Washington, D.C. 20549
To recognize liabilities for unpaid losses, either known or unknown, insurers establish reserves, which is a balance sheet account representing estimates of future amounts needed to pay claims and related expenses with respect to insured events which have occurred. Estimates and assumptions relating to reserves for losses and loss expenses are based on complex and subjective judgments, often including the interplay of specific uncertainties with related accounting and actuarial measurements. Such estimates are also susceptible to change as significant periods of time may elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the report of the loss to the insurer, the ultimate determination of the cost of the loss and the insurer’s payment of that loss.
In general, when a claim is reported, claims personnel establish a “case reserve” for the estimated amount of the ultimate payment based upon known information about the claim at that time. The estimate represents an informed judgment based on general reserving practices and reflects the experience and knowledge of the claims personnel regarding the nature and value of the specific type of claim. Reserves are also established on an aggregate basis to provide for losses incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) to the insurer, potential inadequacy of case reserves and the estimated expenses of settling claims, including legal and other fees and general expenses of administrating the claims adjustment process. Reserves are established based upon the then current legal interpretation of coverage provided.
In examining reserve adequacy, several factors are considered in estimating the ultimate economic value of losses. These factors include, among others, historical data, legal developments, changes in social attitudes and economic conditions, including the effects of inflation. The actuarial process relies on the basic assumption that past experience, adjusted judgmentally for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, is an appropriate basis for predicting future outcomes. Reserve amounts are necessarily based on management’s informed estimates and judgments using currently available data. As additional experience and other data become available and are reviewed, these estimates and judgments may be revised. This may result in reserve increases or decreases that would be reflected in our results in periods in which such estimates and assumptions are changed.
The risk and complexity of estimating loss reserves are greater when economic conditions are uncertain. It is especially difficult to estimate the impact of inflation on loss reserves given the current economic environment and related government actions. Whereas a slowing economy would generally lead to lower inflation or even deflation, increased government spending would generally lead to higher inflation. A change in our assumptions regarding inflation would result in reserve increases or decreases that would be reflected in our earnings in periods in which such assumptions are changed.
Reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability. Rather, reserves represent an estimate of what management expects the ultimate settlement and claim administration will cost. While the methods for establishing the reserves are well tested over time, some of the major assumptions about anticipated loss emergence patterns are subject to unanticipated fluctuation. These estimates, which generally involve actuarial projections, are based on management’s assessment of facts and circumstances then known, as well as estimates of trends in claims severity and frequency, judicial theories of liability and other factors, including the actions of third parties, which are beyond the Company’s control. These variables are affected by external and internal events, such as inflation and economic volatility, judicial and litigation trends, reinsurance coverage, legislative changes and claim handling and reserving practices, which make it more difficult to accurately predict claim costs. The inherent uncertainties of estimating reserves are greater for certain types of liabilities where long periods of time elapse before a definitive determination of liability is made. Although the loss reserves included in the Company’s financial statements
represent management’s best estimates, setting reserves is inherently uncertain and the Company cannot provide assurance that its current reserves will prove adequate in light of subsequent events.
The Company discounts its liabilities for certain workers’ compensation reserves. The amount of workers’ compensation reserves that were discounted was $1,855$1,267 million and $1,907$1,387 million at December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, respectively. The aggregate net discount for those reserves, after reflecting the effects of ceded reinsurance, was $591$416 million and $640$452 million at December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, respectively. At December 31, 2017,2022, discount rates by year ranged from 2.0%0.7% to 6.5%, with a weighted average discount rate of 3.8%3.4%.
Substantially all discounted workers’ compensation reserves (97% of total discounted reserves at December 31, 2017)2022) are excess workers’ compensation reserves. In order to properly match loss expenses with income earned on investment securities supporting the liabilities, reserves for excess workers’ compensation business are discounted using risk-free discount rates determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve. These rates are determined annually based on the weighted average rate for the period. Once established, no adjustments are made to the discount rate for that period, and any increases or decreases in loss reserves in subsequent years are discounted at the same rate, without regard to when any such adjustments are recognized. The expected loss and loss expense payout patterns subject to discounting are derived from the Company’s loss payout experience.
The Company also discounts reserves for certain other long-duration workers’ compensation reserves (representing approximately 3% of total discounted reserves at December 31, 2017)2022), including reserves for quota share reinsurance and reserves related to losses regarding occupational lung disease. These reserves are discounted at statutory rates permitted by the Department of Insurance of the State of Delaware.
To date, known environmental and asbestos claims have not had a material impact on the Company’s operations, because its subsidiaries generally did not insure large industrial companies that are subject to significant environmental or asbestos exposures prior to 1986 when an absolute exclusion was incorporated into standard policy language.
The table below provides a reconciliation of the beginning of year and end of year property casualty reserves for the indicated years:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Net reserves at beginning of year | $ | 9,590,265 |
| | $ | 9,244,872 |
| | $ | 8,970,641 |
|
| Net provision for losses and loss expenses: | | | |
| | |
|
Claims occurring during the current year (1) | 3,963,543 |
| | 3,826,620 |
| | 3,653,561 |
|
| Decrease in estimates for claims occurring in prior years (2) | (5,165 | ) | | (29,904 | ) | | (46,713 | ) |
| Loss reserve discount amortization | 43,970 |
| | 49,084 |
| | 49,422 |
|
| Total | 4,002,348 |
| | 3,845,800 |
| | 3,656,270 |
|
| Net payments for claims: | | | |
| | |
|
| Current year | 1,027,405 |
| | 1,052,452 |
| | 914,637 |
|
| Prior years | 2,562,550 |
| | 2,401,722 |
| | 2,342,378 |
|
| Total | 3,589,955 |
| | 3,454,174 |
| | 3,257,015 |
|
| Foreign currency translation | 54,256 |
| | (46,233 | ) | | (125,024 | ) |
| Net reserves at end of year | 10,056,914 |
| | 9,590,265 |
| | 9,244,872 |
|
| Ceded reserves at end of year | 1,613,494 |
| | 1,606,930 |
| | 1,424,278 |
|
| Gross reserves at end of year | $ | 11,670,408 |
| | $ | 11,197,195 |
| | $ | 10,669,150 |
|
| | | | | | |
| Net change in premiums and losses occurring in prior years: | | | | | |
| Decrease in estimates for claims occurring in prior years (2) | $ | 5,165 |
| | $ | 29,904 |
| | $ | 46,713 |
|
| Retrospective premium adjustments for claims occurring in prior years (3) | 32,162 |
| | 29,000 |
| | 16,730 |
|
| Net favorable premium and reserve development on prior years | $ | 37,327 |
| | $ | 58,904 |
| | $ | 63,443 |
|
| |
(1) | Claims occurring during the current year are net of loss reserve discounts of $22,064,000, $18,929,000 and $20,357,000 in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. |
| |
(2) | The decrease in estimates for claims occurring in prior years is net of loss reserve discount. On an undiscounted basis, the estimates for claims occurring in prior years decreased by $32,132,000 in 2017, $59,175,000 in 2016 and $64,971,000 in 2015. |
| |
(3) | For certain retrospectively rated insurance polices and reinsurance agreements, changes in loss and loss expenses for prior years are offset by additional or return premiums. |
(1)The cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles relates to the allowance for expected credit losses on reinsurance recoverables that commenced on January 1, 2020 due to the adoption of ASU 2016-13.
(2)Claims occurring during the current year are net of loss reserve discounts of $35 million, $21 million and $10 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(3)The change in estimates for claims occurring in prior years is net of loss reserve discount. On an undiscounted basis, the estimates for claims occurring in prior years increased by $16 million in 2022, and decreased by $19 million in 2021 and $21 million in 2020, respectively.
(4)For certain retrospectively rated insurance policies and reinsurance agreements, changes in loss and loss expenses for prior years are offset by additional or return premiums.
Also, see Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and note 14, Reserves for Losses and Loss Expenses included in our audited consolidated financial statements for further information regarding the decreasechanges in estimates for claims occurring in prior years.
A reconciliation between the reserves as of December 31, 20172022 as reported in the accompanying consolidated GAAP financial statements and those reported on the basis of statutory accounting principles (“SAP”) in the Company’s U.S. regulatory filings is as follows: |
| | | |
| (In thousands) | |
| Net reserves reported in U.S. regulatory filings on a SAP basis | $ | 9,567,830 |
|
| Reserves for non-U.S. companies | 580,994 |
|
| Loss reserve discounting (1) | (91,910 | ) |
| Ceded reserves | 1,613,494 |
|
| Gross reserves reported in the consolidated GAAP financial statements | $ | 11,670,408 |
|
_________________________
| | | | | |
(1)(In thousands) | For statutory purposes, |
| Net reserves reported in U.S. regulatory filings on a SAP basis | $ | 13,640,489 | |
| Reserves for non-U.S. companies | 679,246 | |
| Loss reserve discounting (1) | (78,336) | |
| Ceded reserves | 2,762,344 | |
| Allowance for expected credit losses on due from reinsurers | 7,480 | |
Gross reserves reported in the Company discounts its workers’ compensation reinsurance reserves at 3.0% as permitted by the Department of Insurance of the State of Delaware. In itsconsolidated GAAP financial statements the Company discounts excess workers’ compensation reserves at the risk-free rate and assumed workers’ compensation reserves at the statutory rate. | $ | 17,011,223 | |
_________________________
(1)For statutory purposes, the Company discounts its workers’ compensation reinsurance reserves at 2.5% as prescribed or permitted by the Department of Insurance of the State of Delaware. In its GAAP financial statements, the Company discounts excess workers’ compensation reserves at the risk-free rate and assumed workers’ compensation reserves at the statutory rate.
Reinsurance
We follow a common industry practice of reinsuring a portion of our exposures and paying to reinsurers a portion of the premiums received on the policies that we write. Reinsurance is purchased principally to reduce net liability on individual risks and to protect against catastrophic losses. Although reinsurance does not legally discharge an insurer from its primary liability for the full amount of the policies, it does make the assuming reinsurer contractually liable to the insurer to the extent of the reinsurance coverage. We monitor the financial condition of our reinsurers and attempt to place our coverages only with substantial, financially sound carriers. As a result, generally the reinsurers who reinsure our casualty insurance must have an A.M. Best rating of “A (Excellent)” or better with at least $1 billion in policyholder surplus and the reinsurers who cover our property insurance must have an A.M. Best rating of “A- (Excellent)” or better with at least $1 billion in policyholder surplus.surplus.
Regulation
U.S. Regulation
Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are principally regulated by their domiciliary state insurance departments and are subject to varying degrees of regulation and supervision in the other U.S. jurisdictions in which they do business. As of January 1, 2023, there are six domiciliary states related to our U.S. insurance subsidiaries.
Overview. Our domestic insurance subsidiaries are subject to statutes which delegate regulatory, supervisory and administrative powers to state insurance commissioners. This regulation relates to such matters as the standards of solvency which must be met and maintained; the licensing of insurers and their agents; the nature of and limitations on investments; deposits of securities for the benefit of policyholders; approval of certain policy forms and premium rates; periodic examination of the affairs of insurance companies; annual and other reports required to be filed on the financial condition of insurers or for other purposes; establishment and maintenance of reserves for unearned premiums, loss expenses and losses; and requirements regarding numerous other matters. Our property casualty subsidiaries, other than our excess and surplus lines and reinsurance subsidiaries, must generally file all rates with the insurance department of each state in which they operate. Our excess and
surplus lines and reinsurance subsidiaries generally operate free of rate and form regulation.
Legislative and Regulatory Activity Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic. In response to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, legislators in several states and in the United States Congress introduced proposals that would have mandated insurance coverage for certain pandemic-related losses, including business interruption losses, under previously-issued policies that were not designed or priced to provide such coverage. Federal lawmakers also discussed the possibility of a public-private partnership, and there appears to have been a broadly held and bipartisan consensus that pandemic risk is generally uninsurable absent some kind of publicly-funded backstop. While these state and federal proposals have not meaningfully progressed, there remains a risk that they might be revived, or that future variants of COVID-19 or concerns about the possibility of a future pandemic might prompt similar legislative and regulatory proposals. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Industry — The COVID-19 pandemic has materially and adversely affected our results of operations, and is expected to continue and therefore may materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial position and liquidity.”
Holding Company Statutes. In addition to regulatory supervision of our insurance subsidiaries, we are subject to state statutes governing insurance holding company systems. Under the terms of applicable state statutes, any person or entity desiring to purchase more than a specified percentage (commonly 10%) of our outstanding voting securities would be required to obtain prior regulatory approval of the purchase. Typically, such statutes require that we periodically file information with the appropriate domiciliary state insurance commissioner, including information concerning our capital structure, ownership, financial condition and general business operations.
In addition, weWe must also annually submit to ourthe lead state regulator for our group an “enterprise risk management report” which identifies the activities and circumstances of any affiliated company that might have a material adverse effect on the financial condition of our group or our U.S. licensed insurers.
SeveralIn addition, all states have also adopted changes to the holding company act that authorize U.S. insurance regulators to lead or participate in the group-wide supervision of certain international insurance groups. International standard setters, such asIn November 2019, the International Association of Insurance Supervisors are developing(“IAIS”), an international standard setter, adopted a global framework for the supervision of internationally active insurance groups, as discussed below under “International Regulation.” This framework includes a risk-based, group-wide global insurance capital standards for international groups, and U.S. insurance regulators are currently working on U.S. group capital standards for insurance groups. The U.S. group capital calculationstandard (“ICS”), which is expected to incorporate existing risk-based capital standards. It is unclear how the development of group capital measures will interact with existing capital requirements for insurance companiesundergoing a five-year monitoring period that started in January 2020.
In the United States, and with international capital standards. It is possible that we may be required to hold additional capital as a result of these developments.
Most states have adopted the National Association of Insurance Commissioners' (“NAIC”Commissioners (the “NAIC”) has developed a group capital calculation tool that uses a risk-based capital aggregation methodology for all entities in an insurance holding company system. The goal is to provide U.S. regulators with a method to aggregate the available capital and the minimum capital of each entity in a group in a way that applies to all companies regardless of their structure. In 2020, the NAIC adopted amendments to the model holding company act and regulation that implement the group capital calculation by requiring the ultimate controlling person of an insurer subject to holding company registration to file the group capital calculation with its lead state regulator. The annual filing requirement will become effective once the states have adopted the NAIC holding company amendments. This annual filing requirement became effective in Delaware, our lead state insurance regulator, on February 7, 2022.
All states have adopted the NAIC's Risk Management and Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Model Act (the “ORSA Model Act”), which requires an insurance holding company system’s chief risk officer to submit annually to its lead state insurance regulator an Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Summary Report (“ORSA”ORSA Report”). The ORSA Report is a confidential internal assessment of the material and relevant risks associated with an insurer’s current business plan and the sufficiency of capital resources to support those risks. Under the ORSA Model Act, as enacted by the states, we are required to:
•regularly, no less than annually, conduct an ORSA to assess the adequacy of our risk management framework, and current and estimated projected future solvency position;
•internally document the process and results of the assessment; and
•provide a confidential high-levelan ORSA Summary Report annually to the Commissioner of Insurance of the State of Delaware (our lead state commissioner).Delaware's Insurance Commissioner.
Cybersecurity Regulations.New York’s cybersecurity regulation forapplies to financial services institutions that are authorized by the New York State Department of Financial Services ("Part 500"(the “NYDFS”), including our insurance subsidiaries licensed in New York, became effective on March 1, 2017.York. The regulation which is being implemented in stages, requires these entities to assess risks associated with their information systems and establish
and maintain a cybersecurity program reasonably designed to protect consumers’ private data and the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the licensee’s information systems. On October 24, 2017,In November 2022, the NYDFS proposed amendments to New York’s cybersecurity regulation, which, if adopted, would require additional reporting, governance and oversight measures to be implemented.
The NAIC has adopted the Insurance Data Security Model Law (the “Cybersecurity Model Law”), for consideration by state legislatures, which, when adopted by the states, establishes standards for data security, the investigation of cybersecurity events involving unauthorized access to, or the misuse of, certain nonpublic information, and reporting to insurance commissioners. The Cybersecurity Model Law imposes significant new regulatory burdens intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information systems. Its implementation will be based on adoptionAs of December 31, 2022, the Cybersecurity Model Law, or a form thereof, had been adopted by state legislatures. Importantly,several states, including three of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries’ domiciliary states. A drafting note in the Cybersecurity Model Law states that a licensee’s compliance with the New YorkYork's cybersecurity regulation shallis intended to constitute compliance with the Cybersecurity Model Law. We madeLaw, but compliance remains a state-by-state issue and we would need to consider any differences in implementation and enforcement of the initial certificationCybersecurity Model Law as requiredpart of our compliance efforts. Additionally, the Federal Trade Commission amended the “Standards for Safeguarding Customer Information Rules (otherwise known as the “Safeguards Rule”) in 2021 to require covered financial institutions to implement certain data security measures and practices in their information security programs. Many of the requirements of the amended Safeguards Rule are similar to New York's cybersecurity regulation and the Cybersecurity Model Law, but there are some differences that may impose increased operational burdens and compliance costs. The amended Safeguards Rule will become effective in June 2023.
Certain other states are also developing or have developed regulations related to privacy and data security. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which became effective in January 2020, broadly regulates the collection, processing and disclosure of California residents’ personal information, imposes limits on the “sale” of personal information and grants California residents certain rights to, among other things, access and delete data about them in certain circumstances. The CCPA also established a private right of action, with potentially significant statutory damages, whereby businesses that fail to implement reasonable security measures to protect against breaches of personal information could be liable to affected consumers. California subsequently enacted the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), which came into full effect in January 2023. The CPRA amends the CCPA by Part 500 for licensed entities. imposing additional limitations and obligations with respect to covered businesses’ use and sharing of certain personal data. Compliance with the CCPA/CPRA may increase the cost of providing our products and services in California. Other states have considered – and some states have adopted - similar proposals. For instance, Virginia enacted a data privacy law in 2021 that became effective in January 2023. Additionally, Colorado, Connecticut and Utah have enacted data privacy laws that will come into effect later in 2023. These laws establish in those states many of the same data privacy and security requirements as other existing laws, such as the CCPA.
We cannot predict the impact, if any, that any current, proposed or future federal or state cybersecurity laws or regulations will have on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Risk BasedRisk-Based Capital Requirements. The NAIC utilizes a Risk BasedRisk-Based Capital (“RBC”) formula that is designed to measure the adequacy of an insurer's statutory surplus in relation to the risks inherent in its business. The RBC formula develops a risk adjusted target level of adjusted statutory capital by applying certain factors to various asset, premium and reserve items. The NAIC RBC Model Law provides for four incremental levels of regulatory attention for insurers whose surplus is below the calculated RBC target. These levels of attention range in severity from requiring the insurer to submit a plan for corrective action to actually placing the insurer under regulatory control. The RBC of each of our domestic insurance subsidiaries was above anythe calculated RBC actiontarget level as of December 31, 2017. 2022.
Insurance Regulatory Information System. The NAIC also has developed a set of 13 financial ratios for property and casualty insurers referred to as the Insurance Regulatory Information System (“IRIS”). On the basis of statutory financial statements filed with state insurance regulators, the NAIC annually calculates these IRIS ratios to assist state insurance regulators in monitoring the financial condition of insurance companies. The NAIC has established an acceptable range for each of the IRIS financial ratios.
Guaranty Funds. Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are also subject to assessment by state guaranty funds in states where we transact admitted business when an insurer in a particular jurisdiction has been judicially declared insolvent and the insolvent company's available funds are insufficient to pay policyholders and claimants the amounts to which they are entitled. The protection afforded under a state's guaranty fund to policyholders of the insolvent insurer varies from state to state. Generally, all licensed property casualty insurers are considered to be members of the fund, and assessments are based upon their pro rata share of direct written premiums in that state. The NAIC Post-Assessment Property and Liability Insurance Guaranty Association Model Post-Assessment Guaranty Fund Act, a version of which manyhas been adopted by all states, have adopted, limits assessments to an insurer to 2% of itsan insurer’s subject premiumpremiums and permits recoupment of assessments through rate setting. Likewise, several states (or underwriting organizations of which our insurance subsidiaries are required to be members) have limited assessment authority with regard to deficits in certain lines of business.
Additionally, state insurance laws and regulations require us to participate in mandatory property-liability “shared market,” “pooling” or similar arrangements that provide certain types of insurance coverage to individuals or others who otherwise are unable to purchase coverage voluntarily provided by private insurers. Shared market mechanisms include assigned risk plans and fair access to insurance requirement or “FAIR” plans. In addition, some states require insurers to
participate in reinsurance pools for claims that exceed specified amounts. Our participation in these mandatory shared market or pooling mechanisms generally is related to the amount of our direct writings for the type of coverage written by the specific arrangementmechanism in the applicable state.
Dividends. We receive funds from our insurance company subsidiaries in the form of dividends and management fees for certain management services. Annual dividends in excess of maximum amounts prescribed by state statutes may not be paid without the approval of the insurance commissioner of the state in which an insurance subsidiary is domiciled. See “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
Trade Practices. State insurance laws and regulations include numerous provisions governing trade practices and the marketplace activities of insurers, including provisions governing marketing and sales practices, policyholder services, claims management and complaint handling. State regulatory authorities generally enforce these provisions through periodic market conduct examinations.
Investment Regulation. Investments by our domestic insurance companies must comply with applicable laws and regulations which prescribe the kind, quality and concentration of investments. In general, these laws and regulations permit investments in federal, state and municipal obligations, corporate bonds, preferred and common equity securities, mortgage loans, real estate and certain other investments, subject to specified limits and certain other qualifications. Investments that do not comply with these limits and qualifications are deducted in our insurance subsidiaries' calculation of their statutory capital and surplus.
Terrorism Risk Insurance. The Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 established a Federal program that provides for a system of shared public and private compensation for insured losses resulting from acts of terrorism. Pursuant to the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 20152019 (“TRIPRA”), the program has beenwas extended for a six year period ending onuntil December 31, 2020. 2027.
TRIPRA provides a federal backstop to all U.S. based property and casualty insurers for insurance
related losses resulting from any act of terrorism on U.S. soil or against certain U.S. air carriers, vessels or foreign missions. TRIPRA is applicable to almost all commercial lines of property and casualty insurance but excludes commercial auto, burglary and theft, surety, professional liability and farm owners' multi-peril insurance. Insurers with direct commercial property and casualty insurance exposure in the United States are required to participate in the program and make available coverage for certified acts of terrorism. TRIPRA's definition of certified acts includes domestic terrorism. Federal participation will be triggered under TRIPRA when the Secretary of Treasury certifies an act of terrorism.
Under the program, the federal government will currently pay 83%80% of an insurer's covered losses in excess of the insurer's applicable deductible. This amount will decrease to 80% on a pro-rata basis over five years, which began in 2017. The insurer's deductible is based oncalculated as 20% of earned premium for the prior year for covered lines of commercial property and casualty insurance. Based on our 20172022 earned premiums, our aggregate deductible under TRIPRA during 20182023 will be approximately $948$1,310 million. The federal program will not pay losses for certified acts unless such losses exceed $160$200 million industry-wide for any calendar year 2018. This threshold will increase to $200 million on a pro-rata basis over five years which began in 2016.after 2020. TRIPRA limits the federal government's share of losses at $100 billion for a program year. In addition, an insurer that has satisfied its deductible is not liable for the payment of losses in excess of the $100 billion cap.
Excess and Surplus Lines. The regulation of our U.S. subsidiaries' excess and surplus lines insurance business differs significantly from the regulation of our admitted business. Our surplus lines subsidiaries are subject to the surplus lines regulation and reporting requirements of the jurisdictions in which they are eligible to write surplus lines insurance. Although the surplus lines business is generally less regulated than admitted business, principally with respect to rates and policy forms, strict regulations apply to surplus lines placements in the laws of every state and the regulation of surplus lines insurance may undergo changes in the future. Federal or state measures may be introduced to increase the oversight of surplus lines insurance in the future.
Climate Change and Financial Risks. The NAIC and state insurance regulators are evaluating issues related to the topic of climate risk. The NAIC’s goal is to address climate-related risks through three areas of insurance regulation: financial risk analysis; insurance market availability and affordability; and consumer education and outreach. In New York, the NYDFS issued a circular letter in September 2020 that applies to both New York domestic and foreign authorized insurers, such as our insurance subsidiaries licensed in New York. The circular letter states that the NYDFS expects these insurers to integrate financial risks related to climate change into their governance frameworks, risk management processes, business strategies and scenario analysis, and develop their approach to climate-related financial disclosure. For example, an insurer should designate a board member or board committee, as well as a senior management function, to oversee the management of financial risks associated with climate change. The NYDFS also adopted an amendment to the regulation governing enterprise risk management, which applies to our insurance subsidiaries licensed in New York, that requires an insurance group's enterprise risk management function to address certain additional risks, including climate change risk.
In addition, the Federal Insurance Office (the “FIO”) is authorized to monitor the U.S. insurance industry under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), as discussed below under “Federal Regulation.” The FIO is assessing how the insurance sector may help mitigate climate-related risks and achieve national climate-related goals.
Diversity and Corporate Governance.The NAIC and state insurance regulators are evaluating issues related to diversity within the insurance industry, such as the diversity of an insurer’s board of directors and management. The NAIC is also examining practices in the insurance industry in order to determine how barriers are created that disadvantage or discriminate against people of color or historically underrepresented groups. On March 16, 2021, the NYDFS issued a circular letter stating that it expects the insurers it regulates, such as our insurance subsidiaries licensed in New York, to make diversity of their leadership a business priority and a key element of their corporate governance. See “Human Capital Resources” below.
Federal Regulation. Although the The federal government and its regulatory agencies generally do not directly regulate the business of insurance, although federal initiatives could have an impact on our business in a variety of ways. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) effected sweeping changes to financial services regulation in the United States. The Dodd-Frank ActStates, and created two new federal government bodies, the Federal Insurance Office (the “FIO”)FIO and the Financial Stability Oversight Council (the “FSOC”), which may impact. The FIO does not have general supervisory or regulatory authority over the regulationbusiness of insurance. Although the FIOinsurance, although it has preemption authority over state insurance laws that conflict with certain international agreements, it does not have general supervisory or regulatory authority over the business of insurance.as discussed below. The FIO also has authority to represent the United States in international insurance matters and is authorized to monitor the U.S. insurance industry and identify potential regulatory gaps that could contribute to systemic risk. The current administrationEconomic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act addresses the roles played by federal regulators at international insurance standard-setting forums, and it directs the Director of the FIO and the Republican party have expressed their desire to amend the Dodd-Frank Act. On June 8, 2017, the U.S. HouseBoard of Representatives passed the Financial CHOICE Act of 2017, which proposes to amend or repeal various sectionsGovernors of the Dodd-Frank Act. This proposed legislation is under considerationFederal Reserve to support increased transparency at international standard-setting regulatory forums (e.g., the IAIS). These federal regulations also instruct the FIO and the Federal Reserve to achieve consensus positions with the states through the NAIC prior to taking a position on any insurance proposal by the U.S. Senate.a global insurance regulatory forum.
The Dodd-Frank Act authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury and U.S. Trade Representative to enter into international agreements of mutual recognition regarding the prudential regulation of insurance or reinsurance (a “Covered Agreement”). On January 13, 2017, thereinsurance. The U.S. Department of Treasury and the U.S. Trade Representative announced the completion of Covered Agreement negotiations with the European Union (“EU”("EU") regarding the prudential regulation of insurance and reinsurance and provided the text of thesigned such a covered agreement (the "EU Covered Agreement.Agreement") in September 2017. The EU Covered Agreement addresses three areas of prudential supervision: reinsurance, group supervision and the exchange of information between the U.S. and EU.
The U.S. and EU signed the Covered Agreement on September 22, 2017, and each party has begun the process of completing its internal requirements and procedures (such as amending or promulgating appropriate statutes and regulations) in order for the Covered Agreement to enter into force. Under the EU Covered Agreement, reinsurance collateral requirements will no longer apply to qualifying EU reinsurers that sell reinsurance to the U.S. market, and U.S. reinsurers operating in the EU market willare no longer be subject to “local presence” requirements. The EU Covered Agreement establishes group supervision practices that apply only to U.S. and EU insurance groups operating in both territories. For instance, the EU Covered Agreement providesstates that, provided the U.S. has adopted group supervision including worldwide group governance, solvency, capital and reporting, U.S.-headquartered insurance groups with operations in the EU will be supervised at the worldwide level only by U.S. insurance regulators, and precludesthereby precluding EU insurance supervisors from exercising solvency and capital requirements over the worldwide operations of U.S.those insurers.
In December 2018, the U.S. states have five yearsDepartment of the Treasury and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative entered into a covered agreement with the U.K. (the “U.K. Covered Agreement,” and together with the EU Covered Agreement, the “Covered Agreements”) in anticipation of the U.K.’s exit from the dateEU. The U.K. Covered Agreement largely reflects the provisions of signature to remove collateral requirements forthe EU reinsurers that meet certain standards, while EU member states have two years to revise their “local presence” laws. Covered Agreement and incorporates the same timeframes within it.
Under the Dodd-Frank Act, the FIO has preemption authority over state insurance laws that conflict with the Covered Agreement.Agreements as of September 1, 2022, such as state credit for reinsurance laws that result in non-U.S. reinsurers subject to the Covered Agreements being treated less favorably than U.S. reinsurers. The NAIC previously adopted amendments to its Credit for Reinsurance Model Law to satisfy the substantive and timing requirements of the Covered Agreements, which amendments have been enacted by all states. On September 30, 2022, the FIO reported that it did not recommend taking any preemption action as a result of inconsistency between the Covered Agreements and state credit for reinsurance laws, although it is still monitoring state measures implementing the NAIC’s revisions to the Credit for Reinsurance Model Law. The FIO is requiredplans to publish an update to its preemption report during 2023. The amended Credit for Reinsurance Model Law also extends the zero reinsurance collateral provisions in the Covered Agreements to Congress annually onqualified reinsurers domiciled in U.S. jurisdictions that are accredited by the insurance industryNAIC and to non-U.S. jurisdictions that have not entered into a covered agreement with the U.S. but which the NAIC has identified as “reciprocal jurisdictions” pursuant to the NAIC Qualified Jurisdiction Process.
We cannot currently predict the impact of these changes to the law or whether any other covered agreements will be successfully adopted, and cannot currently estimate the impact of these changes to the law and any preemption actions regarding any Covered Agreement.such adopted covered agreements on our business, financial condition or operating results.
The FIO also can recommend tothat the FSOC that it designate an insurer as an entity posing risks to the United States'States’ financial stability in the event of the insurer'sinsurer’s material financial distress or failure, i.e., a "systemically“systemically important financial institution."institution” or a “non-bank SIFI.” An insurer so designated by the FSOC will be subject to Federal Reserve supervision and
heightened prudential standards. As of December 31, 2017, one insurance group is subject to this supervision and heightened standards. In
November 2017,There are currently no such non-bank SIFIs designated by the U.S. Department of Treasury issued a report recommending certain changes to FSOC’sFSOC. The FSOC changed its process for designating nonbank financial companies as systemically significantnon-bank SIFIs, effective in order to makeJanuary 2020, by adopting an activities-based approach and moving away from the designation process more rigorous, clear and transparent. Any suggested changes ultimately adopted by the FSOC would be implemented by FSOC directly, rather than through legislation.entities-based approach.
Based upon our current business model and balance sheet, we do not believe that we will be designated by the FSOC as such an institution. Although the potential impactsimpact of the Dodd-Frank Act, its implementing regulations and potentialany future amendments to the Dodd-Frank Act on the U.S. insurance industry areis not clear, our business could be affected by changes to the U.S. system of insurance regulation or our designation or the designation of insurers or reinsurers with which we do business as systemically important non-bank financial companies.
International Regulation
Our insurance subsidiaries based in the United Kingdom are regulated by the Prudential Regulation Authority ("PRA"(“PRA”) andand/or the Financial Conduct Authority ("FCA"(“FCA”). The PRA'sPRA’s primary objectives with regard to insurers are to promote the safety and soundness of insurers and to contribute to the securing of an appropriate degree of protection for current and future policyholders, while thepolicyholders. The FCA has three operational objectives: (i) to secure an appropriate degree of protection for consumers, (ii) to protect and enhance the integrity of the United KingdomKingdom’s financial system, and (iii) to promote effective competition in the interests of consumers in the financial services markets. The PRA and FCA employ a variety of regulatory tools to achieve their objectives, including periodic auditing and reporting requirements, risk assessment reviews, minimum solvency margins and individual capital assessment requirements, dividend restrictions, in certain cases, approval requirements governing the appointment of key officers, approval requirements governing controlling ownership interests and various other requirements.
Our Lloyd'sLloyd’s managing agency is also regulated by the PRA, FCA and Lloyd's,Lloyd’s, and the Lloyd'sLloyd’s syndicate business is subject to Lloyd'sLloyd’s supervision. Through Lloyd's,Lloyd’s, we are licensed to write business in various countries throughout the world by virtue of Lloyd'sLloyd’s international licenses. In each such country, we are subject to the laws and insurance regulation of that country. Our insurance subsidiary based in Liechtenstein is regulated by the Financial Market Authority of Liechtenstein ("FMA"), which has regulatory tools analogous to those of the U.K. regulators noted above.
Additionally, U.K. and Liechtenstein laws and regulations also impact us as “controllers” of our European-regulated subsidiaries, whereby we are required to notify the appropriate authorities about significant events relating to such regulated subsidiaries'subsidiaries’ controllers (i.e. persons or entities which have certain levels of direct or indirect voting power or economic interests in the regulated entities) as well as changes of control, and to submit annual reports regarding their controllers. The PRA/FCA's Senior Insurance Managers Regime ("SIMR") (and theFCA’s Senior Managers and Certification Regime which is intended to be extended to insurers, thereby replacing the SIMR in late 2018) and analogous regulation in Liechtenstein further provide regulatory frameworks for standards of fitness and propriety, conduct and accountability for individuals in positions of responsibility at insurers. In addition, certain employees are individually registered at Lloyd's.Lloyd’s.
Our insurance business throughout the European UnionEU and EEA is subject to "Solvency II",“Solvency II,” an insurance regulatory regime governing, among other things, capital adequacy and risk managementmanagement. Following the U.K.’s withdrawal from the EU, or Brexit, our Lloyd’s managing agency (and the U.K. branch of our Liechtenstein subsidiary) are now subject to a separate U.K. prudential regime, which became effective onis broadly identical to Solvency II from January 1, 2016. Lloyd’s applies2021. However, the two regimes are likely to diverge in the near future. The U.K. has undertaken a capital adequacy test to all Lloyd’s syndicates, including our syndicate, that is based onreview of Solvency II principles. and of the regulatory regime applicable to U.K. authorized insurers and reinsurers.
Following this review, on November 17, 2022, the U.K.’s HM Treasury published a finalized package of proposed reforms to the U.K.’s prudential regime, which covers a range of areas including the risk margin, matching adjustment requirements and regulatory reporting obligations. These reforms will be reflected in new U.K. legislation and regulation.
Similarly, the European Commission has undertaken its own review of Solvency II and, on September 22, 2021, published a package of proposed legislative reforms for amending the existing regulatory framework. The European Council published its agreed position on the European Commission’s proposed reforms in June 2022, which it is currently negotiating with the European Parliament, although the full extent of the changes will only be known once the package of legislative reforms is finalized.
Solvency II provides for the supervision of group solvency. Under Solvency II, it is possible that the U.S. parent of a European Union subsidiary could be subject to certain Solvency II requirements if the U.S. company is not already subject to regulations deemed “equivalent” to Solvency II. Currently, the U.S. system of insurance regulation relating to group supervision is not deemed "equivalent"“equivalent” to Solvency II by European Union authorities. The PRA will also perform separate, but comparable, supervision of group solvency under the U.K.’s own domestic prudential regime where a U.S. holding company is a parent of a subsidiary U.K. insurer or reinsurer.
The Liechtenstein financial services regulator, the FMA, is the group supervisor for our European-regulated subsidiaries. However, we have received a waiver fromthe Covered Agreements prohibit any EU supervisor or the PRA subject to conditions, with respect to the PRA's supervision of our group, which waives the requirement on us to maintain a group solvency capital requirement as calculated under Solvency II rules. The Covered Agreement also prohibits any EU supervisor(as applicable) from exercising group-wide supervision at any level above the highest company organized in the country of that supervisor.
We must also comply with the recently enacted European UnionEU General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/879)(“GDPR”). All EU member states must implement GDPR by, which took effect
in May 2018. The regulation’s goal is to impose increased individual rights and protections for all personal data located in or originating from the EU. The Data Protection Act 2018 and the U.K. General Data Protection Regulation, which is the retained EU law version of the GDPR isby virtue of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 and as amended by the Data Protection, Privacy and Electronic Communications (Amendments etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (together, “U.K. GDPR”), regulate data protection for all individuals within the U.K. Both the GDPR and the U.K. GDPR are extraterritorial in that it appliesthey apply to all businessbusinesses in the EU and the U.K. respectively and any business outside the EU and the U.K. that process EU and/or U.K. personal data of individuals in the EU.EU and/or the U.K. Moreover, there are significant fines associated with non-compliance. In particular, we need to monitor our compliance with all relevant member states’ laws and regulations, including where permitted derogations from the GDPR and the U.K. GDPR are introduced. The introduction of the GDPR and the U.K. GDPR, and any resultant changes in EU member states’ or U.K. national laws and regulations, has increased our compliance obligations and has necessitated the review and implementation of policies and processes relating to our collection and use of data, and has required us to change our business practices regarding these matters.
In addition, we may become subject to or affected by regulatory policies adopted by the IAIS, an international standard setter consisting of supervisors and regulators from more than 200 jurisdictions. The IAIS has been working on several initiatives to consider changes to insurer solvency standards and group supervision of companies in a holding company system in response to the increasing globalization of the insurance sector. In November 2019, the IAIS formally adopted a global framework for the supervision of internationally active insurance groups (“IAIGs”), which is referred to as the Common Framework for the Supervision of Internationally Active Insurance Groups, or “ComFrame.” ComFrame is intended to provide a framework of basic standards for IAIGs and a process for supervisors to cooperate in the supervision of IAIGs. Also in November 2019, the IAIS adopted a risk-based group-wide global insurance capital standard (“ICS”) that will apply to IAIGs and ultimately form a part of ComFrame. The ICS commenced a five-year monitoring period in January 2020 which is being used for confidential reporting and discussion in supervisory colleges to provide feedback to the IAIS on the ICS’s design and performance, but will not trigger any supervisory action. Following this monitoring period, the ICS is expected to be implemented in 2025 as a group-wide prescribed capital requirement for IAIGs and integrated into the rest of ComFrame. As noted above under “U.S. Regulation,” it is unclear how the development of the ICS will interact with existing capital requirements for insurance companies in the United States and the NAIC’s development of the group capital calculation.
Our international operations are also subject to varying degrees of regulation in Mexico, Australia and Canada and in certain other countries in Europe, South America, and Southeast Asia. Generally, our subsidiaries must satisfy local regulatory requirements. While each country imposes licensing, solvency, auditing and financial reporting requirements, the type and extent of the requirements differ substantially. Key areas where country regulations may differ include: (i) the type of financial reports to be filed; (ii) a requirement to use local intermediaries; (iii) the amount of reinsurance permissible; (iv) the scope of any regulation of policy forms and rates; and (v) the type and frequency of regulatory examinations.
Competition
The property casualty insurance and reinsurance businesses are highly competitive, with many insurance companies of various sizes, as well as other entities offering risk alternatives such as self-insured retentions or captive programs, transacting business in the United States and internationally. We compete directly with a large number of these companies. Competition in our industry is largely measured by the ability to provide insurance and services at a price and on terms that are reasonable and acceptable to the customer. Our strategy in this highly fragmented industry is to seek specialized areas or geographic regions where our operating unitsbusinesses can gain a competitive advantage by responding quickly to changing market conditions. Our operating unitsbusinesses establish their own pricing practices based upon a Company-wide philosophy to price products with the intent of making an underwriting profit.
Competition for the Insuranceinsurance business within the United States comes from other specialty insurers, regional carriers, large national multi-line companies and reinsurers. Our specialty operating unitsbusinesses compete with excess and surplus insurers as well as standard carriers. OtherOur regional unitsbusinesses compete with mutual and other regional stock companies as well as national carriers. Additionally, direct writers of property casualty insurance compete with our regional unitsbusinesses by writing insurance through their salaried employees, generally at a lower acquisition cost than through independent agents such as those used by the Company. Our Insurance operationsWe compete internationally with native insurance operations both large and small, which in some cases are related to government entities, as well as with branches or local subsidiaries of multinational companies.
Competition for the Reinsurancereinsurance business, which is especially strong, comes from domestic and foreign reinsurers, which produce their business either on a direct basis or through the broker market. These competitors include Swiss Re, Munich Re, Berkshire Hathaway, Transatlantic Reinsurance, Partner Re and others.
In recent years, various institutional investors have increasingly sought to participate in the property and casualty insurance and reinsurance industries. Well-capitalized new entrants to the property and casualty insurance and reinsurance industries, or existing competitors that receive substantial infusions of capital, provide increasing competition, which may
adversely impact our business and profitability. Further, an expanded supply of reinsurance capital may lower costs for insurers that rely on reinsurance and, as a consequence, those insurers may be able to price their products more competitively.
EmployeesHuman Capital Resources
As of January 31, 2018,15, 2023, we employed 7,7228,186 individuals. Of this number, our subsidiaries employed 7,576 persons8,049 individuals and the remaining personsindividuals were employed at the parent company.
We believe that our people are our greatest asset and that our corporate culture is the most important intangible driver of long-term value creation for our Company and the highest priority for pursuing long-term risk-adjusted returns and growth in stockholder value.
Human Capital Management: The Company fosters a performance culture. We are focused on creating a respectful, rewarding, diverse, and inclusive work environment that allows our employees to build meaningful and productive careers. The success of these human capital management objectives is essential to our strategy, as it is our people who drive our success. We invest in their growth as individuals and professionals through training and engagement, as well as in their well-being through robust health and wellness programs and a commitment to diversity.
The Company provides developmental opportunities for our employees through formal and informal programs that focus on enabling employees to build skills and thought leadership in specific facets of our business. Our leadership programs cultivate the talent of our high-potential, strong-performing employees as we strive to deepen, enhance and diversify the Company’s leadership team.
We strive to align employee incentives with the risk and performance frameworks of the Company. The Company’s “pay for performance” philosophy connects individual, business and Company results to employee compensation, providing employees with opportunities to share in the Company’s overall growth and success. The Company offers employees a comprehensive benefits package, including health and wellness, financial, educational and life management benefits. In addition, we support employees in making an impact in their local communities and globally through environmental and social efforts that are meaningful to them.
Our Board of Directors engages with our senior leadership team, including our senior vice president - human resources, on a periodic basis across a range of human capital management issues, including succession planning and development, compensation, benefits, talent recruiting and retention, engagement, diversity and inclusion, and employee feedback.
Culture: The Board of Directors has recognized Accountability, People Oriented Strategy, Responsible Financial Practices, Risk-Adjusted Returns and Transparency as the elements of corporate culture necessary for the Company to achieve success. Our culture unifies our employees across our decentralized business model, positions us to serve our diverse clients globally and propels the Company’s continuous evolution.
We are committed to fostering a unifying culture and encouraging innovation across our enterprise. Our culture encompasses the beliefs that (i) specialized knowledge and having a customer-centric focus are competitive advantages and (ii) an environment that promotes integrity, embraces the commitment to “always do right,” fosters entrepreneurship and innovation, and values making thoughtful decisions for the long-term benefit of our enterprise. While there is no one “Berkley” way, each of our businesses has its own culture that embodies a shared set of values that define our enterprise. Our structure, with more than 55 distinct businesses, facilitates the prompt identification of and appropriate action with respect to addressing individual business or cultural issues arising within a business, without affecting the larger enterprise. Furthermore, our businesses are overseen by senior corporate business managers and senior corporate functional managers, including actuarial, claims, underwriting, compliance and finance, providing a governance oversight structure that makes it easier to identify such issues. Because our Board of Directors diligently exercises its risk management oversight through, among other activities, regular interactions with employees beyond corporate senior management, our directors have visibility into and receive timely feedback on cultural issues that may affect our business.
As significant owners of our Company who are required to hold their shares until separation from service, each of our directors and senior executives have a vested interest in cultivating talent and perpetuating a culture that facilitates the execution of our long-term objectives.
Other Information about the Company's Business
We maintain an interest in the acquisition and startup of complementary businesses and continue to evaluate possible acquisitions and new ventures on an ongoing basis. In addition, our operating unitsbusinesses develop new coverages or enter lines of business to meet the needs of insureds.
Seasonal weather variations and other events affect the severity and frequency of losses sustained by the insurance and reinsurance operating units.businesses. Although the effect on our business of catastrophes such as tornadoes, hurricanes, hailstorms, wildfires, earthquakes and terrorist acts may be mitigated by reinsurance, they nevertheless can have a significant impact on the results of any one or more reporting periods.
We have no customer that accounts for 10 percent or more of our consolidated revenues.
Compliance by W. R. Berkley and its subsidiaries with federal, state and local provisions that have been enacted or adopted regulating the discharge of materials into the environment, or otherwise relating to protection of the environment, has not had a material effect upon our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position.
The Company's internet address is www.wrberkley.com.www.berkley.com. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference in this annual report on Form 10-K. The Company's annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act and other reports filed by us or with respect to our securities by others are accessible free of charge through this website as soon as reasonably practicable after they have been electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Our businesses face significant risks. If any of the events or circumstances described as risks below occur, our businesses, results of operations and/or financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. In addition to those described below, our businesses may also be adversely affected by risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial.
Risks Relating to Our Industry
Our results may fluctuate as a result of many factors, including cyclical changes in the insurance and reinsurance industry.
The results of companies in the property casualty insurance industry historically have been subject to significant fluctuations and uncertainties in demand and pricing, causing cyclical changes in the insurance and reinsurance industry. The demand for insurance is influenced primarily by general economic conditions, while the supply of insurance is often directly related to available capacity or the perceived profitability of the business. In recent years, weWe have faced increasedsignificant competition in our business as a result of new entrants and existing insurers seeking to gain or maintain market share resulting in decreasedas well as new entrants and capital providers. Recently, premium rates and less favorable contract terms and conditionshave increased for certainmost lines of business.business, while they have decreased in others, most notably workers' compensation. The adequacy of premium rates is affected mainly by the severity and frequency of claims, which are influenced by many factors, including natural disasters, regulatory measures and court decisions that define and expand the extent of coverage, and the effects of economic and social inflation on the amount of compensationclaims payments due for injuries or losses. In addition, investment rates of return have impactedimpact rate adequacy, with interest rates remaining at or near historic lows.adequacy. These factors can have a significant impact on ultimate profitability because a property casualty insurance policy is priced before its costs are known as premiums usually are determined long before claims are reported. These factors could produce results that would have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
We face significant competitive pressures in our businesses, which have reducedcan pressure premium rates in certain areas and could harm our ability to maintain or increase our profitability and premium volume.volume in some parts of our business.
We compete with a large number of other companies in our selected lines of business. We compete, and will continue to compete, with major U.S. and non-U.S. insurers and reinsurers, other regional companies, as well as mutual companies, specialty insurance companies, underwriting agencies, and diversified financial services companies and insurtech companies. Competitiveness in our businesses is based on many factors, including premium charges, ratings assigned by independent rating agencies, commissions paid to producers, the perceived financial strength of the company, other terms and conditions offered, services provided, (including ease of doing business, over the internet), speed of claims payment and reputation and experience in the lines to be written. In recent years, thePeriods of insurance industry has undergone increasing consolidation which may further increase competition.competition in some parts of our business and may cause our insurance subsidiaries to incur greater customer retention and acquisition expenses, affecting the profitability of existing and new business.
Some of our competitors, particularly in the Reinsurancereinsurance business, have greater financial and/or marketing resources than we do. These competitors within the reinsurance segmentmarket include Swiss Re, Munich Re, Berkshire Hathaway Transatlantic Reinsurance, and Partner Re. We expect that perceived financial strength, in particular, will become more important as customers seek high quality reinsurers.
Over the past several years, we have faced increased competition in our business, as increased supply has led to reduced prices and, at times, less favorable terms and conditions. Our E&S operating units have also encountered competition from admitted companies seeking to increase market share. Although
Recently, insurance prices have generally increased for most lines of business, since 2011, the rate of increase has declined in more recent years. Lossexcluding workers' compensation. However, loss costs have also increased over that periodand the duration and magnitude of time. With the low level ofimproving pricing environment remains uncertain. Despite rising interest rates, available, current price levels for certain lines of business may remain below the prices required for us to achieve our long-term return objectives. We expect to continue to face strong competition in these and our other lines of business and as a result pressure on pricing and policy terms and conditions.business.
In recent years, various institutionaltypes of investors have increasingly sought to participate in the property and casualty insurance and reinsurance industries. Well-capitalized new entrants to the property and casualty insurance and reinsurance industries, or existing competitors that receive substantial infusions of capital or access to third-party capital, provide increasing competition, which may adversely impact our business and profitability. Further, an expanded supply of reinsurance capital may lower costs for insurers that rely on reinsurance and, as a consequence, those insurers may be able to price their products more competitively. In addition, technology companies or other third parties have created, and may in the future create, digitally-enabledtechnology-enabled business models, processes, platforms or alternate distribution channels that may adversely impact our competitive position.position in some parts of our business.
This intense competition could cause the supply and/or demand for insurance or reinsurance to change, which affect our ability to price our products at attractive rates and retain existing business or write new products at adequate rates or on terms and conditions acceptable to us. If we are unable to retain existing business or write new business at adequate rates or on terms and conditions acceptable to us, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Our actual claims losses may exceed our reserves for claims, which may require us to establish additional reserves.
Our gross reserves for losses and loss expenses were approximately $11.7$17.0 billion as of December 31, 2017.2022. Our loss reserves reflect our best estimates of the cost of settling claims and related expenses with respect to insured events that have occurred.
Reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability. Rather, reserves represent an estimate of what management expects the ultimate settlement and claims administration will cost for claims that have occurred, whether known or unknown. The major assumptions about anticipated loss emergence patterns are subject to unanticipated fluctuation. These estimates, which generally involve actuarial projections, are based on management's assessment of facts and circumstances then known, as well as estimates of future trends in claims severity and frequency, inflation, judicial theories of liability, reinsurance coverage, legislative changes and other factors, including the actions of third parties, which are beyond our control.
The inherent uncertainties of estimating reserves are greater for certain types of liabilities, where long periods of time elapse before a definitive determination of liability is made and settlement is reached. In periods with increased economic volatility, it becomes more difficult to accurately predictestimate claim costs. It is especially difficult to estimate the impact of inflation on loss reserves given the current economic environment and related government actions. Both inflation overall and medical cost inflation, which has historically been greater than inflation overall, can have an adverse impact. In addition, although the Company has estimated the potential COVID-19 impact to its contingency and event cancellation, workers’ compensation, and other lines of business under a number of possible scenarios, there remains uncertainty around COVID-19's ultimate impact on the Company and its related reserves.
Reserve estimates are continually refined in an ongoing process as experience develops and further claims are reported and settled. Adjustments to reserves are reflected in the results of the periods in which such estimates are changed. Because setting reserves is inherently uncertain, we cannot assure that our current reserves will prove adequate in light of subsequent events. Should we need to increase our reserves, our pre-tax income for the reporting period would decrease by a corresponding amount.
We discount our reserves for excess and assumed workers' compensation business because of the long period of time over which losses are paid. Discounting is intended to appropriately match losses and loss expenses to income earned on investment securities supporting liabilities. The expected loss and loss expense payout pattern subject to discounting is derived from our loss payout experience. Changes in the loss and loss expense payout pattern are recorded in the period they are determined. If the actual loss payout pattern is shorter than anticipated, the discount will be reduced and pre-tax income will decrease by a corresponding amount.
The effects of emerging claim and coverage issues on our business are uncertain.
As industry practices and economic, legal, judicial, social, technological and other environmental conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claim and coverage may emerge. These issues may adversely affect our business by either extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent or by increasing the number or size of claims. Examples of emerging claims and coverage issues include, but are not limited to:
•judicial expansion of policy coverage and a greater propensity to grant claimants more favorable amounts and the impact of new theories of liability;
•plaintiffs targeting property and casualty insurers, including us, in purported class action litigation relating to claims-handling and other practices;
•social inflation trends, including higher and more frequent claims, more favorable judgments and legislated increases;
•medical developments that link health issues to particular causes, resulting in liability claims; and
•claims relating to unanticipated consequences of current or new technologies, including cyber security related risks; and
•claims relating to potentially changing climate conditions.conditions; and
•increased claims due to third party funding of litigation.
In some instances, these emerging issues may not become apparent for some time after we have issued the affected insurance policies. As a result, the full extent of liability under our insurance policies may not be known until many years after the policies are issued.
In addition, the potential passage of new legislation designed to expand the right to sue, to remove limitations on recovery, to extend the statutes of limitations or otherwise to repeal or weaken tort reforms could have an adverse impact on our business.
The effects of these and other unforeseen emerging claim and coverage issues are difficult to predict and could harm our business and materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
As a property casualty insurer, we face losses from natural and man-made catastrophes.
Property casualty insurers are subject to claims arising out of catastrophes that may have a significant effect on their results of operations, liquidity and financial condition. Catastrophe losses have had a significant impact on our results. For example, catastrophe losses net of reinsurance recoveries, including COVID-19 related losses, were $184$212 million in 2017, $1052022, $202 million in 2016, $582021, and $340 million in 2015, $87 million in 2014 and $65 million in 2013.2020. Similarly, man-made catastrophes can also have a material impact on our financial results.
Depending on market conditions and other factors, we may seek to increase our writing of property casualty insurance, and, accordingly, our exposure to catastrophic events would be increased.
Catastrophes can be caused by various events, including hurricanes, windstorms, earthquakes, tsunamis, hailstorms, explosions, severe winter weather and fires, pandemics, as well as terrorist and other man-made activities, including drilling, mining and other industrial accidents, the bankruptcy of a major company, war or other military actions, social unrest,
cyber events or terrorist activities. The incidence and severity of catastrophes are inherently unpredictable.unpredictable, and longer-term natural catastrophe trends may be changing due to climate change causing increased variability and unpredictability. The extent of losses from a catastrophe is a function of both the total amount of insured exposure in the area affected by the event and the severity of the event. Some catastrophes are restricted to small geographic areas; however, hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis and other disasters may produce significant damage in large, heavily populated areas. Catastrophes can cause losses in a variety of our property and casualty lines, and most of our past catastrophe-related claims have resulted from severe storms. Seasonal weather variations or the impact of climate change may affect the severity and frequency of our losses. Insurance companies are not permitted to reserve for a catastrophe until it has occurred. It is therefore possible that a catastrophic event or multiple catastrophic events could produce significant losses and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
The COVID-19 pandemic has previously materially and adversely affected our results of operations, and, whether as a result of COVID-19's long-term effects, or new or emerging variants, or other potential pandemics, may further materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial position and liquidity in the future.
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, including the related impact on the U.S. and global economies, materially and adversely affected our results of operations. The pandemic and its impact on our business may continue, and potentially even worsen, whether as a result of COVID-19's long-term effects, or new or emerging variants, or even other potential pandemics. We cannot predict the magnitude or duration of such impact, particularly given the uncertainties associated with COVID-19, including regarding the U.S. and global economies and the recovery from its devastating economic and other effects. The ultimate impact of COVID-19 on our results of operations, financial position and liquidity is not yet known, but includes the following:
Adverse Legislative and Regulatory Action. Legislative and regulatory initiatives in response to COVID-19 or other similar pandemics may adversely affect us, particularly in our workers’ compensation and property coverages businesses. For
example, our business may be subject to, certain initiatives, including, but not limited to: legislative and regulatory action that seeks to retroactively mandate coverage for losses that our insurance policies would not otherwise cover and which were not priced to cover; legislative and regulatory action providing for shifting presumptions with respect to the burdens of proof for “essential” workers on workers’ compensation coverages and varying definitions of “essential” workers; actions prohibiting us from cancelling insurance policies in accordance with our policy terms or non-renewing policies at their natural expiration; and/or orders to provide premium refunds, grant extended grace periods for premium payments, and provide extended time to pay past due premiums. Any such action would likely increase both our underwriting losses and our expenses and any legal challenges to any such action could take years to resolve.
Claim Losses Related to COVID-19 May Exceed Reserves. As of December 31, 2022, we recorded approximately $341 million for COVID-19-related losses. Our reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability, but represent an estimate of what management expects the ultimate settlement and claims administration will cost for claims that have occurred, whether known or unknown. Accordingly, given the uncertainties still associated with COVID-19 and its impact, our reserves and the underlying estimated level of claim losses and costs arising from COVID-19 may materially change.
Claim Losses and Adjustment Expenses May Increase. As the effects of COVID-19 on industry practices and economic, legal, judicial, social and other environmental conditions occur, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverages may emerge. These issues may adversely affect our business by extending coverage beyond our underwriting intent (including in the area of property coverages where physical damage requirements and communicable disease exclusions are currently being challenged) or by increasing the number and/or size of claims, each of which could adversely impact our results.
Reinsurance. We purchase reinsurance in order to transfer part of the risk that we have assumed by writing insurance policies to reinsurance companies in exchange for part of the premium we receive in connection with assuming such risk. Although reinsurance makes the reinsurer contractually liable to us to the extent the risk is transferred to the reinsurer, it does not relieve us of our liability to our policyholders. There may be uncertainty surrounding the availability of reinsurance coverage for COVID-19-related losses as our reinsurers may dispute the applicability of reinsurance to such losses (including the application of reinsurance reinstatements) and, as a result, our reinsurers may refuse to pay reinsurance recoverables related thereto or they may not pay them on a timely basis. In addition, we may be unable to renew our current reinsurance coverages or obtain appropriate new reinsurance covers with respect to certain exposures under our policies, including COVID-19-related exposures, and therefore our net exposures could increase, or if we are unwilling to bear such increase in net exposure, we may reduce our level of underwriting commitments.
Premium Volumes May Be Negatively Impacted. The demand for insurance is significantly influenced by general economic conditions. Consequently, any reduced economic activity relating to COVID-19 or other potential pandemics is likely to decrease demand for our insurance products and services and negatively impact our premium volumes (and, in certain cases, may result in return of premiums due to a decrease in exposures). This may continue for an indefinite period, with the magnitude of the impact impossible to predict. In addition, as we continue to evaluate the effects of COVID-19 on the insurance coverages we currently offer, our appetite for providing certain coverages in various jurisdictions may change, which could further negatively impact our premium volumes. Any such reduction in our premiums would likely cause our expense ratio to rise.
Investments. Further disruptions in global financial markets due to the continuing impact of COVID-19 or future pandemics could cause us to incur additional unrealized and/or realized investment losses, including impairments in our fixed maturity portfolio and other investments. In addition, the economic uncertainty may result in a decline in interest rates, which may negatively impact our net investment income from future investment activity.
Operational Disruptions and Costs. Our operations could be disrupted if key members of our senior management or a significant percentage of our workforce or the workforce of our agents, brokers, suppliers or other third party service providers are unable to continue to work because of illness, government directives or otherwise. In addition, our agents, brokers, suppliers and other third party service providers, which we rely on for key aspects of our operations, are subject to similar risks and uncertainties, which may interfere with their ability to fulfill their respective commitments and responsibilities to us in a timely manner and in accordance with the agreed-upon terms. Any remote working policies we implement may result in disruptions to our business routines, heightened risk to cybersecurity attacks and data security incidents and a greater dependency on internet and telecommunication access and capabilities.
Changing climate conditions may increasealter the frequency and increase the severity of catastrophic events and thereby adversely affect our financial condition and results.
Over the past several years, changing weather patterns and climatic conditions, such as global warming, appear to have contributed to the unpredictability, frequency and severity of natural disasters and created additional uncertainty as to future
trends and exposures. There is a growing scientific consensus that global warming and other climate change are increasingaltering the frequency, severity and severityperil characteristics of catastrophic weather events, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, windstorms, floods and other natural disasters. Such changes make it more difficult for us to predict and model catastrophic events, reducing our ability to accurately price our exposure to such events and mitigate our risks. Any increase in the frequency or severity of natural disasters may adversely affect our financial condition and results.
We, as a primary insurer, may have significant exposure for terrorist acts.
To the extent an act of terrorism, whether a domestic or foreign act, is certified by the Secretary of Treasury, we may be covered under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 20152019 (“TRIPRA”), for up to 83%80% of our covered losses for certain property/casualty lines of insurance. However, any such coverage would be subject to a mandatory deductible based on 20% of earned premium for the prior year for the covered lines of commercial property and casualty insurance. Based on our 20172022 earned premiums, our aggregate deductible under TRIPRA during 20182023 is approximately $948$1,310 million. TRIPRA is currently in effect through December 31, 2020. In addition, the coverage provided under TRIPRA does not apply to reinsurance that we write. To the extent that our reinsurers have excluded coverage for certain terrorist acts or have priced this coverage at rates that make purchasing such coverage economically infeasible, we may not have reinsurance protection and could be exposed to potential losses as a result of any acts of terrorism.
We are exposed to, and may face adverse developments involving, mass tort claims.
