Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
10-K/A
(Mark one)
AMENDMENT NO. 1
☒
☒
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20202021
OR
☐
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission File Number
001-01342
Canadian Pacific Railway Limited
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 
Canada
98-0355078
(State or Other Jurisdiction
of
Incorporation or Organization)
(IRS Employer
Identification No.)
7550 Ogden Dale Road S.E.,
Calgary, Alberta,
Canada
T2C 4X9
CalgaryABT2C 4X9
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
(Zip Code)
Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (403)
319-7000
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class
Trading Symbol(s)
Name of Each Exchange on which Registered
Common Shares, without par value, of
Canadian Pacific Railway Limited
CP
New York Stock Exchange
Toronto Stock Exchange
Perpetual 4% Consolidated Debenture Stock
of Canadian Pacific Railway Company
CP/40
BC87
New York Stock Exchange
BC87
London Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:
Debt securities of Canadian Pacific Railway Company
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes
☒
No
Yes  þ   No o☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes
☐
No
☒
Yes  o No þ

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yesþ
☒
Noo
☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation
S-T (§
(§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yesþ
☒
Noo



☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a
non-accelerated
filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,”company” and "emerging“emerging growth company"company” in Rule
12b-2
of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer
þ
☒Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated
filer
☐
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)		Smaller reporting company☐
Smaller reporting 
company		☐
Emerging growth company☐


If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.o
☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.☑
☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule
12b-2
of the Exchange Act). Yes
☐
Noþ
☒

As of June 30, 2020,2021, the last business day of the registrant'sregistrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the voting stock held by
non-affiliates
of the registrant, in U.S. dollars, was $34,600,245,541,$51,279,545,149 based on the closing sales price per share as reported by the New York Stock Exchange on such date.

As of the close of business on February 17, 2021,April 15, 2022, there were 133,297,236929,873,437 shares of the registrant'sregistrant’s common shares outstanding.

Auditor Name: Deloitte LLP                        Auditor Location: Calgary, Canada                        Auditor Firm PCAOB ID: 1208
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Table of Contents
Not applicable.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, ("CPRL" or the "Company"), a corporation incorporated under the Canada Business Corporations Act (the “Company”), qualifies as a foreign private issuer in the U.S. for purposes of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Although as a foreign private issuer the Company is no longernot required to do so, the Company currently continues to file annual reports on Form
10-K,
quarterly reports on Form
10-Q,
and current reports on Form
8-K
with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) instead of filing the reports on forms available to foreign private issuers.

CPRL The Company prepares and files a management informationproxy circular and related material under Canadian requirements. As the Company’s management informationproxy circular is not filed pursuant to Regulation 14A, the Company may not incorporate by reference information required by Part III of thisits Form
10-K
from its management informationproxy circular. Accordingly, in
The Company filed its Annual Report on Form
10-K
for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 (“2021 Form
10-K”)
on February 23, 2022. In reliance upon and as permitted by Instruction G(3) to Form
10-K,
the Company will beis filing an amendmentthis Amendment No. 1 on Form
10-K/A
in order to thisinclude in the 2021 Form
10-K containing
the Part III information no later than 120 daysnot previously included in the 2021 Form
10-K.
No attempt has been made in this Amendment No. 1 on Form
10-K/A
to modify or update the other disclosures presented in the 2021 Form
10-K.
This Amendment No. 1 on Form
10-K/A
does not reflect events occurring after the endfiling of the fiscal year covered by2021 Form
10-K.
Accordingly, this Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-K.
10-K/A
should be read in conjunction with the 2021 Form
10-K
and the Company’s other filings with the SEC.
In this Amendment No. 1 on Form
10-K/A,
we also refer to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited as “Canadian Pacific,” “CP,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “our corporation,” or “the corporation.” References to “GAAP” mean generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.
All references to our websites and to our Canadian management proxy circular filed with the SEC on March 28, 2022 as Exhibit 99.1 to our Current Report on Form
8-K
(the “Circular”) contained herein do not constitute incorporation by reference of information contained on such websites and the Circular and such information should not be considered part of this document.



Table of Contents
1CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT
CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY LIMITED
FORM
10-K/A
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART III
Item 10
Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
1
Item 11
Executive Compensation
8
Item 12
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters55
Item 13
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence57
Item 14
Principal Accounting Fees and Services
58
PART IV
Item 15
Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedule59
Item 16
Form 10-K Summary59
Signatures60


Table of Contents
CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY LIMITED
PART III
FORM 10-K TABLE OF CONTENTS
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
         Directors
All of the individuals nominated for election to the Board are current directors and were elected at the last annual and special meeting of shareholders on April 21, 2021.
The nominated directors are qualified and experienced, possessing a broad range of skills that facilitate strong oversight of CP’s management and strategy and have agreed to serve on our Board.
Share Ownership
All directors are CP shareholders and must meet our director share ownership requirements within five years of joining the Board.
Share ownership listed here is as of February 28, 2022 and includes shares directors beneficially own or control, or hold directly or indirectly. Share ownership includes holdings under the Directors’ Deferred Share Unit (DDSU) plan.
See page 55 for full details on share ownership by our directors.


















2021 Overall Attendance
The 2022 nominee directors attended all of their Board and Committee meetings in 2021.
Senior Executive Leadership Experience
    
All of the nominee directors have senior executive leadership experience.
Professional Affiliations
All of the 2022 nominee directors are members of the Institute of Corporate Directors (ICD).
Isabelle Courville
Chair
Independent
Age:
59
Director since:
May 1, 2013
Residence:
Rosemère, Québec, Canada
2021 voting results:
99.52%
for
DIRECTOR SKILLS AND QUALIFICATIONS
Brings experience in the following areas: senior executive leadership, accounting & financial literacy, accounting & financial expertise, environment, health & safety, executive compensation/human resources, transportation industry knowledge, governance, government/regulatory affairs and legal, risk management, sales & marketing, and strategic oversight.
CURRENT PUBLIC COMPANY BOARD EXPERIENCE
SNC-Lavalin
Group Inc.
(2017 to present)
•Chair of Human Resources Committee
•Member of Governance and Ethics Committee
Veolia Environment S.A.
(2015 to present)
•Chair Research, Innovation and Sustainable Development Committee
•Member of Accounts and Audit Committee and the Nominations Committee
OVERALL 2021 ATTENDANCE
100%
Meeting Attendance
(1)
Board14 of 14100%
Audit and Finance5 of 5100%
Governance3 of 3100%
Compensation3 of 3100%
Risk and Sustainability3 of 3100%
BUSINESS EXPERIENCE
President of
Hydro-Québec
Distribution and
Hydro-Québec
TransÉnergie (2007 to 2013)
20 years of experience in the Canadian telecommunications industry, including President of Bell Canada’s Enterprise Group (2003 to 2006) and President and Chief Executive Officer of Bell Nordiq Group (2002 to 2003)
PAST PUBLIC COMPANY BOARD EXPERIENCE
Laurentian Bank of Canada (2007 to 2019) (Chair of the Board and member of Human Resources and Corporate Governance Committee)
Gecina S.A. (2016 to April 2017) (member of Audit Committee)
TVA Group (2013 to 2016) (member of Human Resources Committee)
OTHER EXPERIENCE
Other Boards - Current
Institute for Governance of Private and Public Organizations (IGOPP) (2016 to present) (member of Human Resources Committee)
Other Boards - Past
Institute of Corporate Directors (ICD) (2013 to 2017)
EDUCATION
Bachelor’s degree in Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal
Bachelor’s degree in Civil Law, McGill University
Doctorate Honoris Causa, Université de Montréal
Fellow of the Institute of Corporate Directors
SHARE OWNERSHIP
Shares: 4,500
DDSUs: 56,719
Meets share ownership requirements
(1) 
Ms. Courville is an ex-officio member of all standing committees and may attend committee meetings at her discretion.
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The Hon. John Baird, P.C.
Independent
Age:
52
Director since:
May 14, 2015
Residence:
Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
2021 voting results:
99.40%
for
DIRECTOR SKILLS AND QUALIFICATIONS
Brings experience in the following areas: senior executive leadership, accounting & financial literacy, environment, health & safety, transportation industry knowledge, governance, government/regulatory affairs and legal, risk management, and strategic oversight.
CURRENT PUBLIC COMPANY BOARD EXPERIENCE
Osisko Gold Royalties Ltd
. (2020 to present)
•Chair of Governance and Nomination Committee
•Member of Environmental and Sustainability Committee
Canfor/Canfor Pulp (CPPI)
(2016 to present)
•Chair of the Board
OVERALL 2021 ATTENDANCE
100%
Meeting Attendance
Board14 of 14100%
Governance3 of 3100%
Risk and Sustainability3 of 3100%
BUSINESS EXPERIENCE
Senior Advisor at the law firm of Bennett Jones LLP and Eurasia Group (a geopolitical risk consultancy) (2015 to present)
Member of the International Advisory Board, Barrick Gold Corporation (2015 to present)
OTHER EXPERIENCE
Other Boards - Current
FWD Group Ltd./FWD Ltd. (2015 to present) (member of Audit Committee and Risk Management and Actuarial Committee)
PineBridge Investments (2015 to present)
Other experience
Served as Canadian Foreign Minister, Minister of Transport and Infrastructure, Minister of the Environment, and President of the Treasury Board during his three terms as a Member of the Canadian Parliament (2006 to 2015)
Appointed to the Privy Council in 2006
Former Minister of Community and Social Services and Minister of Energy in Ontario provincial legislature
Senior Advisor to Community Living Ontario, an organization that supports individuals with developmental disabilities
Advisory Board member to Prince’s Charities Canada, the charitable office of His Royal Highness, The Prince of Wales
EDUCATION
Honours Bachelor of Arts (Political Studies), Queen’s University
SHARE OWNERSHIP
Shares: 0
DDSUs: 33,603
Meets share ownership requirements
Keith E. Creel
Not Independent
Age:
53
Director since:
May 14, 2015
Residence:
Wellington,
Florida, U.S.A.
2021 voting results:
99.78%
for
DIRECTOR SKILLS AND QUALIFICATIONS
President and Chief Executive Officer of CP since January 31, 2017. Brings experience in the following areas: senior executive leadership, accounting & financial literacy, environment, health & safety, executive compensation/human resources, transportation industry knowledge, governance, government/regulatory affairs and legal, risk management, sales & marketing and strategic oversight.
OVERALL 2021 ATTENDANCE
100%
Meeting Attendance
Board14 of 14100%
BUSINESS EXPERIENCE
President and Chief Executive Officer of CP (2017 to present)
President and Chief Operating Officer of CP (February 2013 to January 2017)
Executive Vice-President and Chief Operating Officer of Canadian National Railway Company (CN) (2010 to 2013)
Other positions at CN included Executive Vice-President, Operations, Senior Vice-President Eastern Region, Senior Vice-President Western Region, and Vice-President of CN’s Prairie division (2002 to 2010)
Superintendent and general manager at Grand Trunk Western Railroad (1999 to 2002)
Trainmaster and director of corridor operations at Illinois Central Railway prior to its merger with CN in 1999
Began his railroad career in 1992 as an intermodal ramp manager at Burlington Northern Railway in Birmingham, Alabama
INDUSTRY RECOGNITIONS
Named “2021 CEO of the Year and Strategist of the Year” by The Globe and Mail’s Report on Business magazine
Named “Railroader of the Year” for 2022 & 2021 by Railway Age magazine
Named “Railroad Innovator” for 2014 by Progressive Railroading in recognition of his leadership at CP
OTHER EXPERIENCE
Other Boards - Current
Member of the Board of TTX Company (a private company) (2014 to present)
Representative on American Association of Railroads
Other experience
Commissioned officer in the U.S. Army and served in the Persian Gulf War in Saudi Arabia
EDUCATION
Bachelor of Science in Marketing, Jacksonville State University
Advanced Management Program, Harvard Business School
SHARE OWNERSHIP
Shares: 72,960
DSUs: 162,447
Options: 3,474,287
Meets executive share ownership requirements (see page 12)
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Gillian (Jill) H. Denham
Independent
Age:
61
Director since:
September 6, 2016
Residence:
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
2021 voting results:
95.62%
for
DIRECTOR SKILLS AND QUALIFICATIONS
Brings experience in the following areas: senior executive leadership, accounting & financial literacy, executive compensation/human resources, investment management, governance, government/regulatory affairs and legal, risk management, sales & marketing and strategic oversight.
CURRENT PUBLIC COMPANY BOARD EXPERIENCE
Lifeworks Inc
. (2008 to present)
•Chair of the Board
Kinaxis Inc.
(2016 to present)
•Chair of Compensation Committee
•Member of the Audit Committee and the Nominating and Governance Committee
Canaccord Genuity
(2020 to present)
•Lead Director
OVERALL 2021 ATTENDANCE
100%
Meeting Attendance
Board14 of 14100%
Audit and Finance6 of 6100%
Compensation
(1)
1 of 1100%
Risk and Sustainability
(1)
2 of 2100%
BUSINESS EXPERIENCE
Vice-Chair, Retail Markets for Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) (2001 to 2005)
Previously held senior positions at CIBC Wood Gundy and CIBC, including: Managing Director, Head of Commercial Banking and
E-Commerce
President of Merchant Banking/Private Equity and Managing Director, Head responsible for CIBC’s European Operations
PAST PUBLIC COMPANY BOARD EXPERIENCE
National Bank of Canada (2010 to 2020)
IHS Markit Ltd. (2014 to 2016)
Penn West Petroleum Ltd. (2012 to 2016)
Calloway Real Estate Investment Trust (2011 to 2012)
OTHER EXPERIENCE
Other Boards - Past
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) (2015 to 2019)
Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan (2007 to 2010)
EDUCATION
Honours Business Administration (HBA) degree, Ivey Business School, Western University
MBA, Harvard Business School
SHARE OWNERSHIP
Shares: 0
DDSUs: 24,499
Meets share ownership requirements
Edward R. Hamberger
Independent
Age:
71
Director since:
July 15, 2019
Residence:
Delray Beach, Florida, U.S.A
.
2021 voting results:
99.84%
for
DIRECTOR SKILLS AND QUALIFICATIONS
Brings experience in the following areas: senior executive leadership, accounting & financial literacy, environment, health & safety, executive compensation/human resources transportation industry knowledge, governance, government/regulatory affairs and legal, risk management and strategic oversight.
OVERALL 2021 ATTENDANCE
100%
Meeting Attendance
Board14 of 14100%
Audit and Finance6 of 6100%
Risk and Sustainability3 of 3100%
BUSINESS EXPERIENCE
President and Chief Executive Officer, Association of American Railroads (1998 to 2019)
Served as Assistant Secretary for governmental affairs at the U.S. Department of Transportation (1987 to 1989)
OTHER EXPERIENCE
Other Boards - Current
Transportation Institute, University of Denver (2002 to present)
Other Boards - Past
Business Advisory Committee, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University (2000 to 2019)
TTCI (Chair of the Board) (1998 to 2019)
Railinc Corporation (1998 to 2019)
Mineta Transportation Institute, San Jose State University (2005 to 2019)
Baker Donelson, Management Committee (1989 to 1998)
EDUCATION
Juris Doctor, Georgetown University
Master of Science, Foreign Service, Georgetown University
Bachelor of Science, Foreign Service, Georgetown University
SHARE OWNERSHIP
Shares: 0
DDSUs: 8,587
Has until July 2025 to meet share ownership requirements
(1) 
Ms. Denham moved from the Risk and Sustainability Committee to the Management Resources and Compensation Committee on September 29, 2021.
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Matthew H. Paull
Independent
Age:
70
Director since:
January 26, 2016
Residence:
Wilmette, Illinois, U.S.A.
2021 voting results:
99.43%
for
DIRECTOR SKILLS AND QUALIFICATIONS
Brings experience in the following areas: senior executive leadership, accounting & financial literacy, accounting & financial expertise, executive compensation/human resources, investment management, governance, government/regulatory affairs and legal, risk management and strategic oversight.
CURRENT PUBLIC COMPANY BOARD EXPERIENCE
Air Products
 & Chemicals Corporation
(2013 to Present)
•Chair of Audit and Finance Committee
•Member of Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee and Executive Committee
OVERALL 2021 ATTENDANCE
100%
Meeting Attendance
Board
14 of 14100%
Compensation (Chair)
3 of 3100%
Risk and Sustainability
3 of 3100%
BUSINESS EXPERIENCE
Senior Executive Vice-President and Chief Financial Officer of McDonald’s Corporation (2001 until his retirement in 2008)
Before joining McDonald’s in 1993, was a partner at Ernst & Young where he managed a variety of financial practices during his
18-year
career and consulted with many leading multinational corporations
PAST PUBLIC COMPANY BOARD EXPERIENCE
Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc. (2016 to 2020) (member of Compensation Committee)
Best Buy Co. (2003 to 2013) (Lead independent director and chair of Finance Committee)
WMS Industries Inc. (2012 to 2013)
KapStone Paper and Packaging Corporation (2010 to 2018)
OTHER EXPERIENCE
Other Boards - Current
Pershing Square Capital Management, L.P. (2008 to present) (member of Advisory Board)
EDUCATION
Master’s degree in Accounting, University of Illinois
Bachelor’s degree, University of Illinois
SHARE OWNERSHIP
Shares: 15,190
DDSUs: 36,713
Meets share ownership requirements
Jane L. Peverett
Independent
Age:
63
Director since:
December 13, 2016
Residence:
West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
2021 voting results:
98.78%
for
DIRECTOR SKILLS AND QUALIFICATIONS
Brings experience in the following areas: senior executive leadership, accounting & financial literacy, accounting & financial expertise, environment, health & safety, executive compensation/human resources, governance, government/regulatory affairs and legal, risk management and strategic oversight.
CURRENT PUBLIC COMPANY BOARD EXPERIENCE
CIBC
(2009 to present)
•Chair of the Corporate Governance Committee
•Member of Audit Committee
Northwest Natural Gas Company
(2007 to present)
•Chair of Audit Committee
•Member of Governance, Organization and Executive Compensation Committee
Capital Power Corporation
(2019 to present)
•Member of People, Culture and Governance Committee and the Health, Safety and Environment Committee
OVERALL 2021 ATTENDANCE
100%
Meeting Attendance
Board
14 of 14100%
Audit and Finance (Chair)
6 of 6100%
Governance
3 of 3100%
BUSINESS EXPERIENCE
President & Chief Executive Officer of BC Transmission Corporation (electrical transmission) (2005 to 2009)
Vice-President, Corporate Services and Chief Financial Officer of BC Transmission Corporation (2003 to 2005)
President of Union Gas Limited (a natural gas storage, transmission and distribution company) (2002 to 2003)
Other positions at Union Gas Limited: President & Chief Executive Officer (2001 to 2002); Senior Vice-President Sales & Marketing (2000 to 2001) and Chief Financial Officer (1999 to 2000)
PAST PUBLIC COMPANY BOARD EXPERIENCE
Encana Corp. (2003 to 2017)
Postmedia Network Canada Corp. (2013 to 2016)
Hydro One Limited (2015 to 2018)
OTHER EXPERIENCE
Other Boards - Current
CSA Group (2019 to present) (Chair of the Board)
British Columbia Institute of Corporate Directors Advisory Board
EDUCATION
Bachelor of Commerce degree, McMaster University
Master of Business Administration degree, Queen’s University
Certified Management Accountant
A Fellow of the Society of Management Accountants
Holds the ICD.D designation from the Institute of Corporate Directors
SHARE OWNERSHIP
Shares: 0
DDSUs: 25,759
Meets share ownership requirements
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Andrea Robertson
Independent
Age:
58
Director since:
July 15, 2019
Residence:
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
2021 voting results:
99.79%
for
DIRECTOR SKILLS AND QUALIFICATIONS
Brings experience in the following areas: senior executive leadership, accounting & financial literacy, environment, health & safety, executive compensation/human resources, transportation industry knowledge, governance, government/regulatory affairs and legal, risk management, and strategic oversight.
OVERALL 2021 ATTENDANCE
100%
Meeting Attendance
Board
14 of 14100%
Governance
(1)
2 of 2100%
Compensation
3 of 3100%
BUSINESS EXPERIENCE
President & Chief Executive Officer, Shock Trauma Air Rescue Service (STARS) (2012 to present)
President & Chief Operating Officer, STARS (2011 to 2012)
OTHER EXPERIENCE
Other Boards - Current
The Calgary Airport Authority (2017 to present)
University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry (2021 to present)
Other Boards - Past
Bow Valley College (2015 to 2018)
United Way (2007 to 2013)
EDUCATION
Executive Leadership, Harvard University
ICD.D Rotman School of Business
Masters in Health-Care Administration, Central Michigan University
Baccalaureate of Nursing, University of Calgary
Executive Fellowship, Wharton University
SHARE OWNERSHIP
Shares: 0
DDSUs: 8,563
Has until July 2025 to meet share ownership requirements
Gordon T. Trafton
Independent
Age:
68
Director since:
January 1, 2017
Residence:
Naperville, Illinois, U.S.A.
2021 voting results:
99.82%
for
DIRECTOR SKILLS AND QUALIFICATIONS
Brings experience in the following areas: senior executive leadership, accounting & financial literacy, environment, health & safety, executive compensation/human resources, transportation industry knowledge, governance, government/regulatory affairs and legal, risk management, sales & marketing and strategic oversight.
OVERALL 2021 ATTENDANCE
100%
Meeting Attendance
Board
14 of 14100%
Governance
3 of 3100%
Risk and Sustainability (Chair)
3 of 3100%
BUSINESS EXPERIENCE
Consultant, Brigadier Consulting (2014 to 2015)
Consultant, CP (2013)
Special Advisor to the Canadian National Railway (CN) leadership team (2009 to his retirement in 2010)
Senior Vice-President Strategic Acquisitions and Integration, CN (2009 to 2010)
Senior Vice-President, Southern Region, CN (2003 to 2009)
Vice-President, Operations Integration, CN (2001 to 2003)
Vice-President, Transportation and IT Services, Illinois Central Railroad (1999 to 2001)
Held a number of leadership positions with Illinois Central Railroad and Burlington Northern Railroad
OTHER EXPERIENCE
Other Boards - Current
Leeds School of Business Advisory Board, University of Colorado Boulder (2012 to present)
Sacred Cow Consulting, Inc., Advisory Board (2020 to present)
EDUCATION
Bachelor of Science, Transportation Management from the Leeds School of Business, University of Colorado Boulder
SHARE OWNERSHIP
Shares: 0
DDSUs: 25,550
Meets share ownership requirements
(1) 
Ms. Robertson moved from the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Social Responsibility Committee to the KCS Acquisition and Integration Committee on September 29, 2021.
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Notes:
Other than as disclosed below, none of the nominated directors is, or has been in the last 10 years:
(a)  a director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer of a company that:
•  was subject to a cease trade or similar order or an order that denied the issuer access to any exemptions under securities legislation for over 30 consecutive days, that was issued while the proposed director was acting in that capacity, or
•  was subject to a cease trade or similar order or an order that denied the issuer access to an exemption under securities legislation for over 30 consecutive days, that was issued after the proposed director ceased to be a director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer and which resulted from an event that occurred while that person was acting in that capacity
(b) a director or executive officer of a company that, while that proposed director was acting in that capacity, or within a year of that person ceasing to act in that capacity, became bankrupt, made a proposal under any legislation relating to bankruptcy or insolvency or was subject to or instituted any proceedings, arrangement or compromise with creditors or had a receiver, receiver manager or trustee appointed to hold its assets,
(c)  become bankrupt, made a proposal under any legislation relating to bankruptcy or insolvency, or become subject to or instituted any proceedings, arrangement or compromise with creditors, or had a receiver, receiver manager or trustee appointed to hold their assets, or
(d) subject to any penalties or sanctions imposed by a court relating to securities legislation or by a securities regulatory authority or has entered into a settlement agreement with a securities commission.
Ms. Denham served as a director of Penn West Petroleum Ltd. (now Obsidian Energy Ltd.) from June 2012 to June 2016, which was subject to cease trade orders on its securities following the July 2014 announcement of the review of its accounting practices and restatement of certain of its financial statements. Those cease trade orders ended on September 23, 2014.
Ms. Peverett was a director of Postmedia Network Canada Corp. (Postmedia) from April 2013 to January 2016. On October 5, 2016, Postmedia completed a recapitalization transaction under a court-approved plan of arrangement under the CBCA. Approximately US$268.6 million of debt was exchanged for shares that represented approximately 98% of the outstanding shares of Postmedia at that time. Postmedia repaid, extended and amended the terms of its outstanding debt obligations.
Additional information about current directors not standing for election
On January 28, 2022, Ed Monser, who had served as a director since December 2018, informed the Board that he would not be standing for
re-election
at the Meeting. On February 17, 2022, Rebecca MacDonald who had served as a director since May 2012, informed CP that she would not be standing for
re-election
at the Meeting. Both Mr. Monser and Ms. MacDonald will continue to serve as members of the Board until the 2022 Meeting, when their current terms will expire.
Executive Officers
The information regarding executive officers is included in Part I of our 2021 Form
10-K
under Information about our Executive Officers, following Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Code of business ethics and business ethics reporting policy
Our code of business ethics (the Code) sets out our expectations for conduct. It covers confidentiality, protecting our assets, avoiding conflicts of interest, fair dealing with third parties, compliance with applicable laws, rules and regulations, as well as reporting any illegal or unethical behaviour, among other things. The Code applies to everyone at CP and our subsidiaries: directors, officers, employees (unionized and
non-unionized)
and contractors who do work for us.
Directors, officers and
non-union
employees must sign an acknowledgment every year that they have read, understood and agree to comply with the Code. Unionized employees are provided with a copy of the Code every three years. Unionized employees were mailed a copy of the Code in late 2019 and will receive the Code again in late 2022. Directors must also confirm annually that they have complied with the Code. The Code is part of the terms and conditions of employment for
non-union
employees, and contractors must agree to follow principles of standards of business conduct consistent with those set out in our Code as part of the terms of engagement.
Monitoring compliance and updating the Code
The Governance Committee is responsible for monitoring compliance with the Code, reviewing it periodically and recommending changes as appropriate, and promptly disclosing any aspects of the Code that have been waived. The Audit and Finance Committee ensures compliance with the Code. For 2020/21, we modernized our code of ethics training process to enhance employee understanding of the Code.
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We also have a supplemental code of ethics for the CEO and other senior financial officers (including the CFO, the Vice-President of Financial Planning and Accounting and the Assistant Vice-President and Controller) which sets out our long-standing principles of conduct for these senior roles. We also have a business ethics reporting policy that outlines the processes CP has established for CP personnel and others to report concerns regarding conduct within CP, including questionable management and/or corporate practices, the potential violation of any applicable law, or a potential violation of the Code.
The latest version of the Code and the business ethics reporting policy is posted on our website (investor.cpr.ca/governance). Only the Board or Governance Committee (Audit and Finance Committee in the case of the CEO and senior financial officers) can waive an aspect of the Code. Any waivers are posted on our website. No waivers were requested or granted in 2021.
Corporate Governance
CP has a strong governance culture and we have adopted many leading policies and practices. As a U.S. and Canadian listed company, our corporate governance practices comply with or exceed the practices outlined by the Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA) in National Policy
58-201
Corporate Governance Guidelines
and the TSX, the SEC and the NYSE.
We regularly review our policies and practices and make changes as appropriate, so we stay at the forefront of good governance as standards and guidelines continue to evolve in Canada and the United States.
The Board and the Governance Committee are responsible for developing our approach to corporate governance. This includes annual reviews of the corporate governance principles and guidelines which were established by the Board, as well as the terms of reference for the Board and each of the four Board standing committees.
CP’s corporate governance principles and guidelines are available on our website at investor.cpr.ca/governance.
CP’s Audit and Finance Committee has been established in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) the Exchange Act and NYSE standards and CSA National Instrument
52-110—
Audit Committees
. The current members of the Audit and Finance Committee are Jane Peverett (chair), Isabelle Courville, Jill Denham, Edward Hamberger and Edward Monser, all of whom are independent. All members of the Audit and Finance Committee are ”financially literate” as required by the NYSE and applicable Canadian securities laws. Of the current Audit and Finance Committee members, Ms. Peverett, Mr. Monser and Ms. Courville have been determined to be “audit committee financial experts” as defined by the SEC.
If significant corporate governance differences between CP’s corporate governance practices and Item 303A of the NYSE arise, they will be disclosed on our website (investor.cpr.ca/governance).
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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
As a foreign private issuer in the United States, we are deemed to comply with this Item if we provide information required by Items 6.B and 6.E.2 of Form
20-F,
with more detailed information provided if otherwise made publicly available or required to be disclosed in Canada. We have provided information required by Items 6.B and 6.E.2 of Form
20-F
in the Circular. As a foreign private issuer in the U.S., we are not required to disclose executive compensation according to the requirements of Regulation
S-K
that apply to U.S. domestic issuers, and we are otherwise not required to adhere to the U.S. requirements relative to certain other proxy disclosures and requirements. Our executive compensation disclosure complies with Canadian requirements, which are, in most respects, substantially similar to the U.S. rules. We generally attempt to comply with the spirit of the U.S. proxy rules when possible and to the extent that they do not conflict, in whole or in part, with required Canadian corporate or securities requirements or disclosure.
All dollar amounts included in this Item 11 are in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise expressly stated to be in U.S. dollars.
Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation
There were no reportable interlocks or insider participation affecting the Company’s Management Resources and Compensation Committee during the year ended December 31, 2021. None of our executive officers serves as a member of the board of directors or compensation committee of any entity that has one or more executive officers serving as a member of our Board or our Management Resources and Compensation Committee.
Compensation Committee Report
The Management Resources and Compensation Committee has reviewed and discussed the Compensation Discussion and Analysis contained in this Annual Report on Form
10-K/A
with management of the Company and, based on such review and discussion, the Management Resources and Compensation Committee recommended to the Board that the information set forth under “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” below be included in the Circular and this Annual Report on Form
10-K/A.
Respectfully submitted,
Management Resources and Compensation Committee
Matthew Paull (Chair)
Isabelle Courville
Jill Denham
Rebecca MacDonald
Andrea Robertson
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COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
The Compensation Committee has reviewed and discussed the Compensation Discussion and Analysis with management. Based on its review, the Compensation Committee recommended to the Board that the Compensation Discussion and Analysis be included in the Circular and this Amendment No. 1 on Form
10-K/A.
Our executive compensation program is designed to pay for performance, and to align management’s interests with our business strategy and the interests of our shareholders. This section of this Amendment No. 1 on Form
10-K/A
provides shareholders with descriptions of our compensation programs and 2021 compensation decisions for our Named Executive Officers (NEOs), listed below.
2021 NAMED EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
Keith E. Creel
President and Chief Executive Officer
Nadeem S. Velani
Executive Vice-President and Chief Financial Officer
John K. Brooks
Executive Vice-President and Chief Marketing Officer
Mark A. Redd
Executive Vice-President Operations
Jeffrey J. Ellis
Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary
Where to find it
Compensation Discussion & Analysis
9
Our Approach to Executive Compensation
10
Compensation Governance
13
Compensation Programs18
2021 Executive Compensation
19
Named Executive Officer Profiles
31
Share Performance
39
Executive Compensation Details
40
Summary Compensation Table
40
Incentive Plan Awards43
Retirement Plans47
Termination and Change in Control50
CEO Pay Ratio51
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Our approach to executive compensation
Our executive compensation program supports our operations-focused culture, is linked to the critical metrics that drive the achievement of our strategic plan without taking on undue risk, and is designed to create long-term sustainable value for our shareholders. The key elements of our approach to executive compensation include:
competitive market pay practices to attract and retain talent
a compensation mix that is incentive-driven with a large proportion of total direct compensation that is variable or
“at-risk”
to support our pay for performance culture
compensation components paying out over multiple performance periods to link to our short and long-term business strategy
aligning management’s interests with those of our shareholders through equity-based compensation and share ownership guidelines
We have five key foundations designed to focus us on our goal of being the best railroad company in North America:
The Compensation Committee reviewed and approved changes to our executive compensation programs in 2016 for the 2017 program year in response to shareholder feedback. Since that time we have continued to monitor the effectiveness of our executive compensation programs in supporting our pay for performance philosophy and commitment to create long-term value for our shareholders. Our unwavering commitment to safety is also at the forefront of design considerations as evident in our short-term incentive plan where 20 percent of the target opportunity is based on our performance against rigorous safety goals.
Compensation mix
Attracting and retaining high performing executives is key to our long-term sustainable growth and success. Built into our compensation pay mix is a significant emphasis on incentive-driven pay where the proportion of
at-risk
pay increases by level. Executives earn more if we perform well, and less when performance is not as strong. A significant component of executive
at-risk
pay is equity-based compensation, which links directly to the value of our shares, ensuring alignment with the interest of our shareholders. We also require our executives to own CP equity and our share ownership guidelines increase by executive level (see page 12).
2021 total target direct
compensation mix
for our NEOs are
shown in the graph.
For 2021, 90 percent of
our CEO’s total target
direct compensation
and an average of
80 percent for our
other NEOs was at risk.
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Benchmarking
Our comparator group in 2021 remains the same, however with the close of the KCS transaction into voting trust on December 14, 2021, KCS has been removed from the comparator group going forward. Our comparator group consists of companies we compete with for talent. It includes Class I railroad peers as well as 11 capital-intensive Canadian companies. For certain positions within the organization, we apply a heavier weighting to Class I railroad peers; however, we consistently review alignment and compensation practices against our comparator group.
Our 2021 compensation comparator group is as follows:
Class I railroads
Capital Intensive Companies in Canada
BNSF Railway Company
Barrick Gold Corporation
Kinross Gold Corporation
Canadian National Railway CompanyBCE Inc.Rogers Communications Inc.
CSX CorporationCenovus Energy Inc.Suncor Energy Inc.
Kansas City SouthernEnbridge Inc.TC Energy Corporation
Norfolk Southern CorporationFortis Inc.TELUS Corporation
Union Pacific Corporation
Imperial Oil Limited
Compensation pays out over time
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Executives are CP shareholders
We require executives and senior management employees to own equity in the Company so they have a stake in our future success. Share ownership requirements are set as a multiple of base salary and increases by level. The ownership requirement must be achieved within five years of being appointed to their position and can be met by holding shares or deferred share units (DSUs). Notional shares in the form of performance share units (PSUs), restricted share units (RSUs), and stock options are not considered for ownership requirement. The CEO must maintain the ownership level of six times his base salary for one year after he retires or leaves CP. Once executives have met their initial shareholding requirements, they are required to maintain compliance, which is reported annually to the Compensation Committee.
Executives have the opportunity to participate in the Senior Executives’ DSU Plan (see page 49 for further plan details). DSUs are redeemed for cash after the executive retires or leaves the Company, with (i) Canadian-resident executives being entitled to elect a date of payment between the date that is six months following their departure from the Company and December 15
th
of the following calendar year, in compliance with Canadian tax rules; and (ii) U.S. resident executives being paid six months after their departure from the Company, in compliance with U.S. tax regulations.
The table below shows the ownership requirement by executive level, applicable to 105 executives and senior management employees in 2021. In support of our commitment to align executive compensation with shareholder interests and market competitive practices, the Board approved a change in share ownership requirement for the Executive Vice-President level from three times to four times annual base salary in 2021.
Executive Level
Ownership requirement 
(as a multiple of base salary) 
Our NEOs are compliant with ownership guidelines:
•  Mr. Creel, Mr. Velani, Mr. Redd and Mr. Ellis have achieved their ownership requirements.
•  Mr. Brooks is expected to meet his ownership requirement within the specified period.
 CEO
6x 
 Executive Vice-President
4x 
 Senior Vice-President
2x 
 Vice-President
1.5 to 2x 
 Senior management
1x 
Equity ownership (at February 28, 2022)
       
Executive
 
 

Requirement
(as a multiple
of salary)
 
 
 
 
 


Minimum
    ownership
value
($)
(1)
 
 

 
 
 
        Shares
($)
 
 
 
 

Deferred
    share units
($)
 

 
 
 


Total
    ownership
value
($)
(2)
 
 

 
  
 


Total 
ownership 
(as a multiple 
of salary) 
 
 
 
 
       
Keith Creel
  6x   9,142,560   8,357,306   14,497,050   22,854,356    15.00x 
       
Nadeem Velani
  4x   3,330,624   255,757   3,239,889   3,495,646    4.20x 
       
John Brooks
  4x   3,098,312   1,063,168   1,495,529   2,558,697    3.30x 
       
Mark Redd
  4x   2,996,728   1,979,420   1,466,240   3,445,660    4.60x 
       
Jeffrey Ellis
  2x   1,210,000   516,323   1,466,295   1,982,618    3.28x 
(1) 
Minimum ownership values for Mr. Creel, Mr. Brooks and Mr. Redd have been converted to Canadian dollars using an exchange rate of 1.2698.
(2) 
Total ownership values for Mr. Creel, Mr. Brooks and Mr. Redd are based on US$70.28, the closing price of our shares on the NYSE on February 28, 2022 and have been converted to Canadian dollars using an exchange rate of $1.2698. Values for Mr. Velani and Mr. Ellis are based on $89.25, the closing price of our shares on the TSX on February 28, 2022.
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Table of Contents
Compensation governance
Disciplined decision-making process
Executive compensation decisions involve management, the Compensation Committee and the Board. The Compensation Committee also receives advice and support from external consultants from time to time, including their advisor Frederic W. Cook & Co., Inc. (FW Cook). Management receives advice and support from Willis Towers Watson, external consultants.
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Qualified and experienced 2021 Compensation Committee
The Compensation Committee is responsible for our compensation philosophy, strategy and program design. The Compensation Committee consists of five independent directors. The Compensation Committee has the relevant skills, background and experience to carry out its duties. The table below shows the key skills and experience of each member:
(1) 
Ms. Denham joined the Compensation Committee on September 29, 2021.
(2) 
Mr. Monser ceased to be a member of the Compensation Committee on September 29, 2021.
Compensation Committee members also have specific human resources and compensation-related experience, including:
direct responsibility for executive compensation matters
membership on human resources committees
compensation plan design, administration, compensation decision-making, risk management and understanding the Board’s role in the oversight of these practices
understanding the principles and practices related to leadership development, talent management, succession planning and employment contracts
engagement with investors on compensation issues
financial literacy, oversight of financial analysis related to compensation plan design and practices
pension benefit oversight, investment management
recruitment of senior executives
The Compensation Committee has no interlocks or insider participation. None of the members were employed by or had any relationship with CP during 2021 requiring disclosure under Item 404 or Item 407(e)(4) of Regulation
S-K
of the Exchange Act. You can read about the background and experience of each member in the director profiles beginning on page 1.
All of the Compensation Committee members other than Mr. Paull and Ms. Denham are members of the Governance Committee. In addition, Ms. Courville and Ms. Denham are also members of the Audit and Finance Committee, and Ms. Courville, Ms. Denham and Mr. Paull are also members of the Risk and Sustainability Committee. This cross-membership provides directors with a broader perspective of risk oversight and a deeper understanding of our enterprise risks, ultimately strengthening overall risk management.
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Table of Contents
Independent advice
The Compensation Committee and management retain separate independent executive compensation advisors to provide advice on compensation-related matters and to avoid any conflicts of interest:
Compensation Committee advisor
FW Cook
Management Compensation advisor
Willis Towers Watson
•  Compensation Committee retains FW Cook to act as an independent compensation advisor, attending committee meetings (unless otherwise requested by the Committee Chair)
•  the Compensation Committee approves all compensation-related fees and work performed by FW Cook
•  management engages Willis Towers Watson to provide market survey data, analysis and advice to management related to compensation matters
The next table below shows the fees paid to FW Cook and Willis Towers Watson in 2020 and 2021 for compensation advisory services.
   
