified among its affiliated companies with Card Members that operate in diverse industries, economic sectors and geographic regions.

The following table details Credco’s maximum credit exposure of the on-balance sheet assets by category, as of December 31:

(Billions) 2018  2017 (Billions)20192018
On-balance sheet:      On-balance sheet:
Loans to affiliates and other $14  $15 Loans to affiliates and other$10  $14  
Institutions(a)
  14   13 
Institutions(a)
13  14  
Individuals(b)
  11   7 
Individuals(b)
12  11  
Financial Services(c)
  1   1 
Financial Services(c)
1  1  
Due from affiliatesDue from affiliates1  —  
Total on-balance sheet $40  $36 Total on-balance sheet$37  $40  
(a)Primarily reflects Card Member receivables from other corporate institutions, which are governed by institutional credit risk management.
(a)Primarily reflects Card Member receivables from other corporate institutions, which are governed by institutional credit risk management.
(b)Primarily reflects Card Member receivables and loans, which are governed by individual credit risk management.
(b)Primarily reflects Card Member receivables and loans, which are governed by individual credit risk management.
(c)Represents banks, broker-dealers, insurance companies and savings and loan associations.
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(c)Represents banks, broker-dealers, insurance companies and savings and loan associations.
As of December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, Credco’s most significant concentration of credit risk was with Loans to affiliates and Corporate institutions, including Card Member receivables. Credco purchased Card Member receivables and loans from TRS and certain of its subsidiaries. TRS and its subsidiaries generally advancesadvance these amounts on an unsecured basis. However, TRS reviewsthey review each potential customer’s credit application and evaluates the applicant’s financial history and ability and willingness to repay. TRS and its subsidiaries also considers, on behalf of Credco,consider credit performance by customer tenure, industry and geographic location in managing credit exposure.


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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following table details Credco’s Card Member receivables and loans exposure in the United States and outside the United States as of December 31:

(Billions) 2018  2017 (Billions)20192018
United States $18  $15 United States$19  $18  
Outside the United States  7   6 Outside the United States7  7  
Total $25  $21 Total$26  $25  


Note 13 12– Geographic Regions

Credco is principally engaged in the business of financing the Card Member receivables and loans of its affiliates. Management makes operating decisions and assesses performance based on an ongoing review of these financing activities, which constitute Credco’s only operating segment for financial reporting purposes.

The following table presents Credco’s revenues and pretax income in different geographic regions based, in part, upon internal allocations, which necessarily involve management’s judgment:

(Millions) 2018  2017  2016 (Millions)201920182017
Revenues         Revenues
United States $1,033  $779  $440 United States$1,133  $1,033  $779  
Outside the United States  428   308   278 Outside the United States482  428  308  
Consolidated $1,461  $1,087  $718 Consolidated$1,615  $1,461  $1,087  
Pretax income            Pretax income
United States $28  $9  $16 United States$61  $28  $9  
Outside the United States  388   266   196 Outside the United States451  388  266  
Consolidated $416  $275  $212 Consolidated$512  $416  $275  


Note 14 13– Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

Quarterly financial information for the years ended December 31, 20182019 and 20172018 are summarized as follows:

(Millions) 2018  2017 (Millions)20192018
Quarters ended  12/31   9/30   6/30   3/31   12/31   9/30   6/30   3/31 Quarters ended12/319/306/303/3112/319/306/303/31
Revenues $406  $386  $351  $318  $296  $286  $253  $252 Revenues$377  $388  $418  $432  $406  $386  $351  $318  
Pretax income  108   107   93   108   72   85   52   66 Pretax income132  131  130  119  108  107  93  108  
Net income (loss) (a)
 $61  $109  $88  $129  $(791) $72  $57  $59 
Net incomeNet income$93  $110  $112  $103  $61  $109  $88  $129  


(a)Beginning with the fourth quarter of 2017, includes impact of the Tax Act (refer to Note 11).
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AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
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Note 14 – Subsequent Events
Subsequent to year end, American Express removed U.S. consumer and small business Card Member receivables from the Charge Trust and substantially replaced them with U.S. corporate Card Member receivables.
To effect this change, on January 7, 2020, Credco sold $5.2 billion of U.S. corporate Card Member receivables to TRS. Then on February 1, 2020, TRS transferred $5.2 billion of U.S. corporate Card Member receivables to the Charge Trust and removed $7.2 billion of U.S. consumer and small business Card Member receivables from the Charge Trust. Since Credco maintains participation interests in the Charge Trust, these transactions resulted in Credco (i) no longer having an interest in the $7.2 billion in U.S. consumer and small business Card Member receivables and (ii) having an interest in the U.S. corporate Card Member receivables in the Charge Trust. Settlement of these transactions was undertaken through borrowings from American Express Company and thus Long-term debt to affiliates has also decreased by $7.2 billion.


