We are exposed to, and may face adverse developments involving, mass tort claims such as those relating to exposure to potentially harmful products or substances. We face potential exposure to mass tort claims, including claims related to exposure to potentially harmful products or substances, such as lead paint, polyfluoroalkyl substances, talc and opioids. Establishing loss reserves for mass tort claims is subject to uncertainties because of many factors, including adverse changes to the tort environment (e.g., increased and more aggressive attorney involvement in insurance claims, increased litigation, expanded theories of liability, higher jury awards, lawsuit abuse and third-party litigation finance, among others); evolving judicial interpretations, including application of various theories of joint and several liabilities; disputes concerning medical causation with respect to certain diseases; geographical concentration of the lawsuits asserting the claims; and the potential for a large rise in the total number of claims without underlying epidemiological developments suggesting an increase in disease rates. Because of the uncertainties set forth above, additional liabilities may arise for amounts in excess of the current loss reserves. In addition, our estimate of loss reserves may change. These additional liabilities or increases in estimates, or a range of either, could vary significantly from period to period and could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and/or our financial position.
We are subject to extensive governmental regulation, which increases our costs and could restrict the conduct of our business.
We are subject to extensive governmental regulation and supervision in both the United States and foreign jurisdictions. Most insurance regulations are designed to protect the interests of policyholders rather than stockholders and other investors. This system of regulation, generally administered in the United States by a department of insurance in each state in which we do business, relates to, among other things:
•standards of solvency, including risk-based capital measurements;
•restrictions on the nature, quality and concentration of investments;
•limitations on the amount of dividends, tax distributions, intercompany loans and other payments that can be made without prior regulatory approval;
•requirements pertaining to certain methods of accounting;
•evaluating enterprise risk to an insurer;
•rate and form regulation pertaining to certain of our insurance businesses;
•potential assessments for the provision of funds necessary for the settlement of covered claims under certain policies provided by impaired, insolvent or failed insurance companies; and
•involvement in the payment or adjudication of catastrophe or other claims beyond the terms of the policies.
State insurance departments conduct periodic examinations of the affairs of insurance companies and require the filing of annual and other reports relating to the financial condition of insurance companies, holding company issues and other matters. Our Insurance business internationally is also generally subject to a similar regulatory scheme in each of the jurisdictions where we conduct operations outside the United States.
Federal financial services modernization legislation and legislative and regulatory initiatives taken or which may be taken in response to conditions in the financial markets, global insurance supervision and other factors may lead to additional federal regulation of the insurance industry in the coming years.
The Dodd-Frank Act effected sweeping changes to financial services regulation in the United States. The Dodd-Frank Act established the Financial Stability Oversight Council (“FSOC”), which is authorized to recommend that certain
systemically significant non-bank financial companies, including insurance companies, be regulated by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve. The Dodd-Frank Act also established a Federal Insurance Office (“FIO”) which is authorized to study, monitor and report to Congress on the U.S. insurance industry and the significance of global reinsurance to the U.S. insurance market. The FIO also can recommend tothat the FSOC that it designate an insurer as an entity posing risks to the United States financial stability in the event of the insurer's material financial distress or failure. The potential impact of the Dodd-Frank Act on the U.S. insurance business is not clear. Our business could be affected by changes, whether as a result of potential changes to the Dodd-Frank Act, or otherwise, to the U.S. system of insurance regulation or our designation or the designation of insurers or reinsurers with which we do business as systemically significant non-bank financial companies.
One insurance group is subject to Federal Reserve supervision and heightened prudential standards as a systematically significant financial institution.
The current administration and the Republican party have expressed their desire to amend the Dodd-Frank Act. On June 8, 2017, the U.S. Housetopic of Representatives passed the Financial CHOICE Act of 2017, which proposes to amend or repeal various sections of the Dodd-Frank Act. This proposed legislation isclimate risk has come under considerationincreased scrutiny by the U.S. Senate. We are not ableNAIC and insurance regulators. For instance, in New York, the NYDFS issued a circular letter in September 2020 that applies to predict whether anyboth New York domestic and foreign authorized insurers, such proposalas our insurance subsidiaries licensed in New York. The circular letter states that the NYDFS expects these insurers to amend or repeal certain sections ofintegrate financial risks related to climate change into their governance frameworks, risk management processes, business strategies and scenario analysis, and develop their approach to climate-related financial disclosure. The NYDFS also amended the Dodd-Frank Act would have a material effect on our business operations and cannot identify the risks, if any, that may be posedregulation governing enterprise risk management, which applies to our businesses as a result of changesinsurance subsidiaries licensed in New York, that requires an insurance group's enterprise risk management function to or legislative replacements for,address certain additional risks, including climate change risk. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act.FIO is assessing how the insurance sector may help mitigate climate-related risks and achieve national climate-related goals. These measures may subject us to increased oversight at the state and federal level.
Although stateState regulation is the primary form of regulation of insurance and reinsurance in the United States, although Congress has considered various proposals regarding federal regulation of insurance, in addition to the changes brought about by the Dodd-Frank Act, Congress has considered varioussuch as proposals relating tofor the creation of an optional federal charter repeal of thefor insurance company antitrust exemption from the McCarran-Ferguson Act, and tax law changes.companies. We may be subject to potentially increased federal oversight as a financial institution. In addition, the current U.S. administration and the volatile political environment may increase the chance of other federal legislative and regulatory changes that could affect us in ways we cannot predict.
With respect to international measures, Solvency II, the EU regime concerning the capital adequacy, risk management and regulatory reporting for insurers and reinsurers may affect our insurance businesses. Implementation of Solvency II in EU member states occurred on January 1, 2016, and as the Solvency II regime evolves over time, we may be required to utilize a significant amount of resources to ensure compliance. In particular, the European Commission has undertaken a review of Solvency II and on September 22, 2021, published a package of proposed legislative reforms for amending the existing regulatory framework. The European Council published its agreed position on the European Commission’s proposed reforms in June 2022, and it is now discussing this proposed legislation with the European Parliament. In addition, despite the waiver of the Solvency II group capital requirements we received, Solvency II may have the effect of increasing the capital requirements of our EU domiciled insurers. Additionally, our capital requirements and compliance requirements may be adversely affected if the EU commissionEuropean Commission does not deem the insurance regulatory regimes of the jurisdictions outside the EU in which we have insurance or reinsurance companies domiciled to be "equivalent"“equivalent” to Solvency II.
Similar considerations apply to our U.K. subsidiaries, which are now subject to a separate U.K. prudential regime, which is broadly identical to Solvency II. However, the two regimes, and their respective requirements, are likely to diverge in the near future due to both the EU’s review of Solvency II described above and HM Treasury’s publication of a finalized package of reforms to the U.K.’s domestic prudential regime on November 17, 2022 (please see “International Regulation” above for more information). We therefore may be required to utilize additional resources to ensure compliance with the different rules in each regime.
If our compliance with Solvency II, the U.K.’s prudential regime or any other regulatory regime is challenged, we may be subject to monetary or other penalties. In addition, in order to ensure compliance with applicable regulatory requirements or as a result of any investigation, including remediation efforts, we could be required to incur significant expenses and undertake additional work, which in turn may divert resources from our business.
We may be unable to maintain all required licenses and approvals and our business may not fully comply with the wide variety of applicable laws and regulations or the relevant authority's interpretation of the laws and regulations. Also, some regulatory authorities have relatively broad discretion to grant, renew or revoke licenses and approvals. If we do not have the requisite licenses and approvals or do not comply with applicable regulatory requirements, the insurance regulatory authorities
could preclude or temporarily suspend us from carrying on some or all of our activities or monetarily penalize us. Also, changes in the level of regulation of the insurance industry, whether federal, state or foreign, or changes in laws or regulations themselves or interpretations thereof by regulatory authorities, may further restrict the conduct of our business.
Risks Relating to Our Business
Our expanding international operations expose us to increased investment, political, legal/regulatory, and economic risks, including foreign currency and credit risk.
Our expanding international operations in the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, South America, Canada, Mexico, Scandinavia, the Asia-Pacific region, South Africa and Australia expose us to increased investment, political, legal/regulatory, and economic risks, including foreign currency and credit risk. Changes in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Our investments in non-U.S.-denominated assets are subject to fluctuations in non-U.S. securities and currency markets, and those markets can be volatile. Non-U.S. currency fluctuations also affect the value of any dividends paid by our non-U.S. subsidiaries to their parent companies in the U.S.
The United Kingdom leaving the European Union ("EU")We face additional risks as a result of our international operations which could adversely affecthave an adverse effect on our business.
The 2016 U.K. referendum on its membership in the EU resulted inresults of operations and financial condition including: burdens and costs of compliance with a majorityvariety of U.K. voters voting in favor of the U.K. leaving the EU (“Brexit”). On March 29, 2017, the U.K. government formally notified the European Council of the U.K.’s intention to withdraw from the EU. The member withdrawal provisions in the EU treaty provide that the U.K.foreign laws and regulations and the EU will negotiate a withdrawal agreement during a maximum two-year period (unless such period is extended by unanimous voteassociated risk and costs of non-compliance; exposure to undeveloped or evolving legal systems, which may result in unpredictable or inconsistent application of laws and regulations; exposure to commercial, political, legal or regulatory corruption; political, economic or other instability in countries in which we conduct business, including possible terrorist acts; the imposition of tariffs, trade barriers or other protectionist laws or business practices that favor local competition, increased costs and adverse effects on our business; changes to visa or immigration policies; diminished ability to enforce our contractual rights; potential increased risk of data breaches; differences in cultural environments; sociopolitical instability; social, political or economic instability resulting from climate change; changes in regulatory requirements, including changes in regulatory treatment of certain products or services; exposure to local economic conditions and its impact on our clients’ performance and creditworthiness; and restrictions on the repatriation of non-U.S. investments and earnings.
EU member states). As part of the sequenced approach to the talks set outOur U.K. business could be specifically adversely impacted by the EU, sufficient progress needs to be made on the withdrawal arrangements before any talks on a futureimposition of trade dealbarriers between the EU and the U.K. can begin. Depending onfollowing Brexit, which has already reduced the termslevel of trade between the withdrawal agreement,two markets and the U.K. could lose access to the single EU market and to free’s overall trade deals with several countries that already have agreements with the EU. Such a decline in trade could affectexports, thereby negatively affecting the attractiveness of the U.K. and impact our U.K. business. We also face risks associated with the potential uncertainty and consequences related to Brexit, including with respect to volatility in financial markets, exchange rates and interest rates. These uncertainties could increase the volatility of, or reduce, our investment results in particular periods or over time. Brexit could adversely affect European or worldwide political, regulatory, economic or market conditions and could contribute to instability in political institutions and regulatory agencies. Brexit could also lead to legal uncertainty and differing laws and regulations between the U.K. and the EU. Any of these potential effects, and others we cannot anticipate, could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.market.
We may be unable to attract and retain key personnel and qualified employees.
We depend on our ability to attract and retain key personnel, including our President and CEO, Executive Chairman, senior executive officers, presidents of our operating units,businesses, experienced underwriters and other skilled employees who are knowledgeable about our business. If the quality of our underwriting team and other personnel decreases, we may be unable to maintain our current competitive position in the specialized markets in which we operate, and be unable to expand our operations into new products and markets.
We cannot guarantee that our reinsurers will pay in a timely fashion, if at all, and, as a result, we could experience losses.
We purchase reinsurance by transferring part of the risk that we have assumed, known as ceding, to a reinsurance company in exchange for part of the premium we receive in connection with the risk. Although reinsurance makes the reinsurer contractually liable to us to the extent the risk is transferred or ceded to the reinsurer, it does not relieve us, the reinsured, of our liability to our policyholders. Our reinsurers may not pay the reinsurance recoverables that they owe to us or they may not pay such recoverables on a timely basis. This failure to pay or failure to pay on a timely basis may be due to factors such as whether reinsurers, their affiliates or certain indemnitors have the financial capacity and willingness to make payments under the terms of a reinsurance treaty or contract. Accordingly, we bear credit risk with respect to our reinsurers, and if our reinsurers fail to pay us, our financial results would be adversely affected. Underwriting results and investment returns of some of our reinsurers may affect their future ability to pay claims. As of December 31, 2017,2022, the amount due from our reinsurers was approximately $1,783$3,188 million, including amounts due from state funds and industry pools where it was intended that we would bear no risk. Certain of these amounts due from reinsurers are secured by letters of credit or by funds held in trust on our behalf.
We are subject to credit risk relating to our policyholders, independent agents and brokers.
In addition to exposure to credit risk related to our reinsurance recoverables and investment portfolio, we are exposed to credit risk in several other areas of our business, including credit risk relating to policyholders, independent agents and brokers. For example our policyholders, independent agents or brokers may not pay a part of or the full amount of premiums owed to us
or our brokers or other third party claim administrators may not deliver amounts owed on claims under our insurance and reinsurance contracts for which we have provided funds.
As credit risk is generally a function of the economy, we face a greater credit risk in an economic downturn. While we attempt to manage credit risks through underwriting guidelines, collateral requirements and other oversight mechanisms, our efforts may not be successful. For example, to reduce such credit risk, we require certain third parties to post collateral for some or all of their obligations to us. In cases where we receive pledged securities and the applicable counterparty is unable to honor its obligations, we may be exposed to credit risk on the securities pledged and/or the risk that our access to that collateral may be stayed as a result of bankruptcy. In cases where we receive letters of credit from banks as collateral and one of our counterparties is unable to honor its obligations, we are exposed to the credit risk of the banks that issued the letters of credit.
We are rated by A.M. Best, Standard & Poor's, Moody's, and Moody's,Fitch, and a decline in these ratings could affect our standing in the insurance industry and cause our sales and earnings to decrease.
Ratings have become an increasingly important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies. Certain of our insurance company subsidiaries are rated by A.M. Best, Standard & Poor's, Moody's and Moody's.Fitch. Our ratings are subject to periodic review, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to retain our current or any future ratings.ratings, especially given that rating agencies may change their criteria or increase capital requirements for various rating levels. For instance, Standard & Poor's has recently proposed changes to its rating model which could impact our rating depending on final changes that are implemented.
If our ratings are reduced from their current levels by A.M. Best, Standard & Poor's, Moody's or Moody's,Fitch, our competitive position in the insurance industry could suffer and it would be more difficult for us to market our products. A ratings downgrade could also adversely limit our access to capital markets, which may increase the cost of debt. A significant downgrade could result in a substantial loss of business as policyholders move to other companies with higher claims-paying and financial strength ratings.
If market conditions cause reinsurance to be more costly or unavailable, we may be required to bear increased risks or reduce the level of our underwriting commitments.
As part of our overall risk and capacity management strategy, we purchase reinsurance for certain amounts of risk underwritten by our insurance company subsidiaries, especially catastrophe risks and those risks with relatively high policy limits. We also purchase reinsurance on risks underwritten by others which we reinsure. Market conditions beyond our control determine the availability and cost of the reinsurance protection we seek to purchase, which may affect the level of our business and profitability. Our reinsurance contracts are generally subject to annual renewal, and we may be unable to maintain our current reinsurance contracts or to obtain other reinsurance contracts in adequate amounts and at favorable rates. In addition, we may be unable to obtain reinsurance on terms acceptable to us relating to certain lines of business that we intend to begin writing. If we are unable to renew our expiring contracts or to obtain new reinsurance contracts, either our net exposures would increase or, if we are unwilling to bear an increase in net exposures, we would have to reduce the level of our underwriting commitments, especially catastrophe exposed risks.
Depending on conditions in the financial markets and the general economy, we may be unable to raise debt or equity capital if needed.
If conditions in the financial markets and the general economy are unfavorable, which may result from disruptions, uncertainty or volatility in the capital and credit markets, we may be unable to access debt or equity capital on acceptable terms if needed, which could have a negative impact on our ability to invest in our insurance company subsidiaries and/or to take advantage of opportunities to expand our business, such as possible acquisitions and the creation of new ventures, and inhibit our ability to refinance our existing indebtedness if we desire to do so, on terms acceptable to us.
We may not find suitable acquisition candidates or new insurance ventures and even if we do, we may not successfully integrate any such acquired companies or successfully invest in such ventures.
As part of our present strategy, we continue to evaluate possible acquisition transactions and the start-up of complementary businesses on an ongoing basis, and at any given time we may be engaged in discussions with respect to possible acquisitions and new ventures. We cannot assure you that we will be able to identify suitable acquisition targets or insurance ventures, that such transactions will be financed and completed on acceptable terms or that our future acquisitions or start-up ventures will be successful. Our financial results could be adversely affected by acquired businesses not performing as projected, unforeseen liabilities, routine and unanticipated transaction-related charges, diversion of management time and resources to acquisition integration challenges or growth strategies, loss of key employees, challenges in integrating information technology systems of acquired companies with our own, amortization of expenses related to intangibles, charges
for impairment of long-term assets or goodwill and indemnification. The process of integrating any companies we do acquire or investing in new ventures may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
If we experience difficulties with our information technology, telecommunications or other computer systems, our ability to conduct our business could be negatively or severely impacted.
Our business is highly dependent upon our employees' ability to perform necessary business functions in an efficient and uninterrupted fashion. A shut-down of, or inability to access, one or more of our facilities, a power outage or a failure of one or more of our information technology, telecommunications or other computer systems could significantly impair our employees' ability to perform such functions on a timely basis. In the event of a disaster such as a natural catastrophe, terrorist attack or industrial accident, or the infection of our systems by a malicious computer virus, our systems could be inaccessible for an extended period of time. In addition, because our information technology and telecommunications systems interface with and depend on third-party systems, we could experience service denials or failures of controls if demand for our service exceeds capacity or a third-party system fails or experiences an interruption. If our business continuity plans or system security does not sufficiently address such a business interruption, system failure or service denial, our ability to write and process new and renewal business, provide customer service, pay claims in a timely manner or perform other necessary business functions could be significantly impaired and our business could be harmed.
Failure to maintain the security of our networksinformation technology systems and confidential data may expose us to liability.
Although we have taken steps intended to protect our data and information technology systems and mitigate the risk of harm caused by cybersecurity incidents or breaches, no safeguards are perfect and any failure of these safeguards could cause a substantial disruption of our business operations, which could result in service interruptions, data security compromises, regulatory action, and other similar operational and legal issues, as well as substantial remediation and other costs. Our operations rely on the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other information in our computer systems and networks. ComputerCybersecurity breaches, including physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, malware, attacks by hackers, ransomware attacks, phishing attacks, supply chain attacks, breaches due to employee error or misconduct and other external hazards could exposesimilar breaches can create system disruptions, shutdowns or unauthorized access to information maintained in our datainformation technology systems and in the information technology systems of our vendors and other third parties. We have in the past experienced cybersecurity breaches of our information technology systems as well as the information technology systems of our vendors and other third parties, but, to securityour knowledge, we have not experienced any material cybersecurity breaches. We expect cybersecurity breaches to continue to occur in the future and we are constantly managing efforts to infiltrate and compromise our systems and data. Our electronic transmission of personal, confidential and proprietary information to third parties with whom we have business relationships and our outsourcing of certain technology and business process functions to third parties may expose us to enhanced risk related to data security. While we attempt to develop secure data transmission capabilities with these third-party vendors and others with whom we do business, our vendors and third parties could still suffer data breaches that could result in the exposure of sensitive data and the infiltration of our computer systems. Our failure to effectively protect sensitive personal and ourand/or proprietary information, whether owing to breaches of our own systems or those of our vendors and other third parties, could result in significant monetary and reputational damages.damages, material adverse effects to our financial condition, costly litigation, or other regulatory enforcement actions. These increased risks, and expanding regulatory requirements regarding data security, including required compliance with the GDPR, CCPA, CPRA and additional state-specific privacy statutes and regulations, could expose us to data loss, monetary and reputational damages and significant increases in compliance costs. As a result, our ability to conduct our business could be materially and adversely affected.
We could be adversely affected if our controls to ensure compliance with guidelines, policies and legal and regulatory standards are not effective.
Our business is highly dependent on our ability to engage on a daily basis in a large number of insurance underwriting, claim processing and investment activities, many of which are highly complex. These activities often are subject to internal
guidelines and policies, as well as legal and regulatory standards, including those related to privacy, anti-corruption, anti-bribery and global finance and insurance matters. Our continued expansion into new international markets has brought about additional requirements. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance that the control system's objectives will be met. If our controls are not effective, it could lead to financial loss, unanticipated risk exposure (including underwriting, credit and investment risk) or damage to our reputation.
We could be adversely affected by recent and future changes in U.S. Federal income tax laws.
Recent taxTax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which was signed into law on December 22, 2017, fundamentally overhaulsoverhauled the U.S. tax system by, among other things,significant changes, reducing the U.S. corporate income tax rate to 21%, repealing the corporate alternative minimum tax, limiting the deductibility of business interest expense, introducing a base erosion and anti-avoidance tax aimed at cross-border deductible payments to related foreign persons, moving closer to a territorial system of taxing earnings generated through foreign subsidiaries and imposing a one-time deemed repatriation tax on certain post-1986 undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries.. In the context of the taxation of U.S. property/casualty insurance companies such as the Company, the Act would also modifymodified the loss reserve discounting rules and the proration rules that apply to reduce reserve deductions to reflect the lower
corporate income tax rate. Although we believe that the changes introduced by the Act should generally benefit us, we are unable to predict the ultimate impact of the Act and its implementing regulations. In addition, itIt is possible that other legislation could be introduced and enacted by the current Congress or future Congresses that could have an adverse impact on us. New regulations or pronouncements interpreting or clarifying provisions of the Act may be forthcoming. We cannot predict if, when or in what form such regulations or pronouncements may be provided, whether such guidance will have a retroactive effect or their potential impact on us.
Limitations in risk management and loss limitation methods may adversely impact our business.
We seek to effectively manage risk and limit our losses in a variety of ways including through effective underwriting, tailoring policy terms, and the use of reinsurance. However, there are certain limitations in these and similar tactics and as a result, loss levels may be higher than modeled or otherwise expected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Increased scrutiny on social responsibility and the efforts we take to implement related measures, or the failure to take such measures, may adversely impact our business.
There is increased scrutiny from regulators and investors on the measures companies take to be socially responsible. Although we have made efforts to be responsible in this manner, for example through our commitment to fostering a unifying culture and encouraging innovation across our operating units, these types of pressures may nonetheless present challenges and have an adverse impact on our business. In addition, we may be subject to negative publicity based on a failure or perceived failure to achieve various social responsibility initiatives and goals relating to diversity, equity and inclusion, and commitment to long-term sustainability we may announce from time to time, or based on an actual or perceived increase in related risks as a result of our or our industry’s business activities.
Risks Relating to Our Investments
A significant amount of our assets is invested in fixed maturity securities and is subject to market fluctuations.
Our investment portfolio consists substantially of fixed maturity securities. As of December 31, 2017,2022, our investment in fixed maturity securities was approximately $13.6$17.6 billion, or 73.6%72.4% of our total investment portfolio, including cash and cash equivalents. As of that date, our portfolio of fixed maturity securities consisted of the following types of securities: U.S. Government securities (2.8%(5.1%); state and municipal securities (33.2%(16.8%); corporate securities (32.4%(38.1%); asset-backed securities (15.6%(22.6%); mortgage-backed securities (9.7%(9.4%) and foreign government (6.3%(8.0%).
The fair value of these assets and the investment income from these assets fluctuate depending on general economic and market conditions. The fair value of fixed maturity securities generally decreases as interest rates rise. If a significant inflation or an increase in interest rates were to occur, the fair value of our fixed maturity securities would be negatively impacted.impacted, while investment income earned from future investments in fixed-maturity securities would be higher. Conversely, if interest rates decline, the fair value of our fixed-maturity securities would be positively impacted and investment income earned from future investments in fixed maturity securities will be lower. Some fixed maturity securities, such as mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities, also carry prepayment risk as a result of interest rate fluctuations. Additionally, given the near historicallyIn low interest rate environment,environments, we may not be able to successfully reinvest the proceeds from maturing securities at yields commensurate with our target performance goals.
The value of investments in fixed maturity securities is subject to impairment as a result of deterioration in the credit worthiness of the issuer, default by the issuer (including states and municipalities) in the performance of its obligations in respect of the securities and/or increases in market interest rates. To a large degree, the credit risk we face is a function of the economy; accordingly, we face a greater risk in an economic downturn or recession. During periods of market disruption, it may be difficult to value certain of our securities, particularly if trading becomes less frequent and/or market data becomes less observable. There may be certain asset classes that were in active markets with significant observable data that become illiquid due to the then current financial environment. In such cases, more securities may require additional subjectivity and management judgment.
Although the historical rates of default on state and municipal securities have been relatively low, our state and municipal fixed maturity securities could be subject to a higher risk of default or impairment due to declining municipal tax bases and revenue. Many states and municipalities operate under deficits or projected deficits, the severity and duration of which could have an adverse impact on both the valuation of our state and municipal fixed maturity securities and the issuer's ability to perform its obligations thereunder. Additionally, our investments are subject to losses as a result of a general decrease in commercial and economic activity for an industry sector in which we invest, as well as risks inherent in particular securities.
Although we attempt to manage these risks through the use of investment guidelines and other oversight mechanisms and by diversifying our portfolio and emphasizing preservation of principal, our efforts may not be successful. Impairments, defaults and/or rate increases could reduce our net investment income and net realized investment gains or result in investment
losses. Investment returns are currently, and will likely continue to remain, under pressure due to the continued low inflation, actions by the Federal Reserve, economic uncertainty, more generally, and the shape of the yield curve. As a result, our exposure to the risks described above could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition.
We have invested a portion of our assets in equity securities, merger arbitrage securities, investment funds, private equity, loans and real estate related assets, which are subject to significant volatility and may decline in value.
We invest a portion of our investment portfolio in equity securities, merger arbitrage securities, investment funds, private equity, loans and real estate related assets. At December 31, 2017,2022, our investment in these assets was approximately $3.9$5.3 billion, or 21.2%21.6%, of our investment portfolio, including cash and cash equivalents.
Merger and arbitrage trading securities were $618 million,$0.9 billion, or 3.4%3.9% of our investment portfolio, including cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2017.2022. Merger arbitrage involves investing in the securities of publicly held companies that are the targets in announced tender offers and mergers. Merger arbitrage differs from other types of investments in its focus on transactions and events believed likely to bring about a change in value over a relatively short time period, usually four months or less. Our merger arbitrage positions are exposed to the risk associated with the completion of announced deals, which are subject to regulatory as well as political and other risks.
Real estate related investments, including directly owned, investment funds and loans receivable, were $2.2$1.7 billion, or 11.7%7.1% of our investment portfolio, including cash and cash equivalents, at December 31, 2017.2022. We also invest in aviation and rail equipment funds, credit-related funds andreal estate, financial services, energy, transportation and other investment funds. The values of these investments are subject to fluctuationsfluctuation based on changes in the economy and interest rates in general and the related asset valuations in particular. In addition, our investments in real estate related assets and other alternative investments are less liquid than our other investments.
These investments are subject to significant volatility as a result of the conditions in the financial and commodity markets and the global economy.
Risks Relating to Purchasing Our SecuritiesLimitations on Dividends from Subsidiaries and Anti-Takeover Provisions
We are an insurance holding company and, therefore, may not be able to receive dividends in needed amounts.
As an insurance holding company, our principal assets are the shares of capital stock of our insurance company subsidiaries. We have to rely on dividends from our insurance company subsidiaries to meet our obligations for paying principal and interest on outstanding debt obligations, paying dividends to stockholders and repurchasing our shares and paying corporate expenses. The payment of dividends by our insurance company subsidiaries is subject to regulatory restrictions and competitive pressures on maintaining financial strength ratings and will depend on the surplus and future earnings of these subsidiaries. During 2018,2023, the maximum amount of dividends that can be paid without regulatory approval is approximately $699 million.$1.2 billion. Future regulatory actions could further restrict our insurance subsidiaries’ ability to pay us dividends. As a result, in the future we may not be able to receive dividends from these subsidiaries at times and in amounts necessary to meet our obligations, pay dividends or repurchase shares.
Laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which we conduct business could delay, deter or prevent an attempt to acquire control of us that stockholders might consider to be desirable, and may restrict a stockholder's ability to purchase our common stock.
Generally, United States insurance holdingcompany laws require that, before a person can acquire control of an insurance company, prior written approvalmust be obtained from the insurance regulatory authoritiesauthority in the state in which that insurance company isdomiciled. Pursuant to applicable laws and regulations, “control” over an insurer is generally presumed to exist if any person,directly or indirectly, owns, controls, holds the power to vote, or holds proxies representing 10% or more ofthe voting securities of that insurer or any parent company of such insurer. Indirect ownership includes ownership of the shares of our common stock. Thus,the insurance regulatory authorities of the states in which our insurance subsidiaries are domiciled are likely toapply these restrictions on acquisition of control to any proposed acquisition of our commonstock. Some states require a person seeking to acquire control of an insurer licensed but not domiciled in that state tomake a filing prior to completing an acquisition if the acquirer and its affiliates, on the one hand, and the targetinsurer and its affiliates, on the other hand, have specified market shares in the same lines of insurance in that state. Additionally, many foreign jurisdictions where we conduct business impose similar restrictions and requirements.
These provisions can also lead to the imposition of conditions on anacquisition that could delay or prevent its consummation.These laws may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change in controlof us through transactions, and in particular unsolicited transactions, that some or all of our stockholders mightconsider to be desirable.
Certain provisions in our organizational documents may have the effect of hindering, delaying or preventing third party takeovers and thus may prevent our stockholders from receiving premium prices for their shares in an unsolicited takeover or make it more difficult for third parties to replace our current management.
Provisions of our Restated Certificate of Incorporation and By-Laws, as well as state insurance statutes, may hinder, delay or prevent unsolicited acquisitions or changes of our control. These provisions may also have the effect of making it more difficult for third parties to cause the replacement of our current management without the concurrence of our board of directors.
These provisions include:
•our classified board of directors and the ability of our board to increase its size and to appoint directors to fill newly created directorships;
•the requirement that the holders of 80% of our stockholdersshares must approve mergers and other transactions between us and the holder of 5% or more of our shares, unless the transaction was approved by our board of directors prior to such holder's acquisition of 5% of our shares; and
•the need for advance notice in order to raise business or make nominations at stockholders' meetings.
These provisions may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change in control of us through transactions, and in particular unsolicited transactions, that some or all of our stockholders might consider to be desirable.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
There are no unresolved written comments that were received from the SEC staff 180 days or more before the end of our fiscal year relating to our periodic or current reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
W. R. Berkley and its subsidiaries own or lease office buildings or office space suitable to conduct their operations. At December 31, 2017,2022, the Company had aggregate office space of 3,816,4714,295,165 square feet, of which 1,096,4931,048,136 were owned and 2,719,9793,247,029 were leased.
Rental expense for the Company's operations was approximately $52,925,000, $47,453,000$43,383,000, $44,051,000 and $46,271,000$44,291,000 for 2017, 20162022, 2021 and 2015,2020, respectively. Future minimum lease payments, without provision for sublease income, are $50,117,000$32,282,796 in 2018, $41,326,0002023, $33,528,105 in 20192024 and $195,509,000$599,371,375 thereafter.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The Company's subsidiaries are subject to disputes, including litigation and arbitration, arising in the ordinary course of their insurance and reinsurance businesses. The Company's estimates of the costs of settling such matters are reflected in its aggregate reserves for losses and loss expenses, and the Company does not believe that the ultimate outcome of such matters will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
The common stockIn 2022, the Board declared regular quarterly cash dividends of $0.09 per share in the first quarter, and $0.10 per share in each of the Company is traded onremaining three quarters, and special dividends of $0.50 per share in the New York Stock Exchange undersecond quarter. Subject to availability, the symbol “WRB”.Board currently expects to continue such regular quarterly cash dividends.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Price Range | | | |
| | High | | Low | | Dividends Declared Per Share | |
| 2017 | |
| | |
| | | |
| Fourth Quarter | $ | 71.91 |
| | $ | 65.92 |
| | $ | 0.64 |
| (1) |
| Third Quarter | 72.33 |
| | 62.00 |
| | 0.14 |
| |
| Second Quarter | 70.96 |
| | 65.70 |
| | 0.64 |
| (2) |
| First Quarter | 73.17 |
| | 65.91 |
| | 0.13 |
| |
| 2016 | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Fourth Quarter | $ | 66.91 |
| | $ | 55.55 |
| | $ | 0.63 |
| (3) |
| Third Quarter | 60.08 |
| | 56.12 |
| | 0.63 |
| (4) |
| Second Quarter | 59.93 |
| | 54.56 |
| | 0.13 |
| |
| First Quarter | 56.53 |
| | 47.57 |
| | 0.12 |
| |
_______________________
| |
(1) | Includes a special dividend of $0.50 per share paid in December 2017. |
| |
(2) | Includes a special dividend of $0.50 per share paid in July 2017. |
| |
(3) | Includes a special dividend of $0.50 per share paid in November 2016. |
| |
(4) | Includes a special dividend of $0.50 per share paid in October 2016. |
The closing price of the common stock on February 20, 2018 as reported on the New York Stock Exchange was $68.73 per share. The approximate number of record holders of the common stock on February 20, 201815, 2023 was 333.323.
The chart below shows a comparison of 5 year cumulative total return.
Comparison of 5 Year Cumulative Total Return
Assumes initial investment of $100 on January 1, 2013,2017, with dividends reinvested.
TheAs of December 31, 2022, the S&P 500® Property and Casualty Insurance Index consists of Allstate Corporation, Arch Capital Group Ltd. (added Nov. 2022), Chubb, Ltd., Cincinnati Financial Corporation, Progressive Corporation, The Travelers Companies, Inc., and XL Group Ltd.W. R. Berkley Corporation (added Dec. 2019).
Prepared by Zacks Investment Research, Inc. Used with permission. All rights reserved. Copyright 1980-2018.
Index Data: Copyright Standard and Poor's Inc. Used with permission. All rights reserved.
| | | | | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
| W. R. Berkley Corporation | Cum $ | 100.00 | 116.03 | 141.11 | 152.06 | 189.69 | 209.00 | W. R. Berkley Corporation | Cum $ | 100.00 | 104.61 | 150.46 | 145.72 | 185.56 | 240.56 |
| S&P 500 Index | Cum $ | 100.00 | 132.39 | 150.01 | 152.59 | 170.84 | 208.14 | |
| S&P 500 Index - Total Returns | | S&P 500 Index - Total Returns | Cum $ | 100.00 | 95.61 | 125.70 | 148.81 | 191.48 | 156.69 |
| S&P 500 Property and Casualty Insurance Index | Cum $ | 100.00 | 138.29 | 160.06 | 175.32 | 202.85 | 248.26 | S&P 500 Property and Casualty Insurance Index | Cum $ | 100.00 | 95.31 | 119.97 | 127.56 | 149.90 | 178.27 |
Set forth below is a summary of the shares repurchased by the Company during the fourth quarter of 20172022 and the remaining number of shares authorized for purchase by the Company during such period.
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
W. R. Berkley Corporation is an insurance holding company that is among the largest commercial lines writers in the United States and operates worldwide in two business segments of the property and casualty business: Insurance and Reinsurance.Reinsurance & Monoline Excess. Our decentralized structure provides us with the flexibility to respond quickly and efficiently to local or specific market conditions and to pursue specialty business niches. It also allows us to be closer to our customers in order to better understand their individual needs and risk characteristics. While providing our business units with certain operating autonomy, our structure allows us to capitalize on the benefits of economies of scale through centralized capital, investment, reinsurance, and enterprise risk management, and actuarial, financial and corporate legal staff support. The Company'sCompany’s primary sources of revenues and earnings are its insurance operations and its investments.
The profitability of the Company’s insurance business is affected primarily by the adequacy of premium rates. The ultimate adequacy of premium rates is not known with certainty at the time an insurance policy is issued because premiums are determined before claims are reported. The ultimate adequacy of premium rates is affected mainly by the severity and frequency of claims, which are influenced by many factors, including natural and other disasters, regulatory measures and court decisions that define and change the extent of coverage and the effects of economic or social inflation on the amount of compensation for injuries or losses. General insurance prices are also influenced by available insurance capacity, i.e., the level of statutory capital and surplus employed in the industry, and the industry’s willingness to deploy that capital.
The Company’s profitability is also affected by its investment income and investment gains. The Company’s invested assets are invested principally in fixed maturity securities. The return on fixed maturity securities is affected primarily by general interest rates, as well as the credit quality and duration of the securities. Returns available on fixed maturity investments have been at historically low levels in recent years.
The Company also invests in equity securities, merger arbitrage securities, investment funds, (including energy related funds), private equity, loans and real estate related assets. The Company's investments in investment funds and its other alternative investments have experienced, and the Company expects to continue to experience, greater fluctuations in investment income.
The following presents a discussion of accounting policies and estimates relating to reserves for losses and loss expenses, assumed reinsurance premiums and other-than-temporary impairments of investments. Management believes these policies and estimates are the most critical to its operations and require the most difficult, subjective and complex judgments.
In general, when a claim is reported, claims personnel establish a “case reserve” for the estimated amount of the ultimate payment based upon known information about the claim at that time. The estimate represents an informed judgment based on general reserving practices and reflects the experience and knowledge of the claims personnel regarding the nature and value of the specific type of claim. Reserves are also established on an aggregate basis to provide for losses incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) to the insurer, potential inadequacy of case reserves and the estimated expenses of settling claims, including legal and other fees and general expenses of administrating the claims adjustment process. Reserves are established based upon the then current legal interpretation of coverage provided.
In examining reserve adequacy, several factors are considered in estimating the ultimate economic value of losses. These factors include, among other things, historical data, legal developments, changes in social attitudes and economic conditions, including the effects of inflation. The actuarial process relies on the basic assumption that past experience, adjusted judgmentally for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, is an appropriate basis for predicting future outcomes. Reserve amounts are based on management’s informed estimates and judgments using currently available data. As additional experience and other data become available and are reviewed, these estimates and judgments may be revised. This may result in reserve increases or decreases that would be reflected in our results in periods in which such estimates and assumptions are changed.
Reserves do not represent a certain calculation of liability. Rather, reserves represent an estimate of what management expects the ultimate settlement and claim administration will cost. While the methods for establishing reserves are well tested over time, the major assumptions about anticipated loss emergence patterns are subject to uncertainty. These estimates, which generally involve actuarial projections, are based on management’s assessment of facts and circumstances then known, as well as estimates of trends in claims severity and frequency, judicial theories of liability and other factors, including the actions of third parties which are beyond the Company’s control. These variables are affected by external and internal events, such as inflation and economic volatility, judicial and litigation trends, reinsurance coverage, legislative changes and claim handling and reserving practices, which make it more difficult to accurately predict claim costs. The inherent uncertainties of estimating reserves are greater for certain types of liabilities where long periods of time elapse before a definitive determination of liability is made. Because setting reserves is inherently uncertain, the Company cannot provide assurance that its current reserves will prove adequate in light of subsequent events.
Loss reserves included in the Company’s financial statements represent management’s best estimates based upon an actuarially derived point estimate and other considerations. The Company uses a variety of actuarial techniques and methods to derive an actuarial point estimate for each operating unit.business. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss development, paid and incurred Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods and frequency and severity methods. In circumstances where one actuarial method is considered more credible than the others, that method is used to set the point estimate. For example, the paid loss and incurred loss development methods rely on historical paid and incurred loss data. For new lines of business, where there is insufficient history of paid and incurred claims data, or in circumstances where there have been significant changes in claim practices, the paid and incurred loss development methods would be less credible than other actuarial methods. The actuarial point estimate may also be based on a judgmental weighting of estimates produced from each of the methods considered. Industry loss experience is used to supplement the Company’s own data in selecting “tail factors” and in areas where the Company’s own data is limited. The actuarial data is analyzed by line of business, coverage and accident or policy year, as appropriate, for each operating unit.business.
The establishment of the actuarially derived loss reserve point estimate also includes consideration of qualitative factors that may affect the ultimate losses. These qualitative considerations include, among others, the impact of re-underwriting initiatives, changes in the mix of business, changes in distribution sources and changes in policy terms and conditions. Examples of changes in terms and conditions that can have a significant impact on reserve levels are the use of aggregate policy limits, the expansion of coverage exclusions, whether or not defense costs are within policy limits, and changes in deductibles and attachment points.
The key assumptions used to arrive at the best estimate of loss reserves are the expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation, and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Expected loss ratios represent management’s expectation of losses at the time the business is priced and written, before any actual claims experience has emerged. This expectation is a significant determinant of the estimate of loss reserves for recently written business where there is little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Expected loss ratios are generally derived from historical loss ratios adjusted for the impact of rate changes, loss cost trends and known changes in the type of risks underwritten. Expected loss ratios are estimated for each key line of business within each operating unit.business. Expected loss cost inflation is particularly important for the long-tail lines, such as excess casualty, and claims with a high medical component, such as workers’ compensation. Reported and paid loss emergence patterns are used to project current reported or paid loss amounts to their ultimate settlement value. Loss development factors are based on the historical emergence patterns of paid and incurred losses, and are derived from the Company’s own experience and industry data. The paid loss emergence pattern is also significant to excess and assumed workers’ compensation reserves because those reserves are discounted to their estimated present value based upon such estimated payout patterns. Management believes the estimates and assumptions it makes in the reserving process provide the best estimate of the ultimate cost of settling claims and related expenses with respect to insured events which have occurred; however, different assumptions and variables could lead to significantly different reserve estimates.
Loss frequency and severity are measures of loss activity that are considered in determining the key assumptions described in our discussion of loss and loss expense reserves, including expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors affecting loss frequency include the effectiveness of loss controls and safety programs and changes in economic activity or weather patterns. Factors affecting loss severity include changes in policy limits, retentions, rate of inflation and judicial interpretations.
Another factor affecting estimates of loss frequency and severity is the loss reporting lag, which is the period of time between the occurrence of a loss and the date the loss is reported to the Company. The length of the loss reporting lag affects our ability to accurately predict loss frequency (loss frequencies are more predictable for lines with short reporting lags) as well as the amount of reserves needed for incurred but not reported losses (less IBNR is required for lines with short reporting lags). As a result, loss reserves for lines with short reporting lags are likely to have less variation from initial loss estimates. For lines with short reporting lags, which include commercial automobile, primary workers’ compensation, other liability (claims-made) and property business, the key assumption is the loss emergence pattern used to project ultimate loss estimates from known losses paid or reported to date. For lines of business with long reporting lags, which include other liability (occurrence), products liability, excess workers’ compensation and liability reinsurance, the key assumption is the expected loss ratio since there is often little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Historically, the Company has experienced less variation from its initial loss estimates for lines of businesses with short reporting lags than for lines of business with long reporting lags.
The key assumptions used in calculating the most recent estimate of the loss reserves are reviewed each quarter and adjusted, to the extent necessary, to reflect the latest reported loss data, current trends and other factors observed. If the actual level of loss frequency and severity are higher or lower than expected, the ultimate losses will be different than management’s estimate. The following table reflects the impact of changes (which could be favorable or unfavorable) in frequency and severity, relative to our assumptions, on our loss estimate for claims occurring in 2017:2022:
delayed reporting of claim information by ceding companies, the claim settlement tail for assumed reinsurance is also extended. Management considers the impact of delayed reporting and the extended tail in its selection of assumed loss development factors.
Information received from ceding companies is used to set initial expected loss ratios, to establish case reserves and to estimate reserves for incurred but not reported losses on assumed reinsurance business. This information, which is generally provided through reinsurance intermediaries, is gathered through the underwriting process and from periodic claim reports and other correspondence with ceding companies. The Company performs underwriting and claim audits of selected ceding companies to determine the accuracy and completeness of information provided to the Company. The information received from the ceding companies is supplemented by the Company’s own loss development experience with similar lines of business as well as industry loss trends and loss development benchmarks.
Following is a summary of the Company’s reserves for losses and loss expenses by business segment as of December 31, 20172022 and 2016:2021:
Following is a summary of the Company’s net reserves for losses and loss expenses by major line of business as of December 31, 20172022 and 2016:2021:
____________________
| |
(1) | Reserves for excess and assumed workers’ compensation business are net of an aggregate net discount of $591 million and $640 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. |
| |
(2) | Short-tail lines include commercial multi-peril (non-liability), inland marine, accident and health, fidelity and surety, boiler and machinery and other lines. |
(1)Reserves for excess and assumed workers’ compensation business are net of an aggregate net discount of $416 million and $452 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(2)Short-tail lines include commercial multi-peril (non-liability), inland marine, accident and health, fidelity and surety, boiler and machinery and other lines.
(3)Reinsurance & Monoline Excess includes property and casualty reinsurance as well as operations that solely retain risk on an excess basis.
The Company evaluates reserves for losses and loss expenses on a quarterly basis. Changes in estimates of prior year losses are reported when such changes are made. The changes in prior year loss reserve estimates are generally the result of ongoing analysis of recent loss development trends. Original estimates are increased or decreased as additional information becomes known regarding individual claims and aggregate claim trends.
Certain of the Company's insurance and reinsurance contracts are retrospectively rated, whereby the Company collects more or less premiums based on the level of loss activity. For those contracts, changes in loss and loss expenses for prior years may be fully or partially offset by additional or return premiums.
Net prior year development (i.e, the sum of prior year reserve changes and prior year earned premiums changes) for each of the last three years ended December 31, are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 | | |
| Increase in prior year loss reserves | $ | (54,511) | | | $ | (863) | | | $ | (627) | | | |
| Increase in prior year earned premiums | 18,106 | | | 7,510 | | | 16,807 | | | |
| Net (unfavorable) favorable prior year development | $ | (36,405) | | | $ | 6,647 | | | $ | 16,180 | | | |
The COVID-19 global pandemic has impacted, and may further impact, the Company’s results through its effect on claim frequency and severity. Loss cost trends have been impacted and may be further impacted by COVID-19-related claims in certain lines of business. Losses incurred from COVID-19-related claims have been offset, to a certain extent, by lower claim frequency in certain lines of our businesses; however, as the economy and legal systems have reopened, the benefit of lower claim frequency has partially abated. The ultimate net impact of COVID-19 on the Company remains uncertain. New variants of the COVID-19 virus continue to create risks with respect to loss costs and the potential for renewed impact of the other effects of COVID-19 associated with economic conditions, inflation, and social distancing and work from home rules.
Most of the COVID-19-related claims reported to the Company to date involve certain short-tailed lines of business, including contingency and event cancellation, business interruption, and film production delay. The Company has also received COVID-19-related claims for longer-tailed casualty lines of business such as workers’ compensation and other liability; however, the estimated incurred loss impact for these reported claims are not material at this time. Given the continuing uncertainty regarding the pandemic's pervasiveness, the future impact that the pandemic may have on claim frequency and severity remains uncertain at this time.
The Company has estimated the potential COVID-19 impact to its contingency and event cancellation, workers’ compensation, and other lines of business under a number of possible scenarios; however, due to COVID-19’s continued evolving impact, there remains uncertainty around the Company’s COVID-19 reserves. In addition, should the pandemic continue or worsen as a result of new COVID-19 variants or otherwise, governments in the jurisdictions where we operate may impose restrictions, including lockdowns, as well as renew their efforts to expand policy coverage terms beyond the policy’s intended coverage. Accordingly, losses arising from these actions, and the other factors described above, could exceed the Company’s reserves established for those related policies.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had recognized losses for COVID-19-related claims activity, net of reinsurance, of approximately $341 million, of which $290 million relates to the Insurance segment and $51 million relates to the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. Such $341 million of COVID-19-related losses included $337 million of reported losses and $4 million of IBNR. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized current accident year losses for COVID-19-related claims activity, net of reinsurance, of approximately $5 million, of which $3 million relates to the Insurance segment and $2 million relates to the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment.
Unfavorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) was $36 million in 2022.
Insurance – Reserves for the Insurance segment developed unfavorably by $40 million in 2022 (net of additional and return premiums).The unfavorable development in the segment primarily related to COVID-19 losses at two businesses. These businesses wrote policies providing coverage for event cancellation and film production delay which were heavily impacted by losses directly caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.Most of this COVID-19 related unfavorable development emerged during the third quarter as a result of settlements of claims at values higher than our expectations.However, the Company believes that as a result of these settlements the remaining level of uncertainty around the ultimate value of its known COVID-19 claims has been significantly reduced.
The unfavorable development mentioned above also includes favorable prior year development for the Insurance segment primarily attributable to the 2020 and 2021 accident years and unfavorable development on the 2015 through 2019 accident years. The favorable development on the 2020 and 2021 accident years was concentrated in certain casualty lines of business including general liability, professional liability, and workers’ compensation. The Company experienced lower
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Decrease in prior year loss reserves | $ | 5,165 |
| | $ | 29,904 |
| | $ | 46,713 |
|
| Increase in prior year earned premiums | 32,162 |
| | 29,000 |
| | 16,730 |
|
| Net favorable prior year development | $ | 37,327 |
| | $ | 58,904 |
| | $ | 63,443 |
|
The unfavorable development on the 2015 through 2019 accident years was concentrated in the general liability and professional liability, including medical professional, lines of business, as well as commercial auto liability. The development was driven by a larger than expected number of large losses reported. The Company believes social inflation is contributing to an increase in the frequency of large losses for these accident years. Social inflation can include higher settlement demands from plaintiffs, use of tactics such as litigation funding by the plaintiffs’ bar, negative public sentiment towards large businesses and corporations, and erosion of tort reforms, among others.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess – Reserves for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment developed favorably by $4 million in 2022 (net of additional and return premiums). The overall favorable development for the segment was driven mainly by favorable development in excess workers compensation, substantially offset by unfavorable development in the professional liability and non-proportional reinsurance assumed liability lines of business. The favorable excess workers’ compensation development was spread across most prior accident years, including 2012 and prior years, and was driven by a review of the Company’s claim reporting patterns as well as a number of favorable claim settlements relative to expectations. The unfavorable professional liability and non-proportional reinsurance assumed liability development was concentrated mainly in accident years 2016 through 2018 and was associated primarily with our U.S. assumed reinsurance business and related to accounts insuring construction projects and professional liability exposures.
Favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) was $37$7 million in 2017.2021.
Insurance - – Reserves for the Insurance segment developed favorably by $68$20 million in 2017. 2021 (net of additional and return premiums). The overall favorable development in 2021 was attributable to favorable development on the 2020 accident year, partially offset by adverse development on the 2016 through 2019 accident years.
The favorable development on the 2020 accident year was largely concentrated in the commercial auto liability and other liability lines of business, including commercial multi-peril liability. During 2020 the Company achieved larger rate increases in these lines of business than were contemplated in its budget and in its initial loss ratio selections. The Company also experienced significantly lower reported claim frequency in these lines in 2020 relative to historical averages, and lower reported incurred losses relative to its expectations. We believe that the lower claim frequency and lower reported incurred losses were caused by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, for example, lockdowns, reduced driving and traffic, work from home, and court closures. However, due to the uncertainty regarding the ultimate impacts of the pandemic on accident year 2020 incurred losses, the Company elected not to react to these lower reported trends during 2020. As more information became available and the 2020 accident year continued to mature, during 2021 the Company started to recognize favorable accident year 2020 development in response to the continuing favorable reported loss experience relative to its expectations.
The adverse development on the 2016 through 2019 accident years is concentrated largely in the other liability line of business, including commercial multi-peril liability, but is also seen to a lesser extent in commercial auto liability. The adverse development for these accident years is driven by a higher than expected number of large losses reported, and particularly impacted the directors and officers liability, lawyers professional liability, and excess and surplus lines casualty classes of business. We also believe that increased social inflation is contributing to the increased number of large losses, for example, higher jury awards on cases which go to trial, and the corresponding higher demands from plaintiffs and higher values required to reach settlement on cases which do not go to trial.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess – Reserves for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment developed unfavorably by $13 million in 2021. The unfavorable development in the segment was driven by the non-proportional reinsurance assumed liability and other liability lines of business, related primarily attributable to workers' compensation business,accident years 2017 through 2019, and was partially offset by unfavorable development for professional liability business.
For workers' compensation, the favorable development was related to both primary andin excess workers’ compensation business andwhich was spread across many prior accident years, including those prioryears. The unfavorable non-proportional reinsurance assumed liability and other liability development was associated with our U.S. and U.K. assumed reinsurance business, and related primarily to 2008, but was most significant in accident years 2014 through 2016. The favorable workers' compensation development reflects a continuation during 2017 of the generally benign loss cost trends experienced in recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e. number of reported claims per unit of exposure). Reported workers' compensation losses in 2017 continued to be below our expectations at most of our operating units,accounts insuring construction projects and were below the assumptions underlying our previous reserve estimates. The favorable severity trends were also impacted by our continued investment in medical case management services and the higher usage of preferred provider networks. The long term trend of declining workers' compensation frequency can be attributed to improved workplace safety.
For professional liability business, adverse development was primarily related to unexpected large directors & officers ("D&O") liability losses at one of our U.S. operating units, and large professional indemnity and D&O losses in the U.K. The adverse development stemmed mainly from accident years 2013 through 2016 in the U.S. and 2011 through 2016 in the U.K.exposures.
Reinsurance - Reserves for the Reinsurance segment developed unfavorably by $31 million in 2017. This adverse development was due to reserve strengthening associated with claims impacted by the change in the Ogden discount rate in the U.K., as well as adverse development on the U.S. facultative casualty excess of loss business. The Ogden rate is the discount rate used to calculate lump-sum bodily injury payouts in the U.K., and was reduced by the U.K. Ministry of Justice from +2.5% to -0.75% in 2017; the adverse development mostly related to U.K. motor bodily injury claims which we reinsured on an excess of loss basis in accident years 2012 through 2016. The adverse development on U.S. facultative casualty business was due to construction related risks in accident years 2008 and prior.
Favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) was $59$16 million in 2016.2020.
Insurance - Reserves for the Insurance segment developed favorably by $53$24 million in 2016. The2020 (net of additional and return premiums). Continuing the pattern seen in recent years, the overall favorable development was primarily related to workers'in 2020 resulted from more significant favorable development on workers’ compensation business, andwhich was partially offset by unfavorable development for medicalon professional liability, business.including excess professional liability
For workers'workers’ compensation, the favorable development was related to both primary and excess business and to manyspread across almost all prior accident years, including those prior to 2007. During2011, but was most significant in accident years 2016 through 2019. The favorable workers’ compensation development reflects a continuation of the benign loss cost trends experienced during recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e., number of reported workers'claims per unit of exposure). The long term trend of declining workers’ compensation frequency can be attributable to improved workplace safety. Loss severity trends were also aided by our continued investment in claims handling initiatives such as medical case management services and vendor savings through usage of preferred provider networks and pharmacy benefit managers. Reported workers’ compensation losses in 2020 continued to be below our expectations at most of our operating units. Loss frequencybusinesses, and severity trends continued to be better thanwere below the assumptions underlying our initial loss ratio picks and our previous reserve estimates. Loss severity trends also benefited from our continued investment in medical case management services and from our preferred provider networks. The long term trend of declining workers' compensation frequency can be attributed to improved workplace safety.estimates for most prior accident years.
For medical professional liability business, unfavorable development was primarily related to a classdriven mainly by large losses reported in the directors and officers (“D&O”), lawyers professional and excess hospital professional liability lines of business. For these lines of business, we continue to see an increase in the number of large losses reported and a lengthening of the reporting “tail” beyond historical levels. We believe a contributing cause is rising social inflation in the form of, for example, higher jury awards on cases that has been discontinued.go to trial, and the corresponding higher demands from plaintiffs and higher values required to reach settlement on cases that do not go to trial. The adverseunfavorable development for that business stemmedprofessional liability affected mainly from accident years 20102016 through 2015.2018.
Reinsurance - & Monoline Excess – Reserves for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment developed favorablyunfavorably by $6$8 million in 2016.2020. The favorableunfavorable development in the segment was primarily related to direct facultative reinsurance business and to accident years 2008 through 2014.
Favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) was $63 million in 2015.
Insurance - Reserves for the Insurance segment developed favorablydriven by $52 million in 2015. The favorable development was primarily related to workers' compensation, othernon-proportional assumed liability business written in both the U.S. and commercial property,U.K., and was partially offset by unfavorable development for commercial automobile liability business and professional indemnity business.
For workers' compensation, the favorable development was related to both primary andon excess business and to many accident years, including those prior to 2007. In 2015, reported workers'workers’ compensation losses were below our expectations for many of our operating units. In addition, overall loss frequency and severity trends emerged better than the assumptions underlying our previous reserve estimates.business. The long term trend of declining workers' compensation claim frequency continued in 2015. The improvement is attributable to better workplace safety and to benign medical severity trends as we continue to invest in medical case management services and higher usage of preferred provider networks.
For otherunfavorable non-proportional assumed liability business, favorable development was concentrated in accident years 20072014 through 2013. The favorable development was2018, and related primarily related to our excessaccounts insuring construction projects and surplus lines casualty business that has benefited from a persistent improvement in claim frequency trends over the past several years.professional liability exposures.
For commercial property business, favorable development was attributable to accident years 2012 through 2014 and was driven by favorable frequency and severity trends on property business written in Lloyd's.
For commercial automobile business, adverse development was primarily related to large losses for long-haul trucking business and to accident years 2011 through 2014. The higher loss cost trends for the commercial automobile industry are attributable, in part, to the increase in miles driven as the economy improved and fuel prices declined over the past several years.
For professional indemnity business in the U.K., adverse development was primarily for accident years 2006 through 2013.
Reinsurance - Reserves for the Reinsurance segment developed favorably by $11 million in 2015. The favorable development was primarily related to direct facultative reinsurance business and to accident years 2005 through 2013. Loss reserves developed favorably for umbrella business and for other liability coverage for contractors.
Reserve Discount. The Company discounts its liabilities for certain workers’ compensation reserves. The amount of workers’ compensation reserves that were discounted was $1,855$1,267 million and $1,907$1,387 million at December 31, 20172022 and December 31, 2016,2021, respectively. The aggregate net discount for those reserves, after reflecting the effects of ceded reinsurance, was $591$416 million and $640$452 million at December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, respectively. At December 31, 2017,2022, discount rates by year ranged from 2.0%0.7% to 6.5%, with a weighted average discount rate of 3.8%3.4%.
Substantially all discounted workers’ compensation reserves (97% of total discounted reserves at December 31, 2017)2022) are excess workers’ compensation reserves. In order to properly match loss expenses with income earned on investment securities supporting the liabilities, reserves for excess workers’ compensation business are discounted using risk-free discount rates determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve. These rates are determined annually based on the weighted average rate for the period. Once established, no adjustments are made to the discount rate for that period, and any increases or decreases in loss reserves in subsequent years are discounted at the same rate, without regard to when any such adjustments are recognized. The expected loss and loss expense payout patterns subject to discounting are derived from the Company’s loss payout experience.
The Company also discounts reserves for certain other long-duration workers’ compensation reserves (representing approximately 3% of total discounted reserves at December 31, 2017)2022), including reserves for quota share reinsurance and reserves related to losses regarding occupational lung disease. These reserves are discounted at statutory rates prescribed or permitted by the Department of Insurance of the State of Delaware.
Assumed Reinsurance Premiums. The Company estimates the amount of assumed reinsurance premiums that it will receive under treaty reinsurance agreements at the inception of the contracts. These premium estimates are revised as the actual amount of assumed premiums is reported to the Company by the ceding companies. As estimates of assumed premiums are made or revised, the related amount of earned premiums, commissions and incurred losses associated with those premiums are recorded. Estimated assumed premiums receivable were approximately $56 million and $68$60 million at both December 31, 20172022 and 2016, respectively.2021. The assumed premium estimates are based upon terms set forth in reinsurance agreements, information received from ceding companies during the underwriting and negotiation of agreements, reports received from ceding companies and discussions and correspondence with reinsurance intermediaries. The Company also considers its own view of market conditions, economic trends and experience with similar lines of business. These premium estimates represent management’s best estimate of the ultimate amount of premiums to be received under its assumed reinsurance agreements.
Other-Than-Temporary Impairments (OTTI) of
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses on Investments. The cost of
Fixed Maturity Securities – For fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position where the Company intends to sell, or it is adjusted where appropriatemore likely than not that it will be required to include a provision for declinesell the security before recovery in value, whichthe amortized cost basis is consideredwritten down to be other-than-temporary. An other-than-temporary decline is considered to occur in investments where there has been a sustained reduction in fair value andthrough net investment gains (losses). For fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position where the Company does not expectintend to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell the security before recovery in value, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value to recover prior to the time of salehas resulted from credit losses or maturity. Since equity securities do not have a contractual cash flow or maturity,all other factors (non-credit factors). In making this assessment, the Company considers whether the price of an equity securityextent to which fair value is expectedless than amortized cost, changes to recover within a reasonable period of time.
The Company classifies its fixed maturity securities and preferred stocks by creditthe rating primarily based on ratings assigned by credit rating agencies. For purposes of classifying securities with different ratings, the Company uses the average of the credit ratings assigned, unless in limited situations the Company's own analysis indicates an internal rating is more appropriate. Securities that are not ratedsecurity by a rating agency, are evaluated and classified byadverse conditions specifically related to the Company onsecurity, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a case-by-case basis.
Fixed Maturity Securities – For securities that we intend to sell or, more likely than not, would be required to sell, a decline incredit loss exists, the present value below amortized cost is consideredof cash flows expected to be OTTI. The amount of OTTI is equalcollected from the security are compared to the difference between amortized cost and fair value at the balance sheet date. For securities that we do not intend to sell or expect to be required to sell, a decline in value below amortized cost is considered to be an OTTI if we do not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of a security (i.e.,the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, ofan allowance for expected credit losses is recorded for the security).