    
2021
   
2020
 
     
    
Committee advisor
   
Management advisor
   
Committee advisor
   
Management advisor
 
     
Fees
 
  
FW Cook
(1)
 
   
Willis Towers Watson
 
   
FW Cook
(1)
 
   
Willis Towers Watson
 
 
     
Executive compensation-related fees
  
$
226,608
 
  
$
88,394
 
  
$
188,473
 
  
$
67,743
 
     
Other fees
  
$
0
 
  
$
1,525,184
 
  
$
0
 
  
$
2,882,009
 
     
Total fees
  
$
226,608
 
  
$
1,613,578
 
  
$
188,473
 
  
$
2,949,752
 
(1)
FW Cook fees have been converted to Canadian dollars using the average exchange rate for 2021 of $1.2535
Fees paid
In 2021, $88,394 was paid to Willis Towers Watson for compensation advisory services provided to management. Fees paid to Willis Towers Watson for all services provided to management, including actuarial and pension consulting, corporate risk and insurance brokering services were $1,613,578. The total executive compensation fees represent 5 percent of the total fees in 2021.
Compensation risk
Effective risk management is integral to achieving our business strategies and to our long-term success. The Board believes that our executive compensation program should not increase our risk profile. The Compensation Committee is responsible for overseeing compensation risk. It reviews the executive compensation program, incentive plan design and our policies and practices to ensure they encourage the right decisions and actions to reward performance and align management interests with shareholder interests.
Incentive plan targets are linked to our corporate objectives and our corporate risk profile. The Compensation Committee believes that our approach to goal setting, establishing performance measures and targets and evaluating performance results helps mitigate risk-taking that could reward poor judgment by executives or have a negative effect on shareholder value.
Regular risk review
The Compensation Committee conducts a comprehensive compensation risk review approximately every two years to ensure that we have identified the compensation risks and have appropriate measures in place to mitigate those risks. An independent consultant assists the Compensation Committee with the review, which includes oversight of:
the targets for the short-term incentive plan (STIP) and PSU plan, anticipated payout levels and the risks associated with achieving targeted performance
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the design of the long-term incentive awards, which reward sustainable financial and operating performance
the compensation program, policies and practices to ensure alignment with our enterprise risk management practices
A detailed risk assessment of our compensation plans, programs and practices was conducted in 2019 by Willis Towers Watson. The Committee reviewed Willis Towers Watson’s findings and agreed that our compensation policies and programs did not encourage excessive risk-taking that could have material adverse effects on CP. A subsequent risk assessment was expected to be completed in 2021, however in light of the Merger Agreement between CP and KCS, and after consultation with Willis Towers Watson, management determined that a risk assessment would be more pertinent to be completed in 2022.
Managing compensation risk
We mitigate risk in three ways:
1. Plan Design
•  we use a mix of fixed and variable
(at-risk)
compensation and a significant proportion is
at-risk
pay
•  short and long-term incentive plans have specific performance measures that are closely aligned with the achievement of our business strategy and performance required to achieve results in accordance with guidance provided to the market
•  STIP payout is capped and not guaranteed, and the Compensation Committee has discretion to adjust the amount of the awards
•  the payout for the STIP is designed to reflect the stretch targets for the achievement of exceptional performance
•  the long-term incentive plan has overlapping vesting periods to address longer term risks and maintain executives’ exposure to the risks of their decision-making through unvested share-based awards
2. Policies
•  we promote an ethical culture and everyone is subject to a code of business ethics, and any violations of our code of business ethics can be reported under our business ethics reporting policy
•  we have share ownership requirements for executives and senior management so they have a stake in our future success
•  we have a disclosure and insider trading/reporting policy to protect our interests and ensure high business standards and appropriate conduct
•  our disclosure and insider trading policy contains within it, an anti-hedging policy which prohibits directors, executive officers and employees from buying financial instruments that are designed to hedge or offset a decrease in the market value of equity awards or shares or share based awards
•  our anti-pledging policy prohibits directors and senior officers from holding our shares in a margin account or otherwise pledging the securities as collateral for a loan
•  we also have a policy that prohibits employees from forward selling shares that may be delivered on the future exercise of stock options, or otherwise monetizing their option awards, other than through exercising the options and subsequently selling the shares through a public venue or the Company’s cashless exercise option
•  our clawback policy allows the Board to recoup short and long-term incentive compensation paid to a current or former senior executive if the incentive compensation was calculated on the basis of financial results that were subsequently restated or corrected in whole or in part and/or, the senior executive engaged in gross negligence, fraud or intentional misconduct that caused or contributed to the need for restatement or correction, as admitted by the senior executive or as reasonably determined by the Board, which has sole discretion to determine whether it is in our best interests to pursue reimbursement of all or part of the incentive compensation in these circumstances and the Board’s actions would be separate from actions that may be taken by law enforcement agencies, regulators or other authorities
•  DSUs held by the President and CEO, executives, and senior management are not settled for cash until at least six months after leaving the Company
•  our whistleblower policy applies to all employees and prohibits retaliation against anyone who makes a complaint acting in good faith
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3. Mitigation
    Measures
•  senior executives have a significant portion of their compensation deferred
•  we must achieve a specific threshold of operating income, otherwise no short-term incentive awards are granted
•  financial performance is verified by our external auditor (completion of annual financial statement audit) before the Board makes any decisions about short-term incentives
•  the Compensation Committee adopts principles for adjusting payout under the STIP, and provides them to the Board as part of their review of the Compensation Committee’s recommendations and performance overall
•  the Compensation Committee takes the business landscape and any external factors into account when exercising discretion and determining incentive awards
•  we regularly benchmark executive compensation against our compensation comparator group
•  safety is part of individual performance under the STIP for the President and CEO and executives in operations roles in addition to being a specific STIP measure which applies to all employees
•  all long-term incentive eligible employees are subject to
two-year
non-compete
and
non-solicit
covenants should they leave CP
•  different performance scenarios are stress-tested and back-tested to understand possible outcomes
•  we review and consider risks associated with retention-related compensation
Key policies
In addition to CP’s code of business ethics and the business ethics reporting policy, a number of other policies act to mitigate compensation risk. You can read more about ethical behaviour at CP and our code of business ethics and other policies beginning on page 6.
Clawbacks
Our clawback policy allows the Board to recoup short- and long-term incentive compensation paid to a current or former senior executive if:
the incentive compensation received was calculated based on financial results that were subsequently restated or corrected, in whole or in part; and/or
the senior executive engaged in gross negligence, fraud or intentional misconduct that caused or contributed to the need for the restatement or correction, as admitted by the senior executive or as reasonably determined by the Board.
The Board has sole discretion to determine whether it is in our best interests to pursue reimbursement of all or part of the incentive compensation and these actions would be separate from any actions by law enforcement agencies, regulators or other authorities.
Anti-hedging
Our disclosure and insider trading and reporting policy prohibits directors, executive officers and employees from buying financial instruments that are designed to hedge or offset a decrease in the market value of equity awards or shares they hold directly or indirectly.
Anti-pledging
Our anti-pledging policy prohibits directors and executive officers from holding any CP securities in a margin account or otherwise pledging the securities as collateral for a loan.
Non-compete
and
Non-solicitation
We are mindful of the demand for experienced and talented railroaders, particularly those with backgrounds in precision scheduled railroading. To manage near-term retention risk, our long-term incentive award agreements contain
non-compete,
non-solicitation
and other restrictive clauses, including
non-disclosure
restrictions.
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Table of Contents
Compensation program
Total direct compensation consists of salary, annual short-term incentive and a long-term incentive award. Executives also receive pension benefits and perquisites as part of their overall compensation.
  Element
Purpose
Risk mitigating features
Link to business and

talent strategies
Salary
Fixed cash
(see page 19)
•  competitive level of fixed pay to reflect scope of responsibilities and market data
•  reviewed annually
•  benchmarked against our comparator group to ensure market competitiveness
•  attract and retain talent
•  no automatic or guaranteed increases to promote a performance culture
Short-term
incentive
Variable cash bonus
(see page 19)
•  performance-based incentive to reward achievement of annual corporate and individual objectives to attract and retain highly qualified leaders
•  established target awards based on level of employee
•  year-end
performance is measured against predetermined, approved targets
•  actual payouts are based on the achievement of predetermined corporate and individual objectives
•  payouts range from 0% to a maximum of 200% of target awards
•  motivate high corporate and individual performance
•  performance metrics are aligned to the strategic plan and approved annually
•  align personal objectives with area of responsibility and role in achieving financial, safety and operating results
Deferred
compensation
Deferred share
units
(see page 49)
•  encourages share ownership while aligning management interests with growth in shareholder value
•  executives and senior management can elect to receive their short-term incentive and their annual PSU grant in DSUs if they have not yet met their share ownership requirement
•  company provides a 25% match of the deferral amount in DSUs
•  deferral limited to the amount required to meet the executive’s share ownership guidelines
•  helps retain key executive talent
•  matching DSUs vest after three years
•  sustained alignment of executive and shareholder interests because the value of DSUs is tied directly to our share price
•  cannot be redeemed for cash until a minimum of six months after the executive leaves CP
Long-term incentive
Performance
share units
(see page 26)
•  equity-based incentive to align with shareholder interests and focuses on three-year performance
•  accounts for 60% of an executive’s long-term incentive award
•  vest after three years
•  use predefined market and financial metrics
•  the number of units that vest is based on a performance modifier that is capped
•  no guarantee of a minimum payout
•  focuses the leadership team on achieving challenging medium-term performance goals
•  payout based on share price and company performance
•  attract and retain highly qualified leaders
Long-term incentive
Stock options
(see page 27)
•  equity-based incentive to align with long term performance and growth in share price
•  accounts for 40% of an executive’s long-term incentive award
•  vests over four years, term is seven years
•  focuses on appreciation in our share price, aligning with shareholder interests
•  only granted to senior management and executives
•  focuses the leadership team on creating sustainable long-term value
Pension
Defined
contribution and defined benefit pension plans
(see page 47)
•  pension benefit based on pay, age and service and is competitive with the market
•  supplemental plan for senior management and executives
•  balances risk management of pay packages that have a high percentage of variable pay
•  attract and retain highly qualified leaders
Perquisites
Flexible
spending
account
(see page 42)
•  market competitive benefit to support health and well-being
•  capped perquisites for the CEO and executives
•  attract and retain highly qualified leaders
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Table of Contents
2021 Executive compensation
Salary
We review salaries every year based on the executive’s performance, leadership abilities, responsibilities and experience as well as succession and retention considerations. The Compensation Committee also considers the economic outlook and competitive pay practices of the comparator group before recommending the salary increases for Board approval. The table below outlines base salaries of all NEOs set in U.S. dollars consistent with industry practice.
  Executive
  
2021  
(in USD)  
  
percent change from 2020  
  
2020
(in USD)
  Keith Creel
  1,193,513    0.0%    
1,193,513
  Nadeem Velani
  640,000    6.3%    
602,000
  John Brooks
  580,000    5.2%    
551,250
  Mark Redd
(1)
  525,000    17.6%    
446,250
  Jeffrey Ellis
(1)
  446,869    12.8%    
396,160
(1) 
Increases for Mr. Redd and Mr. Ellis were approved to progressively align their tenure, scope of responsibility and performance with the competitive market
Short-term incentive plan (STIP)
The short-term incentive award is an annual incentive that focuses executives on achieving strong financial, safety, operational and customer satisfaction results. The table below summarizes the terms of our current short-term incentive plan.
  Purpose
•  performance-based incentive to achieve predefined annual corporate and individual performance goals that are tied directly to our strategy and operational objectives
  Term
•  measure performance over a
one-year
period
  Payout
•  corporate performance is assessed against financial, safety and operational measures
•  individual performance is assessed based on individual performance objectives
•  awards are
pro-rated
for eligibility in calendar performance year and can range from 0 to 200 percent of base salary
•  cash awards are paid out in February following the performance year
  Restrictions
•  must meet minimum level of corporate and individual performance
•  must achieve corporate operating income hurdle for any payout on individual or corporate performance to occur
•  performance modifier for each metric is capped at 2x target for exceptional performance
•  actual award is capped as a maximum of 200 percent of target award to limit payout and excessive risk-taking
The table below outlines the target STIP opportunities for our NEOs:
 
Our STIP target is based on a
percentage of base salary and
reviewed annually for market
competitiveness.
 
Our 2021 market review
resultedin STIP adjustments
for Mr. Velani, Mr. Brooks,
Mr. Redd and Mr. Ellis to
maintain their target total
direct compensation
positioning relative to the
competitive market.
      
STIP target as a percent of base salary
   
Executive
 
Minimum
 
Target
 
Maximum
   Keith Creel 0% 125% 250%
   Nadeem Velani 0% 100% 200%
   John Brooks 0% 100% 200%
   Mark Redd 0% 90% 180%
   Jeffrey Ellis 0% 80% 160%
For executives, the STIP target is weighted at 75 percent for corporate results and 25 percent for individual performance, whereas most other employees have greater emphasis placed on individual and departmental goals with their corporate and individual performance weighted at 50 percent each. This supports our view that the annual bonus should be tied to overall corporate performance and the areas of our business that each employee can influence directly.
19
Table of Contents
We calculate each award by multiplying the executive base salary by their short-term incentive target as well as the corporate and individual performance factors as shown below:
The corporate performance factor consists of financial, operating and safety measures of varying weights that total 100 percent. The year end result of each measure is assessed against predefined targets that are set at the beginning of the year (see page 22 for a complete review of the targets and results for the 2021 STIP).
The individual performance factor is based on the executive’s performance against annual objectives and additional predefined quantitative and qualitative goals that reflect the strategic and operational priorities critical to each executive’s role, including operational management, safety, financial and other objectives such as customer satisfaction.
2021 STIP awards
The table below shows the calculation of the 2021 STIP awarded to each NEO. The salaries of Mr. Creel, Mr. Brooks and Mr. Redd have been converted to Canadian dollars using an average exchange rate of $1.2535 for 2021.
(1)
Mr. Brooks and Mr. Redd elected to defer a portion of their 2021 STIP award to DSUs.
20
Table of Contents
Assessing individual performance
Individual performance objectives are set at the start of every financial year. The individual performance factor ranges from 0 to 200 percent.
PART IPage
Item 1.
  Executive
Business
3
2021 individual performance factor  
The individual performance factor
for the CEO cannot exceed the
STIP corporate performance factor.
This ensures the payout factor
for the CEO aligns with
CP’s overall performance.
Item 1A.  Keith CreelRisk Factors
21
125%
Item 1B.  Nadeem VelaniUnresolved Staff Comments
24
175%
Item 2.  John BrooksProperties
25
175%
Item 3.  Mark ReddLegal Proceedings
29
175%
Item 4.  Jeffrey EllisMine Safety Disclosures
29
                                                            175%
Information about our Executive Officers
30
The Compensation Committee sets the individual performance factor for the CEO. The
CEO reviews the performance of his direct reports against their objectives, and recommends their individual performance factors to the Compensation Committee.
PART II
Item 5.Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
33
Item 6.Selected Financial Data
35
Item 7.Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
36
Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
76
Item 8.Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
77
Item 9.Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
123
Item 9A.Controls and Procedures
123
Item 9B.Other Information
125
PART III
Item 10.Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
127
Item 11.Executive Compensation
127
Item 12.Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
127
Item 13.Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
127
Item 14.Principal Accounting Fees and Services
127
PART IV
Item 15.Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedule
129
Item 16.Form 10-K Summary
135
Signatures
136

See the profiles beginning on page 31 to read about each executive’s individual performance in 2021.

21

CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT2
PART I

Table of Contents

Assessing corporate performance
In 2021, we demonstrated resiliency and tenacity to deliver strong results in one of the most challenging operating years we have faced. By relying on our precision scheduled railroading operating model and with a dedication to safety, we overcame network outages in British Columbia and extreme cold temperatures to achieve a 4 percent increase in 2021 revenue to $8.0 billion from $7.7 billion in 2020 and a 17 percent decrease year over year in
FRA-reportable
personal injuries frequency to a
record-low
0.92 from the previous
record-low
of 1.11 in 2020. Our adjusted diluted earnings per share
(1)
increased to $3.76, from $3.53 in 2020, while our adjusted operating ratio
(1)
was 57.6 percent, a 50 basis point increase from 57.1 percent.
In spite of the adversity we faced in 2021, we ended the year with a historic milestone in our journey to create the first single-line rail network linking the U.S., Mexico and Canada, with the KCS transaction closing into voting trust on December 14, 2021. This transaction represents tremendous growth opportunities for our Company to continue to create long-term shareholder value by expanding the market reach for CP and KCS customers, providing new competitive transportation options, and supporting the North American economy.
2021 Scorecard results
The table below shows the 2021 scorecard and results. The targets were set with stretch goals to motivate strong performance and create shareholder value as we continue to focus on our multi-year plan and remain a leader in safety.
The Board sets a corporate hurdle for operating income at $2 billion. There is no payout if we do not achieve that corporate hurdle. If we achieve the hurdle but corporate performance is below threshold for all measures, then only the individual performance factor is used to calculate the awards. Corporate results between 50 and 200 percent of target are interpolated.
  Performance measure (Weighting)
 
 
Why the measure is
important
 
 
  Threshold  
(50%)
 
  
  Target  
(100%)
 
  
  Maximum  
(200%)
 
  
 
2021
  Reported  
Result
 
  
 
2021
STIP
  Result  
 
  
    Score    
 
 
 
 Financial measures
 
                          
 
 STIP Operating ratio (35%)
 Operating expenses divided by total  revenues  based on an assumed fuel  price and foreign  exchange rate
 
 
Continues our focus on
driving down costs while
focusing on growth strategy
  57.1%   56.8%   56.4%   57.6%
(1)
   56.3%
(2)
   200% 
 
 STIP Operating income (35%)
 
 ($ millions)
 Total revenues less total
 operating expenses based on an  assumed  foreign exchange rate
 
 
Highlights the importance of
revenue growth to our corporate strategy
  3,426   3,517   3,616   
3,389
(1)
   
3,461
(2)
   69% 
 
 Safety measures
 
                          
 
 FRA Train Accident Frequency  (10%)
 Number of
FRA-reportable
train
 accidents which meet FRA
 reporting thresholds per million
 train miles
 
 
CP has long been an industry leader in rail safety and we are more focused on it than ever, committed to protecting our people, our communities, our environment and our customers’ goods
 
  1.10   1.01   0.96   1.10   1.10   50% 
 
 FRA Personal Injury Frequency  (10%)
 Number of FRA reportable injuries  per 200,000  employee hours
 
 
As safety is our top priority, we introduced FRA Personal Injury as an additional safety metric under our STIP beginning 2020
 
  1.15   1.10   1.05   0.92   0.92   200% 
 
 Operating measure
 
                          
 
 Trip Plan Compliance (10%)
 Calculated as the number of
 shipments completed on time
 (less than 12 hours late vs. baseline
 plan), divided by the total number of  shipments  completed
 
Trip plan compliance is a detailed schedule of performance and the core of CP’s product offering. It balances between customer needs and what we are capable of delivering
 
It is critical to the service we provide customers and to our growth strategy
 
  75%   80%   85%   76%   76%   60% 
Corporate performance factor
                       
 
 
125
 
% 
 
22

Table of Contents
3CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT
(1)
Adjusted diluted EPS, Adjusted operating income and Adjusted operating ratio are
non-GAAP
measures.
Non-GAAP
measures are defined and reconciled on pages
94-104
of CP’s 2021 Form
10-K.
(2) 
The Compensation Committee may adjust the results for unusual or
non-recurring
items that are outside our normal business and do not accurately reflect our ongoing operating results or business trends and affect the comparability of our financial performance year over year. Results used under the STIP could therefore differ from our reported GAAP results. Significant items that were adjusted so that they do not impact, either favourably or unfavourably, the assumptions made when the STIP targets were planned include: foreign exchange rates, fuel price and land sales, all of which were adjusted to reflect the original assumptions made in our 2021 budget. Consequently, operating ratio and operating income were adjusted downwards and upwards, respectively compared to our reported results, increasing the bonus payment.

Compensation committee discretion
ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Company Overview
Canadian Pacific Railway Limited (“CPRL”), together with its subsidiaries (“CP” orThe Compensation Committee has developed principles for the “Company”), owns and operates a transcontinental freight railway in Canada and the United States (“U.S.”). CP provides rail and intermodal transportation services over a networkuse of approximately 13,000 miles, directly serving the principal business centres of Canada from Montréal, Québec, to Vancouver, British Columbia ("B.C."), and the U.S. Northeast and Midwest regions. CP’s railway network feeds directly into the U.S. heartlanddiscretion. Adjustments should not relieve management from the Eastconsequences of their decision-making. Adjustments should also neither reward nor penalize management for decisions on discretionary transactions, events outside their control (such as foreign exchange rates and West coasts. Agreements with other carriers extendfuel prices that are beyond the Company's market reachassumptions used in Canada, through the U.S.planning process) or transactions outside normal corporate planning and into Mexico. CP transports bulk commodities, merchandise freightbudgeting.
This means that the Compensation Committee can reduce the corporate performance factor for any executive officer, as it deems appropriate, as long as it follows the principles. The Board can also use its discretion to adjust the targets, vesting factors and intermodal traffic. For additional information regarding CP's networkpayouts up or down, following the principles set out by the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee did not exercise any discretion for short-term incentive plan and geographical locations, refer to Item 2. Properties.annual long-term incentive plan in 2021.

CPRLIn 2021, the only use of positive discretion was incorporated on June 22, 2001, under the Canada Business Corporations Act and controls and owns all of the Common Shares of Canadian Pacific Railway Company (“CPRC”), which was incorporated in 1881 by Letters Patent pursuant to an Act of the Parliament of Canada. CPRL's registered, executive and corporate head office is located at 7550 Ogden Dale Road S.E., Calgary, Alberta T2C 4X9. CPRL's Common Shares (the "Common Shares") are listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) and the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “CP”.

For purposes of this annual report, all references herein to “CP”, “the Company”, “we”, “our” and “us” refer to CPRL, CPRL and its subsidiaries, CPRL and one or more of its subsidiaries, or one or more of CPRL's subsidiaries, as the context may require. All references to currency amounts included in this annual report, including the Consolidated Financial Statements, are in Canadian dollars unless specifically noted otherwise.

Strategy
CP is continuing the journey to become the best railway in North America, with a culture of responsibility and accountability focused on five key foundations:

•Provide Service:Providing efficient and consistent transportation solutions for the Company’s customers. “Doing what we say we are going to do” is what drives CP in providing a reliable product with a lower cost operating model. Centralized planning aligned with local execution is bringing the Company closerrelated to the customerpayout and accelerating decision-making. 
•Control Costs:Controllingvesting performance factors of a 2018 special retention grant in which one NEO was impacted (Mark Redd was awarded this grant prior to him becoming an NEO). As previously disclosed in the 2021 proxy, the grant, consisting of PSUs and removing unnecessary costs fromperformance stock options (PSOs), had exceeded the organization, eliminating bureaucracydiluted EPS target and continuingmissed the revenue target by less than one percent due to identify productivity enhancements are the keys to success.
COVID-19
•Optimize Assets:Through longer and heavier trains, and improved asset utilization, the Company is moving increased volumes with fewer locomotives and cars while unlocking capacity for future growth potential. 
•Operate Safely:Each year, CP safely moves millions of carloads of freight across North America while ensuring the safety of our people and the communities through which we operate. Safety is never to be compromised. CP strives for continuous implementation of state-of-the-art safety technology, safety management systems, and safety culture with our employees to ensure safe, efficient operations across our network.
•Develop People:CP recognizes that none of the other foundations can be achieved without its people. Every CP employee is a railroader and the Company has established a culture focusedimpacts on our valuesvolumes. After a thorough review and discussion of accountability, diversityoverall company performance and pride, in everything we do. Coachingshareholder return, the Board approved the application of positive discretion. See Outstanding share-based awards and mentoring all employees into becoming leaders will continue to drive CP forward.
Starting in 2012, CP transformed its operations by investing in the network and executing a precision scheduled railroading model that lowers costs, optimizes assets, and provides better,option-based awards on page 43 for more competitive service.details.
(1)

Today, we continue to apply our long-term strategy: leverage our lower cost base, network strengths and improved service to drive sustainable, profitable growth. While the accomplishments during the turnaround were tremendous, CP’s journey to become North America’s best-performing rail carrier is far from over. As a Company, we will remain focused on our next level of service, productivity, and innovation to continue to generate sustainable value for our customers and results for our shareholders.

Business Developments
COVID-19 pandemic
The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumer demand resulted in lower volumes in the following lines of business: Energy, chemicals and plastics, Metals, minerals and consumer products, and Automotive.

As COVID-19 continued to spread throughout Canada and the United States during 2020, CP conducted business as usual, to the greatest extent possible in the circumstances, while continuing to apply the principles of precision scheduled railroading to respond to changes in demand. The Company is continuing to take a variety of measures to ensure the availability of its transportation services throughout our network, promote the safety and security of our

(1) 
Although the recommendation to exercise discretion with respect to payout and vesting performance factors were made following the conclusion of the performance period ending December 31, 2020, the July 2018 special retention grants did not vest until July 20, 2021 and were settled based on the average closing price per share on the applicable stock exchange during the immediately preceding 30 days prior to July 20, 2021.

CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT4
employees, and support the communities in which we operate. Certain modifications the Company has made in response to the COVID-19 pandemic include but are not limited to: implementing periods of working at home for certain office employees; restricting employee business travel; implementing post-travel employee screening; strengthening clean workplace practices; reinforcing socially responsible sick leave recommendations; limiting visitor and third-party access to Company facilities; launching internal COVID-19 resources for employees; creating a pandemic response team comprised of employees and members of senior management; and encouraging telephonic and video conference-based meetings along with other hygiene and social distancing practices recommended by health authorities including Health Canada, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the World Health Organization. CP supported employees by working with labour unions to shorten recall times to be prepared for demand increases while supplementing employment insurance payments and maintaining health benefit coverage for employees during that period. CP also awarded a bonus for our frontline employees who worked or were laid off in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. CP is responding to this crisis through measures designed to protect our workforce and prevent disruptions to the central role the Company's operations provide to the North American economy. CP's service is deemed essential as part of the transportation industry. We believe that we remain well positioned to adjust to market conditions to assist our customers as they work to manage their supply chain and inventories.

Preventative measures that serve to minimize the risk of exposure to COVID-19 remain in effect, including modifying our workspace to implement physical distancing measures, and continuously reevaluating our efforts with safety as a top priority.

In addition to the above, we have also observed many other companies, including companies in our industry, taking precautionary and preemptive actions to address the COVID-19 pandemic, and companies may take further actions that alter their normal business operations. We will continue to actively monitor the situation and may take further actions that could materially alter our business operations as may be required or recommended by federal, provincial, state or local authorities, or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers, shareholders, partners, suppliers, and other stakeholders.

Additional information concerning the impact COVID-19 may have to our future business and results of operations is provided in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Other current business developments
On January 27, 2021, CP announced its Board of Directors will seek shareholder and regulatory approval for the implementation of a five-for-one share split of CP's issued and outstanding common shares. The share split is subject to the approval of shareholders at the Annual and Special Meeting of Shareholders scheduled to be held on April 21, 2021 and to the requirements of the Toronto Stock Exchange ("TSX") and New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE"). CP also announced a normal course issuer bid ("NCIB") commencing January 29, 2021, to purchase up to 3.33 million Common Shares in the open market for cancellation before January 28, 2022.

On December 22, 2020, CP acquired full ownership of the Detroit River Tunnel Partnership ("DRTP"), which owns a 1.6-mile rail tunnel linking Windsor, Ontario, and Detroit, Michigan. The purchase price for the transaction was approximately $398 million, net of cash acquired. CP previously owned a 16.5 percent interest in the partnership and was its designated operator. The acquisition will reduce CP’s operating costs related to movements through the tunnel while further integrating the eastern part of our network. For additional information regarding this acquisition, refer to Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 10 Business combination.

In the fourth quarter of 2020, CP announced its plan to develop North America's first line-haul hydrogen-powered locomotive. CP's Hydrogen Locomotive Program will retrofit a line-haul locomotive with hydrogen fuel cells and battery technology to drive the locomotive's electric traction motors. Once operational, CP will conduct rail service trials and qualification testing to evaluate the technology's readiness for the freight-rail sector. The work builds on CP's prior experience with testing low-emitting locomotive technologies, including biofuels, compressed natural gas and battery-powered solutions. This project aligns with CP's focus on finding innovative solutions to support a sustainable future.

In the fourth quarter of 2020, CP received a leadership level score of A- from CDP for its 2020 climate change disclosure. This accomplishment represented a significant milestone in CP's journey to integrate climate-related risks and opportunities into the company's sustainability programs and reporting practices. CDP is an internationally recognized non-profit organization that runs a global environmental disclosure platform assessing companies on their climate-related performance and transparency.

In the fourth quarter of 2020, CP was added to the 2020 Dow Jones Sustainability Index North America. The index measures corporate sustainability leaders' performance through a comprehensive assessment of economic, environmental and social criteria. The top companies were selected from a record number of participants.

In the third quarter of 2020, CP released its first public statement on climate change, acknowledging the effects of rising global temperatures and our commitment to ongoing efforts to mitigate the impacts. The statement supports the goals of the Paris Agreement and the Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change, which seek to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. In support of this initiative, we plan to establish a science-based emissions reduction target to guide our climate action.


23

5CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

On July 21, 2020, CP increased its quarterly dividend to $0.95 per share on the outstanding Common Shares, from $0.83 per share from the prior quarter.

In the second quarter of 2020, CP completed its previously announced acquisition of Central Maine and Québec Railway U.S. Inc. ("CMQ U.S."). Together with the December 30, 2019 completion of the acquisition of Central Maine & Québec Railway Canada Inc. ("CMQ Canada"), the acquisition of CMQ U.S. completed CP's purchase of the entire Central Maine & Québec Railway ("CMQ") network originally announced on November 20, 2019, for approximately $174 million (U.S. $133 million). CMQ U.S. and CMQ Canada will continue to operate in the U.S. and in Canada respectively as subsidiaries of CP. CMQ owns rail lines primarily in Québec and Maine, stretching approximately 481 miles, and primarily moving forest products, refined petroleum products, chemicals and plastics. This acquisition provides CP with strategic access into the U.S. Northeast and Atlantic Canada. The transaction provides CP customers with seamless, safe and efficient access to ports at Searsport, Maine, and to Saint John, New Brunswick, via Eastern Maine Railway Company and New Brunswick Southern Railway. With the CMQ acquisition, CP is now a 13,000-mile rail network connecting the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast across six Canadian provinces and 11 U.S. states. For additional information regarding this acquisition, refer to Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 10 Business combination.

On April 21, 2020, the Company held its annual meeting of shareholders, which was conducted via a virtual only format by live webcast online for the first time. All 11 director nominees were elected.

Prior Developments
On December 17, 2019, the Company announced an NCIB, commencing December 20, 2019, to purchase up to 4.80 million Common Shares in the open market for cancellation before December 19, 2020.

During the first quarter of 2019, the Company experienced severe winter operating conditions and an increase in the frequency and severity of casualty incidents and derailments. As a result, the Company incurred significant costs to manage severe weather conditions, as well as direct casualty costs, and higher operating costs. During this period and the subsequent network recovery the Company also experienced losses and deferrals of potential revenues.

Operations
The Company operates in only one operating segment: rail transportation. Although the Company provides a breakdown of revenue by business line, the overall financial and operational performance of the Company is analyzed as one segment due to the integrated nature of the rail network. Additional information regarding the Company's business and operations, including revenue and financial information, and information by geographic location is presented in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 27 Segmented and geographic information.



Table of Contents
CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT6
Long-term incentive plan (LTIP)
Lines
Our long-term incentive awards focus executives on medium and longer term performance to create sustainable shareholder value.
The table below summarizes the terms of Businessour current long-term incentive plans.
The Company transports bulk commodities, merchandise freight, and intermodal traffic. Bulk commodities, which typically move in large volumes across long distances, include Grain, Coal, Potash, and Fertilizers and sulphur. Merchandise freight consists of industrial and consumer products, such as Energy, chemicals and plastics, Metals, minerals and consumer products, Forest products, and Automotive. Intermodal traffic consists largely of retail goods in overseas containers that can be transported by train, ship and truck, and in domestic containers and trailers that can be moved by train and truck.

The Company’s revenues are primarily derived from transporting freight. The following chart shows the Company's Freight revenue by each line of business in 2020, 2019 and 2018:                                    

cp-20201231_g1.jpg
2020 Freight Revenues
Performance share units (60%)
Stock options (40%)
Purpose
•  notional share units to align compensation with medium-term financial and market objectives
•  equity-based compensation to align executives with long-term performance of our shares and business
Term
•  three years
•  seven years
Vesting
•  the number of units that vest is based on performance over a three-year period
•  cliff vest at the end of three years to the extent performance vesting conditions are met and Board approval
•  vest 25% every year beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date
Payout
•  paid out in cash based on units earned and the average closing share price for the 30 trading days prior to the end of the performance period on the TSX or NYSE
•  may be paid out in shares at the discretion of the CEO
•  accumulates quarterly dividends
•  no guarantee of a minimum payout
•  if performance is exceptional on all measures the Board may approve a payout of up to 249%
•  right to buy CP shares at a specified price after vesting
•  does not attract dividends
•  only have value if our share price increases above the exercise price
Restrictions
•  must achieve threshold performance level on a measure otherwise the payout factor for that measure is zero and a portion of the award is forfeited
•  no exercises can be made during a blackout period
•  financial assistance is not provided to facilitate the purchase of shares under the stock option plan
Assignment
•  not permitted other than by operation of law
•  options will continue to vest and expire on the scheduled expiry date if the holder’s employment ends due to permanent disability. If an option holder dies, the options will expire 12 months following the date of death and may be exercised by the holder’s estate.
•  can only be assigned to the holder’s family trust, holding corporation or retirement trust, or a legal representative of a holder’s estate or a person who acquires the holder’s rights by bequest or inheritance
Termination Provisions
Resignation
•  all units cancelled
•  30 days to exercise any vested options; unvested options are cancelled
Retirement
(1)
•  units continue to vest providing the unit holder meets the retirement age and service requirements and has a minimum participation period of six months during a performance period
•��� options continue to vest and expire on the earlier of five years from retirement or the original expiry date
Termination without Cause
•  pro-rated
to termination date as long as unit holder has a minimum of six months of service in the performance period
•  six months to exercise vested options; unvested options continue to vest for six months following termination date
Termination with Cause
•  all units cancelled
•  all options cancelled
Change of Control
•  pro-rated
to change of control date
•  if unit holder is terminated without
cause—pro-rated
to termination date
•  all options vest immediately
(2)

(1)
Retirement notice of six months is required starting in 2021 to allow for business continuity and knowledge transfer.
(2) 
Stock options have a double trigger clause requiring a change of control and the option holder to be terminated without cause.
cp-20201231_g2.jpgcp-20201231_g3.jpg
24
Table of Contents
Stock options and PSUs are approved and granted annually in January immediately after the fourth quarter financial statement blackout period, and after the Compensation Committee has reviewed the
year-end
financial results.
Grants are also made during the year for special situations such as retention or new hires. Special grants can include PSUs, stock options, RSUs or DSUs. These grants are made following CEO approval on the first Tuesday of the month, when there is no blackout in effect. If the Company is in a blackout period, the grant is made after the blackout has been lifted.
In addition, the CEO, the Chair of the Board and the Chair of the Compensation Committee have authority to grant options to certain employees based on defined parameters, such as the position of the employee and the expected value of the option award. In 2021, the Compensation Committee authorized a pool of 250,000 options for allocation by the CEO, who granted 28,423 options to nine employees for retention and to recognize performance.
2021 Long-term incentive awards
To determine the appropriate value of long-term incentive grants provided to the NEOs, the Compensation Committee considers the practices of our comparator group and internal factors, including executive retention, dilutive impact and long-term value creation.
Long-term incentive awards are typically granted annually to NEOs and eligible employees. In 2021, Mr. Creel received two stock option grants, the first consisting of the regular annual grant on January 29, 2021 and the second, a special upfront grant on March 27, 2021. In respect of the announcement of the merger with KCS on March 21, 2021, CP and Mr. Creel agreed to amend his employment agreement to retain him until at least 2026. These amendments were approved by the Board and were made to secure Mr. Creel’s role in leading the successful integration of CP with KCS as well as retaining his experience and skills to achieve continued success.
The special stock option grant will vest ratably in equal portions over a four year period and will expire seven years from the grant date, consistent with the provisions of our stock option plan. To self-fund this award, Mr. Creel’s employment agreement was amended to reduce the value of his annual long-term incentive plan by US$2.1 million in each year of 2022, 2023, 2024 and 2025 (an aggregate of US$8.4 million).
The table below shows the 2021 long-term incentives awards for the NEOs as of December 31, 2021:
Executive
  
2021  
long-term  
incentive award  
(grant value)  
($)
(1)
  
   
Allocation
 
 
  
Performance share units
 
   
Stock options
 
 
  
($)
 
   
(#)
 
   
($)
 
   
(#)
 
 
  Keith Creel
(2), (3)
   22,049,529    7,138,547    84,695    14,910,982    754,530 
  Nadeem Velani
   2,682,113    1,684,658    19,605    997,455    57,790 
  John Brooks
(2)
   2,420,435    1,500,279    17,800    920,156    49,835 
  Mark Redd
(2), (4)
   2,008,552    1,245,063    14,772    763,489    41,350 
  Jeffrey Ellis
   1,383,789    869,182    10,115    514,607    29,815 
(1)See the Summary compensation table on page 40 for details on how we calculate the grant date fair values of the PSUs and stock options. Both were calculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718.
(2)
The grant value of the awards based on the NYSE trading price has been converted to Canadian dollars using a 2021 average exchange rate of $1.2535.
(3) 
Mr. Creel’s 2021 stock option value reflects the annual grant of 237,145 stock options on January 29, 2021 and the special upfront grant of 517,385 stock options received on March 27, 2021, in conjunction with amendments to his executive employment agreement on March 21, 2021.
(4) 
Mr. Redd elected to defer a proportion of his 2021 PSU award to DSUs.
25
Table of Contents
Performance share units (PSUs)
PSUs focus executives on achieving medium-term goals within a three-year performance period. The Board sets performance measures, thresholds and targets at the beginning of the performance period.
2021 PSU awards
As we continue to focus on growth and the effective use of capital investments, the Board has approved increasing the maximum payout opportunity for the PSU measure, Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)
(1)
from 200 percent to 270 percent. The targets for ROIC have been set with stretch and exceptional goals that are more difficult to achieve than the prior year to motivate strong performance over the next three years. This will result in an overall maximum payout opportunity of 249 percent for the 2021 PSU awards for all eligible employees. The total shareholder return metrics and weightings remain the same.
The performance period for the 2021 PSU awards is January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2023. Performance will be assessed against the measures in the table below.
2021 PSU performance measures
 
  
  Why the measure is important
 
 
Threshold   
(50%)   
 
 
Target   
(100%)   
 
 
Stretch   
(200%)   
 
 
Exceptional   
(270%)   
 
 
Weighting   
 
  PSU three-year average return on invested capital   (ROIC)
(1)
  Net operating profit after tax divided by average invested   capital
  
Focuses executives on the effective use of capital as we grow
 
Ensures shareholders’ capital is employed in a value-accretive manner
 
 15.5% 16.3% 16.7% 17.1% 70%
  Total shareholder return (TSR)
  Measured over three years. The percentile ranking of CP’s   TSX Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) relative to the   companies that make up the S&P/TSX 60
  
Compares our TSR on the TSX to the broader S&P/TSX 60 to reflect our progress relative to the Canadian market
 
Aligns long-term incentive compensation with long-term shareholder interests
 
 25
th

percentile		 50
th

percentile		 75
th

percentile		 n/a 15%
  Total shareholder return (TSR)
  Measured over three years. The ordinal ranking of CP’s   NYSE   CAGR relative to the Class I railroads
  
Compares our TSR on the NYSE to the publicly traded Class I railroads to ensure we are competitive against our primary competitors.
 
Aligns long-term incentive compensation with long-term shareholder interests
 
 4
th
 3
rd
 1
st
 n/a 15%
(1) 
Adjusted ROIC is a
non-GAAP
measure.
Non-GAAP
measures are defined and reconciled on pages
94-104
of CP’s 2021 Form
10-K.
At the end of the three-year performance period, the starting point for determining relative TSR will be the
10-day
average closing share price of our shares on the appropriate index prior to January 1, 2021 and the ending point will be the
10-day
average closing share price of our shares on the appropriate index prior to January 1, 2024. TSR is adjusted over the period to reflect dividends paid. Awards will be interpolated if results fall between threshold and exceptional. If results are below the threshold level for any of the performance measures, units for that specific measure will be forfeited.
The table below shows the details of the 2021 annual PSU award, granted on January 29, 2021.
    