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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
 
Not applicable.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Credco’s management, with the participation of Credco’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of Credco’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, Credco’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, Credco’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective and designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed in Credco’s reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the requisite time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to Credco’s management, including Credco’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
There have not been any changes in Credco’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during Credco’s fourth quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Credco’s internal control over financial reporting.
“Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting”, which sets forth management’s evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, is set forth in “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

Pursuant to Section 219 of the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012, which added Section 13(r) to the Exchange Act, an issuer is required to disclose in its annual or quarterly reports, as applicable, whether it or any of its affiliates knowingly engaged in certain activities, transactions or dealings relating to Iran or with individuals or entities designated pursuant to certain Executive Orders. Disclosure is generally required even where the activities, transactions or dealings were conducted outside the United States by non-U.S. affiliates in compliance with applicable law, and whether or not the activities are sanctionable under U.S. law.
American Express Global Business Travel (GBT) and certain entities that may be considered affiliates of GBT have informed American Express that during the year ended December 31, 2018,2019, approximately 12330 visas were obtained from Iranian embassies and consulates around the world in connection with certain travel arrangements on behalf of clients and reservations were booked at two hotelsone hotel that may be owned, directly or indirectly, or may otherwise be affiliated with, the Government of Iran. GBT had negligible gross revenues and net profits attributable to these transactions and intends to continue to engage in these activities on a limited basis so long as such activities are permitted under U.S. law.


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PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Omitted pursuant to General Instruction I(2)(c) to Form 10-K.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Omitted pursuant to General Instruction I(2)(c) to Form 10-K.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

Omitted pursuant to General Instruction I(2)(c) to Form 10-K.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

Omitted pursuant to General Instruction I(2)(c) to Form 10-K.


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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

The Audit and Compliance Committee of the Board of Directors of American Express Company has appointed PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as the independent registered public accounting firm to audit the Consolidated Financial Statements of Credco for the year ended December 31, 2018.2019.
Each year, the Audit and Compliance Committee reviews the accounting firm’s qualifications, performance and independence in accordance with regulatory requirements and guidelines. At least every ten years, the Audit and Compliance Committee charter requires a comparison of resources available in other firms. The Committee conducted such a review in 2014.
Audit Fees
The aggregate fees billed or to be billed by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP for professional services rendered for the audit of Credco’s Consolidated Financial Statements and services that were provided in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements and other attest services were $708,532$718,206 and $928,951$708,532 for the years ended December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, respectively.
Audit-Related Fees
Credco was not billed by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP for any fees for audit-related services for 20182019 or 2017.2018.
Tax Fees
Credco was not billed by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP for any tax fees for 20182019 or 2017.2018.
All Other Fees
Credco was not billed by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP for any other fees for 20182019 or 2017.
2018.
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Policy on Pre-Approval of Services Provided by Independent Registered Public Accountants
Pursuant to the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the terms of the engagement of Credco’s independent registered public accounting firm are subject to the pre-approval of the Audit and Compliance Committee of American Express. All audit and permitted non-audit services to be performed by Credco’s independent registered public accounting firm require pre-approval by the Audit and Compliance Committee in accordance with pre-approval procedures established by the Committee. In accordance with SEC rules, the Audit and Compliance Committee’s pre-approval procedures have two different approaches to pre-approving audit and permitted non-audit services performed by Credco’s independent registered public accounting firm. The Audit and Compliance Committee specifically pre-approves the terms and fees of the planned annual audit and permitted non-audit services that are to be performed by Credco’s independent registered public accounting firm. Other proposed engagements may be pre-approved up to an aggregate fee threshold, pursuant to procedures established by the Audit and Compliance Committee that are detailed as to the particular and defined classes of services without consideration by the Committee of the specific case-by-case services to be performed. Credco refers to this pre-approval method as “general pre-approval” and such pre-approved engagements are reported to the Audit and Compliance Committeeat least quarterly. The procedures also require all proposed engagements of Credco’s independent registered public accounting firm for services of any kind that have not received specific or general pre-approval as described above be approved by the Audit and Compliance Committee (or, should a time-sensitive need arise, its Chair) prior to the beginning of any such services. All services provided by Credco’s independent registered public accounting firm have been pre-approved in accordance with these procedures. The Audit and Compliance Committee has reviewed that the services performed by Credco’s independent registered public accounting firm and the related fees were consistent with the maintenance of its independence.
Other Transactions with PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
American Express has a number of business relationships with individual member firms of the worldwide PricewaterhouseCoopers organization. American Express subsidiaries provide card services to some of these firms, and these firms pay fees to American Express subsidiaries. These services are in the normal course of business, and American Express provides them pursuant to arrangements that American Express offers to other similar clients.