The portion of the decline in value considered to be a credit loss (i.e.through net investment gains (losses), limited by the difference betweenamount that the presentfair value of cash flows expected to be collected andis less than the amortized cost basis ofbasis. Effective January 1, 2020, the security)allowance is recognizedadjusted for any change in earnings.expected credit losses and subsequent recoveries through net investment gains (losses). The portion of the decline in value not consideredimpairment related to be a credit loss (i.e., the difference in the present value of cash flows expected to be collected and the fair value of the security)non-credit factors is recognized in other comprehensive income.income (loss).
Impairment assessments The Company’s credit assessment of allowance for structuredexpected credit losses uses a third party model for available for sale and held to maturity securities, including mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations and corporate debt, areas well as loans receivable. The allowance for expected credit losses is generally evaluated based on the performance of the underlying collateral under various economic and default scenarios that may involve subjective judgments and estimates by management. Modeling these securities involves various factors, such as projected default rates, the nature and realizable value of the collateral, if any, the ability of the issuer to make scheduled payments, historical performance and other relevant economic and performance factors. If an OTTI determination is made, aA discounted cash flow analysis is used to ascertain the amount of the allowance for expected credit impairment.losses, if any. In general, the model reverts to the rating-level long-term average marginal default rates based on 10 years of historical data, beyond the forecast period. For other inputs, the model in most cases reverts to the baseline long-term assumptions linearly over 5 years beyond the forecast period. The long-term assumptions are based on the historical averages.
The following table provides a summary ofCompany classifies its fixed maturity securities by credit rating, primarily based on ratings assigned by credit rating agencies. For purposes of classifying securities with different ratings, the Company uses the average of the credit ratings assigned, unless in limited situations the Company’s own analysis indicates an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2017:
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | Number of Securities | | Aggregate Fair Value | | Unrealized Loss |
| Unrealized loss less than 20% of amortized cost | 789 |
| | $ | 4,939,452 |
| | $ | 60,118 |
|
| Unrealized loss of 20% or greater of amortized cost: | | | | | |
| Twelve months and longer | 3 |
| | 177 |
| | 111 |
|
| Total | 792 |
| | $ | 4,939,629 |
| | $ | 60,229 |
|
A summary of the Company’s non-investment grade fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 20172022 is presented in the table below.
| | | ($ in thousands) | Number of Securities | | Aggregate Fair Value | | Unrealized Loss | ($ in thousands) | Number of
Securities | | Aggregate
Fair Value | | Unrealized
Loss |
| Foreign government | 11 |
| | $ | 96,741 |
| | $ | 1,197 |
| Foreign government | 36 | | | $ | 119,332 | | | $ | 73,900 | |
| Corporate | 7 |
| | 54,590 |
| | 2,725 |
| Corporate | 10 | | | 39,347 | | | 4,649 | |
| State and municipal | | State and municipal | 1 | | | 12,247 | | | 2,756 | |
| Mortgage-backed securities | 6 |
| | 5,368 |
| | 138 |
| Mortgage-backed securities | 14 | | | 4,464 | | | 269 | |
| State and municipal | 1 |
| | 3,662 |
| | 1 |
| |
| Asset-backed securities | 3 |
| | 441 |
| | 116 |
| Asset-backed securities | 1 | | | 16 | | | 10 | |
| Total | 28 |
| | $ | 160,802 |
| | $ | 4,177 |
| Total | 62 | | | $ | 175,406 | | | $ | 81,584 | |
As of December 31, 2022, the Company has recorded an allowance for expected credit losses on fixed maturity securities of $37 million. The Company has evaluated itsthe remaining fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position and believes the unrealized loss islosses are due primarily to temporary market and sector-related factors rather than to issuer-specific factors. None of these securities are delinquent or in default under financial covenants. Based on its assessment of these issuers, the Company expects them to continue to meet their contractual payment obligations as they become due and does not consider any of these securities to be OTTI.due.
Loans Receivable – For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no OTTI for fixed maturity securities recognized in earnings.
Preferred Stocks – At December 31, 2017, there was one preferred stock in an unrealized loss position, with an aggregate fair value of $23.1 million and a gross unrealized loss of $2.6 million. The preferred stock is rated investment grade. Management believes the unrealized loss is due primarily to market and sector related factors and does not consider it to be OTTI. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no OTTI for preferred stocks.
Common Stocks – At December 31, 2017, there were three common stocks in an unrealized loss position with an aggregate fair value of $18.6 million and a gross unrealized loss of $2.0 million. Based on management's view of these securities,loans receivable, the Company does not considerestimates an allowance for expected credit losses based on relevant information about past events, including historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts that affect the common stocksexpected collectability of the amortized cost of the financial asset. The allowance for expected credit losses is presented as a reduction to be OTTI. Foramortized cost of the year ended December 31, 2017, there were no OTTIfinancial asset in the consolidated balance sheet and changes to the estimate for common stocks. OTTI for common stocks for the year ended December 31, 2016 were $18.1 million.
Loans Receivable – The Company monitors the performance of its loans receivable, including current market conditions for each loan and the ability to collect principal and interest. For loans where the Company determines it is probable that the contractual terms will not be met, an analysis is performed and a valuation reserve is established, if necessary, with a charge to earnings.expected credit losses are recognized through net investment gains (losses). Loans receivable are reported net of a valuation reservean allowance for expected credit losses of $3$2 million foras of both December 31, 20172022 and 2016.2021.
The Company monitors the performance of its loans receivable and assesses the ability of each borrower to pay principal and interest based upon loan structure, underlying property values, cash flow and related financial and operating performance of the property and market conditions. Loans receivable with a potential for default are further assessed using discounted cash flow analysis and comparable cost and sales methodologies, if appropriate.
Fair Value Measurements.The Company’s fixed maturity and equity securities available for sale securities, equity securities, and its trading account securities are carried at fair value. Fair value is defined as "the price that would be received to sell an asset or
paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date". The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for similar assets in active markets. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs may only be used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available. The fair value of the vast majority of the Company’s portfolio is based on observable data (other than quoted prices) and, accordingly, is classified as Level 2.
In classifying particular financial securities in the fair value hierarchy, the Company uses its judgment to determine whether the market for a security is active and whether significant pricing inputs are observable. The Company determines the existence of an active market by assessing whether transactions occur with sufficient frequency and volume to provide reliable pricing information. The Company determines whether inputs are observable based on the use of such information by pricing services and external investment managers, the uninterrupted availability of such inputs, the need to make significant adjustments to such inputs and the volatility of such inputs over time. If the market for a security is determined to be inactive or if significant inputs used to price a security are determined to be unobservable, the security is categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
Because many fixed maturity securities do not trade on a daily basis, the Company utilizes pricing models and processes which may include benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings and matrix pricing. Market inputs used to evaluate securities include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data. Quoted prices are often unavailable for recently issued securities that are infrequently traded or securities that are only traded in private transactions. For publicly traded securities for which quoted prices are unavailable, the Company determines fair value based on independent broker quotations and other observable market data. For securities traded only in private negotiations, the Company determines fair value based primarily on the cost of such securities, which is adjusted to reflect prices of recent placements of securities of the same issuer, financial data, projections and business developments of the issuer and other relevant information.
The following is a summary of pricing sources for the Company's fixed maturity securities available for sale as of December 31, 2017:2022:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | Carrying
Value | | Percent
of Total |
| Pricing source: | | | |
| Independent pricing services | $ | 17,025,723 | | | 97.1 | % |
| Syndicate manager | 62,966 | | | 0.4 | |
| Directly by the Company based on: | | | |
| Observable data | 447,364 | | | 2.5 | |
| | | |
| Total | $ | 17,536,053 | | | 100.0 | % |
|
| | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | Carrying Value | | Percent of Total |
| Pricing source: | | | |
| Independent pricing services | $ | 13,335,030 |
| | 99.0 | % |
| Syndicate manager | 40,255 |
| | 0.3 |
|
| Directly by the Company based on: | | | |
| Observable data | 96,461 |
| | 0.7 |
|
| Cash flow model | 172 |
| | — |
|
| Total | $ | 13,471,918 |
| | 100.0 | % |
Independent pricing services - Substantially all of the Company’s fixed maturity securities available for sale were priced by independent pricing services (generally one U.S. pricing service plus additional pricing services with respect to a limited number of foreign securities held by the Company). The prices provided by the independent pricing services are generally based on observable market data in active markets (e.g., broker quotes and prices observed for comparable securities). The determination of whether markets are active or inactive is based upon the volume and level of activity for a particular asset class. The Company reviews the prices provided by pricing services for reasonableness based upon current trading levels for similar securities. If the prices appear unusual to the Company, they are re-examined and the value is either confirmed or revised. In addition, the Company periodically performs independent price tests of a sample of securities to ensure proper
valuation and to verify our understanding of how securities are priced. As of December 31, 2017,2022, the Company did not make any adjustments to the prices provided by the pricing services. Based upon the Company’s review of the methodologies used by the independent pricing services, these securities were classified as Level 2.
Syndicate manager – The Company has a 15% participation in a Lloyd’s syndicate, and the Company’s share of the securities owned by the syndicate is priced by the syndicate’s manager. The majority of the securities are liquid, short duration fixed maturity securities. The Company reviews the syndicate manager’s pricing methodology and audited financial statements and holds discussions with the syndicate manager as necessary to confirm its understanding and agreement with security prices. Based upon the Company’s review of the methodologies used by the syndicate manager, these securities were classified as Level 2.
Observable data – If independent pricing is not available, the Company prices the securities directly. Prices are based on observable market data where available, including current trading levels for similar securities and non-binding quotations from brokers. The Company generally requests two or more quotes. If more than one quote is received, the Company sets a price within the range of quotes received based on its assessment of the credibility of the quote and its own evaluation of the security. The Company generally does not adjust quotes obtained from brokers. Since these securities were priced based on observable data, they were classified as Level 2.
Cash flow model – If the above methodologies are not available, the Company prices securities using a discounted cash flow model based upon assumptions as to prevailing credit spreads, interest rates and interest rate volatility, time to maturity and subordination levels. Discount rates are adjusted to reflect illiquidity where appropriate. These securities were classified as Level 3.
Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 20172022 and 20162021
Business Segment Results
Following is a summary of gross and net premiums written, net premiums earned, loss ratios (losses and loss expenses incurred expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned), expense ratios (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned) and GAAP combined ratios (sum of loss ratio and expense ratio) for each of our business segments for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. The GAAP combined ratio represents a measure of underwriting profitability, excluding investment income. A GAAP combined ratio in excess of 100 indicates an underwriting loss; a number below 100 indicates an underwriting profit.
|
| | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Insurance | | | |
| Gross premiums written | $ | 6,869,831 |
| | $ | 6,795,506 |
|
| Net premiums written | 5,715,871 |
| | 5,743,620 |
|
| Net premiums earned | 5,706,443 |
| | 5,618,842 |
|
| Loss ratio | 61.6 | % | | 61.0 | % |
| Expense ratio | 32.9 |
| | 32.5 |
|
| GAAP combined ratio | 94.5 |
| | 93.5 |
|
| Reinsurance | | | |
| Gross premiums written | $ | 607,132 |
| | $ | 748,195 |
|
| Net premiums written | 544,637 |
| | 680,293 |
|
| Net premiums earned | 604,976 |
| | 674,506 |
|
| Loss ratio | 80.2 | % | | 61.6 | % |
| Expense ratio | 37.4 |
| | 39.0 |
|
| GAAP combined ratio | 117.6 |
| | 100.6 |
|
| Consolidated | | | |
| Gross premiums written | $ | 7,476,963 |
| | $ | 7,543,701 |
|
| Net premiums written | 6,260,508 |
| | 6,423,913 |
|
| Net premiums earned | 6,311,419 |
| | 6,293,348 |
|
| Loss ratio | 63.4 | % | | 61.1 | % |
| Expense ratio | 33.3 |
| | 33.2 |
|
| GAAP combined ratio | 96.7 |
| | 94.3 |
|
Net Income to Common Stockholders. The following table presents the Company’s net income to common stockholders and net income per diluted share for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
|
| | | | | | | |
| (In thousands, except per share data) | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Net income to common stockholders | $ | 549,094 |
| | $ | 601,916 |
|
| Weighted average diluted shares | 129,018 |
| | 128,553 |
|
| Net income per diluted share | $ | 4.26 |
| | $ | 4.68 |
|
The Company reported net income of $549 million in 2017 compared to $602 million in 2016. The 9% decrease in net income was primarily due to a decrease in after-tax underwriting income of $98 million (mainly driven by increased catastrophe losses from hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria, two earthquakes in Mexico, and wildfires in California), an after-tax increase of $18 million in net foreign currency losses, an after-tax decrease in income from non-insurance businesses of $9 million, an increase in after-tax interest expense of $4 million, and an increase in after-tax other expenses of $7 million, partially offset by an increase in after-tax net investment gains of $45 million, a net benefit from tax reform of $21 million, an increase in after-tax net investment income of $8 million, an after-tax increase of $3 million in service fee income and an increase in income from other various sources of $6 million. The number of weighted average diluted shares remained relatively unchanged for 2017 and 2016.
Premiums. Gross premiums written were $7,477 million in 2017, a decrease of 1% from $7,544 million in 2016. The decrease was due to a decrease in the Reinsurance segment of $141 million, partially offset by an increase in the Insurance segment of $74 million. Approximately 79% of policies expiring in 2017 were renewed and 77% of policies expiring in 2016 were renewed.
Average renewal premium rates (adjusted for change in exposures) increased 0.9% in 2017, 0.3% in 2016 and 1.2% in 2015. However, overall loss costs are also increasing, and current market price levels for certain lines of business remain below the prices required for the Company to achieve its long-term return objectives.
A summary of gross premiums written in 2017 compared with 2016 by line of business within each business segment follows:
Insurance gross premiums increased 1% to $6,870 million in 2017 from $6,796 million in 2016. Gross premiums increased $38 million (6%) for commercial auto, $37 million (5%) for professional liability, $6 million (less than 1%) for short-tail lines and $6 million (less than 1%) for other liability, partially offset by a decrease of $13 million (1%) for workers' compensation.
Reinsurance gross premiums decreased 19% to $607 million in 2017 from $748 million in 2016. Gross premiums written decreased $108 million (35%) for property lines and decreased $33 million (7%) for casualty lines.
Net premiums written were $6,261 million in 2017, a decrease of 3% from $6,424 million in 2016. Ceded reinsurance premiums as a percentage of gross written premiums were 16% in 2017 and 15% in 2016.
Premiums earned increased less than 1% to $6,311 million in 2017 from $6,293 million in 2016. Insurance premiums (including the impact of rate changes) are generally earned evenly over the policy term, and accordingly recent rate increases will be earned over the upcoming quarters. Premiums earned in 2017 are related to business written during both 2017 and 2016. Audit premiums were $172 million in 2017 compared with $156 million in 2016.
Net Investment Income. Following is a summary of net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Amount | | Average Annualized Yield |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable | $ | 473,101 |
| | $ | 444,247 |
| | 3.3 | % | | 3.2 | % |
| Investment funds | 68,169 |
| | 99,301 |
| | 5.7 |
| | 8.1 |
|
| Real estate | 19,975 |
| | 7,054 |
| | 1.5 |
| | 0.7 |
|
| Arbitrage trading account | 19,145 |
| | 18,693 |
| | 3.6 |
| | 4.8 |
|
| Equity securities available for sale | 2,350 |
| | 4,028 |
| | 1.1 |
| | 2.1 |
|
| Gross investment income | 582,740 |
| | 573,323 |
| | 3.3 |
| | 3.4 |
|
| Investment expenses | (6,952 | ) | | (9,160 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Total | $ | 575,788 |
| | $ | 564,163 |
| | 3.3 | % | | 3.4 | % |
Net investment income increased 2% to $576 million in 2017 from $564 million in 2016 primarily due to an increase in income from fixed maturity securities of $29 million, as well as real estate of $13 million and a decrease in investment expenses of $2 million, partially offset by a decrease in investment funds of $31 million. Investment funds are reported on a one quarter lag. The average annualized yield for fixed maturity securities was 3.3% in 2017 and 3.2% in 2016; accordingly the increase in fixed maturity securities income was mainly the result of a larger investment portfolio. The effective duration of the fixed maturity portfolio was 3.0 years at December 31, 2017, down from 3.1 years at December 31, 2016. Average invested assets, at cost (including cash and cash equivalents), were $17.5 billion in 2017 and $16.7 billion in 2016.
Insurance Service Fees. The Company earns fees from an insurance distribution business, a third-party administrator, and as a servicing carrier of workers' compensation assigned risk plans for certain states. Insurance service fees were $135 million in 2017 and $139 million in 2016.
Net Realized Gains on Investment Sales. The Company buys and sells securities and other investment assets on a regular basis in order to maximize its total return on investments. Decisions to sell securities and other investment assets are based on management’s view of the underlying fundamentals of specific investments as well as management’s expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads, currency values and general economic conditions. Net realized gains on investment sales were $336 million in 2017 compared with $285 million in 2016. In 2017, realized gains were primarily related to the sale of an investment in an office building located in Washington, D.C. and the sale of some shares of a publicly traded common stock. In 2016, realized gains were primarily related to the sale of Aero Precision Industries and the sale of some shares of a publicly traded common stock.
Other-Than-Temporary Impairments. The cost of securities is adjusted where appropriate to include a provision for a decline in value that is considered to be other-than-temporary. There were no other-than-temporary impairments in 2017 as compared to $18 million in 2016 primarily related to common stocks.
Revenues from Non-Insurance Businesses. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were derived from businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions, and aviation-related businesses that provide services to aviation markets, including (i) the distribution, manufacturing, repair and overhaul of aircraft parts and components, (ii) the sale of new and used aircraft, and (iii) avionics, fuel, maintenance, storage and charter services. Revenues from non-insurance businesses decreased to $326 million in 2017 from $390 million in 2016, primarily due to the sale of Aero Precision Industries in August 2016, partially offset by revenues from the textile business purchased in March 2017.
Losses and Loss Expenses. Losses and loss expenses increased to $4,002 million in 2017 from $3,846 million in 2016. The consolidated loss ratio was 63.4% in 2017 and 61.1% in 2016. Catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance recoveries and reinstatement premiums, were $184 million in 2017 compared with $105 million in 2016, an increase of 1.2 loss ratio points. Favorable prior year reserve development (net of premium offsets) was $37 million in 2017 compared with $59 million in 2016, a difference of 0.3 loss ratio points (see "- Critical Accounting Estimates - Reserves for Losses and Loss Expenses"). The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development increased 0.8 points to 61.1% in 2017 from 60.3% in 2016.
A summary of loss ratios in 2017 compared with 2016 by business segment follows:
Insurance - The loss ratio of 61.6% in 2017 was 0.6 points higher than the loss ratio of 61.0% in 2016. Catastrophe losses were $107 million in 2017 compared with $89 million in 2016, an increase of 0.4 loss ratio points. Favorable prior year reserve development was $68 million in 2017 compared with $53 million in 2016, a decrease of 0.3 loss ratio points. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development increased 0.5 points to 60.9% in 2017 from 60.4% in 2016.
Reinsurance - The loss ratio of 80.2% in 2017 was 18.6 points higher than the loss ratio of 61.6% in 2016. Catastrophe losses were $77 million in 2017 compared with $16 million in 2016, an increase of 10.3 loss ratio points. Adverse prior year reserve development was $31 million in 2017 compared with favorable prior year reserve development of $6 million in 2016, a difference of 6.0 loss ratio points. Adverse prior year development in 2017 was largely due to the impact of the change in Ogden discount rate in the U.K. and adverse development related to the U.S. facultative excess of loss business. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development increased 2.3 points to 62.3% in 2017 from 60.0% in 2016.
Other Operating Costs and Expenses. Following is a summary of other operating costs and expenses: |
| | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses | $ | 2,101,024 |
| | $ | 2,089,203 |
|
| Insurance service expenses | 129,776 |
| | 138,908 |
|
| Net foreign currency losses (gains) | 15,267 |
| | (11,904 | ) |
| Other costs and expenses | 190,865 |
| | 179,412 |
|
| Total | $ | 2,436,932 |
| | $ | 2,395,619 |
|
Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses are comprised of commissions paid to agents and brokers, premium taxes and other assessments and internal underwriting costs. Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses increased less than 1% compared with the increase in net premiums earned of less than 1%. The expense ratio (policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses expressed as a percentage of premiums earned) was 33.3% in 2017 and 33.2% in 2016.
Insurance service expenses, which represent the costs associated with the fee-based businesses, decreased 7% to $130 million from $139 million in 2016.
Net foreign currency (gains) losses result from transactions denominated in a currency other than an operating unit’s functional currency. Net foreign currency losses were $15 million in 2017 compared to gains of $12 million in 2016.
Other costs and expenses represent general and administrative expenses of the parent company and other expenses not allocated to business segments, including the cost of certain long-term incentive plans and new business ventures. Other costs and expenses increased to $191 million in 2017 from $179 million in 2016 primarily because of startup costs for new business ventures.
Expenses from Non-Insurance Businesses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses represent costs associated with businesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions, and aviation-related businesses that include (i) cost of goods sold related to aircraft and products sold and services provided, and (ii) general and administrative expenses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses were $325 million in 2017 compared to $375 million in 2016. The decline mainly relates to the sale of Aero Precision Industries in August 2016, partially offset by expenses from the textile business purchased in March 2017.
Interest Expense. Interest expense was $147 million in 2017 compared with $141 million in 2016. During 2016, the Company repaid $83 million of debt mainly in connection with the sale of Aero Precision Industries. In February 2016, the company issued $110 million of 5.9% subordinated debentures maturing in 2056, and in May 2016, the Company issued $290 million of 5.75% subordinated debentures maturing in 2056. During 2017, one of the Company's non-insurance subsidiaries issued $7 million of debt.
Income Taxes. The effective income tax rate was 28% in 2017 compared to 33% in 2016. The lower tax rate in 2017 was due, in part, to tax reform (the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017) as well as the new requirement under U.S. GAAP in 2017 to recognize tax benefits for stock compensation in income tax expense. The effective income tax rate differs from the federal income tax rate of 35% primarily because of tax-exempt investment income and previously mentioned additional 2017 tax impacts.
Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2016 and 2015
Business Segment Results
Following is a summary of gross and net premiums written, net premiums earned, loss ratios (losses and loss expenses incurred expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned), expense ratios (underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned) and GAAP combined ratios (sum of loss ratio and expense ratio) for each of our business segments for the years ended December 31, 20162022 and 2015.2021. The GAAP combined ratio represents a measure of underwriting profitability, excluding investment income. A GAAP combined ratio in excess of 100 indicates an underwriting loss; a number below 100 indicates an underwriting profit.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Insurance | | | |
| Gross premiums written | $ | 10,583,785 | | | $ | 9,471,667 | |
| Net premiums written | 8,784,146 | | | 7,743,814 | |
| Net premiums earned | 8,369,062 | | | 7,077,708 | |
| Loss ratio | 61.3 | % | | 61.1 | % |
| Expense ratio | 27.9 | | | 28.3 | |
| GAAP combined ratio | 89.2 | | | 89.4 | |
| Reinsurance & Monoline Excess | | | |
| Gross premiums written | $ | 1,325,267 | | | $ | 1,228,467 | |
| Net premiums written | 1,219,924 | | | 1,119,053 | |
| Net premiums earned | 1,192,367 | | | 1,028,323 | |
| Loss ratio | 61.3 | % | | 61.0 | % |
| Expense ratio | 28.4 | | | 29.7 | |
| GAAP combined ratio | 89.7 | | | 90.7 | |
| Consolidated | | | |
| Gross premiums written | $ | 11,909,052 | | | $ | 10,700,134 | |
| Net premiums written | 10,004,070 | | | 8,862,867 | |
| Net premiums earned | 9,561,429 | | | 8,106,031 | |
| Loss ratio | 61.3 | % | | 61.1 | % |
| Expense ratio | 28.0 | | | 28.5 | |
| GAAP combined ratio | 89.3 | | | 89.6 | |
|
| | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Insurance | | | |
| Gross premiums written | $ | 6,795,506 |
| | $ | 6,565,148 |
|
| Net premiums written | 5,743,620 |
| | 5,555,437 |
|
| Net premiums earned | 5,618,842 |
| | 5,393,166 |
|
| Loss ratio | 61.0 | % | | 60.8 | % |
| Expense ratio | 32.5 |
| | 32.6 |
|
| GAAP combined ratio | 93.5 |
| | 93.4 |
|
| Reinsurance | | | |
| Gross premiums written | $ | 748,195 |
| | $ | 684,845 |
|
| Net premiums written | 680,293 |
| | 634,078 |
|
| Net premiums earned | 674,506 |
| | 647,443 |
|
| Loss ratio | 61.6 | % | | 58.2 | % |
| Expense ratio | 39.0 |
| | 38.4 |
|
| GAAP combined ratio | 100.6 |
| | 96.6 |
|
| Consolidated | | | |
| Gross premiums written | $ | 7,543,701 |
| | $ | 7,249,993 |
|
| Net premiums written | 6,423,913 |
| | 6,189,515 |
|
| Net premiums earned | 6,293,348 |
| | 6,040,609 |
|
| Loss ratio | 61.1 | % | | 60.5 | % |
| Expense ratio | 33.2 |
| | 33.2 |
|
| GAAP combined ratio | 94.3 |
| | 93.7 |
|
Net Income to Common Stockholders. The following table presents the Company’s net income to common stockholders and net income per diluted share for the years ended December 31, 20162022 and 2015.2021.
| | | (In thousands, except per share data) | 2016 | | 2015 | (In thousands, except per share data) | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Net income to common stockholders | $ | 601,916 |
| | $ | 503,694 |
| Net income to common stockholders | $ | 1,381,062 | | | $ | 1,022,490 | |
| Weighted average diluted shares | 128,553 |
| | 130,189 |
| Weighted average diluted shares | 279,461 | | | 279,749 | |
| Net income per diluted share | $ | 4.68 |
| | $ | 3.87 |
| Net income per diluted share | $ | 4.94 | | | $ | 3.66 | |
The Company reported net income of $602$1,381 million in 20162022 compared to $504$1,022 million in 2015.2021. The 20%$359 million increase in net income was primarily due to increasesan after-tax increase in underwriting income of $145 million mainly due to the growth in premium rates and exposure as well as reductions in expense ratio driven by net earned premium growth outpacing expense growth, an after-tax increase in net investment gains of $114$90 million primarily due to the sale of a real estate investment in London as well as change in market value of equity securities, an after-tax increase in net investment income of $34$87 million primarily due to rising interest rates and a larger investment portfolio related to fixed maturity securities, an after-tax increase in foreign currency gains of $8$20 million, an after-tax reduction in interest expenses of $14 million due to debt repayment and refinancings, an after-tax reduction on debt extinguishment expense of $9 million for debt redeemed in 2021, an after-tax increase in profit from insurance service businesses of $5 million, an after-tax increase of $5 million in minority interest and a reduction of $2 million in tax expense due to a change in the effective tax rate, partially offset by aan after-tax increase in corporate expenses of $17 million mainly due to performance-based compensation costs and an after-tax decrease in after-tax underwriting income of $13 million, an increase in after-tax interest expense of $7 million, a decrease in after-tax incomeprofits from non-insurance businesses of $6 million, a decrease in after-tax service fee income of $8 million and an an increase in after-tax other expenses of $24$1 million. The number of weighted average diluted shares decreased as a result of the Company’s repurchases of its common stockby 0.3 million for 2022 compared to 2021 mainly reflecting shares repurchased in 20162021 and 2015.2022.
Premiums. Gross premiums written were $7,544$11,909 million in 2016,2022, an increase of 4%11% from $7,250$10,700 million in 2015.2021. The growthincrease was due to a combinationthe growth in the Insurance segment of increased exposures$1,112 million and higher rates.$97 million in the Reinsurance & Monoline
Excess segment. Approximately 77%82% of policiespremiums expiring in 2016 were renewed the same renewal retention rate as for policies expiring in 2015.both 2022 and 2021.
Average renewal premium rates (adjusted for changeinsurance and facultative reinsurance increased 6.4% in exposures)2022 and 9.1% in 2021, when adjusted for changes in exposures. Average renewal premium rates for insurance and facultative reinsurance excluding workers' compensation increased 3.4%7.5% in 2014, 1.2%2022 and 10.4% in 2015 and 0.3%2021, when adjusted for changes in 2016. However, overall loss costs are also increasing, and current market price levels for certain lines of business remain below the prices required for the Company to achieve its long-term return objectives.
exposures.
A summary of gross premiums written in 20162022 compared with 20152021 by line of business within each business segment follows:
•Insurance gross premiums increased 4%12% to $6,796$10,584 million in 20162022 from $6,565$9,472 million in 2015.2021. Gross premiums increased $198$539 million (10%(16%) for other liability, $58$354 million (9%(17%) for professional liability and $32short-tail lines, $143 million (2%(12%) for commercial auto, $70 million (6%) for workers' compensation partially offset by decreases of $30and $6 million (4%(0.4%) for commercial auto and $27 million (2%) for short-tail lines.professional liability.
•Reinsurance & Monoline Excess gross premiums increased 9%8% to $748$1,325 million in 20162022 from $685$1,228 million in 2015.2021. Gross premiums written decreased $7increased $58 million (2%(8%) for casualty lines, and increased $70$28 million (29%(12%) for property lines.lines and $11 million (5%) for monoline excess.
Net premiums written were $6,424$10,004 million in 2016,2022, an increase of 4%13% from $6,190$8,863 million in 2015.2021. Ceded reinsurance premiums as a percentage of gross written premiums were 15%16% in both 20162022 and 2015.17% in 2021.
Premiums earned increased 4%18% to $6,293$9,561 million in 20162022 from $6,041$8,106 million in 2015.2021. Insurance premiums (including the impact of rate changes) are generally earned evenly over the policy term, and accordingly recent rate increases will be earned over the upcoming quarters. Premiums earned in 20162022 are related to business written during both 20162022 and 2015.2021. Audit premiums were $156$312 million in 20162022 compared with $153$195 million in 2015.2021.
Net Investment Income. Following is a summary of net investment income for the years ended December 31, 20162022 and 2015:2021:
| | | | Amount | | Average Annualized Yield | | Amount | | Average Annualized
Yield |
| (In thousands) | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2016 | | 2015 | (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable | $ | 444,247 |
| | $ | 428,325 |
| | 3.2 | % | | 3.2 | % | Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable | $ | 549,281 | | | $ | 382,001 | | | 2.9 | % | | 2.2 | % |
| Investment funds | 99,301 |
| | 62,228 |
| | 8.1 |
| | 5.2 |
| Investment funds | 145,099 | | | 220,014 | | | 8.9 | | | 15.8 | |
| Equity securities | | Equity securities | 52,600 | | | 32,020 | | | 4.9 | | | 5.0 | |
| Arbitrage trading account | 7,054 |
| | 16,891 |
| | 0.7 |
| | 3.3 |
| Arbitrage trading account | 45,213 | | | 37,676 | | | 4.0 | | | 5.3 | |
| Real estate | 18,693 |
| | 11,294 |
| | 4.8 |
| | 1.4 |
| Real estate | (3,087) | | | 7,703 | | | (0.2) | | | 0.4 | |
| Equity securities available for sale | 4,028 |
| | 4,624 |
| | 2.1 |
| | 2.7 |
| |
| Gross investment income | 573,323 |
| | 523,362 |
| | 3.4 |
| | 3.3 |
| Gross investment income | 789,106 | | | 679,414 | | | 3.2 | | | 3.1 | |
| Investment expenses | (9,160 | ) | | (10,717 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| Investment expenses | (9,921) | | | (7,796) | | | — | | | — | |
| Total | $ | 564,163 |
| | $ | 512,645 |
| | 3.4 | % | | 3.2 | % | Total | $ | 779,185 | | | $ | 671,618 | | | 3.2 | % | | 3.0 | % |
Net investment income increased 10%16% to $564$779 million in 20162022 from $513$672 million in 20152021 due primarily due to an $167 million increase in income from fixed maturity securities mainly driven by rising interest rates and a larger investment portfolio, a $21 million increase from equity securities and a $7 million increase from the arbitrage trading account, partially offset by a $75 million decrease in income from investment funds of $37primarily due to financial service funds, an $11 million decrease in real estate and fixed maturity securities of $16 million.a $2 million increase in investment expenses. Investment funds are reported on a one quarter lag. The average annualized yield for fixed maturity securities was 3.2%2.9% in both 20162022 and 2015; accordingly the increase2.2% in fixed maturity securities income was mainly a result of a larger investment base.2021. The effective duration of the fixed maturity portfolio was 3.12.4 years at both December 31, 2016, down from 3.3 years at December 31, 2015.2022 and 2021. The Company maintained the shortened duration of its fixed maturity security portfolio, thereby reducing the potential impact of mark-to-market on the portfolio and positioning the Company to react quickly to changes in the current interest rate environment. Average invested assets, at cost (including cash and cash equivalents), were $16.7$24.4 billion in 20162022 and $16.0$22.2 billion in 2015.2021.
Insurance Service Fees. The Company earns fees from an insurance distribution business, a third partythird-party administrator, and as a servicing carrier of workers' compensation assigned risk plans for certain states. Insurance service fees were $139increased to $111 million in 2016 and 2015.2022 from $94 million in 2021 due to organic growth within the business.
Net Realized and Unrealized Gains on Investment SalesInvestments. The Company buys and sells securities and other investment assets on a regular basis in order to maximize its total return on investments. Decisions to sell securities and other investment assets are based on management’s view of the underlying fundamentals of specific securitiesinvestments as well as management’s expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads, currency values and general economic conditions. Net realized and unrealized gains on investment salesinvestments were $285$217 million in 20162022 compared with $126$107 million in 2015.2021. In 2016,2022, the gains reflected net realized gains were primarily relatedon investments of $218 million (primarily due to a $251 million net gain from sale of a real estate investment in London after
transaction expenses and the foreign currency impact including reversal of the currency translation adjustment), partially offset by a change in unrealized losses on equity securities of $1 million. In 2021, the gains reflected net realized gains on investments of $145 million (primarily due to the sale of Aero Precision Industriescertain real estate assets and the saledisposition of some sharesan investment fund), partially offset by an increase in unrealized losses on equity securities of $38 million.
Change in Allowance for Expected Credit Losses on Investments. Based on credit factors, the allowance for expected credit losses is increased or decreased depending on the percentage of unrealized loss relative to amortized cost by security, changes in rating of the security by a publicly traded common stock. In 2015, realizedrating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the pre-tax change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments increased by $15 million ($12 million after-tax), which is reflected in net investment gains, wereprimarily due to change in estimate. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the pre-tax change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments increased by $16 million ($13 million after-tax), which is reflected in net investment gains, primarily related to sale of some shares of a publicly traded common stock held by one of the Company's investment funds.foreign government securities which did not previously have an allowance.
Other-Than-Temporary Impairments. The cost of securities is adjusted where appropriate to include a provision for a decline in value that is considered to be other-than-temporary. Other-than-temporary impairments of $18 million in 2016 were primarily related to common stock. In 2015, other-than-temporary impairments of $33 million were primarily related to equity securities.
Revenues from Non-Insurance Businesses. Revenues from non-insurance businesses were derived from a businessbusinesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions, and aviation-related businesses that provide services to aviation markets, including (i) the distribution, manufacturing, repair and overhaul of aircraft parts and components, (ii) the sale of new and used aircraft, and (iii) avionics, fuel, maintenance, storage and charter services. Revenues from non-insurance businesses decreased to $390were $510 million in 2016 from $4212022 and $489 million in 2015, primarily due2021. The increase mainly relates to the sale of Aero Precision Industriesbusiness recovery from COVID-19 on promotional merchandise and textile business as well as a newly acquired commercial and residential textile business in August 2016.2022, partially offset by a decrease for the aviation-related business.
Losses and Loss Expenses. Losses and loss expenses increased to $3,846$5,862 million in 20162022 from $3,656$4,954 million in 2015.2021. The consolidated loss ratio was 61.3% in 2022 and 61.1% in 2016 and 60.5% in 2015.2021. Catastrophe losses, net of reinsurance recoveries, and reinstatement premiums, were $105$212 million (including current accident year losses of approximately $5 million related to COVID-19) in 2022 compared with $202 million in 2016 compared with2021 (including losses of approximately $58 million in 2015, an increase of 0.7 loss ratio points. Favorablerelated to COVID-19). Adverse prior year reserve development (net of premium offsets) was $59$36 million in 2016 compared with $632022 and favorable prior year reserve development was $7 million in 2015, a difference2021 (refer to Note 14 of 0.2 loss ratio points (see "- Critical Accounting Estimates - Reservesour consolidated financial statements for Losses and Loss Expenses")more detail). The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development decreased 0.3 points to 60.3%was 58.7% in 2016 from 60.6% in 2015.both 2022 and 2021.
A summary of loss ratios in 20162022 compared with 20152021 by business segment follows:
•Insurance - The loss ratio of 61.0%61.3% in 20162022 was 0.2 points higher than the loss ratio of 60.8%61.1% in 2015.2021. Catastrophe losses were $89$127 million in 20162022 compared with $55$150 million in 2015, an increase2021. The Company reflected a best estimate (net of 0.6reinsurance) based upon available information for current accident year COVID-19-related losses of approximately $3 million. Adverse prior year reserve development was $40 million in 2022, driven by two businesses that wrote policies providing coverage for event cancellation, and film production delay which were heavily impacted by losses directly caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and favorable prior year reserve development was $20 million in 2021. The loss ratio points.excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development was 59.3% in both 2022 and 2021.
•Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - The loss ratio of 61.3% in 2022 was 0.3 points higher than the loss ratio of 61.0% in 2021. Catastrophe losses were $85 million in 2022 compared with $52 million in 2021.The Company reflected a best estimate (net of reinsurance) based upon available information for current accident year COVID-19-related losses of approximately $2 million. Favorable prior year reserve development was $53$4 million in 2016 compared with $522022, and adverse prior year reserve development was $13 million in 2015, reflecting no difference of loss ratio points.2021. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development decreased 0.40.2 points to 60.4%54.5% in 20162022 from 60.8%54.7% in 2015.
2021.Reinsurance - The loss ratio of 61.6% in 2016 was 3.4 points higher than the loss ratio of 58.2% in 2015. Catastrophe losses were $16 million in 2016 compared with $3 million in 2015, an increase of 2.0 loss ratio points. Favorable prior year reserve development was $6 million in 2016 compared with $11 million in 2015, a difference of 0.9 loss ratio points. The loss ratio excluding catastrophe losses and prior year reserve development increased 0.5 points to 60.2% in 2016 from 59.7% in 2015.
Other Operating Costs and Expenses. Following is a summary of other operating costs and expenses:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses | $ | 2,673,903 | | | $ | 2,306,727 | |
| Insurance service expenses | 96,419 | | | 86,003 | |
| Net foreign currency gains | (50,930) | | | (25,725) | |
| Debt extinguishment costs | — | | | 11,521 | |
| Other costs and expenses | 242,113 | | | 220,744 | |
| Total | $ | 2,961,505 | | | $ | 2,599,270 | |
|
| | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses | $ | 2,089,203 |
| | $ | 2,005,498 |
|
| Insurance service expenses | 138,908 |
| | 127,365 |
|
| Net foreign currency (gains) losses | (11,904 | ) | | 400 |
|
| Other costs and expenses | 179,412 |
| | 156,487 |
|
| Total | $ | 2,395,619 |
| | $ | 2,289,750 |
|
Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses are comprised of commissions paid to agents and brokers, premium taxes and other assessments and internal underwriting costs. Policy acquisition and insurance operating expenses increased 4%, the same as the increase in16% from 2021, while net premiums earned of 4%.increased 18% over that period. The expense ratio (policy acquisition and insurance operating(underwriting expenses expressed as a percentage of net premiums earned) was 33.2%28.0% in both 20162022, down from 28.5% in 2021. The improvement is primarily attributable to higher net premiums earned outpacing compensation expense growth. However, to the extent our net premiums earned decrease or travel and 2015.entertainment expenses increase, our expense ratio would be expected to increase.
Insurance serviceService expenses, which represent the costs associated with the fee-based businesses, increased 9%was $96 million in 2022 and $86 million in 2021 due to $139 million.the organic growth within the business.
Net foreign currency (gains) lossesgains result from transactions denominated in a currency other than an operating unit’sa businesses’ functional currency. Net foreign currency gains werewas $51 million in 2022 and $26 million in 2021, mainly related to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar compared to the majority of other currencies.
Debt extinguishment costs of $12 million in 2016 compared2021 related to lossesthe redemption of $400 thousandmillion of subordinated debentures in 2015.March and June 2021 that were due in 2056.
Other costs and expenses represent general and administrative expenses of the parent company and other expenses not allocated to business segments, including the cost of certain long-term incentive plans.plans and new business ventures. Other costs and expenses increased to $179$242 million in 20162022 from $156$221 million in 20152021, primarily due partially to the formation of additional operating units that had not yet commenced operations.increase in performance-based compensation costs in 2022.
Expenses from Non-Insurance Businesses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses represent costs associated with a businessbusinesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions, and aviation-related businesses that include (i) cost of goods sold related to aircraft and products sold and services provided and (ii) general and administrative expenses. Expenses from non-insurance businesses were $375$493 million in 20162022 compared to $397$472 million in 2015, with the decrease primarily related2021. The increase mainly relates to the sale of Aero Precision Industriesbusiness recovery from COVID-19 on promotional merchandise and textile business as well as a newly acquired residential and commercial textile business in August 2016.2022, partially offset by a decrease for the aviation-related business.
Interest Expense. Interest expense was $141$130 million in 2016 compared with $1312022 and $147 million in 2015. During 2016,2021. In March 2021, the Company issued $400 million aggregate principal amount of 3.55% senior notes due 2052 and redeemed its $110 million aggregate principal amount of 5.90% subordinated debentures due 2056. In June 2021, the Company redeemed the $290 million aggregate principal amount of its 5.75% subordinated debentures due 2056. In September 2021, the Company issued $350 million aggregate principal amount of 3.15% senior notes due 2061.
In the first quarter of 2022, the Company repaid $87at maturity its $77 million aggregate principal amount of debt on various issuances, mainly in connection with the sale of Aero Precision Industries. The Company repaid $200 million of 5.6%8.7% senior notes in January and its $350 million aggregate principal amount of 4.625% senior notes in March. The above redemptions during the year ended December 31, 2021 resulted in debt extinguishment costs of $12 million. Additionally, in the second quarter of 2021, the Company sold a real estate asset, which resulted in a $102 million reduction of the Company's non-recourse debt that was supporting the property.
The repayment at maturity on May 15, 2015. In February 2016, the Company issued $110 millionand redemption of 5.9% subordinatedsenior notes and debentures maturingand issuance of additional senior notes and debentures in 2056,2022 and 2021 decreased interest expense in May 2016, the Company issued $290 million of 5.75% subordinated debentures maturing in 2056.2022.
Income Taxes.Taxes. The effective income tax rate was 33%19.5% in 2016 compared to 31%2022 and 19.6% in 2015.2021. The higherlower effective income tax rate for 2022 was primarily due to a net reduction in 2016 was due, in part, to higher capital gainsthe Company’s valuation allowance against foreign tax credits and state taxes.foreign net operating losses. The effective income tax rate differs fromreflects tax benefits attributable to tax-exempt investment income and equity-based compensation in both periods. See Note 17 of the federalConsolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of the income tax expense and the amounts computed by applying the Federal income tax rate of 35% primarily because21%.
The Company has not provided U.S. deferred income taxes on the undistributed earnings of tax-exempt investmentapproximately $169 million of its non-U.S. subsidiaries since these earnings are intended to be permanently reinvested in the non-U.S. subsidiaries. In the future, if such earnings were distributed the Company projects that the incremental tax, if any, will be immaterial.
On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was enacted. Among other things, the legislation introduced a corporate alternative minimum tax on certain corporations. The tax is applicable for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2022 and imposes a 15% minimum tax on a corporation’s applicable financial statement income.
We are continuing to evaluate the overall impact of this tax legislation on our operations and U.S. federal income tax position at this time.
Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
For a comparison of the Company’s results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 to the year ended December 31, 2020, see Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 24, 2022.
Investments
As part of its investment strategy, the Company establishes a level of cash and highly liquid short-term and intermediate-term securities that, combined with expected cash flow, it believes is adequate to meet its payment obligations. DueIn addition to the near historically low fixed maturity investment returns,fixed-maturity securities, the Company invests in equity securities, merger arbitrage securities, investment funds, private equity, loans and real estate related assets. The Company's investments in investment funds and its other alternative investments have experienced, and the Company expects to continue to experience, greater fluctuations in investment income.
The Company also attempts to maintain an appropriate relationship between the effective duration of the investment portfolio and the approximate duration of its liabilities (i.e., policy claims and debt obligations). The effective duration of the investment portfolio was 3.0 years and 3.12.4 years at both December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, respectively. The Company’s investment portfolio and investment-related assets as of December 31, 20172022 were as follows: |
| | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | Carrying Value | | Percent of Total |
| Fixed maturity securities: | | | |
| U.S. government and government agencies | $ | 377,740 |
| | 2.1 | % |
| State and municipal: | | | |
| Special revenue | 2,725,833 |
| | 14.7 |
|
| State general obligation | 490,890 |
| | 2.7 |
|
| Pre-refunded (1) | 464,802 |
| | 2.5 |
|
| Local general obligation | 444,984 |
| | 2.4 |
|
| Corporate backed | 384,467 |
| | 2.1 |
|
| Total state and municipal | 4,510,976 |
| | 24.5 |
|
| Mortgage-backed securities: | | | |
| Agency | 821,815 |
| | 4.5 |
|
| Commercial | 260,545 |
| | 1.4 |
|
| Residential-Prime | 211,363 |
| | 1.1 |
|
| Residential-Alt A | 19,658 |
| | 0.1 |
|
| Total mortgage-backed securities | 1,313,381 |
| | 7.1 |
|
| Asset-backed securities | 2,111,544 |
| | 11.5 |
|
| Corporate: | | | |
| Industrial | 2,618,892 |
| | 14.2 |
|
| Financial | 1,434,767 |
| | 7.8 |
|
| Utilities | 294,954 |
| | 1.6 |
|
| Other | 40,499 |
| | 0.2 |
|
| Total corporate | 4,389,112 |
| | 23.8 |
|
| Foreign government | 848,497 |
| | 4.6 |
|
| Total fixed maturity securities | 13,551,250 |
| | 73.6 |
|
| Equity securities available for sale: | | | |
| Common stocks | 352,204 |
| | 1.9 |
|
| Preferred stocks | 224,443 |
| | 1.2 |
|
| Total equity securities available for sale | 576,647 |
| | 3.1 |
|
| Real estate | 1,469,601 |
| | 8.0 |
|
| Investment funds | 1,155,677 |
| | 6.3 |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents | 950,471 |
| | 5.2 |
|
| Arbitrage trading account | 617,649 |
| | 3.4 |
|
| Loans receivable | 79,684 |
| | 0.4 |
|
| Total investments | $ | 18,400,979 |
| | 100.0 | % |
______________ | |
(1) | Pre-refunded securities are securities for which an escrow account has been established to fund the remaining payments of principal and interest through maturity. Such escrow accounts are funded almost exclusively with U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities. |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | Carrying
Value | | Percent
of Total |
| Fixed maturity securities: | | | |
| U.S. government and government agencies | $ | 892,258 | | | 3.7 | % |
| State and municipal: | | | |
| Special revenue | 1,721,497 | | | 7.1 | |
| Local general obligation | 441,097 | | | 1.8 | |
| State general obligation | 416,713 | | | 1.7 | |
| Corporate backed | 199,639 | | | 0.8 | |
| Pre-refunded (1) | 158,840 | | | 0.6 | |
| Total state and municipal | 2,937,786 | | | 12.0 | |
| Mortgage-backed securities: | | | |
| Agency | 901,332 | | | 3.7 | |
| Commercial | 528,609 | | | 2.2 | |
| Residential-Prime | 235,315 | | | 1.0 | |
| Residential-Alt A | 3,762 | | | — | |
| Total mortgage-backed securities | 1,669,018 | | | 6.9 | |
| Asset-backed securities | 3,982,773 | | | 16.4 | |
| Corporate: | | | |
| Industrial | 3,252,999 | | | 13.4 | |
| Financial | 2,470,372 | | | 10.2 | |
| Utilities | 551,048 | | | 2.3 | |
| Other | 429,573 | | | 1.7 | |
| Total corporate | 6,703,992 | | | 27.6 | |
| Foreign government | 1,401,522 | | | 5.8 | |
| Total fixed maturity securities | 17,587,349 | | | 72.4 | |
| Equity securities available for sale: | | | |
| Common stocks | 982,751 | | | 4.0 | |
| Preferred stocks | 203,143 | | | 0.8 | |
| Total equity securities available for sale | 1,185,894 | | | 4.8 | |
| Investment funds | 1,608,548 | | | 6.6 | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | 1,449,346 | | | 6.0 | |
| Real estate | 1,340,622 | | | 5.5 | |
| Arbitrage trading account | 944,230 | | | 3.9 | |
| Loans receivable | 193,002 | | | 0.8 | |
| Total investments | $ | 24,308,991 | | | 100.0 | % |
______________
(1)Pre-refunded securities are securities for which an escrow account has been established to fund the remaining payments of principal and interest through maturity. Such escrow accounts are funded almost exclusively with U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities.
Fixed Maturity Securities. The Company’s investment policy with respect to fixed maturity securities is generally to purchase instruments with the expectation of holding them to their maturity. However, management of the available for sale
portfolio is considered necessary to maintain an approximate matching of assets and liabilities as well as to adjust the portfolio as a result of changes in financial market conditions and tax considerations.
The Company’s philosophy related to holding or selling fixed maturity securities is based on its objective of maximizing total return. The key factors that management considers in its investment decisions as to whether to hold or sell fixed maturity securities are its view of the underlying fundamentals of specific securities as well as its expectations regarding interest rates, credit spreads and currency values. In a period in which management expects interest rates to rise, the Company may sell longer duration securities in order to mitigate the impact of an interest rate rise on the fair value of the portfolio. Similarly, in a period in which management expects credit spreads to widen, the Company may sell lower quality securities, and in a period in which management expects certain foreign currencies to decline in value, the Company may sell securities denominated in those foreign currencies. The sale of fixed maturity securities in order to achieve the objective of maximizing total return may result in realized gains; however, there is no reason to expect these gains to continue in future periods.
At December 31, 2017, investments in foreign government fixed maturity securities were as follows:
|
| | | |
| (In thousands) | Carrying Value |
| Australia | $ | 212,821 |
|
| Argentina | 179,581 |
|
| Canada | 169,222 |
|
| United Kingdom | 85,109 |
|
| Brazil | 60,693 |
|
| Germany | 39,520 |
|
| Singapore | 36,450 |
|
| Supranational (1) | 31,322 |
|
| Norway | 9,589 |
|
| Mexico | 9,107 |
|
| Colombia | 7,690 |
|
| Uruguay | 7,393 |
|
| Total | $ | 848,497 |
|
_______________
| |
(1) | Supranational represents investments in the North American Development Bank, European Investment Bank and International Bank for Reconstruction & Development. |
Equity Securities Available for Sale. Equity securities primarily represent investments in common and preferred stocks in companies with potential growth opportunities in different sectors, including healthcaremainly in the financial institutions and financial institutions.energy sectors.
Investment Funds. At December 31, 2017,2022, the carrying value of investment funds was $1,156$1,609 million, including investments in financial services funds of $466 million, other funds of $370 million (which includes a deferred compensation trust asset of $30 million), transportation funds of $337 million, real estate funds of $607$205 million, energy funds of $83$116 million, and otherinfrastructure funds of $466$115 million. Investment funds are primarily reported on a one-quarter lag.
Real Estate. Real estate is directly owned property held for investment. At December 31, 2017,2022, real estate properties in operation included a long-term ground lease in Washington D.C., a hotel in Memphis, Tennessee, an office complex in New York City and office buildings in West Palm Beach and Palm Beach, Florida. In addition, there are two properties under development: an office building in London andthe completed portion of a mixed-use project in Washington D.C. In addition, part of the previously mentioned mixed-use project in Washington D.C. is under development. The Company expects to fund further development costs for these projectsthe project with a combination of its own funds and external financing. During the first quarter of 2022, the Company sold an office building in London.
Arbitrage Trading Account. The arbitrage trading account is comprised of direct investments in arbitrage securities. Merger arbitrage is the business of investing in the securities of publicly held companies that are the targets in announced tender offers and mergers.
Loans Receivable.Receivable. Loans receivable, which are carried at amortized cost,net of allowance for expected credit losses, had an amortized cost of $80$193 million and an aggregate fair value of $82$188 million at December 31, 2017.2022. The amortized cost of loans receivable is net of a valuationan allowance for expected credit losses of $3$2 million as of December 31, 2017.2022. Loans receivable include real estate loans of $66$174 million that are secured by commercial and residential real estate located primarily in GeorgiaLondon and New York. Real estate loans receivable generally earn interest at floating LIBOR-basedfixed or stepped interest rates and have maturities (inclusive of extension options) through August 2025.2026. Loans receivable include commercial loans of $14$19 million that are secured by business assets and have fixed interest rates andwith varying maturities not exceeding 1510 years.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash Flow. Cash flow provided from operating activities decreasedincreased to $711$2,569 million in 20172022 from $848$2,184 million in 2016,2021, primarily due to the timing ofan increase in premium receipts partially offset by increased loss and loss expense payments and payments to taxing authorities.payments.
The Company's insurance subsidiaries' principal sources of cash are premiums, investment income, service fees and proceeds from sales and maturities of portfolio investments. The principal uses of cash are payments for claims, taxes, operating expenses and dividends. The Company expects its insurance subsidiaries to fund the payment of losses with cash received from premiums, investment income and fees. The Company generally targets an average duration for its investment portfolio that is within one year1.5 years of the average duration of its liabilities so that portions of its investment portfolio mature throughout the claim cycle and are available for the payment of claims if necessary. In the event operating cash flow and proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed incomematurity securities are not sufficient to fund claim payments and other cash requirements, the remainder of the Company's cash and investments is available to pay claims and other obligations as they become due. The Company's investment portfolio is highly liquid, with approximately 80%76% invested in cash, cash equivalents and marketable fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2017.2022. If the sale of fixed maturity securities were to become necessary, a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the cost and sales price of securities sold would be recognized.
Debt. At December 31, 2017,2022, the Company had senior notes, subordinated debentures and other debt outstanding with a carrying value of $2,497$2,837 million and a face amount of $2,530$2,862 million. In the first quarter of 2022, the Company repaid at maturity its $77 million aggregate principal amount of 8.7% senior notes in January and its $350 million aggregate principal amount of 4.625% senior notes in March. The maturities of the outstanding debt are $443$5 million in 2019, $3112024, $2 million in 2020, $426 million in 2022,2025, $250 million in 2037, $350 million in 2044, $350$470 million in 2053 and2050, $400 million in 2056.2052, $185 million in 2058, $300 million in 2059, $250 million in 2060, and $650 million in 2061.
In February 2016,On April 1, 2022, the Company issued $110entered into a senior unsecured revolving credit facility that provides for revolving, unsecured borrowings up to an aggregate of $300 million aggregate principalwith a $50 million sublimit for letters of credit. The Company may increase the amount available under the facility to a maximum of its 5.9% subordinated debentures due 2056,$500 million subject to obtaining lender commitments for the increase and in May 2016,other customary conditions. Borrowings under the Company issued $290 million aggregate principal amountfacility may be used for working capital and other general corporate purposes. All borrowings under the facility must be repaid by April 1, 2027, except that letters of its 5.75% subordinated debentures due 2056. During 2016,credit outstanding on that date may remain outstanding until April 1, 2028 (or such later date approved by all lenders). Our ability to utilize the Company repaid $83 millionfacility is conditioned on the satisfaction of debt on various issuances, mainly in connection withrepresentations, warranties and covenants that are customary for facilities of this type. As of December 31, 2022, there were no borrowings outstanding under the sale of Aero Precision Industries. During 2017, one of the Company's non-insurance subsidiaries issued $7 million of debt.facility.
Equity. At December 31, 2022, total common stockholders’ equity was $6.7 billion, common shares outstanding were 264,546,100 and stockholders’ equity per outstanding share was $25.51. The Company repurchased 731,003, 2,395,8921,370,394 and 4,502,0251,752,619 shares of its common stock in 2017, 20162022 and 2015,2021, respectively. The aggregate cost of the repurchases was $48$94 million in 2017, $1322022 and $122 million in 20162021. In 2022, the Board declared regular quarterly cash dividends of $0.09 per share in the first quarter, and $224$0.10 per share in each of the remaining three quarters, as well as special dividends of $0.50 per share in the second quarter, for a total of $235 million in 2015. At December 31, 2017, total common stockholders’ equity was $5.41 billion, common shares outstanding were 121,514,852 and stockholders’ equity per outstanding share was $44.53.aggregate dividends in 2022.
Total Capital.Total capitalization (equity, senior notes and other debt and subordinated debentures) was $7.9$9.6 billion at December 31, 2017.2022. The percentage of the Company’s capital attributable to senior notes, subordinated debentures and other debt was 32% at December 31, 201730% and 33% at December 31, 2016.2022 and 2021, respectively.
Federal and Foreign Income Taxes
The Company files a consolidated income tax return in the U.S. and foreign tax returns in each of the countries in which it has overseas operations. At December 31, 2017,2022, the Company had a gross deferred tax asset (net of valuation allowance) of $314$801 million (which primarily relates to unrealized losses on investments, loss and loss expense reserves and unearned premium reserves). The Company also has a $47 million valuation allowance against the gross deferred tax asset and a gross deferred tax liability of $401$425 million (which primarily relates to deferred policy acquisition costs, and unrealizedvarious investment gains).funds) resulting in a net deferred tax asset of $329 million. The realization of the deferred taxthis asset is dependent upon the Company's ability to generate sufficient taxable income in future periods. Based on historical results and the prospects for future operations, management anticipates that it is more likely than not that future taxable income will be sufficient for the realization of this asset.
As result of the mandatory repatriation provision of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, the Company recognized a tax on the undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries. The Company plans to continue its policy to permanently reinvest the undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries.
Reinsurance
The Company follows customary industry practice of reinsuring a portion of its exposures in exchange for paying reinsurers a part of the premiums received on the policies it writes. Reinsurance is purchased by the Company principally to reduce its net liability on individual risks and to protect it against catastrophic losses. Although reinsurance does not legally discharge an insurer from its primary liability for the full amount of the policies, it does make the assuming reinsurer liable to the insurer to the extent of the reinsurance coverage. The Company monitors the financial condition of its reinsurers and attempts to place its coverages only with financially sound carriers. Reinsurance coverage and retentions vary depending on the line of business, location of the risk and nature of loss. The Company’s reinsurance purchases include the following:
•Property reinsurance treaties - The Company purchases property reinsurance to reduce its exposure to large individual property losses and catastrophe events. Following is a summary of significant property reinsurance treaties in effect as of January 1, 2018:2023: The Company’s property per risk reinsurance generally covers losses between $2.5 million and $50$80 million. The Company’s catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance program provides protection for net losses in excess of between $30$65 million and $355$80 million up to $500 million for the majority of U.S. business written by its U.S. Insurance segment operating units,businesses and U.S. and non-U.S. business written by Lloyd's Syndicate, excluding offshore energy. The Company has separate catastrophe excess of loss reinsurance for business written through its Lloyd’s Syndicate that provides protection for losses between $8.5energy; this includes some co-participation in lower layers. For terrorism, we currently retain the first $95 million and $52.5 million for events in North America.then fully insure above this to our desired limit of $400 million. For North American losses greater than $52.5 million,2023, some of our property cat reinsurance is placed via an industry loss warranty (ILW) cover and the business written throughequivalent W. R. Berkley limit and retention (and resulting net position) are estimated based on our market share and modeled outcome when applying the Company's Lloyd's Syndicate is protected within the U.S. program up to $355 million.ILW layering. The Company’s catastrophe reinsurance agreements are subject to certain limits, exclusions and reinstatement premiums.
•Casualty reinsurance treaties - The Company purchases casualty reinsurance to reduce its exposure to large individual casualty losses, workers’ compensation catastrophe losses and casualty losses involving multiple claimants or insureds for the majority of business written by its U.S. companies. A significant casualty treaty (casualty catastrophe) in effect as of January 1, 20182023 provides significant protection for losses between $5$10 million and $75$60 million from single events with claims involving two or more insurable interests or for systemic events involving multiple insureds and/or policy years. The treaty also covers casualty contingency losses in excess of $1$5 million and up to $111$100 million. For losses involving two or more claimants for primary workers’ compensation business, coverage is generally in place for losses between $5$10 million and $220$500 million. For excess workers’ compensation business, such coverage is generally in place for losses between $25 million and $275$500 million. Our workers’ compensation catastrophe reinsurance program is a shared cover for both excess and primary workers’ compensation business.
•Facultative reinsurance - The Company also purchases facultative reinsurance on certain individual policies or risks that are in excess of treaty reinsurance capacity.