Executive
 
  
Grant value ($)
(1)
 
     
Number of PSUs
 
     
Grant price
 
 
    Keith Creel
 
  
 
 
7,138,547
 
 
 
    
 
 
84,695
 
 
 
    
 
 
US$67.24 (NYSE)
 
 
 
    Nadeem Velani
 
  
 
 
1,684,658
 
 
 
    
 
 
19,605
 
 
 
    
 
 
$85.93 (TSX)
 
 
 
    John Brooks
 
  
 
 
1,500,279
 
 
 
    
 
 
17,800
 
 
 
    
 
 
US$67.24 (NYSE)
 
 
 
    Mark Redd
(2)
 
  
 
 
1,245,063
 
 
 
    
 
 
14,772
 
 
 
    
 
 
US$67.24 (NYSE)
 
 
 
    Jeffrey Ellis
 
  
 
 
869,182
 
 
 
    
 
 
10,115
 
 
 
    
 
 
$85.93 (TSX)
 
 
 
26
Table of Contents
(1)
See the Summary compensation table on page 40 for details on how we calculate the grant date fair values of the PSUs. The grant values of the PSU awards based on the NYSE trading price have been converted to Canadian dollars using a 2021 average exchange rate of $1.2535.
(2)
Mr. Redd elected to defer a proportion of his 2021 PSU award to DSUs.
New for 2022 PSU awards
The close of the KCS transaction into voting trust on December 14, 2021 marks a significant milestone for CP. The impacts of the accelerated timing of the trust closing have made it necessary for us to
re-evaluate
how to most effectively align our compensation plans with performance as well as to retain and motivate our talented railroaders during this transformative time for CP. After careful consideration and review, the Board has decided that because of the KCS transaction it is prudent to make near-term changes to the PSU plan design. To further strengthen the link between pay and performance, the Board has approved two performance metric changes to the 2022 PSU plan design. For the performance period covering January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2024, a three-year cumulative free cash flow metric with an adjusted net debt to adjusted EBITDA (earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization)
(1)
modifier (maximum of up to 1.5x) to incentivize deleveraging of the balance sheet following the KCS transaction was introduced. This will replace ROIC
(1)
as the KCS transaction-related impacts such as timing uncertainty and purchase accounting implications make goal setting and measuring ROIC performance challenging. The Board will ensure continued rigour in target setting as the metrics are changing in 2022 from ROIC to free cash flow with an adjusted net debt to adjusted EBITDA modifier.
In addition, our relative TSR on the NYSE will be compared to constituents of the S&P 500 Industrials index. This replaces our current Class I railroad peer group that has been reduced to four companies following the close of KCS into voting trust, which is too small for meaningful evaluation of relative TSR performance. All weightings and payout factor ranges from our 2021 PSU awards will remain the same.
(1) 
Free cash, Adjusted net debt to Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted ROIC are
non-GAAP
measures.
Non-GAAP
measures are defined and reconciled on
pages 94-104
of CP’s Annual Report on Form
10-K
for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Stock options
Stock options focus executives on long-term performance. The management stock option incentive plan was introduced in October 2001. Stock options granted before 2017 expire 10 years from the date of grant and generally vest 25 percent each year over four years, beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date. Options awarded on or after January 1, 2017 have a seven-year term and vest 25 percent each year beginning on the first anniversary date of the grant. The grant price is the closing price of our shares on the TSX or the NYSE on the applicable grant date. Options only have value for the holder if our current share price increases above the grant price before the expiry of the option.
For all grants, if the expiry date falls within a blackout period, the expiry date will be extended to 10 business days following the last date of the blackout period. If a further blackout period is imposed before the end of the extension, the term will be extended another 10 days after the end of the additional blackout period.
Options may be granted by the Board, the Compensation Committee, the Chief Executive Officer, the Chair of the Board or the Chair of the Compensation Committee, as the case may be, as administrator of the option plan, as determined from time to time (the Administrator), to any officer, employee or consultant of CP or any subsidiary, including a family trust, personal holding corporation and retirement trust (together, Eligible Persons).
The exercise price of shares subject to an option will be determined or ratified by the Administrator and will not be less than the market price of the shares at the date on which an option is granted, calculated as the closing price of a board lot of the shares on the TSX (if the option is granted in Canadian dollars) or on the NYSE (if the option is granted in United States dollars) on (i) the last trading day preceding the grant date, if the option is granted before the close of trading on the grant date or (ii) the grant date, if the option is granted after the close of trading on the grant date. The exercise price may also be as permitted or required by the TSX or NYSE, as applicable.
CP is also entitled to issue share appreciation rights (SARs) pursuant to the terms of the option plan to Eligible Persons at the same time as the grant of an option.
27
Table of Contents
SARs, if granted, will have the following terms (or such other terms as are consistent with the related options):
a.
the number of SARs to be granted shall, in the sole discretion of the Administrator, be:
i.
one SAR for every two optioned shares, or
ii.
one SAR for each optioned share;
b.
the reference price for a SAR will be same as the exercise price of the related option
c.
SARs may be exercise from time to time by an optionholder as follows:
i.
on and after the second anniversary of the grant date, as to 50% of the SARs or any part thereof;
ii.
on and after the third anniversary of the grant date, as to the remaining 50% of the SARs or any part thereof;
d.
exercise of SARs will result in a reduction in the number of option shares on the basis of one optioned share for each exercised SAR; and
e.
exercise of an option will result in a reduction in the number of SARs on the basis of:
i.
one SAR for each optioned share purchased in excess of 50% of the number of optioned shares, where one SAR was granted for every two optioned shares; and
ii.
one SAR for each optioned share purchased, where one SAR was granted for each optioned share.
f.
The expiry date of a SAR will be ten years after the grant date.
CP did not grant any SARs in 2021 and as of March 10, 2022, CP does not have any SARs outstanding.
2021 Stock option awards
The table below shows the details of the 2021 stock option award grants.
     
Executive
  
Grant Date
 
   
Grant value ($)
(1)
 
     
# of options
 
     
Grant price
 
 
    Keith Creel
(2)
 
   
 
29-Jan-21
 
 
 
   
 
4,378,658
 
 
 
     
 
237,145
 
 
 
     
 
US$67.24 (NYSE)
 
 
 
   
 
27-Mar-21
 
 
 
   
 
10,532,324
 
 
 
     
 
517,385
 
 
 
     
 
US$71.64 (NYSE)
 
 
 
    Nadeem Velani
 
   
 
29-Jan-21
 
 
 
   
 
997,455
 
 
 
     
 
57,790
 
 
 
     
 
$85.93 (TSX)
 
 
 
    John Brooks
 
   
 
29-Jan-21
 
 
 
   
 
920,156
 
 
 
     
 
49,835
 
 
 
     
 
US$67.24 (NYSE)
 
 
 
    Mark Redd
 
   
 
29-Jan-21
 
 
 
   
 
763,489
 
 
 
     
 
41,350
 
 
 
     
 
US$67.24 (NYSE)
 
 
 
    Jeffrey Ellis
 
   
 
29-Jan-21
 
 
 
   
 
514,607
 
 
 
     
 
29,815
 
 
 
     
 
$85.93 (TSX)
 
 
 
(1) See the Summary compensation table on page 40 for details on how we calculate the grant date fair values of the stock options. The grant value of the stock option awards based on the NYSE trading price have been converted to Canadian dollars using a 2021 average exchange rate of $1.2535.
(2) As discussed in the 2021 Long-term incentive awards on page 25, Mr. Creel received the regular annual stock option grant and a second, special upfront grant in relation to the announcement of the merger with KCS on March 21, 2021.
About the stock option plan
The table below sets out the limits for issuing options under the plan:
2019 Freight Revenues2018 Freight Revenues
As a percent of the number of shares outstanding
Maximum number of shares that, together with any other share compensation arrangement, may be reserved for issuance to insiders as options
10%
Maximum number of shares that may be issued under the option plan and any other share compensation arrangements to insiders in a
one-year
period
10%
Maximum number of shares that may be issued under the option plan and any other share compensation arrangements to any insider in a
one-year
period
5%
As a percent of the number of shares outstanding at
the time the shares were reserved
Maximum number of shares that may be reserved for issuance to any person as options
5%








28

Table of Contents
We measure dilution by determining the number of options available for issuance and the number of options outstanding as a percentage of outstanding shares. Our dilution at the end of 2021 was 1.15 percent. Notwithstanding the limits noted above, the dilution level, measured by the number of options available for issuance as a percentage of outstanding shares continues to be capped, at the discretion of the Board, at 7CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT percent.
The table below shows the burn rate
for the last three fiscal years, calculated by dividing the number of stock options granted in the fiscal year by the weighted average number of outstanding shares for the year.
as at December 31
 
    
 
2019
 
     
 
2020
 
     
2021
 
 
    Number of options granted
 
     
 
1,123,650
 
 
 
     
 
1,086,200
 
 
 
     
 
1,346,358
 
 
 
    Weighted number of shares outstanding
 
     
 
693,859,695
 
 
 
     
 
677,193,050
 
 
 
     
 
679,709,375
 
 
 
    Burn rate
 
     
 
0.16%
 
 
 
     
 
0.16%
 
 
 
     
 
0.20%
 
 
 
The table below shows the options outstanding and available for grant from the Stock Option Plan as at December 31, 2021.
     
Number of options/shares
 
     
Percent of outstanding shares
 
 
Options outstanding (as at December 31, 2021)
 
     
 
7,392,188
 
 
 
     
 
0.80%
 
 
 
Options available to grant (as at December 31, 2021)
 
     
 
3,312,565
 
 
 
     
 
0.36%
 
 
 
Shares issued on exercise of options in 2021
 
     
 
711,922
 
 
 
     
 
0.08%
 
 
 
Options granted in 2021
 
     
 
1,346,358
 
 
 
     
 
0.14%
 
 
 
Since the launch of the stock option plan in October 2001, a total of 90,393,210 shares have been available for issuance under the plan and 79,688,457 shares have been issued through the exercise of options as at December 31, 2021.
Making changes to the stock option plan
The Board can make the following changes to the stock option plan without shareholder approval:
changes to clarify information or to correct an error or omission

changes of an administrative or a housekeeping nature
In 2020,
changes to eligibility to participate in the Company generated Freight revenues totalling $7,541 million ($7,613 millionstock option plan
terms, conditions and mechanics of granting stock option awards
changes to vesting, exercise, early expiry or cancellation
amendments that are designed to comply with the law or regulatory requirements
The Board must receive shareholder approval to make other changes, including the following, among other things:
an increase to the maximum number of shares that may be issued under the plan
a decrease in the exercise price
a grant of options in exchange for, or related to, options being cancelled or surrendered
The Board has made two amendments to the stock option plan since it was introduced in 2001:
on February 28, 2012, the stock option plan was amended so that a change of control would not trigger accelerated vesting of options held by a participant, unless the person is terminated without cause or constructively dismissed; and
on November 19, 2015, the stock option plan was amended to provide net stock settlement
as a method of exercise, which allows an option holder to exercise options without the need for us to sell the securities on the open market, resulting in less dilution.
29
Table of Contents
Payout of 2019 PSU award
On December 31, 2021, the 2019 PSU grant for the performance period of January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021 vested and $7,152 millionwas paid out on February 8, 2022. The NEOs and all other eligible employees received a performance payout factor of 200 percent on the award. The table below shows the difference between the actual payout value and the target grant value for each NEO.
(1)
The grant value for Mr. Creel, Mr. Brooks and Mr. Redd was converted to Canadian dollars using an exchange rate of $1.3269 for 2019.
(2) 
Reflects the
30-day
average closing share price prior to December 31, 2021 on the TSX ($92.51) and NYSE (US$72.56) when both markets were open.
(3) 
The PSU payout value for Mr. Creel, Mr. Brooks and Mr. Redd was converted using a 2021
year-end
exchange rate of $1.2678.
(4) 
Mr. Redd’s 2019 PSU award reflects his annual grant on February 14, 2019 as well as an additional grant on September 3, 2019 in relation to his appointment to Executive Vice President, Operations. Both 2019 PSU awards had the same performance period, performance measures and payout factor of 200%.
How we calculated the 2019 PSU performance factor
The payout value has been calculated in 2018). The following charts compareaccordance with the percentageterms of the Company’s total Freight revenues derived from eachPSU plan and the 2019 award agreement.
  PSU performance measures
 
  
Threshold
(50%)
 
   
Target
(100%)
 
   
Maximum
(200%)
 
   
PSU
result
 
   
Weighting
 
   
PSU
performance
factor
 
       
3-Year
Average Adjusted Return on Invested Capital
(1)
 
   
 
15.3%
 
 
 
   
 
16.0%
 
 
 
   
 
16.4%
 
 
 
   
 
16.5%
 
 
 
   
 
70%
 
 
 
  200%
 
       
TSR to S&P/TSX 60 Index
(2)
 
   
 
25
th

percentile
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
50
th

percentile
 

 
 
  
 
 
75
th

percentile
 

 
 
  
 
 
88
th

percentile
 

 
 
   
 
15%
 
 
 
  200%
 
       
TSR to Class I railroads
(2)
 
   
 
4
th
 
 
 
   
 
3
rd
 
 
 
   
 
1
st
 
 
 
   
 
1
st
 
 
 
   
 
15%
 
 
 
  200%
 
PSU performance factor
 
                           
200%
 
(1) 
Adjusted Return on Invested Capital is a
non-GAAP
measure.
Non-GAAP
measures are defined and reconciled on pages
94-104
of CP’s 2021 Form
10-K.
Results for Adjusted Return on Invested Capital for PSU purposes have been adjusted in 2021 to remove the impacts of the KCS acquisition in order to more accurately reflect the operating performance of our core business from 2019-2021.
(2) 
TSR performance was rated against companies in the respective indices at the beginning and end of performance periods in accordance with the terms of the PSU plan and the 2019 award agreement.
30
Table of the three major business lines in 2020, 2019 and 2018:Contents

KEITH E. CREEL  
PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
cp-20201231_g4.jpgcp-20201231_g5.jpgcp-20201231_g6.jpg
2020 Freight Revenues
2019 Freight Revenues2018 Freight Revenues
Mr. Creel has been President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) since his appointment on January 31, 2017. He joined CP in February 2013 as President and Chief Operating Officer (COO). Prior to joining CP, Mr. Creel had a very successful operating career that began in 1992 at Burlington Northern as a management trainee in operations, which later led to his appointment to EVP and COO at CN in 2010. Mr. Creel obtained a Bachelor of Science in marketing from Jacksonville State University and completed the Advanced Management Program at the Harvard Business School. He served as a commissioned officer in the U.S. Army and is a Persian Gulf War veteran.
At CP, our purpose is to deliver transportation solutions that connect North America to the world. By doing this safely and efficiently, we create long-term, sustainable value for our employees, shareholders
and the broader economy. From our multi-year strategic business plans to our daily operations and sales and marketing playbooks, everything we do is driven by, and tested against, our purpose and our values of accountability, diversity and pride.

Accomplishments in 2021
BULKAs the
COVID-19
pandemic continues to be a unique and challenging situation for all of us, we focus on controlling what we can control. We pursue measures to protect our employees so that we can deliver excellent service to our customers, manage our resources in lockstep with our business, create innovative supply chain solutions, serve the communities we operate in and create compelling value for our shareholders. By leveraging our comprehensive preparedness framework and contingency action plan, we have been able to sustain the safe, efficient and productive railroad operations vital to the economy. We remain focused on our five foundations of providing service, controlling costs, optimizing assets, operating safely and developing people.
Despite the pandemic, we have many successes to celebrate including the historic agreement to combine CP and KCS to create the first U.S.-Mexico-Canada rail network. The Company’s Bulk business represented approximately 43% of total Freight revenues in 2020.

The following charts compare the percentagecombination of the Company's Bulk freight revenues by commodity business in 2020, 2019two fastest growing Class I railroads will be subject to STB approval, which will create a network with expanded reach that brings new competitive options to customers, while creating jobs and 2018:



cp-20201231_g7.jpgcp-20201231_g8.jpgcp-20201231_g9.jpg
2020 Bulk Revenues2019 Bulk Revenues2018 Bulk Revenues
(43%bringing environmental benefits to the public. We have achieved significant milestones including the STB authorization of Freight Revenues)(40% of Freight Revenues)(41% of Freight Revenues)



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT8
Grain
The Company’s Grain business represented approximately 58%to use a voting trust for this transaction, and the engagement and support of Bulk revenues,over 700 customers/shippers. In addition, we received Mexican regulatory approvals, CP shareholders overwhelmingly supported this transformative combination and was 24% of total Freight revenues in 2020.we successfully closed the
CP-KCS

The following charts comparetransaction into the percentage of the Company's Grain freight revenues generated from Canadian and U.S. shipments in 2020, 2019 and 2018:

cp-20201231_g10.jpgcp-20201231_g11.jpgcp-20201231_g12.jpg
2020 Grain Revenues2019 Grain Revenues2018 Grain Revenues
(58% of Bulk Revenues; 24% of Freight Revenues)(55% of Bulk Revenues; 22% of Freight Revenues)(53% of Bulk Revenues; 22% of Freight Revenues)

CP's Grain network is unique among railways in North America as it is strategically positionedvoting trust, a critical milestone in the heart of grain-producing regions of western Canada and the Northern Plains of the U.S.journey to make Canadian grain transported by CP consists of both whole grains, such as wheat, canola, durum, pulses, and barley, and processed products such as oils, meals, and malt. This businessPacific Kansas City Limited (CPKC) a reality. The STB’s review is centredexpected to be completed in the Canadian Prairies (Saskatchewan, Alberta,fourth quarter of 2022. Furthermore, it was over a year ago that CP officially acquired the Central Maine and Manitoba), with grain shipped primarily westQuébec Railway (CMQ) and we are proud to the Port of Vancouver, and east to the Port of Thunder Bay for export. Grain is also shipped to the U.S., to eastern Canada, and to Mexico for domestic consumption.

Canadian grain includesshare it has been a division of business that is regulated by the Canadian government through the Canada Transportation Act (“CTA”). This regulated business is subject to a maximum revenue entitlement (“MRE”). Under the CTA, railways can set their own rates for individual movements. However, the MRE governs aggregate revenue earned by the railway based on a formula that factors in the total volumes, length of haul, average revenue per ton, and inflationary adjustments. The regulation applies to western Canadian export grain shipments to the ports of Vancouver and Thunder Bay.

U.S. grain transported by CP consists of both whole grains, such as wheat, soybeans, corn and durum, and processed products such as feed, meals and flour. This business is centred in the states of Minnesota, North Dakota, and Iowa. Grain destined for domestic consumption moves east via Chicago, to the U.S. Northeast or is interchanged with other carriers to the U.S. Pacific Northwest and U.S. Southeast. In partnership with other railways, CP also moves grain to export terminals in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and the Gulf of Mexico. Export grain traffic is also shipped to ports at Superior and Duluth.



9CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Coal
The Company’s Coal business represented approximately 18% of Bulk revenues, and was 8% of total Freight revenues in 2020.

The following charts compare the percentage of the Company's Coal freight revenues generated from Canadian and U.S. shipments in 2020, 2019 and 2018:

cp-20201231_g13.jpgcp-20201231_g14.jpgcp-20201231_g15.jpg
2020 Coal Revenues2019 Coal Revenues2018 Coal Revenues
(18% of Bulk Revenues; 8% of Freight Revenues)(22% of Bulk Revenues; 9% of Freight Revenues)(23% of Bulk Revenues; 9% of Freight Revenues)

In Canada, CP handles mostly metallurgical coal destined for export for use in the steelmaking process. CP’s Canadian coal traffic originates mainly from Teck Resources Limited’s mines in southeastern B.C. CP moves coal west from these mines to port terminals for export to world markets (Pacific Rim, Europe and South America), and east for the U.S. Midwest markets.

In the U.S., CP moves primarily thermal coal from connecting railways, serving the thermal coal fields in the Powder River Basin in Montana and Wyoming,seamless operational integration which is delivered to power-generating facilities in the U.S. Midwest.

Potash
The Company's Potash business represented approximately 15% of Bulk revenues, and was 7% of total Freight revenues in 2020.

The following charts compare the percentage of the Company's Potash freight revenues generated from export and domestic potash shipments in 2020, 2019 and 2018:

cp-20201231_g16.jpgcp-20201231_g17.jpgcp-20201231_g18.jpg
2020 Potash Revenues2019 Potash Revenues2018 Potash Revenues
(15% of Bulk Revenues; 7% of Freight Revenues)(15% of Bulk Revenues; 6% of Freight Revenues)(16% of Bulk Revenues; 7% of Freight Revenues)

The Company’s Potash traffic moves mainly from Saskatchewan to offshore markets through the ports of Vancouver, Portland, and Thunder Bay, and to markets in the U.S. All potash shipments for export beyond Canada and the U.S. are marketed by Canpotex Limited and K+S Potash Canada. Canpotex is an


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT10
export company owned in equal shares by Nutrien Ltd. and The Mosaic Company. Independently, these producers move domestic potash with CP primarily to the U.S. Midwest for local application.

Fertilizers and Sulphur
The Company's Fertilizers and sulphur business represented approximately 9% of Bulk revenues, and was 4% of total Freight revenues in 2020.

The following charts compare the percentage of the Company's Fertilizers and sulphur freight revenues generated from dry fertilizers, wet fertilizers and sulphur transportation in 2020, 2019 and 2018:
cp-20201231_g19.jpgcp-20201231_g20.jpgcp-20201231_g21.jpg
2020 Fertilizers & Sulphur Revenues2019 Fertilizers & Sulphur Revenues2018 Fertilizers & Sulphur Revenues
(9% of Bulk Revenues; 4% of Freight Revenues)(8% of Bulk Revenues; 3% of Freight Revenues)(8% of Bulk Revenues; 3% of Freight Revenues)

Dry fertilizers include: phosphate, urea, ammonium sulphate, and nitrate. Wet fertilizers are primarily anhydrous ammonia. More than half of CP's fertilizer shipments originate from production facilities in Alberta, where abundant sources of natural gas and other chemicals provide feedstock for fertilizer production.

Most sulphur is produced in Alberta as a byproduct of processing sour natural gas, refining crude oil, and upgrading bitumen produced in the Alberta oil sands. Sulphur is a raw material used primarily in the manufacturing of sulphuric acid, which is used most extensively in the production of phosphate fertilizers.

MERCHANDISE
The Company’s Merchandise business represented approximately 36% of total Freight revenues in 2020.

The following charts compare the percentage of the Company's Merchandise freight revenue by commodity business in 2020, 2019 and 2018:

cp-20201231_g22.jpgcp-20201231_g23.jpgcp-20201231_g24.jpg
2020 Merchandise Revenues2019 Merchandise Revenues2018 Merchandise Revenues
(36% of Freight Revenues)(39% of Freight Revenues)(37% of Freight Revenues)



11CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Merchandise products move in both mixed freight and unit trains, in a variety of car types. Service involves delivering products to many different customers and destinations. In addition to traditional rail service, CP moves merchandise traffic through a network of truck-rail transload facilities, expanding the reach of CP's network to non-rail served facilities.

Forest Products
The Company’s Forest products business represented approximately 12% of Merchandise revenues, and was 4% of total Freight revenues in 2020.

The following charts compare the percentage of the Company's Forest products freight revenues generated from pulp and paper (wood pulp, paperboard, newsprint, and paper), lumber and panel, and other shipments in 2020, 2019 and 2018:

cp-20201231_g25.jpgcp-20201231_g26.jpgcp-20201231_g27.jpg
2020 Forest Products Revenues2019 Forest Products Revenues2018 Forest Products Revenues
(12% of Merchandise Revenues;
4% of Freight Revenues)		(10% of Merchandise Revenues;
4% of Freight Revenues)		(11% of Merchandise Revenues;
4% of Freight Revenues)

Forest products traffic includes pulp and paper, and lumber and panel shipped from key producing areas in B.C., Ontario, Québec, Alberta, andhas provided expanded economic opportunities across New Brunswick to destinations throughout North America, including Vancouver and Montreal to export markets.Atlantic Canada.

Energy, Chemicals and Plastics
The Company’s Energy, chemicals and plastics business represented approximately 54% of Merchandise revenues, andOur operating ratio was 20% of total Freight revenues59.9 percent in 2021, a 280 basis point increase from 57.1 percent in 2020.

The following charts compare the percentage of the Company's Energy, chemicals and plastics freight revenues generated from petroleum products, crude, chemicals, biofuels, and plastics shipments in 2020, 2019 and 2018:
cp-20201231_g28.jpgcp-20201231_g29.jpgcp-20201231_g30.jpg
2020 Energy, Chemicals & Plastics Revenues2019 Energy, Chemicals & Plastics Revenues2018 Energy, Chemicals & Plastics Revenues
(54% of Merchandise Revenues;
20% of Freight Revenues)		(52% of Merchandise Revenues;
20% of Freight Revenues)		(47% of Merchandise Revenues;
17% of Freight Revenues)



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT12
Petroleum products consist of commodities such as liquefied petroleum gas ("LPG"), fuel oil, asphalt, gasoline, condensate (diluent), and lubricant oils. The majority of the Company’s western Canadian energy traffic originates in the Alberta Industrial Heartland, Canada's largest hydrocarbon processing region, and Saskatchewan. The Bakken formation region in Saskatchewan and North Dakota is another source of condensate, LPG, and other refined petroleum. Interchanges with several rail interline partners give the Company accessincrease was primarily due to destination and export markets in the U.S. West Coast, the U.S. Midwest, and Mexico, as well as the Texas and Louisiana petrochemical corridor and port connections.

Crude moves from production facilities throughout Alberta, North Dakota, and Saskatchewan. CP provides efficient routes to refining markets in the Gulf Coast, the U.S. Northeast, and the West Coast through connections with our railway partners.

The Company’s chemical traffic includes products such as ethylene glycol, caustic soda, sulphuric acid, methanol, styrene, and soda ash. These shipments originate from western Canada, the Gulf of Mexico, the U.S. Midwest, and eastern Canada, and move to end markets in Canada, the U.S. and overseas.

CP's biofuels traffic originates mainly from facilities in the U.S. Midwest, shipping primarily to destinations in the U.S. Northeast.

The most commonly shipped plastics products are polyethylene and polypropylene. Approximately half of the Company’s plastics traffic originates in central and northern Alberta and moves to various North American destinations.

Metals, Minerals and Consumer Products
The Company’s Metals, minerals and consumer products business represented approximately 22% of Merchandise revenues, and was 8% of total Freight revenues in 2020.

The following charts compare the percentage of the Company's Metals, minerals and consumer products freight revenues generated from aggregates (excluding frac sand), steel, frac sand, food and consumer products, and non-ferrous metals transportation in 2020, 2019 and 2018:

cp-20201231_g31.jpgcp-20201231_g32.jpgcp-20201231_g33.jpg
2020 Metals, Minerals & Consumer Products Revenues2019 Metals, Minerals & Consumer Products Revenues2018 Metals, Minerals & Consumer Products Revenues
(22% of Merchandise Revenues;
8% of Freight Revenues)		(26% of Merchandise Revenues;
10% of Freight Revenues)		(30% of Merchandise Revenues;
11% of Freight Revenues)

Aggregate products include coarse particulate and composite materials such as cement, limestone, clay, and gypsum. Cement is the leading commodity within aggregates, and is shipped directly from production facilities in Alberta, Québec, and Ontario to energy and construction projects in the U.S. Midwest, Canadian Prairies, and the U.S. Pacific Northwest.

The majority of frac sand originates at mines located along the Company’s network in Wisconsin and moves to the Bakken, Marcellus Shale, Permian Basin, and other shale formations across North America.

CP transports steel in various forms from mills in the U.S. Midwest, Ontario, and Saskatchewan to a variety of industrial users. The Company carries base metals such as aluminum, zinc, and lead. CP also moves ores from mines to smelters and refineries for processing, and the processed metal to automobile and consumer products manufacturers.

Food, consumer, and other products traffic consists of a diverse mix of goods, including food products, railway equipment, building materials, and waste products.



13CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Automotive
The Company’s Automotive business represented approximately 12% of Merchandise revenues, and was 4% of total Freight revenues in 2020.

The following charts compare the percentage of the Company's Automotive freight revenues generated by movements of finished vehicles from Canadian, U.S., overseas, and Mexican origins, machinery, and parts and other in 2020, 2019 and 2018:

cp-20201231_g34.jpgcp-20201231_g35.jpgcp-20201231_g36.jpg
2020 Automotive Revenues2019 Automotive Revenues2018 Automotive Revenues
(12% of Merchandise Revenues;
4% of Freight Revenues)		(12% of Merchandise Revenues;
5% of Freight Revenues)		(12% of Merchandise Revenues;
5% of Freight Revenues)

CP’s Automotive portfolio consists of four finished vehicle traffic components: Canadian-produced vehicles that ship to the U.S. from Ontario production facilities; U.S.-produced vehicles that ship within the U.S. as well as cross border shipments to Canadian markets; vehicles from overseas that move through the Port of Vancouver to eastern Canadian markets; and Mexican-produced vehicles that ship to the U.S. and Canada. In addition to finished vehicles, CP ships machinery, pre-owned vehicles, and automotive parts. A comprehensive network of automotive compounds is utilized to facilitate final delivery of vehicles to dealers throughout Canada and in the U.S.

INTERMODAL
The Company’s Intermodal business represented approximately 21% of total Freight revenues in 2020.

The following charts compare the percentage of the Company's Intermodal freight revenues generated from Canada, ports, cross border transportation, other international, and U.S. in 2020, 2019 and 2018:

cp-20201231_g37.jpgcp-20201231_g38.jpgcp-20201231_g39.jpg
2020 Intermodal Revenues2019 Intermodal Revenues2018 Intermodal Revenues
(21% of Freight Revenues)(21% of Freight Revenues)(22% of Freight Revenues)

Domestic intermodal freight consists primarily of manufactured consumer products that are predominantly moved in 53-foot containers within North America. International intermodal freight moves in marine containers to and from ports and North American inland markets.


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT14
CP’s domestic intermodal business moves goods from a broad spectrum of industries including wholesale, retail, food, forest products, and various other commodities. Key service factors in domestic intermodal include consistent on-time delivery, the ability to provide door-to-door service, and the availability of value-added services. The majority of the Company’s domestic intermodal business originates in Canada, where CP markets its services directly to retailers and manufacturers, providingcomplete door-to-door service and maintaining direct relationships with its customers. In the U.S., the Company’s service is delivered mainly through intermodal marketing companies.

CP’s international intermodal business consists primarily of containerized traffic moving between the ports of Vancouver, Montréal, Saint John, and inland points across Canada and the U.S. Import traffic from the Port of Vancouver is mainly long-haul business destined for eastern Canada and the U.S. Midwest and Northeast. CP works closelyacquisition-related costs associated with the PortKCS acquisition, the unfavourable impact of Montréal, a major year-round East Coast gateway to Europe, to serve markets primarily in the U.S. Midwest and Canada. CP's access to the Port of Saint John provides the fastest rail service from the east coast to the Canadian and U.S. Midwest markets for import and export cargo from Europe, South America, and Asia.

Fuel Cost Adjustment Program
The short-term volatility in fuel prices may adversely or positively impact revenues. CP employs a fuel cost adjustment program designed to respond to fluctuationschanges in fuel prices and help reduce volatility to changing fuel prices. Fuel surcharge revenues are earned on individual shipments and are based primarily on the price of On-Highway Diesel. As such, fuel surcharge revenues arelower volumes as measured by RTMs. Adjusted operating ratio
(1)
was 57.6 percent, a function of freight volumes and fuel prices. Fuel surcharge revenues accounted for approximately 4% of the Company's Freight revenues in 2020.50 basis point increase from 57.1 percent. The Companyincrease is also subject to carbon taxation systems and levies in some jurisdictions in which it operates, the costs of which are passed ondue to the shipper. As such, fuel surcharge revenue includes carbon taxes and levy recoveries.

Freight revenues included fuel surcharge revenues of $297 millionsame factors discussed above, except adjusted operating ratio in 2020, a decrease of $167 million, or 36%, from $464 million in2021 excludes the same period of 2019.acquisition-related costs. This decrease was primarily due to lower fuel prices. This decrease was partially offset by the timing of recoveries from CP's fuel cost adjustment program and increased carbon tax recoveries.

Non-freight Revenues
Non-freight revenues accounted for approximately 2% of the Company’s Total revenues in 2020. Non-freight revenues are generated from leasing certain assets; other arrangements, including logistical services and contracts with passenger service operators; and switching fees.

Significant Customers
For each of the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the company's revenues and operations were not dependent on any major customers.

Competition
The Company is in the ground transportation and logistics business. The Company sees competition in this segment from other railways, motor carriers, ship and barge operators, and pipelines. Depending on the specific market, competing railways, motor carriers, and other competitors may exert pressure on price and service levels. The Company continually evaluates the market needs and the competition. The Company responds as it deems appropriate to provide competitive services to the market. This includes developing new offerings such as transload facilities, new train services, and other logistics services.

Seasonality
Volumes and revenues from certain goods are stronger during different periods of the year. First-quarter revenues are typically lower mainly due to winter weather conditions, closure of the Port of Thunder Bay, and reduced transportation of retail goods. Second and third quarter revenues generally improve compared to the first quarter, as fertilizer volumes are typically highest during the second quarter and demand for construction-related goods is generally highest in the third quarter. Revenues are typically strongest in the fourth quarter, primarily as a result of the transportation of grain aftercompany’s disciplined approach to precision scheduled railroading. Despite challenging macroeconomic conditions, including the harvest, fall fertilizer programs,
COVID-19
pandemic and natural disasters (wildfires and flooding), revenues increased demand for retail goods moved by rail. Operating income is also affected by seasonal fluctuations. Operating income is typically lowest4 percent to $8.0 billion from $7.7 billion in the first quarter, due2020. Diluted earnings per share (EPS) increased 16.4 percent to lower freight revenue$4.18 from $3.59 and higher operating costs associated with winter conditions.adjusted diluted EPS
(1)

rose 6.5 percent to $3.76 from $3.53.


15CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Government Regulation
The Company’s railway operations are subjectOur journey to extensive federal laws, regulations, and rulesbeing Sustainably Driven has continued to progress in both Canada and the U.S., which directly affect how operations and business activities are managed.

Economic Regulation - Canada
The Company’s rail operations in Canada are subject to economic regulation by the Canadian Transportation Agency (the "Agency”) as delegated by the Canada Transportation Act. The Canada Transportation Act indirectly regulates rates by providing remedies for freight rates, including ancillary charges, remedies for level of service, long-haul interswitching rates, and regulated interswitching rates in Canada. The CTA regulates the MRE for the movement of export grain, construction and abandonment of railways, commuter and passenger access, and noise and vibration-related disputes.

In 2018, the Transportation Modernization Act became law. The legislation amended the Canada Transportation Act and the Railway Safety Act ("RSA"), among other Acts, to (1) replace the previous 160 kilometre extended interswitching limit and the competitive line rate provisions2021, with a new long-haul interswitching regime; (2) modify the existing Level of Service remedy for shippers by instructing the Agency to determine, upon receipt of a complaint, if a railway company is fulfilling its common carrier obligation to the “highest level of service that is reasonable in the circumstances”; (3) allow the existing Service Level Agreement arbitration remedy to include the consideration of reciprocal financial penalties; (4) increase the threshold for summary Final Offer Arbitration from $750,000 to $2 million; (5) bifurcate the Volume-Related Composite Price Index component of the annual MRE determination for transportation of regulated grain, to encourage hopper car investment by CP and Canadian National Railway ("CN"); (6) mandate the installation of locomotive voice and video recorders ("LVVRs"), with statutory permission for random access by railway companies and Transport Canada ("TC") to the LVVR data in order to proactively strengthen railway safety in Canada; and (7) compel railways to provide additional data to the federal government.

Economic Regulation - U.S.
The Company’s U.S. rail operations are subject to economic regulation by the Surface Transportation Board (the “STB”). The STB provides economic regulatory oversight and administers Title 49 of the United States Code and related Code of Federal Regulations. The STB has jurisdiction over railroad rate and service issues and proposed railroad mergers and other transactions.

The STB Reauthorization Act of 2015 resulted in numerous changes to the structure and composition of the STB, removing it from under the Department of Transport and establishing the STB as an independent U.S. agency, as well as increasing STB Board membership from three to five members. Notably, the law vests in the STB certain limited enforcement powers, by authorizing it to investigate rail carrier violations on the STB Board’s own initiative. The law also requires the STB to establish a voluntary binding arbitration process to resolve rail rate and practice disputes.

Safety Regulation - Canada
The Company’s operations in Canada are subject to safety regulatory oversight by TC pursuant to the RSA. The RSA regulates safety-related aspects of railway operations in Canada, including the delegation of inspection, investigation and enforcement powers to TC. TC is also responsible for overseeing the transportation of dangerous goods as set out under the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act ("TDGA").

After the tragic accident in Lac-Mégantic, Québec, in July 2013 involving a non-related short-line railway company, the Government of Canada implemented several measures pursuant to the RSA and the TDGA. These modifications implemented changes with respect to rules associated with securing unattended trains; the classification of crude being imported, handled, offered for transport, or transported; and the provision of information to municipalities through which dangerous goods are transported by rail. The U.S. federal government has taken similar actions. These changes did not have a material impact on CP’s operating practices.

In 2015, An Act to amend the Canada Transportation Act and the Railway Safety Act became law. The legislation sets out minimum insurance requirements for federally regulated railways based on amounts of crude and toxic inhalation hazards ("TIH") or poisonous inhalation hazards moved. It also imposes strict liability; limits railway liability to the minimum insurance level; mandates the creation of a fund paid for by levies on crude shipments, to be utilized for damages beyond a railway's liability; allows railways and insurers to maintain rights to pursue other parties (subrogation); and prevents shifting liability to shippers from railways except through written agreement.

The Company is allocating resources, including working with public and private rail crossing owners, to meet the Grade Crossings Regulations, under the RSA, which came into force in 2014. The regulations require existing crossings to meet specified safety standards by November 2021.

On November 25, 2020, the Minister of Transport announced updated Duty and Rest Period Rules for Railway Operating Employees. The new rules, founded on modern-day fatigue management principles, reduce the length of a duty period and increase the length of the minimum rest period between shifts. The rules establish limits on the total number of duty hours, 60 hours in a seven-day period and 192 hours in a 28-day period. These requirements will be phased in 30 months from the date of the announcement. The new rules also require federally regulated railways, including the Company, to complete a Fatigue Management Plan by November 25, 2021, and implement the Fitness for Duty provisions by November 25, 2022.




CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT16
Safety Regulation - U.S.
The Company’s U.S. operations are subject to safety regulations enforced by the Federal Railroad Administration (“FRA”), and the Pipelines and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (“PHMSA”). The FRA regulates safety-related aspects of the Company’s railway operations in the U.S. under the Federal Railroad Safety Act, as well as rail portions of other safety statutes. The PHMSA regulates the safe transportation of all hazardous materials by rail.

On October 29, 2015, the Surface Transportation Extension Act of 2015 ("STEA") was signed into law. The law extends, by three years, the deadline for the U.S. rail industry to implement Positive Train Control (“PTC”), a set of highly advanced technologies designed to prevent train-to-train collisions, speed-related derailments, and other accidents caused by human error by determining the precise location, direction and speed of trains, warning train operators of potential problems, and taking immediate action if an operator does not respond. Legislation passed by the U.S. Congress in 2008 mandated that PTC systems be operable by the end of 2015 on rail lines used to transport passengers or toxic-by-inhalation materials. The STEA extended the deadline to install and activate PTC to December 31, 2018, with an optional two-year extension (December 31, 2020) under certain circumstances. The Company received the two-year extension to ensure safe and effective implementation of PTC on its rail network. CP successfully implemented PTC and was PTC compliant as of December 1, 2020.

For further details on the capital expenditures associated with compliance with the PTC regulatory mandate, refer to Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Liquidity and Capital Resources.

Various other regulators directly and indirectly affect the Company’s operations in areas such as health, safety, security, environmental, and other matters.

Environmental Laws and Regulations
The Company’s operations and real estate assets are subject to extensive federal, provincial, state, and local environmental laws and regulations governing emissions to the air, management and remediation of historical contaminant sites, discharges to waters and the handling, storage, transportation, and disposal of waste and other materials. If the Company is found to have violated such laws or regulations, it could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, or operating results. In addition, in operating a railway, it is possible that releases of hazardous materials during derailments or other accidents may occur that could cause harm to human health or to the environment. Costs of remediation, damages and changes in regulations could materially affect the Company’s operating results, financial condition, and reputation.

The Company has implemented an Environmental Management System to facilitate the reduction of environmental risk. Specific environmental programs are in place to address areas such as air emissions, wastewater, management of vegetation, chemicals and waste, storage tanks, and fueling facilities. CP has also undertaken environmental impact assessments and risk assessments to identify, prevent, and mitigate environmental risks. There is continuedparticular focus on preventing spills and other incidents that have a negative impact on the environment. There is an established strategic emergency response contractor network, and spill equipment kits are located across Canada and the U.S. to ensure a rapid and efficient response in the event of an environmental incident. In addition, emergency preparedness and response plans are regularly updated and tested. In 2020, updates to CP's comprehensive oil spill response plan were made in accordance with the changes in the PHMSA regulations.

The Company has developed an environmental audit program that comprehensively, systematically, and regularly assesses the Company’s facilities for compliance with legal requirements and the Company’s policies for conformance to accepted industry standards. Included in this is a corrective action follow-up process and semi-annual review by senior management.