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PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)(a)1.1 Financial Statements:
See Index to the Financial Statements on page 30.
2 Exhibits:
2.Exhibits:
See Exhibit Index.The following exhibits are filed as part of this report.


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EXHIBIT INDEX
Pursuant to Item 601 of Regulation S-K
Exhibit No.DescriptionHow Filed
3(a)Registrant's Certificate of Incorporation, as amendedIncorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(a) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 dated February 25, 1972 (File No. 2-43170).
3(b)Registrant's By-Laws, amended and restated as of November 24, 1980Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(b) to Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission File No. 1-6908) for the year ended December 31, 1985.
4(a)
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(a) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 dated June 16, 2009 (File No. 333-160018).
4(b)
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(b) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 dated June 8, 2006 (File No. 333-134864).
4(c)
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(v) to Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission File No. 1-6908) for the year ended December 31, 2006.
4(d)
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(i) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 dated May 13, 2015 (File No. 333-204124).
4(e)
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(j) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 dated May 13, 2015 (File No. 333-204124).
4(f)
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 1-6908) dated November 15, 2016.
4(g)
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 1-6908) dated November 15, 2016.
4(h)
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(aa) to Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission File No. 1-6908) for the year ended December 31, 2016.
4(i)Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(j) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on March 20, 2018 (File No. 333-223796).

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Table of Contents
4(j)
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(k) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on March 20, 2018 (File No. 333-223796).
4(k)The Registrant hereby agrees to furnish the Commission, upon request, with copies of the instruments defining the rights of holders of each issue of long-term debt of the Registrant for which the total amount of securities authorized thereunder does not exceed 10 percent of the total assets of the Registrant
4(l)Electronically filed herewith.
10(a)Receivables Agreement dated as of January 1, 1983 between the Registrant and American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc.Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(b) to Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission File No. 1-6908) for the year ended December 31, 1987.
23 Electronically filed herewith.
31.1 Electronically filed herewith.
31.2 Electronically filed herewith.
32.1 Electronically filed herewith.
32.2 Electronically filed herewith.

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Table of Contents
101.INSXBRL Instance Document -The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.
101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema DocumentElectronically filed herewith.
101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase DocumentElectronically filed herewith.
101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase DocumentElectronically filed herewith.
101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase DocumentElectronically filed herewith.
101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase DocumentElectronically filed herewith.
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)



ITEM 16. Form 10-K Summary
Not applicable.



62
59
SIGNATURES


Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


AMERICAN EXPRESS CREDIT CORPORATION
(Registrant)
Date: March 1, 2019February 27, 2020By/s/ David L. Yowan
David L. Yowan
Chief Executive Officer


Pursuant to the requirement of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Date:March 1, 2019By
Date:February 27, 2020By/s/ David L. Yowan
David L. Yowan
Chief Executive Officer and Director
Date:March 1, 2019February 27, 2020By/s/ Leah A. Schweller
Leah A. Schweller
Chief Accounting Officer
Date:March 1, 2019February 27, 2020By/s/ Anderson Y. Lee
Anderson Y. Lee
Chief Financial Officer and Director
Date:March 1, 2019February 27, 2020By/s/ Vivian Y. ZhouIan Woolley
Vivian Y. ZhouIan Woolley
Director
63















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60
EXHIBIT INDEX
Pursuant to Item 601 of Regulation S-K
Exhibit No.DescriptionHow Filed
3(a)Registrant's Certificate of Incorporation, as amendedIncorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(a) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 dated February 25, 1972 (File No. 2-43170).
3(b)Registrant's By-Laws, amended and restated as of November 24, 1980Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(b) to Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission File No. 1-6908) for the year ended December 31, 1985.
4(a)
Registrant's Debt Securities Indenture dated as of June 9, 2006
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(a) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 dated June 16, 2009 (File No. 333-160018).
4(b)
Form of Supplemental Indenture providing for an additional Trustee
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(b) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 dated June 8, 2006 (File No. 333-134864).
4(c)
Form of Note with optional redemption provisions
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(c) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 dated June 8, 2006 (File No. 333-134864).
4(d)
Form of Note with optional redemption and sinking fund provisions
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(d) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 dated June 8, 2006 (File No. 333-134864).
4(e)
Form of Original Issue Discount Note with optional redemption provisions
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(e) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 dated June 8, 2006 (File No. 333-134864).
4(f)
Form of Zero Coupon Note with optional redemption provisions
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(f) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 dated June 8, 2006 (File No. 333-134864).
4(g)
Form of Variable Rate Note with optional redemption and repayment provisions
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(g) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 dated June 8, 2006 (File No. 333-134864).
4(h)
Form of Extendible Note with optional redemption and repayment provisions
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(h) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 dated June 8, 2006 (File No. 333-134864).
4(i)
Form of Fixed Rate Note
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(i) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 dated June 8, 2006 (File No. 333-134864).