•Other reinsurance - Depending on the operating unit,business, the Company purchases specific additional reinsurance to supplement the above programs.
•Effective January 1, 2023, Lifson Re will continue to be a participant on the majority of the Company’s reinsurance placements for a 30.0% share of the placed amounts. This pertains to all traditional treaty reinsurance/retrocessional placements for both property and casualty business where there is more than one open market reinsurer participating. Lifson Re has been capitalized with $380 million of equity from a small group of sophisticated global investors with long-term investment horizons, including a minority participation by the Company. Lifson Re will participate on a fully collateralized basis.
The Company places a number of its casualty treaties on a “risk attaching” basis. Under risk attaching treaties, all claims from policies incepting during the period of the reinsurance contract are covered even if they occur after the expiration date of the reinsurance contract. If the Company is unable to renew or replace its existing reinsurance coverage, protection for unexpired policies would remain in place until their expiration. In such case, the Company could revise its underwriting strategy for new business to reflect the absence of reinsurance protection. The casualty catastrophe treaty highlighted above was purchased on a claims madelosses discovered basis. Property catastrophe and workers’ compensation catastrophe reinsurance is generally placed on a “losses occurring basis,” whereby only claims occurring during the period are covered. If the Company is unable to renew or replace these reinsurance coverages, unexpired policies would not be protected, though we frequently have the option to purchase run-off coverage in our treaties.
Following is a summary of earned premiums and loss and loss expenses ceded to reinsurers for each of the three years ended December 31, 2017:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Earned premiums | $ | 1,161,936 |
| | $ | 1,099,462 |
| | $ | 1,050,840 |
|
| Losses and loss expenses | 601,769 |
| | 707,336 |
| | 501,999 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 | | |
| Earned premiums | $ | 1,883,263 | | | $ | 1,805,341 | | | $ | 1,499,948 | | | |
| Losses and loss expenses | 1,269,338 | | | 1,236,960 | | | 955,630 | | | |
Ceded earned premiums increased 5.7%4.3% in 20172022 to $1,162$1,883 million. The ceded losses and loss expenses ratio decreased 122 points to 52%67% in 20172022 from 64%69% in 2016.2021.
The following table presents the credit quality of amounts due from reinsurers as of December 31, 2017. Amounts due from reinsurers are net of reserves for uncollectible reinsurance of $1 million in the aggregate.2022.
|
| | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | | | | | |
| Reinsurer | | Rating | (1) | | Amount |
| Amounts due in excess of $20 million: | | | | | |
| Munich Re | | AA- | | | $ | 156,368 |
|
| Lloyd’s of London | | A+ | | | 152,934 |
|
| Alleghany Group | | A+ | | | 152,468 |
|
| Swiss Re | | AA- | | | 129,369 |
|
| Partner Re | | A+ | | | 87,491 |
|
| Axis Capital | | A+ | | | 82,803 |
|
| Hannover Re Group | | AA- | | | 64,011 |
|
| Berkshire Hathaway | | AA+ | | | 56,892 |
|
| Everest Re | | A+ | | | 50,387 |
|
| Korean Re | | A | | | 44,072 |
|
| Chubb Limited | | AA | | | 30,977 |
|
| Renaissance Re | | AA- | | | 27,095 |
|
| Liberty Mutual | | A | | | 22,629 |
|
| Arch Capital Group | | A+ | | | 21,310 |
|
| Other reinsurers: | | | | | |
| Rated A- or better | | | | | 147,193 |
|
| Secured (2) | | | | | 124,240 |
|
| All Others | | | | | 21,701 |
|
| Subtotal | | | | | 1,371,940 |
|
| Residual markets pools (3) | | | | | 411,260 |
|
| Total | | | | | $ | 1,783,200 |
|
_________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
(1)(In thousands) | S&P rating, or if not rated by S&P, A.M. Best rating. |
| | | |
(2)Reinsurer | Secured by letters | Rating | (1) | | Amount |
Amounts due in excess of credit or other forms of collateral.$20 million: |
| | | | |
(3) | Many states require licensed insurers that provide workers' compensation insurance to participate in programs that provide workers' compensation to employers that cannot procure coverage from an insurer on a voluntary basis. Insurers can fulfill this residual | | | | |
| Lloyd’s of London | | A+ | | | $ | 347,927 | |
| Berkshire Hathaway | | AA+ | | | 332,034 | |
| Munich Re | | AA- | | | 306,530 | |
| Partner Re | | A+ | | | 275,410 | |
| Hannover Re Group | | AA- | | | 191,264 | |
| Swiss Re | | AA- | | | 189,591 | |
| Renaissance Re | | A+ | | | 163,973 | |
| Everest Re | | A+ | | | 155,847 | |
| Liberty Mutual | | A | | | 96,402 | |
| Axis Capital | | A+ | | | 81,538 | |
| Korean Re | | A | | | 59,884 | |
| Fairfax Financial | | A- | | | 55,228 | |
| Axa Insurance | | AA- | | | 46,058 | |
| Arch Capital Group | | A+ | | | 45,663 | |
| Sompo Holdings Group | | A+ | | | 36,157 | |
| Helvetia Holdings Group | | A+ | | | 30,823 | |
| Markel Corp Group | | A | | | 30,216 | |
| Validus Holdings Group | | A | | | 24,548 | |
| TOA Re | | A+ | | | 22,945 | |
| Other reinsurers: | | | | | |
| Rated A- or better | | | | | 163,198 | |
| Secured (2) | | | | | 332,502 | |
| All Others | | | | | 27,299 | |
| Subtotal | | | | | $ | 3,015,037 | |
Residual market obligation by participating in pools where results are shared by the participating companies. The Company acts as a servicing carrier(3) | | | | | 180,757 | |
| | | | | |
Allowance for workers' compensation pools in certain states. As a servicing carrier, the Company writes residual market business directly and then cedes 100% of this business to the respective pool. As a servicing carrier, the Company receives fee income for its services. The Company does not retain underwriting risk, andexpected credit risk is limited as ceded balances are jointly shared by all the pool members.losses | | | | | (8,064) | |
| Total | | | | | $ | 3,187,730 | |
_________________
(1)S&P rating, or if not rated by S&P, A.M. Best rating.
(2)Secured by letters of credit or other forms of collateral.
(3)Many states require licensed insurers that provide workers' compensation insurance to participate in programs that provide workers' compensation to employers that cannot procure coverage from an insurer on a voluntary basis. Insurers can fulfill this residual market obligation by participating in pools where results are shared by the participating companies. The Company acts as a servicing carrier for workers' compensation pools in certain states. As a servicing carrier, the Company writes residual market business directly and then cedes 100% of this business to the respective pool. As a servicing carrier, the Company receives fee income for its services. The Company does not retain underwriting risk, and credit risk is limited as ceded balances are jointly shared by all the pool members.
Contractual Obligations
Following is a summary of the Company's contractual obligations as of December 31, 2017:2022:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Estimated Payments By Periods | 2023 | | 2024 | | 2025 | | 2026 | | 2027 | | | | | Thereafter |
| Gross reserves for losses | $ | 4,586,303 | | | $ | 3,268,257 | | | $ | 2,461,737 | | | $ | 1,788,739 | | | $ | 1,439,989 | | | | | | $ | 3,895,626 | |
| Operating lease obligations | 47,024 | | | 41,788 | | | 32,928 | | | 25,973 | | | 16,472 | | | | | | 68,912 | |
| Purchase obligations | 148,593 | | | 51,602 | | | 51,456 | | | 53,819 | | | 52,821 | | | | | | 55,395 | |
| Subordinated debentures | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | | 1,035,000 | |
| Senior notes and other debt | — | | | 5,300 | | | 1,954 | | | — | | | — | | | | | | 1,820,000 | |
| Interest payments | 125,580 | | | 125,580 | | | 125,580 | | | 125,580 | | | 125,580 | | | | | | 3,154,164 | |
| Other long-term liabilities | 2,489 | | | 2,228 | | | 2,035 | | | 1,859 | | | 1,698 | | | | | | 20,232 | |
| Total | $ | 4,909,989 | | | $ | 3,494,755 | | | $ | 2,675,690 | | | $ | 1,995,970 | | | $ | 1,636,560 | | | | | | $ | 10,049,329 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Estimated Payments By Periods | 2018 | | 2019 | | 2020 | | 2021 | | 2022 | | Thereafter |
| Gross reserves for losses | $ | 3,055,152 |
| | $ | 2,090,745 |
| | $ | 1,541,430 |
| | $ | 1,120,935 |
| | $ | 820,851 |
| | $ | 3,654,114 |
|
| Operating lease obligations | 50,116 |
| | 41,326 |
| | 38,721 |
| | 34,982 |
| | 29,720 |
| | 92,086 |
|
| Purchase obligations | 122,402 |
| | 53,111 |
| | 43,876 |
| | 38,577 |
| | 38,115 |
| | 17,475 |
|
| Subordinated debentures | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 750,000 |
|
| Debt maturities | — |
| | 442,651 |
| | 311,000 |
| | — |
| | 426,533 |
| | 599,487 |
|
| Interest payments | 144,846 |
| | 144,846 |
| | 114,071 |
| | 97,946 |
| | 94,618 |
| | 1,967,186 |
|
| Other long-term liabilities | 3,402 |
| | 3,095 |
| | 2,847 |
| | 2,548 |
| | 2,244 |
| | 29,387 |
|
| Total | $ | 3,375,918 |
| | $ | 2,775,774 |
| | $ | 2,051,945 |
| | $ | 1,294,988 |
| | $ | 1,412,081 |
| | $ | 7,109,735 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
The estimated payments for reserves for losses and loss expenses in the above table represent the projected (undiscounted) payments for gross loss and loss expense reserves related to losses incurred as of December 31, 2017.2022. The estimated payments in the above table do not consider payments for losses to be incurred in future periods. These amounts include reserves for reported losses and reserves for incurred but not reported losses. Estimated amounts recoverable from reinsurers are not reflected. The estimated payments by year are based on historical loss payment patterns.The actual payments may differ from the estimated amounts due to changes in ultimate loss reserves and in the timing of the settlement of those reserves. In addition, at December 31, 2017,2022, the Company had commitments to invest up to $406.2$402 million and $359.7$146 million in certain investment funds and real estate construction projects, respectively. These amounts are not included in the above table.
The Company utilizes letters of credit to back certain reinsurance payments and obligations. Outstanding letters of credit were $4$5 million as of December 31, 2017.2022. The Company has made certain guarantees to state regulators that the statutory capital of certain subsidiaries will be maintained above certain minimum levels.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
An off-balance sheet arrangement is any transaction, agreement or other contractual arrangement involving an unconsolidated entity under which a company has (1) made guarantees, (2) a retained or contingent interest in transferred assets, (3) an obligation under derivative instruments classified as equity or (4) any obligation arising out of a material variable interest in an unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit risk support to the Company, or that engages in leasing, hedging or research and development arrangements with the Company. The Company has no arrangements of these types that management believes may have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, liquidity or results of operations.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market Risk. The fair value of the Company’s investments is subject to risks of fluctuations in credit quality and interest rates. The Company uses various models and stress test scenarios to monitor and manage interest rate risk. The Company attempts to manage its interest rate risk by maintaining an appropriate relationship between the effective duration of the investment portfolio and the approximate duration of its liabilities (i.e., policy claims and debt obligations). The effective duration for the fixed maturity portfolio (including cash and cash equivalents) was 3.0 years and 3.12.4 years at both December 31, 20172022 and 2016, respectively.2021.
In addition, the fair value of the Company’s international investments is subject to currency risk. The Company attempts to manage its currency risk by matching its foreign currency assets and liabilities where considered appropriate.
The following table outlines the groups of fixed maturity securities and their effective duration at December 31, 2017:2022:
| | | | Effective | | | | Effective | |
| | Duration | | | | Duration | |
| ($ in thousands) | (Years) | | Fair Value | ($ in thousands) | (Years) | | Fair Value |
| | Mortgage-backed securities | | Mortgage-backed securities | 4.5 | | $ | 1,669,056 | |
| State and municipal | 4.1 | | $ | 4,525,475 |
| State and municipal | 3.3 | | 2,942,025 | |
| U.S. government and government agencies | | U.S. government and government agencies | 3.1 | | 892,258 | |
| Corporate | 3.7 | | 4,389,112 |
| Corporate | 2.7 | | 6,703,992 | |
| Mortgage-backed securities | 3.7 | | 1,314,608 |
| |
| U.S. government and government agencies | 3.0 | | 377,740 |
| |
| Foreign government | 2.1 | | 848,497 |
| Foreign government | 2.2 | | 1,401,522 | |
| Loans receivable | 1.5 | | 82,047 |
| Loans receivable | 1.3 | | 187,981 | |
| Asset-backed securities | 0.8 | | 2,111,544 |
| Asset-backed securities | 0.9 | | 3,982,773 | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | — | | 950,471 |
| Cash and cash equivalents | 0.0 | | 1,449,346 | |
| Total | 3.0 | | $ | 14,599,494 |
| Total | 2.4 | | $ | 19,228,953 | |
Duration is a common measure of the price sensitivity of fixed maturity securities to changes in interest rates. The Company determines the estimated change in fair value of the fixed maturity securities, assuming parallel shifts in
the yield curve for treasury securities while keeping spreads between individual securities and treasury securities static. The estimated fair value at specified levels at December 31, 20172022 would be as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | Estimated Fair Value | | Change in Fair Value |
| Change in interest rates: |
| 300 basis point rise | $ | 17,931,180 | | | $ | (1,297,772) | |
| 200 basis point rise | 18,344,941 | | | (884,011) | |
| 100 basis point rise | 18,778,053 | | | (450,899) | |
| Base scenario | 19,228,952 | | | — | |
| 100 basis point decline | 19,692,291 | | | 463,339 | |
| 200 basis point decline | 20,161,330 | | | 932,378 | |
| 300 basis point decline | 20,632,243 | | | 1,403,291 | |
| | | |
| | | |
|
| | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | Estimated Fair Value | | Change in Fair Value |
| Change in interest rates: |
| 300 basis point rise | $ | 13,215,440 |
| | $ | (1,384,054 | ) |
| 200 basis point rise | 13,677,051 |
| | (922,443 | ) |
| 100 basis point rise | 14,138,717 |
| | (460,777 | ) |
| Base scenario | 14,599,494 |
| | — |
|
| 100 basis point decline | 15,059,429 |
| | 459,935 |
|
| 200 basis point decline | 15,505,364 |
| | 905,870 |
|
| 300 basis point decline | 15,903,135 |
| | 1,303,641 |
|
Arbitrage investing differs from other types of investments in that its focus is on transactions and events believed likely to bring about a change in value over a relatively short time period (usually four months or less). The Company believes that this makes arbitrage investments less vulnerable to changes in general stock market conditions. Potential changes in market conditions are also mitigated by the implementation of hedging strategies, including short sales.
Additionally, the arbitrage positions are generally hedged against market declines by purchasing put options, selling call options or entering into swap contracts. The Company's merger arbitrage securities are primarily exposed to the risk of completion of announced deals, which are subject to regulatory as well as transactional and other risks.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors
W. R. Berkley Corporation:
Opinion on the ConsolidatedFinancial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of W. R. Berkley Corporation and Subsidiariessubsidiaries (the “Company”)Company) as of December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2017,2022, and the related notes and financial statement schedules II to VI (collectively, the “consolidatedconsolidated financial statements”)statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three‑yearthree-year period ended December 31, 2017,2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”)(PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017,2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 23, 201824, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Reserves for losses and loss expenses
As discussed in Notes 1 and 14 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company estimates the reserves for losses and loss expenses (reserves) using a variety of actuarial techniques and methods. The key assumptions used to arrive at the best estimate of recorded reserves are expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation, reported and paid loss emergence patterns, loss frequency and severity, and the loss reporting lag. Such amounts are adjusted for certain qualitative factors. The reserves as of December 31, 2022 were $17.0 billion.
We identified the assessment of the estimate of reserves as a critical audit matter because it involved significant measurement uncertainty, which required complex auditor judgement. Specialized actuarial skills and knowledge were required to evaluate the actuarial method or methods and assumptions used. Assumptions included loss development
factors; the weighting of actuarial methods when more than one was used; the impact of qualitative factors; and whether payments are fixed and reliably determinable for certain reserves subject to discounting.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address the critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company’s reserving process. This included controls over the Company’s process to develop the Company’s best estimate of reserves based on actuarial methodologies and assumptions employed by the Company’s actuaries. We involved actuarial professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:
•examining the Company’s actuarial methodologies for compliance with Actuarial Standards of Practice;
•evaluating the Company’s ability to discount certain reserves by comparing the expected payout pattern of claims paid to actual claims paid;
•evaluating the Company’s actuarial point estimate by performing independent actuarial analyses for certain of the larger, more complex businesses;
•evaluating the Company’s actuarial point estimate by examining the Company actuaries’ process, and key assumptions for certain of the remaining businesses;
•developing an independent range of reserves based on actuarial methodologies and assumptions and comparing to the Company’s recorded reserves;
•evaluating the Company’s recorded reserves and year-over-year movements of the Company’s reserves relative to, and within, the independently developed range of reserves.
/S/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1972.
New York, New York
February 23, 201824, 2023
W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
| | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| (In thousands, except per share data) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | (In thousands, except per share data) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| REVENUES: | | | | | | REVENUES: | | | | | |
| Net premiums written | $ | 6,260,508 |
| | $ | 6,423,913 |
| | $ | 6,189,515 |
| Net premiums written | $ | 10,004,070 | | | $ | 8,862,867 | | | $ | 7,262,437 | |
| Change in net unearned premiums | 50,911 |
| | (130,565 | ) | | (148,906 | ) | Change in net unearned premiums | (442,641) | | | (756,836) | | | (331,594) | |
| Net premiums earned | 6,311,419 |
| | 6,293,348 |
| | 6,040,609 |
| Net premiums earned | 9,561,429 | | | 8,106,031 | | | 6,930,843 | |
| Net investment income | 575,788 |
| | 564,163 |
| | 512,645 |
| Net investment income | 779,185 | | | 671,618 | | | 583,821 | |
| Net investment gains: | | | | | | Net investment gains: | |
| Net realized gains on investment sales | 335,858 |
| | 285,119 |
| | 125,633 |
| |
| Other-than-temporary impairments | — |
| | (18,114 | ) | | (33,309 | ) | |
| Net realized and unrealized gains on investments | | Net realized and unrealized gains on investments | 217,311 | | | 106,958 | | | 73,514 | |
| Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments | | Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments | (14,914) | | | (16,326) | | | 29,486 | |
| Net investment gains | 335,858 |
| | 267,005 |
| | 92,324 |
| Net investment gains | 202,397 | | | 90,632 | | | 103,000 | |
| Revenues from non-insurance businesses | 326,165 |
| | 390,348 |
| | 421,102 |
| Revenues from non-insurance businesses | 509,548 | | | 489,151 | | | 389,888 | |
| Insurance service fees | 134,729 |
| | 138,944 |
| | 139,440 |
| Insurance service fees | 110,544 | | | 93,857 | | | 88,777 | |
| Other income | 805 |
| | 376 |
| | 337 |
| Other income | 3,396 | | | 4,177 | | | 2,596 | |
| Total revenues | 7,684,764 |
| | 7,654,184 |
| | 7,206,457 |
| Total revenues | 11,166,499 | | | 9,455,466 | | | 8,098,925 | |
| OPERATING COSTS AND EXPENSES: | | | | | | OPERATING COSTS AND EXPENSES: | | | | | |
| Losses and loss expenses | 4,002,348 |
| | 3,845,800 |
| | 3,656,270 |
| Losses and loss expenses | 5,861,750 | | | 4,953,960 | | | 4,468,706 | |
| Other operating costs and expenses | 2,436,932 |
| | 2,395,619 |
| | 2,289,750 |
| Other operating costs and expenses | 2,961,505 | | | 2,599,270 | | | 2,390,392 | |
| Expenses from non-insurance businesses | 325,417 |
| | 375,431 |
| | 397,461 |
| Expenses from non-insurance businesses | 493,189 | | | 472,151 | | | 384,488 | |
| Interest expense | 147,297 |
| | 140,896 |
| | 130,946 |
| Interest expense | 130,374 | | | 147,180 | | | 150,537 | |
| Total operating costs and expenses | 6,911,994 |
| | 6,757,746 |
| | 6,474,427 |
| Total operating costs and expenses | 9,446,818 | | | 8,172,561 | | | 7,394,123 | |
| Income before income taxes | 772,770 |
| | 896,438 |
| | 732,030 |
| Income before income taxes | 1,719,681 | | | 1,282,905 | | | 704,802 | |
| Income tax expense | (219,433 | ) | | (292,953 | ) | | (227,923 | ) | Income tax expense | (334,727) | | | (251,890) | | | (171,817) | |
| Net income before noncontrolling interests | 553,337 |
| | 603,485 |
| | 504,107 |
| Net income before noncontrolling interests | 1,384,954 | | | 1,031,015 | | | 532,985 | |
| Noncontrolling interests | (4,243 | ) | | (1,569 | ) | | (413 | ) | Noncontrolling interests | (3,892) | | | (8,525) | | | (2,315) | |
| Net income to common stockholders | $ | 549,094 |
| | $ | 601,916 |
| | $ | 503,694 |
| Net income to common stockholders | $ | 1,381,062 | | | $ | 1,022,490 | | | $ | 530,670 | |
| NET INCOME PER SHARE: | | | | | | NET INCOME PER SHARE: | | | | | |
| Basic | $ | 4.40 |
| | $ | 4.91 |
| | $ | 4.06 |
| Basic | $ | 4.99 | | | $ | 3.69 | | | $ | 1.89 | |
| Diluted | $ | 4.26 |
| | $ | 4.68 |
| | $ | 3.87 |
| Diluted | $ | 4.94 | | | $ | 3.66 | | | $ | 1.87 | |
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
| | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| Net income before noncontrolling interests | $ | 553,337 |
| | $ | 603,485 |
| | $ | 504,107 |
| Net income before noncontrolling interests | $ | 1,384,954 | | | $ | 1,031,015 | | | $ | 532,985 | |
| Other comprehensive gain (loss): | | | |
| | |
| |
| Other comprehensive (loss) gain.: | | Other comprehensive (loss) gain.: | | | | |
| Change in unrealized translation adjustments | 64,706 |
| | (124,193 | ) | | (124,744 | ) | Change in unrealized translation adjustments | 1,179 | | | (20,969) | | | 29,927 | |
| Change in unrealized investment (losses) gains, net of taxes | (51,752 | ) | | 246,518 |
| | (125,542 | ) | Change in unrealized investment (losses) gains, net of taxes | (983,803) | | | (198,812) | | | 140,250 | |
| Other comprehensive gain (loss) | 12,954 |
| | 122,325 |
| | (250,286 | ) | |
| | Other comprehensive (loss) gain | | Other comprehensive (loss) gain | (982,624) | | | (219,781) | | | 170,177 | |
| Comprehensive income | 566,291 |
| | 725,810 |
| | 253,821 |
| Comprehensive income | 402,330 | | | 811,234 | | | 703,162 | |
| Comprehensive loss (income) to the noncontrolling interest | 4,262 |
| | 1,510 |
| | (375 | ) | |
| Comprehensive income to common shareholders | $ | 570,553 |
| | $ | 727,320 |
| | $ | 253,446 |
| |
| Noncontrolling interests | | Noncontrolling interests | (3,890) | | | (8,523) | | | (2,313) | |
| Comprehensive income to common stockholders | | Comprehensive income to common stockholders | $ | 398,440 | | | $ | 802,711 | | | $ | 700,849 | |
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, |
| (In thousands, except share data) | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Assets | | | |
| Investments: | | | |
| Fixed maturity securities (amortized cost of $18,715,483 and $16,471,304; allowance for expected credit losses of $37,466 and $22,625 at December 31, 2022 and 2021) | $ | 17,587,349 | | | $ | 16,602,673 | |
| Investment funds | 1,608,548 | | | 1,480,612 | |
| Real estate | 1,340,622 | | | 1,852,508 | |
| Arbitrage trading account | 944,230 | | | 1,179,606 | |
| Equity securities | 1,185,894 | | | 941,243 | |
| Loans receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $1,791 and $1,718 at December 31, 2022 and 2021) | 193,002 | | | 115,172 | |
| | | |
| Total investments | 22,859,645 | | | 22,171,814 | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | 1,449,346 | | | 1,568,843 | |
| Premiums and fees receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $30,660 and $25,218 at December 31, 2022 and 2021) | 2,779,244 | | | 2,522,972 | |
| Due from reinsurers (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $8,064 and $7,713 at December 31, 2022 and 2021) | 3,187,730 | | | 2,923,026 | |
| Deferred policy acquisition costs | 763,486 | | | 676,145 | |
| Prepaid reinsurance premiums | 696,468 | | | 676,915 | |
| Trading account receivable from brokers and clearing organizations | 233,863 | | | — | |
| Property, furniture and equipment | 423,232 | | | 419,883 | |
| Goodwill | 185,509 | | | 169,652 | |
| Accrued investment income | 166,784 | | | 122,938 | |
| Current federal and foreign income taxes | 39,123 | | | 23,570 | |
| Deferred federal and foreign income taxes | 340,647 | | | 57,425 | |
| Other assets | 736,022 | | | 753,231 | |
| Total assets | $ | 33,861,099 | | | $ | 32,086,414 | |
| Liabilities and Equity | | | |
| Liabilities: | | | |
| Reserves for losses and loss expenses | $ | 17,011,223 | | | $ | 15,390,888 | |
| Unearned premiums | 5,297,654 | | | 4,847,160 | |
| Due to reinsurers | 523,131 | | | 514,980 | |
| Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased | — | | | 1,169 | |
| Trading account payable to brokers and clearing organizations | — | | | 53,636 | |
| Current federal and foreign income taxes | 34,350 | | | 21,068 | |
| Deferred federal and foreign income taxes | 11,646 | | | 17,470 | |
| Senior notes and other debt | 1,828,823 | | | 2,259,416 | |
| Subordinated debentures | 1,008,371 | | | 1,007,652 | |
| Other liabilities | 1,377,740 | | | 1,305,245 | |
| Total liabilities | 27,092,938 | | | 25,418,684 | |
| Equity: | | | |
| Preferred stock, par value $.10 per share: | | | |
| Authorized 5,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding — none | — | | | — | |
| Common stock, par value $.20 per share: | | | |
| Authorized 1,250,000,000 shares and 750,000,000 shares, respectively, issued and outstanding, net of treasury shares, 264,546,100 and 265,170,882 shares, respectively | 105,803 | | | 105,803 | |
| Additional paid-in capital | 997,534 | | | 981,104 | |
| Retained earnings | 10,161,005 | | | 9,015,135 | |
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (1,264,581) | | | (281,955) | |
| Treasury stock, at cost, 264,468,528 and 263,843,868 shares, respectively | (3,251,429) | | | (3,167,076) | |
| Total common stockholders’ equity | 6,748,332 | | | 6,653,011 | |
| Noncontrolling interests | 19,829 | | | 14,719 | |
| Total equity | 6,768,161 | | | 6,667,730 | |
| Total liabilities and equity | $ | 33,861,099 | | | $ | 32,086,414 | |
| See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements. | | | |
|
| | | | | | | |
| | December 31, |
| (In thousands, except share data) | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Assets | |
| | |
|
| Investments: | |
| | |
|
| Fixed maturity securities | $ | 13,551,250 |
| | $ | 13,190,668 |
|
| Investment funds | 1,155,677 |
| | 1,198,146 |
|
| Real estate | 1,469,601 |
| | 1,184,981 |
|
| Arbitrage trading account | 617,649 |
| | 299,999 |
|
| Loans receivable | 79,684 |
| | 106,798 |
|
| Equity securities available for sale | 576,647 |
| | 669,200 |
|
| Total investments | 17,450,508 |
| | 16,649,792 |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents | 950,471 |
| | 795,285 |
|
| Premiums and fees receivable | 1,773,844 |
| | 1,701,854 |
|
| Due from reinsurers | 1,783,200 |
| | 1,743,980 |
|
| Deferred policy acquisition costs | 507,549 |
| | 537,890 |
|
| Prepaid reinsurance premiums | 472,009 |
| | 413,140 |
|
| Trading account receivable from brokers and clearing organizations | 189,280 |
| | 484,593 |
|
| Property, furniture and equipment | 422,960 |
| | 349,432 |
|
| Goodwill | 178,945 |
| | 144,513 |
|
| Accrued investment income | 136,597 |
| | 127,047 |
|
| Current federal and foreign income taxes | — |
| | 14,768 |
|
| Other assets | 434,554 |
| | 402,550 |
|
| Total assets | $ | 24,299,917 |
| | $ | 23,364,844 |
|
| Liabilities and Equity | |
| | |
|
| Liabilities: | |
| | |
|
| Reserves for losses and loss expenses | $ | 11,670,408 |
| | $ | 11,197,195 |
|
| Unearned premiums | 3,290,180 |
| | 3,283,300 |
|
| Due to reinsurers | 246,460 |
| | 213,128 |
|
| Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased | 64,358 |
| | 51,179 |
|
| Current federal and foreign income taxes | 11,327 |
| | — |
|
| Deferred federal and foreign income taxes | 86,764 |
| | 134,365 |
|
| Other liabilities | 981,987 |
| | 916,318 |
|
| Senior notes and other debt | 1,769,052 |
| | 1,760,595 |
|
| Subordinated debentures | 728,218 |
| | 727,630 |
|
| Total liabilities | 18,848,754 |
| | 18,283,710 |
|
| Equity: | |
| | |
|
| Preferred stock, par value $.10 per share: | |
| | |
|
| Authorized 5,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding — none | — |
| | — |
|
| Common stock, par value $.20 per share: | |
| | |
|
| Authorized 500,000,000 shares, issued and outstanding, net of treasury shares, 121,514,852 and 121,193,599 shares, respectively | 47,024 |
| | 47,024 |
|
| Additional paid-in capital | 1,048,283 |
| | 1,037,446 |
|
| Retained earnings | 6,956,882 |
| | 6,595,987 |
|
| Accumulated other comprehensive income | 68,541 |
| | 55,568 |
|
| Treasury stock, at cost, 113,603,066 and 113,924,319 shares, respectively | (2,709,386 | ) | | (2,688,817 | ) |
| Total common stockholders’ equity | 5,411,344 |
| | 5,047,208 |
|
| Noncontrolling interests | 39,819 |
| | 33,926 |
|
| Total equity | 5,451,163 |
| | 5,081,134 |
|
| Total liabilities and equity | $ | 24,299,917 |
| | $ | 23,364,844 |
|
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
| | | | | | | | | | | Year Ended December 31, |
| | Year Ended December 31, | |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | |
| (In thousands, except per share data) | | (In thousands, except per share data) | | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| COMMON STOCK: | | | |
| | |
| COMMON STOCK: | | | | | | |
| Beginning and end of period | $ | 47,024 |
| | $ | 47,024 |
| | $ | 47,024 |
| Beginning and end of period | | $ | 105,803 | | | $ | 105,803 | | | $ | 105,803 | |
| ADDITIONAL PAID IN CAPITAL: | | | |
| | |
| ADDITIONAL PAID IN CAPITAL: | | | | | | |
| Beginning of period | $ | 1,037,446 |
| | $ | 1,005,455 |
| | $ | 991,512 |
| Beginning of period | | $ | 981,104 | | | $ | 977,215 | | | $ | 1,020,774 | |
| Restricted stock units issued | (27,959 | ) | | (3,594 | ) | | (16,748 | ) | Restricted stock units issued | | (32,622) | | | (44,041) | | | (38,491) | |
| Restricted stock units expensed | 38,796 |
| | 35,585 |
| | 30,691 |
| Restricted stock units expensed | | 49,052 | | | 47,930 | | | 48,567 | |
| Change in controlling financial interest of a subsidiary | | Change in controlling financial interest of a subsidiary | | — | | | — | | | (53,635) | |
| | End of period | $ | 1,048,283 |
| | $ | 1,037,446 |
| | $ | 1,005,455 |
| End of period | | $ | 997,534 | | | $ | 981,104 | | | $ | 977,215 | |
| RETAINED EARNINGS: | | | |
| | |
| RETAINED EARNINGS: | | | | | | |
| Beginning of period | $ | 6,595,987 |
| | $ | 6,178,070 |
| | $ | 5,732,410 |
| Beginning of period | | $ | 9,015,135 | | | $ | 8,348,381 | | | $ | 7,932,372 | |
| Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles | | Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles | | — | | | — | | | (30,514) | |
| Net income to common stockholders | 549,094 |
| | 601,916 |
| | 503,694 |
| Net income to common stockholders | | 1,381,062 | | | 1,022,490 | | | 530,670 | |
| Dividends | (188,199 | ) | | (183,999 | ) | | (58,034 | ) | |
| Dividends ($0.89, $1.34, and $0.31 per share, respectively) | | Dividends ($0.89, $1.34, and $0.31 per share, respectively) | | (235,192) | | | (355,736) | | | (84,147) | |
| End of period | $ | 6,956,882 |
| | $ | 6,595,987 |
| | $ | 6,178,070 |
| End of period | | $ | 10,161,005 | | | $ | 9,015,135 | | | $ | 8,348,381 | |
| ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS): | | | |
| | |
| |
| Unrealized investment gains (losses): | | | |
| | |
| |
| ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS: | | ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS: | | | | | | |
| Unrealized investment (losses) gains: | | Unrealized investment (losses) gains: | | | | | |
| Beginning of period | $ | 427,154 |
| | $ | 180,695 |
| | $ | 306,199 |
| Beginning of period | | $ | 90,900 | | | $ | 289,714 | | | $ | 124,514 | |
| Unrealized (losses) gains on securities not other-than-temporarily impaired | (52,628 | ) | | 246,872 |
| | (125,391 | ) | |
| Unrealized gains (losses) on other-than-temporarily impaired securities | 895 |
| | (413 | ) | | (113 | ) | |
| Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles | | Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles | | — | | | — | | | 24,952 | |
Change in unrealized (losses) gains on securities without an allowance for expected
credit losses | | Change in unrealized (losses) gains on securities without an allowance for expected
credit losses | | (955,435) | | | (208,938) | | | 108,244 | |
| Change in unrealized (losses) gains on securities with an allowance for expected credit losses | | Change in unrealized (losses) gains on securities with an allowance for expected credit losses | | (28,370) | | | 10,124 | | | 32,004 | |
| End of period | 375,421 |
| | 427,154 |
| | 180,695 |
| End of period | | (892,905) | | | 90,900 | | | 289,714 | |
| Currency translation adjustments: | | | |
| | |
| Currency translation adjustments: | | | | | | |
| Beginning of period | (371,586 | ) | | (247,393 | ) | | (122,649 | ) | Beginning of period | | (372,855) | | | (351,886) | | | (381,813) | |
| Net change in period | 64,706 |
| | (124,193 | ) | | (124,744 | ) | Net change in period | | 1,179 | | | (20,969) | | | 29,927 | |
| End of period | (306,880 | ) | | (371,586 | ) | | (247,393 | ) | End of period | | (371,676) | | | (372,855) | | | (351,886) | |
| Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 68,541 |
| | $ | 55,568 |
| | $ | (66,698 | ) | |
| | Total accumulated other comprehensive loss | | Total accumulated other comprehensive loss | | $ | (1,264,581) | | | $ | (281,955) | | | $ | (62,172) | |
| TREASURY STOCK: | | | |
| | |
| TREASURY STOCK: | | | | | | |
| Beginning of period | $ | (2,688,817 | ) | | $ | (2,563,605 | ) | | $ | (2,364,551 | ) | Beginning of period | | $ | (3,167,076) | | | $ | (3,058,425) | | | $ | (2,726,711) | |
| Stock exercised/vested | 26,511 |
| | 6,495 |
| | 23,975 |
| Stock exercised/vested | | 9,428 | | | 13,264 | | | 13,917 | |
| Stock issued | 727 |
| | 685 |
| | 623 |
| Stock issued | | 359 | | | 511 | | | 726 | |
| Stock repurchased | (47,807 | ) | | (132,392 | ) | | (223,652 | ) | Stock repurchased | | (94,140) | | | (122,426) | | | (346,357) | |
| End of period | $ | (2,709,386 | ) | | $ | (2,688,817 | ) | | $ | (2,563,605 | ) | End of period | | $ | (3,251,429) | | | $ | (3,167,076) | | | $ | (3,058,425) | |
| NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS: | | | |
| | |
| NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS: | | | | | | |
| Beginning of period | $ | 33,926 |
| | $ | 32,962 |
| | $ | 34,189 |
| Beginning of period | | $ | 14,719 | | | $ | 14,995 | | | $ | 43,403 | |
| Contributions (distributions) | 1,631 |
| | (546 | ) | | (1,602 | ) | Contributions (distributions) | | 1,220 | | | (8,799) | | | (30,721) | |
| Net income | 4,243 |
| | 1,569 |
| | 413 |
| Net income | | 3,892 | | | 8,525 | | | 2,315 | |
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | 19 |
| | (59 | ) | | (38 | ) | |
| Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | | Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | | (2) | | | (2) | | | (2) | |
| End of period | $ | 39,819 |
| | $ | 33,926 |
| | $ | 32,962 |
| End of period | | $ | 19,829 | | | $ | 14,719 | | | $ | 14,995 | |
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| CASH FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: | | | | | |
| Net income to common stockholders | $ | 1,381,062 | | | $ | 1,022,490 | | | $ | 530,670 | |
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities: | | | | | |
| Net investment gains | (202,397) | | | (90,632) | | | (103,000) | |
| Depreciation and amortization | 55,872 | | | 129,682 | | | 135,065 | |
| Noncontrolling interests | 3,892 | | | 8,525 | | | 2,315 | |
| Investment funds | (145,099) | | | (220,015) | | | (54,253) | |
| Stock incentive plans | 49,411 | | | 46,680 | | | 49,658 | |
| Change in: | | | | | |
| Arbitrage trading account | (53,291) | | | (268,649) | | | (67,943) | |
| Premiums and fees receivable | (268,171) | | | (364,395) | | | (173,618) | |
| Reinsurance accounts | (266,307) | | | (433,644) | | | (313,525) | |
| Deferred policy acquisition costs | (88,844) | | | (121,663) | | | (38,691) | |
| Current income taxes | (3,534) | | | (43,890) | | | 49,021 | |
| Deferred income taxes | (64,712) | | | 7,630 | | | (34,057) | |
| Reserves for losses and loss expenses | 1,684,254 | | | 1,635,774 | | | 1,176,049 | |
| Unearned premiums | 466,590 | | | 786,627 | | | 415,956 | |
| Other | 19,878 | | | 89,467 | | | 43,039 | |
| Net cash from operating activities | 2,568,604 | | | 2,183,987 | | | 1,616,686 | |
| CASH FLOWS (USED IN) FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: | | | | | |
| Proceeds from sale of fixed maturity securities | 797,948 | | | 1,842,139 | | | 3,832,555 | |
| Proceeds from sale of equity securities | 82,319 | | | 126,980 | | | 114,763 | |
| Distributions from (contributions to) investment funds | 24,623 | | | 101,050 | | | (3,042) | |
| Proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed maturity securities | 4,891,179 | | | 6,067,230 | | | 3,864,327 | |
| Purchase of fixed maturity securities | (8,036,680) | | | (10,716,748) | | | (7,551,591) | |
| Purchase of equity securities | (340,482) | | | (464,645) | | | (253,031) | |
| Real estate (purchased) sold | (45,920) | | | 166,886 | | | 178,934 | |
| | | | | |
| Change in loans receivable | (83,212) | | | (27,421) | | | 1,467 | |
| Net additions to property, furniture and equipment | (52,684) | | | (66,634) | | | (38,171) | |
| Change in balances due from security brokers | 14,337 | | | (17,983) | | | (26,515) | |
| Cash received in connection with business disposition | 906,789 | | | — | | | — | |
| Payment for business purchased, net of cash acquired | (49,572) | | | — | | | — | |
| Net cash (used in) from investing activities | (1,891,355) | | | (2,989,146) | | | 119,696 | |
| CASH FLOWS (USED IN) FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: | | | | | |
| Net (payments) proceeds from issuance of debt | (3,309) | | | 1,034,107 | | | 741,637 | |
| | | | | |
| Repayment of senior notes and other debt | (426,503) | | | (504,952) | | | (652,751) | |
| Cash dividends to common stockholders | (235,192) | | | (355,736) | | | (84,147) | |
| Purchase of common treasury shares | (94,140) | | | (122,426) | | | (346,357) | |
| Other, net | (12,848) | | | (45,162) | | | (56,225) | |
| Net cash (used in) from financing activities | (771,992) | | | 5,831 | | | (397,843) | |
| Net impact on cash due to change in foreign exchange rates | (24,754) | | | (4,195) | | | 10,117 | |
| Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | (119,497) | | | (803,523) | | | 1,348,656 | |
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 1,568,843 | | | 2,372,366 | | | 1,023,710 | |
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | $ | 1,449,346 | | | $ | 1,568,843 | | | $ | 2,372,366 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| CASH FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: | | | |
| | |
|
| Net income to common stockholders | $ | 549,094 |
| | $ | 601,916 |
| | $ | 503,694 |
|
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities: | | | |
| | |
|
| Net investment gains | (335,858 | ) | | (267,005 | ) | | (92,324 | ) |
| Depreciation and amortization | 112,956 |
| | 86,051 |
| | 85,139 |
|
| Noncontrolling interests | 4,243 |
| | 1,569 |
| | 413 |
|
| Investment funds | (69,333 | ) | | (99,301 | ) | | (62,228 | ) |
| Stock incentive plans | 40,490 |
| | 37,174 |
| | 32,123 |
|
| Change in: | | | | | |
|
| Arbitrage trading account | (4,896 | ) | | (10,633 | ) | | (7,173 | ) |
| Premiums and fees receivable | (67,752 | ) | | (60,403 | ) | | (60,942 | ) |
| Reinsurance accounts | (66,542 | ) | | (235,455 | ) | | (31,930 | ) |
| Deferred policy acquisition costs | 30,343 |
| | (25,912 | ) | | (29,860 | ) |
| Current income taxes | 25,859 |
| | 42,632 |
| | 20,428 |
|
| Deferred income taxes | (16,893 | ) | | 9,012 |
| | 47,260 |
|
| Reserves for losses and loss expenses | 438,530 |
| | 572,196 |
| | 397,685 |
|
| Unearned premiums | 4,160 |
| | 149,683 |
| | 142,699 |
|
| Other | 66,482 |
| | 46,852 |
| | (63,680 | ) |
| Net cash from operating activities | 710,883 |
| | 848,376 |
| | 881,304 |
|
| CASH FLOWS USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES: | | | |
| | |
|
| Proceeds from sale of fixed maturity securities | 4,035,162 |
| | 2,440,310 |
| | 1,388,680 |
|
| Proceeds from sale of equity securities | 195,270 |
| | 143,042 |
| | 15,833 |
|
| Distributions from investment funds | 247,404 |
| | 142,601 |
| | 177,424 |
|
| Proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed maturity securities | 3,556,744 |
| | 2,189,365 |
| | 2,999,339 |
|
| Purchase of fixed maturity securities | (7,940,957 | ) | | (5,541,202 | ) | | (4,455,223 | ) |
| Purchase of equity securities | (27,522 | ) | | (202,736 | ) | | (29,526 | ) |
| Real estate purchased | (236,039 | ) | | (299,123 | ) | | (222,659 | ) |
| Change in loans receivable | 27,135 |
| | 166,327 |
| | 48,909 |
|
| Net additions to property, furniture and equipment | (115,719 | ) | | (50,829 | ) | | (63,562 | ) |
| Change in balances due from security brokers | (4,372 | ) | | 20,992 |
| | (22,666 | ) |
| Cash received in connection with business disposition | — |
| | 250,216 |
| | — |
|
| Payment for business purchased, net of cash acquired | (70,570 | ) | | (53,451 | ) | | (7,312 | ) |
| Net cash used in investing activities | (333,464 | ) | | (794,488 | ) | | (170,763 | ) |
| CASH FLOWS USED IN FINANCING ACTIVITIES: | | | |
| | |
|
| Net proceeds from issuance of debt | 6,983 |
| | 388,769 |
| | 9,056 |
|
| Repayment of senior notes and other debt | (20 | ) | | (75,487 | ) | | (281,086 | ) |
| Cash dividends to common stockholders | (188,199 | ) | | (183,999 | ) | | (58,034 | ) |
| Purchase of common treasury shares | (47,807 | ) | | (132,392 | ) | | (223,652 | ) |
| Other, net | (6,043 | ) | | (3,823 | ) | | (1,602 | ) |
| Net cash used in financing activities | (235,086 | ) | | (6,932 | ) | | (555,318 | ) |
| Net impact on cash due to change in foreign exchange rates | 12,853 |
| | (15,302 | ) | | (66,033 | ) |
| Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | 155,186 |
| | 31,654 |
| | 89,190 |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 795,285 |
| | 763,631 |
| | 674,441 |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | $ | 950,471 |
| | $ | 795,285 |
| | $ | 763,631 |
|
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 20162022, 2021 and 20152020
(1) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
(A) Principles of consolidation and basis of presentation
The consolidated financial statements, which include the accounts of W. R. Berkley Corporation and its subsidiaries (the "Company"), have been prepared on the basis of U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. Reclassifications have been made in the 20162021 and 20152020 financial statements as originally reported to conform to the presentation of the 20172022 financial statements. Shares outstanding and per share amounts have been adjusted to reflect the 3-for-2 common stock split effected on March 23, 2022. In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company adjusted the proceeds from sale of fixed maturity securities and purchase of fixed maturity securities lines within the consolidated statements of cash flows for an incremental inter-company elimination which resulted in no impact on the total amount of investing activities. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company did not correct these line items as the effects were not material and had no impact on the total amount of investing activities.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the revenues and expenses reflected during the reporting period. The most significant items on our balance sheet that involve a greater degree of accounting estimates that are subject to change in the future are the valuation of investments, other-than-temporary impairments, lossallowance for expected credit losses on investments, reserves for losses and loss expense reservesexpenses and premium estimates. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
(B) Revenue recognition
Insurance premiums are recognized as written at the inception of the policy. Reinsurance premiums are estimated based upon information received from ceding companies, and subsequent differences from such estimates are recorded in the period they are determined. Insurance and reinsurance premiums are primarily earned on a pro rata basis over the policy term. Fees for services are earned over the period that the services are provided. Premiums and fees receivable are reported net of an allowance for expected credit losses, with the allowance being estimated based on current and future expected conditions, historical loss data and specific identification of collectability concerns where applicable. Changes in the allowance are reported within other operating costs and expenses.
Audit premiums are recognized when they are reliably determinable. The change in accruals for earned but unbilled audit premiums increased (decreased) net premiums written and premiums earned by $8$25 million, $8$10 million and $3$(27) million in 2017, 20162022, 2021 and 2015,2020, respectively.
Revenues from non-insurance businesses are derived from a businessbusinesses engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise, world-wide textile solutions, and aircraft services provided to the general, commercial and military aviation markets. These aircraft services include (i) the distribution, manufacturing, repair and overhaul of aircraft parts and components, (ii) the sale of new and used aircraft, and (iii) avionics, fuel, maintenance, storage and charter services. Revenue is recognized upon the shipment of products and parts, the delivery of aircraft, the delivery of fuel, and uponover the completion period of services.
Insurance service fee revenue represents servicing fees for program administration and claims management services provided by the Company, including workers' compensation assigned risk plans, as well as insurance brokerage and risk management services. Fees for program administration, claims management and risk management services are primarily recognized ratably over the related contract period for which the underlying services are rendered. Commissions for insurance brokerage are generally recognized when the underlying insurance policy is effective.
(C) Cash and cash equivalents
Cash equivalents consist of funds invested in money market accounts and investments with an effective maturity of three months or less when purchased.
(D) Investments
Fixed maturity securities classified as available for sale are carried at estimated fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, net of applicable income taxes, excluded from earnings and reported as a component of comprehensive income and a separate component of stockholders' equity. Fixed maturity securities that the Company has the positive intent and ability to
hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity and reported at amortized cost. Investment income from fixed maturity securities is recognized based on the constant effective yield method. Premiums and discounts on mortgage-backed securities are adjusted for the effects of actual and anticipated prepayments on a retrospective basis.
Equity securities classified as available for salewith readily determinable fair values are carriedmeasured at estimated fair value, with changes in the fair value recognized in net income within net realized and unrealized gains and losses, net of applicable income taxes, excluded from earnings and reported as a component of comprehensive income and a separate component of stockholders' equity.on investments.
Equity and fixedFixed maturity securities that the Company purchased with the intent to sell in the near-term are classified as trading account securities and are reported at estimated fair value. Realized and unrealized gains and losses from trading activity are reported as net investment income and are recorded at the trade date. Short sales and short call options are presented as trading securities sold but not yet purchased. Unsettled trades and the net margin balances held by the clearing broker are presented as a trading account receivable from brokers and clearing organizations.
Investment funds are carried under the equity method of accounting. The Company's share of the earnings or losses of investment funds is primarily reported on a one-quarter lag in order to facilitate the timely completion of the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Loans receivable primarily represent commercial real estate mortgage loans and bank loans and are carried at amortized cost. The Company monitors the performance of its loans receivable and establishes an allowance for loan losses for loans where the Company determines it is probable that the contractual terms will not be met, with a corresponding charge to earnings. For loans that are evaluated individually and deemed to be impaired, the Company establishes a specific allowance based on a discounted cash flow analysis and comparable cost and sales methodologies, if appropriate. Individual loans that are not considered impaired and smaller-balance homogeneous loans are evaluated collectively and a general allowance is established if it is considered probable that a loss has been incurred.
The accrual of interest on loans receivable is discontinued if the loan is 90 days past due based on the contractual terms of the loan unless the loan is adequately secured and in process of collection. In general, loans are placed on non-accrual status or charged off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful. Interest on these loans is accounted for on a cash basis until qualifying for return to accrual status. Loans are returned to accrual status when all principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.
Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” Fair value of investments is determined based on a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the use of observable inputs over the use of unobservable inputs and requires the use of observable inputs when available. (See Note 13 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.)
Realized gains or losses represent the difference between the cost of securities sold and the proceeds realized upon sale and are recorded at the trade date. The Company uses primarily the first-in, first-out method to determine the cost of securities sold.
The cost ofFor available for sale securities is adjustedin an unrealized loss position where appropriate to include a provision for a decline in value which is considered to be other than temporary. An other-than-temporary decline is considered to occur in investments where there has been a sustained reduction in fair value and where the Company does not expect to recover the cost basis of the investment prior to the time of sale or maturity. Since equity securities do not have a contractual cash flow or a maturity, the Company considers whether the price of an equity security is expected to recover within a reasonable period of time.
For fixed maturity securities that the Company intends to sell, or it is more likely than not wouldthat it will be required to sell a declinethe security before recovery in value, belowthe amortized cost basis is consideredwritten down to be an other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”). The amount of OTTI is equal to the difference between amortized cost and fair value at the balance sheet date.through net investment gains. For fixed maturityavailable for sale securities thatin an unrealized loss position where the Company does not intend to sell, or believes that it is more likely than not that it wouldwill not be required to sell athe security before recovery in value, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value belowhas resulted from credit losses or all other factors (non-credit factors). In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, is consideredchanges to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be an OTTI ifcollected from the Company does not expectsecurity are compared to recover the entire amortized cost basis of a security (i.e.,the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, ofan allowance for expected credit losses is recorded for the security). The portion of the decline in value considered to be a credit loss (i.e.,through net investment gains, limited by the difference betweenamount that the presentfair value of cash flows expected to be collected andis less than the amortized cost basis of the security)basis. The allowance is adjusted for any change in expected credit losses and subsequent recoveries through net investment gains. The impairment related to non-credit factors is recognized in earnings. The portioncomprehensive income (loss).
For financial assets carried at amortized cost, which includes held to maturity securities and loans receivable, the Company estimates an allowance for expected credit losses based on relevant information about past events, including historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts that affect the expected collectability of the decline in value not consideredamortized cost of the financial asset. The allowance for expected credit losses is presented as a reduction to be a credit loss (i.e.,amortized cost of the differencefinancial asset in the present valueconsolidated balance sheet and changes to the estimate for expected credit losses are recognized through net investment gains.
The Company’s credit assessment of cash flowsallowance for expected credit losses uses a third party model for available for sale and held to be collected and the fair value of the security)maturity securities, as well as loans receivable. The allowance for expected credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income.
Impairment assessments for structured securities, including mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities, collateralized debt obligations and corporate debt, are generally evaluated based on the performance of the underlying collateral under various economic and default scenarios that may involve subjective judgments and estimates by management. Modeling these securities involves various factors, such as projected default rates, the nature and realizable value of the collateral, if any, the ability of the issuer to make scheduled payments, historical performance and other relevant economic and performance factors. If an OTTI determination is made, aA discounted cash flow analysis is used to ascertain the amount of the allowance for expected credit impairment.losses, if any. In general, the model reverts to the rating-level long-term average marginal default rates based on 10 years of historical data, beyond the forecast period. For other inputs, the model in most cases reverts to the baseline long-
term assumptions linearly over 5 years beyond the forecast period. The long-term assumptions are based on the historical averages.
The Company reports accrued investment income separately from fixed maturity securities, and has elected not to measure an allowance for expected credit losses for accrued investment income. Accrued investment income is written off through net investment income at the time the issuer of the bond defaults or is expected to default on payments.
Real estate held for investment purposes is initially recorded at the purchase price, which is generally fair value, and is subsequently reported at cost less accumulated depreciation. Real estate taxes, interest and other costs incurred during development and construction are capitalized. Buildings are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives
of the building. Minimum rental income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Income and expenses from real estate are reported as net investment income. The carrying value of real estate is reviewed for impairment and an impairment loss is recognized if the estimated undiscounted cash flows from the use and disposition of the property are less than the carrying value of the property.
(E) Per share data
The Company presents both basic and diluted net income per share (“EPS”) amounts. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing net income by weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year (including 4,847,30311,416,856 common shares held in a grantor trust established in March 2017)trust). The common shares held in the grantor trust are for delivery upon settlement of vested but mandatorily deferred restricted stock units ("RSUs"). Shares held by the grantor trust do not affect diluted shares outstanding since the shares deliverable under vested RSUs were already included in diluted shares outstanding. Diluted EPS is based upon the weighted average number of basic and common equivalent shares outstanding during the year and is calculated using the treasury stock method for stock incentive plans. Common equivalent shares are excluded from the computation in periods in which they have an anti-dilutive effect.
(F) Deferred policy acquisition costs
Acquisition costs associated with the successful acquisition of new and renewed insurance and reinsurance contracts are deferred and amortized ratably over the terms of the related contracts. Ceding commissions received on reinsurance contracts are netted against acquisition costs and are recognized ratably over the life of the contract. Deferred policy acquisition costs are presented net of unearned ceding commissions. Deferred policy acquisition costs are comprised primarily of commissions, as well as employment-related underwriting costs and premium taxes. Deferred policy acquisition costs are reviewed to determine if they are recoverable from future income and, if not, are charged to expense. The recoverability of deferred policy acquisition costs is evaluated separately by each of our operating companies for each of their major lines of business.companies. Future investment income is taken into account in measuring the recoverability of deferred policy acquisition costs.
(G) Reserves for losses and loss expenses
Reserves for losses and loss expenses are an accumulation of amounts determined on the basis of (1) evaluation of claims for business written directly by the Company; (2) estimates received from other companies for reinsurance assumed by the Company; and (3) estimates for losses incurred but not reported (based on Company and industry experience). These estimates are periodically reviewed and, as experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted as necessary. Such adjustments are reflected in the statements of income in the period in which they are determined. The Company discounts its reserves for excess and assumed workers' compensation claims using a risk-free or statutory rate. (See Note 14 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.)
(H) Reinsurance ceded
The unearned portion of premiums ceded to reinsurers is reported as prepaid reinsurance premiums and earned ratably over the policy term. The estimated amounts of reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses are reported as due from reinsurers. To the extent any reinsurer does not meet its obligations under reinsurance agreements, the Company must discharge its liability. Amounts due from reinsurers are reflected net of funds held where the right of offset is present. The Company has provided reservesan allowance for expected credit losses for estimated uncollectible reinsurance. The allowance is estimated based on the composition of the recoverable balance, considering reinsurer credit ratings, collateral received from financial institutions and funds withheld arrangements, length of collection periods, probability of default methodology, and specific identification of collectability concerns. Changes in the allowance are reported within losses and loss expenses.
(I) Deposit accounting
Contracts that do not meet the risk transfer requirements of GAAP are accounted for using the deposit accounting method. Under this method, an asset or liability is recognized at the inception of the contract based on consideration paid or received. The amount of the deposit asset or liability is adjusted at subsequent reporting dates using the interest method with a corresponding credit or charge to interest income or expense. Deposit liabilities for assumed reinsurance contracts were $47$33 million and $51$35 million at December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, respectively.
(J) Federal and foreign income taxes
The Company files a consolidated income tax return in the U.S. and foreign tax returns in countries where it has overseas operations. The Company's method of accounting for income taxes is the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using tax rates currently in effect or expected to apply in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to reverse. Interest and penalties, if any, are reported as income tax expense.
The Company believes there are no tax positions that would require disclosure under GAAP. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
(K) Foreign currency
Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions (transactions denominated in a currency other than the entity's functional currency) are reported on the statements of income as other operating costs and expenses. Unrealized gains or losses resulting from translating the results of non-U.S. dollar denominated operations are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. Revenues and expenses denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars are generally translated at the weighted average exchange rate during the year. Assets and liabilities are translated at the rate of exchange in effect at the balance sheet date.
(L) Property, furniture and equipment
Property, furniture and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated using the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Depreciation expense was $50$52 million, $47$52 million and $45$53 million for 2017, 20162022, 2021 and 2015,2020, respectively.
(M) Comprehensive income
Comprehensive income encompasses all changes in stockholders' equity (except those arising from transactions with stockholders) and includes net income, net unrealized holding gains or losses on available for sale securities and unrealized foreign currency translation adjustments.
(N) Goodwill and other intangible assets
Goodwill and other intangible assets are tested for impairment on an annual basis and at interim periods where circumstances require. The Company's impairment test as of December 31, 20172022 indicated that there were no material impairment losses related to goodwill and other intangible assets. Intangible assets of $107$102 million and $82$85 million are included in other assets as of December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, respectively.
(O) Restricted stock units
The costs resulting from all share-based payment transactions with employees are recognized in the consolidated financial statements using a fair-value-based measurement method. Compensation cost is recognized for financial reporting purposes over the period in which the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award (generally the vesting period).
(P) Statements of cash flows
Interest payments were $145$138 million, $137$141 million and $130$155 million in 2017, 20162022, 2021 and 2015,2020, respectively. Income taxes paid were $207$295 million, $232$244 million and $165$103 million in 2017, 20162022, 2021 and 2015,2020, respectively. Other non-cash items include unrealized investment gains and losses. (See Note 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.)
(Q) Recent accounting pronouncements
Recently adopted accounting pronouncements:
In May 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2015-09, Disclosures about Short-Duration Contracts. ASU 2015-09 requires companies that issue short duration insurance contracts to disclose additional information, including: (i) incurred and paid claims development tables; (ii) frequency and severity of claims; and (iii) information about material changes in judgments made in calculating the liability for unpaid claim adjustment expenses, including reasons for the change and the effects on the financial statements. The Company adopted this updated guidance on January 1, 2016 with regard to the annual requirements and on January 1, 2017 with regard to the interim requirements. The amendments in ASU 2015-09 are applied retrospectively by providing comparative disclosures for each period presented, except for those requirements that apply only to the current period. As the requirements are disclosure only, the adoption of this guidance did not impact our financial condition or results of operations, but did result in additional disclosures.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. ASU 2016-09 includes provisions intended to simplify various previous provisions related to how share-based payments are accounted for and presented in the financial statements. Under the new guidance, excess tax benefits (deductions for share
based payment awards for tax purposes that exceed the compensation cost recognized for financial reporting purposes) are reported within the income tax expense financial statement line item. Previously, excess tax benefits were reported within additional paid in capital. The Company adopted this updated guidance on January 1, 2017 prospectively. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's financial condition or results of operations.
All other accounting and reporting standards that became effective in 20172022 were either not applicable to the Company or their adoption did not have a material impact on the Company.