CP focuses on key strategies, identifying tactics and actions to support and operationalize our environmental commitments. The Company’s strategies include:
•Implementing measures to minimize or prevent environmental impacts from our operations and facilities, and to ensure compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations;
•Maintaining an Environmental Management System to provide consistent, effective guidance and resources to CP employees in regard to the management of air emissions, dangerous goods and waste materials, emergency preparedness and response, petroleum products management, and water and wastewater systems;
•Reducing environmental and safety risk through business processes to identify and mitigate potential environmental impacts related to all CP operations and activities;
•Ensuring that new or altered operations and other business activities are evaluated, planned, permitted in accordance with applicable regulations, and executed to mitigate environmental risk;
•Engaging with relevant stakeholders to consider and discuss CP’s environmental management practices and environmental issues and concerns associated with our operations;
•Employing best practices, proven technologies, and safe operating standards for activities involving elevated environmental risk; and
•Planning and preparing for emergency responses to ensure all appropriate steps are taken in the event of a derailment, spill, or other incident involving a release to the environment.




17CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Security
CP is subject to statutory and regulatory directives in Canada and the U.S. that address security concerns. CP plays a critical role in the North American transportation system. Rail lines, facilities and equipment, including railcars carrying hazardous materials, could be direct targets or indirect casualties of terrorist attacks, actions by criminal and non-criminal organizations, and activities by individuals. Regulations by the U.S. Department of Transportation and the Department of Homeland Security in the U.S. include speed restrictions, chain of custody and security measures, which can impact service and increase costs for the transportation of hazardous materials, especially TIH materials. New regulations published by TC under the TDGA have added requirements for railway companies to take actions to mitigate security risks of transporting dangerous goods by rail. In addition, insurance premiums for some or all of the Company’s current coverage could increase significantly, or certain coverage may not be available to the Company in the future. While CP will continue to work closely with Canadian and U.S. government agencies, future decisions by these agencies on security matters or decisions by the industry in response to security threats to the North American rail network could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition, or operating results.
CP takes the following security measures:
•CP employs its own police service that works closely with communities and other law enforcement and government agencies to promote railway safety and infrastructure security. As a railway law enforcement agency, CP Police Services is headquartered in Calgary, with police officers assigned to over 25 field offices responsible for railway police operations in six Canadian provinces and 14 U.S. states. CP Police Services operates on the CP rail network as well as in areas where CP has non-railway operations;
•CP’s Police Communication Centre (“PCC”) operates 24 hours a day. PCC receives reports of emergencies, dangerous or potentially dangerous conditions, and other safety and security issues from our employees, the public, and law enforcement and other government officials. PCC ensures that proper emergency responders are notified as well as governing bodies;
•CP’s Security Management Plan is a comprehensive, risk-based plan modelled on and developed in conjunction with the security plan prepared by the Association of American Railroads post-September 11, 2001. Under this plan, CP routinely examines and prioritizes railway assets, physical and cyber vulnerabilities, and threats, as well as tests and revises measures to provide essential railway security. To address cyber security risks, CP implements mitigation programs that evolve with the changing technology threat environment. The Company has also worked diligently to establish backup sites to ensure a seamless transition in the event that the Company's operating systems are the target of a cyber-attack. By doing so, CP is able to maintain network fluidity; and
•CP security efforts consist of a wide variety of measures including employee training, periodic security assessments, engagement with our customers, and training of emergency responders.

Human Capital Management
CP is focused on attracting, developing, and retaining a resilient, high performing workforce that delivers on providing service for our customers. CP's culture is guided by three core values: Accountability, Diversity, and Pride. These values drive our actions. Everything we do is grounded in precision scheduled railroading and our five foundations of Provide Service, Control Costs, Optimize Assets, Operate Safely, and Develop People.

At CP, our approximately 12,000-strong team of railroaders across North America underpin CP’s success and bring value to our customers and shareholders. Accordingly, Develop People is one foundation of how we do business, illustrating our focus and energy towards empowering our people, providing an engaging culture and cultivating an industry leading team.

Total Employees and Workforce
An employee is defined by the Company as an individual currently engaged in full-time, part-time, or seasonal employment with CP. The total number of employees as of December 31, 2020, was 11,890, a decrease of 804, or 6%, compared to 12,694 as at December 31, 2019, due to reduced workload as measured in GTMs and more efficient resource planning.

Workforce is defined as total employees plus contractors and consultants. The total workforce as at December 31, 2020 was 11,904, a decrease of 828, or 7%, compared to 12,732 as at December 31, 2019, due to more efficient resource planning. .

Unionized Workforce
Class I railways are party to collective bargaining agreements with various labour unions. The majority of CP's employees belong to labour unions and are subject to these agreements. CP manages collaborative relationships with union members in both Canada and the U.S.

CP employs approximately 12,000 active employees across North America with three-quarters based in Canada and the remainder in the United States. Unionized employees represent nearly 72% of our workforce and are represented by 36 active bargaining units.

Canada
Within Canada there are eight bargaining units representing approximately 6,600 Canadian unionized active employees. From time to time, we negotiate to renew collective agreements with various unionized groups of employees. In such cases, the collective agreements remain in effect until the bargaining process has been exhausted (pursuant to the Canada Labour Code). One agreement is pending ratification and one other remains open for renewal and is


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT18
under negotiation as of December 31, 2020. Agreements are in place with the other six bargaining units in Canada, two are effective until December 31, 2021, and four are effective until 2022.

U.S.
In the U.S., there are currently 28 active bargaining units on three subsidiary railroads representing nearly 1,900 unionized active employees. Nine agreements are open for amendment and are under negotiation at this time. 15 agreements will become amendable in 2021 and one in 2022. Negotiations have been concluded with respect to the remaining three agreements which will expire beyond 2022.

Health and Safety
CP is an industry leader in rail safety and we are committed to protecting our employees, our communities, our environment, and our customers’ goods. This is CP's 15th consecutive year as industry leader in train accident statistics. Operate Safely is one of our five foundations of successful railroading and it starts with knowing and following the rules. Aside from running trains, many of our employees work in yards, terminals, and shops across our network with machinery and heavy equipment, or in extreme weather conditions. Their safety and security is of utmost importance to CP and is foundational to the way we view employee safety education and training. CP HomeSafeTM is an initiative designed to improve our safety culture by tapping into the human side of safety and promoting both safety engagement and feedback. HomeSafeTM puts everyone on the same level and empowers all employees to begin a safety conversation, no matter the rank or position. Safety performance is disclosed publicly on a quarterly basis using standardized metrics set out by the FRA. Additional information on FRA safety measures is included in Performance Indicators in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Talent Management
CP’s approach for talent management begins with our Human Resources department, which oversees recruitment, hiring, development, engagement, and retention with the current and future workforce and leadership of CP.

The Management Resources and Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors reviews and informs CP’s compensation plan and programming, and makes recommendations to the Board on succession planning for senior management and processes to identify, develop, and retain executive talent. Additionally, as part of CP’s succession planning program, senior leaders are actively engaged in building the pool of future leaders, and present their development plans to the Board.

CP maintains a number of internal policies related to recruitment, relocation, compensation, employment equity, and diversity and inclusion. The effective implementation of these policies alongside our ongoing workforce initiatives ensures CP’s attraction and recruitment, employee development, succession, engagement, and diversity and inclusion practices are consistent and aligned with CP’s commitments, foundations and values.

Attraction and Recruitment
With a rail network spanning Canada and the U.S., we employ a number of recruitment and retention tactics to attract the best and diverse talent across North America. CP offers many rewarding career opportunities in a variety of roles within the organization in both operating and support functions. We base our recruitment strategy on workforce planning needs, and our focus is on ensuring that we have a diverse candidate pool to fill our open positions.

CP recognizes the valuable skills and experience that veterans have gained from serving their country. Our veteran program was recognized as part of Canada's Best Diversity Employers® of 2020 and we were named part of the top 10 Military Friendly® employers in the U.S. for 2021.

CP tracks recruitment performance and success rates to better understand which tactics, benefits, and strategic partnerships are most successful in bringing in and retaining new talent.

Talent Development & Succession
As part of our core foundation and commitment to Develop People, we encourage all employees to take an active role in their career planning and development. We believe that investing in our employees leads to improved workplace morale and fosters a supportive working environment.

Training and Development
CP offers a variety of training courses through our Learning Management System that provides online and technical training, including mandatory, role-specific and voluntary courses. This enables our employees to succeed in their current roles and prepares them for career advancement opportunities.

Non-union employees also complete annual performance management and development action plans with their supervisors to set individual goals and track progress against Company expectations as well as long-term career goals.



19CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

CP offers key development programs for current and emerging leaders. For our Operations groups, CP’s Leadership Management Trainee program provides internal and external candidates with comprehensive training on the critical skills necessary for railway operations and people leadership. Upon successful completion of the six to seven month program, participants qualify for a variety of operations frontline leader roles.

Leadership skills are long considered a core trait of CP employees. We encourage staff to develop leadership expertise as part of ongoing training and development through regular performance reviews and CP-specific skill development programs. Our Consequence Leadership training program focuses on creating a high-performance culture and feedback-rich environment at CP. The online learning module and interactive workshops introduce a practical set of tools and thought processes for instilling communications skills and management capabilities in our leaders and our employees. The goal is to create a constructive environment that improves bottom-line results and enables employees to perform at their best. To complement the Consequence Leadership training program, CP has developed in-house training to enhance leadership capabilities among leaders across the organization to ensure a long-term focus on our foundation to Develop People. For employees interested in further developing their leadership skills, CP also offers on-demand learning through Harvard ManageMentor.

Succession Management
CP undergoes extensive succession planning for both executive and management level positions. We measure the retention of our most critical positions and develop potential successors to be ready to fill critical roles as soon as positions become available. Looking ahead, CP is developing succession and development goals for the many high-potential successors for all critical positions, and will begin to measure the success rate of placing emerging leaders in those key positions.

Retention & Engagement
CP’s career development programs and diverse and inclusive workplace culture help drive employee retention and engagement. In addition, we have adopted a performance-based culture, and reward employees for dedication and hard work. CP’s competitive compensation and benefits packages are benchmarked yearly to ensure they reflect changes in the market. CP offers employees a wellness and fitness subsidy program. Along with our community investment programs, CP’s employee programs and resources illustrate our dedication to our employees’ well-being and satisfaction with their careers at CP.

CP periodically administers non-union surveys to measure employee perspectives and engagement. In 2019, we administered a new Employee Perspective survey to continue gathering actionable data regarding employee satisfaction and engagement, and to gain insight into what motivates and inspires our employees. These surveys help CP to better tailor our development and retention efforts.

Employee recognition programs are in place to celebrate wins and highlight the great work of our employees. CP’s CEO on the Spot awards, Annual Safety Awards and Broken Wheel Awards recognize good performance, heroic acts, milestones, and safety excellence with cash rewards. In addition, CP’s annual CEO Awards of Excellence and gala recognizes employees who have gone above and beyond the call of duty to exemplify CP’s five foundations and support our focus on providing superior service to our customers and driving value for our shareholders.

Diversity and Inclusion
Diversity is one of our core values at CP.values: diversity. We believerecognize that different backgrounds, experiences, and perspectives enhance creativity and innovation and encourage diversity of thought in the workplace. Fosteringfostering an inclusive environment where all employees feel empowered to strive for and achieve success supports our high-performance culture and is integral to our growth and success as an organization.

CP recognizes the importance of Board member diversity as a critical component of objective oversight and continuous improvement. As of December 31, 2020, women represented 46% of CP's 2020 Board Membership.

CP has regulatory requirements to report on workforce diversity representation in Canada (Employment Equity Act) and the U.S. (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission). CP currently collects diversity data on the following categories: women, persons with disabilities, minorities (visible minorities), and Indigenous peoples (Canada) from employees through voluntary self-disclosure. CP Mr. Creel continues to focuschampion the work of our Indigenous, racial and gender diversity councils. In 2021, the diversity councils launched a women’s mentorship program, Indigenous liaison network and provided awareness and education opportunities to employees. Our efforts on attracting, recruiting, and developingto create a diverse workforce. This data is shared in various disclosures and government reporting, internally with employees and leaders as well as our Board of Directors.

(1) 
Adjusted diluted EPS and Adjusted operating ratio are
non-GAAP
measures.
Non-GAAP
measures are defined and reconciled on pages
94-104
of CP’s 2021 Form
10-K.



31

CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT20
Year over Year Diversity Representation
Table of Contents
Canada and U.S. Diversity Percentages(1)
202020192018
Women10 %10 %10 %
Persons with disabilities3 %3 %2 %
Minorities (visible minorities)(2)
13 %13 %13 %
Indigenous peoples (Canada only)3 %4 %3 %
(1) Percentages are based on total workforce (total number of active employees) at year-end.
(2) Minority is a term used in the U.S., Visible Minority is a term used in Canada.

CP continues to work collaboratively with our employees, communities along our network, and partner organizations in Canada and the U.S. to progress and support CP’s commitment toward a more representative and inclusive workplace. Some of our initiatives include:
•Establishing three diversity councils (Indigenous, Gender and Racial). Each council is chaired by a CP executive and represents a diverse group of employees. The councils work to ensure we consider diversity and inclusion when we make decisions, provide feedback on corporate directions and promote initiatives that relate to each council’s area of focus;
•Continuing our existing partnerships with associations and organizations that attract, recruit, and support skilled immigrants, transitioning veterans, persons with disabilities, and women;
•Working with Indigenous groups to develop relationships that are more meaningful, create targeted outreach programs and employment opportunities, and better understand their history, culture, and opportunities for collaboration.
•Supporting the development and advancement of women at CP; and
•Increasing employee awareness regarding CP’s workplace diversity and inclusion practices through communications, education, and training.

Further, CP recently published a Diversity Commitment. This commitment re-enforces the efforts we have made, and will continue to make, in our journey to becoming a more diverse and inclusive company, one thatworkplace, including our veterans program and work placements for new Canadians, were recognized as CP was named to Canada’s Best Diversity Employers
®
of 2021 and a top 10 Military Friendly
®
employer in the United States for 2021.
Our employees’ commitment to the Home Safe program supports mutual respect, partnership and compliance to be vigilant about personal safety and the safety of
co-workers.
This program facilitates CP remaining an industry leader in train accident statistics for the 16th consecutive year with a
FRA-reportable
train accident frequency of 1.10 and 2021 saw
FRA-reportable
personal injuries down 17 percent from 2020 with a frequency of 0.92, which is tied for second best frequency of all Class I railroads. Operating safely is a constant journey and we and those we do business with are proud to be a part.

celebrate outstanding employee safety leadership through our annual Safety Awards for Excellence.
We pride ourselvescontinue to build on offering a diverse workplaceour legacy of innovation, leadership and precision scheduled railroading, by taking an industry-leading approach to managing the challenges and addressing the opportunities related to climate change. We released our first Climate Strategy in 2021 outlining the company’s approach to drive innovative climate action and manage climate-related risks through actions across five strategic pillars. To guide implementation of the Climate Strategy, we have established two science-based emissions reduction targets that address 100 percent of CP’s Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions, and more than half of Scope 3 emissions. Our Climate Strategy and supporting science-based emissions reduction targets have been developed in alignment with a varietythe goals of careers in both our corporatethe Paris Agreement and field locations. We recruitthe
Pan-Canadian
Framework on Clean Growth and hire talent based on relevant skills and experience, andClimate Change, which seek to attract the highest quality candidates regardless of gender, age, cultural heritage, or ethnic origin. Onelimit global temperature increases to well below 2°C.
As part of our primary objectivesoverall approach to transparent Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) reporting, we participate in leading sustainability disclosure frameworks. In 2021, CP was named to the Dow Jones Sustainability North America Index (DJSI North America) for the second consecutive year. In addition, CP is attracting, recruiting, retaining,proud to once again be recognized by CDP, an internationally recognized
non-profit
organization, for leadership on climate action and developing a workforce representativetransparent reporting. CP was named to the CDP A List for the first time in 2021 for climate-related disclosure. CP was also recognized by Corporate Knights as one of Canada’s Best 50 Corporate Citizens for 2021 and as one of the communities2022 Global 100 Most Sustainable Corporations in which we operate.the World for our industry leading approach to sustainability.

Available Information
CP makes available on or through its website www.cpr.ca freeMr. Creel has led the strategy and built our momentum to provide a superior level of charge, its annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-Kservice, create capacity by optimizing assets (longer train lengths) and all amendmentsleveraging technology to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are filed with or furnished tohelp our customers, the U.S. Securitiesenvironment and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Our website also contains charters for eachthe economy. We increased our terminal network capacity and reduced operating costs. Nearly half of the committeeslocomotives in service are equipped with Fuel Trip Optimizer (FTO), which is an
on-board
software designed for the safe automated movement of freight trains, resulting in improved fuel efficiency and a reduction in overall emissions. As part of CP’s Climate Strategy, our Boardinvestment in the innovative Hydrogen Locomotive Program reinforces our commitment to sustainable growth and greenhouse gas emission reductions. This aligns with our commitment to customers to create efficiencies in the supply chain and we are proud to have entered into multi-year agreements with Canadian Tire, Canpotex and Loblaws.
We are proud to share Mr. Creel was named the 2021 CEO of Directors, our corporate governance guidelinesthe Year and our CodeStrategist of the Year by The Globe and Mail’s Report on Business Ethics. This Form 10-KMagazine, which credited Mr. Creel with orchestrating the biggest merger and other SEC filings made by CP are also accessible throughacquisition deal of 2021. For the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

The Company has includedsecond year in a row, Mr. Creel was named Railway Age magazine’s Railroader of the Year, an honour shared in 2022 with KCS President and Chief Executive Officer ("CEO")Patrick J. Ottensmeyer. The magazine described Mr. Creel and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO") certifications regarding the Company's public disclosure required by Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Mr. Ottensmeyer as exemplary and applicable securities laws in Canada as Exhibits to this annual report.

All references to our websites contained herein do not constitute incorporation by reference of information contained on such websites and such information should not be considered part of this document.


21CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

The risks set forth in the following risk factors could have a materially adverse effect on the Company's business, financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity, and could cause those results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the Company's forward-looking statements and forward-looking information (collectively, "forward-looking statements").

The information set forth in this Item 1A. Risk Factors should be read in conjunction with the rest of the information included in this annual report, including Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Business Risks
The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected and may continue to negatively affect the Company's business and operating results. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumer demand resulted in lower volumes in several of the Company's lines of business, including Energy, chemicals and plastics, Metals, minerals and consumer products, and Automotive. The future impacts of COVID-19 on the Company's business or operating and financial resultsvisionary leaders who are unpredictable and cannot be identified or assessed with certainty at this time. The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected the global economy and resulted in a widespread economic downturn which has adversely impacted and could continue to adversely impact demand for our services and otherwise cause interruptions, including fluctuations to commodity prices, disruptions or restrictions on the ability to transport freight in the ordinary course, temporary closures of facilities and ports, or the facilities and ports of our customers, partners, suppliers or other third-party service providers, and/or changes to export/import restrictions. The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has impacted and may continue to impact the seasonal trends that typically characterize our revenues and operating income. There is no assurance that the outbreak will not continue to have a material and adverse impact on our business or results of operations. Additionally, our operations could be further negatively affected if a significant number of our employees are unable to perform their normal duties, including because of contracting COVID-19 or based on further direction from governments, public health authorities or regulatory agencies. The extent of the impact, if any, will depend on developments, many of which are beyond our control, including actions taken by governments, financial institutions, monetary policy authorities, and public health authorities to contain and respond to public health concerns and general economic conditions as a result of the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic may also result in continued substantial market volatility and declines, which could adversely impact future net periodic benefit costs and funding requirements of CP’s pension plans. Furthermore, certain impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, including demand for our services and to economic conditions generally, could continue following the pandemic or the expiration or termination of government actions in respect of the pandemic.

We will continue to actively monitor the situation and may take further actions that alter our business operations as may be required or recommended by federal, provincial, state or local authorities, or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers, partners, suppliers, shareholders and other stakeholders. We cannot be certain of potential effects that any such alterations or modifications may have on our business or operating and financial results in future fiscal periods.

To the extent COVID-19 adversely affects our business or operating and financial results, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described above and below.

As a common carrier, the Company is required by law to transport dangerous goods and hazardous materials, which could expose the Company to significant costs and claims.Railways, including CP, are legally required to transport dangerous goods and hazardous materials as part of their common carrier obligations regardless of risk or potential exposure to loss. CP transports dangerous goods and hazardous materials, including but not limited to crude oil, ethanol and TIH materials such as chlorine gas and anhydrous ammonia. A train accident involving hazardous materials could result in significant claims against CP arising from personal injury, property or natural resource damage, environmental penalties and remediation obligations. Such claims, if insured, could exceed the existing insurance coverage commercially available to CP, which could have a material adverse effect on CP’s financial condition, operating results, and liquidity. CP is also required to comply with rules and regulations regarding the handling of dangerous goods and hazardous materials in Canada and the U.S. Noncompliance with these rules and regulations can subject the Company to significant penalties and could factor in litigation arising out of a train accident. Changes to these rules and regulations could also increase operating costs, reduce operating efficiencies and impact service delivery.

The Company is subject to significant governmental legislation and regulation over commercial, operating and environmental matters.The Company’s railway operations are subject to extensive federal laws, regulations and rules in both Canada and the U.S. Operations are subject to economic and safety regulations in Canada primarily by the Agency and TC. The Company’s U.S. operations are subject to economic and safety regulation by the STB and the FRA. Various other regulators directly and indirectly affect the Company’s operations in areas such as health, safety, security, environmental and other matters. Additional economic regulation of the rail industry by these regulators or the Canadian and U.S. federal and state or provincial legislative bodies, whether under new or existing laws, could have a significant negative impact on the Company’s ability to determine prices for rail services and result in a material adverse effect in the future on the Company’s business, financial position, results of operations, and liquidity in a particular year or quarter. This potential material adverse effect could also result in reduced capital spending on the Company’s rail network or in abandonment of lines.



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT22
The Company’s compliance with safety and security regulations may result in increased capital expenditures and operating costs. For example, compliance with the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 has resulted in additional capital expenditures associated with the statutorily mandated implementation of PTC. In addition to increased capital expenditures, implementation of such regulations may result in reduced operational efficiency and service levels, as well as increased operating expenses.

The Company’s operations are subject to extensive federal, state, provincial and local environmental laws concerning, among other matters, emissions to the air, land and water and the handling of hazardous materials and wastes. Violation of these laws and regulations can result in significant fines and penalties, as well as other potential impacts on CP’s operations. These laws can impose strict, and in some circumstances, joint and several liability on both current and former owners, and on operators of facilities. Such environmental liabilities may also be raised by adjacent landowners or third parties. In addition, in operating a railway, it is possible that releases of hazardous materials during derailments or other accidents may occur that could cause harm to human health or to the environment. Costs of remediation, damages and changes in regulations could materially affect the Company’s operating results and reputation. The Company has been, and may in the future be, subject to allegations or findings to the effect that it has violated, or is strictly liable under, environmental laws or regulations. The Company currently has obligations at existing sites for investigation, remediation and monitoring, and will likely have obligations at other sites in the future. The actual costs associated with both current and long-term liabilities may vary from the Company’s estimates due to a number of factors including, but not limited to changes in: the content or interpretation of environmental laws and regulations; required remedial actions; technology associated with site investigation or remediation; and the involvement and financial viability of other parties that may be responsible for portions of those liabilities.

The Company faces competition from other transportation providers and failure to compete effectively could adversely affect financial results.The Company faces significant competition for freight transportation in Canada and the U.S., including competition from other railways, motor carriers, ship and barge operators, and pipelines. Competition is based mainly on quality of service, freight rates and access to markets. Other transportation modes generally use public rights-of-way that are built and maintained by government entities, while CP and other railways must use internal resources to build and maintain their rail networks. Competition with the trucking industry is generally based on freight rates, flexibility of service and transit time performance. Any future improvements or expenditures materially increasing the quality or reducing the cost of alternative modes of transportation, or legislation that eliminates or significantly reduces the burden of the size or weight limitations currently applicable to trucking carriers, could have a material adverse effect on CP's financial results.

The operations of carriers with which the Company interchanges may adversely affect operations. The Company's ability to provide rail services to customers in Canada and the U.S. also depends upon its ability to maintain cooperative relationships with connecting carriers with respect to, among other matters, revenue division, car supply and locomotive availability, data exchange and communications, reciprocal switching, interchange, and trackage rights. Deterioration in the operations or services provided by connecting carriers, or in the Company's relationship with those connecting carriers, could result in CP's inability to meet customers' demands or require the Company to use alternate train routes, which could result in significant additional costs and network inefficiencies and adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.

The Company may be subject to litigation and other claims that could result in significant expenditures. By nature of its operations, the Company is exposed to potential for litigation and other claims, including personal injury claims, labour and employment disputes, commercial and contract disputes, environmental liability, freight claims and property damage claims. Accruals are made in accordance with applicable accounting standards and based on an ongoing assessment of the likelihood of success of the claim together with an evaluation of the damages or other monetary relief sought. Material changes to litigation trends, a catastrophic rail incident or series of incidents involving freight loss, property damage, personal injury, environmental liability, or other claims, and other significant matters could have a material adverse impact to the Company's results of operations, financial position and liquidity, in each case, to the extent not covered by insurance.

The Company may be affected by acts of terrorism, war, or risk of war.CP plays a critical role inreconfiguring the North American transportation system and therefore could become the target for acts of terrorism or war. CP israilway landscape. Mr. Creel was also involved in the transportation of hazardous materials, which could result in CP's equipment or infrastructure being direct targets or indirect casualties of terrorist attacks. Acts of terrorism, or other similar events, any government response thereto, and war or risk of war could cause significant business interruption to CP and may adversely affect the Company’s results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Severe weather or natural disasters could result in significant business interruptions and costsnamed to the Company.CP is exposed2022
All-Canada
Executive team by Institutional Investor magazine and awarded Best Investor Relations (IR) by a Senior Management team (large cap) at the 2021 IR Magazine awards.
2021 compensation
The table below shows the compensation awarded to severe weather conditions and natural disasters including earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, avalanches, mudslides, extreme temperatures and significant precipitation that may cause business interruptions that can adversely affect the Company’s entire rail network. This could result in increased costs, increased liabilities and decreased revenues, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. Insurance maintainedMr. Creel for 2021. The assessment was reviewed by the Company to protect against loss of businessCompensation Committee, and other related consequences resulting from these natural occurrences is subject to coverage limitations, depending on the nature of the risk insured. This insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of the Company's damages or damages to others, and may not continue to be available at commercially reasonable rates. Even with insurance, if any natural occurrence leads to a catastrophic interruption of services, the Company may not be able to restore services without a significant interruption in operations.




23CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Human Capital Risks
The availability of qualified personnel could adversely affect the Company's operations.Changes in employee demographics, training requirements and the availability of qualified personnel, particularly locomotive engineers and trainpersons, could negatively impact the Company’s ability to meet demand for rail services. Unpredictable increases in the demand for rail services may increase the risk of having insufficient numbers of trained personnel, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. In addition, changes in operations and other technology improvements may significantly impact the number of employees required to meet the demand for rail services.

Strikes or work stoppages could adversely affect the Company's operations.Class I railways are party to collective bargaining agreements with various labour unions. The majority of CP's employees belong to labour unions and are subject to these agreements. Disputes with regard to the terms of these agreements or the Company's potential inability to negotiate acceptable contracts with these unions could result in, among other things, strikes, work stoppages, slowdowns or lockouts, which could cause a significant disruption of the Company's operations and have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. Additionally, future national labour agreements, or provisions of labour agreements related to health care, could significantly increase the Company's costs for health and welfare benefits, which could have a material adverse impact on its financial condition and liquidity.

Volatility Risks
The Company may be affected by fluctuating fuel prices.Fuel expense constitutes a significant portion of the Company’s operating costs. Fuel prices can be subject to dramatic fluctuations, and significant price increases could have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations. The Company currently employs a fuel cost adjustment program to help reduce volatility in changing fuel prices, but the Company cannot be certain that it will always be able to fully mitigate rising or elevated fuel costs through this program. Factors affecting fuel prices include worldwide oil demand, international politics, weather, refinery capacity, supplier and upstream outages, unplanned infrastructure failures, environmental and sustainability policies, and labour and political instability.

Technology Risks
The Company relies on technology and technological improvements to operate its business.Information technology is critical to all aspects of CP’s business. If the Company were to experience a significant disruption or failure of one or more of its information technology or communications systems (either as a result of an intentional cyber or malicious act, or an unintentional error) it could result in service interruptions or other failures, misappropriation of confidential information and deficiencies, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. If CP is unable to acquire or implement new technology, the Company may suffer a competitive disadvantage, which could also have an adverse effect on its results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

Supply Chain Risks
Disruptions within the supply chain could negatively affect the Company's operational efficiencies and increase costs.The North American transportation system is integrated. CP’s operations and service may be negatively impacted by service disruptions of other transportation links, such as ports, handling facilities, customer facilities and other railways. A prolonged service disruption at one of these entities could have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

The Company is dependent on certain key suppliers of core railway equipment and materials that could result in increased price volatility or significant shortages of materials, which could adversely affect results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity.Due to the complexity and specialized nature of core railway equipment and infrastructure (including rolling stock equipment, locomotives, rail and ties), there can be a limited number of suppliers of rail equipment and materials available. Should these specialized suppliers cease production or experience capacity or supply shortages, this concentration of suppliers could result in CP experiencing cost increases or difficulty in obtaining rail equipment and materials, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. Additionally, CP’s operations are dependent on the availability of diesel fuel. A significant fuel supply shortage arising from production decreases, increased demand in existing or emerging foreign markets, disruption of oil imports, disruption of domestic refinery production, damage to refinery or pipeline infrastructure, political unrest, war or other factors could have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations, financial position and liquidity in a particular year or quarter.

General Risk Factors
Global Risks
Global economic conditions could negatively affect demand for commodities and other freight transportedapproved by the Company.A decline or disruption in domestic, cross border or global economic conditions that affect the supply or demand for the commodities that CP transports may decrease CP’s freight volumes and may result in a material adverse effect on CP’s financial or operating results and liquidity. Economic conditions resulting in bankruptcies of one or more large customers could have a significant impact on CP's financial position, results of operations, and liquidity in a particular year or quarter.Board.

The Company may be directly and indirectly affected by the impacts of global climate change. There is potential for significant impacts to CP’s business and rail infrastructure due to changes in global climate conditions. Increasing frequency, intensity and duration of extreme weather events such as


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT24
flooding, storms and forest fires may result in substantial costs to respond during the event, to recover from the event and possibly to modify existing or implementing new infrastructure to prevent recurrence. The Company is currently subject to emerging regulatory programs that place a price on carbon emissions associated with railway operations in Canada. Government bodies at the provincial and federal level are imposing carbon taxation systems and cap and trade market mechanisms in the Canadian jurisdictions in which CP operates. As a significant consumer of diesel fuel, an escalating price on carbon emissions will lead to a corresponding increase of the Company’s business costs. Programs that place a price on carbon emissions or other government restrictions on certain market sectors may further impact current and potential customers including thermal coal, petroleum crude oil and renewable fuel sectors. Introduction of, or changes to, regulations by government bodies in response to these anticipated impacts could result in a significant increase in expenses and could adversely affect our business performance, results of operations, financial position, and liquidity.

Liquidity Risks
The state of capital markets could adversely affect the Company's liquidity. Weakness in the capital and credit markets could negatively impact the Company’s access to capital. From time to time, the Company relies on the capital markets to provide some of its capital requirements, including the issuance of long-term debt instruments and commercial paper. Significant instability or disruptions of the capital markets and the credit markets, or deterioration of the Company's financial condition due to internal or external factors could restrict or eliminate the Company's access to, and/or significantly increase the cost of, various financing sources, including bank credit facilities and issuance of corporate bonds. Instability or disruptions of the capital markets and deterioration of the Company's financial condition, alone or in combination, could also result in a reduction in the Company's credit rating to below investment grade, which could also further prohibit or restrict the Company from accessing external sources of short-term and long-term debt financing, and/or significantly increase the associated costs.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.


25CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Network Geography
The Company’s network in Canada extends from the Port of Vancouver on Canada’s Pacific Coast to the Port of Montréal and eastern Québec up into the Port of Saint John, New Brunswick via haulage, and to the U.S. industrial centres of Chicago, Illinois; Detroit, Michigan; Buffalo and Albany, New York; Kansas City, Missouri; and Minneapolis, Minnesota.
cp-20201231_g40.jpg
The Company’s network is composed of three primary corridors: Western, Central and Eastern.

The Western Corridor: Vancouver to Thunder Bay
Overview– The Western Corridor links Vancouver with Thunder Bay, which is the Western Canadian terminus of the Company’s Eastern Corridor. With service through Calgary, the Western Corridor is an important part of the Company’s routes between Vancouver and the U.S. Midwest, and between Vancouver and eastern Canada. The Western Corridor provides access to the Port of Thunder Bay, Canada’s primary Great Lakes bulk terminal.

Products– The Western Corridor is the Company’s primary route for bulk and resource products traffic from western Canada to the Port of Vancouver for export. CP also handles significant volumes of international intermodal containers and domestic general merchandise traffic.

Feeder Lines– CP supports its Western Corridor with four significant feeder lines: the “Coal Route”, which links southeastern B.C. coal deposits to the Western Corridor and to coal terminals at the Port of Vancouver; the “Edmonton-Calgary Route”, which provides rail access to Alberta’s Industrial Heartland (north of Edmonton, Alberta) in addition to the petrochemical facilities in central Alberta; the “Pacific CanAm Route”, which connects Calgary and Medicine Hat in Alberta with Pacific Northwest rail routes at Kingsgate, B.C. via the Crowsnest Pass in Alberta; and the “North Main Line Route” that provides rail service to customers between Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, and Wetaskiwin, Alberta, including intermediate stations at Yorkton and Saskatoon in Saskatchewan. This line is an important collector of Canadian grain and fertilizer, serving the potash mines located east and west of Saskatoon and many high-throughput grain elevators and processing facilities. In addition, this line provides direct access to refining and upgrading facilities at Lloydminster, Alberta, and western Canada’s largest pipeline terminal at Hardisty, Alberta.

Connections– The Company’s Western Corridor connects with the Union Pacific Railroad (“UP”) at Kingsgate and with Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway ("BNSF") at Coutts, Alberta, and at New Westminster and Huntingdon in B.C. This corridor also connects with CN at many locations including Thunder Bay, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Regina and Saskatoon in Saskatchewan, Red Deer, Camrose, Calgary and Edmonton in Alberta, Kamloops and several locations in the Greater Vancouver area in B.C.

Yards and Repair Facilities– CP supports rail operations on the Western Corridor with main rail yards at Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Moose Jaw in Saskatchewan, Winnipeg and Thunder Bay. The Company has locomotive and railcar repair facilities at Golden in B.C., Vancouver, Calgary, Moose Jaw and Winnipeg. CP also has major intermodal terminals at Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Regina and Winnipeg.


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT26
The Central Corridor: Moose Jaw and Winnipeg to Chicago and Kansas City
Overview– The Central Corridor connects with the Western Corridor at Moose Jaw and Winnipeg. By running south to Chicago and Kansas City, through the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota, and through Milwaukee, Wisconsin, CP provides a direct, single-carrier route between western Canada and the U.S. Midwest, providing access to Great Lakes and Mississippi River ports. From La Crosse, Wisconsin, the Central Corridor continues south towards Kansas City via the Quad Cities (Davenport and Bettendorf in Iowa, and Rock Island and Moline in Illinois), providing an efficient route for traffic destined for southern U.S. and Mexican markets. CP’s Kansas City line also has a direct connection into Chicago and by extension to points east on CP’s network such as Toronto, Ontario and the Port of Montréal in Québec.

Products– Traffic transported on the Central Corridor includes intermodal containers from the Port of Vancouver, fertilizers, chemicals, crude, frac sand, Automotive, and Grain and other agricultural products.

Feeder Lines– The Company has operating rights over BNSF tracks between Minneapolis and St. Paul along with connectivity to the twin ports of Duluth, Minnesota and Superior, Wisconsin. CP maintains its own yard facilities that provide an outlet for grain from the U.S. Midwest to the grain terminals at these ports. This is a strategic entry point for large dimensional shipments that can be routed via CP's network to locations such as Alberta's Industrial Heartland to serve the needs of the oil sands and energy industry. CP's route from Winona, Minnesota, to Tracy, Minnesota, provides access to key agricultural and industrial commodities. CP’s feeder line between Drake and New Town in North Dakota is geographically situated in a highly strategic region for Bakken oil production. CP also owns two significant feeder lines in North Dakota and western Minnesota operated by the Dakota Missouri Valley and Western Railroad and the Northern Plains Railroad, respectively. Both of these short lines are also active in providing service to agricultural and Bakken-oil-related customers.

Connections– The Company’s Central Corridor connects with all major railways at Chicago. Outside of Chicago, CP has major connections with BNSF at Minneapolis, Minot, North Dakota, and the Duluth-Superior Terminal and with UP at St. Paul and Mankato, Minnesota. CP connects with CN at Milwaukee and Chicago. At Kansas City, CP connects with Kansas City Southern (“KCS”), BNSF, Norfolk Southern Railway ("NS") and UP. CP’s Central Corridor also links to several short-line railways that primarily serve grain and coal producing areas in the U.S., and extend CP’s market reach in the rich agricultural areas of the U.S. Midwest. A haulage arrangement with Genesee & Wyoming Inc., provides Intermodal service to Jeffersonville, Ohio.

Yards and Repair Facilities– The Company supports rail operations on the Central Corridor with main rail yards in Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Glenwood in Minnesota, and Mason City and Davenport in Iowa. In addition, CP has a major locomotive repair facility at St. Paul and car repair facilities at St. Paul and Chicago. CP shares a yard with KCS in Kansas City. CP owns 49% of the Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad, a switching railway serving Greater Chicago and northwest Indiana. CP is also part owner of the Belt Railway Company of Chicago, which is the largest intermediate switching terminal railroad in the U.S. CP has major intermodal terminals in Minneapolis and Chicago as well as a dried distillers' grains transload facility that complements the service offering in Chicago.

The Eastern Corridor: Thunder Bay to Eastern Québec, Detroit and Albany
Overview– The Eastern Corridor extends from Thunder Bay through to the Port of Montréal, Searsport, Maine and the Port of Saint John, via haulage agreement, and from Toronto to Chicago via Detroit or Buffalo. The Company’s Eastern Corridor provides shippers direct rail service from Toronto, Montréal, and Saint John to Calgary and Vancouver via the Company’s Western Corridor and to the U.S. via the Central Corridor. This is a key element of the Company’s transcontinental intermodal service. The corridor also supports the Company’s market position at the Port of Montréal by providing one of the shortest rail routes for European cargo destined to the U.S. Midwest, using the CP-owned route between Montréal and Detroit, coupled with a trackage rights arrangement on NS tracks between Detroit and Chicago or the CP-owned route between Montréal and Buffalo coupled with a haulage arrangement on CSX Corporation (“CSX”) tracks between Buffalo and Chicago. CP’s 2019 acquisition of CMQ Canada and the 2020 acquisition of CMQ U.S. extends access through southern and eastern Québec to Saint John, New Brunswick and the U.S. Northeast including Searsport, Maine. In 2020, CP acquired full ownership of the DRTP. The 1.6-mile tunnel linking Windsor and Detroit will continue to be operated by CP.

Products – Major traffic categories transported in the Eastern Corridor include Forest products, chemicals and plastics, crude, ethanol, Metals, minerals and consumer products, Intermodal, automotive products and general merchandise.

Feeder Lines– A major feeder line serves the steel industry at Hamilton, Ontario and provides connections with both CSX and NS at Buffalo. The Delaware & Hudson Railway Company, Inc. ("D&H") feeder line extends from Montréal to Albany.

Connections– The Eastern Corridor connects with a number of short-line railways including routes from Montréal to Québec City, Québec and Brownsville Junction, Maine to Saint John, New Brunswick. Connections are also made with PanAm Southern at Mechanicville, New York, for service to the Boston and New England areas, the Vermont Railway at Whitehall, New York, and at Northern Main Junction. Through haulage arrangements, CP has service to Fresh Pond, New York, to connect with New York & Atlantic Railway as well as direct access to the Bronx and Queens, New York. CP can also access Philadelphia as well as a number of short-lines in Pennsylvania. Connections are also made with CN at a number of locations, including Sudbury, North Bay, Windsor, London, Hamilton and Toronto in Ontario, and Montréal in Québec. CP also connects in New York with the two eastern Class I railways; NS and CSX at Buffalo, NS at Schenectady and CSX at Albany.


27CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Yards and Repair Facilities– CP supports its rail operations in the Eastern Corridor with major rail yards at Sudbury, Toronto, London and Montréal. The Company has locomotive repair facilities at Montréal and Toronto and car repair facilities at Thunder Bay, Toronto and Montréal. The Company’s largest intermodal facility is located in the northern Toronto suburb of Vaughan and serves the Greater Toronto and southwestern Ontario areas. CP also operates intermodal terminals at Montréal and Detroit. CP also has transload facilities in Agincourt, Milton, and Hamilton, Ontario and in Montréal, Québec to meet a variety of commodity needs in these areas.

Right-of-Way
The Company’s rail network is standard gauge, which is used by all major railways in Canada, the U.S. and Mexico. Continuous welded rail is used on the core main line rail network.

CP uses different train control systems on portions of the Company’s owned track, depending on the volume of rail traffic. Remotely controlled centralized traffic control signals are used in various corridors to authorize the movement of trains. CP has implemented PTC on 2,117 miles of its U.S. network.

In other corridors, train movements are directed by written instructions transmitted electronically and by radio from rail traffic controllers to train crews. In some specific areas of intermediate traffic density, CP uses an automatic block signalling system in conjunction with written instructions from rail traffic controllers.

Network Investment
The Company continually assesses its network to ensure appropriate capacity to meet market demand. As part of CP's annual capital program, the Company has made substantial investments to support current and future volumes, including upgrading the network to handle longer and heavier trains, such as extending sidings to accommodate new train lengths. The Company’s operating metrics, such as average train speed, length, and weight, demonstrate efficient utilization of network capacity, discussed in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Performance Indicators.

Track and Infrastructure
CP operates on a network of approximately 13,000 miles of track, of which 2,300 miles CP accesses under trackage rights. The Company's owned track miles include leases with wholly owned subsidiaries where the term of the lease exceeds 99 years. CP's track network represents the size of the Company's operations that connects markets, customers and other railways. Of the total mileage operated, approximately 5,400 miles are located in western Canada, 2,500 miles in eastern Canada (including CMQ Canada), 4,500 miles in the U.S. Midwest and 700 miles in the U.S. Northeast. CP’s network accesses the U.S. markets directly through four wholly owned subsidiaries: Soo Line Railroad Company (“Soo Line”), a Class I railway operating in the U.S. Midwest; the Dakota, Minnesota & Eastern Railroad ("DM&E"), which operates in the U.S. Midwest; the D&H, which operates between eastern Canada and the U.S. Northeast; and the CMQ U.S., which operates in the U.S. Northeast.

At December 31, 2020, the breakdown of CP operated track miles is as follows:
Total
First main track13,046 
Second and other main track1,051 
Passing sidings and yard track4,261 
Industrial and way track878 
Total track miles19,236

Rail Facilities
CP operates numerous facilities including: terminals for intermodal, transload, automotive and other freight; classification rail yards for train-building and switching, storage-in-transit and other activities; offices to administer and manage operations; dispatch centres to direct traffic on the rail network; crew quarters to house train crews along the rail line; shops and other facilities for fuelling; maintenance and repairs of locomotives; and facilities for maintenance of freight cars and other equipment. The Company continues to invest in terminal upgrades and new facilities to accommodate incremental growth in volumes, such as creating additional capacity with the redesign of the classification yard at Alyth in Calgary. The Company’s average terminal dwell is an indicator of efficient utilization of yard capacity, discussed in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Performance Indicators. Typically in all of our major yards, CP Police Services has offices to ensure the safety and security of the yards and operations.



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT28
The following table includes the major yards, terminals and transload facilities on CP's network:
Classification Yards
Intermodal TerminalsTransload Facilities
Compensation (in CAD $‘000)
2021
Vancouver, British ColumbiaVancouver, British Columbia
Fixed
Vancouver, British Columbia
Calgary, AlbertaCalgary, Alberta
Salary
Toronto, Ontario
1,496
Edmonton, AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta
At-risk
Hamilton, Ontario
Moose Jaw, SaskatchewanRegina, Saskatchewan
Short-term incentive
Côte Saint-Luc, Québec
2,338
Winnipeg, ManitobaWinnipeg, Manitoba
Long-term incentive
Toronto, OntarioVaughan, Ontario
- PSUs
7,139
Montréal, QuébecLachine, Québec
- Stock options - annual
4,379
Chicago, IllinoisChicago, Illinois
- Stock options - upfront
10,532
St. Paul, MinnesotaMinneapolis, Minnesota
Total direct compensation
25,884

Note:
All values above are from the Summary Compensation Table on page 40. Total direct compensation includes base salary, actual short-term paid and actual long-term incentive grants.
32
EquipmentTable of Contents
CP's equipment includes: owned and leased locomotives and railcars; heavy maintenance equipment and machinery; other equipment and tools in our shops, offices and facilities; and vehicles for maintenance, transportation of crews, and other activities. In this section, owned equipment includes units acquired by CP, equipment leased to third parties, and units held under finance leases, and leased equipment includes units under a short-term or long-term operating lease.
2022 compensation

The Company’s locomotive fleet is composedCompensation Committee, with guidance and advice from FW Cook, conducted a comprehensive review of largely high-adhesion alternating current locomotives that are more fuel efficient and reliable and have superior hauling capacity as comparedMr. Creel’s compensation in conjunction with standard direct current locomotives. The Company is continuing a modernization program on several of the oldest locomotives in the fleet in order to improve reliability and availability,competitive market information as well as to introduce new technology tocorporate and individual performance. Based on the fleet. CP’s locomotive productivity, defined asfindings of this review, the daily average GTMs dividedCommittee increased Mr. Creel’s 2022 total direct compensation by daily average operating horsepower,US$900,000 (C$1.12 million).
Realized and realizable pay
The value of Mr. Creel’s incentive compensation is based on our performance over the period and, for the years ended December 31, 2020,long-term incentive, our share price when the awards vest. The graph below shows the three-year average of Mr. Creel’s granted and realized and realizable pay from 2019 and 2018, was 207, 202, and 198 GTMs per Operating horsepower, respectively. Operating horsepower excludes units offline, tied up or in storage, or in use on other railways, and includes foreign units online. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had 310 locomotives in storage. As of December 31, 2020, CP owned or leased the following locomotive units: to 2021.
LocomotivesOwnedLeasedTotalAverage Age
(in years)
Line haul770 62 832 14 
Road switcher566 14 580 30 
Total locomotives1,336761,41220 

CP’s average in-service utilization percentage for freight cars, for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, was 81%, 81%, and 84%, respectively. Average in-service utilization is defined as average active fleet for the year divided by total cars, excluding company service cars and tank cars as these are utilized only as required for non-revenue movements. As of December 31, 2020, CP owned and leased the following units of freight cars:
Freight carsOwnedLeasedTotalAverage Age
(in years)
Box car2,502545 3,04731 
Covered hopper8,6237,69316,31621 
Flat car1,4369982,43426 
Gondola3,6231,5955,21822 
Intermodal1,3151501,46516 
Multi-level autorack2,8001,0173,81726 
Company service car2,4131762,58945 
Open top hopper113— 11334 
Tank car33326514 
Total freight cars22,85812,20635,06424 



29CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

As of December 31, 2020, CP owned and leased the following units of intermodal equipment:
Intermodal equipmentOwnedLeasedTotalAverage Age
(in years)
Containers8,150— 8,1507
Chassis6,3741096,48312
Total intermodal equipment14,52410914,6339

Headquarters Office Building
CP owns and operates a multi-building campus in Calgary encompassing the head office building, a data centre, training facility and other office and operational buildings.

The Company's main dispatch centre is located in Calgary, and is the primary dispatching facility in Canada. Rail traffic controllers coordinate and dispatch crews, and manage the day-to-day locomotive management along the network, 24 hours a day, and seven days a week. The operations centre has a complete backup system in the event of any power disruption. 

In addition to fully operational redundant systems, CP has a fully integrated Business Continuity Centre, should CP's operations centre be affected by any natural disaster, fire, cyber-attack or hostile threat.

CP also maintains a secondary dispatch centre located in Minneapolis, where a facility similar to the one in Calgary exists. It services the dispatching needs of locomotives and train crews working in the U.S. 

Capital Expenditures
The Company incurs expenditures to expand and enhance its rail network, rolling stock and other infrastructure. These expenditures are aimed at improving efficiency and safety of our operations. Such investments are also an integral part of the Company's multi-year capital program and support growth initiatives. For further details, refer to Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Liquidity and Capital Resources.

Encumbrances
Refer to Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 16 Debt, for information on the Company's finance lease obligations and assets held as collateral under these agreements.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

For further details, refer to Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 25 Commitments and contingencies.

SEC regulations require the disclosure of any proceeding under environmental laws to which a government authority is a party unless the registrant reasonably believes it will not result in sanctions over a certain threshold. The Company uses a threshold of U.S. $1 million for the purposes of determining proceedings requiring disclosure.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT30
INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Our executive officers are appointed by the Board of Directors and they hold office until their successors are appointed, subject to resignation, retirement or removal by the Board of Directors. There are no family relationships among our officers, nor any arrangement or understanding between any officer and any other person pursuant to which the officer was selected. As of the date of this filing, the executive officers’ names, ages and business experience are:
Name, Age
Summary compensation table.
Reflects
average of salary earned, actual cash bonus and Positionlong-term incentives granted as disclosed in the summary compensation table on page 40
Realized and realizable.
Reflects
average of salary earned, actual cash bonus, the value of long-term incentive awards that have vested or been exercised and the estimated current value of unvested long-term incentive awards granted from 2019 to 2021
•  the value of vested 2019 PSUs paid in February 2022 was calculated using the
30-day
average trading price of our shares prior to December 31, 2021 of US$72.56 on the NYSE with a performance multiplier of 2.0 and includes reinvested dividends up to the payment date
•  the value of unvested 2020 and 2021 PSUs are based on the closing price of our shares on December 31, 2021 of US$71.94 on the NYSE with a performance multiplier of 1.0 and includes reinvested dividends
•  the value of unvested/unexercised stock options is based on the closing price of our shares on December 31, 2021 of US$71.94 on the NYSE
•  the values for salary earned and actual cash bonus are as disclosed in the summary compensation table on page 40
•  the value of any realized and realizable PSUs and stock options have been converted into Canadian dollars using the 2021
year-end
exchange rate of $1.2678
Pay linked to shareholder value
The table below shows Mr. Creel’s total direct compensation in Canadian dollars in each of the last three years, compared to its realized and realizable value as at December 31, 2021. We also compare the realized and realizable value of $100 awarded in total direct compensation to Mr. Creel in each year to the value of $100 invested in shares on the first trading day of the period, assuming reinvestment of dividends, to show a meaningful comparison of shareholder value.
  
 
  
Compensation
awarded
($)
 
  
Realized and realizable value
of compensation as at
       
Value of $100
 
   
December 31, 2021
       
Keith Creel
   
Shareholder
 
(in CAD $‘000)
 
 
($)
   
Period
   
($)
   
($)
 
2019
   14,029,129   35,835,646    Jan 1, 2019 to Dec 31, 2021    255    193 
2020
   16,026,481   20,745,748    Jan 1, 2020 to Dec 31, 2021    129    140 
2021
(1)
   25,883,203   13,215,773    Jan 1, 2021 to Dec 31, 2021    51    104 
(1) Business Experience
Compensation awarded in 2021 is higher than 2019 and 2020 as a result of the special upfront grant of stock options in March 2021 and is expected to normalize in 2022.
Mr. Creel’s compensation awarded values are as disclosed in the summary compensation table. Mr. Creel’s realized and realizable value for salary earned and actual bonus received have been converted to Canadian dollars using the following average exchange rates: $1.3269 for 2019, $1.3415 for 2020 and for $1.2535 for 2021. The value of any realized and realizable long-term incentive is converted into Canadian dollars using the 2021
year-end
exchange rate of $1.2678.
33
Table of Contents
NADEEM S. VELANI   
EXECUTIVE VICE-PRESIDENT AND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER
Keith Creel, 52
President and Chief Executive Officer
Mr. Creel became President and CEO of CP on January 31, 2017. Previously, he was President and Chief Operating Officer ("COO") from February 5, 2013, to January 30, 2017.

Prior to joining CP, Mr. Creel was Executive Vice-President and COO at CN from January 2010 to February 2013. During his time at CN, Mr. Creel held various positions including Executive Vice-President, Operations, Senior Vice-President Eastern Region, Senior Vice-President Western Region, and Vice-President of the Prairie Division.

Mr. Creel began his railroad career at Burlington Northern Railway in 1992 as an intermodal ramp manager in Birmingham, Alabama. He also spent part of his career at Grand Trunk Western Railroad as a superintendent and general manager, and at Illinois Central Railroad as a trainmaster and director of corridor operations, prior to its merger with CN in 1999.
Mark Redd, 50
Executive Vice-President, Operations
Mr. ReddVelani has been Executive Vice-President Operationsand Chief Financial Officer since September 1, 2019. Before this appointment, he was Senior Vice-President Operations Western Region from February 2, 2017, to August 31, 2019, and Vice-President Operations Western Region from April 20, 2016, to February 1,October 17, 2017.

Previous to these roles, he was General Manager Operations U.S. West and General Manager Operations Central Division. He was named CP's 2016 Railroader of the Year. Prior to joining Mr. Velani joined CP in OctoberMarch 2013 Mr. Redd worked for over 20after spending approximately 15 years at Kansas City Southern Railwaywith CN where he held a variety of leadership positions in networkfinancial planning, sales and field operations. Mr. Redd holds bachelor and Master of Business Administration ("MBA") degrees from the University of Missouri – Kansas City.
Nadeem Velani, 48
Executive Vice-President and Chief Financial Officer		Mr. Velani has been Executive Vice-President and CFO of CP since October 17, 2017. Previous to this appointment, he was the Vice-President and CFO of CP from October 19, 2016, to October 16, 2017, Vice-President, Investor Relations from October 28, 2015, and Assistant Vice-President, Investor Relations from March 11, 2013.

Prior to joining CP, Mr. Velani spent 15 years at CN where he worked in a variety of positions in Strategic and Financial Planning, Investor Relations, Sales and Marketing,marketing, investor relations and the Office of the President and CEO.

Mr. Velani holdsis a key member of the CP senior management team responsible for the long-term strategic direction of the Company. Responsibilities include financial planning, investor relations, reporting and accounting systems, as well as pension, tax, treasury and internal audit functions. Mr. Velani obtained a Bachelor of Economics degree from Western University and an MBA in Finance/International Business from McGill University.McGill.
Accomplishments in 2021
Mr. Velani’s commitment to generate sustainable profitable growth is unwavering even during a challenging economic environment. Mr. Velani continues to execute the Company’s strategic multi-year plan and make capital investments creating efficiencies within our business. Capital investments include locomotive modernization and covered hoppers that in combination with our High Efficiency Product (HEP) trains will enable CP to move 40 percent more grain per train. By leveraging the foundations of precision scheduled railroading, we are able to respond quickly and effectively to changing environments enabling us to adjust to the market while continuing to drive long-term shareholder return. Our operating ratio was 59.9 percent in 2021, a 280 basis point increase from 57.1 percent in 2020. The increase was primarily due to acquisition-related costs associated with the KCS acquisition, the unfavourable impact of changes in fuel prices and lower volumes as measured by RTMs. Adjusted operating ratio
(1)
was 57.6 percent, a 50 basis point increase from 57.1 percent. The increase is due to the same factors discussed above, except adjusted operating ratio in 2021 excludes the acquisition-related costs. Despite challenging macroeconomic conditions, revenues increased by 4 percent to $8.0 billion from $7.7 billion in 2020. Diluted earnings per share (EPS) increased 16.4 percent to $4.18 from $3.59 and adjusted diluted EPS
(1)
rose 6.5 percent to $3.76 from $3.53.
With strong shareholder support, we have closed KCS into the voting trust effective December 14, 2021. CP issued $6.7 billion of debt in the U.S. and $2.2 billion of debt in Canada to fund, in part, the cash consideration required for the acquisition of KCS, which, subject to receipt of control approval from the STB, would create North America’s first single-line rail network connecting Canada, the U.S. and Mexico. We experienced the largest demand for Canadian debt issuance with very favourable coupon rates.
With Mr. Velani’s leadership, CP was named to the 2021 Dow Jones Sustainability North America Index (DJSI North America) for the second consecutive year. The index comprises sustainability leaders representing the top 20 percent of the largest 600 North American companies evaluated by S&P Global, selected from a record number of participants in 2021. CP’s continued inclusion on the index is the result of a long-term organizational commitment to continuous improvement and reporting sustainability practices. CP’s recent sustainability efforts have focused on improving fuel efficiency, evaluating innovative
zero-emissions
technology, creating a more sustainable supply chain, establishing a diverse and inclusive workplace and investing in the health and safety of our employees and the communities in which we operate. In addition, CP is proud to be recognized by World Finance’s 2021 Sustainability Awards as a leader in the transportation industry for the second year in a row for strong sustainability performance. Mr. Velani is a member of the advisory board for the Institute for Sustainable Finance (ISF). ISF is the first-ever multi-disciplinary and collaborative hub in Canada that brings together academia, the private sector and government with the singular focus of increasing Canada’s sustainable finance capacity. Its mission is to align mainstream financial markets with Canada’s transition to a prosperous sustainable economy, including long-term environmental sustainability.
As
co-chair
of CP’s Diversity and Leadership Development Steering Committee, Mr. Velani champions company-wide leadership programs including the women’s leadership network and mentoring program. Mr. Velani was named to the 2022
All-Canada
Executive team by Institutional Investor magazine and awarded Best Investor Relations (IR) by a Senior Management team (large cap) at the 2021 IR Magazine awards.
(1)
Adjusted diluted EPS and Adjusted operating ratio are
non-GAAP
measures.
Non-GAAP
measures are defined and reconciled on pages
94-104
of CP’s 2021 Form
10-K.
34
Table of Contents
2021 compensation
The table below is a summary of the compensation awarded to Mr. Velani for 2021. The assessment was reviewed by the Compensation Committee, and approved by the Board.
John Brooks, 50
Executive Vice-President and Chief Marketing Officer
Compensation (in CAD $‘000)
2021
Fixed
Salary
807
At-risk
Short-term incentive
1,103
Long-term incentive
- PSUs
1,685
- Stock options
997
Total direct compensation
4,592
Note:
All values above are from the Summary Compensation Table on page 40. Total direct compensation includes base salary, actual short-term paid and actual long-term incentive grants.
35
Table of Contents
JOHN K. BROOKS  
EXECUTIVE VICE-PRESIDENT AND CHIEF MARKETING OFFICER
Mr. Brooks has been Executive Vice-President and Chief Marketing Officer ("CMO") of CP(CMO) since February 14, 2019. Previous to this appointment, he was the Senior Vice-President and CMO of CP from February 14, 2017, to February 13, 2019. He has worked in senior marketing roles at CP since he joined the Company in 2007, most recently as Vice-President, Marketing – Bulk and Intermodal.

Mr. Brooks beganstarted his railroading career with UPUnion Pacific and later helped start I&M Rail Link, LLC, which was purchased by the Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad (DM&E) in 2002. When CP acquired the DM&E in 2002.2007, Mr. Brooks was Vice-President Marketing at DM&E prior to it being acquired by CP in 2007.

of Marketing.
With more than 2027 years in the railroading business, Mr. Brooks brings a breadthhas held senior responsibilities in all lines of experiencebusiness, including coal, chemicals, merchandise products, grain and intermodal. Mr. Brooks is responsible for strengthening relationships with existing customers, generating new opportunities for growth, enhancing the value of the Company’s service offerings and developing strategies to the CMO role that is pivotal to CP's continued and future success. optimize CP’s business.

Accomplishments in 2021

31CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Mr. Brooks remains committed to engaging with customers and collaborating to support an effective supply chain. Our Canadian franchise has the shortest length of haul for all the key markets we serve, with access to major ports on the West and East coasts allowing us to provide a superior level of service to our customers, as evidenced by our best ever customer satisfaction scores and net promoter scores.
The proposed historic combination of CP and KCS requires the right set of circumstances, leadership and customer support. Over 700 customers/shippers wrote to provide their support of the
CP-KCS
transaction recognizing this unique combination will bring together a combined
CP-KCS
network (subject to STB approval), that has zero overlap, which means not a single shipper will lose options. As a result of the transaction, we will be able to provide new markets, new routes and new alternatives to reach consumers across North America for all lines of business. The supply chain challenges brought on by the pandemic have proven how important capacity, fluidity and competitive shipping options are to provide solutions to a congested supply chain.
Our precision scheduled railroading operating model and disciplined planning and execution allows for faster train speeds and reduced dwell resulting in better asset utilization and reduced costs for CP and our customers. Our
8,500-foot
High Efficiency Product (HEP) trains increase capacity and efficiency in the grain supply chain for customers and stakeholders. Our Intermodal business unit with CP’s unique landholdings in Vancouver, Calgary, Toronto, Montreal and Chicago enables us to grow and create solutions for our customers. Inside our Vancouver terminal we created the
first-of-its-kind
transload facility by partnering with A.P. Moller-Maersk.
Other successes include our domestic intermodal business growth of 10 percent year over year, demand management, and the equipment guarantee program. We are proud to continue our near-century-long commercial relationship with Canadian Tire with a multi-year agreement. In addition, we entered into long-term agreements with Canpotex and Loblaws while Hapag-Lloyd added the port of Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada to the westbound rotation of their service. This aligns with our commitment to sustainability, and these initiatives will help reduce carbon emissions as a result of traffic being diverted to rail instead of trucks. Our values of accountability, diversity and pride drive the CP team to develop and implement solutions that facilitate providing safe, reliable and efficient service.
2021 compensation
The table below is a summary of the compensation awarded to Mr. Brooks for 2021. The assessment was reviewed by the Compensation Committee, and approved by the Board.
Laird Pitz, 76
Senior Vice-President and Chief Risk Officer
Compensation (in CAD $‘000)
2021
Fixed
Salary
723
At-risk
Short-term incentive
1,000
Long-term incentive
- PSUs
1,500
- DSUs
66
- Stock options
920
Total direct compensation
4,209
Note:
All values above are from the Summary Compensation Table on page 40. Total direct compensation includes base salary, actual short-term paid and actual long-term incentive grants.
36
Table of Contents
MARK A. REDD  
EXECUTIVE VICE-PRESIDENT OPERATIONS
Mr. PitzRedd has been SeniorExecutive Vice-President and Chief Risk Officer ("CRO") of CP since October 17, 2017. Previously, he was the Vice-President and CRO of CP from October 29, 2014, to October 16, 2017, and the Vice-President, Security and Risk Management of CP from April 2014 to October 2014.

Prior to joining CP, Mr. Pitz was retired from March 2012 to April 2014, and Vice-President, Risk Mitigation of CN from September 2003 to March 2012.

Mr. Pitz, a Vietnam War veteran and former Federal Bureau of Investigation special agent, is a 40-year career professional who has directed strategic and operational risk mitigation, security and crisis management functions for companies operating in a wide range of fields, including defence, logistics and transportation.
James Clements, 51
Senior Vice-President, Strategic Planning and Technology Transformation		Mr. Clements has been Senior Vice-President, Strategic Planning and Technology TransformationOperations since September 1, 2019. Before this appointment, he was the Vice-President, Strategic Planning and Transportation Services of CP from 2014. Mr. Clements has responsibilities that include strategic network issues, Network Service Centre2019, bringing to his role considerable leadership experience in rail operations and Information Services.safety excellence. He joined CP in October 2013 as General Manager Operations U.S. West and has held various leadership positions. In addition,February 2017, he hasbecame Senior Vice-President Operations Western Region.
Mr. Redd was proudly named CP’s 2016 Railroader of the Year. He leads the 24/7 operations of our network, which includes responsibility for allnetwork transportation, operations, mechanical, engineering, procurement, operations technology and labour relations. Mr. Redd began his railroading career at Midsouth Rail in Jackson, Mississippi, and then moved to KCS as a locomotive engineer and then appointed Vice-President Transportation. He is also a former Chairman of CP’s facilitiesthe operating board for the Port Terminal Railroad Association in Houston, Texas. Mr. Redd holds a Bachelor and real estate across North America.

Mr. Clements has been at CP for 26 years and his previous experience covers a wide range of areas of CP’s business, including car management, finance, joint facilities agreements, logistics, grain marketing and sales in both Canada and the U.S., as well as marketing and sales responsibility for various other lines of business at CP.

He has an MBA in Finance/International Business from McGill University and a BachelorMaster of Science in Computer ScienceManagement from University of Phoenix and MathematicsExecutive MBA from McMaster University.the University of Missouri – Kansas City.
Accomplishments in 2021
We have an obligation to deliver safe and reliable service, which is part of our success platform, and this is accomplished through the strength and character of our incredible team of railroaders. Under Mr. Redd’s leadership, we remained resilient throughout 2021. Even when facing extreme and changing conditions such as natural disasters and the ongoing pandemic, the CP network kept running to deliver for our customers, the economy and the environment. Our unwavering focus on progressing safety excellence continues as CP remains an industry leader in train accident statistics for the 16th consecutive year with a
FRA-reportable
train accident frequency of 1.10 and 2021 saw
FRA-reportable
personal injuries down 17 percent from 2020 with a frequency of 0.92, which is tied for second best frequency of all Class I railroads.
With progressively longer, heavier, and faster trains, we increased our terminal network capacity and reduced operating costs. Nearly half of the locomotives in service are equipped with Fuel Trip Optimizer (FTO), which is an
on-board
software designed for the safe automated movement of freight trains, resulting in improved fuel efficiency and a reduction in overall emissions. As part of CP’s Climate Strategy, our investment in the innovative Hydrogen Locomotive Program reinforces our commitment to sustainable growth and greenhouse gas emission reductions. We also released the new intermodal virtual assistant, PORTAGE, in which drivers can access the virtual assistant to resolve issues quickly. This technology provides an enhanced customer experience while allowing CP employees to focus on providing support for more complex issues, resulting in improved operating efficiencies throughout our network. Under Mr. Redd’s leadership, we continue to grow our network with technology enhancements, including the installation and commissioning of a Train Inspection Portal System. The system is utilized under industry unique regulatory exemptions to inspect train movements by remote inspectors. This technology is also coupled to CP’s industry leading cold wheel technology whereby CP performs air brake inspections to ensure cars are braking effectively. These technologies ensure freight cars with defects are removed from service and promptly repaired for continued safe operation with fewer online failures, increased train velocity and lower overall terminal dwell.
Develop People is one of our five Foundations, and we continue our leadership and development training programs during the pandemic as we are committed to a culture of continuous improvement. Mr. Redd is proud to
co-chair
our Diversity and Leadership Steering Committee and fosters the development of a diverse and inclusive operations team, mentoring, recognizing employee’s commitment to safety through CP’s annual Safety Awards, and by frequent visits to the field.
2021 compensation
The table below is a summary of the compensation awarded to Mr. Redd for 2021. The assessment was reviewed by the Compensation Committee, and approved by the Board.
Jeffrey Ellis, 53
Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary
Compensation (in CAD $‘000)
2021
Fixed
Salary
646
At-risk
Short-term incentive
814
Long-term incentive
- PSUs
1,426
- DSUs
19
- Stock options
1,011
Total direct compensation
3,916
Note:
All values above are from the Summary Compensation Table on page 40. Total direct compensation includes base salary, actual short-term paid and actual long-term incentive grants.
37
Table of Contents
JEFFREY J. ELLIS   
CHIEF LEGAL OFFICER AND CORPORATE SECRETARY
Mr. Ellis has been Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary of CP since November 23, 2015. Mr. EllisHe is accountable for the overall strategic leadership, oversight and performance of the legal, corporate secretarial, government relations and public affairs functions of CP in Canada and the U.S.

at CP.
Prior to joining CP in 2015, Mr. Ellis was the U.S. General Counsel at BMO Financial Group ("BMO").Group. Before joining BMO in 2006, Mr. Ellis was with the law firm of Borden Ladner Gervais LLP in Toronto,private practice in Ontario.

Mr. Ellis has Bachelor of Arts He holds a BA and Master of Arts degreesMA from the University of Toronto, Juris DoctorJD and Master of LawsLLM degrees from Osgoode Hall Law School andas well as an MBA from the Richard Ivey School of Business, Western University. Mr. Ellis is a member of the bars of New York, Illinois, Ontario and Alberta.
Mike Foran, 47
Vice-President, Market Strategy and
Asset Management


Mr. Foran has been Vice-President, Market Strategy and Asset Management of CP since February 14, 2017. His prior roles with CP include Vice-President Network Transportation from 2014 to 2017, Assistant Vice-President Network Transportation from 2013 to 2014, and General Manager – Asset Management from 2012 to 2013. In over 20 years at CP, Mr. Foran has worked in operations, business development, marketing and general management.

Mr. Foran holds an Executive MBA from the Ivey School of Business at Western University and a Bachelor of Commerce from the University of Calgary.
Michael Redeker, 60
Vice-President and Chief Information Officer
Mr. Redeker has been Vice-President and Chief Information Officer ("CIO") of CP since October 15, 2012.

Prior to joining CP, Mr. Redeker was Vice-President and CIO of Alberta Treasury Branch from May 2007 to September 2012. He also spent 11 years at IBM Canada, where he focused on delivering quality information technology services within the financial services industry.
Chad Rolstad, 44
Vice-President, Human Resources and Chief Culture Officer
Mr. Rolstad has been Vice-President, Human Resources since February 14, 2019, and the Chief Culture Officer since September 1, 2019. Previous to this appointment, he was Assistant Vice-President, Human Resources of CP from August 1, 2018, to February 13, 2019, and Assistant Vice-President, Strategic Procurement of CP from April 10, 2017, to July 31, 2018.
Prior to joining CP, Mr. Rolstad held various leadership positions at BNSF Railway in marketing and operations.
Mr. Rolstad has a Bachelor of Science from the Colorado School of Mines and an MBA from Duke University.


Accomplishments in 2021

Mr. Ellis and his team provide strategic guidance and have accountability for legal services, corporate secretarial matters, communications and government affairs. This year, Mr. Ellis and his team played a key role in negotiating the historic merger agreement between CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT32and KCS in March 2021. When a rival bid was made for KCS in April 2021, they led efforts to show the STB that the rival bid should not receive regulatory approval. Upon receipt of that decision, Mr. Ellis and his team, helped renegotiate the merger agreement with KCS in September 2021, leading to the acquisition of KCS and closing into the voting trust on December 14, 2021 (the merger remains subject to STB approval).
PART IIThroughout 2021, the legal team collaborated with stakeholders to navigate the regulatory requirements necessary to achieve the generational
CP-KCS
opportunity, which, if approved by the STB, will inject new competition and new capacity into the North American rail network.

As Corporate Secretary, Mr. Ellis’ responsibilities include corporate governance practices, CP’s Code of Business Ethics and providing strategic support to CP’s senior management and the Board of Directors. In 2021, during the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic, he has been pivotal in providing legal guidance along with governmental affairs and communications support on both sides of the
Canada-US
border as part of the company’s pandemic response.
As chair of CP’s Indigenous Diversity Council, Mr. Ellis helped establish the Indigenous Liaison-Network at CP. This is an important step in reinforcing an inclusive workplace at CP by creating a network of Indigenous employees for cultural support, guidance and mentorship in the workplace. With his leadership, the Indigenous Relations team was also integral in the launch of CP’s Every Child Matters locomotive. This locomotive commemorates the survivors of residential schools in Canada and raises awareness to continue learning about Indigenous peoples and their rich history and culture. Mr. Ellis continues to be an Executive Committee member for Legal Leaders for Diversity and Inclusion and is a Board member of the Railway Association of Canada. In 2021, with Mr. Ellis’ guidance, CP was recognized by Corporate Knights as one of Canada’s Best 50 Corporate Citizens. Corporate Knights annually ranks the country’s largest companies based on corporate environmental, social and governance practices.

2021 compensation

33CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Share Information
The Common Shares are listed on the TSX and on the NYSE under the symbol "CP".

Share Capital
At February 17, 2021, the latest practicable date prior to the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, there were 133,297,236 Common Shares and no preferred shares issued and outstanding, which consists of 13,779 holders of recordtable below is a summary of the Common Shares. In addition, CP has a Management Stock Option Incentive Plan (“MSOIP”), under which key officers and employees are granted optionscompensation awarded to purchase the Common Shares. Each option granted can be exercisedMr. Ellis for one Common Share. At February 17, 2021, 1,521,584 options were outstanding under the MSOIP and stand-alone option agreements entered into with Mr. Keith Creel. There are 733,836 options available to be issued2021. The assessment was reviewed by the Company’s MSOIP in the future. CP has a Director's Stock Option Plan (“DSOP”), under which directors are granted options to purchase Common Shares. There are no outstanding options under the DSOP, which has 340,000 options available to be issued in the future.

Stock Performance Graph
The following graph provides an indicator of cumulative total shareholder return on the Common Shares, of an assumed investment of $100, as compared to the TSX 60 Index (“TSX 60”), the Standard & Poor's 500 Stock Index (“S&P 500”),Compensation Committee, and the peer group index (comprising CN, KCS, UP, NS and CSX) on December 31 for each of the years indicated. The values for the assumed investments depicted on the graph and in the table have been calculated assuming that any dividends are reinvested.

cp-20201231_g41.jpg



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT34
Issuer Purchase of Equity Securities
CP has established a share repurchase program which is further described in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 20 Shareholders' equity. The following table presents the number of Common Shares repurchased during each month of the fourth quarter of 2020 and the average price paid by CP for the repurchase of such Common Shares.
2020
Total number of shares purchased(1)
Average price paid per share(2)
Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programsMaximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs
October 1 to October 31230,195 $407.28 230,195 1,620,676 
November 1 to November 30451,299 425.89 451,299 1,169,377 
December 1 to December 31640,000 429.23 640,000 
nil(3)
Ending Balance1,321,494 $424.26 1,321,494 N/A
(1) Includes shares repurchased but not yet cancelled at quarter end.
(2) Includes brokerage fees.
(3) The Company's NCIB expired on December 19, 2020. At the time of expiration, 529,377 Common Shares authorized for repurchase had not yet been purchasedapproved by the Company.Board.


35CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The following table presents as of, and for the years ended, December 31, selected financial data related to the Company’s financial results for the last five fiscal years. The selected financial data should be read in conjunction with Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

For information regarding historical exchange rates, please see Impact of Foreign Exchange on Earnings in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
(in millions, except per share data, percentage and ratios)2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 
Financial Performance and Liquidity
Total revenues$7,710$7,792 $7,316 $6,554 $6,232 
Operating income3,311 3,124 2,831 2,519 2,411 
Adjusted operating income(1)
3,311 3,124 2,831 2,468 2,411 
Net income2,444 2,440 1,951 2,405 1,599 
Adjusted income(1)
2,403 2,290 2,080 1,666 1,549 
Basic earnings per share ("EPS")18.05 17.58 13.65 16.49 10.69 
Diluted EPS17.97 17.52 13.61 16.44 10.63 
Adjusted diluted EPS(1)
17.67 16.44 14.51 11.39 10.29 
Dividends declared per share3.5600 3.1400 2.5125 2.1875 1.8500 
Cash provided by operating activities2,802 2,990 2,712 2,182 2,089 
Cash used in investing activities(2,030)(1,803)(1,458)(1,295)(1,069)
Cash used in financing activities(764)(1,111)(1,542)(700)(1,493)
Free cash(1)
1,157 1,357 1,289 874 1,007 
Financial Position
Total assets$23,640 $22,367 $21,254 $20,135 $19,221 
Total long-term debt, including current portion9,771 8,757 8,696 8,159 8,684 
Total shareholders' equity7,319 7,069 6,636 6,437 4,626 
Financial Ratios
Operating ratio(2)
57.1 %59.9 %61.3 %61.6 %61.3 %
Adjusted operating ratio(1)
57.1 %59.9 %61.3 %62.4 %61.3 %
Return on average shareholders' equity(3)
34.0 %35.6 %29.8 %43.4 %33.9 %
Adjusted return on invested capital ("Adjusted ROIC")(1)
16.7 %16.9 %16.2 %14.7 %14.0 %
Dividend payout ratio(4)
19.8 %17.9 %18.5 %13.3 %17.4 %
Adjusted dividend payout ratio(1)
20.1 %19.1 %17.3 %19.2 %18.0 %
Long-term debt to Net income ratio(5)
4.0 3.6 4.5 3.4 5.4 
Adjusted net debt to adjusted EBITDA ratio(1)
2.5 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.9 
(1)These measures have no standardized meanings prescribed by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and, therefore, may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. These measures are defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
(2)Operating ratio is defined as operating expenses divided by revenues, further discussed in Results of Operations of this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
(3)Return on average shareholders' equity is defined as Net income divided by average shareholders' equity, averaged between the beginning and ending balance over a rolling 12-month period, further discussed in Results of Operations of this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
(4)Dividend payout ratio is defined as dividends declared per share divided by Diluted EPS, further discussed in Liquidity and Capital Resources of this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
(5)Long-term debt to Net income ratio is defined as long-term debt, including long-term debt maturing within one year, divided by Net income, further discussed in Liquidity and Capital Resources of this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT36
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS


INDEX TO MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Page
Compensation (in CAD $‘000)
2021
Executive Summary
37
Fixed
Salary
554
2021 Outlook
37
At-risk
Short-term incentive
616
Performance Indicators
38
Long-term incentive
- PSUs
869
Results of Operations
41
- DSUs
78
Impact of Foreign Exchange on Earnings
44
- Stock options
515
Impact of Fuel Price on Earnings
45
Total direct compensation
Impact of Share Price on Earnings
45
Operating Revenues2,632
46
Operating Expenses
52
Other Income Statement Items
55
Liquidity and Capital Resources
56
Share Capital
61
Non-GAAP Measures
61
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
69
Critical Accounting Estimates
70
Forward-Looking Statements
74

Note:
All values above are from the Summary Compensation Table on page 40. Total direct compensation includes base salary, actual short-term paid and actual long-term incentive grants.

38

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37
Share performance
The graph below shows the total shareholder return of $100 invested in CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORTshares compared to the two major market indices over the last five years ending December 31, 2021 assuming reinvestment of dividends. The graph also shows the total compensation awarded to our NEOs for each of the past five years.
The graph shows CP shares have outperformed the S&P/TSX Composite Index and the S&P 500 index while our NEOs’ total compensation has directly aligned with the increasing value provided to our shareholders in recent years. We have delivered significant shareholder value as our cumulative total return for the five-year period ending December 31, 2021 was 149 percent on the TSX and 165 percent on the NYSE.
The total compensation value for NEOs as disclosed in the summary compensation table is 0.5 percent of our total revenues of $8.0 billion for 2021.
at December 31
  
  2017
   
   2018
   
   2019
   
  2020
   
  2021
 
CP TSR (C$)
  
 
121
 
  
 
129
 
  
 
178
 
  
 
240
 
  
 
249
 
CP TSR (US$)
  
 
129
 
  
 
127
 
  
 
184
 
  
 
253
 
  
 
265
 
S&P/TSX Composite Index (C$)
  
 
109
 
  
 
99
 
  
 
122
 
  
 
129
 
  
 
161
 
S&P 500 Index (US$)
  
 
122
 
  
 
116
 
  
 
153
 
  
 
181
 
  
 
233
 
TDC ($ thousands)
  
 
27,471
 
  
 
22,210
 
  
 
27,352
 
  
 
31,855
 
  
 
41,754
 
Note:
Total direct compensation
(TDC) is the total compensation awarded to the NEOs, as reported in the summary compensation table in prior years.