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Table of Contents
4(j)
Form of Floating Rate Note
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(j) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 dated June 8, 2006 (File No. 333-134864).
4(k)
Form of Global Fixed Rate Note
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(v) to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 1-6908) dated May 14, 2003.
4(l)
Form of Global LIBOR Floating Rate Note
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(w) to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 1-6908) dated May 14, 2003.
4(m)
Form of extendible monthly securities
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(n) to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (Commission File No. 1-6908) dated June 22, 2006.
4(n)
Conditions of Notes to be issued outside the United States under the Registrant's Australian Debt Issuance Program
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(v) to Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission File No. 1-6908) for the year ended December 31, 2006.
4(o)
Trust Indenture providing for the issuance of Medium-Term Notes dated as of October 28, 2005
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 1-6908) for the quarter ended September 30, 2009.
4(p)
First Supplemental Indenture dated as of January 22, 2008
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 1-6908) for the quarter ended September 30, 2009.
4(q)
Second Supplemental Indenture dated as of January 22, 2008
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (Commission File No. 1-6908) for the quarter ended September 30, 2009.
4(r)
Form of Permanent Global Registered Fixed-Rate Medium-Term Senior Note, Series D
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(i) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 dated June 16, 2009 (File No. 333-160018).
4(s)
Form of Permanent Global Registered Floating Rate Medium-Term Senior Note, Series D
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(j) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 dated June 16, 2009 (File No. 333-160018).
4(t)
Form of Permanent Global Registered Fixed Rate Medium-Term Senior Note, Series E
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(i) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 dated June 18, 2012 (File No. 333-182197).
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Table of Contents
4(u)
Form of Permanent Global Registered Floating Rate Medium-Term Senior Note, Series E
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(j) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 dated June 18, 2012 (File No. 333-182197).
4(v)
Form of Permanent Global Registered Fixed Rate Medium-Term Senior Note, Series F
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(i) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 dated May 13, 2015 (File No. 333-204124).
4(w)
Form of Permanent Global Registered Floating Rate Medium-Term Senior Note, Series F
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(j) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 dated May 13, 2015 (File No. 333-204124).
4(x)
Supplemental Indenture between the Registrant and The Bank of New York Mellon, dated November 22, 2016
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8.K (Commission File No. 1-6908) dated November 15, 2016.
4(y)
Form of Global Note for the Registrant's 0.625% Senior Notes due 2021
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8.K (Commission File No. 1-6908) dated November 15, 2016.
4(z)
Second Supplemental Indenture between the Registrant and The Bank of New York Mellon, dated as of November 30, 2016
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(aa) to Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission File No. 1-6908) for the year ended December 31, 2016.
4(aa)
Form of Permanent Registered Fixed Rate Global Note
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(j) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on March 20, 2018 (File No. 333-223796).
4(bb)
Form of Permanent Registered Floating Rate Global Note
Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4(k) to Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on March 20, 2018 (File No. 333-223796).
 E-3
4(cc)The Registrant hereby agrees to furnish the Commission, upon request, with copies of the instruments defining the rights of holders of each issue of long-term debt of the Registrant for which the total amount of securities authorized thereunder does not exceed 10 percent of the total assets of the Registrant
10(a)Receivables Agreement dated as of January 1, 1983 between the Registrant and American Express Travel Related Services Company, Inc.Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(b) to Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K (Commission File No. 1-6908) for the year ended December 31, 1987.
23
Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Electronically filed herewith.
31.1
Certification of David L. Yowan, Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
Electronically filed herewith.
31.2
Certification of Anderson Y. Lee, Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
Electronically filed herewith.
32.1
Certification of David L. Yowan, Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Electronically filed herewith.
32.2
Certification of Anderson Y. Lee, Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Electronically filed herewith.
101.INSXBRL Instance DocumentElectronically filed herewith.
101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema DocumentElectronically filed herewith.
101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase DocumentElectronically filed herewith.
101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase DocumentElectronically filed herewith.
101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase DocumentElectronically filed herewith.
101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase DocumentElectronically filed herewith.
E-4