Accounting and reporting standards that are not yet effective:
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Customers. ASU 2014-09 clarifies the principles for recognizing revenue. While insurance contracts are not within the scope of this updated guidance, the Company’s insurance service fee revenue and non-insurance business revenue will be subject to this updated guidance. The updated guidance requires an entity to recognize revenue as performance obligations are met, in order to reflect the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity is entitled to receive for those goods or services. The updated guidance, as amended by ASU 2015-14, is effective for public business entities for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company determined that the adoption of this guidance on January 1, 2018 will not have a material effect on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments. ASU 2016-01 amends the accounting guidance for financial instruments to require all equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized through net income (other than those accounted for under equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee). The updated guidance is effective for public business entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those years. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material effect on the Company’s financial condition upon adoption, but will impact results of operations after adoption of this guidance as unrealized gains and losses on equity securities will no longer be reported directly in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI), but will instead be reported in net income.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases, which amends the accounting and disclosure guidance for leases. This guidance retains the two classifications of a lease, as either an operating or finance lease, both of which will require lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for leases with terms of more than 12 months. The right-of-use asset and the lease liability will be determined based upon the present value of cash flows. Finance leases will reflect the financial arrangement by recognizing interest expense on the lease liability separately from the amortization expense of the right-of-use asset. Operating leases will recognize lease expense (with no separate recognition of interest expense) on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The accounting by lessors is not significantly changed by the updated guidance. The updated guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and will require that the earliest comparative period presented include the measurement and recognition of existing leases with an adjustment to equity as if the updated guidance had always been applied. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of this guidance will have on its results of operations, financial position and liquidity.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, which amends the accounting guidance for credit losses on financial instruments. The updated guidance amends the current other-than-temporary impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities by requiring the recognition of impairments relating to credit losses through an allowance account and limits the amount of credit loss to the difference between a security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value. This guidance also applies a new current expected credit loss model for determining credit-related impairments for financial instruments measured at amortized cost. The updated guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company will not be able to determine the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on its results of operations, financial position or liquidity until the year the guidance becomes effective.
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Reporting Comprehensive Income, which amends previous guidance to allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”). The amount of the reclassification would include the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate on the gross deferred tax amounts and related valuation allowances, if any, at the date of the enactment of the Tax Act related to items in AOCI. The updated guidance is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and is eligible for early adoption. The Company expects to adopt the updated guidance in 2018, which should not impact its results of operations or financial position.
All other recently issued but not yet effective accounting and reporting standards are either not applicable to the Company or are not expected to have a material impact on the Company.
(2) Acquisitions / Dispositions
In March 2017,2022, the Company acquired an 89.5%80.0% ownership interest for $73.3$51.1 million in a company engaged in providing textile solutions world-wide.residential and commercial textiles. The fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed have been estimated based on a third party valuation.
The following table summarizes the estimated fair value of net assets acquired and liabilities assumed for the business combination completed in 2017:2022:
| | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2022 |
| |
| |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,564 | |
| Real estate, furniture and equipment | 6,000 | |
| Intangible assets | 25,600 | |
| Goodwill | 15,857 | |
| Other assets | 20,349 | |
| Total assets acquired | 69,370 | |
| |
| Other liabilities assumed | (12,420) | |
| Noncontrolling interest | (5,814) | |
| |
| Net assets acquired | $ | 51,136 | |
|
| | | |
| (In thousands) | 2017 |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 2,721 |
|
| Real estate, furniture and equipment | 7,042 |
|
| Goodwill | 28,522 |
|
| Intangible Assets | 32,395 |
|
| Other assets | 9,862 |
|
| Total assets acquired | 80,542 |
|
| | |
| Other liabilities assumed | (2,251 | ) |
| Non controlling interest | (5,000 | ) |
| Net assets acquired | $ | 73,291 |
|
In February 2016, the Company acquired an 85% ownership interest for $42.3 million in a company engaged in the distribution of promotional merchandise.
(3) Consolidated StatementStatements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income (Loss)
The following tables present the components of the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI)income as of and for the years ended December 31, 20172022 and 2016:2021: | | (In thousands) | | (In thousands) | | | |
| December 31, 2022 | | December 31, 2022 | Unrealized Investment (Losses) Gains | | Currency Translation Adjustments | | | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |
| Changes in AOCI | | Changes in AOCI | | | | | |
| Beginning of period | | Beginning of period | $ | 90,900 | | | $ | (372,855) | | | | $ | (281,955) | |
| | | (In thousands) | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2017 | Unrealized investment gains (losses) |
| Currency translation adjustments |
| Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | |
| Changes in AOCI |
|
|
|
| |
| Beginning of period | $ | 427,154 |
|
| $ | (371,586 | ) |
| $ | 55,568 |
| |
| Other comprehensive income before reclassifications | 63,567 |
|
| 64,706 |
|
| 128,273 |
| |
| Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | | Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications | (1,054,838) | | | 1,179 | | | | (1,053,659) | |
| Amounts reclassified from AOCI | (115,319 | ) |
| — |
|
| (115,319 | ) | Amounts reclassified from AOCI | 71,035 | | | — | | | | 71,035 | |
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | (51,752 | ) |
| 64,706 |
|
| 12,954 |
| |
| Unrealized investment gain related to non-controlling interest | 19 |
|
| — |
|
| 19 |
| |
| Other comprehensive (loss) income | | Other comprehensive (loss) income | (983,803) | | | 1,179 | | | | (982,624) | |
| Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest | | Unrealized investment loss related to noncontrolling interest | (2) | | | — | | | | (2) | |
| Ending balance | $ | 375,421 |
|
| $ | (306,880 | ) |
| $ | 68,541 |
| Ending balance | $ | (892,905) | | | $ | (371,676) | | | | $ | (1,264,581) | |
| Amounts reclassified from AOCI |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Amounts reclassified from AOCI | | | | | | |
| Pre-tax | $ | (177,414 | ) | (1) | $ | — |
|
| $ | (177,414 | ) | Pre-tax | $ | 89,918 | | (1) | $ | — | | | | $ | 89,918 | |
| Tax effect | 62,095 |
| (2) |
|
|
| 62,095 |
| Tax effect | (18,883) | | (2) | — | | | | (18,883) | |
| After-tax amounts reclassified | $ | (115,319 | ) |
| $ | — |
|
| $ | (115,319 | ) | After-tax amounts reclassified | $ | 71,035 | | | $ | — | | | | $ | 71,035 | |
| Other comprehensive income (loss) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| Other comprehensive (loss) income | | Other comprehensive (loss) income | | | | | | |
| Pre-tax | $ | (69,425 | ) |
| $ | 64,706 |
|
| $ | (4,719 | ) | Pre-tax | $ | (1,248,128) | | | $ | 1,179 | | | | $ | (1,246,949) | |
| Tax effect | 17,673 |
|
| — |
|
| 17,673 |
| Tax effect | 264,325 | | | — | | | | 264,325 | |
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | $ | (51,752 | ) |
| $ | 64,706 |
|
| $ | 12,954 |
| |
| Other comprehensive (loss) income | | Other comprehensive (loss) income | $ | (983,803) | | | $ | 1,179 | | | | $ | (982,624) | |
| | (In thousands) | | (In thousands) | | | |
| December 31, 2021 | | December 31, 2021 | Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses) | | Currency Translation Adjustments | | | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |
| Changes in AOCI | | Changes in AOCI | | | | | |
| Beginning of period | | Beginning of period | $ | 289,714 | | | $ | (351,886) | | | | $ | (62,172) | |
| Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | | Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | (222,359) | | | (20,969) | | | | (243,328) | |
| Amounts reclassified from AOCI | | Amounts reclassified from AOCI | 23,547 | | | — | | | | 23,547 | |
| | | (In thousands) | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2016 | Unrealized investment gains (losses) | | Currency translation adjustments | | Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | |
| Changes in AOCI | | | | | |
| Beginning of period | $ | 180,695 |
| | $ | (247,393 | ) | | $ | (66,698 | ) | |
| Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 286,734 |
| | (124,193 | ) | | 162,541 |
| |
| Amounts reclassified from AOCI | (40,216 | ) | | — |
| | (40,216 | ) | |
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | 246,518 |
| | (124,193 | ) | | 122,325 |
| |
| Unrealized investment gain related to non-controlling interest | (59 | ) | | — |
| | (59 | ) | |
| | Other comprehensive loss | | Other comprehensive loss | (198,812) | | | (20,969) | | | | (219,781) | |
| Unrealized investment loss related to non-controlling interest | | Unrealized investment loss related to non-controlling interest | (2) | | | — | | | | (2) | |
| Ending balance | $ | 427,154 |
| | $ | (371,586 | ) | | $ | 55,568 |
| Ending balance | $ | 90,900 | | | $ | (372,855) | | | | $ | (281,955) | |
| Amounts reclassified from AOCI | | | | | | Amounts reclassified from AOCI | | | | | | |
| Pre-tax | $ | (61,871 | ) | (1) | $ | — |
| | $ | (61,871 | ) | Pre-tax | $ | 29,806 | | (1) | $ | — | | | | $ | 29,806 | |
| Tax effect | 21,655 |
| (2) | — |
| | 21,655 |
| Tax effect | (6,259) | | (2) | — | | | | (6,259) | |
| After-tax amounts reclassified | $ | (40,216 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | (40,216 | ) | After-tax amounts reclassified | $ | 23,547 | | | $ | — | | | | $ | 23,547 | |
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | | | | | | |
| Other comprehensive loss | | Other comprehensive loss | | | | | | |
| Pre-tax | $ | 379,258 |
| | $ | (124,193 | ) | | $ | 255,065 |
| Pre-tax | $ | (254,939) | | | $ | (20,969) | | | | $ | (275,908) | |
| Tax effect | (132,740 | ) | | — |
| | (132,740 | ) | Tax effect | 56,127 | | | — | | | | 56,127 | |
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | $ | 246,518 |
| | $ | (124,193 | ) | | $ | 122,325 |
| |
| Other comprehensive loss | | Other comprehensive loss | $ | (198,812) | | | $ | (20,969) | | | | $ | (219,781) | |
_______________
(1) Net investment gains in the consolidated statements of income.
(2) Income tax expense in the consolidated statements of income.
(4) Investments in Fixed Maturity Securities
At December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, investments in fixed maturity securities were as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | Amortized
Cost | | Allowance for Expected Credit Losses (1) | | Gross Unrealized | | Fair
Value | | Carrying
Value | | |
| Gains | | Losses | | |
| December 31, 2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Held to maturity: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| State and municipal | $ | 47,802 | | | $ | (114) | | | $ | 4,239 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 51,927 | | | $ | 47,688 | | | |
| Residential mortgage-backed | 3,608 | | | — | | | 38 | | | — | | | 3,646 | | | 3,608 | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Total held to maturity | 51,410 | | | (114) | | | 4,277 | | | — | | | 55,573 | | | 51,296 | | | |
| Available for sale: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| U.S. government and government agency | 960,479 | | | — | | | 937 | | | (69,158) | | | 892,258 | | | 892,258 | | | |
| State and municipal: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Special revenue | 1,837,309 | | | — | | | 3,662 | | | (119,474) | | | 1,721,497 | | | 1,721,497 | | | |
| State general obligation | 387,709 | | | — | | | 2,651 | | | (21,335) | | | 369,025 | | | 369,025 | | | |
| Pre-refunded | 156,106 | | | — | | | 2,741 | | | (7) | | | 158,840 | | | 158,840 | | | |
| Corporate backed | 210,228 | | | — | | | 334 | | | (10,923) | | | 199,639 | | | 199,639 | | | |
| Local general obligation | 454,983 | | | — | | | 2,967 | | | (16,853) | | | 441,097 | | | 441,097 | | | |
| Total state and municipal | 3,046,335 | | | — | | | 12,355 | | | (168,592) | | | 2,890,098 | | | 2,890,098 | | | |
| Mortgage-backed securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Residential | 1,308,019 | | | (18) | | | 395 | | | (171,595) | | | 1,136,801 | | | 1,136,801 | | | |
| Commercial | 547,757 | | | — | | | 215 | | | (19,363) | | | 528,609 | | | 528,609 | | | |
| Total mortgage-backed securities | 1,855,776 | | | (18) | | | 610 | | | (190,958) | | | 1,665,410 | | | 1,665,410 | | | |
| Asset-backed securities | 4,132,365 | | | — | | | 2,730 | | | (152,322) | | | 3,982,773 | | | 3,982,773 | | | |
| Corporate: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Industrial | 3,491,645 | | | (1,704) | | | 4,439 | | | (241,381) | | | 3,252,999 | | | 3,252,999 | | | |
| Financial | 2,585,247 | | | (2,997) | | | 5,505 | | | (117,383) | | | 2,470,372 | | | 2,470,372 | | | |
| Utilities | 586,066 | | | — | | | 1,307 | | | (36,325) | | | 551,048 | | | 551,048 | | | |
| Other | 441,230 | | | — | | | — | | | (11,657) | | | 429,573 | | | 429,573 | | | |
| Total corporate | 7,104,188 | | | (4,701) | | | 11,251 | | | (406,746) | | | 6,703,992 | | | 6,703,992 | | | |
| Foreign government | 1,564,930 | | | (32,633) | | | 4,283 | | | (135,058) | | | 1,401,522 | | | 1,401,522 | | | |
| Total available for sale | 18,664,073 | | | (37,352) | | | 32,166 | | | (1,122,834) | | | 17,536,053 | | | 17,536,053 | | | |
| Total investments in fixed maturity securities | $ | 18,715,483 | | | $ | (37,466) | | | $ | 36,443 | | | $ | (1,122,834) | | | $ | 17,591,626 | | | $ | 17,587,349 | | | |
| | | (In thousands) | Amortized
Cost | | Gross Unrealized | | Fair
Value | | Carrying
Value | (In thousands) | Amortized
Cost | | Allowance for Expected Credit Losses (1) | | Gross Unrealized | | Fair
Value | | Carrying
Value |
| Gains | | Losses | Gains | | Losses |
| December 31, 2017 | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2021 | | December 31, 2021 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Held to maturity: | | | | | | | | | | Held to maturity: | |
| State and municipal | $ | 65,882 |
| | $ | 14,499 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 80,381 |
| | $ | 65,882 |
| State and municipal | $ | 69,539 | | | $ | (387) | | | $ | 10,813 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 79,965 | | | $ | 69,152 | |
| Residential mortgage-backed | 13,450 |
| | 1,227 |
| | — |
| | 14,677 |
| | 13,450 |
| Residential mortgage-backed | 4,829 | | | — | | | 632 | | | — | | | 5,461 | | | 4,829 | |
| | Total held to maturity | 79,332 |
| | 15,726 |
| | — |
| | 95,058 |
| | 79,332 |
| Total held to maturity | 74,368 | | | (387) | | | 11,445 | | | — | | | 85,426 | | | 73,981 | |
| Available for sale: | | | | | | | | | | Available for sale: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| U.S. government and government agency | 372,748 |
| | 8,824 |
| | (3,832 | ) | | 377,740 |
| | 377,740 |
| U.S. government and government agency | 851,128 | | | — | | | 8,509 | | | (4,294) | | | 855,343 | | | 855,343 | |
| State and municipal: | | | | | | | | | | State and municipal: | |
| Special revenue | 2,663,245 |
| | 53,512 |
| | (10,027 | ) | | 2,706,730 |
| | 2,706,730 |
| Special revenue | 2,016,382 | | | — | | | 62,961 | | | (5,706) | | | 2,073,637 | | | 2,073,637 | |
| State general obligation | 439,358 |
| | 16,087 |
| | (711 | ) | | 454,734 |
| | 454,734 |
| State general obligation | 388,110 | | | — | | | 23,152 | | | (1,015) | | | 410,247 | | | 410,247 | |
| Pre-refunded | 436,241 |
| | 22,701 |
| | (9 | ) | | 458,933 |
| | 458,933 |
| Pre-refunded | 202,633 | | | — | | | 14,891 | | | (574) | | | 216,950 | | | 216,950 | |
| Corporate backed | 375,268 |
| | 10,059 |
| | (860 | ) | | 384,467 |
| | 384,467 |
| Corporate backed | 166,943 | | | — | | | 7,191 | | | (1,532) | | | 172,602 | | | 172,602 | |
| Local general obligation | 417,955 |
| | 23,242 |
| | (967 | ) | | 440,230 |
| | 440,230 |
| Local general obligation | 401,974 | | | — | | | 29,455 | | | (732) | | | 430,697 | | | 430,697 | |
| Total state and municipal | 4,332,067 |
| | 125,601 |
| | (12,574 | ) | | 4,445,094 |
| | 4,445,094 |
| Total state and municipal | 3,176,042 | | | — | | | 137,650 | | | (9,559) | | | 3,304,133 | | | 3,304,133 | |
| Mortgage-backed securities: | | | | | | | | | | Mortgage-backed securities: | | | | | | | | | | | |
Residential (1) | 1,043,629 |
| | 9,304 |
| | (13,547 | ) | | 1,039,386 |
| | 1,039,386 |
| 940,744 | | | — | | | 9,896 | | | (11,321) | | | 939,319 | | | 939,319 | |
| Commercial | 261,652 |
| | 1,521 |
| | (2,628 | ) | | 260,545 |
| | 260,545 |
| Commercial | 125,709 | | | — | | | 3,388 | | | (341) | | | 128,756 | | | 128,756 | |
| Total mortgage-backed securities | 1,305,281 |
| | 10,825 |
| | (16,175 | ) | | 1,299,931 |
| | 1,299,931 |
| Total mortgage-backed securities | 1,066,453 | | | — | | | 13,284 | | | (11,662) | | | 1,068,075 | | | 1,068,075 | |
| Asset-backed securities | 2,111,132 |
| | 11,024 |
| | (10,612 | ) | | 2,111,544 |
| | 2,111,544 |
| Asset-backed securities | 4,504,950 | | | — | | | 4,409 | | | (18,794) | | | 4,490,565 | | | 4,490,565 | |
| Corporate: | | | | | | | | | | Corporate: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Industrial | 2,574,400 |
| | 52,210 |
| | (7,718 | ) | | 2,618,892 |
| | 2,618,892 |
| Industrial | 3,231,520 | | | (16) | | | 62,751 | | | (21,092) | | | 3,273,163 | | | 3,273,163 | |
| Financial | 1,402,161 |
| | 37,744 |
| | (5,138 | ) | | 1,434,767 |
| | 1,434,767 |
| Financial | 1,739,282 | | | — | | | 30,709 | | | (6,591) | | | 1,763,400 | | | 1,763,400 | |
| Utilities | 284,886 |
| | 11,316 |
| | (1,248 | ) | | 294,954 |
| | 294,954 |
| Utilities | 396,242 | | | — | | | 13,262 | | | (3,202) | | | 406,302 | | | 406,302 | |
| Other | 40,560 |
| | 5 |
| | (66 | ) | | 40,499 |
| | 40,499 |
| Other | 154,210 | | | — | | | 125 | | | (1,525) | | | 152,810 | | | 152,810 | |
| Total corporate | 4,302,007 |
| | 101,275 |
| | (14,170 | ) | | 4,389,112 |
| | 4,389,112 |
| Total corporate | 5,521,254 | | | (16) | | | 106,847 | | | (32,410) | | | 5,595,675 | | | 5,595,675 | |
| Foreign government | 819,345 |
| | 32,018 |
| | (2,866 | ) | | 848,497 |
| | 848,497 |
| Foreign government | 1,277,109 | | | (22,222) | | | 7,508 | | | (47,494) | | | 1,214,901 | | | 1,214,901 | |
| Total available for sale | 13,242,580 |
| | 289,567 |
| | (60,229 | ) | | 13,471,918 |
| | 13,471,918 |
| Total available for sale | 16,396,936 | | | (22,238) | | | 278,207 | | | (124,213) | | | 16,528,692 | | | 16,528,692 | |
| Total investments in fixed maturity securities | $ | 13,321,912 |
| | $ | 305,293 |
| | $ | (60,229 | ) | | $ | 13,566,976 |
| | $ | 13,551,250 |
| Total investments in fixed maturity securities | $ | 16,471,304 | | | $ | (22,625) | | | $ | 289,652 | | | $ | (124,213) | | | $ | 16,614,118 | | | $ | 16,602,673 | |
——————————
(1) Represents the amount of impairment that has resulted from credit-related factors. The change in the allowance for expected credit losses is recognized in the consolidated statements of income. Amount excludes unrealized losses relating to non-credit factors.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | Amortized
Cost | | Gross Unrealized | | Fair
Value | | Carrying
Value |
| Gains | | Losses |
| December 31, 2016 | | | | | | | | | |
| Held to maturity: | | | | | | | | | |
| State and municipal | $ | 72,582 |
| | $ | 12,453 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 85,035 |
| | $ | 72,582 |
|
| Residential mortgage-backed | 15,944 |
| | 1,693 |
| | — |
| | 17,637 |
| | 15,944 |
|
| Total held to maturity | 88,526 |
| | 14,146 |
| | — |
| | 102,672 |
| | 88,526 |
|
| Available for sale: | | | | | | | | | |
| U.S. government and government agency | 496,187 |
| | 20,208 |
| | (2,593 | ) | | 513,802 |
| | 513,802 |
|
| State and municipal: | | | | | | |
|
| |
|
|
| Special revenue | 2,791,211 |
| | 58,559 |
| | (26,315 | ) | | 2,823,455 |
| | 2,823,455 |
|
| State general obligation | 524,682 |
| | 16,964 |
| | (5,139 | ) | | 536,507 |
| | 536,507 |
|
| Pre-refunded | 356,535 |
| | 19,181 |
| | (165 | ) | | 375,551 |
| | 375,551 |
|
| Corporate backed | 410,933 |
| | 6,172 |
| | (6,452 | ) | | 410,653 |
| | 410,653 |
|
| Local general obligation | 360,022 |
| | 15,682 |
| | (2,367 | ) | | 373,337 |
| | 373,337 |
|
| Total state and municipal | 4,443,383 |
| | 116,558 |
| | (40,438 | ) | | 4,519,503 |
| | 4,519,503 |
|
| Mortgage-backed securities: | | | | | | | | | |
| Residential (1) | 1,034,301 |
| | 15,431 |
| | (12,950 | ) | | 1,036,782 |
| | 1,036,782 |
|
| Commercial | 155,540 |
| | 304 |
| | (2,981 | ) | | 152,863 |
| | 152,863 |
|
| Total mortgage-backed securities | 1,189,841 |
| | 15,735 |
| | (15,931 | ) | | 1,189,645 |
| | 1,189,645 |
|
| Asset-backed securities | 1,913,830 |
| | 5,971 |
| | (11,941 | ) | | 1,907,860 |
| | 1,907,860 |
|
| Corporate: | | | | |
|
| | | | |
| Industrial | 2,315,567 |
| | 71,007 |
| | (7,174 | ) | | 2,379,400 |
| | 2,379,400 |
|
| Financial | 1,369,001 |
| | 39,543 |
| | (11,270 | ) | | 1,397,274 |
| | 1,397,274 |
|
| Utilities | 229,154 |
| | 10,801 |
| | (2,411 | ) | | 237,544 |
| | 237,544 |
|
| Other | 54,073 |
| | 299 |
| | (63 | ) | | 54,309 |
| | 54,309 |
|
| Total corporate | 3,967,795 |
| | 121,650 |
| | (20,918 | ) | | 4,068,527 |
| | 4,068,527 |
|
| Foreign government | 858,773 |
| | 46,794 |
| | (2,762 | ) | | 902,805 |
| | 902,805 |
|
| Total available for sale | 12,869,809 |
| | 326,916 |
| | (94,583 | ) | | 13,102,142 |
| | 13,102,142 |
|
| Total investments in fixed maturity securities | $ | 12,958,335 |
| | $ | 341,062 |
| | $ | (94,583 | ) | | $ | 13,204,814 |
| | $ | 13,190,668 |
|
____________________(1) Gross unrealized gain (losses)The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for mortgage-backedexpected credit losses for held to maturity securities include $76,467 and ($818,691) as of for the years ended December 31, 20172022 and 2016, respectively, related2021:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| State and Municipal |
| (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period | $ | 387 | | | $ | 798 | |
| | | |
| Change in allowance for expected credit losses | (273) | | | (411) | |
| Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period | $ | 114 | | | $ | 387 | |
The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for available for sale securities for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2022 | | 2021 |
| (In thousands) | Foreign Government | | Corporate | | Mortgage- Backed | | Total | | Foreign Government | | Corporate | | Total |
| Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period | $ | 22,222 | | | $ | 16 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 22,238 | | | $ | 1,264 | | | $ | 518 | | | $ | 1,782 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Expected credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded | 1,910 | | | 2,648 | | | 21 | | | 4,579 | | | 19,072 | | | 16 | | | 19,088 | |
| Expected credit losses (gains) on securities for which credit losses were previously recorded | 8,534 | | | 2,042 | | | (3) | | | 10,573 | | | 2,438 | | | (513) | | | 1,925 | |
| Reduction due to disposals | (33) | | | (5) | | | — | | | (38) | | | (552) | | | (5) | | | (557) | |
| Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period | $ | 32,633 | | | $ | 4,701 | | | $ | 18 | | | $ | 37,352 | | | $ | 22,222 | | | $ | 16 | | | $ | 22,238 | |
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company increased the allowance for expected credit losses for available for sale securities utilizing its credit loss assessment process and inputs used in its credit loss model due to an increase in unrealized losses primarily associated with foreign government securities. During the non-credit portion of OTTI recognizedyear ended December 31, 2021, the Company increased the allowance for expected credit losses primarily due to foreign government securities that had no reserve in other comprehensive income.prior periods.
The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2017,2022, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | Amortized
Cost (1) | | Fair Value |
| Due in one year or less | $ | 1,570,480 | | | $ | 1,527,090 | |
| Due after one year through five years | 8,746,271 | | | 8,299,945 | |
| Due after five years through ten years | 4,395,236 | | | 4,119,772 | |
| Due after ten years | 2,143,998 | | | 1,975,763 | |
| Mortgage-backed securities | 1,859,384 | | | 1,669,056 | |
| Total | $ | 18,715,369 | | | $ | 17,591,626 | |
|
| | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | Amortized Cost | | Fair Value |
| Due in one year or less | $ | 673,946 |
| | $ | 679,822 |
|
| Due after one year through five years | 4,961,661 |
| | 5,051,288 |
|
| Due after five years through ten years | 3,247,109 |
| | 3,360,452 |
|
| Due after ten years | 3,120,465 |
| | 3,160,806 |
|
| Mortgage-backed securities | 1,318,731 |
| | 1,314,608 |
|
| Total | $ | 13,321,912 |
| | $ | 13,566,976 |
|
(1) Amortized cost is reduced by the allowance for expected credit losses of $114 thousand related to held to maturity securities.
At December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, there were no investments, other than investments in United States government and government agency securities, which exceeded 10% of common stockholders’ equity. At December 31, 2017,2022, investments with a carrying value of $1,353$1,910 million were on deposit in custodial or trust accounts, of which $995$1,218 million was on deposit with state insurance departments, $308regulators, $656 million was on deposit in support of the Company’s underwriting activities at Lloyd’s, $46$31 million was on deposit as security for reinsurance clients and $4$5 million was on deposit as security for letters of credit issued in support of the Company’s reinsurance operations.
(5) Investments in Equity Securities Available for Sale
At December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, investments in equity securities available for sale were as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | Cost | | Gross Unrealized | | Fair
Value | | Carrying
Value |
| Gains | | Losses | |
| December 31, 2022 | | | | | | | | | |
| Common stocks | $ | 855,987 | | | $ | 192,165 | | | $ | (65,401) | | | $ | 982,751 | | | $ | 982,751 | |
| Preferred stocks | 259,341 | | | 1,053 | | | (57,251) | | | 203,143 | | | 203,143 | |
| Total | $ | 1,115,328 | | | $ | 193,218 | | | $ | (122,652) | | | $ | 1,185,894 | | | $ | 1,185,894 | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2021 | | | | | | | | | |
| Common stocks | $ | 619,896 | | | $ | 92,401 | | | $ | (16,894) | | | $ | 695,403 | | | $ | 695,403 | |
| Preferred stocks | 250,149 | | | 7,874 | | | (12,183) | | | 245,840 | | | 245,840 | |
| Total | $ | 870,045 | | | $ | 100,275 | | | $ | (29,077) | | | $ | 941,243 | | | $ | 941,243 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | Cost | | Gross Unrealized Gains | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | | Carrying Value |
| December 31, 2017 | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Common stocks | $ | 81,855 |
| | $ | 272,309 |
| | $ | (1,960 | ) | | $ | 352,204 |
| | $ | 352,204 |
|
| Preferred stocks | 124,150 |
| | 102,890 |
| | (2,597 | ) | | 224,443 |
| | 224,443 |
|
| Total | $ | 206,005 |
| | $ | 375,199 |
| | $ | (4,557 | ) | | $ | 576,647 |
| | $ | 576,647 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2016 | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | |
|
| Common stocks | $ | 94,998 |
| | $ | 351,906 |
| | $ | (1,046 | ) | | $ | 445,858 |
| | $ | 445,858 |
|
| Preferred stocks | 125,589 |
| | 101,392 |
| | (3,639 | ) | | 223,342 |
| | 223,342 |
|
| Total | $ | 220,587 |
| | $ | 453,298 |
| | $ | (4,685 | ) | | $ | 669,200 |
| | $ | 669,200 |
|
(6) Arbitrage Trading Account
At December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, the fair value and carrying value of the arbitrage trading account were $618$944 million and $300$1,180 million, respectively. The primary focus of the trading account is merger arbitrage. Merger arbitrage is the business of investing in the securities of publicly held companies which are the targets in announced tender offers and mergers. Arbitrage investing differs from other types of investing in its focus on transactions and events believed likely to bring about a change in value over a relatively short time period (usually four months or less).
The Company uses put options and call options and swap contracts in order to mitigate the impact of potential changes in market conditions on the merger arbitrage trading account. These options and contracts are reported at fair value. As of December 31, 2017, the fair value of long option contracts outstanding was $1 million (notional amount of $136 million) and2022, the fair value of short option contracts outstanding was $8 million$0.1 thousand (notional amount of $135 million)$10 thousand). Other than with respect to the use of these trading account securities, the Company does not make use of derivatives.
(7) Net Investment Income
Net investment income consists of the following:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| Investment income (loss) earned on: | | | | | |
| Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable | $ | 549,281 | | | $ | 382,001 | | | $ | 426,563 | |
| Investment funds | 145,099 | | | 220,014 | | | 54,253 | |
| Arbitrage trading account | 45,213 | | | 37,676 | | | 77,931 | |
| Real estate | (3,087) | | | 7,703 | | | 24,027 | |
| Equity securities | 52,600 | | | 32,020 | | | 10,172 | |
| Gross investment income | 789,106 | | | 679,414 | | | 592,946 | |
| Investment expense | (9,921) | | | (7,796) | | | (9,125) | |
| Net investment income | $ | 779,185 | | | $ | 671,618 | | | $ | 583,821 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Investment income earned on: | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Fixed maturity securities, including cash and cash equivalents and loans receivable | $ | 473,101 |
| | $ | 444,247 |
| | $ | 428,325 |
|
| Investment funds | 68,169 |
| | 99,301 |
| | 62,228 |
|
| Arbitrage trading account | 19,145 |
| | 18,693 |
| | 16,891 |
|
| Real estate | 19,975 |
| | 7,054 |
| | 11,294 |
|
| Equity securities available for sale | 2,350 |
| | 4,028 |
| | 4,624 |
|
| Gross investment income | 582,740 |
| | 573,323 |
| | 523,362 |
|
| Investment expense | (6,952 | ) | | (9,160 | ) | | (10,717 | ) |
| Net investment income | $ | 575,788 |
| | $ | 564,163 |
| | $ | 512,645 |
|
(8) Investment Funds
The Company evaluates whether it is an investor in a variable interest entity (VIE)("VIE"). Such entities do not have sufficient equity at risk to finance their activities without additional subordinated financial support, or the equity investors, as a group, do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest (primary beneficiary). The Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of an entity subject to consolidation based on a qualitative assessment of the VIE's capital structure, contractual terms, nature of the VIE's operations and purpose, and the Company's relative exposure to the related risks of the VIE on the date it becomes initially involved in the VIE and on an ongoing basis. The Company is not the primary beneficiary in any of its investment funds, and accordingly, carries its interests in investments funds under the equity method of accounting.
The Company’s maximum exposure to loss with respect to these investments is limited to the carrying amount reported on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and its unfunded commitments of $406.2$402 million as of December 31, 2017.2022.
Investment funds consist of the following:
| | | | Carrying Value as of December 31, | | Income (Losses) | | Carrying Value
as of December 31, | | Income (Loss) From Investment Funds For the Year Ended |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| Financial services | | Financial services | $ | 465,683 | | | $ | 431,818 | | | $ | 34,030 | | | $ | 98,893 | | | $ | 34,763 | |
| Transportation | | Transportation | 336,753 | | | 336,688 | | | 53,180 | | | 42,424 | | | (616) | |
| Real estate | $ | 606,995 |
| | $ | 641,783 |
| | $ | 45,068 |
| | $ | 50,415 |
| | $ | 58,032 |
| Real estate | 204,644 | | | 273,690 | | | 48,723 | | | 29,484 | | | 7,543 | |
| Energy | 82,882 |
| | 91,448 |
| | (15,764 | ) | | 19,747 |
| | (37,373 | ) | Energy | 116,432 | | | 150,224 | | | 1,425 | | | 22,118 | | | (11,039) | |
| Hedged equity | — |
| | 73,913 |
| | (1,164 | ) | | 3,334 |
| | (2,762 | ) | |
| Infrastructure | | Infrastructure | 115,428 | | | 12,314 | | | 4,603 | | | 1,372 | | | 1,672 | |
| Other funds | 465,800 |
| | 391,002 |
| | 40,029 |
| | 25,805 |
| | 44,331 |
| Other funds | 369,608 | | | 275,878 | | | 3,138 | | | 25,723 | | | 21,930 | |
| Total | $ | 1,155,677 |
| | $ | 1,198,146 |
| | $ | 68,169 |
| | $ | 99,301 |
| | $ | 62,228 |
| Total | $ | 1,608,548 | | | $ | 1,480,612 | | | $ | 145,099 | | | $ | 220,014 | | | $ | 54,253 | |
The Company's share of the earnings or losses of investment funds is primarily reported on a one-quarter lag in order to facilitate the timely completion of the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Financial services investment funds include the Company’s minority investment in Lifson Re, a Bermuda reinsurance company. Effective January 1, 2021, Lifson Re participated on a fully collateralized basis in a majority of the Company’s reinsurance placements for a 22.5% share of placed amounts. The percentage increased from 22.5% to 30.0% effective July 1, 2022. This pertains to all traditional reinsurance/retrocessional placements for both property and casualty business where there is more than one open market reinsurer participating. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company ceded approximately $399 million and $245 million, respectively, of written premiums to Lifson Re. Other funds include deferred compensation trust assets of $30 million and $34 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. These assets support other liabilities reflected in the balance sheet of an equal amount for employees who have elected to defer a portion of their compensation. The change in the net asset value of the trust is recorded in other funds within net investment income with an offsetting equal amount within corporate expenses.
(9) Real Estate
Investment in real estate represents directly owned property held for investment, as follows:
| | | | As of December 31, | | As of December 31, |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Properties in operation | $ | 451,691 |
| | $ | 457,237 |
| Properties in operation | $ | 1,114,167 | | | $ | 1,626,826 | |
| Properties under development | 1,017,910 |
| | 727,744 |
| Properties under development | 226,455 | | | 225,682 | |
| Total | $ | 1,469,601 |
| | $ | 1,184,981 |
| Total | $ | 1,340,622 | | | $ | 1,852,508 | |
In 2017,2022, properties in operation included a long-term ground lease in Washington, D.C., a hotel in Memphis, Tennessee, an office complex in New York City and office buildingsthe completed portion of a mixed-use project in West Palm Beach and Palm Beach, Florida.Washington D.C. Properties in operation are net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $25,646,000$33,206,000 and $16,425,000$57,391,000 as of December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, respectively. Related
depreciation expense was $9,212,000$12,269,000 and $6,940,000$19,688,000 for the years ended December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, respectively. Future minimum rental income expected on operating leases relating to properties in operation is $28,175,755$32,282,796 in 2018, $33,653,0672023, $33,528,105 in 2019, $33,435,4182024, $31,015,149 in 2020, $33,878,3212025, $29,250,535 in 2021, $33,885,7972026, $28,334,384 in 20222027 and $517,372,272$510,771,307 thereafter.
Properties under development include an office buildingDuring the first quarter of 2022, the Company sold a real estate investment in London (proceeds from the real estate and arelated entity is presented on the business disposition line within the consolidated statements of cash flows).
A mixed-use project in Washington, D.C. had been under development in 2022 and 2021, with the completed portion as noted above reported in properties in operation as of December 31, 2022.
(10) Loans Receivable
LoansAt December 31, 2022 and 2021, loans receivable arewere as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, |
| (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Amortized cost (net of allowance for expected credit losses): | | | |
| Real estate loans | $ | 173,616 | | | $ | 89,431 | |
| Commercial loans | 19,386 | | | 25,741 | |
| Total | $ | 193,002 | | | $ | 115,172 | |
| | | |
| Fair value: | | | |
| Real estate loans | $ | 168,595 | | | $ | 90,793 | |
| Commercial loans | 19,386 | | | 25,741 | |
| Total | $ | 187,981 | | | $ | 116,534 | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| |
|
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| |
|
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
|
| | | | | | | |
| | As of December 31, |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Amortized cost (net of valuation allowance): | | | |
| Real estate loans | $ | 66,057 |
| | $ | 92,415 |
|
| Commercial loans | 13,627 |
| | 14,383 |
|
| Total | $ | 79,684 |
| | $ | 106,798 |
|
| | | | |
| Fair value: | | | |
| Real estate loans | $ | 66,917 |
| | $ | 92,415 |
|
| Commercial loans | 15,130 |
| | 15,884 |
|
| Total | $ | 82,047 |
| | $ | 108,299 |
|
| | | | |
| Valuation allowance: | | | |
| Specific | $ | 1,200 |
| | $ | 1,200 |
|
| General | 2,183 |
| | 2,197 |
|
| Total | $ | 3,383 |
| | $ | 3,397 |
|
| | | | |
| | For the Year Ended December 31, |
| | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Increase (decrease) in valuation allowance | $ | (14 | ) | | $ | 1,303 |
|
Loans receivable in non-accrual status were $4.3 millionwas none and $5.4$0.2 million as of December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, respectively.
The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses for loans receivable for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2022 | | 2021 |
| (In thousands) | Real Estate Loans | | Commercial Loans | | Total | | Real Estate Loans | | Commercial Loans | | Total |
| Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period | $ | 1,362 | | | $ | 356 | | | $ | 1,718 | | | $ | 1,683 | | | $ | 3,754 | | | $ | 5,437 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Change in allowance for expected credit losses | (262) | | | 335 | | | 73 | | | (321) | | | (3,398) | | | (3,719) | |
| Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period | $ | 1,100 | | | $ | 691 | | | $ | 1,791 | | | $ | 1,362 | | | $ | 356 | | | $ | 1,718 | |
The Company monitors the performance of its loans receivable and assesses the ability of the borrower to pay principal and interest based upon loan structure, underlying property values, cash flow and related financial and operating performance of the property and market conditions. Loans receivable with a potential for default are further assessed using discounted cash flow analysis and comparable cost and sales methodologies, if appropriate.
The real estate loans are secured by commercial real estate primarily located in Georgia and New York. These loans generally earn interest at floating LIBOR-based interest rates and have maturities (inclusive of extension options) through August 2025. The commercial loans are with small business owners who have secured the related financing with the assets of the business. Commercial loans generally earn interest on a fixed basis and have varying maturities not exceeding 15 years.
In evaluating the real estate loans, the Company considers their credit quality indicators, including loan to value ratios, which compare the outstanding loan amount to the estimated value of the property, the borrower’s financial condition and performance with respect to loan terms, the position in the capital structure, the overall leverage in the capital structure and other market conditions. Based on these considerations, none of the real estate loans were considered to be impaired at December 31, 2017, and accordingly, the Company determined that a specific valuation allowance was not required.
(11) Realized and UnrealizedNet Investment Gains (Losses)
Realized and unrealizedNet investment gains (losses) arewere as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| Net investment gains: | | | | | |
| Fixed maturity securities: | | | | | |
| Gains | $ | 4,224 | | | $ | 18,981 | | | $ | 27,819 | |
| Losses | (11,654) | | | (6,975) | | | (56,096) | |
| Equity securities (1): | | | | | |
| Net realized (losses) gains on investment sales | (12,879) | | | 16,365 | | | 32,647 | |
| Change in unrealized losses | (632) | | | (38,455) | | | (25,868) | |
| Investment funds | 12,407 | | | 44,778 | | | 31,481 | |
| Real estate (2) | 293,525 | | | 94,911 | | | 101,554 | |
| Loans receivable | (32) | | | (881) | | | — | |
| Other | (67,648) | | | (21,766) | | | (38,023) | |
| Net realized and unrealized gains on investments in earnings before allowance for expected credit losses | 217,311 | | | 106,958 | | | 73,514 | |
| Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments: | | | | | |
| Fixed maturity securities | (14,841) | | | (20,045) | | | 33,134 | |
| Loans receivable | (73) | | | 3,719 | | | (3,648) | |
| Change in allowance for expected credit losses on investments | (14,914) | | | (16,326) | | | 29,486 | |
| Net investment gains | 202,397 | | | 90,632 | | | 103,000 | |
| Income tax expense | (42,670) | | | (17,710) | | | (21,630) | |
| After-tax net investment gains | $ | 159,727 | | | $ | 72,922 | | | $ | 81,370 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Realized investment gains (losses): | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Fixed maturity securities: | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Gains | $ | 28,217 |
| | $ | 72,215 |
| | $ | 23,755 |
|
| Losses | (5,342 | ) | | (6,434 | ) | | (4,065 | ) |
| Equity securities available for sale | 154,539 |
| | 14,201 |
| | 9,639 |
|
| Investment funds (1) | 125,423 |
| | 58,861 |
| | 93,529 |
|
| Real estate | 12,880 |
| | 7,757 |
| | — |
|
| Other (2) | 20,141 |
| | 138,519 |
| | 2,775 |
|
| Net realized gains on investments sales | 335,858 |
| | 285,119 |
| | 125,633 |
|
| Other-than-temporary impairments (3) | — |
| | (18,114 | ) | | (33,309 | ) |
| Net investment gains | 335,858 |
| | 267,005 |
| | 92,324 |
|
| Income tax expense | (117,550 | ) | | (93,452 | ) | | (32,313 | ) |
| After-tax realized investment gains | $ | 218,308 |
| | $ | 173,553 |
| | $ | 60,011 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Change in unrealized gains (losses) of available for sales securities: | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Fixed maturity securities | $ | (2,192 | ) | | $ | (107,094 | ) | | $ | (144,445 | ) |
| Previously impaired fixed maturity securities | 895 |
| | 451 |
| | (174 | ) |
| Equity securities available for sale | (77,971 | ) | | 465,727 |
| | (27,809 | ) |
| Investment funds | 9,843 |
| | 12,631 |
| | (19,758 | ) |
| Total change in unrealized investment gains (losses) | (69,425 | ) | | 371,715 |
| | (192,186 | ) |
| Income tax benefit (expense) | 17,673 |
| | (125,315 | ) | | 66,644 |
|
| Noncontrolling interests | 19 |
| | 59 |
| | 38 |
|
| After-tax change in unrealized investment gains (losses) of available for sale securities | $ | (51,733 | ) | | $ | 246,459 |
| | $ | (125,504 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Change in unrealized investment (losses) gains: | | | | | |
| Fixed maturity securities without allowance for expected credit losses | $ | (1,216,292) | | | $ | (262,221) | | | $ | 134,129 | |
| Fixed maturity securities with allowance for expected credit losses | (28,370) | | | 10,124 | | | 32,004 | |
| | | | | |
| Investment funds | (2,019) | | | (1,270) | | | 2,280 | |
| Other | (1,447) | | | (1,572) | | | (3,768) | |
| Total change in unrealized investment (losses) gains | (1,248,128) | | | (254,939) | | | 164,645 | |
| Income tax benefit (expense) | 264,325 | | | 56,127 | | | (24,395) | |
| Noncontrolling interests | (2) | | | (2) | | | (2) | |
| After-tax change in unrealized investment (losses) gains | $ | (983,805) | | | $ | (198,814) | | | $ | 140,248 | |
____________________
(1) Investment funds includesThe net realized gains or losses on investment sales represent the total gains or losses from the purchase dates of the equity securities. The change in unrealized (losses) gains consists of two components: (i) the reversal of the gain or loss recognized in previous periods on equity securities sold and (ii) the change in unrealized gain or loss resulting from mark-to-market adjustments on equity securities still held.
(2) During March 2022, the Company realized a gain of $124.3 million fromon the sale of ana real estate investment in an office building located in Washington, D.C. forLondon, U.K. of $251 million, net of transaction expenses and the year ended December 31, 2017.foreign currency impact, including the reversal of the currency translation adjustment.
(2) Other includes a gain of $134.9 million from the sale of Aero Precision Industries and certain related aviation services business for the year ended December 31, 2016.
(3) There were no other than temporary impairments (OTTI) for the year ended December 31, 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2016, OTTI related to equity securities was $18.1 million. For the year ended December 31, 2015, OTTI related to equity securities was $24.3 million and related to fixed maturity securities was $9.0 million.
(12) Fixed Maturity Securities in an Unrealized Loss Position
The following tables summarize all fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 by the length of time those securities have been continuously in an unrealized loss position.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Less Than 12 Months | | 12 Months or Greater | | Total |
| (In thousands) | Fair
Value | | Gross
Unrealized
Losses | | Fair
Value | | Gross
Unrealized
Losses | | Fair
Value | | Gross
Unrealized
Losses |
| December 31, 2022 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| U.S. government and government agency | $ | 285,391 | | | $ | 10,219 | | | $ | 453,520 | | | $ | 58,939 | | | $ | 738,911 | | | $ | 69,158 | |
| State and municipal | 1,720,443 | | | 89,272 | | | 598,797 | | | 79,320 | | | 2,319,240 | | | 168,592 | |
| Mortgage-backed securities | 1,099,549 | | | 75,430 | | | 473,318 | | | 115,528 | | | 1,572,867 | | | 190,958 | |
| Asset-backed securities | 1,569,647 | | | 48,390 | | | 2,176,638 | | | 103,932 | | | 3,746,285 | | | 152,322 | |
| Corporate | 3,690,856 | | | 150,115 | | | 2,349,281 | | | 256,631 | | | 6,040,137 | | | 406,746 | |
| Foreign government | 477,672 | | | 29,815 | | | 711,786 | | | 105,243 | | | 1,189,458 | | | 135,058 | |
| Fixed maturity securities | $ | 8,843,558 | | | $ | 403,241 | | | $ | 6,763,340 | | | $ | 719,593 | | | $ | 15,606,898 | | | $ | 1,122,834 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2021 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| U.S. government and government agency | $ | 487,712 | | | $ | 4,026 | | | $ | 17,021 | | | $ | 268 | | | $ | 504,733 | | | $ | 4,294 | |
| State and municipal | 502,333 | | | 7,403 | | | 29,547 | | | 2,156 | | | 531,880 | | | 9,559 | |
| Mortgage-backed securities | 558,751 | | | 6,900 | | | 106,130 | | | 4,762 | | | 664,881 | | | 11,662 | |
| Asset-backed securities | 3,832,944 | | | 18,503 | | | 75,385 | | | 291 | | | 3,908,329 | | | 18,794 | |
| Corporate | 2,582,860 | | | 29,322 | | | 51,095 | | | 3,088 | | | 2,633,955 | | | 32,410 | |
| Foreign government | 758,975 | | | 15,793 | | | 82,057 | | | 31,701 | | | 841,032 | | | 47,494 | |
| Fixed maturity securities | $ | 8,723,575 | | | $ | 81,947 | | | $ | 361,235 | | | $ | 42,266 | | | $ | 9,084,810 | | | $ | 124,213 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Less Than 12 Months | | 12 Months or Greater | | Total |
| (In thousands) | Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Losses |
| December 31, 2017 | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| U.S. government and government agency | $ | 92,167 |
| | $ | 1,491 |
| | $ | 72,055 |
| | $ | 2,341 |
| | $ | 164,222 |
| | $ | 3,832 |
|
| State and municipal | 735,972 |
| | 5,944 |
| | 345,755 |
| | 6,630 |
| | 1,081,727 |
| | 12,574 |
|
| Mortgage-backed securities | 480,435 |
| | 5,110 |
| | 373,956 |
| | 11,065 |
| | 854,391 |
| | 16,175 |
|
| Asset-backed securities | 1,127,309 |
| | 8,298 |
| | 167,412 |
| | 2,314 |
| | 1,294,721 |
| | 10,612 |
|
| Corporate | 1,103,747 |
| | 8,224 |
| | 170,858 |
| | 5,946 |
| | 1,274,605 |
| | 14,170 |
|
| Foreign government | 244,139 |
| | 2,615 |
| | 25,824 |
| | 251 |
| | 269,963 |
| | 2,866 |
|
| Fixed maturity securities | 3,783,769 |
| | 31,682 |
| | 1,155,860 |
| | 28,547 |
| | 4,939,629 |
| | 60,229 |
|
| Common stocks | 9,244 |
| | 1,211 |
| | 9,387 |
| | 749 |
| | 18,631 |
| | 1,960 |
|
| Preferred stocks | — |
| | — |
| | 23,077 |
| | 2,597 |
| | 23,077 |
| | 2,597 |
|
| Equity securities available for sale | 9,244 |
| | 1,211 |
| | 32,464 |
| | 3,346 |
| | 41,708 |
| | 4,557 |
|
| Total | $ | 3,793,013 |
| | $ | 32,893 |
| | $ | 1,188,324 |
| | $ | 31,893 |
| | $ | 4,981,337 |
| | $ | 64,786 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2016 | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | |
|
| U.S. government and government agency | $ | 112,709 |
| | $ | 1,252 |
| | $ | 35,450 |
| | $ | 1,341 |
| | $ | 148,159 |
| | $ | 2,593 |
|
| State and municipal | 1,562,614 |
| | 35,553 |
| | 133,034 |
| | 4,885 |
| | 1,695,648 |
| | 40,438 |
|
| Mortgage-backed securities | 625,903 |
| | 11,103 |
| | 109,066 |
| | 4,828 |
| | 734,969 |
| | 15,931 |
|
| Asset-backed securities | 1,010,836 |
| | 5,340 |
| | 201,693 |
| | 6,601 |
| | 1,212,529 |
| | 11,941 |
|
| Corporate | 1,035,245 |
| | 13,448 |
| | 65,147 |
| | 7,470 |
| | 1,100,392 |
| | 20,918 |
|
| Foreign government | 213,246 |
| | 1,985 |
| | 24,820 |
| | 777 |
| | 238,066 |
| | 2,762 |
|
| Fixed maturity securities | 4,560,553 |
| | 68,681 |
| | 569,210 |
| | 25,902 |
| | 5,129,763 |
| | 94,583 |
|
| Common stocks | 336 |
| | 22 |
| | 8,755 |
| | 1,024 |
| | 9,091 |
| | 1,046 |
|
| Preferred stocks | — |
| | — |
| | 22,034 |
| | 3,639 |
| | 22,034 |
| | 3,639 |
|
| Equity securities available for sale | 336 |
| | 22 |
| | 30,789 |
| | 4,663 |
| | 31,125 |
| | 4,685 |
|
| Total | $ | 4,560,889 |
| | $ | 68,703 |
| | $ | 599,999 |
| | $ | 30,565 |
| | $ | 5,160,888 |
| | $ | 99,268 |
|
Fixed Maturity Securities — A summary of the Company’s non-investment grade fixed maturity securities that were in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 20172022 is presented in the table below:
| | | ($ in thousands) | Number of Securities | | Aggregate Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Loss | ($ in thousands) | Number of
Securities | | Aggregate
Fair Value | | Gross
Unrealized
Loss |
| Foreign government | 11 |
| | $ | 96,741 |
| | $ | 1,197 |
| Foreign government | 36 | | | $ | 119,332 | | | $ | 73,900 | |
| Corporate | 7 |
| | 54,590 |
| | 2,725 |
| Corporate | 10 | | | 39,347 | | | 4,649 | |
| State and municipal | | State and municipal | 1 | | | 12,247 | | | 2,756 | |
| Mortgage-backed securities | 6 |
| | 5,368 |
| | 138 |
| Mortgage-backed securities | 14 | | | 4,464 | | | 269 | |
| State and municipal | 1 |
| | 3,662 |
| | 1 |
| |
| Asset-backed securities | 3 |
| | 441 |
| | 116 |
| Asset-backed securities | 1 | | | 16 | | | 10 | |
| Total | 28 |
| | $ | 160,802 |
| | $ | 4,177 |
| Total | 62 | | | $ | 175,406 | | | $ | 81,584 | |
For OTTI of fixed maturity securities that management does not intend to sell or more likely than not, would notto be required to sell, the portion of the decline in value that is considered to be due to credit factors is recognized in earnings, and the portion of the decline in value that is considered to be due to non-credit factors is recognized in other comprehensive income.
For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no OTTI recognized in earnings for fixed maturity securities.
The Company has evaluated its fixed maturity securities in an unrealized loss position and believes the unrealized losses are due primarily to temporary market and sector-related factors rather than to issuer-specific factors. None of these securities are delinquent or in default onunder financial covenants. Based on its assessment of these issuers, the Company expects them to continue to meet their contractual payment obligations as they become due and does not consider any of these securities to be OTTI.due.
Preferred Stocks – At December 31, 2017, there was one preferred stock in an unrealized loss position, with an aggregate fair value of $23.1 million and a gross unrealized loss of $2.6 million. The preferred stock is rated investment grade. Management believes the unrealized loss is due primarily to market and sector related factors and does not consider it to be OTTI. For the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no OTTI for preferred stocks.
Common Stocks – At December 31, 2017, there were three common stocks in an unrealized loss position, with an aggregate fair value of $18.6 million and a gross unrealized loss of $2.0 million. Based on management's view of these securities, the Company does not consider the common stocks to be OTTI. For the year ended December 31, 2017, there were no OTTI for common stocks. OTTI for common stocks for the year ended December 31, 2016 were $18.1 million.
(13) Fair Value Measurements
The Company’s fixed maturity and equity securities classified as available for sale and its trading account securities are carried at fair value. Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date”. The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels, as follows:
Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.
Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar assets or valuations based on inputs that are observable.
Level 3 - Estimates of fair value based on internal pricing methodologies using unobservable inputs. Unobservable inputs are only used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available.
Substantially all of the Company’s fixed maturity securities were priced by independent pricing services. The prices provided by the independent pricing services are estimated based on observable market data in active markets utilizing pricing models and processes, which may include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, sector groupings, matrix pricing and reference data. The pricing services may prioritize inputs differently on any given day for any security based on market conditions, and not all inputs are available for each security evaluation on any given day. The pricing services used by the Company have indicated that they will only produce an estimate of fair value if objectively verifiable information is available. The determination of whether markets are active or inactive is based upon the volume and level of activity for a particular asset class. The Company reviews the prices provided by pricing services for reasonableness and periodically performs independent price tests of a sample of securities to ensure proper valuation.
If prices from independent pricing services are not available for fixed maturity securities, the Company estimates the fair value. For Level 2 securities, the Company utilizes pricing models and processes which may include benchmark yields, sector groupings, matrix pricing, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, bids, offers and reference data. Where broker quotes are used, the Company generally requests two or more quotes and sets a price within the range of quotes received based on its assessment of the credibility of the quote and its own evaluation of the security. The Company generally does not adjust quotes received from brokers. For securities traded only in private negotiations, the Company determines fair value based primarily on the cost of such securities, which is adjusted to reflect prices of recent placements of securities of the same issuer, financial projections, credit quality and business developments of the issuer and other relevant information.
For Level 3 securities, the Company generally uses a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of fixed maturity securities. The cash flow models are based upon assumptions as to prevailing credit spreads, interest rate and interest rate volatility, time to maturity and subordination levels. Projected cash flows are discounted at rates that are adjusted to reflect illiquidity, where appropriate.
The following tables present the assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 20172022 and 20162021 by level:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | Total | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 |
| December 31, 2022 | | | | | | | |
| Assets: | | | | | | | |
| Fixed maturity securities available for sale: | | | | | | | |
| U.S. government and government agency | $ | 892,258 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 892,258 | | | $ | — | |
| State and municipal | 2,890,098 | | | — | | | 2,890,098 | | | — | |
| Mortgage-backed securities | 1,665,410 | | | — | | | 1,665,410 | | | — | |
| Asset-backed securities | 3,982,773 | | | — | | | 3,982,773 | | | — | |
| Corporate | 6,703,992 | | | — | | | 6,703,992 | | | |
| Foreign government | 1,401,522 | | | — | | | 1,401,522 | | | — | |
| Total fixed maturity securities available for sale | 17,536,053 | | | — | | | 17,536,053 | | | — | |
| Equity securities: | | | | | | | |
| Common stocks | 982,751 | | | 978,991 | | | 1,161 | | | 2,599 | |
| Preferred stocks | 203,143 | | | — | | | 191,844 | | | 11,299 | |
| Total equity securities | 1,185,894 | | | 978,991 | | | 193,005 | | | 13,898 | |
| Arbitrage trading account | 944,230 | | | 822,192 | | | 118,448 | | | 3,590 | |
| | | | | | | |
| Total | $ | 19,666,177 | | | $ | 1,801,183 | | | $ | 17,847,506 | | | $ | 17,488 | |
| Liabilities: | | | | | | | |
| Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
| | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2021 | | | | | | | |
| Assets: | | | | | | | |
| Fixed maturity securities available for sale: | | | | | | | |
| U.S. government and government agency | $ | 855,343 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 855,343 | | | $ | — | |
| State and municipal | 3,304,133 | | | — | | | 3,304,133 | | | — | |
| Mortgage-backed securities | 1,068,075 | | | — | | | 1,068,075 | | | — | |
| Asset-backed securities | 4,490,565 | | | — | | | 4,490,565 | | | — | |
| Corporate | 5,595,675 | | | — | | | 5,595,675 | | | — | |
| Foreign government | 1,214,901 | | | — | | | 1,214,901 | | | — | |
| Total fixed maturity securities available for sale | 16,528,692 | | | — | | | 16,528,692 | | | — | |
| Equity securities: | | | | | | | |
| Common stocks | 695,403 | | | 684,470 | | | 1,639 | | | 9,294 | |
| Preferred stocks | 245,840 | | | — | | | 234,544 | | | 11,296 | |
| Total equity securities | 941,243 | | | 684,470 | | | 236,183 | | | 20,590 | |
| Arbitrage trading account | 1,179,606 | | | 1,153,079 | | | 26,527 | | | — | |
| Total | $ | 18,649,541 | | | $ | 1,837,549 | | | $ | 16,791,402 | | | $ | 20,590 | |
| Liabilities: | | | | | | | |
| Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased | $ | 1,169 | | | $ | 1,137 | | | $ | 32 | | | $ | — | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | Total | | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 |
| December 31, 2017 | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Assets: | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Fixed maturity securities available for sale: | |
| | | | |
| | |
|
| U.S. government and government agency | $ | 377,740 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 377,740 |
| | $ | — |
|
| State and municipal | 4,445,094 |
| | — |
| | 4,445,094 |
| | — |
|
| Mortgage-backed securities | 1,299,931 |
| | — |
| | 1,299,931 |
| | — |
|
| Asset-backed securities | 2,111,544 |
| | — |
| | 2,111,372 |
| | 172 |
|
| Corporate | 4,389,112 |
| | — |
| | 4,389,112 |
| | — |
|
| Foreign government | 848,497 |
| | — |
| | 848,497 |
| | — |
|
| Total fixed maturity securities available for sale | 13,471,918 |
| | — |
| | 13,471,746 |
| | 172 |
|
| Equity securities available for sale: | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Common stocks | 352,204 |
| | 342,834 |
| | — |
| | 9,370 |
|
| Preferred stocks | 224,443 |
| | — |
| | 213,600 |
| | 10,843 |
|
| Total equity securities available for sale | 576,647 |
| | 342,834 |
| | 213,600 |
| | 20,213 |
|
| Arbitrage trading account | 617,649 |
| | 471,420 |
| | 146,229 |
| | — |
|
| Total | $ | 14,666,214 |
| | $ | 814,254 |
| | $ | 13,831,575 |
| | $ | 20,385 |
|
| Liabilities: | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased | $ | 64,358 |
| | $ | 64,358 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
|
| | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2016 | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Assets: | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Fixed maturity securities available for sale: | |
| | | | |
| | |
|
| U.S. government and government agency | $ | 513,802 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 513,802 |
| | $ | — |
|
| State and municipal | 4,519,503 |
| | — |
| | 4,519,503 |
| | — |
|
| Mortgage-backed securities | 1,189,645 |
| | — |
| | 1,189,645 |
| | — |
|
| Asset-backed securities | 1,907,860 |
| | — |
| | 1,907,677 |
| | 183 |
|
| Corporate | 4,068,527 |
| | — |
| | 4,068,527 |
| | — |
|
| Foreign government | 902,805 |
| | — |
| | 902,805 |
| | — |
|
| Total fixed maturity securities available for sale | 13,102,142 |
| | — |
| | 13,101,959 |
| | 183 |
|
| Equity securities available for sale: | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Common stocks | 445,858 |
| | 429,647 |
| | 7,457 |
| | 8,754 |
|
| Preferred stocks | 223,342 |
| | — |
| | 219,680 |
| | 3,662 |
|
| Total equity securities available for sale | 669,200 |
| | 429,647 |
| | 227,137 |
| | 12,416 |
|
| Arbitrage trading account | 299,999 |
| | 224,623 |
| | 75,376 |
| | — |
|
| Total | $ | 14,071,341 |
| | $ | 654,270 |
| | $ | 13,404,472 |
| | $ | 12,599 |
|
| Liabilities: | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased | $ | 51,179 |
| | $ | 51,089 |
| | $ | 90 |
| | $ | — |
|
There were no significant transfers between Levels 1 and 2 for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
The following tables summarize changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities for the years ended December 31, 20172022 and 2016:2021:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Gains (Losses) Included in: |
| (In thousands) | Beginning Balance | | Earnings (Losses) | | Other Comprehensive Income (Losses) | | Impairments | | Purchases | | Sales | | Paydowns/Maturities | | Transfers In / Out | | | | | Ending Balance |
| Year ended December 31, 2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Fixed maturity securities available for sale: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Corporate | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | | | | $ | — | |
| Total | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | | — | |
| Equity securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Common stocks | 9,294 | | | (6,695) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | | 2,599 | |
| Preferred stocks | 11,296 | | | 3 | | | — | | | — | | | 925 | | | (925) | | | — | | | — | | | | | | 11,299 | |
| Total | 20,590 | | | (6,692) | | | — | | | — | | | 925 | | | (925) | | | — | | | — | | | | | | 13,898 | |
| Arbitrage trading account | — | | | (179) | | | — | | | — | | | 4,685 | | | (917) | | | — | | | 1 | | | | | | 3,590 | |
| Total | $ | 20,590 | | | $ | (6,871) | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 5,610 | | | $ | (1,842) | | | $ | — | | | $ | 1 | | | | | | $ | 17,488 | |
| Liabilities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | | | | $ | — | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year ended December 31, 2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Fixed maturity securities available for sale: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Corporate | $ | 1,000 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | (1,000) | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | | | | $ | — | |
| Total | 1,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (1,000) | | | — | | | — | | | | | | — | |
| Equity securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Common stocks | 9,215 | | | 640 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (561) | | | — | | | — | | | | | | 9,294 | |
| Preferred stocks | 9,331 | | | (35) | | | — | | | — | | | 2,000 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | | 11,296 | |
| Total | 18,546 | | | 605 | | | — | | | — | | | 2,000 | | | (561) | | | — | | | — | | | | | | 20,590 | |
| Arbitrage trading account | — | | | 8 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | (8) | | | — | | | — | | | | | | — | |
| Total | $ | 19,546 | | | $ | 613 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 2,000 | | | $ | (1,569) | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | | | | $ | 20,590 | |
| Liabilities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased | $ | — | | | $ | 1 | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | (1) | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | | | | $ | — | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Gains (Losses) Included in: |
| (In thousands) | Beginning Balance | | Earnings (Losses) | | Other Comprehensive Income (Losses) | | Impairments | | Purchases | | Sales | | Paydowns/Maturities | | Transfers In / Out | | Ending Balance |
| Year ended December 31, 2017 | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Fixed maturity securities available for sale: | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Asset-backed securities | $ | 183 |
| | $ | 3 |
| | $ | 34 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | (48 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 172 |
|
| Corporate | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total | 183 |
| | 3 |
| | 34 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (48 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | 172 |
|
| Equity securities available for sale: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Common stocks | 8,754 |
| | — |
| | 616 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 9,370 |
|
| Preferred stocks | 3,662 |
| | 8 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 7,173 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 10,843 |
|
| Total | 12,416 |
| | 8 |
| | 616 |
| | — |
| | 7,173 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 20,213 |
|
| Arbitrage trading account | — |
| | 8 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (8 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total | $ | 12,599 |
| | $ | 19 |
| | $ | 650 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 7,173 |
| | $ | (56 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 20,385 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year ended December 31, 2016 | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Fixed maturity securities available for sale: | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Asset-backed securities | $ | 199 |
| | $ | 3 |
| | $ | 16 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | (35 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | 183 |
|
| Corporate | 154 |
| | 177 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (331 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total | 353 |
| | 180 |
| | 16 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (331 | ) | | (35 | ) | | — |
| | 183 |
|
| Equity securities available for sale: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Common stocks | 7,829 |
| | — |
| | 160 |
| | — |
| | 765 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 8,754 |
|
| Preferred stocks | 3,624 |
| | 38 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 3,662 |
|
| Total | 11,453 |
| | 38 |
| | 160 |
| | — |
| | 765 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 12,416 |
|
| Arbitrage trading account | 176 |
| | (176 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total | $ | 11,982 |
| | $ | 42 |
| | $ | 176 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 765 |
| | $ | (331 | ) | | $ | (35 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | 12,599 |
|
DuringFor the years ended December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, there were no securitiesfixed maturity security transferred into or out of Level 3.