We used the following to calculate total direct compensation in the table above:
2021 and 2020: Keith Creel, Nadeem Velani, John Brooks, Mark Redd and Jeffrey Ellis
2019: Keith Creel, Nadeem Velani, John Brooks, Laird Pitz and Mark Redd
2018: Keith Creel, Nadeem Velani, Robert Johnson, Laird Pitz and John Brooks
2017: Keith Creel, Nadeem Velani, Robert Johnson, Laird Pitz and Jeffrey Ellis
Mr. Creel, Mr. Brooks, Mr. Pitz, Mr. Redd and Mr. Johnson were paid in U.S. dollars and their amounts have been converted using the following average exchange rates: $1.2535 for 2021, $1.3415 for 2020, $1.3269 for 2019, $1.2957 for 2018 and $1.2986 for 2017.
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Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION DETAILS
Summary compensation table
The followingtable below shows annual compensation in Canadian dollars for our five NEOs for the three fiscal years ended December 31, 2021. Mr. Creel, Mr. Brooks and Mr. Redd are paid in U.S. dollars and their compensation has been converted to Canadian dollars using the average exchange rates for the year: $1.2535 for 2021, $1.3415 for 2020 and $1.3269 for 2019. Mr. Velani and Mr. Ellis are paid in Canadian dollars.
Executive and principal
position
 
 
Year
 
  
Salary ($)
(1)
 
  
Share-based

awards
($)
(2)
 
  
Option-based

awards
($)
(3)
 
  
Non-equity

incentive plan
compensation -
annual incentive
plan
($)
(4)
 
  
Pension
Values
($)
(5)
 
  
All other
compensation
($)
(6)
 
  
Total
Compensation
($)
 
 
         
Keith E. Creel
  2021   1,496,068   7,138,547   14,910,982   2,337,606   608,541   237,237   26,728,981 
President and Chief
  2020   1,601,097   6,826,446   4,156,579   3,442,359   546,767   242,948   16,816,196 
Executive Officer
  2019   1,537,866   5,870,208   3,642,061   2,978,994   566,343   554,930   15,150,402 
         
Nadeem S. Velani
  2021   806,821   1,684,658   997,455   1,102,552   248,433   53,715   4,893,634 
Executive Vice-President
  2020   790,366   1,818,076   1,157,441   1,263,452   226,331   66,336   5,322,002 
and Chief Financial Officer
  2019   751,099   1,623,980   978,943   1,095,729   214,043   59,250   4,723,044 
         
John K. Brooks
  2021   722,525   1,566,074   920,156   999,666   534,527   90,248   4,833,196 
Executive Vice-President
  2020   735,100   1,548,288   942,743   1,149,741   557,101   83,767   5,016,740 
and Chief Marketing Officer
  2019   670,235   1,240,804   697,030   829,259   627,542   66,651   4,131,521 
         
Mark A. Redd
  2021   645,748   1,444,831   1,010,560   814,384   104,262   89,381   4,109,166 
Executive Vice-President
  2020   595,081   1,155,272   693,849   827,327   93,038   79,781   3,444,348 
Operations
  2019   491,307   642,177   355,053   592,539   96,231   214,626   2,391,933 
         
Jeffrey J. Ellis
  2021   554,274   947,383   514,607   616,166   143,932   51,938   2,828,300 
Chief Legal Officer
  2020   520,967   954,825   520,534   638,004   125,011   44,457   2,803,798 
and Corporate Secretary
  2019   463,071   695,339   438,493   520,787   112,898   54,844   2,285,432 
(1)
Salary.
Represents salary earned in the year. Mr. Velani’s salary is set in U.S. dollars and was paid in Canadian dollars based on an exchange rate of 1.2627 in 2021.
(2)
Share-based awards.
Includes PSUs and DSUs awards, where applicable. PSUs were granted on January 29, 2021. The grant date accounting fair value is $85.93 for grants on the TSX and US$67.24 for grants on the NYSE and are calculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718: Compensation—Stock Compensation. See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 25: Stock-based compensation in our Annual Report on form
10-K
filed with the SEC and securities regulatory authorities in Canada on February 23, 2022 for more details.
To calculate the number of PSUs our NEOs receive, we use the Willis Towers Watson binomial lattice model and the
30-day
average closing share price on the TSX or the NYSE prior to the grant date.
Willis Towers Watson Expected Life Binomial Valuation    
Assumptions
TSX / NYSE    
Term
3 years    
Vesting Schedule
3 year cliff    
Payout Range %
(threshold-target-max)
50 - 100 - 270    
Risk of Forfeiture
5%    
PSU Value
(as a % of grant price)
84%    
Using this valuation model, the grant date expected fair value on January 29, 2021 was $72.18 on the TSX and US$56.48 on the NYSE, based on the above assumptions.
Mr. Brooks, Mr. Redd and Mr. Ellis’ amounts include the value of DSUs granted on January 29, 2021. See the About deferred compensation section on page 49 for more details.
Mr. Redd’s amount also includes the incremental fair value of $180,830 (US$144,260) to reflect the discretion approved by Board for his July 20, 2018 special PSUs granted when he was not an NEO. See Compensation committee discretion on page 23 for more details. The incremental fair value is calculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718: Compensation—Stock Compensation and reflects the fair value of incremental PSUs allowed to vest due to exercise of positive discretion.
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Table of Contents
(3)
Option-based awards.
The grant date fair value of stock option awards granted to each NEO has been calculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718: Compensation – Stock Compensation. We used the Black-Scholes option-pricing model (with reference to the shares underlying the options). Stock options awarded as part of the annual program were granted on January 29, 2021. The grant date accounting fair value of the awards shown in the Summary Compensation table with reference to the TSX and NYSE are $17.26 and US$14.73, respectively for the January 29, 2021 grant. See Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 25: Stock-based compensation in our Annual Report on Form
10-K
filed with the SEC and securities regulatory authorities in Canada on February 23, 2022 for more details. 
To calculate the number of options, we use Willis Towers Watson’s expected life binomial methodology and the
30-day
average closing share price on the TSX or the NYSE prior to the grant date.
The grant price on January 29, 2021 is $85.93 on the TSX and US$67.24 on the NYSE. Using the binomial valuation model, the grant date expected fair value on January 29, 2021 was $16.33 on the TSX and US$13.45 on the NYSE. The assumptions are below:
 
 
 
Willis Towers Watson Expected Life Binomial Valuation 
 
Assumptions
 
NYSE     
  
TSX 
 
Option Term
  7 years       7 years  
Vesting Schedule
  4 year pro-rated       4 year pro-rated  
Expected Life
  4.75 years       4.75 years  
Dividend Yield
(1-year
historical)
  1.02%       1.01%  
Volatility
(3-year
daily)
  23.5%       22.3%  
Risk-free Rate
(yield curve)
  1.75 - 2.00%       1.5 - 1.7%  
Risk of Forfeiture
  5%       5%  
Stock Option Value
(as a % of grant price)
 
 
20%    
 
 
 
19% 
 
Mr. Creel’s amount includes a special upfront grant on March 27, 2021 in relation to amendments to his executive employment agreement made on March 21, 2021 to retain him until at least year 2026. The grant date fair value of this grant is US$16.24 on the NYSE and is calculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718: Compensation - Stock Compensation. See 2021 stock option awards on page 28 for more details.
Mr. Redd’s amount also includes the incremental fair value of $247,071 (US$197,105) to reflect the discretion approved by Board for his July 20, 2018 PSOs granted when he was not an NEO. See Compensation committee discretion on page 23 for more details. The incremental fair value is calculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718: Compensation - Stock Compensation and reflects the fair value of incremental options allowed to vest due to exercise of positive discretion as calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model at the modification date.
(4) 
Non-equity
annual incentive
. Cash bonus earned under our short-term incentive plan for 2021 and paid in February 2022. In respect of their short-term incentive compensation, Mr. Brooks and Mr. Redd elected to receive part of their 2021 bonus in DSUs.
(5) 
Pension.
Mr. Creel, Mr. Velani and Mr. Ellis participate in the Canadian defined contribution plan (DC plan) and in the defined contribution supplemental plan (DC SERP). Mr. Creel and Mr. Redd participate in the U.S. defined contribution plan and the U.S. supplemental executive retirement plan. Mr. Brooks participates in the CP Pension Plan for U.S. Management Employees. Mr. Brooks’ pension values for 2019 and 2020 have been restated to reflect a change in calculation assumptions adopted in 2021. See Retirement plans on page 47 for more details.
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Table of Contents
(6) 
All other compensation.
The NEOs receive certain benefits and perquisites which are competitive with our comparator group. The table below shows the breakdown of all other compensation for 2021. The values in the table have been converted to Canadian dollars using the 2021 average exchange rate of $1.2535.
   
Perquisites
   
Other compensation
     
Executive
  
Personal
use of
company
aircraft
($)
(a)
   
Auto
benefits
($)
(b)
   
Housing
allowance
($)
(c)
   
Financial
and tax
planning
($)
(d)
   
Additional
medical
($)
(e)
   
Club
benefits
($)
(f)
   
401K
match
($)
(g)
   
Employer
share
purchase
plan
match ($)
(h)
   
Total
($)
 
Keith Creel
   115,501    28,092    4,514    22,444    655    29,642    6,769    29,620    237,237 
Nadeem Velani
   -    25,045    -    -    1,495    11,200    -    15,975    53,715 
John Brooks
   -    38,396    -    12,410    1,860    14,039    9,237    14,306    90,248 
Mark Redd
   -    39,241    -    12,410    -    14,039    10,905    12,786    89,381 
Jeffrey Ellis
   -    27,321    947    -    1,495    11,200    -    10,975    51,938 
(a) 
Calculated by multiplying the variable cost per air hour by the number of hours used for travel and includes costs for fuel, maintenance, landing fees and other miscellaneous costs. As Mr. Creel is required to travel frequently for business, CP prefers he uses our corporate aircraft within North America to ensure his safety, security and ability to immediately travel across CP’s network. As an executive of a Calgary-based company, enabling the CEO to visit his family in the United States is an important retention tool.
Non-corporate
use of the corporate aircraft has been limited to family visits.
(b) 
Reflects the cost of a company-leased vehicle and reimbursement of related operating costs. A taxable reimbursement of auto benefits is provided for executives with vehicles that meets a CFCR (Combined Fuel Consumption Ratio from the Canadian federal government) of 11.8L per 100KM or less.
(c) 
Reflects total costs
pro-rated
for the days Mr. Creel is in Calgary to provide reasonable accommodation. For Mr. Ellis, the value reflects a housing subsidy that was included in his relocation package, which ended in June 2021.
(d) 
Reflects the cost of executive financial counselling provided for Mr. Creel, Mr. Brooks and Mr. Redd. Mr. Velani and Mr. Ellis did not use the company provided service.
(e)
Under the U.S. medical benefits plan, available to all U.S. employees, the majority of the cost of a medical examination is covered by the plan. Only incremental costs for the executive medical are paid for by CP. In Canada, executive medicals are not covered under the group benefit plan.
(f) 
Included in the perquisites program available to all senior executives is a value of $11,200 in their respective home currency. Value of CEO’s club membership of $29,642 reflects the Canadian dollar conversion of US$23,647.
(g) 
Reflects matching company contributions to the 401k plan for Mr. Creel, Mr. Brooks and Mr. Redd.
(h) 
Company contributions to the employee share purchase plan (ESPP). Our NEOs participate in the ESPP on the same terms and using the same formulas as other participants. See page 47 to read more about the ESPP.
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Employment agreements
Except for Mr. Creel and Mr. Ellis, employment agreements for executive officers are set out in a standard offer letter template. The letters contain the standard terms as described in the compensation discussion and analysis should be readand include an annual salary, participation in conjunctionthe short and long-term incentive plans as approved annually by the Compensation Committee, participation in the benefit plans or programs generally available to management employees and perquisites. As of the date of this Amendment No. 1 on Form
10-K/A,
all of our NEOs have a
two-year
non-compete,
non-solicitation
agreement tied to their CP employment.
Mr. Creel’s employment agreement includes:
reasonable living accommodation in Calgary
use of the corporate aircraft for business commuting and family visits within North America
non-disclosure,
non-solicitation
and confidentiality covenants
severance provisions as described on page 50
reimbursement for club memberships of up to US$25,000 annually
reimbursement for financial services of up to US$20,000 annually
On March 21, 2021, in connection with the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statementsannouncement of the merger with KCS, CP entered into a stock option agreement and amendment to Mr. Creel’s executive employment agreement with the intent to retain him until at least year 2026. If Mr. Creel voluntarily resigns or retires prior to January 31, 2026 any PSUs granted after March 1, 2021 will not be deemed retirement-eligible as previously provided in the PSU plan and his prior employment agreement. The 517,385 options granted to Mr. Creel in connection with these amendments to his executive employment agreement will expire on March 27, 2028 and will be subject to the terms and conditions of the Plan. In consideration of the Award, CP and Mr. Creel agreed to amend his current employment agreement to reduce the value of the annual long-term incentive plan award Mr. Creel is entitled to receive by US$2.1 million in each year of 2022, 2023, 2024 and 2025 (an aggregate of $8.4 million). For details of the stock options granted on March 27, 2021, see page 25.
Mr. Ellis’ employment agreement includes a severance package for a termination without cause as described on page 50 and a
non-compete,
non-solicitation
agreement.
Incentive plan awards
Outstanding share-based awards and option-based awards
The table below shows all vested and unvested equity incentive awards that were outstanding as of December 31, 2021. See Long-term incentive plan beginning on page 24 for more information about our stock option and share-based awards.
 
 
  
 
  
Option-based awards
(1)
   
 
  
Share-based awards
(2)
 
                            
         
Executive
 
Grant date
  
Number of
securities
underlying
unexercised
options
(#)
  
Option
exercise
price
($)
  
Option
expiration
date
  
Value of
unexercised
in-the-money

options
($)
(1)
  
Grant
type
  
Number of
shares or units
of shares that
have not
vested
(#)
  
Market or
payout value of
share-based
awards that
have not vested
($)
  
Market or payout
value of vested
share-based
awards not paid
out or distributed
($)
 
Keith Creel
(3)
  
31-Jan-14
   199,500   33.77   
31-Jan-24
   11,413,395     
  
24-Jul-14
   239,700   42.06   
24-Jul-24
   11,726,124     
  
22-Jan-16
   276,250   23.36   
22-Jan-26
   17,014,161     
  
20-Jan-17
   42,355   30.20   
20-Jan-24
   2,241,341     
  
1-Feb-17
   93,810   30.23   
1-Feb-24
   4,960,667     
  
1-Feb-17
   886,125   30.23   
1-Feb-24
   46,858,235     
  
22-Jan-18
   215,740   37.17   
22-Jan-25
   9,510,123     
  
25-Jan-19
   271,010   41.06   
25-Jan-26
   10,609,950     
  
31-Jan-20
   287,160   53.16   
31-Jan-27
   6,837,074     
  
29-Jan-21
   237,145   67.24   
29-Jan-28
   1,413,066     
  
27-Mar-21
   517,385   71.64   
27-Mar-28
   196,782     
  
6-Feb-13
       DSU     14,785,061 
  
14-Feb-19
       PSU     20,708,836 
  
31-Jan-20
       PSU   97,200   8,865,218  
  
29-Jan-21
       PSU   85,217   7,772,251  
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3,266,180
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
122,780,918
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
182,417
 
 
 
16,637,469
 
 
 
35,493,897
 
43
Table of Contents
 
 
  
 
  
Option-based awards
(1)
   
 
  
Share-based awards
(2)
 
                            
         
Executive
 
Grant date
  
Number of
securities
underlying
unexercised
options
(#)
  
Option
exercise
price
($)
  
Option
expiration
date
  
Value of
unexercised
in-the-money

options
($)
(1)
  
Grant
type
  
Number of
shares or units
of shares that
have not
vested
(#)
  
Market or
payout value of
share-based
awards that
have not vested
($)
  
Market or payout
value of vested
share-based
awards not paid
out or distributed
($)
 
Nadeem Velani
  
23-Jan-15
   1,000   43.76   
23-Jan-25
   47,220     
  
22-Jan-16
   14,635   33.15   
22-Jan-26
   846,342     
  
22-Jan-18
   66,300   46.33   
22-Jan-25
   2,960,295     
  
25-Jan-19
   81,565   54.30   
25-Jan-26
   2,991,804     
  
31-Jan-20
   87,275   70.31   
31-Jan-27
   1,803,974     
  
29-Jan-21
   57,790   85.93   
29-Jan-28
   291,840     
  
26-Feb-14
       DSU     313,080 
  
19-Feb-15
       DSU     158,400 
  
24-Feb-17
       DSU     287,385 
  
22-Feb-19
       DSU   1,375   125,078   500,311 
  
31-Jan-20
       DSU   21,010   1,911,551  
  
14-Feb-19
       PSU     5,503,966 
  
31-Jan-20
       PSU   5,250   477,667  
  
29-Jan-21
       PSU   19,727   1,794,722  
Total
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
308,565
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8,941,475
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
47,362
 
 
 
4,309,018
 
 
 
6,763,142
 
John Brooks
  
23-Jan-15
   12,530   35.18   
23-Jan-25
   583,952     
  
22-Jan-16
   21,700   23.36   
22-Jan-26
   1,336,497     
  
20-Jan-17
   13,050   30.20   
20-Jan-24
   690,580     
  
22-Jan-18
   20,975   37.17   
22-Jan-25
   924,607     
  
25-Jan-19
   37,420   41.06   
25-Jan-26
   1,464,980     
  
14-Feb-19
   14,845   40.40   
14-Feb-26
   593,598     
  
31-Jan-20
   65,130   53.16   
31-Jan-27
   1,550,699     
  
29-Jan-21
   49,835   67.24   
29-Jan-28
   296,950     
  
6-Sep-12
       DSU     468,351 
  
22-Feb-19
       DSU   843   76,849   307,397 
  
29-Jan-21
       DSU   785   71,635   286,541 
  
14-Feb-19
       PSU     4,221,951 
  
31-Jan-20
       PSU   22,046   2,010,697  
  
29-Jan-21
       PSU   17,910   1,633,462  
Total
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
235,485
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7,441,863
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
41,584
 
 
 
3,792,643
 
 
 
5,284,240
 
44
Table of Contents
 
 
  
 
  
Option-based awards
(1)
   
 
  
Share-based awards
(2)
 
                            
         
Executive
 
Grant date
  
Number of
securities
underlying
unexercised
options
(#)
  
Option
exercise
price
($)
  
Option
expiration
date
  
Value of
unexercised
in-the-money

options
($)
(1)
  
Grant
type
  
Number of
shares or units
of shares that
have not
vested
(#)
  
Market or
payout value of
share-based
awards that
have not vested
($)
  
Market or payout
value of vested
share-based
awards not paid
out or distributed
($)
 
Mark Redd
(4)
  
1-Apr-14
   6,900   33.23   
1-Apr-24
   398,475     
  
23-Jan-15
   6,280   35.18   
23-Jan-25
   292,675     
  
20-Jan-17
   4,665   30.20   
20-Jan-24
   246,862     
  
22-Jan-18
   20,075   37.17   
22-Jan-25
   884,934     
  
20-Jul-18
   19,800   38.99   
20-Jul-25
   827,125     
  
25-Jan-19
   19,980   41.06   
25-Jan-26
   782,210     
  
3-Sep-19
   6,485   46.95   
3-Sep-26
   205,460     
  
31-Jan-20
   47,935   53.16   
31-Jan-27
   1,141,298     
  
29-Jan-21
   41,350   67.24   
29-Jan-28
   246,391     
  
19-Feb-15
       DSU     203,119 
  
22-Feb-19
       DSU   715   65,189   260,758 
  
31-Jan-20
       DSU   4,279   390,298   81,188 
  
29-Jan-21
       DSU   1,712   156,160   82,475 
  
14-Feb-19
       PSU     1,527,089 
  
3-Sep-19
       PSU     519,437 
  
31-Jan-20
       PSU   12,170   1,110,005  
  
29-Jan-21
       PSU   13,377   1,220,049  
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
173,470
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5,025,430
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
32,253
 
 
 
2,941,701
 
 
 
2,674,066
 
Jeffrey Ellis
  
22-Jan-16
   6,485   33.15   
22-Jan-26
   375,028     
  
20-Jan-17
   17,150   40.30   
20-Jan-24
   869,162     
  
22-Jan-18
   21,255   46.33   
22-Jan-25
   949,036     
  
25-Jan-19
   36,535   54.30   
25-Jan-26
   1,340,104     
  
31-Jan-20
   39,250   70.31   
31-Jan-27
   811,298     
  
29-Jan-21
   29,815   85.93   
29-Jan-28
   150,566     
  
22-Jan-16
       DSU     174,058 
  
31-Jan-20
       DSU   1,980   180,198   720,794 
  
29-Jan-21
       DSU   916   83,310   333,241 
  
14-Feb-19
       PSU     2,465,754 
  
31-Jan-20
       PSU   11,811   1,074,521  
  
29-Jan-21
       PSU   10,178   925,968  
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
150,490
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4,495,194
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
24,885
 
 
 
2,263,997
 
 
 
3,693,847
 
(1)
Option-based awards.
Regular options granted before 2017 vest 25 percent each year for four years beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date and expire 10 years from the grant date. Grants made in 2017 and onwards expire seven years from the grant date. All exercise prices for grants received prior to 2015 are in Canadian dollars. With respect to Mr. Creel, Mr. Brooks and Mr. Redd, exercise prices for option awards that were granted in 2015 and later are in U.S. dollars. All of Mr. Velani’s and Mr. Ellis’ exercise prices are in Canadian dollars.
Value of unexercised
in-the-money
options.
For stock options granted to NEOs in Canadian dollars, the value of unexercised
in-the-money
options at 2021
year-end
is based on $90.98, the closing share price on the TSX on December 31, 2021. For NEOs with U.S. dollar stock option grants, the value of unexercised
in-the-money
options at 2021
year-end
is based on US$71.94, the closing share price on the NYSE on December 31, 2021.
(2)
Share-based awards.
Values include reinvested dividends. The PSU values are based on a payout at target (100 percent) for the 2020 and 2021 grants. For Mr. Velani and Mr. Ellis, the value of unvested PSUs and DSUs is based on $90.98, the closing share price on the TSX on December 31, 2021. For Mr. Creel, Mr. Brooks and Mr. Redd, the value of unvested PSUs or DSUs is based on US$71.94 our closing share price on the NYSE on December 31, 2021, converted into Canadian dollars using a
year-end
exchange rate of $1.2678.
Vested and unvested DSU awards are deferred and cannot be redeemed until the NEO leaves the Company.
(3) 
Mr. Creel was awarded an upfront PSO grant on February 1, 2017 when he became CEO on January 31, 2017. These PSOs vested on February 1, 2022 based on our five-year total shareholder return (TSR) relative to two equally weighted measures: the S&P/TSX Capped Industrial Index and the S&P 1500 Road and Rail Index. The threshold for vesting is for CP’s TSR being at or above the 60
th
percentile relative to each index at the end of the performance period on January 31, 2022. CP’s TSR performance relative to the S&P/TSX Capped Industrial and S&P 1500 Road and Rail indices both exceeded the 60
th
percentile, vesting 100 percent of the grant.
On March 27, 2021, Mr. Creel was awarded a special stock option grant in conjunction with amendments to his executive employment agreement made on March 21, 2021. See 2021 Stock option awards on page 28 for more details.
(4) 
As disclosed in CP’s 2021 proxy, prior to becoming an NEO, Mr. Redd was one of a number of key senior leaders who received a retention grant on July 20, 2018, consisting of PSOs and PSUs. The vesting of the grant was based on the achievement of revenue and diluted earnings per share (EPS) targets on December 31, 2020. To provide an equitable outcome for all award participants, the Board approved the application of positive discretion for the PSOs to vest at 75 percent (without discretion would vest at 50 percent) and the PSUs paid out at 125 percent (without discretion would payout at 100 percent) based upon the EPS target having been exceeded. The share price hurdle for the PSUs was exceeded, enabling the PSUs to payout at the approved 125 percent. As a result, Mr. Redd’s 19,800 PSOs vested and became exercisable on July 20, 2021. Mr. Redd’s 8,677 PSUs (including
re-invested
dividends) with 125 percent discretion applied based on the
30-day
closing share price prior to the vest date on the NYSE and the 2021 average exchange rate of 1.2535 resulted in a Canadian dollar equivalent payout of $1,043,687. This value exceeds the estimated payout of $951,781 disclosed in the 2021 proxy as the market value of CP shares have appreciated since the time of the estimate.
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Table of Contents
Incentive plan awards – value vested or earned during the year
The table below shows the amount of incentive compensation that vested or was earned in 2021.
Executive
 
  
Option-based awards -

value vested during the year ($)
(1)
 
   
Share-based awards -

value vested during the year ($)
(2)
 
   
Non-equity incentive plan compensation -

value earned during the year ($)
 
 
Keith Creel
   9,131,870    20,708,836    2,337,606 
Nadeem Velani
   1,993,507    5,503,966    1,102,552 
John Brooks
   1,158,116    4,221,951    999,666 
Mark Redd
   1,714,153    3,102,120    814,384 
Jeffrey Ellis
   988,176    2,465,754    616,166 
(1)
Option-based awards—value vested during the year.
Includes the aggregate dollar value that would have been realized if the options were exercised on the date of vest. It is calculated as the difference between the closing price (on each of the stock option vest dates in 2021) and the exercise price, converted to Canadian dollars where applicable using the exchange rate on the vest date.
(2)
Share-based awards—value vested during the year.
Includes DSUs that have vested during the year and are valued as of the vest date and converted to Canadian dollars where applicable, as well as the 2019 PSU value which vested at 200 percent on December 31, 2021. The 2019 PSU value realized on December 31, 2021 for Mr. Creel, Mr. Brooks and Mr. Redd have been converted to Canadian dollars using the
year-end
exchange rate of $1.2678. See Payout of 2019 PSU award on page 30 for more details. In addition to the 2019 PSUs, Mr. Redd’s value reflects his 2018 special retention PSUs which vested on July 20, 2021 at 125 percent. See Outstanding share-based awards and option-based awards on page 43 for more details.
Option exercises and vested stock awards
The table below shows the options exercised and sold by the NEOs in 2021.
Executive
 
  
Number of options exercised and sold
 
   
Option exercise price ($)
 
   
Value realized ($)
(1)
 
 
Nadeem Velani
   18,220    40.30    786,826 
 
 
   6,695    43.76    266,930 
Jeffrey Ellis
   7,750    40.30    445,541 
 
 
   4,000    33.15    248,228 
(1)
Based on the market price of shares less the option exercise price on the date of exercise.
46
Table of Contents
Equity compensation plan information
The table below shows the securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans at December 31, 2021. These include the issuance of securities upon exercise of options outstanding under the stock option plan and the related notesdirector stock option plan.
The table also shows the remaining number of shares available for issuance and includes 1,700,000 shares under the director stock option plan. On July 21, 2003, the Board suspended any additional grants of options under the director stock option plan and there are no outstanding options under that plan.
Plan Category
  
Number of securities to
be issued upon exercise
    of outstanding options,
warrants and rights
   
Weighted-average 
exercise price of
outstanding options,
    warrants and rights ($)
   
Number of securities remaining
    available for future issuance under equity
compensation plans (excluding securities
reflected in the first column)
 
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders
   7,392,188    53.36    5,012,565 
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders
   -    -    - 
Total
  
 
7,392,188
 
  
 
53.36
 
  
 
5,012,565
 
See page 28 to read more about the stock option plan. You can also read about the two equity compensation plans in Item 8. Financial Statementsour audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, available on our website (investor.cpr.ca/financials), and Supplementary Data,on SEDAR (www.sedar.com) and other informationEDGAR (www.sec.gov).
Employee Share Purchase Plan (ESPP)
CP’s ESPP is available to all employees and provides the opportunity to purchase shares on the open market through payroll deductions which aligns employees’ interests with those of shareholders. Employees may contribute between one percent and ten percent of their base salary to the ESPP every pay period. CP provides a 33 percent match on the first six percent of
non-unionized
and specified unionized employees’ contributions which vest at the end of the four consecutive quarters. Employees must remain participants of the ESPP at the time of vesting in this annual report. Except where otherwise indicated, all financial information reflected herein is expressedorder to receive the CP match.
In 2021, approximately 60 percent of our employees participated in the ESPP.
Retirement plans
Canadian dollars.pension plans

Mr. Creel, Mr. Velani and Mr. Ellis participated in our DC plan in 2021.
Executive Summary
2020 Results
•Financial performance– In 2020, CP reported DilutedParticipants contribute between 4 and 6 percent of their earnings per share ("EPS")depending on their age and years of $17.97, a 3% increase from $17.52 in 2019. Adjusted diluted EPS increased to $17.67, a 7% increase compared to $16.44 in 2019. CP’s commitment to service, and operational efficiency producedthe Company contributes between 4 and 8 percent of earnings on a participant’s base salary and annual bonus. For executives, CP contributes an Operating ratioadditional 6 percent contribution on base salary and annual bonus. Total contributions are limited to the maximum allowed under the Income Tax Act
(Canada) ($29,210 for 2021).
Defined contribution plan
Executive
  
    Accumulated value at start of year ($)
   
    Compensatory ($)
   
    Accumulated value at year end ($)
 
Keith Creel
   2,801,563    587,106    3,661,737 
 
Nadeem Velani
  
 
 
 
1,108,415
 
 
  
 
 
 
248,433
 
 
  
 
 
 
1,632,195
 
 
 
Jeffrey Ellis
  
 
 
 
633,286
 
 
  
 
 
 
143,932
 
 
  
 
 
 
910,273
 
 
Mr. Creel, Mr. Velani and Mr. Ellis also participate in the DC SERP, a
non-registered
plan that provides notional contributions in excess of 57.1%the Income Tax Act (Canada) limits for the DC Plan at the same employer contribution in the DC Plan. Company contributions vest after two years of employment. Employees do not contribute to the DC SERP.
47
Table of Contents
U.S. retirement plans
Our U.S. retirement program has five elements:
a qualified defined benefit pension plan (closed plan) which provides annual benefit accruals funded by employer contributions determined from Internal Revenue Service (IRS) rules;
a
non-qualified
defined benefit pension plan (closed plan) for certain employees whose compensation exceeds the U.S. Internal Revenue Code limit (US$230,000 for 2021);
a voluntary qualified 401(k) plan with employer match;
a qualified defined contribution plan which provides automatic employer contributions; and
a
non-qualified
defined contribution plan for certain employees whose compensation exceeds the U.S. Internal Revenue Code limit (US$290,000 for 2021). Adjusted diluted EPS
CP pension plan for U.S. management employees (closed plan)
CP sponsors a defined benefit pension plan comprised of a Basic Defined Benefit Pension Plan (Basic DB Plan) and a Supplemental Pension for earnings in excess of the IRS compensation limits in the Basic DB Plan, which provides retirement benefits in excess of the benefits payable from the Basic DB Plan. The benefit is based on age, service and a percentage of final average compensation.
The pension formula uses the final average monthly earnings and calculates a benefit of 0.5 percent up to the Tier 1 Railroad Retirement Board limit and 1.25 percent in excess of that limit, and multiplies that by the years of service to a maximum of 30 years. An unreduced pension is available for all employees under the Basic DB Plan and the Supplemental Pension Plan as early as age 62 with 30 years of service with the normal retirement benefit payable at age 65.
The table below summarizes Mr. Brooks’ participation in the Basic DB Plan and Supplemental Pension Plan in 2021. The values in the table have been converted to Canadian dollars using the 2021 average exchange rate of $1.2535.
  
Years of credited service
  
Annual benefits payable
  
Opening present
value of defined
benefit obligation
($)
  
Compensatory
change
($)
  
Non-compensatory

change
($)
  
Closing present
value of defined
benefit
obligation
($)
 
Executive
 
At
December 31, 2021
  
At age 65
  
At year end
($)
  
At age 65
($)
 
John Brooks
  13.17   27.25   194,504   402,448   3,048,768   534,527   (420,711)   3,162,584 
The present value of the defined benefit obligation is based on the assumptions and reconciledmethods used for financial statement reporting. In previous years, it was assumed that Mr. Brooks’ accrued benefit would be paid at age 65. The present value was determined using a discount rate of 2.71 percent and mortality adjusted actuarial assumptions.
401(k) plan
Individuals can make
pre-tax
or
post-tax
(Roth) contributions to the 401(k) plan subject to limitations imposed by the IRS in Non-GAAP Measuresthe U.S. The Company provides a matching contribution of 50 percent on the first six percent of eligible earnings. All contributions vest immediately.
U.S. salaried retirement income plan
The U.S. Salaried Retirement Income Plan is employer-funded with an annual contribution amount equal to 3.5 percent of eligible earnings, which include base salary and discussed furtherannual bonus. These earnings are subject to compensation limitations imposed by the IRS in Resultsthe U.S. These amounts are included in the summary compensation table under
All other compensation
.
Supplemental defined contribution plan (U.S. DC SERP)
The U.S. DC SERP is an unfunded,
non-qualified
defined contribution plan that provides an additional company contribution equal to six percent of Operationseligible earnings without regard to the limitations imposed by the IRS. In the
48
Table of this Item 7. Management’s DiscussionContents
U.S., eligible earnings include base salary and Analysisannual bonus. In addition, for earnings in excess of Financial Conditionthe limitations imposed by the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, an additional 3.5 percent contribution is made. Company contributions cliff vest at the end of three years.
Mr. Creel and ResultsMr. Redd participated in the U.S. DC SERP in 2021. The table below shows the U.S. Salaried Retirement Income Plan and U.S. DC SERP account information as at December 31, 2021 and values have been converted to Canadian dollars using the 2021 average exchange rate of Operations.$1.2535.

Executive
  
    Accumulated value at start of year ($)
   
    Compensatory ($)
   
    Accumulated value at year end ($)
 
Keith Creel
   1,227,046    21,435    1,303,392 
 
Mark Redd
  
 
 
 
415,177
 
 
  
 
 
 
104,262
 
 
  
 
 
 
557,017
 
 
•Total revenues– CP’s Total revenues decreased
About deferred compensation
Executive officers and members of senior management who have not met their share ownership requirement can choose to defer all or a portion of their short-term incentive or PSU grant as DSUs.
The short-term incentive DSUs are granted in the year the bonus is actually paid and may receive a 25 percent match. The deferred amount, including the match, cannot exceed the amount needed to meet the ownership requirement. The amount is converted to bonus DSUs using the average market price of a CP common share for the 10 trading days immediately before December 31 of the applicable performance year. The matching units vest after three years.
Eligible executives can elect to defer a portion of their PSU grant prior to start of the performance period. These performance DSUs are subject to the same performance and vesting conditions as the corresponding PSU grant. To align with the granting practice of the PSU plan, the elected amount converted to performance DSUs is based on the market closing price of a CP common share for the 30 trading days prior to the grant date. The performance DSUs may receive a 25 percent match upon vesting, three years from the grant date.
To defer any compensation, elections must be made by 1%June 30
th
of the calendar year prior to $7,710 millionthe new fiscal year. Matching DSUs cannot exceed 20 percent of the executives’ total ownership requirement.
The table below shows the number of DSUs outstanding and their value based on our closing share price on December 31, 2021.
Executive
    
Unvested DSUs (#)
     
Vested DSUs (#)
     
Total Units (#)
     
Value as at
December 31, 2021 ($)
(1)
 
Keith Creel
     0      162,107      162,107      14,785,061 
Nadeem Velani
     22,385      13,840      36,225      3,295,805 
John Brooks
     1,628      11,647      13,275      1,210,773 
Mark Redd
     6,706      6,881      13,587      1,239,187 
Jeffrey Ellis
     2,896      13,498      16,394      1,491,601 
(1)
We valued the outstanding DSUs using $90.98, our closing share price on the TSX on December 31, 2021 for Mr. Velani and Mr. Ellis, and US$71.94, our closing share price on the NYSE and converted to Canadian dollars using a
year-end
exchange rate of $1.2678 for Mr. Creel, Mr. Brooks and Mr. Redd.
DSUs are redeemed for cash after the executive retires or leaves the Company, with: (i) Canadian-resident executives being entitled to elect a date of payment between the date that is six months following their departure from the Company and December 15
th
of the following calendar year, in 2020compliance with Canadian tax rules; and (ii) U.S. resident executives being paid six months after their departure from $7,792 millionthe Company, in compliance with U.S. tax regulations. We used the average market price of a share for the
10-trading
days immediately before the payment date to calculate the amount, which the participant receives in a lump sum less withholding taxes.
49
Table of Contents
Termination and change in control
Termination of employment
We have policies to cover different kinds of termination of employment.
Mr. Creel is covered under the terms of his employment agreement effective January 31, 2017, as amended December 18, 2018 and March 21, 2021, that includes
non-competition,
non-solicitation
and confidentiality restrictions. Mr. Ellis has a severance agreement for termination without cause. Mr. Velani, Mr. Brooks and Mr. Redd are subject to the same terms as all other employees for resignation, retirement, termination with cause, termination without cause and change in control. Mr. Velani, Mr. Brooks, Mr. Redd and Mr. Ellis have signed
non-competition,
non-solicitation
agreements in 2019, driven primarily by the unfavourable impact of lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices,2020 and lower volumes as measured by revenue ton-miles ("RTMs") primarily due to the impacts of COVID-19. This decrease was partially offset by higher liquidated damages, including customer volume commitments, and higher freight rates.2021 that also had confidentiality restrictions.

•Operating performance – Average train weight increased by 6% to 9,707 tons and average train length increased by 7% to 7,929 feet due to improvements in operating plan efficiency, in each case compared to 2019. These metrics are discussed further in Performance Indicators of this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following table compares 2020 outlook to actual results:
RTM growth
Adjusted diluted EPS(1)
Resignation
Capital expenditures
Retirement
Termination
with cause
Termination without
cause
Change in control
Outlook
Severance
Mid-single-digit growth

Revised quarterly		NoneNoneNone
Mr. Creel: 24 months of base salary
Mr. Ellis: 12 months of salary
Other NEOs: pursuant to applicable law
None
Short-term incentive
ForfeitedAward for current year is
pro-rated
to retirement date		Forfeited
Equal to the target award for severance period for Mr. Creel
Other NEOs: award for current year is
pro-rated
to termination date as per plan
None
DSUs
Unvested DSUs are forfeitedUnvested DSUs are forfeitedUnvested DSUs are forfeitedUnvested DSUs are forfeited
Unvested units vest early if the holder is terminated following change in control
Performance share units
Forfeited
Award continues to vest based on performance factors and updatedexecutive is entitled to receive the full value as long as they have worked for six months of the performance period, otherwise the award is forfeited
Forfeited
Pro-rated
based on active service within the performance period and based on actual performance at the end of the third quarter to low single-digit decreaseperformance period
High single-digit to low double-digit growth
Only vest if the executive is terminated following a change in control

Revised quarterly and updatedPSUs vest at target,
pro-rated
based on active service within the end of the third quarter to at least mid-single-digit Adjusted diluted EPS growth from full-year 2019 Adjusted diluted EPS of $16.44.performance period
Approximately $1.60 billion
Actual outcomes
Stock options
RTMs decreased by 2,487 million,
Vested options are exercisable for 30 days or 2%until the expiry date, whichever comes first
Unvested options are forfeited
Performance stock options are forfeited
Adjusted diluted EPS growth
Options continue to vest
Award expires five years after the retirement date or the normal expiry date, whichever is earlier
Performance stock options are forfeited
Forfeited
Vested options are exercisable for six months following termination as well as any options that vest during the
six-month
period
Performance stock options are forfeited
Options only vest early if the option holder is terminated following the change in control
Performance stock options are forfeited
Pension
No additional value
No additional value
No additional value
No additional value
No additional value
ESPP shares
Unvested shares are forfeited
Unvested shares vestUnvested shares are forfeitedUnvested shares vestUnvested shares vest
Benefits
End on last day worked
Post-retirement life insurance of 7% to $17.67$50,000 and a health spending account based on years of service (same for all employees)
$1.67 billionEnd on termination dateEnd on last day workedNone
Perquisites
Any unused flex perquisite dollars are forfeited
Any unused flex perquisite dollars are forfeitedAny unused flex perquisite dollars are forfeitedAny unused flex perquisite dollars are forfeitedAny unused flex perquisite dollars are forfeited
(1) Adjusted diluted EPS is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. As described in the 2021 Outlook section below, CP had not calculated an outlook for Diluted EPS in 2020.

The updates in RTM growth and Adjusted diluted EPS expectations were based on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumer demand in the following lines of business: Energy, chemicals and plastics, Metals, minerals and consumer products, and Automotive. CP revised its outlook quarterly given the evolving nature of impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic.

2021 Outlook
With a 2021 plan that encompasses profitable sustainable growth, CP expects high single-digit RTM growth and double-digit Adjusted diluted EPS growth. CP’s expectations for Adjusted diluted EPS growth in 2021 are based on Adjusted diluted EPS of $17.67 in 2020. For the purposes of this outlook, CP assumes an effective tax rate of 24.6 percent. CP estimates other components of net periodic benefit recovery to increase by approximately $40 million versus 2020. As CP continues to invest in service, productivity and safety, the Company plans to invest approximately $1.55 billion in capital programs in 2021. Capital programs are defined and discussed further in Liquidity and Capital Resources of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Adjusted diluted EPS is defined and discussed further in Non-GAAP Measures and in Forward-Looking Statements of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Although CP has provided a forward-looking Non-GAAP measure (Adjusted diluted EPS), management is unable to reconcile, without unreasonable efforts, the forward-looking Adjusted diluted EPS to the most comparable GAAP measure, due to unknown variables and uncertainty related to future results. These unknown variables may include unpredictable transactions of significant value. In recent years, CP has recognized changes in income tax rates and a change to an uncertain tax item. These or other similar, large unforeseen transactions affect diluted EPS but may be excluded from CP’s Adjusted diluted EPS. Additionally, the Canadian dollar-to-U.S. exchange rate is unpredictable and can have a significant impact on CP’s reported results but may be excluded from CP’s Adjusted diluted EPS. In particular, CP excludes the foreign exchange ("FX")

50

CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT38
impact of translating the Company’s debt and lease liabilities from Adjusted diluted EPS. Please see Forward-Looking Statements of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for further discussion.