(14) Reserves for Losses and Loss Expenses
The Company's reserves for losses and loss expenses are comprised of case reserves and incurred but not reported liabilities (IBNR). When a claim is reported, a case reserve is established for the estimated ultimate payment based upon known information about the claim. As more information about the claim becomes available over time, case reserves are adjusted up or down as appropriate. Reserves are also established on an aggregate basis to provide for IBNR liabilities and expected loss reserve development on reported claims.
Loss reserves included in the Company’s financial statements represent management’s best estimates based upon an actuarially derived point estimate and other considerations. The Company uses a variety of actuarial techniques and methods to derive an actuarial point estimate for each operating unit.business. These methods may include paid loss development, incurred loss development, paid and incurred Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods and frequency and severity methods. In circumstances where one actuarial method is considered more credible than the others, that method is used to set the point estimate. The actuarial point estimate may also be based on a judgmental weighting of estimates produced from each of the methods considered. Industry loss experience is used to supplement the Company’s own data in selecting “tail factors” in areas where the Company’s own data is limited. The actuarial data is analyzed by line of business, coverage and accident or policy year, as appropriate, for each operating unit.business.
The establishment of the actuarially derived loss reserve point estimate also includes consideration of qualitative factors that may affect the ultimate losses. These qualitative considerations include, among others, the impact of re-underwriting initiatives, changes in claims handling procedures, changes in the mix of business, changes in distribution sources and changes in policy terms and conditions.
The key assumptions used to arrive at the best estimate of loss reserves are the expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation, and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Expected loss ratios represent management’s expectation of losses at the time the business is priced and written, before any actual claims experience has emerged. This expectation is a significant determinant of the estimate of loss reserves for recently written business where there is little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Expected loss ratios are generally derived from historical loss ratios adjusted for the impact of rate changes, loss cost trends and known changes in the type of risks underwritten. Expected loss ratios are estimated for each key line of business within each operating unit.business. Expected loss cost inflation is particularly important for the long-tail lines, such as excess casualty, and claims with a high medical component, such as workers’ compensation. Reported and paid loss emergence patterns are used to project current reported or paid loss amounts to their ultimate settlement value. Loss development factors are based on the historical emergence patterns of paid and incurred losses, and are derived from the Company’s own experience and industry data. The paid loss emergence pattern is also significant to excess and assumed workers’ compensation reserves because those reserves are discounted to their estimated present value based upon such estimated payout patterns.
Loss frequency and severity are measures of loss activity that are considered in determining the key assumptions described in our discussion of loss and loss expense reserves, including expected loss ratios, rate of loss cost inflation and reported and paid loss emergence patterns. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors affecting loss frequency include the effectiveness of loss controls and safety programs and changes in economic activity or weather patterns. Factors affecting loss severity include changes in policy limits, retentions, rate of inflation and judicial interpretations.
Another factor affecting estimates of loss frequency and severity is the loss reporting lag, which is the period of time between the occurrence of a loss and the date the loss is reported to the Company. The length of the loss reporting lag affects our ability to accurately predict loss frequency (loss frequencies are more predictable for lines with short reporting lags) as well as the amount of reserves needed for incurred but not reported losses (less IBNR is required for lines with short reporting lags). As a result, loss reserves for lines with short reporting lags are likely to have less variation from initial loss estimates. For lines with short reporting lags, which include commercial automobile, primary workers’ compensation, other liability (claims-made) and property business, the key assumption is the loss emergence pattern used to project ultimate loss estimates from known losses paid or reported to date. For lines of business with long reporting lags, which include other liability (occurrence), products liability, excess workers’ compensation and liability reinsurance, the key assumption is the expected loss ratio since there is often little paid or incurred loss data to consider. Historically, the Company has experienced less variation from its initial loss estimates for lines of businesses with short reporting lags than for lines of business with long reporting lags.
The key assumptions used in calculating the most recent estimate of the loss reserves are reviewed each quarter and adjusted, to the extent necessary, to reflect the latest reported loss data, current trends and other factors observed.
A claim may be defined as an event, as a claimant (number of parties claiming damages from an event) or by exposure type (e.g., an event may give rise to two parties, each claiming loss for bodily injury and property damage).
The most commonly used claim count method is by event. Most of the Company's operating unitsbusinesses use the number of events to define and quantify the number of claims. However, in certain lines of business, where it is common for multiple parties to claim
damages arising from a single event, an operating unita business may quantify claims on the basis of the number of separate parties involved in an event. This may be the case with businesses writing substantial automobile or transportation exposure.
Claim counts for assumed reinsurance will vary based on whether the business is written on a facultative or treaty basis. Further variability as respects treaty claim counts may be reflective of the nature of the treaty, line of business coverage, and type of participation such as quota share or excess of loss contracts. Accordingly, the claim counts have been excluded from the below Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment tables due to this variability.
The claim count information set forth in the tables presented below may not provide an accurate reflection of ultimate loss payouts by product line.
The following tables present undiscounted incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2017,2022, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency and the total of incurred but not reported liabilities (IBNR). The information about incurred and paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 20082013 to 20162021 is presented as supplementary information. To enhance the comparability of the loss development data, the Company has removed the impact of foreign exchange rate movements by using the December 31, 20172022 exchange rate for all periods. Beginning with accident year 2012, the Company's U.K. and European insurance business is included in the Insurance segment's tables for Other Liability, Professional Liability, Commercial Automobile and Short-Tail Lines. Prior to 2012, the actuarial analysis for its U.K. and European insurance business was performed on an underwriting year basis and accident year data is not available for those years.
Insurance
Other Liability
(In thousands)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance | | As of December 31, 2022 |
| For the Year Ended December 31, | | | |
| Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
| Accident Year | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
| 2013 | $ | 749,261 | | $ | 788,581 | | $ | 779,908 | | $ | 779,706 | | $ | 800,593 | | $ | 806,914 | | $ | 801,689 | | $ | 805,915 | | $ | 807,998 | | $ | 809,358 | | | $ | 21,362 | | 26 |
| 2014 | | 844,832 | | 845,564 | | 843,501 | | 848,138 | | 861,313 | | 867,400 | | 862,749 | | 861,382 | | 862,630 | | | 35,808 | | 28 |
| 2015 | | | 948,389 | | 984,262 | | 958,734 | | 961,761 | | 964,301 | | 974,345 | | 981,071 | | 1,010,796 | | | 55,430 | | 27 |
| 2016 | | | | 1,016,106 | | 1,009,051 | | 1,018,253 | | 1,029,821 | | 1,043,948 | | 1,059,897 | | 1,091,569 | | | 96,310 | | 28 |
| 2017 | | | | | 1,065,550 | | 1,099,396 | | 1,121,833 | | 1,138,785 | | 1,178,604 | | 1,249,129 | | | 142,974 | | 28 |
| 2018 | | | | | | 1,103,900 | | 1,131,549 | | 1,121,317 | | 1,156,157 | | 1,232,803 | | | 181,880 | | 27 |
| 2019 | | | | | | | 1,240,560 | | 1,237,336 | | 1,237,824 | | 1,294,681 | | | 292,625 | | 28 |
| 2020 | | | | | | | | 1,339,565 | | 1,212,790 | | 1,158,880 | | | 489,718 | | 22 |
| 2021 | | | | | | | | | 1,534,580 | | 1,390,790 | | | 841,854 | | 23 |
| 2022 | | | | | | | | | | 1,823,680 | | | 1,507,284 | | 20 |
| Total | | | | | | | | | | $ | 11,924,316 | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
| For the Year Ended December 31, |
| Unaudited | |
| Accident Year | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
| 2013 | $ | 63,243 | | $ | 188,023 | | $ | 330,127 | | $ | 470,566 | | $ | 585,608 | | $ | 646,257 | | $ | 691,495 | | $ | 717,908 | | $ | 738,858 | | $ | 761,461 | |
| 2014 | | 78,705 | | 190,419 | | 337,426 | | 478,924 | | 592,828 | | 678,490 | | 728,718 | | 758,098 | | 781,533 | |
| 2015 | | | 82,638 | | 210,151 | | 381,328 | | 536,855 | | 674,665 | | 755,641 | | 814,191 | | 872,657 | |
| 2016 | | | | 69,407 | | 208,828 | | 389,862 | | 557,998 | | 676,735 | | 766,515 | | 870,981 | |
| 2017 | | | | | 79,887 | | 255,603 | | 453,097 | | 638,934 | | 774,738 | | 930,630 | |
| 2018 | | | | | | 86,798 | | 264,299 | | 435,729 | | 615,753 | | 806,869 | |
| 2019 | | | | | | | 88,195 | | 275,343 | | 471,239 | | 704,928 | |
| 2020 | | | | | | | | 72,232 | | 225,068 | | 423,283 | |
| 2021 | | | | | | | | | 76,612 | | 267,685 | |
| 2022 | | | | | | | | | | 93,519 | |
| Total | | | | | | | | | | $ | 6,513,546 | |
| Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2013, net of reinsurance | 125,357 | |
| Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | $ | 5,536,127 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance | | As of December 31, 2017 |
| For the Year Ended December 31, | | | |
| | Unaudited | | | | |
| Accident Year | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
| 2008 | $ | 830,091 |
| $ | 798,785 |
| $ | 744,614 |
| $ | 707,274 |
| $ | 687,619 |
| $ | 678,552 |
| $ | 651,784 |
| $ | 642,430 |
| $ | 644,303 |
| $ | 638,545 |
| | $ | 24,822 |
| 26 |
|
| 2009 | — |
| 689,758 |
| 656,915 |
| 625,068 |
| 598,641 |
| 589,618 |
| 561,674 |
| 557,634 |
| 552,954 |
| 546,645 |
| | 27,261 |
| 23 |
|
| 2010 | — |
| — |
| 612,630 |
| 616,196 |
| 590,160 |
| 591,042 |
| 577,714 |
| 575,030 |
| 573,865 |
| 571,623 |
| | 39,109 |
| 23 |
|
| 2011 | — |
| — |
| — |
| 665,768 |
| 674,139 |
| 660,240 |
| 659,214 |
| 653,945 |
| 649,035 |
| 645,149 |
| | 45,208 |
| 23 |
|
| 2012 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 688,924 |
| 703,226 |
| 703,984 |
| 710,395 |
| 714,301 |
| 724,641 |
| | 65,037 |
| 24 |
|
| 2013 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 752,373 |
| 793,662 |
| 786,676 |
| 786,122 |
| 807,181 |
| | 101,487 |
| 26 |
|
| 2014 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 848,794 |
| 851,216 |
| 849,147 |
| 854,008 |
| | 180,513 |
| 27 |
|
| 2015 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 953,009 |
| 988,661 |
| 963,803 |
| | 344,421 |
| 26 |
|
| 2016 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 1,019,961 |
| 1,012,783 |
| | 545,372 |
| 23 |
|
| 2017 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 1,065,756 |
| | 783,578 |
| 18 |
|
| Total | | | | | | | | |
|
| $ | 7,830,134 |
| | | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
| For the Year Ended December 31, |
| | Unaudited | |
| Accident Year | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
| 2008 | $ | 46,976 |
| $ | 133,238 |
| $ | 244,557 |
| $ | 348,162 |
| $ | 436,866 |
| $ | 497,134 |
| $ | 530,419 |
| $ | 559,727 |
| $ | 580,845 |
| $ | 597,586 |
|
| 2009 | — |
| 44,802 |
| 122,851 |
| 214,500 |
| 311,444 |
| 384,999 |
| 429,062 |
| 470,787 |
| 486,793 |
| 500,851 |
|
| 2010 | — |
| — |
| 45,196 |
| 128,959 |
| 246,657 |
| 336,249 |
| 417,172 |
| 461,464 |
| 491,098 |
| 508,308 |
|
| 2011 | — |
| — |
| — |
| 48,852 |
| 141,225 |
| 266,761 |
| 379,801 |
| 470,886 |
| 524,250 |
| 556,043 |
|
| 2012 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 57,604 |
| 158,774 |
| 299,938 |
| 418,145 |
| 513,849 |
| 581,195 |
|
| 2013 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 63,754 |
| 189,747 |
| 333,221 |
| 474,304 |
| 590,435 |
|
| 2014 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 79,128 |
| 191,385 |
| 339,111 |
| 482,059 |
|
| 2015 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 82,822 |
| 211,177 |
| 383,425 |
|
| 2016 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 69,414 |
| 209,350 |
|
| 2017 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 77,941 |
|
| Total | | | | | | | | |
|
| $ | 4,487,193 |
|
| | Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2008, net of reinsurance | | 126,966 |
|
| | Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | | $ | 3,469,907 |
|
Primary Workers' Compensation
(In thousands)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance | | As of December 31, 2022 |
| For the Year Ended December 31, | | | |
| Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
| Accident Year | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
| 2013 | $ | 552,570 | | $ | 547,295 | | $ | 546,995 | | $ | 543,238 | | $ | 547,000 | | $ | 542,274 | | $ | 541,926 | | $ | 540,322 | | $ | 538,503 | | $ | 534,948 | | | $ | 11,473 | | 53 |
| 2014 | | 639,436 | | 637,307 | | 627,767 | | 617,242 | | 615,435 | | 604,030 | | 600,194 | | 602,000 | | 598,977 | | | 21,528 | | 57 |
| 2015 | | | 712,800 | | 690,525 | | 650,997 | | 641,169 | | 626,432 | | 620,741 | | 617,478 | | 612,687 | | | 29,213 | | 58 |
| 2016 | | | | 702,716 | | 696,339 | | 684,700 | | 660,520 | | 651,278 | | 657,972 | | 654,385 | | | 36,834 | | 58 |
| 2017 | | | | | 762,093 | | 733,505 | | 689,622 | | 673,216 | | 683,880 | | 682,153 | | | 41,944 | | 58 |
| 2018 | | | | | | 778,964 | | 724,697 | | 715,055 | | 724,056 | | 721,170 | | | 43,766 | | 56 |
| 2019 | | | | | | | 784,281 | | 721,018 | | 732,762 | | 734,034 | | | 67,254 | | 54 |
| 2020 | | | | | | | | 725,245 | | 716,430 | | 704,008 | | | 96,322 | | 42 |
| 2021 | | | | | | | | | 742,687 | | 701,703 | | | 149,447 | | 45 |
| 2022 | | | | | | | | | | 772,620 | | | 348,348 | | 41 |
| Total | | | | | | | | | | $ | 6,716,685 | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
| For the Year Ended December 31, |
| Unaudited | |
| Accident Year | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
| 2013 | $ | 117,900 | | $ | 277,538 | | $ | 363,028 | | $ | 414,160 | | $ | 447,894 | | $ | 466,580 | | $ | 479,104 | | $ | 489,075 | | $ | 496,809 | | $ | 502,181 | |
| 2014 | | 148,405 | | 319,743 | | 412,611 | | 471,235 | | 503,915 | | 521,141 | | 531,475 | | 538,914 | | 547,894 | |
| 2015 | | | 139,320 | | 323,744 | | 421,734 | | 477,541 | | 512,933 | | 531,512 | | 544,849 | | 557,215 | |
| 2016 | | | | 142,998 | | 338,835 | | 446,072 | | 504,850 | | 537,861 | | 558,934 | | 572,669 | |
| 2017 | | | | | 153,456 | | 362,299 | | 468,817 | | 525,753 | | 559,198 | | 583,258 | |
| 2018 | | | | | | 171,006 | | 397,464 | | 508,546 | | 574,889 | | 613,675 | |
| 2019 | | | | | | | 184,715 | | 397,376 | | 515,914 | | 581,003 | |
| 2020 | | | | | | | | 172,478 | | 380,454 | | 485,203 | |
| 2021 | | | | | | | | | 172,729 | | 384,867 | |
| 2022 | | | | | | | | | | 180,982 | |
| Total | | | | | | | | | | $ | 5,008,947 | |
| | Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2013, net of reinsurance | 214,233 | |
| | Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | $ | 1,921,971 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance | | As of December 31, 2017 |
| For the Year Ended December 31, | | | |
| | Unaudited | | | | |
| Accident Year | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
| 2008 | $ | 377,794 |
| $ | 347,423 |
| $ | 345,605 |
| $ | 345,413 |
| $ | 388,558 |
| $ | 388,472 |
| $ | 389,343 |
| $ | 391,788 |
| $ | 393,932 |
| $ | 396,505 |
| | $ | 12,292 |
| 47 |
|
| 2009 | — |
| 327,537 |
| 332,303 |
| 326,766 |
| 386,870 |
| 392,791 |
| 394,303 |
| 392,287 |
| 395,288 |
| 398,994 |
| | 12,171 |
| 43 |
|
| 2010 | — |
| — |
| 358,734 |
| 361,808 |
| 409,237 |
| 420,604 |
| 426,622 |
| 429,952 |
| 429,762 |
| 427,698 |
| | 19,659 |
| 45 |
|
| 2011 | — |
| — |
| — |
| 419,364 |
| 442,550 |
| 457,134 |
| 470,026 |
| 472,087 |
| 474,076 |
| 475,729 |
| | 24,400 |
| 46 |
|
| 2012 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 499,752 |
| 501,810 |
| 503,956 |
| 503,863 |
| 509,167 |
| 512,707 |
| | 36,929 |
| 48 |
|
| 2013 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 552,570 |
| 547,295 |
| 546,995 |
| 543,238 |
| 547,000 |
| | 48,953 |
| 53 |
|
| 2014 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 639,436 |
| 637,307 |
| 627,767 |
| 617,242 |
| | 71,042 |
| 57 |
|
| 2015 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 712,800 |
| 690,525 |
| 650,997 |
| | 117,187 |
| 58 |
|
| 2016 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 702,716 |
| 696,339 |
| | 175,332 |
| 57 |
|
| 2017 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 762,094 |
| | 370,138 |
| 53 |
|
| Total | | | | | | | | |
|
| $ | 5,485,305 |
| | | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
| For the Year Ended December 31, |
| | Unaudited | |
| Accident Year | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
| 2008 | $ | 94,385 |
| $ | 203,079 |
| $ | 261,867 |
| $ | 296,667 |
| $ | 320,169 |
| $ | 335,030 |
| $ | 344,892 |
| $ | 352,539 |
| $ | 360,799 |
| $ | 366,741 |
|
| 2009 | — |
| 93,647 |
| 197,736 |
| 257,972 |
| 297,079 |
| 318,349 |
| 333,793 |
| 344,771 |
| 352,516 |
| 360,289 |
|
| 2010 | — |
| — |
| 107,742 |
| 214,034 |
| 279,226 |
| 320,154 |
| 344,631 |
| 362,078 |
| 374,013 |
| 382,665 |
|
| 2011 | — |
| — |
| — |
| 106,157 |
| 234,694 |
| 309,509 |
| 355,909 |
| 385,759 |
| 408,304 |
| 420,945 |
|
| 2012 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 114,998 |
| 255,063 |
| 339,560 |
| 387,368 |
| 419,588 |
| 437,196 |
|
| 2013 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 117,900 |
| 277,538 |
| 363,028 |
| 414,160 |
| 447,894 |
|
| 2014 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 148,405 |
| 319,743 |
| 412,611 |
| 471,235 |
|
| 2015 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 139,320 |
| 323,744 |
| 421,734 |
|
| 2016 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 142,998 |
| 338,835 |
|
| 2017 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 153,456 |
|
| Total | | | | | | | | |
|
| $ | 3,800,990 |
|
| | | Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2008, net of reinsurance | | 157,868 |
|
| | | Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | | $ | 1,842,183 |
|
Excess Workers' Compensation
(In thousands)
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance | | As of December 31, 2017 |
| For the Year Ended December 31, | | | |
| | Unaudited | | | | |
| Accident Year | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
| 2008 | $ | 186,116 |
| $ | 181,072 |
| $ | 154,566 |
| $ | 152,830 |
| $ | 150,429 |
| $ | 150,493 |
| $ | 146,093 |
| $ | 147,105 |
| $ | 140,155 |
| $ | 139,869 |
| | $ | 30,534 |
| 1 |
|
| 2009 | — |
| 168,762 |
| 153,766 |
| 153,912 |
| 148,223 |
| 147,556 |
| 138,765 |
| 142,768 |
| 134,716 |
| 129,249 |
| | 26,998 |
| 1 |
|
| 2010 | — |
| — |
| 135,639 |
| 123,497 |
| 120,272 |
| 116,422 |
| 100,331 |
| 104,732 |
| 100,065 |
| 94,986 |
| | 20,772 |
| 1 |
|
| 2011 | — |
| — |
| — |
| 88,650 |
| 93,993 |
| 95,714 |
| 87,064 |
| 85,299 |
| 83,850 |
| 78,246 |
| | 23,339 |
| 1 |
|
| 2012 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 72,366 |
| 71,301 |
| 71,780 |
| 73,653 |
| 72,441 |
| 67,878 |
| | 16,278 |
| 1 |
|
| 2013 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 62,767 |
| 48,493 |
| 46,025 |
| 42,419 |
| 38,551 |
| | 19,501 |
| 1 |
|
| 2014 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 63,465 |
| 57,558 |
| 49,478 |
| 45,758 |
| | 27,746 |
| 1 |
|
| 2015 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 69,977 |
| 57,897 |
| 50,099 |
| | 32,693 |
| — |
|
| 2016 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 72,657 |
| 70,281 |
| | 43,421 |
| — |
|
| 2017 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 76,702 |
| | 48,784 |
| 1 |
|
| Total | | | | | | | | |
|
| $ | 791,619 |
| | | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
| For the Year Ended December 31, |
| | Unaudited | |
| Accident Year | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
| 2008 | $ | 2,213 |
| $ | 2,607 |
| $ | 5,909 |
| $ | 9,111 |
| $ | 13,648 |
| $ | 19,725 |
| $ | 27,350 |
| $ | 31,434 |
| $ | 36,485 |
| $ | 41,921 |
|
| 2009 | — |
| 5,060 |
| 8,402 |
| 11,037 |
| 14,138 |
| 20,176 |
| 25,272 |
| 29,150 |
| 33,573 |
| 37,817 |
|
| 2010 | — |
| — |
| 2,867 |
| 4,003 |
| 5,571 |
| 6,533 |
| 9,084 |
| 11,699 |
| 14,261 |
| 18,821 |
|
| 2011 | — |
| — |
| — |
| 2,593 |
| 4,848 |
| 4,759 |
| 12,104 |
| 15,684 |
| 18,638 |
| 20,164 |
|
| 2012 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 1,127 |
| 4,815 |
| 9,480 |
| 11,167 |
| 13,234 |
| 15,738 |
|
| 2013 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 249 |
| 630 |
| 2,158 |
| 3,008 |
| 3,396 |
|
| 2014 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 358 |
| 1,729 |
| 3,354 |
| 4,175 |
|
| 2015 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 2,069 |
| 2,481 |
| 3,272 |
|
| 2016 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 2,498 |
| 4,783 |
|
| 2017 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 6,282 |
|
| Total | | | | | | | | |
|
| $ | 156,369 |
|
| | Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2008, net of reinsurance | | 689,657 |
|
| | Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | | $ | 1,324,907 |
|
Professional Liability
(In thousands)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance | | As of December 31, 2022 |
| For the Year Ended December 31, | | | |
| Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
| Accident Year | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
| 2013 | $ | 265,061 | | $ | 244,556 | | $ | 241,046 | | $ | 246,943 | | $ | 267,978 | | $ | 276,566 | | $ | 281,888 | | $ | 279,824 | | $ | 279,870 | | $ | 283,216 | | | $ | 4,681 | | 7 |
| 2014 | | 250,740 | | 244,574 | | 257,309 | | 241,376 | | 236,961 | | 255,850 | | 254,868 | | 254,243 | | 253,244 | | | 12,284 | | 7 |
| 2015 | | | 257,946 | | 256,595 | | 272,899 | | 274,546 | | 290,141 | | 281,718 | | 282,065 | | 286,271 | | | 19,949 | | 8 |
| 2016 | | | | 309,417 | | 323,222 | | 360,110 | | 400,799 | | 438,065 | | 467,545 | | 463,102 | | | 33,241 | | 9 |
| 2017 | | | | | 333,267 | | 332,400 | | 338,723 | | 377,410 | | 384,416 | | 393,409 | | | 53,786 | | 10 |
| 2018 | | | | | | 334,848 | | 322,176 | | 333,408 | | 359,566 | | 382,409 | | | 73,828 | | 10 |
| 2019 | | | | | | | 336,129 | | 332,385 | | 345,614 | | 354,283 | | | 93,387 | | 11 |
| 2020 | | | | | | | | 394,107 | | 375,577 | | 337,961 | | | 159,767 | | 11 |
| 2021 | | | | | | | | | 524,879 | | 471,266 | | | 315,877 | | 11 |
| 2022 | | | | | | | | | | 648,941 | | | 543,483 | | 10 |
| Total | | | | | | | | | | $ | 3,874,102 | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
| For the Year Ended December 31, |
| Unaudited | |
| Accident Year | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
| 2013 | $ | 23,295 | | $ | 63,503 | | $ | 118,767 | | $ | 176,079 | | $ | 204,955 | | $ | 246,616 | | $ | 255,863 | | $ | 261,106 | | $ | 267,776 | | $ | 273,094 | |
| 2014 | | 19,225 | | 83,063 | | 137,341 | | 174,524 | | 197,272 | | 213,888 | | 225,236 | | 234,459 | | 237,145 | |
| 2015 | | | 20,331 | | 85,047 | | 139,205 | | 186,688 | | 215,408 | | 232,143 | | 239,150 | | 246,031 | |
| 2016 | | | | 28,517 | | 102,173 | | 201,019 | | 254,872 | | 296,863 | | 356,812 | | 404,742 | |
| 2017 | | | | | 36,503 | | 96,312 | | 162,829 | | 243,088 | | 261,225 | | 306,713 | |
| 2018 | | | | | | 28,101 | | 99,598 | | 155,212 | | 198,697 | | 244,284 | |
| 2019 | | | | | | | 31,674 | | 97,466 | | 147,985 | | 200,521 | |
| 2020 | | | | | | | | 28,106 | | 80,408 | | 129,168 | |
| 2021 | | | | | | | | | 28,586 | | 86,056 | |
| 2022 | | | | | | | | | | 33,446 | |
| Total | | | | | | | | | | $ | 2,161,200 | |
| Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2013, net of reinsurance | 36,484 | |
| Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | $ | 1,749,386 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance | | As of December 31, 2017 |
| For the Year Ended December 31, | | | |
| | Unaudited | | | | |
| Accident Year | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
| 2008 | $ | 113,409 |
| $ | 120,203 |
| $ | 116,836 |
| $ | 111,535 |
| $ | 110,337 |
| $ | 107,829 |
| $ | 107,369 |
| $ | 109,291 |
| $ | 108,554 |
| $ | 109,325 |
| | $ | 439 |
| 2 |
| 2009 | — |
| 135,534 |
| 140,038 |
| 145,950 |
| 149,172 |
| 148,318 |
| 150,690 |
| 151,013 |
| 153,673 |
| 152,880 |
| | 816 |
| 3 |
| 2010 | — |
| — |
| 147,301 |
| 166,172 |
| 179,693 |
| 178,381 |
| 177,127 |
| 172,918 |
| 175,180 |
| 178,122 |
| | 1,984 |
| 4 |
| 2011 | — |
| — |
| — |
| 180,633 |
| 166,044 |
| 188,095 |
| 191,194 |
| 178,071 |
| 174,328 |
| 177,622 |
| | 4,735 |
| 4 |
| 2012 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 242,306 |
| 245,732 |
| 268,793 |
| 253,392 |
| 241,616 |
| 247,513 |
| | 14,511 |
| 8 |
| 2013 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 274,510 |
| 251,267 |
| 246,318 |
| 252,347 |
| 270,285 |
| | 29,840 |
| 8 |
| 2014 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 257,362 |
| 250,131 |
| 263,782 |
| 246,980 |
| | 44,937 |
| 8 |
| 2015 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 262,607 |
| 261,500 |
| 278,281 |
| | 81,813 |
| 10 |
| 2016 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 313,907 |
| 328,108 |
| | 150,631 |
| 11 |
| 2017 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 336,325 |
| | 254,118 |
| 9 |
| Total | | | | | | | | |
|
| $ | 2,325,441 |
| | | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
| For the Year Ended December 31, |
| | Unaudited | |
| Accident Year | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
| 2008 | $ | 10,002 |
| $ | 37,844 |
| $ | 66,198 |
| $ | 85,623 |
| $ | 96,621 |
| $ | 97,834 |
| $ | 100,399 |
| $ | 105,346 |
| $ | 106,428 |
| $ | 108,894 |
|
| 2009 | — |
| 12,613 |
| 52,612 |
| 85,960 |
| 117,802 |
| 127,879 |
| 139,030 |
| 144,109 |
| 144,883 |
| 147,768 |
|
| 2010 | — |
| — |
| 14,857 |
| 58,980 |
| 108,713 |
| 129,916 |
| 144,645 |
| 160,799 |
| 165,223 |
| 171,539 |
|
| 2011 | — |
| — |
| — |
| 18,833 |
| 62,659 |
| 103,404 |
| 135,095 |
| 151,388 |
| 159,555 |
| 167,847 |
|
| 2012 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 22,234 |
| 87,943 |
| 129,442 |
| 160,493 |
| 191,963 |
| 216,476 |
|
| 2013 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 24,784 |
| 64,525 |
| 120,431 |
| 178,821 |
| 208,169 |
|
| 2014 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 19,778 |
| 84,580 |
| 140,094 |
| 179,300 |
|
| 2015 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 20,616 |
| 86,116 |
| 140,660 |
|
| 2016 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 28,935 |
| 103,632 |
|
| 2017 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 36,958 |
|
| Total | | | | | | | | |
|
| $ | 1,481,243 |
|
| | Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2008, net of reinsurance | | 3,100 |
|
| | Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | | $ | 847,298 |
|
Commercial Automobile
(In thousands)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance | | As of December 31, 2022 |
| For the Year Ended December 31, | | | |
| Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
| Accident Year | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
| 2013 | $ | 327,514 | | $ | 349,136 | | $ | 368,894 | | $ | 376,243 | | $ | 366,646 | | $ | 366,166 | | $ | 365,275 | | $ | 364,207 | | $ | 364,439 | | $ | 364,607 | | | $ | 103 | | 44 |
| 2014 | | 363,891 | | 385,241 | | 416,802 | | 414,732 | | 412,120 | | 411,920 | | 407,470 | | 406,589 | | 407,970 | | | 403 | | 47 |
| 2015 | | | 389,577 | | 415,446 | | 421,522 | | 429,608 | | 430,557 | | 428,981 | | 426,107 | | 427,923 | | | 1,362 | | 53 |
| 2016 | | | | 429,329 | | 429,074 | | 440,334 | | 441,408 | | 438,192 | | 437,884 | | 439,682 | | | 2,244 | | 52 |
| 2017 | | | | | 430,440 | | 428,419 | | 430,198 | | 434,170 | | 439,991 | | 444,472 | | | 4,800 | | 47 |
| 2018 | | | | | | 442,610 | | 462,544 | | 478,966 | | 494,315 | | 521,667 | | | 10,720 | | 46 |
| 2019 | | | | | | | 483,019 | | 488,291 | | 504,813 | | 530,876 | | | 22,483 | | 45 |
| 2020 | | | | | | | | 523,736 | | 428,759 | | 442,163 | | | 31,172 | | 30 |
| 2021 | | | | | | | | | 614,422 | | 596,810 | | | 111,412 | | 38 |
| 2022 | | | | | | | | | | 792,553 | | | 342,905 | | 40 |
| Total | | | | | | | | | | $ | 4,968,723 | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
| For the Year Ended December 31, |
| Unaudited | |
| Accident Year | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
| 2013 | $ | 142,929 | | $ | 218,596 | | $ | 267,253 | | $ | 321,855 | | $ | 342,961 | | $ | 352,792 | | $ | 361,499 | | $ | 362,252 | | $ | 362,624 | | $ | 364,147 | |
| 2014 | | 155,564 | | 237,648 | | 326,854 | | 364,054 | | 392,658 | | 400,577 | | 403,273 | | 404,259 | | 405,004 | |
| 2015 | | | 159,987 | | 263,663 | | 323,429 | | 368,448 | | 396,018 | | 409,426 | | 415,170 | | 418,993 | |
| 2016 | | | | 183,160 | | 277,665 | | 339,657 | | 388,554 | | 407,989 | | 418,499 | | 426,955 | |
| 2017 | | | | | 180,545 | | 267,326 | | 326,861 | | 371,761 | | 401,844 | | 419,545 | |
| 2018 | | | | | | 180,056 | | 281,475 | | 350,110 | | 412,874 | | 463,117 | |
| 2019 | | | | | | | 185,236 | | 290,124 | | 374,479 | | 440,378 | |
| 2020 | | | | | | | | 142,815 | | 228,357 | | 308,451 | |
| 2021 | | | | | | | | | 180,860 | | 319,941 | |
| 2022 | | | | | | | | | | 253,206 | |
| Total | | | | | | | | | | $ | 3,819,737 | |
| | Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2013, net of reinsurance | 3,731 | |
| | Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | $ | 1,152,717 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance | | As of December 31, 2017 |
| For the Year Ended December 31, | | | |
| | Unaudited | | | | |
| Accident Year | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
| 2008 | $ | 432,629 |
| $ | 444,941 |
| $ | 430,453 |
| $ | 426,543 |
| $ | 425,600 |
| $ | 422,999 |
| $ | 422,309 |
| $ | 423,258 |
| $ | 421,829 |
| $ | 422,919 |
| | $ | 313 |
| 50 |
| 2009 | — |
| 362,302 |
| 345,139 |
| 340,967 |
| 335,851 |
| 337,922 |
| 336,861 |
| 334,654 |
| 335,091 |
| 334,979 |
| | 535 |
| 39 |
| 2010 | — |
| — |
| 311,322 |
| 320,306 |
| 330,432 |
| 329,109 |
| 333,028 |
| 331,865 |
| 330,586 |
| 330,297 |
| | 703 |
| 37 |
| 2011 | — |
| — |
| — |
| 314,028 |
| 322,724 |
| 330,125 |
| 335,024 |
| 343,701 |
| 341,200 |
| 342,094 |
| | 1,781 |
| 37 |
| 2012 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 314,309 |
| 326,831 |
| 342,588 |
| 355,609 |
| 355,461 |
| 355,598 |
| | 2,391 |
| 34 |
| 2013 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 327,514 |
| 349,136 |
| 368,894 |
| 366,305 |
| 356,664 |
| | 6,069 |
| 34 |
| 2014 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 364,018 |
| 385,364 |
| 395,013 |
| 392,373 |
| | 13,596 |
| 36 |
| 2015 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 390,101 |
| 390,734 |
| 395,956 |
| | 31,536 |
| 38 |
| 2016 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 388,050 |
| 389,025 |
| | 62,834 |
| 38 |
| 2017 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 391,617 |
| | 131,197 |
| 32 |
| Total | | | | | | | | |
|
| $ | 3,711,522 |
| | | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
| For the Year Ended December 31, |
| | Unaudited | |
| Accident Year | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
| 2008 | $ | 175,402 |
| $ | 270,421 |
| $ | 334,078 |
| $ | 377,643 |
| $ | 402,882 |
| $ | 413,411 |
| $ | 417,598 |
| $ | 420,553 |
| $ | 420,596 |
| $ | 422,236 |
|
| 2009 | — |
| 136,433 |
| 209,553 |
| 257,326 |
| 291,925 |
| 312,903 |
| 328,845 |
| 331,484 |
| 333,144 |
| 333,607 |
|
| 2010 | — |
| — |
| 136,054 |
| 208,790 |
| 263,639 |
| 295,355 |
| 313,262 |
| 324,997 |
| 326,804 |
| 327,240 |
|
| 2011 | — |
| — |
| — |
| 135,350 |
| 211,756 |
| 262,685 |
| 296,370 |
| 321,814 |
| 333,987 |
| 338,325 |
|
| 2012 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 136,844 |
| 215,214 |
| 273,446 |
| 312,342 |
| 335,805 |
| 346,961 |
|
| 2013 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 142,929 |
| 218,596 |
| 267,253 |
| 312,470 |
| 333,420 |
|
| 2014 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 155,630 |
| 237,802 |
| 306,618 |
| 342,988 |
|
| 2015 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 160,316 |
| 242,185 |
| 300,071 |
|
| 2016 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 156,753 |
| 240,395 |
|
| 2017 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 159,100 |
|
| Total | | | | | | | | |
|
| $ | 3,144,343 |
|
| | | Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2008, net of reinsurance | | 2,464 |
|
| | | Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | | $ | 569,643 |
|
Short-tail lines
(In thousands)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance | | As of December 31, 2022 |
| For the Year Ended December 31, | | | |
| Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
| Accident Year | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
| 2013 | $ | 565,391 | | $ | 573,905 | | $ | 565,810 | | $ | 549,518 | | $ | 548,169 | | $ | 544,681 | | $ | 542,863 | | $ | 542,148 | | $ | 541,857 | | $ | 541,728 | | | $ | 1,125 | | 25 |
| 2014 | | 691,971 | | 697,845 | | 659,563 | | 658,252 | | 659,230 | | 659,568 | | 662,012 | | 660,250 | | 658,557 | | | 1,549 | | 30 |
| 2015 | | | 736,523 | | 726,287 | | 723,206 | | 721,789 | | 713,899 | | 712,361 | | 710,663 | | 710,978 | | | 3,842 | | 32 |
| 2016 | | | | 771,390 | | 775,308 | | 762,460 | | 757,009 | | 751,530 | | 753,952 | | 752,604 | | | 3,363 | | 34 |
| 2017 | | | | | 752,727 | | 753,326 | | 747,630 | | 747,003 | | 746,603 | | 747,869 | | | 8,195 | | 42 |
| 2018 | | | | | | 759,634 | | 748,931 | | 746,265 | | 744,544 | | 742,289 | | | 11,491 | | 48 |
| 2019 | | | | | | | 721,073 | | 701,241 | | 691,015 | | 684,708 | | | 18,311 | | 43 |
| 2020 | | | | | | | | 900,683 | | 904,580 | | 922,333 | | | 24,934 | | 38 |
| 2021 | | | | | | | | | 828,187 | | 832,183 | | | 57,246 | | 36 |
| 2022 | | | | | | | | | | 944,842 | | | 235,121 | | 32 |
| Total | | | | | | | | | | $ | 7,538,091 | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
| For the Year Ended December 31, |
| Unaudited | |
| Accident Year | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
| 2013 | $ | 310,750 | | $ | 480,140 | | $ | 526,031 | | $ | 527,789 | | $ | 534,569 | | $ | 535,756 | | $ | 536,416 | | $ | 537,582 | | $ | 538,985 | | $ | 539,081 | |
| 2014 | | 368,865 | | 587,607 | | 609,948 | | 628,440 | | 643,619 | | 650,816 | | 653,272 | | 653,784 | | 654,089 | |
| 2015 | | | 392,921 | | 608,748 | | 664,084 | | 686,029 | | 695,563 | | 701,341 | | 708,065 | | 708,214 | |
| 2016 | | | | 416,611 | | 669,891 | | 711,385 | | 726,549 | | 731,651 | | 738,390 | | 739,244 | |
| 2017 | | | | | 445,285 | | 689,662 | | 718,538 | | 730,688 | | 734,509 | | 741,685 | |
| 2018 | | | | | | 414,910 | | 661,741 | | 708,214 | | 725,138 | | 725,228 | |
| 2019 | | | | | | | 404,975 | | 615,869 | | 645,374 | | 657,819 | |
| 2020 | | | | | | | | 460,434 | | 784,670 | | 845,714 | |
| 2021 | | | | | | | | | 405,512 | | 698,092 | |
| 2022 | | | | | | | | | | 472,024 | |
| Total | | | | | | | | | | $ | 6,781,190 | |
| Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2013, net of reinsurance | 4,727 | |
| Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | $ | 761,628 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance | | As of December 31, 2017 |
| For the Year Ended December 31, | | | |
| | Unaudited | | | | |
| Accident Year | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
| 2008 | $ | 395,651 |
| $ | 384,606 |
| $ | 377,287 |
| $ | 371,053 |
| $ | 368,063 |
| $ | 368,207 |
| $ | 367,802 |
| $ | 367,594 |
| $ | 368,044 |
| $ | 367,969 |
| | $ | 737 |
| 23 |
| 2009 | — |
| 346,902 |
| 335,950 |
| 326,460 |
| 318,124 |
| 318,454 |
| 314,914 |
| 314,140 |
| 314,068 |
| 316,279 |
| | 1,063 |
| 19 |
| 2010 | — |
| — |
| 385,650 |
| 370,134 |
| 358,292 |
| 355,579 |
| 345,866 |
| 346,338 |
| 346,700 |
| 346,280 |
| | 1,105 |
| 19 |
| 2011 | — |
| — |
| — |
| 477,005 |
| 470,151 |
| 461,561 |
| 456,871 |
| 455,005 |
| 450,427 |
| 449,639 |
| | 1,511 |
| 21 |
| 2012 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 533,643 |
| 542,372 |
| 543,923 |
| 539,180 |
| 519,459 |
| 518,398 |
| | 4,358 |
| 40 |
| 2013 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 582,165 |
| 594,296 |
| 585,661 |
| 569,888 |
| 568,276 |
| | 7,802 |
| 47 |
| 2014 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 715,483 |
| 722,317 |
| 694,942 |
| 692,591 |
| | 11,939 |
| 53 |
| 2015 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 748,981 |
| 764,638 |
| 763,735 |
| | 28,878 |
| 59 |
| 2016 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 822,176 |
| 825,812 |
| | 48,073 |
| 54 |
| 2017 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 796,305 |
| | 150,489 |
| 42 |
| Total | | | | | | | | |
|
| $ | 5,645,284 |
| | | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
| For the Year Ended December 31, |
| | Unaudited | |
| Accident Year | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
| 2008 | $ | 244,633 |
| $ | 338,299 |
| $ | 351,580 |
| $ | 361,024 |
| $ | 360,380 |
| $ | 365,069 |
| $ | 366,388 |
| $ | 366,389 |
| $ | 366,953 |
| $ | 366,991 |
|
| 2009 | — |
| 212,521 |
| 291,338 |
| 304,648 |
| 306,020 |
| 309,939 |
| 310,453 |
| 311,105 |
| 311,386 |
| 311,687 |
|
| 2010 | — |
| — |
| 245,042 |
| 325,176 |
| 337,696 |
| 346,630 |
| 340,075 |
| 342,783 |
| 343,909 |
| 344,897 |
|
| 2011 | — |
| — |
| — |
| 303,067 |
| 417,818 |
| 436,817 |
| 441,058 |
| 445,356 |
| 447,042 |
| 447,647 |
|
| 2012 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 283,339 |
| 458,412 |
| 510,142 |
| 520,989 |
| 509,941 |
| 511,253 |
|
| 2013 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 316,603 |
| 494,148 |
| 544,245 |
| 546,651 |
| 553,970 |
|
| 2014 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 375,623 |
| 607,174 |
| 641,364 |
| 660,618 |
|
| 2015 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 398,077 |
| 640,637 |
| 699,528 |
|
| 2016 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 448,522 |
| 715,192 |
|
| 2017 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 470,935 |
|
| Total | | | | | | | | |
|
| $ | 5,082,718 |
|
| | Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2008, net of reinsurance | | 3,033 |
|
| | Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | | $ | 565,599 |
|
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess
Casualty
(In thousands)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance | | As of December 31, 2022 |
| For the Year Ended December 31, | | |
| Unaudited | | | |
| Accident Year | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | | IBNR |
| 2013 | $ | 318,365 | | $ | 269,340 | | $ | 272,475 | | $ | 282,307 | | $ | 291,105 | | $ | 298,317 | | $ | 302,595 | | $ | 301,415 | | $ | 302,672 | | $ | 302,135 | | | $ | 12,543 | |
| 2014 | | 319,454 | | 318,904 | | 318,443 | | 330,382 | | 324,693 | | 324,150 | | 335,883 | | 336,990 | | 341,649 | | | 16,184 | |
| 2015 | | | 259,019 | | 231,430 | | 230,085 | | 252,277 | | 293,094 | | 303,261 | | 304,805 | | 309,317 | | | 19,728 | |
| 2016 | | | | 240,655 | | 252,638 | | 245,268 | | 267,850 | | 301,663 | | 301,355 | | 310,451 | | | 24,928 | |
| 2017 | | | | | 231,082 | | 220,699 | | 238,883 | | 261,482 | | 281,254 | | 298,486 | | | 36,491 | |
| 2018 | | | | | | 221,193 | | 210,397 | | 230,790 | | 246,898 | | 261,148 | | | 44,474 | |
| 2019 | | | | | | | 236,318 | | 230,460 | | 239,131 | | 240,848 | | | 72,504 | |
| 2020 | | | | | | | | 299,602 | | 293,345 | | 289,878 | | | 136,865 | |
| 2021 | | | | | | | | | 359,952 | | 346,736 | | | 243,222 | |
| 2022 | | | | | | | | | | 446,676 | | | 402,204 | |
| Total | | | | | | | | | | $ | 3,147,324 | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
| For the Year Ended December 31, |
| Unaudited | |
| Accident Year | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
| 2013 | $ | 28,945 | | $ | 63,745 | | $ | 108,852 | | $ | 144,331 | | $ | 178,060 | | $ | 205,553 | | $ | 225,882 | | $ | 241,573 | | $ | 254,273 | | $ | 263,467 | |
| 2014 | | 21,297 | | 68,374 | | 115,779 | | 155,070 | | 197,996 | | 227,448 | | 252,155 | | 271,512 | | 284,360 | |
| 2015 | | | 17,888 | | 48,442 | | 91,140 | | 141,254 | | 178,521 | | 205,289 | | 233,643 | | 250,880 | |
| 2016 | | | | 19,904 | | 61,770 | | 100,200 | | 140,299 | | 171,719 | | 205,354 | | 225,077 | |
| 2017 | | | | | 16,469 | | 40,085 | | 69,350 | | 123,614 | | 147,311 | | 175,059 | |
| 2018 | | | | | | 11,076 | | 40,953 | | 77,498 | | 109,474 | | 141,553 | |
| 2019 | | | | | | | 14,560 | | 39,091 | | 64,020 | | 94,856 | |
| 2020 | | | | | | | | 20,750 | | 49,664 | | 81,789 | |
| 2021 | | | | | | | | | 10,918 | | 43,838 | |
| 2022 | | | | | | | | | | 11,595 | |
| Total | | | | | | | | | | $ | 1,572,474 | |
| Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2013, net of reinsurance | 417,861 | |
| | Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | $ | 1,992,711 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance | | As of December 31, 2017 |
| For the Year Ended December 31, | | |
| | Unaudited | | | |
| Accident Year | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | | IBNR |
| 2008 | $ | 361,062 |
| $ | 346,045 |
| $ | 325,890 |
| $ | 306,513 |
| $ | 295,266 |
| $ | 291,214 |
| $ | 298,891 |
| $ | 299,336 |
| $ | 294,775 |
| $ | 296,277 |
| | $ | 21,314 |
|
| 2009 | — |
| 336,295 |
| 329,565 |
| 328,313 |
| 310,178 |
| 302,380 |
| 293,983 |
| 282,968 |
| 288,634 |
| 282,130 |
| | 22,883 |
|
| 2010 | — |
| — |
| 292,363 |
| 299,988 |
| 289,984 |
| 278,155 |
| 267,279 |
| 255,738 |
| 252,537 |
| 250,224 |
| | 24,961 |
|
| 2011 | — |
| — |
| — |
| 293,319 |
| 312,388 |
| 306,928 |
| 302,166 |
| 309,707 |
| 306,560 |
| 297,910 |
| | 30,716 |
|
| 2012 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 335,219 |
| 339,253 |
| 334,435 |
| 327,145 |
| 336,407 |
| 338,715 |
| | 41,215 |
|
| 2013 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 322,691 |
| 273,677 |
| 276,773 |
| 286,997 |
| 295,688 |
| | 47,285 |
|
| 2014 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 323,796 |
| 324,199 |
| 323,384 |
| 334,922 |
| | 84,802 |
|
| 2015 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 262,424 |
| 234,938 |
| 233,590 |
| | 58,408 |
|
| 2016 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 244,028 |
| 256,175 |
| | 119,654 |
|
| 2017 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 234,749 |
| | 178,718 |
|
| Total | | | | | | | | |
|
| $ | 2,820,380 |
| | |
(In thousands)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance | | As of December 31, 2022 |
| For the Year Ended December 31, | | |
| Unaudited | | | |
| Accident Year | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | | IBNR |
| 2013 | $ | 63,995 | | $ | 50,355 | | $ | 48,143 | | $ | 44,162 | | $ | 40,207 | | $ | 35,120 | | $ | 31,752 | | $ | 29,758 | | $ | 25,701 | | $ | 23,306 | | | $ | 5,184 | |
| 2014 | | 63,561 | | 57,650 | | 49,570 | | 45,823 | | 41,671 | | 42,541 | | 42,618 | | 40,652 | | 35,707 | | | 7,484 | |
| 2015 | | | 69,977 | | 57,897 | | 50,099 | | 45,115 | | 39,682 | | 39,781 | | 36,774 | | 30,104 | | | 8,683 | |
| 2016 | | | | 72,657 | | 70,281 | | 71,404 | | 64,957 | | 65,485 | | 65,222 | | 61,432 | | | 13,634 | |
| 2017 | | | | | 76,701 | | 80,508 | | 70,749 | | 71,025 | | 66,795 | | 62,647 | | | 16,529 | |
| 2018 | | | | | | 77,820 | | 72,505 | | 71,448 | | 66,180 | | 57,847 | | | 20,826 | |
| 2019 | | | | | | | 78,929 | | 77,482 | | 76,242 | | 73,978 | | | 21,878 | |
| 2020 | | | | | | | | 84,354 | | 83,468 | | 80,452 | | | 35,638 | |
| 2021 | | | | | | | | | 98,110 | | 87,980 | | | 48,670 | |
| 2022 | | | | | | | | | | 98,923 | | | 66,865 | |
| Total | | | | | | | | | | $ | 612,376 | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
| For the Year Ended December 31, |
| Unaudited | |
| Accident Year | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
| 2013 | $ | 647 | | $ | 1,897 | | $ | 3,588 | | $ | 3,008 | | $ | 3,396 | | $ | 4,418 | | $ | 5,349 | | $ | 6,476 | | $ | 8,805 | | $ | 9,490 | |
| 2014 | | 377 | | 2,341 | | 3,354 | | 4,175 | | 5,808 | | 7,595 | | 11,154 | | 11,938 | | 13,491 | |
| 2015 | | | 2,069 | | 2,481 | | 3,272 | | 4,099 | | 4,416 | | 5,083 | | 5,421 | | 6,457 | |
| 2016 | | | | 2,498 | | 4,783 | | 5,573 | | 5,928 | | 7,685 | | 9,883 | | 11,819 | |
| 2017 | | | | | 6,282 | | 12,810 | | 15,356 | | 17,327 | | 18,375 | | 19,275 | |
| 2018 | | | | | | 6,141 | | 8,230 | | 9,368 | | 10,359 | | 12,414 | |
| 2019 | | | | | | | 6,241 | | 10,884 | | 12,728 | | 15,436 | |
| 2020 | | | | | | | | 4,869 | | 8,699 | | 10,471 | |
| 2021 | | | | | | | | | 4,586 | | 6,026 | |
| 2022 | | | | | | | | | | 5,898 | |
| Total | | | | | | | | | | $ | 110,777 | |
| Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2013, net of reinsurance | 644,712 | |
| Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | $ | 1,146,311 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
| For the Year Ended December 31, |
| | Unaudited | |
| Accident Year | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
| 2008 | $ | 11,649 |
| $ | 37,063 |
| $ | 72,647 |
| $ | 111,515 |
| $ | 144,701 |
| $ | 171,747 |
| $ | 191,656 |
| $ | 207,639 |
| $ | 226,964 |
| $ | 241,572 |
|
| 2009 | — |
| 21,364 |
| 53,704 |
| 85,860 |
| 124,248 |
| 155,372 |
| 182,225 |
| 197,070 |
| 211,456 |
| 221,467 |
|
| 2010 | — |
| — |
| 18,121 |
| 45,931 |
| 77,589 |
| 106,937 |
| 129,700 |
| 150,021 |
| 165,773 |
| 181,311 |
|
| 2011 | — |
| — |
| — |
| 17,950 |
| 52,544 |
| 98,028 |
| 134,896 |
| 169,147 |
| 192,900 |
| 208,935 |
|
| 2012 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 22,476 |
| 62,438 |
| 112,445 |
| 152,453 |
| 187,599 |
| 220,422 |
|
| 2013 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 28,982 |
| 64,072 |
| 109,664 |
| 143,904 |
| 177,890 |
|
| 2014 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 21,365 |
| 69,422 |
| 116,894 |
| 156,564 |
|
| 2015 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 17,878 |
| 48,784 |
| 91,987 |
|
| 2016 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 19,962 |
| 62,099 |
|
| 2017 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 16,509 |
|
| Total | | | | | | | | |
|
| $ | 1,578,756 |
|
| | Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2008, net of reinsurance | | 391,051 |
|
| | | Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | | $ | 1,632,676 |
|
Property
(In thousands)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance | | As of December 31, 2022 |
| For the Year Ended December 31, | | |
| Unaudited | | | |
| Accident Year | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | | IBNR |
| 2013 | $ | 141,380 | | $ | 112,616 | | $ | 114,100 | | $ | 111,937 | | $ | 112,572 | | $ | 111,890 | | $ | 109,697 | | $ | 107,552 | | $ | 106,316 | | $ | 105,711 | | | $ | 72 | |
| 2014 | | 112,907 | | 96,492 | | 97,195 | | 99,941 | | 99,176 | | 98,838 | | 99,244 | | 97,315 | | 96,656 | | | 177 | |
| 2015 | | | 127,118 | | 117,452 | | 131,625 | | 130,301 | | 129,398 | | 131,071 | | 130,642 | | 131,342 | | | 1,061 | |
| 2016 | | | | 167,901 | | 174,423 | | 181,634 | | 180,885 | | 186,159 | | 184,150 | | 185,249 | | | 1,482 | |
| 2017 | | | | | 206,560 | | 200,394 | | 199,410 | | 197,978 | | 191,867 | | 192,379 | | | 1,209 | |
| 2018 | | | | | | 108,220 | | 112,068 | | 103,104 | | 105,101 | | 102,953 | | | 1,754 | |
| 2019 | | | | | | | 103,113 | | 77,062 | | 81,858 | | 81,014 | | | 3,637 | |
| 2020 | | | | | | | | 114,590 | | 117,867 | | 116,774 | | | 3,946 | |
| 2021 | | | | | | | | | 133,938 | | 146,761 | | | 28,634 | |
| 2022 | | | | | | | | | | 167,039 | | | 78,818 | |
| Total | | | | | | | | | | $ | 1,325,878 | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
| For the Year Ended December 31, |
| Unaudited | |
| Accident Year | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
| 2013 | $ | 36,577 | | $ | 74,572 | | $ | 92,625 | | $ | 101,538 | | $ | 104,323 | | $ | 106,043 | | $ | 107,603 | | $ | 104,403 | | $ | 104,388 | | $ | 105,059 | |
| 2014 | | 38,780 | | 66,829 | | 82,119 | | 88,257 | | 91,390 | | 93,099 | | 94,565 | | 95,198 | | 95,633 | |
| 2015 | | | 53,474 | | 89,121 | | 109,051 | | 118,552 | | 122,566 | | 125,439 | | 126,848 | | 127,995 | |
| 2016 | | | | 78,920 | | 133,516 | | 157,404 | | 168,506 | | 175,949 | | 178,060 | | 182,411 | |
| 2017 | | | | | 72,126 | | 141,340 | | 171,675 | | 179,749 | | 182,609 | | 185,823 | |
| 2018 | | | | | | 33,991 | | 65,079 | | 82,259 | | 87,736 | | 94,870 | |
| 2019 | | | | | | | 23,081 | | 54,499 | | 68,457 | | 71,054 | |
| 2020 | | | | | | | | 26,574 | | 65,575 | | 86,888 | |
| 2021 | | | | | | | | | 15,235 | | 71,797 | |
| 2022 | | | | | | | | | | 25,584 | |
| Total | | | | | | | | | | $ | 1,047,114 | |
| Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2013, net of reinsurance | 1,036 | |
| Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | $ | 279,800 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Loss and Loss Expenses Incurred, Net of Reinsurance | | As of December 31, 2017 |
| For the Year Ended December 31, | | |
| | Unaudited | | | |
| Accident Year | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | | IBNR |
| 2008 | $ | 56,494 |
| $ | 51,978 |
| $ | 45,195 |
| $ | 44,412 |
| $ | 44,733 |
| $ | 45,175 |
| $ | 44,259 |
| $ | 43,803 |
| $ | 43,771 |
| $ | 43,758 |
| | 369 |
|
| 2009 | — |
| 48,283 |
| 43,508 |
| 42,622 |
| 38,899 |
| 38,327 |
| 37,709 |
| 37,119 |
| 36,462 |
| 35,444 |
| | 350 |
|
| 2010 | — |
| — |
| 58,979 |
| 55,995 |
| 52,866 |
| 51,767 |
| 51,809 |
| 51,296 |
| 51,182 |
| 51,007 |
| | 344 |
|
| 2011 | — |
| — |
| — |
| 95,697 |
| 88,316 |
| 85,466 |
| 86,876 |
| 85,304 |
| 85,028 |
| 84,747 |
| | 455 |
|
| 2012 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 104,273 |
| 95,094 |
| 86,742 |
| 85,784 |
| 84,212 |
| 84,218 |
| | 1,168 |
|
| 2013 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 142,043 |
| 113,039 |
| 114,430 |
| 112,217 |
| 112,855 |
| | 1,906 |
|
| 2014 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 113,838 |
| 97,363 |
| 97,876 |
| 100,604 |
| | 2,697 |
|
| 2015 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 127,716 |
| 118,016 |
| 132,382 |
| | 5,778 |
|
| 2016 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 168,661 |
| 174,989 |
| | 14,581 |
|
| 2017 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 207,088 |
| | 84,116 |
|
| Total | | | | | | | | |
|
| $ | 1,027,092 |
| | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cumulative Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
| For the Year Ended December 31, |
| | Unaudited | |
| Accident Year | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
| 2008 | $ | 11,280 |
| $ | 29,300 |
| $ | 34,456 |
| $ | 36,773 |
| $ | 37,200 |
| $ | 38,845 |
| $ | 39,193 |
| $ | 40,490 |
| $ | 42,585 |
| $ | 43,007 |
|
| 2009 | — |
| 9,823 |
| 22,045 |
| 28,392 |
| 29,612 |
| 31,438 |
| 31,427 |
| 32,730 |
| 34,953 |
| 34,172 |
|
| 2010 | — |
| — |
| 23,882 |
| 37,996 |
| 42,676 |
| 44,165 |
| 45,102 |
| 46,701 |
| 49,353 |
| 49,610 |
|
| 2011 | — |
| — |
| — |
| 31,558 |
| 59,067 |
| 73,612 |
| 76,281 |
| 78,838 |
| 82,040 |
| 82,592 |
|
| 2012 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 15,705 |
| 51,967 |
| 64,471 |
| 70,924 |
| 77,786 |
| 79,349 |
|
| 2013 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 36,654 |
| 74,732 |
| 92,836 |
| 101,794 |
| 104,593 |
|
| 2014 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 39,050 |
| 67,255 |
| 82,651 |
| 88,871 |
|
| 2015 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 53,496 |
| 89,384 |
| 109,393 |
|
| 2016 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 79,015 |
| 133,856 |
|
| 2017 | — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 72,187 |
|
| Total | | | | | | | | |
|
| $ | 797,630 |
|
| | Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses before 2008, net of reinsurance | | 1,369 |
|
| | Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance | | $ | 230,831 |
|
The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the reserves for losslosses and loss adjustment expenses in the consolidated balance sheet is as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | December 31, 2022 |
| Undiscounted reserves for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance: | |
| | Other liability | $ | 5,536,127 | |
| | Workers' compensation | 1,921,971 | |
| | Professional liability | 1,749,386 | |
| | Commercial automobile | 1,152,717 | |
| | Short-tail lines | 761,628 | |
| | Other | 124,586 | |
| | Insurance | 11,246,415 | |
| | Casualty | 1,992,711 | |
| | Monoline excess | 1,146,311 | |
| | Property | 279,800 | |
| | Reinsurance & Monoline Excess | 3,418,822 | |
| Total undiscounted reserves for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | $ | 14,665,237 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | December 31, 2022 |
| Due from reinsurers on unpaid claims: | |
| | Other liability | $ | 730,029 | |
| | Workers' compensation | 221,769 | |
| | Professional liability | 1,019,810 | |
| | Commercial automobile | 67,895 | |
| | Short-tail lines | 414,549 | |
| | Other | 97,511 | |
| | Insurance | 2,551,563 | |
| | Casualty | 108,390 | |
| | Monoline excess | 35,926 | |
| | Property | 66,465 | |
| | Reinsurance & Monoline Excess | 210,781 | |
| Total due from reinsurers on unpaid claims | $ | 2,762,344 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | December 31, 2017 |
| Undiscounted reserves for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance: | |
| | | Other liability | $ | 3,469,907 |
|
| | | Primary workers' compensation | 1,842,183 |
|
| | | Excess workers' compensation | 1,324,907 |
|
| | | Professional liability | 847,298 |
|
| | | Commercial automobile | 569,643 |
|
| | | Short-tail lines | 565,599 |
|
| | | Other | 164,433 |
|
| | | Insurance | 8,783,970 |
|
| | | Casualty | 1,632,774 |
|
| | | Property | 230,831 |
|
| | | Reinsurance | 1,863,604 |
|
| Total undiscounted reserves for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | $ | 10,647,575 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | December 31, 2022 |
| Loss reserve discount: | |
| | Other liability | $ | — | |
| | Workers' compensation | (12,491) | |
| | Professional liability | — | |
| | Commercial automobile | — | |
| | Short-tail lines | — | |
| | Other | — | |
| | Insurance | (12,491) | |
| | Casualty | (84,668) | |
| | Monoline excess | (319,199) | |
| | Property | — | |
| | Reinsurance & Monoline Excess | (403,867) | |
| Total loss reserve discount | $ | (416,358) | |
| Total gross reserves for loss and loss expenses | $ | 17,011,223 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | December 31, 2017 |
| Due from reinsurers on unpaid claims: | |
| | | Other liability | $ | 392,159 |
|
| | | Primary workers' compensation | 434,824 |
|
| | | Excess workers' compensation | 37,088 |
|
| | | Professional liability | 305,294 |
|
| | | Commercial automobile | 6,662 |
|
| | | Short-tail lines | 275,607 |
|
| | | Other | 27,001 |
|
| | | Insurance | 1,478,636 |
|
| | | Casualty | 113,443 |
|
| | | Property | 21,415 |
|
| | | Reinsurance | 134,858 |
|
| Total due from reinsurers on unpaid claims | $ | 1,613,494 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | December 31, 2017 |
| Loss reserve discount: | |
| | | Other liability | $ | — |
|
| | | Primary workers' compensation | — |
|
| | | Excess workers' compensation | (442,349 | ) |
| | | Professional liability | — |
|
| | | Commercial automobile | — |
|
| | | Short-tail lines | — |
|
| | | Other | — |
|
| | | Insurance | (442,349 | ) |
| | | Casualty | (148,312 | ) |
| | | Property | — |
|
| | | Reinsurance | (148,312 | ) |
| Total loss reserve discount | $ | (590,661 | ) |
| Total gross reserves for loss and loss expenses | $ | 11,670,408 |
|
The following is supplementary information regarding average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2017:2022:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Insurance | | | | | | | | |
| Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance | |
| Years | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| Other liability | 6.9 | % | 13.7 | % | 16.3 | % | 16.0 | % | 13.1 | % | 9.2 | % | 6.7 | % | 4.2 | % | 2.7 | % | 2.8 | % |
| Workers' compensation | 23.5 | % | 29.9 | % | 15.7 | % | 9.1 | % | 5.5 | % | 3.2 | % | 2.1 | % | 1.7 | % | 1.5 | % | 1.0 | % |
| Professional liability | 7.4 | % | 17.6 | % | 17.7 | % | 15.7 | % | 9.1 | % | 10.3 | % | 5.1 | % | 2.6 | % | 3.0 | % | 1.9 | % |
| Commercial automobile | 36.1 | % | 20.9 | % | 15.5 | % | 11.5 | % | 6.7 | % | 2.8 | % | 1.6 | % | 0.4 | % | 0.1 | % | 0.4 | % |
| Short-tail lines | 54.7 | % | 32.8 | % | 5.8 | % | 2.0 | % | 1.0 | % | 0.8 | % | 0.4 | % | 0.1 | % | 0.2 | % | — | % |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Reinsurance & Monoline Excess | | | | | | | | |
| Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance | |
| Years | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| Casualty | 5.7 | % | 10.9 | % | 12.5 | % | 13.7 | % | 11.0 | % | 9.3 | % | 7.4 | % | 5.5 | % | 4.0 | % | 3.0 | % |
| Monoline excess | 6.1 | % | 4.7 | % | 3.1 | % | 1.7 | % | 2.6 | % | 3.3 | % | 4.6 | % | 3.5 | % | 7.2 | % | 2.9 | % |
| Property | 30.5 | % | 33.2 | % | 16.1 | % | 5.8 | % | 3.6 | % | 1.7 | % | 1.6 | % | 0.3 | % | 0.1 | % | — | % |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Insurance | | | | | | | | |
| Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance | |
| Years | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| Other liability | 7.9 | % | 14.1 | % | 18.3 | % | 16.8 | % | 13.9 | % | 8.6 | % | 5.7 | % | 3.5 | % | 2.9 | % | 2.6 | % |
| Primary workers' compensation | 22.5 | % | 27.3 | % | 15.4 | % | 9.4 | % | 6.0 | % | 4.0 | % | 2.7 | % | 2.0 | % | 2.0 | % | 1.5 | % |
| Excess workers' compensation | 3.1 | % | 2.3 | % | 2.7 | % | 3.1 | % | 3.2 | % | 3.7 | % | 3.3 | % | 3.7 | % | 3.4 | % | 3.9 | % |
| Professional liability | 9.0 | % | 23.9 | % | 22.3 | % | 16.9 | % | 9.6 | % | 6.4 | % | 3.2 | % | 2.9 | % | 2.7 | % | 2.3 | % |
| Commercial automobile | 40.3 | % | 21.7 | % | 15.4 | % | 10.4 | % | 6.3 | % | 3.5 | % | 0.9 | % | 0.4 | % | 0.1 | % | 0.4 | % |
| Short-tail lines | 60.2 | % | 29.1 | % | 5.9 | % | 1.7 | % | — | % | 0.6 | % | 0.3 | % | 0.1 | % | 0.1 | % | — | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Reinsurance | | | | | | | | |
| Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance | |
| Years | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| Casualty | 7.0 | % | 12.3 | % | 14.3 | % | 12.3 | % | 10.8 | % | 8.9 | % | 5.9 | % | 5.6 | % | 5.0 | % | 4.9 | % |
| Property | 34.8 | % | 33.2 | % | 14.7 | % | 5.2 | % | 3.6 | % | 2.5 | % | 2.6 | % | 3.2 | % | 1.3 | % | 1.0 | % |
The table below provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending reserve balances:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| Net reserves at beginning of year | $ | 12,848,362 | | | $ | 11,620,393 | | | $ | 10,697,998 | |
| Cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principles (1) | — | | | — | | | 5,927 | |
| Restated net reserves at beginning of period | 12,848,362 | | | 11,620,393 | | | 10,703,925 | |
| Net provision for losses and loss expenses: | | | | | |
| Claims occurring during the current year (2) | 5,774,713 | | | 4,921,191 | | | 4,432,937 | |
| Increase in estimates for claims occurring in prior years (3) | 54,511 | | | 863 | | | 627 | |
| Loss reserve discount accretion | 32,526 | | | 31,906 | | | 35,142 | |
| Total | 5,861,750 | | | 4,953,960 | | | 4,468,706 | |
| Net payments for claims: | | | | | |
| Current year | 1,068,577 | | | 887,896 | | | 921,054 | |
| Prior year | 3,279,333 | | | 2,777,798 | | | 2,677,595 | |
| Total | 4,347,910 | | | 3,665,694 | | | 3,598,649 | |
| Foreign currency translation | (113,323) | | | (60,297) | | | 46,411 | |
| Net reserves at end of year | 14,248,879 | | | 12,848,362 | | | 11,620,393 | |
| Ceded reserve at end of year | 2,762,344 | | | 2,542,526 | | | 2,164,037 | |
| Gross reserves at end of year | $ | 17,011,223 | | | $ | 15,390,888 | | | $ | 13,784,430 | |
| | | | | |
| Net change in premiums and losses occurring in prior years: | | | | | |
| Increase in estimates for claims occurring in prior years (3) | $ | (54,511) | | | $ | (863) | | | $ | (627) | |
| Retrospective premium adjustments for claims occurring in prior years (4) | 18,106 | | | 7,510 | | | 16,807 | |
| Net premium and reserve development on prior years | $ | (36,405) | | | $ | 6,647 | | | $ | 16,180 | |
(1)The cumulative effect adjustment resulting from changes in accounting principals relates to the allowance for expected credit losses on reinsurance recoverables that commenced on January 1, 2020 due to the adoption of ASU 2016-13. See Note 1 for more details.
(2)Claims occurring during the current year are net of loss reserve discounts of $35 million, $21 million and $10 million in 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
(3)The change in estimates for claims occurring in prior years is net of loss reserve discount. On an undiscounted basis, the estimates for claims occurring in prior years increased by $16 million in 2022, decreased by $19 million in 2021, and decreased by $21 million in 2020, respectively.
(4)For certain retrospectively rated insurance polices and reinsurance agreements, changes in loss and loss expenses for prior years are offset by additional or return premiums.
The COVID-19 global pandemic has impacted, and may further impact, the Company’s results through its effect on claim frequency and severity. Loss cost trends have been impacted and may be further impacted by COVID-19-related claims in certain lines of business. Losses incurred from COVID-19-related claims have been offset, to a certain extent, by lower claim frequency in certain lines of our businesses; however, as the economy and legal systems have reopened, the benefit of lower claim frequency has partially abated. The ultimate net impact of COVID-19 on the Company remains uncertain. New variants of the COVID-19 virus continue to create risks with respect to loss costs and the potential for renewed impact of the other effects of COVID-19 associated with economic conditions, inflation, and social distancing and work from home rules.
Most of the COVID-19-related claims reported to the Company to date involve certain short-tailed lines of business, including contingency and event cancellation, business interruption, and film production delay. The Company has also received COVID-19-related claims for longer-tailed casualty lines of business such as workers’ compensation and other liability; however, the estimated incurred loss impact for these reported claims are not material at this time. Given the continuing uncertainty regarding the pandemic's pervasiveness, the future impact that the pandemic may have on claim frequency and severity remains uncertain at this time.
The Company has estimated the potential COVID-19 impact to its contingency and event cancellation, workers’ compensation, and other lines of business under a number of possible scenarios; however, due to COVID-19’s continued
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Net reserves at beginning of year | $ | 9,590,265 |
| | $ | 9,244,872 |
| | $ | 8,970,641 |
|
| Net provision for losses and loss expenses: | | | | | |
| Claims occurring during the current year (1) | 3,963,543 |
| | 3,826,620 |
| | 3,653,561 |
|
| Decrease in estimates for claims occurring in prior years (2) | (5,165 | ) | | (29,904 | ) | | (46,713 | ) |
| Loss reserve discount accretion | 43,970 |
| | 49,084 |
| | 49,422 |
|
| Total | 4,002,348 |
| | 3,845,800 |
| | 3,656,270 |
|
| Net payments for claims: | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Current year | 1,027,405 |
| | 1,052,452 |
| | 914,637 |
|
| Prior year | 2,562,550 |
| | 2,401,722 |
| | 2,342,378 |
|
| Total | 3,589,955 |
| | 3,454,174 |
| | 3,257,015 |
|
| Foreign currency translation | 54,256 |
| | (46,233 | ) | | (125,024 | ) |
| Net reserves at end of year | 10,056,914 |
| | 9,590,265 |
| | 9,244,872 |
|
| Ceded reserve at end of year | 1,613,494 |
| | 1,606,930 |
| | 1,424,278 |
|
| Gross reserves at end of year | $ | 11,670,408 |
| | $ | 11,197,195 |
| | $ | 10,669,150 |
|
| |
(1) | Claims occurring during the current year are net of loss reserve discounts of $22,064,000, $18,929,000 and $20,357,000 in 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. |
| |
(2) | The decrease in estimates for claims occurring in prior years is net of loss reserve discount. On an undiscounted basis, the estimates for claims occurring in prior years decreased by $32,132,000, $59,175,000 and $64,971,000 in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. |
FavorableAs of December 31, 2022, the Company had recognized losses for COVID-19-related claims activity, net of reinsurance, of approximately $341 million, of which $290 million relates to the Insurance segment and $51 million relates to the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment. Such $341 million of COVID-19-related losses included $337 million of reported losses and $4 million of IBNR. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized current accident year losses for COVID-19-related claims activity, net of reinsurance, of approximately $5 million, of which $3 million relates to the Insurance segment and $2 million relates to the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment.
Unfavorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) was $37$36 million in 2017.2022.
Insurance - – Reserves for the Insurance segment developed favorablyunfavorably by $68$40 million in 2017.2022 (net of additional and return premiums).The unfavorable development in the segment primarily related to COVID-19 losses at two businesses. These businesses wrote policies providing coverage for event cancellation and film production delay which were heavily impacted by losses directly caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.Most of this COVID-19 related unfavorable development emerged during the third quarter as a result of settlements of claims at values higher than our expectations.However, the Company believes that as a result of these settlements the remaining level of uncertainty around the ultimate value of its known COVID-19 claims has been significantly reduced.
The unfavorable development mentioned above also includes favorable prior year development for the Insurance segment primarily attributable to the 2020 and 2021 accident years and unfavorable development on the 2015 through 2019 accident years. The favorable development on the 2020 and 2021 accident years was primarily attributableconcentrated in certain casualty lines of business including general liability, professional liability, and workers’ compensation. The Company experienced lower reported claim frequency in these lines of business during 2020 and 2021 relative to workers'historical averages, and continued to experience lower reported incurred losses relative to our expectations for these accident years as they developed during 2022. These trends began in 2020 and we believe were caused by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including for example, lockdowns, reduced driving/traffic and increased work from home. Due to the ongoing uncertainty regarding the ultimate impacts of the pandemic on accident years 2020 and 2021 incurred losses, the Company has been cautious in reacting to these lower trends in setting and updating its loss ratio estimates for these years. As these accident years have continued to mature, the Company has continued to recognize some of the favorable reported experience in its ultimate loss estimates made during 2022.
The unfavorable development on the 2015 through 2019 accident years was concentrated in the general liability and professional liability, including medical professional, lines of business, as well as commercial auto liability. The development was driven by a larger than expected number of large losses reported. The Company believes social inflation is contributing to an increase in the frequency of large losses for these accident years. Social inflation can include higher settlement demands from plaintiffs, use of tactics such as litigation funding by the plaintiffs’ bar, negative public sentiment towards large businesses and corporations, and erosion of tort reforms, among others.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess – Reserves for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment developed favorably by $4 million in 2022 (net of additional and return premiums). The overall favorable development for the segment was driven mainly by favorable development in excess workers compensation, business, and was partiallysubstantially offset by unfavorable development forin the professional liability and non-proportional reinsurance assumed liability lines of business.
For workers' The favorable excess workers’ compensation the favorable development was related to both primary and excess business and was spread across manymost prior accident years, including those2012 and prior years, and was driven by a review of the Company’s claim reporting patterns as well as a number of favorable claim settlements relative to 2008, butexpectations. The unfavorable professional liability and non-proportional reinsurance assumed liability development was most significantconcentrated mainly in accident years 20142016 through 2016. The favorable workers' compensation development reflects a continuation during 2017 of the generally benign loss cost trends experienced in recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e. number of reported claims per unit of exposure). Reported workers' compensation losses in 2017 continued2018 and was associated primarily with our U.S. assumed reinsurance business and related to be below our expectations at most of our operating units,accounts insuring construction projects and were below the assumptions underlying our previous reserve estimates. The favorable severity trends were also impacted by our continued investment in medical case management services and the higher usage of preferred provider networks. The long term trend of declining workers' compensation frequency can be attributed to improved workplace safety.
For professional liability business, adverse development was primarily related to unexpected large directors & officers ("D&O") liability losses at one of our U.S. operating units, and large professional indemnity and D&O losses in the U.K. The adverse development stemmed mainly from accident years 2013 through 2016 in the U.S. and 2011 through 2016 in the U.K.
Reinsurance - Reserves for the Reinsurance segment developed unfavorably by $31 million in 2017. This adverse development was due to reserve strengthening associated with claims impacted by the change in the Ogden discount rate in the U.K., as well as adverse development on the U.S. facultative casualty excess of loss business. The Ogden rate is the discount rate used to calculate lump-sum bodily injury payouts in the U.K., and was reduced by the U.K. Ministry of Justice from +2.5% to -0.75% in 2017; the adverse development mostly related to U.K. motor bodily injury claims which we reinsured on an excess of loss basis in accident years 2012 through 2016. The adverse development on U.S. facultative casualty business was due to construction related risks in accident years 2008 and prior.
exposures.
Favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) was $59$7 million in 2016.2021.
Insurance - – Reserves for the Insurance segment developed favorably by $53$20 million in 2016. 2021 (net of additional and return premiums). The overall favorable development in 2021 was attributable to favorable development on the 2020 accident year, partially offset by adverse development on the 2016 through 2019 accident years.
The favorable development on the 2020 accident year was largely concentrated in the commercial auto liability and other liability lines of business, including commercial multi-peril liability. During 2020 the Company achieved larger rate increases in these lines of business than were contemplated in its budget and in its initial loss ratio selections. The Company also experienced significantly lower reported claim frequency in these lines in 2020 relative to historical averages, and lower reported incurred losses relative to its expectations. We believe that the lower claim frequency and lower reported incurred losses were caused by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, for example, lockdowns, reduced driving and traffic, work from home, and court closures. However, due to the uncertainty regarding the ultimate impacts of the pandemic on accident year 2020 incurred losses, the Company elected not to react to these lower reported trends during 2020. As more information became available and the 2020 accident year continued to mature, during 2021 the Company started to recognize favorable accident year 2020 development in response to the continuing favorable reported loss experience relative to its expectations.
The adverse development on the 2016 through 2019 accident years is concentrated largely in the other liability line of business, including commercial multi-peril liability, but is also seen to a lesser extent in commercial auto liability. The adverse development for these accident years is driven by a higher than expected number of large losses reported, and particularly impacted the directors and officers liability, lawyers professional liability, and excess and surplus lines casualty classes of business. We also believe that increased social inflation is contributing to the increased number of large losses, for example, higher jury awards on cases which go to trial, and the corresponding higher demands from plaintiffs and higher values required to reach settlement on cases which do not go to trial.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess – Reserves for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment developed unfavorably by $13 million in 2021. The unfavorable development in the segment was driven by the non-proportional reinsurance assumed liability and other liability lines of business, related primarily related to workers' compensation business,accident years 2017 through 2019, and was partially offset by unfavorable development for medical professional liability business.
For workers' compensation, the favorable development in excess workers’ compensation business which was related to both primaryspread across many prior accident years. The unfavorable non-proportional reinsurance assumed liability and excess business and to many accident years, including those prior to 2007. During 2016, reported workers' compensation losses continued to be below our expectations at most of our operating units. Loss frequency and severity trends continued to be better than the assumptions underlying our previous reserve estimates. Loss severity trends also benefited from our continued investment in medical case management services and from our preferred provider networks. The long term trend of declining workers' compensation frequency can be attributed to improved workplace safety.
For medical professionalother liability business, unfavorable development was primarily related to a class of business that has been discontinued. The adverse development for that business stemmed mainly from accident years 2010 through 2015.
Reinsurance - Reserves for the Reinsurance segment developed favorably by 6 million in 2016. The favorable development was primarily related to direct facultativeassociated with our U.S. and U.K. assumed reinsurance business, and related primarily to accident years 2008 through 2014.accounts insuring construction projects and professional liability exposures.
Favorable prior year development (net of additional and return premiums) was $63$16 million in 2015.2020.
Insurance - Reserves for the Insurance segment developed favorably by $52$24 million in 2015. The2020 (net of additional and return premiums). Continuing the pattern seen in recent years, the overall favorable development was primarily related to workers'in 2020 resulted from more significant favorable development on workers’ compensation other liability business, and commercial property, andwhich was partially offset by unfavorable development for commercial automobileon professional liability, business andincluding excess professional indemnity business.liability
For workers'workers’ compensation, the favorable development was related to both primary and excess business and to manyspread across almost all prior accident years, including those prior to 2007. In 2015,2011, but was most significant in accident years 2016 through 2019. The favorable workers’ compensation development reflects a continuation of the benign loss cost trends experienced during recent years, particularly the favorable claim frequency trends (i.e., number of reported workers' compensation losses were below our expectations for manyclaims per unit of our operating units. In addition, overall loss frequency and severity trends emerged better than the assumptions underlying our previous reserve estimates.exposure). The long term trend of declining workers'workers’ compensation claim frequency continued in 2015. The improvement iscan be attributable to betterimproved workplace safety and to benign medicalsafety. Loss severity trends were also aided by our continued investment in claims handling initiatives such as we continue to invest in medical case management services and highervendor savings through usage of preferred provider networks.networks and pharmacy benefit managers. Reported workers’ compensation losses in 2020 continued to be below our expectations at most of our businesses, and were below the assumptions underlying our initial loss ratio picks and our previous reserve estimates for most prior accident years.
For otherprofessional liability business, unfavorable development was driven mainly by large losses reported in the directors and officers (“D&O”), lawyers professional and excess hospital professional liability lines of business. For these lines of business, we continue to see an increase in the number of large losses reported and a lengthening of the reporting “tail” beyond historical levels. We believe a contributing cause is rising social inflation in the form of, for example, higher jury awards on cases that go to trial, and the corresponding higher demands from plaintiffs and higher values required to reach settlement on cases that do not go to trial. The unfavorable development for professional liability affected mainly accident years 2016 through 2018.
Reinsurance & Monoline Excess – Reserves for the Reinsurance & Monoline Excess segment developed unfavorably by $8 million in 2020. The unfavorable development in the segment was driven by non-proportional assumed liability business written in both the U.S. and U.K., and was partially offset by favorable development on excess workers’ compensation business. The unfavorable non-proportional assumed liability development was concentrated in accident years 20072014 through 2013. The favorable development was2018, and related primarily related to our excessaccounts insuring construction projects and surplus lines casualty business that has benefited from a persistent improvement in claim frequency trends over the past several years.professional liability exposures.
For commercial property business, favorable development was attributable to accident years 2012 through 2014 and was driven by favorable frequency and severity trends on property business written in Lloyd's.
For commercial automobile business, adverse development was primarily related to large losses for long-haul trucking business and to accident years 2011 through 2014. The higher loss cost trends for the commercial automobile industry are attributable, in part, to the increase in miles driven as the economy improved and fuel prices declined over the past several years.
For professional indemnity business in the U.K., adverse development was primarily for accident years 2006 through 2013.
Reinsurance - Reserves for the Reinsurance segment developed favorably by $11 million in 2015. The favorable development was primarily related to direct facultative reinsurance business and to accident years 2005 through 2013. Loss reserves developed favorably for umbrella business and for other liability coverage for contractors.
Environmental and Asbestos — To date, known environmental and asbestos claims have not had a material impact on the Company’s operations, because its subsidiaries generally did not insure large industrial companies that are subject to
significant environmental or asbestos exposures prior to 1986 when an absolute exclusion was incorporated into standard policy language.
The Company’s net reserves for losses and loss expenses relating to asbestos and environmental claims on policies written before adoption of the absolute exclusion was $30$20 million at both December 31, 20172022 and $31 million at December 31, 2016.2021. The estimation of these liabilities is subject to significantly greater than normal variation and uncertainty because it is difficult to make an actuarial estimate of these liabilities due to the absence of a generally accepted actuarial methodology for these exposures and the potential effect of significant unresolved legal matters, including coverage issues, as well as the cost of litigating the legal issues. Additionally, the determination of ultimate damages and the final allocation of such damages to financially responsible parties are highly uncertain.
Discounting — The Company discounts its liabilities for certain workers’ compensation reserves. The amount of workers’ compensation reserves that were discounted was $1,855$1,267 million and $1,907$1,387 million at December 31, 20172022 and December 31, 2016,2021, respectively. The aggregate net discount for those reserves, after reflecting the effects of ceded reinsurance, was $591$416 million and $640$452 million at December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, respectively. At December 31, 2017,2022, discount rates by year ranged from 2.0%0.7% to 6.5%, with a weighted average discount rate of 3.8%3.4%.
Substantially all discounted workers’ compensation reserves (97% of total discounted reserves at December 31, 2017)2022) are excess workers’ compensation reserves. In order to properly match loss expenses with income earned on investment securities supporting the liabilities, reserves for excess workers’ compensation business are discounted using risk-free discount rates determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve. These rates are determined annually based on the weighted average rate for the period. Once established, no adjustments are made to the discount rate for that period, and any increases or decreases in loss reserves in subsequent years are discounted at the same rate, without regard to when any such adjustments are recognized. The expected loss and loss expense payout patterns subject to discounting are derived from the Company’s loss payout experience.
The Company also discounts reserves for certain other long-duration workers’ compensation reserves (representing approximately 3% of total discounted reserves at December 31, 2017)2022), including reserves for quota share reinsurance and reserves related to losses regarding occupational lung disease. These reserves are discounted at statutory rates prescribed or permitted by the Department of Insurance of the State of Delaware.
(15) Premiums and Reinsurance Related Information
The Company reinsures a portion of its insurance exposures in order to reduce its net liability on individual risks and catastrophe losses. Reinsurance coverage and retentions vary depending on the line of business, location of the risk and nature of loss. The Company’s reinsurance purchases include the following: property reinsurance treaties that reduce exposure to large individual property losses and catastrophe events; casualty reinsurance treaties that reduce its exposure to large individual casualty losses, workers’ compensation catastrophe losses and casualty losses involving multiple claimants or insureds; and facultative reinsurance that reduces exposure on individual policies or risks for losses that exceed treaty reinsurance capacity. Depending on the operating unit,business, the Company purchases specific additional reinsurance to supplement the above programs.
The following is a summary of reinsurance financial information: | | | (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| Written premiums: | |
| | |
| | |
| Written premiums: | | | | | |
| Direct | $ | 6,726,029 |
| | $ | 6,647,600 |
| | $ | 6,412,533 |
| Direct | $ | 10,695,138 | | | $ | 9,531,050 | | | $ | 7,874,050 | |
| Assumed | 750,934 |
| | 896,101 |
| | 837,460 |
| Assumed | 1,213,914 | | | 1,169,084 | | | 973,597 | |
| Ceded | (1,216,455 | ) | | (1,119,788 | ) | | (1,060,478 | ) | Ceded | (1,904,982) | | | (1,837,267) | | | (1,585,210) | |
| Total net written premiums | $ | 6,260,508 |
| | $ | 6,423,913 |
| | $ | 6,189,515 |
| Total net written premiums | $ | 10,004,070 | | | $ | 8,862,867 | | | $ | 7,262,437 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Earned premiums: | | | |
| | |
| Earned premiums: | | | | |
| Direct | $ | 6,661,046 |
| | $ | 6,492,240 |
| | $ | 6,245,714 |
| Direct | $ | 10,217,891 | | | $ | 8,825,568 | | | $ | 7,489,470 | |
| Assumed | 812,309 |
| | 900,570 |
| | 845,735 |
| Assumed | 1,226,801 | | | 1,085,804 | | | 941,321 | |
| Ceded | (1,161,936 | ) | | (1,099,462 | ) | | (1,050,840 | ) | Ceded | (1,883,263) | | | (1,805,341) | | | (1,499,948) | |
| Total net earned premiums | $ | 6,311,419 |
| | $ | 6,293,348 |
| | $ | 6,040,609 |
| Total net earned premiums | $ | 9,561,429 | | | $ | 8,106,031 | | | $ | 6,930,843 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Ceded losses and loss expenses incurred | $ | 601,769 |
| | $ | 707,336 |
| | $ | 501,999 |
| Ceded losses and loss expenses incurred | $ | 1,269,338 | | | $ | 1,236,960 | | | $ | 955,630 | |
| Ceded commission earned | $ | 241,983 |
| | $ | 201,957 |
| | $ | 173,288 |
| Ceded commission earned | $ | 477,437 | | | $ | 449,739 | | | $ | 358,253 | |
The Company reinsures a portionfollowing table presents the rollforward of its exposures principally to reduce its net liability on individual risksthe allowance for expected credit losses for premiums and to protect against catastrophic losses. fees receivable for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period | $ | 25,218 | | | $ | 22,883 | |
| | | |
| Change in allowance for expected credit losses | 5,442 | | | 2,335 | |
| Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period | $ | 30,660 | | | $ | 25,218 | |
Estimated amounts due from reinsurers are reported net of reservesan allowance for uncollectible reinsuranceexpected credit losses of $1,010,000, $1,049,000$8.1 million, $7.7 million and $1,020,000$7.8 million as of December 31, 2017, 20162022, 2021 and 2015,2020, respectively. The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for expected credit losses associated with due from reinsurers for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Allowance for expected credit losses, beginning of period | $ | 7,713 | | | $ | 7,801 | |
| | | |
| Change in allowance for expected credit losses | 351 | | | (88) | |
| Allowance for expected credit losses, end of period | $ | 8,064 | | | $ | 7,713 | |
The following table presents the amounts due from reinsurers as of December 31, 2017:2022:
| | | | | |
| (In thousands) | |
| |
| Lloyd’s of London | $ | 347,927 | |
| Berkshire Hathaway | 332,034 | |
| Munich Re | 306,530 | |
| Partner Re | 275,410 | |
| Hannover Re Group | 191,264 | |
| Swiss Re | 189,591 | |
| Lifson Re | 180,724 | |
| Renaissance Re | 163,973 | |
| Everest Re | 155,847 | |
| Liberty Mutual | 96,402 | |
| Axis Capital | 81,538 | |
| Korean Re | 59,884 | |
| Fairfax Financial | 55,228 | |
| Axa Insurance | 46,058 | |
| Arch Capital Group | 45,663 | |
| Sompo Holdings Group | 36,157 | |
| Helvetia Holdings Group | 30,823 | |
| Markel Corp Group | 30,216 | |
| Validus Holdings Group | 24,548 | |
| TOA Re | 22,945 | |
| Other reinsurers less than $20,000 | 342,275 | |
| Subtotal | 3,015,037 | |
| Residual market pools (1) | 180,757 | |
| Allowance for expected credit losses | (8,064) | |
| Total | $ | 3,187,730 | |
(1)Many states require licensed insurers that provide workers' compensation insurance to participate in programs that provide workers' compensation to employers that cannot procure coverage from an insurer on a voluntary basis. Insurers can fulfill this residual market obligation by participating in pools where results are shared by the participating companies. The Company acts as a servicing carrier for workers' compensation pools in certain states. As a servicing carrier, the Company writes residual market business directly and then cedes 100% of this business to the respective pool. As a servicing carrier, the Company receives fee income for its services. The Company does not retain underwriting risk, and credit risk is limited as ceded balances are jointly shared by all the pool members.
|
| | | |
| (In thousands) | |
| Munich Re | $ | 156,368 |
|
| Lloyd’s of London | 152,934 |
|
| Alleghany Group | 152,468 |
|
| Swiss Re | 129,369 |
|
| Partner Re | 87,491 |
|
| Axis Capital | 82,803 |
|
| Hannover Re Group | 64,011 |
|
| Berkshire Hathaway | 56,892 |
|
| Everest Re | 50,387 |
|
| Korean Re | 44,072 |
|
| Chubb Limited | 30,977 |
|
| Renaissance Re | 27,095 |
|
| Liberty Mutual | 22,629 |
|
| Arch Capital Group | 21,310 |
|
| Other reinsurers less than $20,000 | 293,134 |
|
| Subtotal | 1,371,940 |
|
| Residual market pools | 411,260 |
|
| Total | $ | 1,783,200 |
|
(16) Indebtedness
Indebtedness consisted of the following as of December 31, 20172022 (the difference between the face value and the carrying value is unamortized discount and debt issuance costs):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Carrying Value |
| (In thousands) | Interest Rate | | Face Value | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Senior notes due on: | | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| August 15, 2019 | 6.15% | | $ | 140,651 |
| | $ | 140,434 |
| | $ | 140,301 |
|
| September 15, 2019 | 7.375% | | 300,000 |
| | 299,562 |
| | 299,308 |
|
| September 15, 2020 | 5.375% | | 300,000 |
| | 299,083 |
| | 298,747 |
|
| January 1, 2022 | 8.7% | | 76,503 |
| | 76,210 |
| | 76,151 |
|
| March 15, 2022 | 4.625% | | 350,000 |
| | 348,252 |
| | 347,834 |
|
| February 15, 2037 | 6.25% | | 250,000 |
| | 247,896 |
| | 247,786 |
|
| August 1, 2044 | 4.75% | | 350,000 |
| | 345,099 |
| | 344,914 |
|
| Subsidiary debt (1) | Various | | 12,517 |
| | 12,516 |
| | 5,554 |
|
| Total senior notes and other debt | | | $ | 1,779,671 |
| | $ | 1,769,052 |
| | $ | 1,760,595 |
|
| Subordinated debentures due on: | | | | | | | |
| April 30, 2053 | 5.625% | | $ | 350,000 |
| | $ | 340,838 |
| | $ | 340,579 |
|
| March 1, 2056 | 5.9% | | 110,000 |
| | 106,055 |
| | 105,952 |
|
| June 1, 2056 | 5.75% | | 290,000 |
| | 281,325 |
| | 281,099 |
|
| Total subordinated debentures |
| | $ | 750,000 |
| | $ | 728,218 |
| | $ | 727,630 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Carrying Value |
| (In thousands) | Interest Rate | | Face Value | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Senior notes and other debt due on: | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| January 1, 2022 (1) | 8.700% | | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | 76,503 | |
| March 15, 2022 (1) | 4.625% | | — | | | — | | | 349,923 | |
| February 15, 2037 | 6.250% | | 250,000 | | | 248,446 | | | 248,336 | |
| August 1, 2044 | 4.750% | | 350,000 | | | 346,020 | | | 345,836 | |
| May 12, 2050 | 4.000% | | 470,000 | | | 490,721 | | | 491,478 | |
| March 30, 2052 | 3.550% | | 400,000 | | | 394,213 | | | 394,015 | |
| September 30, 2061 | 3.150% | | 350,000 | | | 342,945 | | | 342,761 | |
| | | | | | | |
| Subsidiary debt and other (2) | Various | | 6,478 | | | 6,478 | | | 10,564 | |
| Total senior notes and other debt | | | $ | 1,826,478 | | | $ | 1,828,823 | | | $ | 2,259,416 | |
| Subordinated debentures due on: | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| March 30, 2058 | 5.700% | | $ | 185,000 | | | $ | 179,328 | | | $ | 179,166 | |
| December 30, 2059 | 5.100% | | 300,000 | | | 291,179 | | | 290,941 | |
| September 30, 2060 | 4.250% | | 250,000 | | | 244,523 | | | 244,378 | |
| March 30, 2061 | 4.125% | | 300,000 | | | 293,341 | | | 293,167 | |
| Total subordinated debentures | | | $ | 1,035,000 | | | $ | 1,008,371 | | | $ | 1,007,652 | |
________________
(1) In the first quarter of 2022, the Company repaid at maturity its $77 million aggregate principal amount of 8.7% senior notes in January and its $350 million aggregate principal amount of 4.625% senior notes in March.
(2) Subsidiary debt is due as follows: $5 million in 2024 and $2 million in 2019, $112025, partially offset by the unamortized cost of $0.8 million in 2020,due to entering into the $300 million senior unsecured revolving credit facility.
On April 1, 2022, the Company entered into a senior unsecured revolving credit facility that provides for revolving, unsecured borrowings up to an aggregate of $300 million with a $50 million sublimit for letters of credit. The Company may increase the amount available under the facility to a maximum of $500 million subject to obtaining lender commitments for the increase and $0.03 million in 2022.other customary conditions. Borrowings under the facility may be used for working capital and other general corporate purposes. All borrowings under the facility must be repaid by April 1, 2027, except that letters of credit outstanding on that date may remain outstanding until April 1, 2028 (or such later date approved by all lenders). Our ability to utilize the facility is conditioned on the satisfaction of representations, warranties and covenants that are customary for facilities of this type. As of December 31, 2022, there were no borrowings outstanding under the facility.
(17) Income Taxes
Income tax expense (benefits)(benefit) consists of:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | Current
Expense | | Deferred (Benefit) Expense | | Total |
| December 31, 2022 | | | | | |
| Domestic | $ | 295,849 | | | $ | (27,544) | | | $ | 268,305 | |
| Foreign | 42,890 | | | 23,532 | | | 66,422 | |
| Total expense (benefit) | $ | 338,739 | | | $ | (4,012) | | | $ | 334,727 | |
| | | | | |
| December 31, 2021 | | | | | |
| Domestic | $ | 239,090 | | | $ | 2,752 | | | $ | 241,842 | |
| Foreign | — | | | 10,048 | | | 10,048 | |
| Total expense | $ | 239,090 | | | $ | 12,800 | | | $ | 251,890 | |
| | | | | |
| December 31, 2020 | | | | | |
| Domestic | $ | 162,305 | | | $ | 17 | | | $ | 162,322 | |
| Foreign | 23,375 | | | (13,880) | | | 9,495 | |
| Total expense (benefit) | $ | 185,680 | | | $ | (13,863) | | | $ | 171,817 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | Current Expense (Benefit) | | Deferred (Benefit) Expense | | Total |
| December 31, 2017 | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Domestic | $ | 225,694 |
| | $ | (27,601 | ) | | $ | 198,093 |
|
| Foreign | 8,803 |
| | 12,537 |
| | 21,340 |
|
| Total expense | $ | 234,497 |
| | $ | (15,064 | ) | | $ | 219,433 |
|
| | | | | | |
| December 31, 2016 | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Domestic | $ | 259,539 |
| | $ | 3,355 |
| | $ | 262,894 |
|
| Foreign | 23,634 |
| | 6,425 |
| | 30,059 |
|
| Total expense | $ | 283,173 |
| | $ | 9,780 |
| | $ | 292,953 |
|
| | | | | | |
| December 31, 2015 | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Domestic | $ | 179,150 |
| | $ | 31,145 |
| | $ | 210,295 |
|
| Foreign | (2,318 | ) | | 19,946 |
| | 17,628 |
|
| Total expense | $ | 176,832 |
| | $ | 51,091 |
| | $ | 227,923 |
|
Income before income taxes from domestic operations was $797$1,240 million, $837$1,224 million and $689$831 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 20162022, 2021 and 2015,2020, respectively. Income (loss) before income taxes from foreign operations was ($25)$480 million, $59 million and $43($126) million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 20162022, 2021 and 2015,2020, respectively.
A reconciliation of the income tax expense and the amounts computed by applying the Federal and foreign income tax rate of 35%21% for 2022, 2021 and 2020 to pre-tax income are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| Computed “expected” tax expense | $ | 361,133 | | | $ | 269,410 | | | $ | 148,008 | |
| Tax-exempt investment income | (10,815) | | | (11,380) | | | (12,770) | |
| Change in valuation allowance | (28,064) | | | 2,974 | | | 46,238 | |
| Impact of foreign tax rates | (453) | | | (2,368) | | | 6,753 | |
| State and local taxes | 8,976 | | | 4,230 | | | 2,561 | |
| | | | | |
| Other, net | 3,950 | | | (10,976) | | | (18,973) | |
| Total expense | $ | 334,727 | | | $ | 251,890 | | | $ | 171,817 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Computed “expected” tax expense | $ | 270,470 |
| | $ | 313,753 |
| | $ | 256,210 |
|
| Tax-exempt investment income | (37,209 | ) | | (37,379 | ) | | (39,283 | ) |
| Change in valuation allowance | 11,161 |
| | 1,420 |
| | 2,702 |
|
| Impact of foreign tax rates | 3,508 |
| | 1,984 |
| | 4,447 |
|
| State and local taxes | 1,644 |
| | 7,748 |
| | 940 |
|
| Impact of change in U.S. tax rate | (30,531 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Other, net | 390 |
| | 5,427 |
| | 2,907 |
|
| Total expense | $ | 219,433 |
| | $ | 292,953 |
| | $ | 227,923 |
|
At December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, the tax effects of differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax asset and deferred tax liability are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Deferred tax asset: | | | |
| Loss reserve discounting | $ | 192,181 | | | $ | 162,636 | |
| Unearned premiums | 180,326 | | | 163,143 | |
| Unrealized investment losses | 228,456 | | | — | |
| Net operating losses & foreign tax credits | 58,182 | | | 88,502 | |
| Other-than-temporary impairments | 5,935 | | | 5,176 | |
| Employee compensation plans | 63,313 | | | 61,301 | |
| Other | 72,536 | | | 54,269 | |
| Gross deferred tax asset | 800,929 | | | 535,027 | |
| Less valuation allowance | (47,166) | | | (75,230) | |
| Deferred tax asset | 753,763 | | | 459,797 | |
| Deferred tax liability: | | | |
| Amortization of intangibles | 13,973 | | | 12,787 | |
| Loss reserve discounting - transition rule | 14,843 | | | 19,796 | |
| Deferred policy acquisition costs | 157,055 | | | 137,893 | |
| Unrealized investment gains | — | | | 36,850 | |
| Property, furniture and equipment | 45,887 | | | 43,186 | |
| Investment funds | 125,525 | | | 101,999 | |
| Other | 67,479 | | | 67,331 | |
| Deferred tax liability | 424,762 | | | 419,842 | |
| Net deferred tax asset | $ | 329,001 | | | $ | 39,955 | |
|
| | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Deferred tax asset: | |
| | |
|
| Loss reserve discounting | $ | 70,206 |
| | $ | 86,659 |
|
| Unearned premiums | 110,854 |
| | 187,522 |
|
| Net operating losses | 33,043 |
| | 6,179 |
|
| Other-than-temporary impairments | 8,204 |
| | 26,139 |
|
| Employee compensation plans | 59,037 |
| | 90,998 |
|
| Other | 49,346 |
| | 79,842 |
|
| Gross deferred tax asset | 330,690 |
| | 477,339 |
|
| Less valuation allowance | (16,619 | ) | | (5,457 | ) |
| Deferred tax asset | 314,071 |
| | 471,882 |
|
| Deferred tax liability: | |
| | |
|
| Amortization of intangibles | 12,826 |
| | 21,192 |
|
| Deferred policy acquisition costs | 100,020 |
| | 173,481 |
|
| Unrealized investment gains | 151,162 |
| | 238,232 |
|
| Property, furniture and equipment | 31,865 |
| | 34,857 |
|
| Investment funds | 41,104 |
| | 85,075 |
|
| Other | 63,858 |
| | 53,410 |
|
| Deferred tax liability | 400,835 |
| | 606,247 |
|
| Net deferred tax liability | $ | 86,764 |
| | $ | 134,365 |
|
The Company had a current tax payable of $11,327,000 and anet receivable of $14,768,000$5 million and $3 million at December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, respectively. At December 31, 2017,2022, the Company had foreign net operating loss carryforwards of $6.3$4 million that begin to expire beginning in 2027 and an additional $156.6$225 million that have no expiration date. At December 31, 2017,2022, the Company had a valuation allowance of $16.6$47 million as compared to $5.5$75 million at December 31, 2016.2021. The Company has provided a valuation allowance against the utilization of foreign tax credits and the future taxnet operating loss carryforward benefits of certain foreign operations. The statute of limitations has closed for the Company’s U.S. Federal income tax returns has closed for all years through December 31, 2013.2018.
The realization of the deferred tax asset is dependent upon the Company’s ability to generate sufficient taxable income in future periods. Based on historical results and the prospects for future current operations, management anticipates that it is more likely than not that future taxable income will be sufficient for the realization of this asset.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the Tax Act) was enacted on December 22, 2017. The Tax Act provides"Tax Act") provided for a reduction of the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018. The Tax Act also provides for a mandatory repatriation of foreign earnings, which requires companies to pay a one-time tax on the unremitted accumulated earnings of their foreign subsidiaries.
The Company has calculated the effects of the Tax Act as of December 31, 2017 and has included in its financial statements provisional estimates of its impact. The Company anticipates further guidance will be forthcoming and will continue to review and refine its calculations as guidance is provided and additional analysis of the Company's information is completed.
In 2017, the Company reported a net tax benefit related to the Tax Act in the amount of $20.7 million. This included a tax benefit due to the reduction of the tax rate as applied to the net U.S. deferred tax liability in the amount of $30.5 million. Offsetting this tax benefit, the Company recorded a provisional charge of $9.8 million on the deemed repatriation of earnings and related impact of utilization of foreign losses. The charge may be adjusted as the applicable earnings related to the foreign subsidiaries are finalized for the purpose of the mandatory repatriation inclusion computation.
As noted above, as a result of the mandatory repatriation provision of the Tax Act, the Company recognized a tax on the undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries. The Company intends to continue its policy to permanently reinvest the undistributed earnings of its foreign subsidiaries.
The U.S. tax law requires insurance reserves to be discounted and new guidance on the appropriate discount rates required by thefor tax purposes. The Tax Act has not yet been published. modified this computation. The IRS issued revised discount factors to be applied to the 2017 reserves, which increased the beginning of year 2018 deferred tax asset for loss reserve discounting. Under the related transition rule, a deferred tax liability was established which will be included in taxable income over the eight year period that began in 2018.
The Company has not included a provisional amount for the impact of the Tax Actprovided U.S. deferred income taxes on the undistributed earnings of approximately $169 million of its non-U.S. subsidiaries since these earnings are intended to be permanently reinvested in the non-U.S. subsidiaries. In the future, if such earnings were distributed the Company projects that the incremental tax, deductible insurance reserves.if any, will be immaterial.
(18) Dividends from Subsidiaries and Statutory Financial Information
The Company’s insurance subsidiaries are restricted by law as to the amount of dividends they may pay without the approval of regulatory authorities. The Company’s lead insurer, Berkley Insurance Company (BIC)("BIC"), directly or indirectly owns all of the Company’s other insurance companies. During 2018,2023, the maximum amount of dividends that can be paid by BIC without such approval is approximately $699 million.
$1.2 billion.
BIC’s combined net income and statutory capital and surplus, as determined in accordance with statutory accounting practices (SAP)("SAP"), are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| Net income | $ | 1,358,813 | | | $ | 1,040,342 | | | $ | 771,990 | |
| Statutory capital and surplus | $ | 8,330,587 | | | $ | 6,817,535 | | | $ | 6,188,121 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Net income | $ | 698,862 |
| | $ | 702,830 |
| | $ | 813,303 |
|
| Statutory capital and surplus | $ | 5,479,603 |
| | $ | 5,493,044 |
| | $ | 5,296,435 |
|
The significant variances between SAP and GAAP are that for statutory purposes bonds are carried at amortized cost, unrealized gains and losses on equity securities are recorded in surplus, acquisition costs are charged to income as incurred, deferred Federal income taxes are subject to limitations, excess and assumed workers’ compensation reserves are discounted at different discount rates and certain assets designated as “non-admitted assets” are charged against surplus. The Commissioner of Insurance of the State of Delaware has allowed BIC to recognize a non-tabular discount non-tabularon certain workers' compensation loss reserves, which is a permitted practice that differs from SAP. The effect of using this permitted practice was an increase to BIC’s statutory capital and surplus by $277$171 million at December 31, 20172022.
The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) has risk-based capital (“RBC”) requirements that require insurance companies to calculate and report information under a risk-based formula which measures statutory capital and surplus needs based on a regulatory definition of risk in a company’s mix of products and its balance sheet. This guidance is used to calculate two capital measurements: Total Adjusted Capital and RBC Authorized Control Level. Total Adjusted Capital is equal to the Company’s statutory capital and surplus excluding capital and surplus derived from the use of permitted practices that differ from statutory accounting practices. RBC Authorized Control Level is the capital level used by regulatory authorities to determine whether remedial action is required. Generally, no remedial action is required if Total Adjusted Capital is 200% or more of the RBC Authorized Control Level. At December 31, 2017,2022, BIC’s Total Adjusted Capital of $5.203$8.2 billion was 397%408% of its RBC Authorized Control Level.
See Note 4, Investments in Fixed Maturity Securities, for a description of assets held on deposit as security.
(19) Common Stockholders’ Equity
The weighted average number of shares used in the computation of net income per share was as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| Basic | 276,852 | | | 277,430 | | | 280,386 | |
| Diluted | 279,461 | | | 279,749 | | | 283,145 | |
|
| | | | | | | | |
| | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Basic | 124,843,240 |
| | 122,650,997 |
| | 124,040,313 |
|
| Diluted | 129,017,613 |
| | 128,552,838 |
| | 130,188,866 |
|
Treasury shares have been excluded from average outstanding shares from the date of acquisition. The weighted average number of basic shares outstanding includes the impact of 4,847,30311,416,856 common shares held in a grantor trust established in March 2017.trust. The common shares held in the grantor trust are for delivery upon settlement of vested but mandatorily deferred restricted stock units ("RSUs"). Shares held by the grantor trust do not affect diluted shares outstanding since shares deliverable under vested RSUs were already included in diluted shares outstanding. The difference in calculating basic and diluted net income per share is attributable entirely to the dilutive effect of stock-based compensation plans. Changes in shares of common stock outstanding, net of treasury shares, are presented below. Shares of common stock issued and outstanding do not include shares related to unissued restricted stock units (including shares held in the grantor trust).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| Balance, beginning of year | 265,170,882 | | | 266,737,725 | | 275,117,861 |
| Shares issued | 745,612 | | | 1,062,086 | | | 1,164,816 |
| Shares repurchased | (1,370,394) | | | (2,628,929) | | | (9,544,952) |
| Balance, end of year | 264,546,100 | | | 265,170,882 | | 266,737,725 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Balance, beginning of year | 121,193,599 |
| | 123,307,837 |
| | 126,748,836 |
| Shares issued | 1,052,256 |
| | 281,654 |
| | 1,061,026 |
| Shares repurchased | (731,003 | ) | | (2,395,892 | ) | | (4,502,025) |
| Balance, end of year | 121,514,852 |
| | 121,193,599 |
| | 123,307,837 |
The amount of dividends paid is dependent upon factors such as the receipt of dividends from our subsidiaries, our results of operations, cash flow, financial condition and business needs, the capital and surplus requirements of our subsidiaries, and applicable insurance regulations that limit the amount of dividends that may be paid by our regulated insurance subsidiaries.
(20) Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments as of December 31, 20172022 and 2016:2021:
| | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| (In thousands) | Carrying Value | | Fair Value | | Carrying Value | | Fair Value | (In thousands) | Carrying Value | | Fair Value | | Carrying Value | | Fair Value |
| Assets: | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| Assets: | | | | | | | |
| Fixed maturity securities | $ | 13,551,250 |
| | $ | 13,566,976 |
| | $ | 13,190,668 |
| | $ | 13,204,814 |
| Fixed maturity securities | $ | 17,587,349 | | | $ | 17,591,626 | | | $ | 16,602,673 | | | $ | 16,614,118 | |
| Equity securities available for sale | 576,647 |
| | 576,647 |
| | 669,200 |
| | 669,200 |
| |
| Equity securities | | Equity securities | 1,185,894 | | | 1,185,894 | | | 941,243 | | | 941,243 | |
| Arbitrage trading account | 617,649 |
| | 617,649 |
| | 299,999 |
| | 299,999 |
| Arbitrage trading account | 944,230 | | | 944,230 | | | 1,179,606 | | | 1,179,606 | |
| Loans receivable | 79,684 |
| | 82,047 |
| | 106,798 |
| | 108,299 |
| Loans receivable | 193,002 | | | 187,981 | | | 115,172 | | | 116,534 | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | 950,471 |
| | 950,471 |
| | 795,285 |
| | 795,285 |
| Cash and cash equivalents | 1,449,346 | | | 1,449,346 | | | 1,568,843 | | | 1,568,843 | |
| Trading accounts receivable from brokers and clearing organizations | 189,280 |
| | 189,280 |
| | 484,593 |
| | 484,593 |
| Trading accounts receivable from brokers and clearing organizations | 233,863 | | | 233,863 | | | — | | | — | |
| Due from broker | | Due from broker | 3,609 | | | 3,609 | | | 20,448 | | | 20,448 | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| Liabilities: | | | | | | | | Liabilities: | |
| Due to broker | 15,920 |
| | 15,920 |
| | 19,416 |
| | 19,416 |
| Due to broker | — | | | — | | | 53,636 | | | 53,636 | |
| Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased | 64,358 |
| | 64,358 |
| | 51,179 |
| | 51,179 |
| Trading account securities sold but not yet purchased | — | | | — | | | 1,169 | | | 1,169 | |
| Senior notes and other debt | | Senior notes and other debt | 1,828,823 | | | 1,439,188 | | | 2,259,416 | | | 2,526,630 | |
| Subordinated debentures | 728,218 |
| | 769,060 |
| | 727,630 |
| | 687,504 |
| Subordinated debentures | 1,008,371 | | | 805,600 | | | 1,007,652 | | | 1,095,600 | |
| Senior notes and other debt | 1,769,052 |
| | 1,945,313 |
| | 1,760,595 |
| | 1,914,727 |
| |
The estimated fair values of the Company’s fixed maturity securities, equity securities available for sale and arbitrage trading account securities are based on various valuation techniques that rely on fair value measurements as described in Note 13 above. The fair value of loans receivable is estimated by using current institutional purchaser yield requirements for loans with similar credit characteristics, which is considered a Level 2 input. The fair value of the senior notes and other debt and the subordinated debentures is based on spreads for similar securities, which is considered a Level 2 input.
(21) Lease Obligations
The Company and its subsidiaries use office space and equipment under leases expiring at various dates. These leases are considered operating leases for financial reporting purposes. Some of these leases have options to extend the length of the leases and contain clauses for cost of living, operating expense and real estate tax adjustments. Future minimum lease payments, without provision for sublease income, are: $50,117,000 in 2018; $41,326,000 in 2019; $38,721,000 in 2020; $34,982,000 in 2021, 29,720,000 in 2022 and $92,086,000 thereafter. Rental expense was $52,925,000, $47,453,000, and $46,271,000 for 2017, 2016, and 2015 respectively.
(22) Commitments, Litigation and Contingent Liabilities
In the ordinary course of business, the Company is subject to disputes, litigation and arbitration arising from its insurance and reinsurance businesses. These matters are generally related to insurance and reinsurance claims and are considered in the establishment of loss and loss expense reserves. In addition, the Company may also become involved in legal actions which seek extra-contractual damages, punitive damages or penalties, including claims alleging bad faith in handling of insurance claims. The Company expects its ultimate liability with respect to such matters will not be material to its financial condition. However, adverse outcomes on such matters are possible, from time to time, and could be material to the Company’s results of operations in any particular financial reporting period.
At December 31, 2017,2022, the Company had commitments to invest up to $406.2$402 million and $359.7$146 million in certain investment funds and real estate construction projects, respectively.
(22) Leases
Lessees are required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for leases with terms of more than 12 months on the balance sheet. All leases disclosed within this note are classified as operating leases. Recognized right-of-use asset and lease liability are reported within other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheet. Lease expense is reported in other operating costs and expenses in the consolidated statement of income and accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
To determine the discount rate used to calculate present value of future minimum lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate during the lease commencement period in line with the respective lease duration. In certain cases, the Company has the option to renew the lease. Lease renewal future payments are included in the present value of the future minimum lease payments when the Company determines it is reasonably certain to renew.
The main leases entered into by the Company are for office space used by the Company’s operating units across the world. Additionally, the Company, to a lesser extent, has equipment leases mainly for office equipment. Further information relating to operating lease expense and other operating lease information is as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | For the Year Ended December 31, |
|
| (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Leases: | | | | | |
| Lease cost | | | $ | 43,383 | | | $ | 44,051 | |
| Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities reported in operating cash flows | | | $ | 43,871 | | | $ | 45,592 | |
| Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities | | | $ | 28,075 | | | $ | 38,929 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, |
| ($ in thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Right-of-use assets | $ | 169,271 | | | $ | 172,180 | |
| Lease liabilities | $ | 204,088 | | | $ | 208,729 | |
| Weighted-average remaining lease term | 7.1 years | | 7.2 years |
| Weighted-average discount rate | 4.40 | % | | 4.83 | % |
Contractual maturities of the Company’s future minimum lease payments are as follows:
| | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | December 31, 2022 | | | |
| Contractual Maturities: | | | | |
| 2023 | $ | 47,024 | | | | |
| 2024 | 41,788 | | | | |
| 2025 | 32,928 | | | | |
| 2026 | 25,973 | | | | |
| 2027 | 16,472 | | | | |
| Thereafter | 68,912 | | | | |
| Total undiscounted future minimum lease payments | 233,097 | | | | |
| Less: Discount impact | 29,009 | | | | |
| Total lease liability | $ | 204,088 | | | | |
(23) Stock Incentive Plan
Pursuant to the Company's stock incentive plan, the Company may issue restricted stock units (RSUs)("RSUs") to employees of the Company and its subsidiaries. The RSUs generally vest three to five years from the award date and are subject to other vesting and forfeiture provisions contained in the award agreement. The following table summarizes RSU information for the three years ended December 31, 2017:2022:
| | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| RSUs granted and unvested at beginning of period: | 4,862,098 |
| | 4,158,325 |
| | 5,330,445 |
| RSUs granted and unvested at beginning of period: | 5,144,519 | | | 5,706,504 | | | 6,186,390 | |
| Granted | 855,984 |
| | 1,000,559 |
| | 997,522 |
| Granted | 1,024,960 | | | 1,272,990 | | | 1,443,680 | |
| Vested | (1,993,507 | ) | | (77,250 | ) | | (1,938,000 | ) | Vested | (1,258,680) | | | (1,523,960) | | | (1,667,382) | |
| Canceled | (246,594 | ) | | (219,536 | ) | | (231,642 | ) | Canceled | (292,373) | | | (311,016) | | | (256,184) | |
| RSUs granted and unvested at end of period: | 3,477,981 |
| | 4,862,098 |
| | 4,158,325 |
| RSUs granted and unvested at end of period: | 4,618,426 | | | 5,144,519 | | | 5,706,504 | |
Upon vesting, shares of the Company’s common stock equal to the number of vested RSUs are issued or deferred to a later date, depending on the terms of the specific award agreement. As of December 31, 2017, 5,027,6142022, 11,403,456 RSUs had been deferred. RSUs that have not yet vested and vested RSUs that have been deferred are not considered to be issued and outstanding shares.