Performance Indicators
The following table lists the key measures of the Company’s operating performance:
  % Change
For the year ended December 312020201920182020 vs. 20192019 vs. 2018
Operations Performance
Gross ton-miles (“GTMs”) (millions)272,360 280,724 275,362 (3)2 
Train miles (thousands)30,324 32,924 32,312 (8)2 
Average train weight – excluding local traffic (tons)9,707 9,129 9,100 6 — 
Average train length – excluding local traffic (feet)7,929 7,388 7,313 7 1 
Average terminal dwell (hours)6.5 6.4 6.8 2 (6)
Average train speed (miles per hour, or "mph")22.0 22.2 21.5 (1)3 
Locomotive productivity (GTMs / operating horsepower, or "GTMs/OHP")207 202 198 2 2 
Fuel efficiency (U.S. gallons of locomotive fuel consumed /1,000 GTMs)0.942 0.955 0.953 (1)— 
Total Employees and Workforce
Total employees (average)12,168 13,103 12,756 (7)3 
Total employees (end of period)11,890 12,694 12,840 (6)(1)
Workforce (end of period)11,904 12,732 12,866 (7)(1)
Safety Indicators(1)
FRA personal injuries per 200,000 employee-hours1.11 1.42 1.47 (22)(3)
FRA train accidents per million train-miles0.96 1.06 1.10 (9)(4)
(1) FRA personal injuries per 200,000 employee-hours for the year ended December 31, 2018, previously reported as 1.48, was restated to 1.47 in this report. This restatement reflects new information available within specified periods stipulated by the FRA but that exceed the Company's financial reporting timeline.

Operations Performance
These key measures are used by management as comparisons to historical operating results and in the planning process to facilitate decisions that continue to drive further productivity improvements in the Company's operations. Results of these key measures reflect how effective CP’s management is at controlling costs and executing the Company’s operating plan and strategy. Continued monitoring of these key measures ensures that the Company can take appropriate actions to ensure the delivery of superior service and be able to grow its business at low incremental cost.

A GTM is defined as the movement of one ton of train weight over one mile. GTMs are calculated by multiplying total train weight by the distance the train moved. Total train weight comprises the weight of the freight cars, their contents, and any inactive locomotives. An increase in GTMs indicates additional workload. GTMs for 2020 were 272,360 million, a 3% decrease compared with 280,724 million in 2019. This decrease was primarily driven by decreased volumes of crude, Coal, and frac sand. This decrease was partially offset by increased volumes of Grain, Potash, and Fertilizers and sulphur.

GTMs in 2019 were 280,724 million, a 2% increase compared with 275,362 million in 2018. This increase was primarily driven by increased volumes of Energy, chemicals and plastics and Intermodal. This increase was partially offset by decreased volumes of Potash, frac sand, and Coal.

Train miles are defined as the sum of the distance moved by all trains operated on the network. Train miles provide a measure of the productive utilization of our network. A smaller increase in train miles relative to increases in volumes, as measured by RTMs, and/or workload, as measured by GTMs, indicates improved train productivity. Train miles for 2020 were 30,324 thousands, a decrease of 8% compared with 32,924 thousands in 2019. This decrease reflects the impact of a 3% decrease in workload (GTMs), as well as a 6% increase in average train weights.

Train miles in 2019 were 32,924, an increase of 2% compared with 32,312 thousands in 2018. This reflects the impact of higher GTMs in 2019.



39CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Average train weight is defined as the average gross weight of CP trains, both loaded and empty. This excludes trains in short-haul service, work trains used to move CP’s track equipment and materials, and the haulage of other railways’ trains on CP’s network. An increase in average train weight indicates improved asset utilization and may also be the result of moving heavier commodities. Average train weight of 9,707 tons in 2020 increased by 578 tons, or 6% compared with 9,129 tons in 2019. This increase was a result of improvements in operating plan efficiency, continued improvements in operational efficiency due to moving longer and heavier export potash and Grain trains, and improved winter operating conditions in the first quarter of 2020. This increase was partially offset by moving lower volumes of heavier commodities such as Canadian coal and crude. Improvements for Grain trains were driven by the High Efficiency Product ("HEP") train model, which is an 8,500-foot train model that features the new high-capacity grain hopper cars and increased grain carrying capacity.

Average train weight of 9,129 tons in 2019 increased by 29 tons from 9,100 tons in 2018. This slight increase was a result of improvements in operating plan efficiency. This increase was partially offset by the implementation of CP's winter contingency plan in the first quarter of 2019 resulting in shorter and lighter trains within the operating plan.

Average train length is defined as the average total length of CP trains, both loaded and empty. This includes all cars and locomotives on the train and is calculated as the sum of each car or locomotive's length multiplied by the distance travelled, divided by train miles. This excludes trains in short-haul service, work trains used to move CP's track equipment and materials, and the haulage of other railroads' trains on CP's network. An increase in average train length indicates improved asset utilization. Average train length of 7,929 feet in 2020 increased by 541 feet, or 7%, compared with 7,388 feet in 2019. This increase was a result of improvements in operating plan efficiency and continued improvements in operational efficiency due to moving longer Grain and export potash trains. This increase was partially offset by moving lower volumes of commodities such as Canadian coal, which move in longer trains. Improvements for Grain trains were driven by the 8,500-foot HEP train model.

Average train length of 7,388 feet in 2019 increased by 75 feet, or 1%, from 7,313 feet in 2018. This was a result of improvements in operating plan efficiency and increased Intermodal volumes which move on longer trains. This increase was partially offset by the implementation of CP's winter contingency plan in the first quarter of 2019 resulting in shorter and lighter trains within the operating plan.

Average terminal dwell is defined as the average time a freight car resides within terminal boundaries expressed in hours. The timing starts with a train arriving at the terminal, a customer releasing the car to the Company, or a car arriving at interchange from another railroad. The timing ends when the train leaves, a customer receives the car from CP, or the freight car is transferred to another railroad. Freight cars are excluded if they are being stored at the terminal or used in track repairs. A decrease in average terminal dwell indicates improved terminal performance resulting in faster cycle times and improved railcar utilization. Average terminal dwell of 6.5 hours in 2020 increased by 2% from 6.4 hours in 2019. This unfavourable increase was a result of aligning the operating plan to demand in order to maintain network efficiencies in the last three quarters of 2020. Aligning the operating plan to demand resulted in increased average train weight, average train length, and increased locomotive productivity.

Average terminal dwell of 6.4 hours in 2019 favourably decreased by 6% from 6.8 hours in 2018. This favourable decrease was due to improved network fluidity.

Average train speed is defined as a measure of the line-haul movement from origin to destination including terminal dwell hours. It is calculated by dividing the total train miles travelled by the total train hours operated. This calculation does not include delay time related to customers or foreign railways and excludes the time and distance travelled by: i) trains used in or around CP’s yards; ii) passenger trains; and iii) trains used for repairing track. An increase in average train speed indicates improved on-time performance resulting in improved asset utilization. Average train speed was 22.0 mph in 2020, a decrease of 1%, from 22.2 mph in 2019. This decrease in speed was a result of aligning the operating plan to demand in order to maintain network efficiencies in the last three quarters of 2020, partially offset by improved winter operating conditions in the first quarter of 2020. Aligning the operating plan to demand resulted in increased average train weight, average train length, and increased locomotive productivity.

Average train speed in 2019 was 22.2 mph, an increase of 3%, from 21.5 mph in 2018. This increase in speed was due to the completion of network infrastructure projects, partially offset by the impact of harsh winter operating conditions and network disruptions in the first quarter of 2019.

Locomotive productivity is defined as the daily average GTMs divided by daily average operating horsepower. Operating horsepower excludes units offline, tied up or in storage, or in use on other railways, and includes foreign units online. An increase in locomotive productivity indicates more efficient locomotive utilization and may also be the result of moving heavier commodities. Locomotive productivity was 207 GTMs/OHP in 2020, an increase of 5 GTMs/OHP, or 2%, compared to 202 GTMs/OHP in 2019. This increase was primarily due to improvements in operating plan efficiency as a result of aligning the operating plan to demand.

Locomotive productivity was 202 GTMs/OHP in 2019, an increase of 4 GTMs/OHP, or 2%, compared to 198 GTMs/OHP in 2018. This increase was primarily due to improvements in operating plan efficiency as a result of aligning the operating plan to demand.

Fuel efficiencyis defined as U.S. gallons of locomotive fuel consumed per 1,000 GTMs.Fuel consumed includes gallons from freight, yard and commuter service but excludes fuel used in capital projects and other non-freight activities. An improvement in fuel efficiency indicates operational cost savings and


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT40
CP's commitment to corporate sustainability through a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions intensity. Fuel efficiency for 2020 was 0.942 U.S. gallons/1,000 GTMs, an improvement of 1% compared to 2019. This improvement was primarily due to improved winter operating conditions in the first quarter of 2020. Fuel efficiency for 2019 of 0.955 U.S. gallons/1,000 GTMs was flat compared to 2018.

Total Employees and Workforce
An employee is defined as an individual currently engaged in full-time, part-time, or seasonal employment with CP while workforce is defined as total employees plus contractors and consultants. The Company monitors employment and workforce levels in order to efficiently meet service and strategic requirements. The number of employees is a key driver to total compensation and benefits costs.

The average number of total employees for 2020 decreased by 935, or 7%, compared with 2019. This decrease was primarily due to more efficient resource planning, including furloughs associated with the economic downturn caused by COVID-19, partially offset by the addition of CMQ employees. The total number of employees as at December 31, 2020 was 11,890, a decrease of 804, or 6%, compared to 12,694 as at December 31, 2019, due to reduced workload as measured in GTMs and more efficient resource planning.

The average number of total employees for 2019 increased by 347, or 3%, compared to 2018. This increase was primarily due to growth in workload as measured in GTMs. The total number of employees as at December 31, 2019 was 12,694, a decrease of 146, or 1%, compared to 12,840 as at December 31, 2018, due to more efficient resource planning and reduced workload in the fourth quarter, partially offset by the addition of CMQ Canada employees.

The total workforce as at December 31, 2020 was 11,904, a decrease of 828, or 7%, compared to 12,732 as at December 31, 2019, due to more efficient resource planning.

The total workforce as at December 31, 2019 was 12,732, a decrease of 134, or 1%, compared to 12,866 as at December 31, 2018, due to more efficient resource planning.

Safety Indicators
Safety is a key priority and core strategy for CP’s management, employees, and Board of Directors. Personal injuries and train accidents are indicators of the effectiveness of the Company's safety systems, and are used by management to evaluate and, as necessary, alter the Company's safety systems, procedures, and protocols. Each measure follows U.S Federal Railroad Administration ("FRA") reporting guidelines, which can result in restatement after initial publication to reflect new information available within specified periods stipulated by the FRA but that exceed the Company's financial reporting timeline.

The FRA personal injuries per 200,000 employee-hours frequency is the number of personal injuries, multiplied by 200,000 and divided by total employee hours. Personal injuries are defined as injuries that require employees to lose time away from work, modify their normal duties or obtain medical treatment beyond minor first aid. FRA employee-hours are the total hours worked, excluding vacation and sick time, by all employees, excluding contractors. The FRA personal injuries per 200,000 employee-hours frequency for CP was 1.11 in 2020, compared with 1.42 in 2019 and 1.47 in 2018.

TheFRA train accidents per million train-miles frequency is the number of train accidents, multiplied by 1,000,000 and divided by total train miles. Train accidents included in this metric meet or exceed the FRA reporting threshold of U.S. $10,700 in damage. The FRA train accidents per million train-miles frequency for CP was 0.96 in 2020 , compared with 1.06 in 2019 and 1.10 in 2018.



Table of Contents
41CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT
The table below shows the estimated incremental amounts that would be paid to Mr. Creel and Mr. Ellis, if their employment had been terminated without cause on December 31, 2021. There is no extra tax
gross-up
provision for any termination benefit.
                             
  Name
 
  
Severance period
(# of months)
 
   
Base pay
($)
 
   
Short-term

incentive
($)
 
   
Additional
retirement
benefits
($)
 
   
Other
benefits
(1)

($)
 
   
Value of vesting
of options and
equity-based
awards
(2)
($)
 
   
Payable on
termination
without
cause
($)
 
 
  Keith Creel
   
 
24
 
 
 
   
 
3,026,270
 
 
 
   
 
3,782,838
 
 
 
   
 
—
 
 
 
   36,474    15,642,663    22,488,245 
  Jeffrey Ellis
   
 
12
 
 
 
   
 
560,150
 
 
 
   
 
448,120
 
 
 
   
 
—
 
 
 
   24,630    1,837,786    2,870,686 
  Total
       
 
3,586,420
 
  
 
4,230,958
 
   
 
—
 
 
 
  
 
61,104
 
  
 
17,480,449
 
  
 
25,358,931
 

(1) 
Reflects the value of accelerated vesting of shares purchased under the ESPP for Mr. Creel and Mr. Ellis. Also includes the cost of group benefits for Mr. Ellis for the severance period as per his employment agreement.
(2) 
Reflects the value of stock options and equity-based awards vesting within six months following termination in accordance with our stock option plan, and the
pro-rated
value as of the termination date of PSU awards. Mr. Creel’s calculation is based on US$71.94, our closing share price on the NYSE on December 31, 2021, converted to Canadian dollars using a
year-end
exchange rate of $1.2678. Mr. Ellis’ calculation is based on $90.98, our closing share price on the TSX on December 31, 2021.
CEO pay ratio
Results of Operations
Income
cp-20201231_g42.jpg


Operating income was $3,311 million in 2020, an increase of $187 million, or 6%, from $3,124 million in 2019. This increase was primarily due to:
•liquidated damages, including customer volume commitments,CP is proactively providing transparency and higher freight rates;
•public disclosure related to CEO pay as compared to the efficiencies generated from improved operating performancemedian employee. Our proxy is governed under Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA) regulations and asset utilization;
•a gain of $68 million as a resultis not required by Section 953(b) of the remeasurement Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) and Item 402(u) of Regulation
S-K
to fair valuedisclose information about the ratio of the previously held equity investmentannual total compensation of our median employee and the annual total compensation (pay ratio) of Mr. Creel, our President and CEO. In support of the Board’s commitment to progressive disclosure practices we have determined and are disclosing the CEO pay ratio for the past three fiscal years, 2021, 2020 and 2019 in the Detroit River Tunnel Partnership ("DRTP");table below.
•
For December 31
  
  2021
(1)
   
   2020
   
   2019
CEO pay ratio
  
 
  223:1
 
  
 
   145:1
 
  
   130:1
Without 2021
one-time
stock option grant
  
 
  135:1
 
        
(1) 
The year-over-year increase in the CEO pay ratio is, in large part, attributable to the special upfront stock option grant awarded to Mr. Creel on March 27 and does not take into account the corresponding reduction to Mr. Creel’s future annual long-term incentive plan compensation. Without including this
one-time
upfront stock option grant in the CEO pay ratio calculation, the 2021 pay ratio would be 135:1, which is aligned with the pay ratios of the prior two years. This supplemental ratio is not intended to replace the above ratio calculated in accordance with SEC rules, but is provided to normalize for Mr. Creel’s
one-time
special compensation award, which we do not believe is helpful in evaluating compensation for comparative purposes.
As further disclosed in the 2021 long-term incentive awards on page 25, the upfront stock option will reduce the value of Mr. Creel’s annual long-term incentive plan by US$2.1 million in each year of 2022, 2023, 2024 and 2025 (an aggregate of US$8.4 million) pursuant to the amendments to his executive employment agreement.
To identify our median employee, we conducted an analysis of the impact of harsher winter operating conditions in 2019; and
•decreased operating expense associated with lower casualty costs incurred in 2020.

This increase was partially offset by:
•lower volumes as measured by RTMs;
•higher depreciation and amortization of $71 million (excluding FX);
•cost inflation; and
•higher stock-basedtotal compensation of $37 million primarily drivenour employee population in Canada and the United States (U.S.), other than our CEO, who were employed by an increaseCP on December 31 for each of the years disclosed. We have determined that using the taxable income reported on the T4 box 14 employment income and
W-2
box 1 income for employees in stock price.

Operating income was $3,124 million inCanada and the U.S., provides a reasonable and consistent estimate for evaluating annual total compensation. The median employee annual total compensation for 2021, 2020, 2019 an increase of $293 million, or 10%, from $2,831 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to:
•higher freight rates;
•is $119,656, $116,353 and $116,173, respectively. In accordance with applicable U.S. disclosure rules, we calculated 2021, 2020 and 2019 annual total compensation for our median employees using the efficiencies generated from improved operating performance and asset utilization;
•the favourable impact of change in FX of $39 million; and
•the favourable impact from changes in fuel prices of $38 million.

This increase was partially offset by:
•increased operating expense associated with higher casualty costs in 2019 of $76 million (excluding FX);
•higher stock-basedsame methodology that we use to determine our NEOs’ annual total compensation of $58 million;
•cost inflation; and
•increased weather related costs as a result of harsh winter operating conditions in the first quarter of 2019.


Summary compensation table on page 40.


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT42
cp-20201231_g43.jpgcp-20201231_g44.jpg
*Adjusted income is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Net income was $2,444 million in 2020, an increase of $4 million, from $2,440 million in 2019. This increase was primarily due to:
•higher Operating income;
•a deferred tax recovery relating to a tax return filing election for the state of North Dakota; and
•a provision for an uncertain tax item of a prior period in 2019.

This increase was partially offset by:
•an income tax recovery associated with changes in tax rates in 2019;
•lower FX translation gain on U.S. dollar-denominated debt and lease liabilities compared to 2019; and
•lower other components of net periodic benefit recovery.

Net income was $2,440 million in 2019, an increase of $489 million, or 25%, from $1,951 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to:
•higher Operating income;
•FX translation gains on debt and lease liabilities in 2019 compared to FX translation losses on debt in 2018; and
•a higher income tax recovery associated with changes in tax rates.

This increase was partially offset by higher income taxes due to higher taxable income and a provision for an uncertain tax item of a prior period.

Adjusted income, defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, was $2,403 million in 2020, an increase of $113 million, or 5%, from $2,290 million in 2019. This increase was primarily due to higher Operating income, partially offset by lower other components of net periodic benefit recovery.

Adjusted income was $2,290 million in 2019, an increase of $210 million, or 10%, from $2,080 million in 2018. This increase was due to the same factors discussed above for the increase in Net income, except that Adjusted income excludes FX translation gains and losses on debt and lease liabilities, income tax recoveries associated with changes in tax rates, and a provision for an uncertain tax item of a prior period.



43CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Diluted Earnings per Share
cp-20201231_g45.jpgcp-20201231_g46.jpg
*Adjusted diluted EPS is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Diluted EPS was $17.97 in 2020, an increase of $0.45, or 3%, from $17.52 in 2019. This increase was due to a lower average number of outstanding Common Shares due to the Company's share repurchase program, and higher Net income.

Diluted EPS was $17.52 in 2019, an increase of $3.91, or 29%, from $13.61 in 2018. This increase was due to higher Net income and lower average number of outstanding Common Shares due to the Company's share repurchase program.

Adjusted diluted EPS, defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, was $17.67 in 2020, an increase of $1.23, or 7%, from $16.44 in 2019. Adjusted diluted EPS was $16.44 in 2019, an increase of $1.93, or 13%, from $14.51 in 2018. These increases were due to higher Adjusted income and lower average number of outstanding Common Shares due to the Company's share repurchase program.

Operating Ratio
cp-20201231_g47.jpg

The Operatingpay ratio provides the percentage of revenues used to operate the railway. A lower percentage normally indicates higher efficiency in the operation of the railway. The Company’s Operating ratio was 57.1% in 2020, a 280 basis point improvement from 59.9% in 2019. This improvement was primarily due to:
•liquidated damages, including customer volume commitments, and higher freight rates;
•the favourable impact of changes in fuel prices;


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT44
•the efficiencies generated from improved operating performance and asset utilization; and
•a gain as a result of the remeasurement to fair value of the previously held equity investment in DRTP.

This improvement was partially offset by:
•higher depreciation and amortization;
•cost inflation; and
•higher stock-based compensation.

The Company’s Operating ratio was 59.9% in 2019, a 140 basis point improvement from 61.3% in 2018. This improvement was primarily due to:
•higher freight rates;
•the favourable impact of changes in fuel prices; and
•the efficiencies generated from improved operating performance and asset utilization.

This improvement was partially offset by:
•increased operating expense associated with higher casualty costs in 2019;
•higher stock-based compensation; and
•cost inflation.

Return on Average Shareholders' Equity and Adjusted Return on Invested Capital
Return on average shareholders' equity and Adjusted return on invested capital ("Adjusted ROIC") are measures used by management to determine how productively the Company uses its long-term capital investments, representing critical indicators of good operating and investment decisions. Adjusted ROIC is also an important performance criteria in determining certain elements of the Company's long-term incentive plan.

Return on average shareholders' equity was 34.0% in 2020, a 160 basis point decrease compared to 35.6% in 2019. This decrease was due to higher average shareholders' equity due to accumulated Net income, partially offset by the impact of the Company's share repurchase program.

Return on average shareholders' equity was 35.6% in 2019, a 580 basis point increase compared to 29.8% in 2018. This increase was due to higher Net income. This increase was partially offset by higher average shareholders' equity due to accumulated Net income, partially offset by the impact of the Company's share repurchase program.

Adjusted ROIC was 16.7% in 2020, a 20 basis point decrease compared to 16.9% in 2019. This decrease was primarily due to higher average long-term debt, partially offset by higher Operating income.

Adjusted ROIC was 16.9% in 2019, a 70 basis point increase compared to 16.2% in 2018. This increase was primarily due to higher Operating income. This increase was partially offset by the increase in adjusted average invested capital primarily due to higher Adjusted income, partially offset by lower Common Shares due to the Company's share repurchase program.

Adjusted ROIC is a Non-GAAP measure, which is defined and reconciled from Return on average shareholders' equity, the most comparable measurereasonable estimate calculated in accordancea manner consistent with GAAP, in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 7. Management’s DiscussionSEC rules based on our payroll and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Impact of Foreign Exchange on Earnings
Fluctuations in FX affect the Company’s results because U.S. dollar-denominated revenues and expenses are translated into Canadian dollars. U.S. dollar-denominated revenues and expenses increase (decrease) when the Canadian dollar weakens (strengthens) in relation to the U.S. dollar.

On February 12, 2021, the noon buying rate certified for customs purposes by the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank of New York was U.S. $1.00 = $1.27 Canadian dollars.

The following tables set forth, for the periods indicated, the average exchange rate between the Canadian dollaremployment records and the U.S. dollar expressed inmethodology described above. The SEC rules for identifying the Canadian dollar equivalent of one U.S. dollar,median compensated employee and calculating the period end exchange rates, and the high and low exchange rates for the periods indicated. Average exchange rates are calculated by using the exchange rates on the last day of each full month during the relevant period. These rates arepay ratio based on that employee’s annual total compensation allow companies to adopt a variety of methodologies, to apply certain exclusions and to make reasonable estimates and assumptions that reflect their compensation practices. As such, the noon buying rate certified for customs purposespay ratio reported by the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank of New York set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board.
Average exchange rates (Canadian/U.S. dollar)20202019201820172016
For the year ended – December 31$1.34 $1.33 $1.30 $1.30 $1.33 
For the three months ended – December 31$1.30 $1.32 $1.32 $1.27 $1.33 


45CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Exchange rates (Canadian/U.S. dollar)20202019201820172016
Beginning of year – January 1$1.30 $1.36 $1.25 $1.34 $1.38 
Beginning of quarter – April 1$1.41 $1.33 $1.29 $1.33 $1.30 
Beginning of quarter – July 1$1.36 $1.31 $1.32 $1.30 $1.29 
Beginning of quarter – October 1$1.33 $1.32 $1.29 $1.25 $1.31 
End of year – December 31$1.28 $1.30 $1.36 $1.25 $1.34 
High/Low exchange rates (Canadian/U.S. dollar)20202019201820172016
High$1.45 $1.36 $1.37 $1.37 $1.46 
Low$1.27 $1.30 $1.23 $1.21 $1.25 

In 2020, the impact of a stronger U.S. dollar resulted in an increase in total revenues of $33 million, an increase in total operating expenses of $23 million and an increase in net interest expense of $4 million. In 2019, the impact of a stronger U.S. dollar resulted in an increase in total revenues of $87 million, an increase in total operating expenses of $48 million and an increase in net interest expense of $10 million.

The impact of fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Canadian dollar and the U.S. dollar on the Company's results is discussed further in Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, Foreign Exchange Risk.

Impact of Fuel Price on Earnings
Fluctuations in fuel prices affect the Company’s results because fuel expense constitutes a significant portion of CP's operating costs. As fuel prices fluctuate, there will be a timing impact on earnings, as discussed further in Item 1. Business, Operations, Fuel Cost Adjustment Program and Item 1A. Risk Factors, Volatility Risks.
Average Fuel Price (U.S. dollars per U.S. gallon)202020192018
For the year ended – December 31$1.90 $2.49 $2.72 
For the three months ended – December 31$1.91 $2.53 $2.71 

The impact of fuel price on earnings includes the impacts of provincial and federal carbon taxes and levies recovered and paid, on revenues and expenses, respectively.

In 2020, the favourable impact of fuel prices on Operating income was $25 million. Lower fuel prices resulted in a decrease in total operating expenses of $195 million. Lower fuel prices, partially offset by the timing of recoveries from CP's fuel cost adjustment program and increased carbon tax recoveries, resulted in a decrease in total revenues of $170 million from 2019. In 2019, the impact of lower fuel prices resulted in a decrease in Total revenues of $39 million and a decrease in Total operating expenses of $77 million.

Impact of Share Price on Earnings
Fluctuations in the Common Share price affect the Company's operating expenses because share-based liabilities are measured at fair value. The Company's Common Shares are listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange ("TSX") and the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") with ticker symbol "CP". The following tables indicate the opening and closing Common Share price on the TSX and the NYSE for each quarter and the change in the price of the Common Shares on the TSX and the NYSE for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018:
Toronto Stock Exchange (in Canadian dollars)202020192018
Opening Common Share price, as at January 1$331.03 $242.24 $229.66 
Ending Common Share price, as at March 31$310.55 $275.34 $227.20 
Ending Common Share price, as at June 30$345.32 $308.43 $240.92 
Ending Common Share price, as at September 30$405.05 $294.42 $273.23 
Ending Common Share price, as at December 31$441.53 $331.03 $242.24 
Change in Common Share price for the year ended December 31$110.50 $88.79 $12.58 


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT46
New York Stock Exchange (in U.S. dollars)202020192018
Opening Common Share price, as at January 1$254.95 $177.62 $182.76 
Ending Common Share price, as at March 31$219.59 $206.03 $176.50 
Ending Common Share price, as at June 30$255.34 $235.24 $183.02 
Ending Common Share price, as at September 30$304.43 $222.46 $211.94 
Ending Common Share price, as at December 31$346.69 $254.95 $177.62 
Change in Common Share price for the year ended December 31$91.74 $77.33 $(5.14)

In 2020, the impact of the change in Common Share prices resulted in an increase in stock-based compensation expense of $58 million compared to $42 million in 2019, and $2 million in 2018.

The impact of share price on stock-based compensation is discussed further in Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk, Share Price Impact on Stock-Based Compensation.

Operating Revenues
2020 vs. 20192019 vs. 2018
For the year ended December 31202020192018Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(2)
Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(2)
Freight revenues (in millions)(1)
$7,541 $7,613 $7,152 $(72)(1)(1)$461 6 5 
Non-freight revenues (in millions)169 179 164 (10)(6)(6)15 9 8 
Total revenues (in millions)$7,710 $7,792 $7,316 $(82)(1)(1)$476 7 5 
Carloads (in thousands)2,708.4 2,766.4 2,739.8 (58.0)(2)N/A26.6 1 N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)151,891 154,378 154,207 (2,487)(2)N/A171 — N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$2,784 $2,752 $2,611 $32 1 1 $141 5 4 
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)4.96 4.93 4.64 0.03 1 — 0.29 6 5 
(1) Freight revenues include fuel surcharge revenues of $297 million in 2020, $464 million in 2019 and $492 million in 2018. Fuel surcharge revenues include recoveries of carbon taxes, levies, and obligations under cap-and-trade programs.
(2) FX adjusted % change doesother companies may not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented bythe pay ratio reported above, as other companies. FX adjusted % change is definedcompanies may have different employment and reconciledcompensation practices and may utilize different methodologies, exclusions, estimates and assumptions in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.calculating their own pay ratios.

The Company’s revenues are primarily derived from transporting freight. Changes in freight volumes generally contribute to corresponding changes in freight revenues and certain variable expenses, such as fuel, crew costs, and equipment rents. Non-freight revenue is generated from other arrangements, including contracts with passenger service operators and logistical services; leasing of certain assets; and switching fees.

Freight Revenues
Freight revenues were $7,541 million in 2020, a decrease of $72 million, or 1%, from $7,613 million in 2019. This decrease was primarily due to lower volumes as measured by RTMs. This decrease was partially offset by higher freight revenue per revenue ton-mile.

Freight revenues were $7,613 million in 2019, an increase of $461 million, or 6%, from $7,152 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to higher freight revenue per revenue ton-mile.

RTMs
RTMs are defined as the movement of one revenue-producing ton of freight over a distance of one mile. RTMs measure the relative weight and distance of rail freight moved by the Company. RTMs for 2020 were 151,891 million, a decrease of 2,487 million, compared with 154,378 million in 2019. This decrease was mainly attributable to lower volumes of crude, Coal and frac sand. This decrease was partially offset by higher volumes of Grain, Potash and Fertilizers and sulphur.

RTMs for 2019 were 154,378 million, an increase of 171 million compared with 154,207 million in 2018. This increase was mainly attributable to increased shipments of Energy, chemicals and plastics and Intermodal, partially offset by decreased shipments of Potash, frac sand and Coal.

51

47CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile is defined as freight revenue per revenue-producing ton of freight over a distance of one mile. This is an indicator of yield. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile was 4.96 cents in 2020, an increase of 0.03 cents, or 1%, from 4.93 cents in 2019. This increase was primarily due to higher liquidated damages, including customer volume commitments, higher freight rates, and the favourable impact of the change in FX of $33 million. This increase was partially offset by the unfavourable impact of lower fuel surcharge revenue, as a result of lower fuel prices of $170 million and moving lower volumes of Automotive, which has a higher freight revenue per revenue ton-mile compared to the corporate average.

Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile was 4.93 cents in 2019, an increase of 0.29 cents, or 6%, from 4.64 cents in 2018. This increase was primarily due to higher liquidated damages, including customer volume commitments, higher freight rates, and the favourable impact of the change in FX of $86 million. This increase was partially offset by the unfavourable impact of lower fuel surcharge revenue, as a result of lower fuel prices of $39 million.

Carloads
Carloads are defined as revenue-generating shipments of containers and freight cars. Carloads were 2,708.4 thousand in 2020, a decrease of 58.0 thousand, or 2%, from 2,766.4 thousand in 2019. This decrease was primarily due to lower volumes of crude, Coal, and frac sand. This decrease was partially offset by higher volumes of Grain and Potash.

Carloads were 2,766.4 thousand in 2019, an increase of 26.6 thousand, or 1%, from 2,739.8 thousand in 2018. This increase was mainly attributable to increased shipments of Energy, chemicals and plastics and Intermodal, partially offset by decreased shipments of frac sand and Potash.

Freight revenue per carload
Freight revenue per carload is defined as freight revenue per revenue-generating shipment of containers or freight cars. This is an indicator of yield. Freight revenue per carload was $2,784 in 2020, an increase of $32, or 1%, from $2,752 in 2019. This increase was primarily due to higher liquidated damages, including customer volume commitments, higher freight rates, and the favourable impact of the change in FX of $33 million. This increase was partially offset by the unfavourable impact of lower fuel surcharge revenue, as a result of lower fuel prices of $170 million.

Freight revenue per carload was $2,752 in 2019, an increase of $141, or 5%, from $2,611 in 2018. This increase was primarily due to liquidated damages, including customer volume commitments, higher freight rates, and the favourable impact of the change in FX of $86 million. This increase was partially offset by the unfavourable impact of lower fuel surcharge revenue, as a result of lower fuel prices of $39 million.

Non-freight Revenues
Non-freight revenues were $169 million in 2020, a decrease of $10 million, or 6%, from $179 million in 2019. This decrease was primarily due to lower revenue from passenger service operators.

Non-freight revenues were $179 million in 2019, an increase of $15 million, or 9%, from $164 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to higher switching fees and logistical services revenue.

Lines of Business
Grain
2020 vs. 20192019 vs. 2018
For the year ended December 31202020192018Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$1,829 $1,684 $1,566 $145 9 8 $118 8 6 
Carloads (in thousands)480.1 431.4 429.4 48.7 11 N/A2.0 — N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)41,747 36,941 36,856 4,806 13 N/A85 — N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$3,810 $3,904 $3,645 $(94)(2)(3)$259 7 6 
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)4.38 4.56 4.25 (0.18)(4)(4)0.31 7 6 
(1) FX adjusted % change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX adjusted % change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Grain revenue was $1,829 million in 2020, an increase of $145 million, or 9%, from $1,684 million in 2019. This increase was primarily due to moving record volumes of Canadian grain, primarily to Vancouver and Thunder Bay, higher volumes of U.S. soybeans and corn to the U.S. Pacific Northwest, higher freight rates, and the favourable impact of the change in FX. This increase was partially offset by decreased freight revenue per ton-mile. Freight revenue per


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT48
revenue ton-mile decreased due to moving proportionately higher volumes of long haul soybeans and corn to U.S. Pacific Northwest, which also caused RTMs to increase more than carloads, and lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices.

Grain revenue was $1,684 million in 2019, an increase of $118 million, or 8%, from $1,566 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to increased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile, higher volumes of regulated Canadian grain, and the favourable impact of the change in FX. This increase was partially offset by lower volumes of U.S. grain, primarily corn, to the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile increased due to higher freight rates, primarily for regulated Canadian grain.

Coal
2020 vs. 20192019 vs. 2018
For the year ended December 31202020192018Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$566 $682 $673 $(116)(17)(17)$9 1 1 
Carloads (in thousands)260.4 304.3 304.3 (43.9)(14)N/A— — N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)18,510 21,820 22,443 (3,310)(15)N/A(623)(3)N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$2,174 $2,241 $2,211 $(67)(3)(3)$30 1 1 
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)3.06 3.13 3.00 (0.07)(2)(2)0.13 4 4 
(1) FX adjusted % change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX adjusted % change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Coal revenue was $566 million in 2020, a decrease of $116 million, or 17%, from $682 million in 2019. This decrease was primarily due to lower volumes of Canadian coal primarily to Vancouver, driven by supply chain challenges at both the mines and the ports, lower volumes of U.S. coal to Wisconsin, and decreased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile decreased due to the unfavourable impact of lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices.

Coal revenue was $682 million in 2019, an increase of $9 million, or 1%, from $673 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to higher freight revenue per revenue ton-mile. This increase was partially offset by lower volumes of Canadian coal, driven by supply chain challenges at both the mines and the ports. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile increased due to higher freight rates. RTMs decreased while carloads remained flat due to moving proportionately higher volumes of short haul U.S. coal.

Potash
2020 vs. 20192019 vs. 2018
For the year ended December 31202020192018Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$493 $462 $486 $31 7 6 $(24)(5)(6)
Carloads (in thousands)162.9 149.3 158.4 13.6 9 N/A(9.1)(6)N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)18,784 17,297 18,371 1,487 9 N/A(1,074)(6)N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$3,026 $3,094 $3,071 $(68)(2)(3)$23 1 — 
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)2.62 2.67 2.65 (0.05)(2)(2)0.02 1 — 
(1) FX adjusted % change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX adjusted % change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Potash revenue was $493 million in 2020, an increase of $31 million, or 7%, from $462 million in 2019. This increase was primarily due to higher volumes of export potash following resolved international contract negotiations, higher freight rates, and the favourable impact of the change in FX. This increase was partially offset by decreased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile due to lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices.



49CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Potash revenue was $462 million in 2019, a decrease of $24 million, or 5%, from $486 million in 2018. This decrease was primarily due to lower volumes of domestic potash driven by poor weather affecting the application seasons, and lower volumes of export potash driven by unresolved international contract negotiations. This decrease was partially offset by the favourable impact of the change in FX.

Fertilizers and Sulphur
2020 vs. 20192019 vs. 2018
For the year ended December 31202020192018Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$290 $250 $243 $40 16 15 $7 3 1 
Carloads (in thousands)61.6 57.0 58.1 4.6 8 N/A(1.1)(2)N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)4,683 3,846 4,051 837 22 N/A(205)(5)N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$4,708 $4,386 $4,186 $322 7 6 $200 5 3 
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)6.19 6.50 6.00 (0.31)(5)(5)0.50 8 7 
(1) FX adjusted % change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX adjusted % change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Fertilizers and sulphur revenue was $290 million in 2020, an increase of $40 million, or 16%, from $250 million in 2019. This increase was primarily due to higher volumes of dry fertilizers, sulphur, and wet fertilizers, as well as the favourable impact of the change in FX. This increase was partially offset by decreased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile due to lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices. RTMs increased more than carloads due to moving lower volumes of wet and dry fertilizers within Alberta, which has a shorter length of haul.

Fertilizers and sulphur revenue was $250 million in 2019, an increase of $7 million, or 3%, from $243 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to higher freight revenue per revenue ton-mile, the favourable impact of the change in FX, and higher volumes of wet fertilizer. This increase was partially offset by lower volumes of sulphur and dry fertilizer. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile increased due to higher freight rates. RTMs decreased more than carloads due to moving proportionately less wet fertilizer to the U.S. Midwest, which has a longer length of haul.

Forest Products
2020 vs. 20192019 vs. 2018
For the year ended December 31202020192018Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$328 $304 $284 $24 8 7 $20 7 5 
Carloads (in thousands)71.6 71.5 68.6 0.1 — N/A2.9 4 N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)5,491 4,974 4,763 517 10 N/A211 4 N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$4,581 $4,252 $4,139 $329 8 7 $113 3 1 
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)5.97 6.11 5.96 (0.14)(2)(3)0.15 3 1 
(1) FX adjusted % change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX adjusted % change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Forest products revenue was $328 million in 2020, an increase of $24 million, or 8%, from $304 million in 2019. This increase was primarily due to higher volumes of lumber and wood pulp, higher freight rates, and the favourable impact of the change in FX. This increase was partially offset by decreased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile due to lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices. RTMs increased more than carloads due to moving higher volumes of panel products and wood pulp from Canada to the U.S., which has a longer length of haul.

Forest products revenue was $304 million in 2019, an increase of $20 million, or 7%, from $284 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to higher volumes of wood pulp, newsprint, and lumber, increased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile, and the favourable impact of the change in FX. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile increased due to higher freight rates.



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT50
Energy, Chemicals and Plastics
2020 vs. 20192019 vs. 2018
For the year ended December 31202020192018Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$1,519 $1,534 $1,243 $(15)(1)(1)$291 23 22 
Carloads (in thousands)308.8 358.1 334.6 (49.3)(14)N/A23.5 7 N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)24,172 29,356 27,830 (5,184)(18)N/A1,526 5 N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$4,919 $4,284 $3,715 $635 15 15 $569 15 14 
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)6.28 5.23 4.47 1.05 20 20 0.76 17 15 
(1) FX adjusted % change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX adjusted % change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Energy, chemicals and plastics revenue was $1,519 million in 2020, a decrease of $15 million, or 1%, from $1,534 million in 2019. This decrease was primarily due to lower volumes of crude, liquefied petroleum gas ("LPG"), and biofuels as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices. The decrease was partially offset by increased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile and higher volumes of plastics. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile increased primarily due to higher liquidated damages, including customer volume commitments, and higher freight rates. RTMs decreased more than carloads due to moving lower volumes of crude, which has a longer length of haul.

Energy, chemicals and plastics revenue was $1,534 million in 2019, an increase of $291 million, or 23%, from $1,243 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to increased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile, higher volumes of crude, LPG, fuel oil, and other refined products, and the favourable impact of the change in FX. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile increased primarily due to liquidated damages, including customer volume commitments, and higher freight rates. Carloads increased more than RTMs due to moving proportionately less long haul crude to Kansas City, Missouri, and proportionately more short haul crude to Chicago, Illinois and Noyes, Minnesota.