The fair value of RSUs at the date of grant are recorded as unearned compensation, a component of stockholders’ equity, and expensed over the vesting period. Following is a summary of changes in unearned compensation for the three years ended December 31, 2017:2022:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| Unearned compensation at beginning of year | $ | 135,535 | | | $ | 132,310 | | | $ | 128,390 | |
| RSUs granted, net of cancellations | 60,628 | | | 56,711 | | | 54,270 | |
| RSUs expensed | (47,611) | | | (46,441) | | | (47,108) | |
| RSUs forfeitures | (6,492) | | | (7,045) | | | (3,242) | |
| Unearned compensation at end of year | $ | 142,060 | | | $ | 135,535 | | | $ | 132,310 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Unearned compensation at beginning of year | $ | 115,965 |
| | $ | 103,538 |
| | $ | 88,015 |
|
| RSUs granted, net of cancellations | 52,897 |
| | 52,697 |
| | 50,442 |
|
| RSUs expensed | (38,796 | ) | | (35,585 | ) | | (30,691 | ) |
| RSUs forfeitures | (7,156 | ) | | (4,685 | ) | | (4,228 | ) |
| Unearned compensation at end of year | $ | 122,910 |
| | $ | 115,965 |
| | $ | 103,538 |
|
(24) Compensation Plans
The Company and its subsidiaries have profit sharing plans in which substantially all employees participate. The plans provide for minimum annual contributions of 5% of eligible compensation; contributions above the minimum are discretionary and vary with each participating subsidiary’sbusinesses's profitability. Employees become eligible to participate in the plan on the first day of the calendar quarter following the first full calendar quarter after the employee's date of hire provided the employee has completed 250 hours of service during the calendar quarter. The plans provide that 40% of the contributions vest immediately and that the remaining 60% vest at varying percentages based upon years of service. Profit sharing expense was $42$62 million, $39$50 million and $42$48 million in 2017, 20162022, 2021 and 2015,2020, respectively.
The Company has a long-term incentive compensation plan ("LTIP") that provides for compensation to key executives based on the growth in the Company's book value per share over a five year period.
The following table summarizes the outstanding LTIP awards as of December 31, 2017:2022:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Units Outstanding | Maximum Value | Inception to date earned through December 31, 2022 on outstanding units |
| 2018 grant | 188,500 | | $ | 18,850,000 | | $ | 18,850,000 | |
| 2019 grant | 205,000 | | 20,500,000 | | 17,164,589 | |
| 2020 grant | 216,000 | | 21,600,000 | | 13,943,707 | |
| 2021 grant | 221,750 | | 22,175,000 | | 11,426,223 | |
| 2022 grant | 241,000 | | 24,100,000 | | 6,232,260 | |
|
| | | | | | | | |
| | Units Outstanding | Maximum Value | Inception to date earned through December 31, 2017 on outstanding units |
| 2013 grant | 194,250 |
| $ | 48,562,500 |
| $ | 38,958,780 |
|
| 2014 grant | 207,000 |
| 20,700,000 |
| 12,916,800 |
|
| 2015 grant | 208,500 |
| 20,850,000 |
| 10,800,300 |
|
| 2016 grant | 229,250 |
| 22,925,000 |
| 7,581,298 |
|
| 2017 grant | 227,000 |
| 22,700,000 |
| 3,162,110 |
|
The following table summarizes the LTIP expense for each of the three years ended December 31, 2017:2022:
| | (In thousands) | | (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| | | (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | |
| 2011 grant | $ | — |
| | $ | (82 | ) | | $ | 7,397 |
| |
| 2013 grant | 7,667 |
| | 8,918 |
| | 7,336 |
| |
| 2014 grant | 3,167 |
| | 3,503 |
| | 2,935 |
| |
| | 2015 grant | 3,667 |
| | 4,072 |
| | 3,205 |
| 2015 grant | $ | — | | | $ | — | | | $ | (168) | |
| 2016 grant | 3,601 |
| | 4,002 |
| | — |
| 2016 grant | — | | | (117) | | | 3,176 | |
| 2017 grant | 3,162 |
| | — |
| | — |
| 2017 grant | — | | | 6,012 | | | 2,914 | |
| 2018 grant | | 2018 grant | 4,299 | | | 5,503 | | | 2,776 | |
| 2019 grant | | 2019 grant | 6,904 | | | 5,309 | | | 2,490 | |
| 2020 grant | | 2020 grant | 6,653 | | | 5,065 | | | 2,276 | |
| 2021 grant | | 2021 grant | 6,574 | | | 4,906 | | | — | |
| 2022 grant | | 2022 grant | 6,232 | | | — | | | — | |
| Total | $ | 21,264 |
| | $ | 20,413 |
| | $ | 20,873 |
| Total | $ | 30,662 | | | $ | 26,678 | | | $ | 13,464 | |
(25) Supplemental Financial Statement Data
Other operating costs and expenses consist of the following:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | $ | 1,038,903 | | | $ | 961,628 | | | $ | 904,955 | |
| Insurance operating expenses | 1,635,000 | | | 1,345,099 | | | 1,206,058 | |
| Insurance service expenses | 96,419 | | | 86,003 | | | 85,724 | |
| Net foreign currency (gains) losses | (50,930) | | | (25,725) | | | 363 | |
| Debt extinguishment costs | — | | | 11,521 | | | 8,440 | |
| Other costs and expenses | 242,113 | | | 220,744 | | | 184,852 | |
| Total | $ | 2,961,505 | | | $ | 2,599,270 | | | $ | 2,390,392 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | $ | 1,111,489 |
| | $ | 1,155,954 |
| | $ | 1,102,492 |
|
| Insurance operating expenses | 989,535 |
| | 933,249 |
| | 903,006 |
|
| Insurance service expenses | 129,776 |
| | 138,908 |
| | 127,365 |
|
| Net foreign currency losses (gains) | 15,267 |
| | (11,904 | ) | | 400 |
|
| Other costs and expenses | 190,865 |
| | 179,412 |
| | 156,487 |
|
| Total | $ | 2,436,932 |
| | $ | 2,395,619 |
| | $ | 2,289,750 |
|
(26) Industry Segments
The Company’s reportable segments include the following two business segments, plus a corporate segment:
•Insurance - predominantly commercial insurance business, including excess and surplus lines, admitted lines and specialty personal lines throughout the United States, as well as insurance business in Asia, Australia, Canada, Continental Europe, Mexico, Scandinavia, South America and the United Kingdom, Continental Europe, South America, Canada, Mexico, Scandinavia, Asia and Australia.Kingdom.
•Reinsurance & Monoline Excess - reinsurance business on a facultative and treaty basis, primarily in the United States, United Kingdom, Continental Europe, Australia, the Asia-Pacific region and South Africa.
Commencing with the first quarter of 2017, the Company reclassified two businesses from the Insurance segment to the Reinsurance segment. Reclassifications have been made to the Company's prior periods financial information to conform with this presentation.
Africa, as well as operations that solely retain risk on an excess basis.
The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. Income tax expense and benefits are calculated based upon the Company’s overall effective tax rate.
Summary financial information about the Company’s reporting segments is presented in the following table. Income before income taxes by segment includes allocated investment income. Identifiable assets by segment are those assets used in or allocated to the operation of each segment.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Revenues | | | | |
| (In thousands) | Earned
Premiums (1) | | Investment
Income | | Other | | Total (2) | | Pre-Tax
Income
(Loss) | | Net
Income
(Loss)
to Common Stockholders |
| Year ended December 31, 2022 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Insurance | $ | 8,369,062 | | | $ | 550,084 | | | $ | 33,347 | | | $ | 8,952,493 | | | $ | 1,455,658 | | | $ | 1,173,425 | |
| Reinsurance & Monoline Excess | 1,192,367 | | | 194,272 | | | — | | | 1,386,639 | | | 316,527 | | | 251,386 | |
| Corporate, other and eliminations (3) | — | | | 34,829 | | | 590,141 | | | 624,970 | | | (254,901) | | | (203,476) | |
| Net investment gains | — | | | — | | | 202,397 | | | 202,397 | | | 202,397 | | | 159,727 | |
| Consolidated | $ | 9,561,429 | | | $ | 779,185 | | | $ | 825,885 | | | $ | 11,166,499 | | | $ | 1,719,681 | | | $ | 1,381,062 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year ended December 31, 2021 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Insurance | $ | 7,077,708 | | | $ | 468,821 | | | $ | 32,063 | | | $ | 7,578,592 | | | $ | 1,219,798 | | | $ | 976,184 | |
| Reinsurance & Monoline Excess | 1,028,323 | | | 175,324 | | | — | | | 1,203,647 | | | 270,563 | | | 215,439 | |
| Corporate, other and eliminations (3) | — | | | 27,473 | | | 555,122 | | | 582,595 | | | (298,088) | | | (242,055) | |
| Net investment gains | — | | | — | | | 90,632 | | | 90,632 | | | 90,632 | | | 72,922 | |
| Consolidated | $ | 8,106,031 | | | $ | 671,618 | | | $ | 677,817 | | | $ | 9,455,466 | | | $ | 1,282,905 | | | $ | 1,022,490 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Year ended December 31, 2020 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Insurance | $ | 6,067,669 | | | $ | 375,554 | | | $ | 35,611 | | | $ | 6,478,834 | | | $ | 668,012 | | | $ | 487,125 | |
| Reinsurance & Monoline Excess | 863,174 | | | 146,029 | | | — | | | 1,009,203 | | | 205,587 | | | 164,655 | |
| Corporate, other and eliminations (3) | — | | | 62,238 | | | 445,650 | | | 507,888 | | | (271,797) | | | (214,291) | |
| Net investment gains | — | | | — | | | 103,000 | | | 103,000 | | | 103,000 | | | 93,181 | |
| Consolidated | $ | 6,930,843 | | | $ | 583,821 | | | $ | 584,261 | | | $ | 8,098,925 | | | $ | 704,802 | | | $ | 530,670 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Revenues | | | | |
| (In thousands) | Earned Premiums | | Investment Income | | Other | | Total (1) | | Pre-Tax Income (Loss) | | Net Income (Loss) to Common Stockholders |
| December 31, 2017 | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Insurance (2) | $ | 5,706,443 |
| | $ | 436,178 |
| | $ | 86,864 |
| | $ | 6,229,485 |
| | $ | 756,153 |
| | $ | 535,186 |
|
| Reinsurance | 604,976 |
| | 91,146 |
| | — |
| | 696,122 |
| | (15,276 | ) | | (5,131 | ) |
| Corporate, other and eliminations (3) | — |
| | 48,464 |
| | 374,835 |
| | 423,299 |
| | (303,965 | ) | | (199,269 | ) |
| Net investment gains | — |
| | — |
| | 335,858 |
| | 335,858 |
| | 335,858 |
| | 218,308 |
|
| Consolidated | $ | 6,311,419 |
| | $ | 575,788 |
| | $ | 797,557 |
| | $ | 7,684,764 |
| | $ | 772,770 |
| | $ | 549,094 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2016 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Insurance | $ | 5,618,842 |
| | $ | 431,489 |
| | $ | 97,879 |
| | $ | 6,148,210 |
| | $ | 799,139 |
| | $ | 534,613 |
|
| Reinsurance | 674,506 |
| | 102,617 |
| | — |
| | 777,123 |
| | 98,277 |
| | 68,400 |
|
| Corporate, other and eliminations (3) | — |
| | 30,057 |
| | 431,789 |
| | 461,846 |
| | (267,983 | ) | | (174,650 | ) |
| Net investment gains | — |
| | — |
| | 267,005 |
| | 267,005 |
| | 267,005 |
| | 173,553 |
|
| Consolidated | $ | 6,293,348 |
| | $ | 564,163 |
| | $ | 796,673 |
| | $ | 7,654,184 |
| | $ | 896,438 |
| | $ | 601,916 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2015 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Insurance | $ | 5,393,166 |
| | $ | 386,801 |
| | $ | 96,487 |
| | $ | 5,876,454 |
| | $ | 748,515 |
| | $ | 512,426 |
|
| Reinsurance | 647,443 |
| | 97,882 |
| | — |
| | 745,325 |
| | 122,930 |
| | 86,487 |
|
| Corporate, other and eliminations (3) | — |
| | 27,962 |
| | 464,392 |
| | 492,354 |
| | (231,739 | ) | | (155,230 | ) |
| Net investment gains | — |
| | — |
| | 92,324 |
| | 92,324 |
| | 92,324 |
| | 60,011 |
|
| Consolidated | $ | 6,040,609 |
| | $ | 512,645 |
| | $ | 653,203 |
| | $ | 7,206,457 |
| | $ | 732,030 |
| | $ | 503,694 |
|
| | | Identifiable Assets | Identifiable Assets | Identifiable Assets |
| (In thousands) | December 31, | (In thousands) | December 31, |
| | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Insurance | $ | 19,263,193 |
| | $ | 19,026,658 |
| Insurance | $ | 27,009,652 | | | $ | 24,414,305 | |
| Reinsurance | 3,169,731 |
| | 2,635,438 |
| |
| Corporate, other and eliminations(2) | 1,866,993 |
| | 1,702,748 |
| |
| Reinsurance & Monoline Excess | | Reinsurance & Monoline Excess | 5,195,752 | | | 4,916,894 | |
| Corporate, other and eliminations (3) | | Corporate, other and eliminations (3) | 1,655,695 | | | 2,755,215 | |
| Consolidated | $ | 24,299,917 |
| | $ | 23,364,844 |
| Consolidated | $ | 33,861,099 | | | $ | 32,086,414 | |
(1) Certain amounts included in earned premiums of each segment are related to inter-segment transactions.
(2) Revenues for Insurance includes $688.2$1,029 million, $733.3$873 million, and $786.9$692 million in 2017, 20162022, 2021, and 2015,2020, respectively, from foreign countries. Revenues for Reinsurance & Monoline Excess includes $201.3$412 million, $200.5$380 million, and $223.4$292 million in 2017, 20162022, 2021 and 2015,2020, respectively, from foreign countries.
(2) Net income (loss) to common stockholders for 2017 within the Insurance segment includes a net $21 million benefit related to tax reform.
(3) Corporate, other and eliminations represent corporate revenues and expenses and other items that are not allocated to
business segments.
Net premiums earned by major line of business arewere as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| Insurance | | | | | | |
| Other liability | | $ | 3,206,846 | | | $ | 2,673,098 | | | $ | 2,269,458 | |
| Short-tail lines | | 1,630,371 | | | 1,389,068 | | | 1,247,908 | |
| Workers' compensation | | 1,197,811 | | | 1,131,283 | | | 1,127,487 | |
| Commercial automobile | | 1,208,241 | | | 990,945 | | | 794,171 | |
| Professional liability | | 1,125,793 | | | 893,314 | | | 628,645 | |
| Total Insurance | | 8,369,062 | | | 7,077,708 | | | 6,067,669 | |
| Reinsurance & Monoline Excess | | | | | | |
| Casualty | | 764,793 | | | 643,193 | | | 521,559 | |
| Monoline Excess | | 217,017 | | | 201,187 | | | 171,522 | |
| Property | | 210,557 | | | 183,943 | | | 170,093 | |
| Total Reinsurance & Monoline Excess | | 1,192,367 | | | 1,028,323 | | | 863,174 | |
| Total | | $ | 9,561,429 | | | $ | 8,106,031 | | | $ | 6,930,843 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Insurance | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Other liability | $ | 1,843,826 |
| | $ | 1,761,748 |
| | $ | 1,614,453 |
|
| Workers' compensation | 1,481,507 |
| | 1,402,611 |
| | 1,355,631 |
|
| Short-tail lines | 1,184,799 |
| | 1,280,091 |
| | 1,277,538 |
|
| Commercial automobile | 650,441 |
| | 642,452 |
| | 674,078 |
|
| Professional liability | 545,870 |
| | 531,940 |
| | 471,466 |
|
| Total Insurance | 5,706,443 |
| | 5,618,842 |
| | 5,393,166 |
|
| Reinsurance | | | | | |
| Casualty | 377,650 |
| | 405,470 |
| | 438,800 |
|
| Property | 227,326 |
| | 269,036 |
| | 208,643 |
|
| Total Reinsurance | 604,976 |
| | 674,506 |
| | 647,443 |
|
| Total | $ | 6,311,419 |
| | $ | 6,293,348 |
| | $ | 6,040,609 |
|
(27) Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)Subsequent Event
The following isOn January 3, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors declared a summaryspecial cash dividend on its common stock of quarterly financial data:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands, except per share data) | 2017 |
| Three months ended | March 31 | | June 30 | | September 30 | | December 31 |
| Revenues | $ | 1,870,418 |
|
| $ | 1,848,049 |
|
| $ | 2,031,342 |
|
| $ | 1,934,956 |
|
| Net income | 123,447 |
|
| 109,004 |
|
| 162,054 |
|
| 154,589 |
|
| Net income per share (1) | | | | | | | |
| Basic (2) | 1.01 |
| | 0.87 |
| | 1.29 |
| | 1.22 |
|
| Diluted | 0.96 |
| | 0.85 |
| | 1.26 |
| | 1.21 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2016 |
| Three months ended | March 31 | | June 30 | | September 30 | | December 31 |
| Revenues | $ | 1,807,211 |
| | $ | 1,855,914 |
| | $ | 2,019,727 |
| | $ | 1,971,333 |
|
| Net income | 119,511 |
| | 108,967 |
| | 220,650 |
| | 152,790 |
|
| Net income per share (1) | | | | | | | |
| Basic | 0.97 |
| | 0.89 |
| | 1.80 |
| | 1.26 |
|
| Diluted | 0.93 |
| | 0.85 |
| | 1.72 |
| | 1.20 |
|
(1) Net income50 cents per share (“EPS”) in each quarter is computed usingthat was paid on January 24, 2023 to stockholders of record at the weighted-average numberclose of shares outstanding during that quarter, while EPS for the full year is computed using the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during the year. Thus, the sum of the four quarters EPS does not necessarily equal the full-year EPS.business on January 13, 2023.
(2) Basic shares outstanding includes shares held in a grantor trust established in March 2017.
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
The Company's management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, have conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(b) as of the end of the period covered by this annual report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company has in place effective controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act and the rules thereunder, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Commission's rules and forms.
During the quarter ended December 31, 2017,2022, there have been no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.
Management's Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control - Integrated Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2017.2022.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors
W. R. Berkley Corporation:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited W. R. Berkley Corporation and Subsidiaries’subsidiaries’ (the “Company”)Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017,2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017,2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”)(PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 20172022 and 2016,2021, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017,2022, and the related notes and financial statement schedules II to VI (collectively, the "consolidatedconsolidated financial statements”)statements), and our report dated February 23, 201824, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Managements’sManagement's Report onOn Internal Control overOver Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/S/ KPMG LLP
New York, New York
February 23, 2018
24, 2023
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2017, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2017, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
(a) Security ownership of certain beneficial owners
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2017, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
(b) Security ownership of management
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2017, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
(c) Changes in control
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2017, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
(d) Equity compensation plan information
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2017,2022, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2017,2022, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND SERVICESMANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
(a) Security ownership of certain beneficial owners
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2017,2022, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
(b) Security ownership of management
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2022, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
(c) Changes in control
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2022, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
(d) Equity compensation plan information
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2022, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2022, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
Our independent registered public accounting firm is KPMG LLP, New York, NY, Auditor Firm ID: 185.
Reference is made to the registrant's definitive proxy statement, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2022, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a) Index to Financial Statements
The schedules to the consolidated financial statements listed below should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Financial statement schedules not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been omitted because they are not applicable or required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.
|
| | | | | | | |
| Index to Financial Statement Schedules | Page |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
(b) Exhibits
EXHIBITS
| | | | | |
| Number | |
| |
Number | |
| |
| The Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended through May 10, 2004 (incorporated by reference to Exhibits 3.1 and 3.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 6, 2003). |
| |
| Amendment, dated May 11, 2004, to the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Quarterly reportReport on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 5, 2004). |
| |
| Amendment, dated May 16, 2006, to the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 17, 2006). |
| |
| Amendment, dated June 12, 2020, to the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on June 16, 2020). |
| |
| Amendment, dated June 15, 2022, to the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on June 16, 2022). |
| |
| Amended and Restated By-Laws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3 (ii) of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 5, 2015). |
| |
| Description of Registrant’s Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. |
| |
| Indenture, dated as of February 14, 2003, between the Company and The Bank of New York, as trusteeTrustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission ofon March 31, 2003). |
| |
| Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 24, 2004, between the Company and The Bank of New York, as Trustee, relating to $150,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 6.150% Senior Notes due 2019, including form of the Notes as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 14, 2005). |
| |
| Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 9, 2007, between the Company and The Bank of New York, as Trustee, relating to $250,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 6.25%6.250% Senior Notes due 2037, including the form of the Notes as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 1, 2007). |
| |
| |
| |
| Sixth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 14, 2009, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $300,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 7.375% Senior Notes due 2019, including form of the Notes as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on February 26, 2010). |
| |
| Seventh Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 16, 2010, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $300,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 5.375% Senior Notes due 2020, including form of the Notes as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on September 16, 2010). |
| |
| Eighth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 16, 2012, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $350,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 4.625% Senior Notes due 2022, including form of the Notes as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 16, 2012). |
| |
| Ninth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 6, 2014, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $350,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 4.75%4.750% Senior Notes due 2044, including the form of the Notes as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 6, 2014). |
| |
| Subordinated Indenture, dated as of May 2, 2013,12, 2020, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company'sCompany’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 2, 2013)12, 2020). |
| |
| First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 2, 2013,12, 2020, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $470,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 4.000% Senior Notes due 2050, including the form of the Notes as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 12, 2020). |
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 16, 2021, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $400,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 3.550% Senior Notes due 2052, including the form of the Notes as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 16, 2021). |
| |
| Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 15, 2021, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $350,000,000 principal amount of the Company's 5.625%Company’s 3.150% Senior Notes due 2061, including the form of the Notes as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on September 15, 2021). |
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| |
| |
| Subordinated Indenture, dated as of March 26, 2018, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 26, 2018). |
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| |
| First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 26, 2018, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $185,000,000 principal amount of the Company’s 5.700% Subordinated Debentures due 2053,2058, including the form of the Securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 26, 2018). |
| |
| Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 16, 2019, between the Company and the Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $300,000,000 principal amount of the Company's 5.100% Subordinated Debentures due 2059, including the form of the Securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 2, 2013)December 16, 2019). |
|
| |
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| Subordinated Indenture, dated as of March 1, 2016, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 1, 2016). |
| |
| FirstThird Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 1, 2016,September 21, 2020, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $110,000,000$250,000,000 principal amount of the Company's 5.9%Company’s 4.250% Subordinated Debentures due 2056,2060, including the form of the Securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company'sCompany’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 1, 2016)September 21, 2020). |
| |
| SecondFourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of May 25, 2016,February 10, 2021, between the Company and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, relating to $290,000,000$300,000,000 principal amount of the Company's 5.75%Company’s 4.125% Subordinated Debentures due 2056,2061, including the form of the Securities as Exhibit A (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company'sCompany’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 25, 2016)February 10, 2021). |
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(4.13)(4.14) | The instruments defining the rights of holders of the other long term debt securities of the Company are omitted pursuant to Section (b)(4)(iii)(A) of Item 601 of Regulation S-K. The Company agrees to furnish supplementally copies of these instruments to the Commission upon request. |
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| Credit Agreement, dated as of April 1, 2022, by and among W. R. Berkley Corporation, as borrower, each lender from time to time party thereto, Credit Suisse AG, New York Branch, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc. as Syndication Agents, and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Several L/C Agent and Fronting L/C Issuer (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on April 4, 2022). |
| |
| W. R. Berkley Corporation 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex B of the Company’s 2018 Proxy Statement (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on April 19, 2018). |
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| Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for grant of April 4, 2003 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 6, 2003). |
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| Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2003 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex AExhibit 10.2 of the Company’s 2003 Proxy StatementQuarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on April 14, 2003)May 3, 2005). |
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| Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2003 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 6, 2010). |
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| Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex AExhibit 10.1 of the Company’s 2015 Proxy StatementCompany's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on April 20, 2015)November 8, 2012). |
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| Form of 2014 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on November 7, 2014). |
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| Form of 2015 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on November 9, 2015). |
| |
| Form of 2017 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement underUnder the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on November 8, 2012). |
| |
| Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2003 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 3, 2005). |
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| Form of Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2003 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 6, 2010)November 8, 2017). |
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| Form of 2018 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement for grant of April 4, 2003Under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.210.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 6, 2003)November 7, 2018). |
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| Form of 2020 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement Under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on November 5, 2020). |
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| W. R. Berkley Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan for Officers as amended and restated effective December 3, 20071, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.410.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on December 19, 2007)November 12, 2021). |
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| |
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| W. R. Berkley Corporation Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors as amended and restated effective December 3, 20071, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on December 19, 2007)November 12, 2021). |
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| W. R. Berkley Corporation 2007 Annual Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex A of the Company’s 2006 Proxy Statement (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on April 18, 2006). |
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| W. R. Berkley Corporation Amended and Restated Annual Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex AExhibit 10.1 of the Company's 2016 Proxy StatementCurrent Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on April 15, 2016)February 25, 2019). |
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| W. R. Berkley Corporation 20092019 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex AExhibit 10.2 of the Company’s 2009 Proxy StatementCompany's current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on April 17, 2009)February 25, 2019). |
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| Form of 20112019 Performance Unit Award Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 20092019 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1210.3 of the Company's AnnualCompany’s Current Report on Form 10-K8-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on February 28, 2012)25, 2019). |
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| W. R. Berkley Corporation 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex A of the Company’s 2014 Proxy Statement (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on April 7, 2014). |
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| Form of 20142020 Performance Unit Award Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 20142019 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 3, 2020). |
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| Form of 2021 Performance Unit Award Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on November 4, 2021). |
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| (10.19) | Form of 2022 Performance Unit Award Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 12, 2014)3, 2022). |
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| Form of 2015 Performance Unit Award Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 4, 2015). |
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| Form of 2016 Performance Unit Award Agreement under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on May 10, 2016). |
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| W. R. Berkley Corporation 2009 Directors Stock Plan (incorporated by reference to Annex B of the Company’s 20152021 Proxy Statement (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on April 20, 2015)27, 2021). |
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| Supplemental Benefits Agreement between William R. Berkley and the Company as amended and restated as of December 21, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on February 28, 2012). |
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| Form of Dividend Equivalent Rights Award Agreement Under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on August 7, 2015). |
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| Form of 2017 Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement Under the W. R. Berkley Corporation 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on November 8, 2017). |
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| Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 1-15202) filed with the Commission on March 14, 2005). |
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| List of the Company’s subsidiaries. |
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| Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. |
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| Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a). |
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| Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a). |
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| Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K Summary
None.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
W. R. BERKLEY CORPORATION
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| | | | | | | |
| By | /s/ W. Robert Berkley, Jr. |
| | W. Robert Berkley, Jr., President and Chief Executive Officer |
February 23, 201824, 2023
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Signature | | Title | | Date |
| | | | |
| /s/ William R. Berkley | | Executive Chairman | | February 24, 2023 |
| William R. Berkley | | of the Board of Directors | | |
| | | | |
| /s/ W. Robert Berkley, Jr. | | President | | February 24, 2023 |
| W. Robert Berkley, Jr. | | Chief Executive Officer and Director | | |
| | (Principal executive officer) | | |
| | | | |
| /s/ Christopher L. Augostini | | Director | | February 24, 2023 |
| Christopher L. Augostini | | | | |
| | | | |
Signature | | Title | | Date |
| | | | |
/s/ William R. Berkley | | Executive Chairman | | February 23, 2018 |
William R. Berkley | | of the Board of Directors | | |
| | | | |
/s/ W. Robert Berkley, Jr. | | President, Chief Executive Officer | | February 23, 2018 |
W. Robert Berkley, Jr. | | and Director | | |
| | (Principal executive officer) | | |
| | | | |
/s/ Christopher L. Augostini | | Director | | February 23, 2018 |
Christopher L. Augostini | | | | |
| | | | |
| /s/ Ronald E. Blaylock | | Director | | February 23, 201824, 2023 |
| Ronald E. Blaylock | | | | |
| | | | |
/s/ | | Director | | |
| Mark E. Brockbank | | Director | | February 23, 2018 |
Mark E. Brockbank | | | | |
| | | | |
| /s/ Mary C. Farrell | | Director | | February 23, 201824, 2023 |
| Mary C. Farrell | | | | |
| | | | |
| /s/ María Luisa Ferré | | Director | | February 23, 201824, 2023 |
María Luisa Ferré
| | | | |
| | | | |
/s/ Jack H. NusbaumDaniel L. Mosley | | Director | | February 23, 201824, 2023 |
Jack H. Nusbaum Daniel L. Mosley | | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| /s/ Mark L. Shapiro | | Director | | February 23, 201824, 2023 |
| Mark L. Shapiro | | | | |
| | | | |
| /s/ Jonathan Talisman | | Director | | February 24, 2023 |
| Jonathan Talisman | | | | |
| | | | |
| /s/ Richard M. Baio | | SeniorExecutive Vice President | | February 23, 201824, 2023 |
| Richard M. Baio | | and Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer | | |
| | (Principal financial officer
and principal accounting officer)
| | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
Schedule II
W. R. Berkley Corporation
Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
Balance Sheets (Parent Company)
| | | | December 31, | | December 31, |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 |
| Assets: | |
| | |
| Assets: | | | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 45,062 |
| | $ | 124,803 |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 103,522 | | | $ | 684,037 | |
| Fixed maturity securities available for sale at fair value (cost $1,059,834 and $899,206 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively) | 1,052,240 |
| | 894,748 |
| |
| Loans receivable | 53,019 |
| | 23,419 |
| |
| Equity securities available for sale, at fair value (cost $3,430 in 2017 and 2016) | 3,430 |
| | 3,430 |
| |
| Fixed maturity securities available for sale at fair value (cost $285,900 and $805,211 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively) | | Fixed maturity securities available for sale at fair value (cost $285,900 and $805,211 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively) | 275,511 | | | 806,074 | |
| Loans receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $559 and $647 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively) | | Loans receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $559 and $647 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively) | 109,793 | | | 93,397 | |
| Equity securities, at fair value (cost $3,430 in both 2022 and 2021) | | Equity securities, at fair value (cost $3,430 in both 2022 and 2021) | 3,430 | | | 3,430 | |
| Investment in subsidiaries | 7,140,108 |
| | 6,891,246 |
| Investment in subsidiaries | 8,888,455 | | | 8,516,916 | |
| Current federal income taxes | — |
| | 15,455 |
| Current federal income taxes | 34,452 | | | 23,424 | |
| Deferred federal income taxes | | Deferred federal income taxes | 304,191 | | | 11,796 | |
| Property, furniture and equipment at cost, less accumulated depreciation | 14,421 |
| | 14,798 |
| Property, furniture and equipment at cost, less accumulated depreciation | 11,356 | | | 11,916 | |
| Other assets | 10,819 |
| | 7,122 |
| Other assets | 39,741 | | | 43,793 | |
| Total assets | $ | 8,319,099 |
| | $ | 7,975,021 |
| Total assets | $ | 9,770,451 | | | $ | 10,194,783 | |
| Liabilities and stockholders’ equity | |
| | | |
| Liabilities and stockholders’ equity: | | Liabilities and stockholders’ equity: | | | |
| Liabilities: | |
| | | Liabilities: | | |
| Due to subsidiaries | $ | 232,756 |
| | $ | 234,014 |
| Due to subsidiaries | $ | 53,029 | | | $ | 138,376 | |
| Other liabilities | 128,002 |
| | 120,160 |
| Other liabilities | 139,150 | | | 146,892 | |
| Current federal income taxes | 10,486 |
| | — |
| |
| Deferred federal income taxes | 51,757 |
| | 90,966 |
| |
| | Subordinated debentures | 728,218 |
| | 727,630 |
| Subordinated debentures | 1,008,371 | | | 1,007,652 | |
| Senior notes | 1,756,536 |
| | 1,755,043 |
| Senior notes | 1,821,569 | | | 2,248,852 | |
| Total liabilities | 2,907,755 |
| | 2,927,813 |
| Total liabilities | 3,022,119 | | | 3,541,772 | |
| Stockholders’ equity: | |
| | | Stockholders’ equity: | | | |
| Preferred stock | — |
| | — |
| Preferred stock | — | | | — | |
| Common stock | 47,024 |
| | 47,024 |
| Common stock | 105,803 | | | 105,803 | |
| Additional paid-in capital | 1,048,283 |
| | 1,037,446 |
| Additional paid-in capital | 997,534 | | | 981,104 | |
| Retained earnings (including accumulated undistributed net income of subsidiaries of $5,073,268 and $4,850,878 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively) | 6,956,882 |
| | 6,595,987 |
| |
| Accumulated other comprehensive income | 68,541 |
| | 55,568 |
| |
| Retained earnings (including accumulated undistributed net income of subsidiaries of $7,975,360 and $6,463,882 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively) | | Retained earnings (including accumulated undistributed net income of subsidiaries of $7,975,360 and $6,463,882 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively) | 10,161,005 | | | 9,015,135 | |
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | | Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (1,264,581) | | | (281,955) | |
| Treasury stock, at cost | (2,709,386 | ) | | (2,688,817 | ) | Treasury stock, at cost | (3,251,429) | | | (3,167,076) | |
| Total stockholders’ equity | 5,411,344 |
| | 5,047,208 |
| Total stockholders’ equity | 6,748,332 | | | 6,653,011 | |
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 8,319,099 |
| | $ | 7,975,021 |
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 9,770,451 | | | $ | 10,194,783 | |
________________
See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm and note to condensed financial statements.information.
Schedule II, Continued
W. R. Berkley Corporation
Condensed Financial Information of Registrant, Continued
Statements of Income (Parent Company)
| | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| Management fees and investment income including dividends from subsidiaries of $694,462, $700,664 and $642,421 for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively | $ | 738,923 |
| | $ | 726,742 |
| | $ | 655,318 |
| |
| Net investment (losses) gains | (4,286 | ) | | 909 |
| | 696 |
| |
| Management fees and investment income including dividends from subsidiaries of $22,807, $520,251, and $617,424 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively | | Management fees and investment income including dividends from subsidiaries of $22,807, $520,251, and $617,424 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively | $ | 32,585 | | | $ | 548,512 | | | $ | 654,485 | |
| Net investment gains | | Net investment gains | 1,007 | | | 1,474 | | | 3,580 | |
| Other income | 805 |
| | 376 |
| | 348 |
| Other income | 1,916 | | | 1,138 | | | 568 | |
| Total revenues | 735,442 |
| | 728,027 |
| | 656,362 |
| Total revenues | 35,508 | | | 551,124 | | | 658,633 | |
| Operating costs and expense | 182,145 |
| | 171,967 |
| | 143,391 |
| Operating costs and expense | 192,175 | | | 214,995 | | | 166,892 | |
| Interest expense | 146,929 |
| | 139,216 |
| | 128,248 |
| Interest expense | 129,633 | | | 144,837 | | | 145,417 | |
| Income before federal income taxes | 406,368 |
| | 416,844 |
| | 384,723 |
| |
| (Loss) income before federal income taxes | | (Loss) income before federal income taxes | (286,300) | | | 191,292 | | | 346,324 | |
| Federal income taxes: | |
| | |
| | |
| Federal income taxes: | | | | | |
| Federal income taxes provided by subsidiaries on a separate return basis | 115,597 |
| | 327,520 |
| | 272,180 |
| Federal income taxes provided by subsidiaries on a separate return basis | 414,660 | | | 294,731 | | | 188,490 | |
| Federal income tax expense on a consolidated return basis | (195,261 | ) | | (246,389 | ) | | (199,322 | ) | Federal income tax expense on a consolidated return basis | (258,776) | | | (226,900) | | | (139,679) | |
| Net expense | (79,664 | ) | | 81,131 |
| | 72,858 |
| |
| Income before undistributed equity in net income of subsidiaries | 326,704 |
| | 497,975 |
| | 457,581 |
| |
| Net federal income tax expense | | Net federal income tax expense | 155,884 | | | 67,831 | | | 48,811 | |
| (Loss) income before undistributed equity in net income of subsidiaries | | (Loss) income before undistributed equity in net income of subsidiaries | (130,416) | | | 259,123 | | | 395,135 | |
| Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries | 222,390 |
| | 103,941 |
| | 46,113 |
| Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries | 1,511,478 | | | 763,367 | | | 135,535 | |
| Net income | $ | 549,094 |
| | $ | 601,916 |
| | $ | 503,694 |
| Net income | $ | 1,381,062 | | | $ | 1,022,490 | | | $ | 530,670 | |
________________
See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm and note to condensed financial statements.information.
Schedule II, Continued
W. R. Berkley Corporation
Condensed Financial Information of Registrant, Continued
Statements of Cash Flows (Parent Company)
| | | | Year Ended December 31, | | Year Ended December 31, |
| (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| Cash flows from operating activities: | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Cash flow (used in) from operating activities: | | Cash flow (used in) from operating activities: | | | | | |
| Net income | $ | 549,094 |
| | $ | 601,916 |
| | $ | 503,694 |
| Net income | $ | 1,381,062 | | | $ | 1,022,490 | | | $ | 530,670 | |
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities: | | | | | | Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities: | |
| Net investment gains (losses) | 4,286 |
| | 3,649 |
| | (696 | ) | |
| Net investment gains | | Net investment gains | (1,007) | | | (1,474) | | | (3,580) | |
| Depreciation and amortization | 2,039 |
| | 2,744 |
| | 2,693 |
| Depreciation and amortization | 4,281 | | | 18,761 | | | 15,133 | |
| Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries | (222,390 | ) | | (103,941 | ) | | (46,113 | ) | Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries | (1,511,478) | | | (763,367) | | | (135,535) | |
| Tax payments received from subsidiaries | 98,313 |
| | 414,386 |
| | 311,482 |
| Tax payments received from subsidiaries | 321,682 | | | 328,851 | | | 165,495 | |
| Federal income taxes provided by subsidiaries on a separate return basis | (115,597 | ) | | (327,520 | ) | | (272,180 | ) | Federal income taxes provided by subsidiaries on a separate return basis | (414,660) | | | (294,731) | | | (188,489) | |
| Stock incentive plans | 38,075 |
| | 37,174 |
| | 29,725 |
| Stock incentive plans | 49,411 | | | 48,440 | | | 49,599 | |
| Change in: | | | | | | Change in: | |
| Federal income taxes | 2,711 |
| | 44,839 |
| | 51,772 |
| Federal income taxes | (40,746) | | | (22,017) | | | 32,069 | |
| Other assets | (877 | ) | | 1,772 |
| | 301 |
| Other assets | 3,163 | | | (33,319) | | | 1,220 | |
| Other liabilities | 18,661 |
| | (88,282 | ) | | (92,752 | ) | Other liabilities | 87,100 | | | (11,758) | | | 3,964 | |
| Accrued investment income | (2,818 | ) | | (2,743 | ) | | 524 |
| Accrued investment income | 890 | | | 755 | | | 836 | |
| Net cash from operating activities | 371,497 |
| | 583,994 |
| | 488,450 |
| |
| Cash (used in) from investing activities: | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Net cash (used in) from operating activities | | Net cash (used in) from operating activities | (120,302) | | | 292,631 | | | 471,382 | |
| Cash from (used in) investing activities: | | Cash from (used in) investing activities: | | | | | |
| Proceeds from sales of fixed maturity securities | 849,330 |
| | 373,252 |
| | 380,986 |
| Proceeds from sales of fixed maturity securities | 543,549 | | | 402,046 | | | 414,802 | |
| Proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed maturity securities | 316,611 |
| | 210,904 |
| | 123,639 |
| Proceeds from maturities and prepayments of fixed maturity securities | 83,134 | | | 654,134 | | | 258,413 | |
| Proceeds from sales of equity securities | — |
| | — |
| | 308 |
| |
| | Cost of purchases of fixed maturity securities | (1,329,379 | ) | | (1,285,101 | ) | | (432,645 | ) | Cost of purchases of fixed maturity securities | (109,289) | | | (1,071,823) | | | (747,713) | |
| | Change in loans receivable | (29,600 | ) | | (23,419 | ) | | — |
| Change in loans receivable | (16,249) | | | (18,227) | | | (20,023) | |
| | Investments in and advances to subsidiaries, net | (21,139 | ) | | 11,471 |
| | 30,338 |
| Investments in and advances to subsidiaries, net | (171,062) | | | (1,411) | | | (100,704) | |
| Change in balance due to security broker | | Change in balance due to security broker | (10,289) | | | 10,487 | | | (245) | |
| Net additions to real estate, furniture & equipment | (1,055 | ) | | (3,042 | ) | | (4,425 | ) | Net additions to real estate, furniture & equipment | (432) | | | (1,496) | | | (81) | |
| Net cash (used in) from investing activities | (215,232 | ) | | (715,935 | ) | | 98,201 |
| |
| Other, net | | Other, net | 368 | | | 95 | | | 103 | |
| Net cash from (used in) investing activities | | Net cash from (used in) investing activities | 319,730 | | | (26,195) | | | (195,448) | |
| Cash (used in) from financing activities: | |
| | |
| | |
| Cash (used in) from financing activities: | | | | | |
| Net proceeds from issuance of senior notes | — |
| | 386,830 |
| | — |
| Net proceeds from issuance of senior notes | (914) | | | 1,029,579 | | | 736,609 | |
| Repayment of senior notes | — |
| | (9,353 | ) | | (200,000 | ) | |
| | Repayment and redemption of debt | | Repayment and redemption of debt | (426,503) | | | (400,000) | | | (650,000) | |
| Purchase of common treasury shares | (47,807 | ) | | (132,392 | ) | | (223,652 | ) | Purchase of common treasury shares | (94,140) | | | (122,426) | | | (346,357) | |
| Cash dividends to common stockholders | (188,199 | ) | | (183,999 | ) | | (58,034 | ) | Cash dividends to common stockholders | (235,192) | | | (355,736) | | | (84,147) | |
| Other, net | | Other, net | (23,194) | | | (30,776) | | | (24,880) | |
| Net cash (used in) from financing activities | (236,006 | ) | | 61,086 |
| | (481,686 | ) | Net cash (used in) from financing activities | (779,943) | | | 120,641 | | | (368,775) | |
| Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | (79,741 | ) | | (70,855 | ) | | 104,965 |
| Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | (580,515) | | | 387,077 | | | (92,841) | |
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 124,803 |
| | 195,658 |
| | 90,693 |
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 684,037 | | | 296,960 | | | 389,801 | |
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | $ | 45,062 |
| | $ | 124,803 |
| | $ | 195,658 |
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | $ | 103,522 | | | $ | 684,037 | | | $ | 296,960 | |
________________
See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm and note to condensed financial statements.information.
W. R. Berkley Corporation
Condensed Financial Information of Registrant, Continued
December 31, 20172022
Note to Condensed Financial StatementsInformation (Parent Company)
The accompanying condensed financial statementsinformation should be read in conjunction with the notes to consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein. Reclassifications have been made in the 20162021 and 20152020 financial statements as originally reported to conform them to the presentation of the 20172022 financial statements.
The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return with the results of its domestic insurance subsidiaries included on a statutory basis. Under present Company policy, federal income taxes payable by subsidiary companies on a separate-return basis are paid to W. R. Berkley Corporation, and the Company pays the tax due on a consolidated return basis.
Schedule III
W. R. Berkley Corporation and Subsidiaries
Supplementary Insurance Information
December 31, 2017, 20162022, 2021 and 20152020
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost | | Reserve for Losses and Loss Expenses | | Unearned Premiums | | Net Premiums Earned | | Net Investment Income | | Loss and Loss Expenses | | Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Cost | | Other Operating Costs and Expenses | | Net Premiums Written |
| December 31, 2017 | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Insurance | $ | 435,967 |
| | $ | 9,820,258 |
| | $ | 3,039,343 |
| | $ | 5,706,443 |
| | $ | 436,178 |
| | $ | 3,516,996 |
| | $ | 929,793 |
| | $ | 1,026,545 |
| | $ | 5,715,871 |
|
| Reinsurance | 71,582 |
| | 1,850,150 |
| | 250,837 |
| | 604,976 |
| | 91,146 |
| | 485,352 |
| | 181,696 |
| | 44,349 |
| | 544,637 |
|
| Corporate and adjustments | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 48,464 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 254,549 |
| | — |
|
| Total | $ | 507,549 |
| | $ | 11,670,408 |
| | $ | 3,290,180 |
| | $ | 6,311,419 |
| | $ | 575,788 |
| | $ | 4,002,348 |
| | $ | 1,111,489 |
| | $ | 1,325,443 |
| | $ | 6,260,508 |
|
| December 31, 2016 | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Insurance | $ | 442,317 |
| | $ | 9,445,210 |
| | $ | 2,975,060 |
| | $ | 5,618,842 |
| | $ | 431,489 |
| | $ | 3,430,139 |
| | $ | 964,064 |
| | $ | 954,858 |
| | $ | 5,743,620 |
|
| Reinsurance | 95,573 |
| | 1,751,985 |
| | 308,240 |
| | 674,506 |
| | 102,617 |
| | 415,661 |
| | 191,890 |
| | 71,305 |
| | 680,293 |
|
| Corporate and adjustments | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 30,057 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 213,502 |
| | — |
|
| Total | $ | 537,890 |
| | $ | 11,197,195 |
| | $ | 3,283,300 |
| | $ | 6,293,348 |
| | $ | 564,163 |
| | $ | 3,845,800 |
| | $ | 1,155,954 |
| | $ | 1,239,665 |
| | $ | 6,423,913 |
|
| December 31, 2015 | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Insurance | $ | 426,036 |
| | $ | 8,857,342 |
| | $ | 2,834,691 |
| | $ | 5,393,166 |
| | $ | 386,801 |
| | $ | 3,279,219 |
| | $ | 918,901 |
| | $ | 927,095 |
| | $ | 5,555,437 |
|
| Reinsurance | 87,092 |
| | 1,811,808 |
| | 302,442 |
| | 647,443 |
| | 97,882 |
| | 377,051 |
| | 183,591 |
| | 64,477 |
| | 634,078 |
|
| Corporate and adjustments | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 27,962 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 195,686 |
| | — |
|
| Total | $ | 513,128 |
| | $ | 10,669,150 |
| | $ | 3,137,133 |
| | $ | 6,040,609 |
| | $ | 512,645 |
| | $ | 3,656,270 |
| | $ | 1,102,492 |
| | $ | 1,187,258 |
| | $ | 6,189,515 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (In thousands) | Deferred
Policy
Acquisition
Cost | | Reserve for
Losses and
Loss Expenses | | Unearned
Premiums | | Net Premiums
Earned | | Net
Investment
Income | | Loss and Loss
Expenses | | Amortization of
Deferred Policy
Acquisition
Cost | | Other
Operating Costs
and Expenses | | Net
Premiums
Written |
| December 31, 2022 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Insurance | $ | 651,257 | | | $ | 13,786,112 | | | $ | 4,779,214 | | | $ | 8,369,062 | | | $ | 550,084 | | | $ | 5,130,909 | | | $ | 935,469 | | | $ | 1,430,456 | | | $ | 8,784,146 | |
| Reinsurance & Monoline Excess | 112,229 | | | 3,225,111 | | | 518,440 | | | 1,192,367 | | | 194,272 | | | 730,841 | | | 103,434 | | | 235,836 | | | 1,219,924 | |
| Corporate, other and eliminations | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 34,829 | | | — | | | — | | | 256,310 | | | — | |
| Total | $ | 763,486 | | | $ | 17,011,223 | | | $ | 5,297,654 | | | $ | 9,561,429 | | | $ | 779,185 | | | $ | 5,861,750 | | | $ | 1,038,903 | | | $ | 1,922,602 | | | $ | 10,004,070 | |
| December 31, 2021 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Insurance | $ | 566,718 | | | $ | 12,379,395 | | | $ | 4,348,171 | | | $ | 7,077,708 | | | $ | 468,821 | | | $ | 4,326,403 | | | $ | 830,199 | | | $ | 1,202,192 | | | $ | 7,743,814 | |
| Reinsurance & Monoline Excess | 109,427 | | | 3,011,493 | | | 498,989 | | | 1,028,323 | | | 175,324 | | | 627,557 | | | 131,429 | | | 174,098 | | | 1,119,053 | |
| Corporate, other and eliminations | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 27,473 | | | — | | | — | | | 261,352 | | | — | |
| Total | $ | 676,145 | | | $ | 15,390,888 | | | $ | 4,847,160 | | | $ | 8,106,031 | | | $ | 671,618 | | | $ | 4,953,960 | | | $ | 961,628 | | | $ | 1,637,642 | | | $ | 8,862,867 | |
| December 31, 2020 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Insurance | $ | 467,871 | | | $ | 10,977,674 | | | $ | 3,660,758 | | | $ | 6,067,669 | | | $ | 375,554 | | | $ | 3,939,759 | | | $ | 734,062 | | | $ | 1,137,002 | | | $ | 6,347,101 | |
| Reinsurance & Monoline Excess | 88,297 | | | 2,806,756 | | | 412,433 | | | 863,174 | | | 146,029 | | | 528,947 | | | 170,893 | | | 103,775 | | | 915,336 | |
| Corporate, other and eliminations | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 62,238 | | | — | | | — | | | 244,660 | | | — | |
| Total | $ | 556,168 | | | $ | 13,784,430 | | | $ | 4,073,191 | | | $ | 6,930,843 | | | $ | 583,821 | | | $ | 4,468,706 | | | $ | 904,955 | | | $ | 1,485,437 | | | $ | 7,262,437 | |
__________________________
See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
Schedule IV
W. R. Berkley Corporation and Subsidiaries
Reinsurance
Years ended December 31, 2017, 20162022, 2021 and 20152020
| | | | Premiums Written | | | | Premiums Written | |
| (In thousands, other than percentages) | Direct Amount | | Ceded to Other Companies | | Assumed from Other Companies | | Net Amount | | Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net | (In thousands, other than percentages) | Direct
Amount | | Ceded
to Other
Companies | | Assumed
from Other
Companies | | Net
Amount | | Percentage
of Amount
Assumed
to Net |
| Year ended December 31, 2017 | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Year ended December 31, 2022 | | Year ended December 31, 2022 | | | | | | | | | |
| Insurance | $ | 6,707,916 |
| | $ | 1,153,960 |
| | $ | 161,915 |
| | $ | 5,715,871 |
| | 2.8 | % | Insurance | $ | 10,363,730 | | | $ | 1,799,639 | | | $ | 220,055 | | | $ | 8,784,146 | | | 2.5 | % |
| Reinsurance | 18,113 |
| | 62,495 |
| | 589,019 |
| | 544,637 |
| | 108.1 | % | |
| Reinsurance & Monoline Excess | | Reinsurance & Monoline Excess | 331,408 | | | 105,343 | | | 993,859 | | | 1,219,924 | | | 81.5 | % |
| Total | $ | 6,726,029 |
| | $ | 1,216,455 |
| | $ | 750,934 |
| | $ | 6,260,508 |
| | 12.0 | % | Total | $ | 10,695,138 | | | $ | 1,904,982 | | | $ | 1,213,914 | | | $ | 10,004,070 | | | 12.1 | % |
| Year ended December 31, 2016 | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Year ended December 31, 2021 | | Year ended December 31, 2021 | | | | | | | | | |
| Insurance | $ | 6,634,540 |
| | $ | 1,051,887 |
| | $ | 160,967 |
| | $ | 5,743,620 |
| | 2.8 | % | Insurance | $ | 9,220,683 | | | $ | 1,727,854 | | | $ | 250,985 | | | $ | 7,743,814 | | | 3.2 | % |
| Reinsurance | 13,060 |
| | 67,901 |
| | 735,134 |
| | 680,293 |
| | 108.1 | % | |
| Reinsurance & Monoline Excess | | Reinsurance & Monoline Excess | 310,367 | | | 109,413 | | | 918,099 | | | 1,119,053 | | | 82.0 | % |
| Total | $ | 6,647,600 |
| | $ | 1,119,788 |
| | $ | 896,101 |
| | $ | 6,423,913 |
| | 13.9 | % | Total | $ | 9,531,050 | | | $ | 1,837,267 | | | $ | 1,169,084 | | | $ | 8,862,867 | | | 13.2 | % |
| Year ended December 31, 2015 | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Year ended December 31, 2020 | | Year ended December 31, 2020 | | | | | | | | | |
| Insurance | $ | 6,395,806 |
| | $ | 1,009,711 |
| | $ | 169,342 |
| | $ | 5,555,437 |
| | 3.0 | % | Insurance | $ | 7,625,981 | | | $ | 1,490,395 | | | $ | 211,515 | | | $ | 6,347,101 | | | 3.3 | % |
| Reinsurance | 16,727 |
| | 50,767 |
| | 668,118 |
| | 634,078 |
| | 105.4 | % | |
| Reinsurance & Monoline Excess | | Reinsurance & Monoline Excess | 248,069 | | | 94,815 | | | 762,082 | | | 915,336 | | | 83.3 | % |
| Total | $ | 6,412,533 |
| | $ | 1,060,478 |
| | $ | 837,460 |
| | $ | 6,189,515 |
| | 13.5 | % | Total | $ | 7,874,050 | | | $ | 1,585,210 | | | $ | 973,597 | | | $ | 7,262,437 | | | 13.4 | % |
___________________________
See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
Schedule V
W. R. Berkley Corporation and Subsidiaries
Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
Years ended December 31, 2017, 20162022, 2021 and 20152020
| | | (In thousands) | Opening Balance | | Additions- Charged to Expense | | Deduction- Amounts Written Off | | Ending Balance | (In thousands) | Opening Allowance
Balance | | Cumulative Effect Adjustment - CECL | | Additions-
Charged to
Expense | | Deduction-
Amounts
Written Off | | Ending Allowance
Balance |
| Year ended December 31, 2017 | | | | | | | | |
| Premiums and fees receivable | $ | 26,569 |
| | $ | 20,720 |
| | $ | (7,363 | ) | | $ | 39,926 |
| |
| Year ended December 31, 2022 | | Year ended December 31, 2022 | | | | | | | | | |
| Premiums, fees and other receivables | | Premiums, fees and other receivables | $ | 30,860 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 13,734 | | | $ | (7,663) | | | $ | 36,931 | |
| Due from reinsurers | 1,049 |
| | (29 | ) | | (10 | ) | | 1,010 |
| Due from reinsurers | 7,713 | | | — | | | 352 | | | (1) | | | 8,064 | |
| Deferred federal and foreign income taxes | 5,457 |
| | 12,663 |
| | (1,501 | ) | | 16,619 |
| Deferred federal and foreign income taxes | 75,230 | | | — | | | 1,046 | | | (29,110) | | | 47,166 | |
| Fixed maturity securities | | Fixed maturity securities | 22,625 | | | — | | | 15,152 | | | (311) | | | 37,466 | |
| Loan loss reserves | 3,397 |
| | (14 | ) | | — |
| | 3,383 |
| Loan loss reserves | 1,718 | | | — | | | 73 | | | — | | | 1,791 | |
| Total | $ | 36,472 |
| | $ | 33,340 |
| | $ | (8,874 | ) | | $ | 60,938 |
| Total | $ | 138,146 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 30,357 | | | $ | (37,085) | | | $ | 131,418 | |
| Year ended December 31, 2016 | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Premiums and fees receivable | $ | 22,524 |
| | $ | 10,006 |
| | $ | (5,961 | ) | | $ | 26,569 |
| |
| Year ended December 31, 2021 | | Year ended December 31, 2021 | | | | | | | |
| Premiums, fees and other receivables | | Premiums, fees and other receivables | $ | 27,855 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 10,807 | | | $ | (7,802) | | | $ | 30,860 | |
| Due from reinsurers | 1,020 |
| | 20 |
| | 9 |
| | 1,049 |
| Due from reinsurers | 7,801 | | | — | | | 334 | | | (422) | | | 7,713 | |
| Deferred federal and foreign income taxes | 4,037 |
| | 1,420 |
| | — |
| | 5,457 |
| Deferred federal and foreign income taxes | 79,488 | | | — | | | 6,011 | | | (10,269) | | | 75,230 | |
| Fixed maturity securities | | Fixed maturity securities | 2,580 | | | — | | | 21,013 | | | (968) | | | 22,625 | |
| Loan loss reserves | 2,094 |
| | 1,303 |
| | — |
| | 3,397 |
| Loan loss reserves | 5,437 | | | — | | | — | | | (3,719) | | | 1,718 | |
| Total | $ | 29,675 |
| | $ | 12,749 |
| | $ | (5,952 | ) | | $ | 36,472 |
| Total | $ | 123,161 | | | $ | — | | | $ | 38,165 | | | $ | (23,180) | | | $ | 138,146 | |
| Year ended December 31, 2015 | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Premiums and fees receivable | $ | 21,446 |
| | $ | 6,281 |
| | $ | (5,203 | ) | | $ | 22,524 |
| |
| Year ended December 31, 2020 | | Year ended December 31, 2020 | | | | | | | |
| Premiums, fees and other receivables | | Premiums, fees and other receivables | $ | 26,546 | | | $ | 1,270 | | | $ | 6,783 | | | $ | (6,744) | | | $ | 27,855 | |
| Due from reinsurers | 1,144 |
| | (24 | ) | | (100 | ) | | 1,020 |
| Due from reinsurers | 690 | | | 5,927 | | | 1,187 | | | (3) | | | 7,801 | |
| Deferred federal and foreign income taxes | 1,335 |
| | 2,702 |
| | — |
| | 4,037 |
| Deferred federal and foreign income taxes | 33,250 | | | — | | | 46,756 | | | (518) | | | 79,488 | |
| Fixed maturity securities | | Fixed maturity securities | — | | | 35,714 | | | 16,909 | | | (50,043) | | | 2,580 | |
| Loan loss reserves | 2,486 |
| | (392 | ) | | — |
| | 2,094 |
| Loan loss reserves | 2,146 | | | (357) | | | 3,648 | | | — | | | 5,437 | |
| Total | $ | 26,411 |
| | $ | 8,567 |
| | $ | (5,303 | ) | | $ | 29,675 |
| Total | $ | 62,632 | | | $ | 42,554 | | | $ | 75,283 | | | $ | (57,308) | | | $ | 123,161 | |
_______________________
See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
Schedule VI
W. R. Berkley Corporation and Subsidiaries
Supplementary Information Concerning Property-Casualty Insurance Operations
Years Ended December 31, 2017, 20162022, 2021 and 20152020
| | | (In thousands) | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | (In thousands) | 2022 | | 2021 | | 2020 |
| Deferred policy acquisition costs | $ | 507,549 |
| | $ | 537,890 |
| | $ | 513,128 |
| Deferred policy acquisition costs | $ | 763,486 | | | $ | 676,145 | | | $ | 556,168 | |
| Reserves for losses and loss expenses | 11,670,408 |
| | 11,197,195 |
| | 10,669,150 |
| Reserves for losses and loss expenses | 17,011,223 | | | 15,390,888 | | | 13,784,430 | |
| Unearned premiums | 3,290,180 |
| | 3,283,300 |
| | 3,137,133 |
| Unearned premiums | 5,297,654 | | | 4,847,160 | | | 4,073,191 | |
| Net premiums earned | 6,311,419 |
| | 6,293,348 |
| | 6,040,609 |
| Net premiums earned | 9,561,429 | | | 8,106,031 | | | 6,930,843 | |
| Net investment income | 575,788 |
| | 564,163 |
| | 512,645 |
| Net investment income | 779,185 | | | 671,618 | | | 583,821 | |
| Losses and loss expenses incurred: | | | | | | Losses and loss expenses incurred: | |
| Current year | 3,963,543 |
| | 3,826,620 |
| | 3,653,561 |
| Current year | 5,774,713 | | | 4,921,191 | | | 4,432,937 | |
| Prior years | (5,165 | ) | | (29,904 | ) | | (46,713 | ) | Prior years | 54,511 | | | 863 | | | 627 | |
| Loss reserve discount accretion | 43,970 |
| | 49,084 |
| | 49,422 |
| Loss reserve discount accretion | 32,526 | | | 31,906 | | | 35,142 | |
| Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | 1,111,489 |
| | 1,155,954 |
| | 1,102,492 |
| Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | 1,038,903 | | | 961,628 | | | 904,955 | |
| Paid losses and loss expenses | 3,589,955 |
| | 3,454,174 |
| | 3,257,015 |
| Paid losses and loss expenses | 4,347,910 | | | 3,665,694 | | | 3,598,649 | |
| Net premiums written | 6,260,508 |
| | 6,423,913 |
| | 6,189,515 |
| Net premiums written | 10,004,070 | | | 8,862,867 | | | 7,262,437 | |
___________________
See Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