Metals, Minerals and Consumer Products
2020 vs. 20192019 vs. 2018
For the year ended December 31202020192018Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$629 $752 $797 $(123)(16)(17)$(45)(6)(8)
Carloads (in thousands)207.3 234.3 252.2 (27.0)(12)N/A(17.9)(7)N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)9,325 10,684 11,858 (1,359)(13)N/A(1,174)(10)N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$3,034 $3,210 $3,161 $(176)(5)(6)$49 2 — 
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)6.75 7.04 6.72 (0.29)(4)(5)0.32 5 3 
(1) FX adjusted % change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX adjusted % change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Metals, minerals and consumer products revenue was $629 million in 2020, a decrease of $123 million, or 16%, from $752 million in 2019. This decrease was primarily due to moving lower volumes of frac sand as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and decreased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile. This decrease was partially offset by the favourable impact of the change in FX. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile decreased due to lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices.

Metals, minerals and consumer products revenue was $752 million in 2019, a decrease of $45 million, or 6%, from $797 million in 2018. This decrease was primarily due to lower volumes of frac sand and steel. This decrease was partially offset by increased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile, and the favourable impact of the change in FX. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile increased due to higher freight rates. Carloads decreased less than RTMs due to increased volumes of short haul metallic ore.



51CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Automotive
2020 vs. 20192019 vs. 2018
For the year ended December 31202020192018Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$324 $352 $322 $(28)(8)(9)$30 9 7 
Carloads (in thousands)106.1 114.4 108.3 (8.3)(7)N/A6.1 6 N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)1,321 1,427 1,347 (106)(7)N/A80 6 N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$3,054 $3,077 $2,975 $(23)(1)(2)$102 3 1 
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)24.53 24.67 23.92 (0.14)(1)(1)0.75 3 1 
(1) FX adjusted % change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX adjusted % change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Automotive revenue was $324 million in 2020, a decrease of $28 million, or 8%, from $352 million in 2019. This decrease was primarily due to lower volumes caused by manufacturing plant shutdowns in the second quarter of 2020 across North America as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and decreased freight revenue per revenue-ton mile. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile decreased due to lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices. This decrease was partially offset by the onboarding of customers moving to and from Vancouver, higher freight rates, and the favourable impact of the change in FX.

Automotive revenue was $352 million in 2019, an increase of $30 million, or 9% from $322 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to higher volumes from Vancouver to eastern Canada, higher volumes from the U.S. to CP's new Vancouver Automotive Compound, increased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile, and the favourable impact of the change in FX. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile increased due to higher freight rates.

Intermodal
2020 vs. 20192019 vs. 2018
For the year ended December 31202020192018Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Freight revenues (in millions)$1,563 $1,593 $1,538 $(30)(2)(2)$55 4 3 
Carloads (in thousands)1,049.6 1,046.1 1,025.9 3.5 — N/A20.2 2 N/A
Revenue ton-miles (in millions)27,858 28,033 26,688 (175)(1)N/A1,345 5 N/A
Freight revenue per carload (in dollars)$1,489 $1,523 $1,499 $(34)(2)(2)$24 2 1 
Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile (in cents)5.61 5.68 5.76 (0.07)(1)(2)(0.08)(1)(2)
(1) FX adjusted % change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX adjusted % change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Intermodal revenue was $1,563 million in 2020, a decrease of $30 million, or 2%, from $1,593 million in 2019. This decrease was primarily due to decreased freight revenue per revenue ton-mile and lower volumes of international intermodal driven by the completion of a customer contract. This decrease was partially offset by the onboarding of a new international intermodal customer, higher freight rates, and the favourable impact of the change in FX. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile decreased due to lower fuel surcharge revenues as a result of lower fuel prices.

Intermodal revenue was $1,593 million in 2019, an increase of $55 million, or 4%, from $1,538 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to higher international volumes through the Port of Vancouver, the onboarding of a new domestic retail customer, and the favourable impact of the change in FX. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in freight revenue per revenue ton-mile. RTMs increased more than carloads due to discontinuing expressway service in the second quarter of 2018, which had a shorter length of haul. Freight revenue per revenue ton-mile decreased due to lower fuel surcharge revenue as a result of lower fuel prices.



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT52
Operating Expenses

cp-20201231_g48.jpgcp-20201231_g49.jpgcp-20201231_g50.jpg
2020 Operating Expenses2019 Operating Expenses2018 Operating Expenses
2020 vs. 20192019 vs. 2018
For the year ended December 31
(in millions of Canadian dollars)		202020192018Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Total Change% Change
FX Adjusted % Change(1)
Compensation and benefits$1,560 $1,540 $1,468 $20 1 1 $72 5 4 
Fuel652 882 918 (230)(26)(27)(36)(4)(6)
Materials216 210 201 6 3 3 9 4 4 
Equipment rents142 137 130 5 4 2 7 5 3 
Depreciation and amortization779 706 696 73 10 10 10 1 1 
Purchased services and other1,050 1,193 1,072 (143)(12)(12)121 11 10 
Total operating expenses$4,399 $4,668 $4,485 $(269)(6)(6)$183 4 3 
(1) FX adjusted % change does not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and, therefore, is unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. FX adjusted % change is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP MeasuresTable of this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Operating expenses were $4,399 million in 2020, a decrease of $269 million, or 6%, from $4,668 million in 2019. This decrease was primarily due to:
•the favourable impact of $195 million from lower fuel prices;
•efficiencies generated from improved operating performance and asset utilization;
•a gain of $68 million as a result of the remeasurement to fair value of the previously held equity investment in DRTP;
•reduced variable expenses from lower volumes;
•the impact of harsher winter operating conditions in 2019; and
•lower casualty costs incurred in 2020.

This decrease was partially offset by:
•higher depreciation and amortization of $71 million (excluding FX);
•cost inflation;
•higher stock-based compensation of $37 million primarily driven by an increase in stock price; and
•the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $23 million.

Operating expenses were $4,668 million in 2019, an increase of $183 million, or 4%, from $4,485 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to:
•increased operating expense associated with higher casualty costs incurred in 2019 of $76 million (excluding FX);
•higher stock-based compensation of $58 million primarily driven by an increase in stock price;
•cost inflation;
•the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $48 million;
•increased weather related costs as a result of harsh winter operating conditions in the first quarter of 2019; and
•increased variable expenses from higher volumes.Contents


53CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

This increase was partially offset by the favourable impact from changes in fuel prices of $77 million and the efficiencies generated from improved operating performance and asset utilization.

Compensation and Benefits
Compensation and benefits expense includes employee wages, salaries, fringe benefits, and stock-based compensation. Compensation and benefits expense was $1,560 million in 2020, an increase of $20 million, or 1%, from $1,540 million in 2019. This increase was primarily due to:
•the impact of wage and benefit inflation;
•increased stock-based compensation of $37 million primarily driven by the impact of changes in share price;
•higher defined benefit ("DB") pension and post-retirement benefits current service cost of $33 million;
•a bonus paid to frontline employees of $17 million; and
•unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $5 million.

This increase was partially offset by:
•labour efficiencies generated from improved operating performance and asset utilization;
•reduced training costs;
•lower volume variable expense as a result of decreased workload as measured by GTMs; and
•the impact of weather related costs as a result of harsh winter operating conditions in the first quarter of 2019.

Compensation and benefits expense was $1,540 million in 2019, an increase of $72 million, or 5% from $1,468 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to:
•higher stock-based compensation of $58 million primarily driven by an increase in stock price;
•the impact of wage and benefit inflation;
•the impact of harsher winter operating conditions driven by operational inefficiencies and increased track labour and overtime;
•the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $11 million; and
•higher volume variable expenses as a result of an increase in workload as measured by GTMs.

This increase was partially offset by:
•lower incentive compensation;
•lower DB pension and post-retirement benefits current service costs of $14 million; and
•labour efficiencies.

Fuel
Fuel expense consists mainly of fuel used by locomotives and includes provincial, state, and federal fuel taxes. Fuel expense was $652 million in 2020, a decrease of $230 million, or 26%, from $882 million in 2019. This decrease was primarily due to:
•the favourable impact of lower fuel prices of $195 million;
•a decrease in workload, as measured by GTMs; and
•an improvement in fuel efficiency of 1% from improved winter operating conditions in the first quarter of 2020.

This decrease was partially offset by the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $8 million.

Fuel expense was $882 million in 2019, a decrease of $36 million, or 4%, from $918 million in 2018. This decrease was primarily due to the favourable impact from lower fuel prices of $77 million.

This decrease was partially offset by an increase in workload, as measured by GTMs, and the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $18 million.

Materials
Materials expense includes the cost of material used for maintenance of track, locomotives, freight cars, and buildings as well as software sustainment. Materials expense was $216 million in 2020, an increase of $6 million, or 3%, from $210 million in 2019. This increase was primarily due to higher spending on locomotive maintenance and overhauls, and track maintenance.

Materials expense was $210 million in 2019, an increase of $9 million, or 4%, from $201 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to higher locomotive maintenance and higher non-locomotive fuel costs.


Director compensation

CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT54
Equipment Rents
Equipment rents expense includes the cost associated with using other companies’ freight cars, intermodal equipment, and locomotives, net of rental income received from other railways for the use of CP’s equipment. Equipment rents expense was $142 million in 2020, an increase of $5 million, or 4%, from $137 million in 2019. This increase was primarily due to lower receipts for CP freight cars used by other railways and the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $2 million, partially offset by lower usage of pooled freight cars as a result of lower volumes.

Equipment rents expense was $137 million in 2019, an increase of $7 million, or 5%, from $130 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to greater usage of pooled freight cars and the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $3 million.

Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expense represents the charge associated with the use of track and roadway, buildings, rolling stock, information systems, and other depreciable assets. Depreciation and amortization expense was $779 million for 2020, an increase of $73 million, or 10%, from $706 million in 2019. This increase was primarily due to:
•a higher asset base, as a result of the capital program spending in 2020;
•the impact of depreciation studies and other adjustments made in 2019; and
•the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $2 million.

Depreciation and amortization expense was $706 million for 2019, an increase of $10 million, or 1%, from $696 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to a higher asset base, as a result of the capital program spending in 2019, and the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $4 million, partially offset by the impact of depreciation studies and other adjustments.

Purchased Services and Other
2020 vs. 20192019 vs. 2018
For the year ended December 31
(in millions of Canadian dollars)		202020192018Total Change% ChangeTotal Change% Change
Support and facilities$271 $278 $264 $(7)(3)$14 5 
Track and operations282 278 268 4 1 10 4 
Intermodal209 222 221 (13)(6)1 — 
Equipment113 125 143 (12)(10)(18)(13)
Casualty116 149 73 (33)(22)76 104 
Property taxes126 133 124 (7)(5)9 7 
Other(57)29 20 (86)(297)9 45 
Land sales(10)(21)(41)11 (52)20 (49)
Total Purchased services and other$1,050 $1,193 $1,072 $(143)(12)$121 11 

Purchased services and other expense encompasses a wide range of third-party costs, including contractor and consulting fees, locomotive and freight car repairs performed by third parties, property and other taxes, intermodal pickup and delivery services, casualty expense, expenses for joint facilities, and gains on land sales. Purchased services and other expense was $1,050 million in 2020, a decrease of $143 million, or 12%, from $1,193 million in 2019. This decrease was primarily due to:
•a gain of $68 million as a result of the remeasurement to fair value of the previously held equity investment in DRTP, reported in Other.
•lower expenses primarily due to reduced number and severity of casualty incidents, reported in Casualty;
•reduced business travel and event cost due to COVID-19, reported in primarily Support and facilities and Track and operations;
•a decrease in charges associated with contingencies of $10 million, reported in Other; and
•reduced variable expenses from lower volumes, reported in Intermodal and Equipment.

This decrease was partially offset by lower gains on land sales of $11 million in 2020, reported in Land sales and the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $6 million.

Purchased services and other expense was $1,193 million in 2019, an increase of $121 million, or 11%, from $1,072 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to:
•an increase in number and severity of casualty incidents of $73 million (excluding FX), which were the result of difficult operating conditions due to weather in the first half of 2019, reported in Casualty;
•lower gains on land sales of $20 million mainly as a result of the sale of the Bass Lake railway line in 2018;
•the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $11 million;
•an increase in legal fees, reported in Support and facilities;


55CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

•higher snow removal and other weather related costs; and
•higher property taxes due to higher tax rates.

This increase was partially offset by:
•a decrease in charges associated with contingencies of $10 million, reported in Other;
•a decrease in costs for locomotive warranty service agreements due to the insourcing of maintenance of certain locomotives in the company's fleet, reported in Equipment; and
•costs related to labour disruptions in the second quarter of 2018, reported in Track and operations.

Other Income Statement Items
Other (Income) Expense
Other (income) expenseconsists of gains and losses from the change in FX on debt and lease liabilities and working capital, costs related to financing, shareholder costs, equity income, and other non-operating expenditures. Other income was $7 million in 2020, a decrease of $82 million, or 92%, from $89 million in the same period of 2019. This decrease was primarily due to a lower FX translation gain on U.S. dollar-denominated debt and lease liabilities of $80 million.

Other income was $89 million in 2019, a change of $263 million, or 151%, compared to an expense of $174 million in 2018. This change was primarily due to an FX translation gain on U.S. dollar-denominated debt and lease liabilities of $94 million, compared to an FX translation loss on U.S. dollar-denominated debt of $168 million in 2018.

FX translation gains and losses on debt and lease liabilities are discussed further in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Other Components of Net Periodic Benefit Recovery
Other components of net periodic benefit recovery were $342 million in 2020, a decrease of $39 million, or 10%, from $381 million in 2019. This decrease was primarily due to an increase in the recognized net actuarial loss resulting from a reduction in discount rate.

Other components of net periodic benefit recovery were $381 million in 2019, a decrease of $3 million or 1%, from $384 million in 2018. This decrease was primarily due to higher interest cost on the benefit obligation.

Net Interest Expense
Net interest expense includes interest on long-term debt and finance leases. Net interest expense was $458 million in 2020, an increase of $10 million, or 2%, from $448 million in 2019. This increase was primarily due to the unfavourable impacts of an increase in debt levels of $34 million and the change in FX of $4 million. This increase was partially offset by a reduction in interest related to long-term debt of $29 million as the result of a lower effective interest rate following the Company's debt refinancing completed in 2019 and 2020.

Net interest expense was $448 million in 2019, a decrease of $5 million, or 1%, from $453 million in 2018. This was primarily due to a net reduction in interest related to long-term debt of $21 million as the result of a lower effective interest rate following the Company's debt refinancing completed in 2018 and 2019, partially offset by the unfavourable impact of the change in FX of $10 million and an increase in commercial paper interest of $6 million.

Income Tax Expense
Income tax expense was $758 million in 2020, an increase of $52 million, or 7%, from $706 million in 2019. The increase was primarily due to higher taxable earnings and lower net income tax recoveries in 2020. In 2020, a tax filing election lowered the North Dakota rate resulting in net income tax recoveries of $29 million compared to 2019 when net income tax recoveries were $88 million as a result of an Alberta corporate tax rate decrease, partially offset by a 2019 tax expense for an unrecognized tax benefit of $24 million.

Income tax expense was $706 million in 2019, an increase of $69 million, or 11%, from $637 million in 2018. The increase was due to:
•higher taxable earnings;
•an increase in unrecognized tax benefits of $24 million; and
•net income tax recoveries in 2018 of $21 million as a result of the Iowa and Missouri corporate tax rate decreases.

This increase was partially offset by net income tax recoveries in 2019 of $88 million as a result of an Alberta corporate tax rate decrease.

The effective income tax rate for 2020 was 23.66% on reported income and 24.61% on Adjusted income. The effective income tax rate for 2019 was 22.43% on reported income and 24.96% on Adjusted income. The effective income tax rate for 2018 was 24.64% on reported income and 24.55% on


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT56
Adjusted income. Adjusted income is a Non-GAAP measure, which is discussed further in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The Company expects a 2021 effective tax rate of 24.60%. The Company’s 2021 outlook for its effective tax rate is based on certain assumptions about events and developments that may or may not materialize, or that may be offset entirely or partially by new events and developments. These assumptions are discussed further in Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Liquidity and Capital Resources
The Company believes adequate amounts of Cash and cash equivalents are available in the normal course of business to provide for ongoing operations, including the obligations identified in the tables in Contractual Commitments of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. The Company is not aware of any trends or expected fluctuations in the Company's liquidity that would create any deficiencies. The Company's primary sources of liquidity include its Cash and cash equivalents, its commercial paper program, its bilateral letter of credit facilities, and its revolving credit facility.

As at December 31, 2020, the Company had $147 million of Cash and cash equivalents compared to $133 million at December 31, 2019.

As at December 31, 2020, the Company's revolving credit facility was undrawn (December 31, 2019 – undrawn), from a total available amount of U.S. $1.3 billion. The agreement requires the Company to maintain a financial covenant in conjunction with the facility. As at December 31, 2020, the Company was in compliance with all terms and conditions of the credit facility arrangements and satisfied the financial covenant.

The Company has a commercial paper program that enables it to issue commercial paper up to a maximum aggregate principal amount of U.S. $1.0 billion in the form of unsecured promissory notes. This commercial paper program is backed by the revolving credit facility. As at December 31, 2020, total commercial paper borrowings were U.S. $644 million (December 31, 2019 – $397 million).

As at December 31, 2020, under its bilateral letter of credit facilities, the Company had letters of credit drawn of $59 million from a total available amount of $300 million (December 31, 2019 - $80 million). Under the bilateral letter of credit facilities, the Company has the option to post collateral in the form of Cash or cash equivalents, equal at least to the face value of the letter of credit issued. As at December 31, 2020, the Company did not have any collateral posted on its bilateral letter of credit facilities (December 31, 2019 – $nil).

The following discussion of operating, investing, and financing activities describes the Company’s indicators of liquidity and capital resources.

Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities was $2,802 million in 2020, a decrease of $188 million, or 6%, compared to $2,990 million in 2019. This decrease was primarily due to lower receipts from customers in advance of performing services, compared to 2019.

Cash provided by operating activities was $2,990 million in 2019, an increase of $278 million, or 10%, compared to $2,712 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to advance receipts of consideration for service under freight contracts as well as higher cash generating income, compared to 2018.

Investing Activities
Cash used in investing activities was $2,030 million in 2020, an increase of $227 million, or 13%, from $1,803 million in 2019. This increase was primarily due to the acquisition of DRTP in 2020, compared to the acquisition of CMQ in 2019.

Cash used in investing activities was $1,803 million in 2019, an increase of $345 million, or 24%, from $1,458 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to:
•the acquisition of CMQ;
•higher additions to properties; and
•lower proceeds from the sale of properties and other assets.



57CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Capital Programs
For the year ended December 31
(in millions of Canadian dollars, except for track miles and crossties)		202020192018
Additions to capital
Track and roadway$1,161 $1,004 $965 
Rolling stock (1)
253 393 318 
Information systems software (2)
45 55 53 
Buildings (3)
103 58 54 
Other (3)
126 154 184 
Total – accrued additions to capital1,688 1,664 1,574 
Less:
Non-cash transactions17 17 23 
Cash invested in additions to properties (per Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows)$1,671 $1,647 $1,551 
Track installation capital programs
Track miles of rail laid (miles)301 246 281 
Track miles of rail capacity expansion (miles)28 11 4 
Crossties installed (thousands)1,417 1,122 1,015 
(1) Previously reported as Rolling Stock and containers. Containers of approximately $3 million in 2020 (2019 - $33 million; 2018 - $83 million) included in Other.
(2) Previously reported as Information Systems including hardware and software. Hardware of approximately $17 million in 2020 (2019 - $15 million; 2018 - $33 million) included in Other.
(3) Previously reported as Buildings and other, now separated.

Track and roadway expenditures include the replacement and enhancement of the Company’s track infrastructure. Of the $1,161 million additions in 2020 (2019 – $1,004 million), approximately $1,008 million (2019 – $918 million) was invested in the renewal of depleted assets, namely rail, ties, ballast, signals, and bridges. Approximately $25 million (2019 – $27 million) was spent on PTC compliance requirements and $128 million (2019 – $59 million) was invested in network improvements and growth initiatives.

Rolling stock investments encompass locomotives and railcars. In 2020, expenditures on locomotives were approximately $126 million (2019 – $174 million) and were focused on the continued re-investment in CP's existing locomotive fleet. Railcar investment of approximately $127 million (2019 – $219 million) was largely focused on renewal of depleted assets, including the acquisition of covered hoppers for grain transportation.

In 2020, CP invested approximately $45 million (2019 – $55 million) in information systems software primarily focused on rationalizing and enhancing business systems and providing real-time data. Investments in buildings were approximately $103 million (2019 - $58 million) included items such as facility upgrades, renovations and shop equipment. Other items were $126 million (2019 – $154 million) and included investments in modernizing core information systems hardware, containers, and vehicles.

For 2021, CP expects to invest approximately $1.55 billion in its capital programs, which will be financed with cash generated from operations. Approximately 60% to 65% of the planned capital programs is for track and roadway. Approximately 20% is expected to be allocated to rolling stock, including railcars and locomotive improvements. Approximately 5% is expected to be allocated to information services, and 10% to 15% is expected to be allocated to buildings and other.

Free Cash
CP generated positive Free cash of $1,157 million in 2020, a decrease of $200 million, or 15%, from $1,357 million in 2019. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in cash provided by operating activities.

CP generated positive Free cash of $1,357 million in 2019, an increase of $68 million, or 5%, from $1,289 million in 2018. This increase was primarily due to an increase in cash provided by operating activities, partially offset by higher additions to properties and lower proceeds from the sale of properties and other assets during 2019.

Free cash is affected by seasonal fluctuations and by other factors including the size of the Company's capital programs. The 2020 capital programs are discussed above. Free cash is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT58
Financing Activities
Cash used in financing activities was $764 million in 2020, a decrease of $347 million, or 31%, from $1,111 million in 2019. This decrease was primarily due to the issuances of U.S. $500 million 2.050% notes due March 5, 2030 and $300 million 3.050% notes due March 9, 2050 in 2020, compared to the issuance of $400 million 3.150% notes due March 13, 2029 in 2019, as well as the principal repayment of U.S. $350 million of the Company's 7.250% notes at maturity in May 2019. This was partially offset by higher payments to buy back shares under the Company's share repurchase program, lower net issuances of commercial paper during 2020, and higher dividends paid during 2020.

Cash used in financing activities was $1,111 million in 2019, a decrease of $431 million, or 28%, from $1,542 million in 2018. This decrease was primarily due to the net issuance of commercial paper in 2019 and a lower principal repayment of U.S. $350 million of the Company's 7.250% notes maturing May 2019, compared to the principal repayments in 2018 of U.S. $275 million of the Company's 6.500% notes maturing May 2018 and $375 million of the Company's 6.250% medium term notes maturing June 2018. This was partially offset by the issuance of $400 million 3.150% notes due March 13, 2029 in 2019 compared to the issuance of U.S. $500 million 4.000% notes due June 1, 2028 in 2018, and higher dividends paid during 2019.

Credit Measures
Credit ratings provide information relating to the Company’s operations and liquidity, and affect the Company’s ability to obtain short-term and long-term financing and/or the cost of such financing.

A mid-investment grade credit rating is an important measure in assessing the Company’s ability to maintain access to public financing and to minimize the cost of capital. It also affects the ability of the Company to engage in certain collateralized business activities on a cost-effective basis.

Credit ratings and outlooks are based on the rating agencies’ methodologies and can change from time to time to reflect their views of CP. Their views are affected by numerous factors including, but not limited to, the Company’s financial position and liquidity along with external factors beyond the Company’s control.

As at December 31, 2020, CP's credit ratings from Standard & Poor's Rating Services ("Standard & Poor's") and Moody's Investor Service ("Moody's") remain unchanged from December 31, 2019.

Credit ratings as at December 31, 2020(1)
Long-term debt
Our director compensation program shares the same objective as our executive compensation program: to attract and retain qualified directors and to align the interests of directors and shareholders.
Flat fee retainer
We pay directors a flat fee retainer, which reflects the director’s ongoing oversight and responsibilities throughout the year and attendance at Board and committee meetings.
Directors receive 100 percent of their annual retainer in Director Deferred Share Units (DDSUs) until they have met their share ownership requirements. After that they must receive at least 50 percent of their retainer in DDSUs, and can receive the balance in cash. Directors must make their election before the beginning of each calendar year.
Directors must meet their share ownership requirements within five years of joining the Board, and must hold their DDSUs for one year after they retire from the Board.
The table below shows the flat fee retainers for 2021. In 2021, Canadian directors’ fees were converted to Canadian dollars and the number of DDSUs received was based on the trading price of our shares on the TSX. U.S. directors were paid in U.S. dollars and the number of DDSUs they received was based on the trading price of our shares on the NYSE.
Outlook
Standard & Poor's
Long-term corporate creditBBB+stable
Aligning director and shareholder interests
Directors receive their annual retainer in deferred share units so they have an ongoing stake in our future success, aligning their interests with those of our shareholders.
About DDSUs
DDSUs are granted to directors under the director deferred share unit plan. Only
non-employee
directors participate in the plan.
A DDSU is a bookkeeping entry that has the same value as one CP common share. DDSUs earn additional units as dividend equivalents at the same rate as dividends paid on our shares. DDSUs vest immediately. The DDSU Plan was amended in April 2020 to allow for directors to elect to receive DDSUs in cash after leaving the Board instead of waiting for a
six-
or
12-month
month period. These changes to the DDSU plans are subject to tax rules in the country of the director’s residence and in the case of U.S. directors, this election is only possible on DDSUs awarded after April 2020. Additional
non-material
changes to the DDSU Plan were made in October 2021.
2021 Annual Director Compensation
Senior secured debtA
Annual Retainer  
stable
Compensation – All Directors
Senior unsecured debtBBB+
stable
Moody's
US$200,000  
Senior unsecured debtBaa1stable
Commercial paper program
Additional retainer – All Committee Chairs
US$30,000  
Standard & Poor's
Additional retainer – Board Chair
A-2N/A
US$195,000  
Moody's
We reimburse directors for travel and
out-of-pocket
expenses related to attending their Board and committee meetings and other business on behalf of CP.
P-2N/A
(1) Credit ratings are
Mr. Creel does not recommendationsreceive any director compensation because he is compensated in his role as President and CEO.
Amendments to purchase, hold, or sell securitiesdirector compensation for 2022
In January 2022, the Chair of the Governance Committee presented a report from the Board’s independent compensation consultant which reviewed the current independent director compensation program. The compensation for independent directors has not been increased since 2014 and do not address the market price or suitability of a specific security for a particular investor. Credit ratings are based on the rating agencies' methodologieswas last modified in January 2018 to harmonize retainers between U.S. and may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the rating agencies.

Financial Ratios
The Long-term debt to Net income ratio was 4.0 in 2020, comparedCanadian directors with 3.6 in 2019 and 4.5 in 2018. Theno increase in pay. Effective January 1, 2022 the ratio from 2019Board, upon the advice of its independent compensation consultant, elected to 2020 was primarily due to higher debt. The decrease in the ratio from 2018 to 2019 was due to higher Net income, partially offset by higher debt.

The Adjusted net debt to Adjusted earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, and amortization ("EBITDA") ratio was 2.5 in 2020, compared with 2.4 in 2019 and 2.6 in 2018. The increase in the ratio from 2019 to 2020 was primarily due to a higher debt balance, partially offset by an increase in Adjusted EBITDA. The decrease from 2018to2019 was primarily duedirector compensation to an increase in Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted net debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measuresannual retainer of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. OverUS$280,000 with committee Chair retainers for the long term, CP targets an Adjusted net debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio of 2.0 to 2.5.



59CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Although CP has provided a target Non-GAAP measure (Adjusted net debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio), management is unable to reconcile, without unreasonable efforts, the target Adjusted net debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio to the most comparable GAAP measure (Long-term debt to Net income ratio), due to unknown variables and uncertainty related to future results. These unknown variables may include unpredictable transactions of significant value. In recent years, CP has recognized changes in income tax rates and a change to an uncertain tax item. These or other similar, large unforeseen transactions affect Net income but may be excluded from CP’s Adjusted EBITDA. Additionally, the U.S.-to-Canada dollar exchange rate is unpredictable and can have a significant impact on CP’s reported results but may be excluded from CP’s Adjusted EBITDA. In particular, CP excludes the FX impact of translating the Company’s debt and lease liabilities, interest and taxes from Adjusted EBITDA. Please see Forward-Looking Statements in this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for further discussion.

Dividend Payout Ratio
The dividend payout ratio was 19.8% in 2020, compared with 17.9% in 2019 and 18.5% in 2018. The increase in the ratio from 2019 to 2020 was due to higher dividends declared per share, partially offset by higher diluted EPS. The decrease in the ratio from 2018 to 2019 was due to higher diluted EPS, partially offset by higher dividends declared per share.

The Adjusted dividend payout ratio was 20.1% in 2020, compared with 19.1% in 2019 and 17.3% in 2018. These increases were due to higher dividends declared per share, partially offset by higher Adjusted diluted EPS. Adjusted dividend payout ratio is defined and reconciled in Non-GAAP Measures of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Over the long term, CP targets an Adjusted dividend payout ratio of 25.0% to 30.0%.

Although CP has provided a target Non-GAAP measure (Adjusted dividend payout ratio), management is unable to reconcile, without unreasonable efforts, the target Adjusted dividend payout ratio to the most comparable GAAP measure (Dividend payout ratio), due to unknown variables and uncertainty related to future results. These unknown variables may include unpredictable transactions of significant value. In recent years, CP has recognized changes in income tax rates and a change to an uncertain tax item. These or other similar, large unforeseen transactions affect Diluted EPS but may be excluded from CP’s Adjusted diluted EPS. Additionally, the U.S.-to-Canada dollar exchange rate is unpredictable and can have a significant impact on CP’s reported results but may be excluded from CP’s Adjusted diluted EPS. In particular, CP excludes the FX impact of translating the Company’s debt and lease liabilities from Adjusted diluted EPS. Please see Forward-Looking Statements in this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for further discussion.

Supplemental Guarantor Financial Information
Canadian Pacific Railway Company (“CPRC”), a 100%-owned subsidiary of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited (“CPRL”), is the issuer of certain securities which are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by CPRL on an unsecured basis. The other subsidiaries of CPRC do not guarantee the securities and are referred to below as the “Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries”. The following is a descriptionChairs of the termsCompensation Committee and conditions of the guarantees with respect to securities for which CPRC is the issuer and CPRL provides a full and unconditional guarantee.

As of December 31, 2020, CPRC has $7,448 million principal amount of debt securities outstanding due through 2115, and $45 million in perpetual 4% consolidated debenture stock, for all of which CPRL is the guarantor.

CPRL fully and unconditionally guarantees the payment of the principal (and premium, if any) and interest on the debt securities and consolidated debenture stock issued by CPRC, any sinking fund or analogous payments payable with respect to such securities, and any additional amounts payable when they become due, whether at maturity or otherwise. The guarantee is CPRL’s unsubordinated and unsecured obligation and ranks equally with all of CPRL’s other unsecured, unsubordinated obligations.

CPRL will be released and relieved of its obligations under the guarantees after obligations to the holders are satisfied in accordance with the terms of the respective instruments.

Pursuant to Rule 13-01 of the SEC's Regulation S-X, the Company provides summarized financial and non-financial information of CPRC in lieu of providing separate financial statements of CPRC.

More information on the securities under this guarantee structure can be found in Exhibit 22.1 List of Issuers and Guarantor Subsidiaries of this annual report.




CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT60
Summarized Financial Information

The following tables present summarized financial information for CPRC (Subsidiary Issuer) and CPRL (Parent Guarantor) on a combined basis after elimination of (i) intercompany transactions and balances among CPRC and CPRL; (ii) equity in earnings from and investments in the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries; and (iii) intercompany dividend income.

Statements of Income

CPRC (Subsidiary Issuer) and CPRL (Parent Guarantor)
(in millions of Canadian dollars)For the year ended December 31, 2020For the year ended December 31, 2019
Total revenues$5,797 $5,662 
Total operating expenses3,263 3,446 
Operating Income (1)
2,534 2,216 
Less: Other (2)
127 (13)
Income before income tax expense2,407 2,229 
Net Income$1,792 $1,704 
(1) Includes net lease costs incurred from non-guarantor subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 of $435 million and $320 million, respectively.
(2) Includes Other income, Other components of net periodic benefit recovery, and Net interest expense.

Balance Sheets
CPRC (Subsidiary Issuer) and CPRL (Parent Guarantor)
(in millions of Canadian dollars)As at December 31, 2020As at December 31, 2019
Assets
Current Assets$907 $842 
Properties10,865 10,287 
Other non-current assets1,151 1,208 
Liabilities
Current liabilities$2,290 $1,833 
Long-term debt8,585 8,145 
Other non-current liabilities2,981 2,711 

Excluded from the Income Statements and Balance Sheets above are the following significant intercompany transactions and balances that CPRC and CPRL have with the Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries:

Cash Transactions with Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries
CPRC (Subsidiary Issuer) and CPRL (Parent Guarantor)
(in millions of Canadian dollars)For the year ended December 31, 2020For the year ended December 31, 2019
Dividend income from non-guarantor subsidiaries$163 $158 
Capital contributions to non-guarantor subsidiaries— (125)
Return of capital from non-guarantor subsidiaries198 1,345 




61CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Balances with Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries
CPRC (Subsidiary Issuer) and CPRL (Parent Guarantor)
(in millions of Canadian dollars)As at December 31, 2020As at December 31, 2019
Assets
Accounts Receivable, intercompany$327 $318 
Short-term advances to affiliates20 14 
Long-term advances to affiliates9 7 
Liabilities
Accounts payable, intercompany$179 $249 
Short-term advances from affiliates3,658 3,700 
Long-term advances from affiliates82 84 

Share Capital
At February 17, 2021, the latest practicable date prior to the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, there were 133,297,236 Common Shares and no preferred shares issued and outstanding, which consists of 13,779 holders of record of the Common Shares. In addition, CP has a Management Stock Option Incentive Plan (“MSOIP”), under which key officers and employees are granted options to purchase the Common Shares. Each option granted can be exercised for one Common Share. At February 17, 2021, 1,521,584 options were outstanding under the MSOIP and stand-alone option agreements entered into with Mr. Keith Creel. There are 733,836 options available to be issued by the Company’s MSOIP in the future. CP has a Director's Stock Option Plan (“DSOP”), under which directors are granted options to purchase Common Shares. There are no outstanding options under the DSOP, which has 340,000 options available to be issued in the future.

Non-GAAP Measures
The Company presents Non-GAAP measures to provide a basis for evaluating underlying earnings and liquidity trends in the Company’s business that can be compared with the results of operations in prior periods. In addition, these Non-GAAP measures facilitate a multi-period assessment of long-term profitability, allowing management and other external users of the Company’s consolidated financial information to compare profitability on a long-term basis, including assessing future profitability, with that of the Company’s peers.

These Non-GAAP measures have no standardized meaning and are not defined by GAAP and, therefore, may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. The presentation of these Non-GAAP measures is not intended to be considered in isolation from, as a substitute for, or as superior to the financial information presented in accordance with GAAP.

Non-GAAP Performance Measures
The Company uses adjusted earnings results including Adjusted income, Adjusted diluted earnings per share, Adjusted operating income, and Adjusted operating ratio to evaluate the Company’s operating performance and for planning and forecasting future business operations and future profitability. These Non-GAAP measures are presented in Item 6. Selected Financial Data and discussed further in other sections of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. These Non-GAAP measures provide meaningful supplemental information regarding operating results because they exclude certain significant items that are not considered indicative of future financial trends either by nature or amount. As a result, these items are excluded for management assessment of operational performance, allocation of resources, and preparation of annual budgets. These significant items may include, but are not limited to, restructuring and asset impairment charges, individually significant gains and losses from sales of assets, the FX impact of translating the Company’s debt and lease liabilities (including borrowings under the credit facility), discrete tax items, changes in income tax rates, changes to an uncertain tax item, and certain items outside the control of management. These items may not be non-recurring. However, excluding these significant items from GAAP results allows for a consistent understanding of the Company's consolidated financial performance when performing a multi-period assessment including assessing the likelihood of future results. Accordingly, these Non-GAAP financial measures may provide insight to investors and other external users of the Company's consolidated financial information.

In 2020, there were two significant items included in Net income as follows:
•in the fourth quarter, a deferred tax recovery of $29 million due to a change relating to a tax return filing election for the state of North Dakota that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 22 cents; and
•during the course of the year, a net non-cash gain of $14 million ($12 million after deferred tax) due to FX translation of debt and lease liabilities that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 9 cents as follows:
–in the fourth quarter, a $103 million gain ($90 million after deferred tax) that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 67 cents;


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT62
–in the third quarter, a $40 million gain ($38 million after deferred tax) that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 29 cents;
–in the second quarter, an $86 million gain ($82 million after deferred tax) that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 59 cents; and
–in the first quarter, a $215 million loss ($198 million after deferred tax) that unfavourably impacted Diluted EPS by $1.44.

In 2019, there were three significant items included in Net income as follows:
•in the fourth quarter, a deferred tax expense of $24 million as a result of a provision for an uncertain tax item of a prior period that unfavourably impacted Diluted EPS by 17 cents;
•in the second quarter, a deferred tax recovery of $88 million due to the change in the Alberta provincial corporate income tax rate that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 63 cents; and
•during the course of the year, a net non-cash gain of $94 million ($86 million after deferred tax) due to FX translation of debt and lease liabilities that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 62 cents as follows:
–in the fourth quarter, a$37 million gain ($32 million after deferred tax) that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 22 cents;
–in the third quarter, a $25 million loss ($22 million after deferred tax) that unfavourably impacted Diluted EPS by 15 cents;
–in the second quarter, a $37 million gain ($34 million after deferred tax) that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 24 cents; and
–in the first quarter, a $45 million gain ($42 million after deferred tax) that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 30 cents.

In 2018, there were two significant items included in Net income as follows:
•in the second quarter, a deferred tax recovery of $21 million due to reductions in the Missouri and Iowa state tax rates that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 15 cents; and
•during the course of the year, a net non-cash loss of $168 million ($150 million after deferred tax) due to FX translation of debt that unfavourably impacted Diluted EPS by $1.05 as follows:
–in the fourth quarter, a $113 million loss ($103 million after deferred tax) that unfavourably impacted Diluted EPS by 72 cents;
–in the third quarter, a $38 million gain ($33 million after deferred tax) that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 23 cents;
–in the second quarter, a $44 million loss ($38 million after deferred tax) that unfavourably impacted Diluted EPS by 27 cents; and
–in the first quarter, a $49 million loss ($42 million after deferred tax) that unfavourably impacted Diluted EPS by 29 cents.

In 2017, there were five significant items included in Net income as follows:
•in the second quarter, a charge on hedge roll and de-designation of $13 million ($10 million after deferred tax) that unfavourably impacted Diluted EPS by 7 cents;
•in the second quarter, an insurance recovery of a legal settlement of $10 million ($7 million after current tax) that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 5 cents;
•in the first quarter, a management transition recovery of $51 million related to the retirement of Mr. E. Hunter Harrison as CEO of CP ($39 million after deferred tax) that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 27 cents;
•during the course of the year, a net deferred tax recovery of $541 million as a result of changes in income tax rates as follows:
–in the fourth quarter, a deferred tax recovery of $527 million, primarily due to the U.S. tax reform, that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by $3.63;
–in the third quarter, a deferred tax expense of $3 million as a result of the change in the Illinois state corporate income tax rate change that unfavourably impacted Diluted EPS by 2 cents;
–in the second quarter, a deferred tax recovery of $17 million as a result of the change in the Saskatchewan provincial corporate income tax rate that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 12 cents; and
•during the course of the year, a net non-cash gain of $186 million ($162 million after deferred tax) due to FX translation of debt that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by $1.10 as follows:
–in the fourth quarter, a $14 million loss ($12 million after deferred tax) that unfavourably impacted Diluted EPS by 8 cents;
–in the third quarter, a $105 million gain ($91 million after deferred tax) that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 62 cents;
–in the second quarter, a $67 million gain ($59 million after deferred tax) that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 40 cents; and
–in the first quarter, a $28 million gain ($24 million after deferred tax) that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 16 cents.

In 2016, there were two significant items included in Net income as follows:
•in the third quarter, a $25 million expense ($18 million after current tax) related to a legal settlement that unfavourably impacted Diluted EPS by 12 cents; and
•during the course of the year, a net non-cash gain of $79 million ($68 million after deferred tax) due to FX translation of debt that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 46 cents as follows:
–in the fourth quarter, a $74 million loss ($64 million after deferred tax) that unfavourably impacted Diluted EPS by 43 cents;
–in the third quarter, a $46 million loss ($40 million after deferred tax) that unfavourably impacted Diluted EPS by 27 cents;
–in the second quarter, an $18 million gain ($16 million after deferred tax) that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by 10 cents; and
–in the first quarter, a $181 million gain ($156 million after deferred tax) that favourably impacted Diluted EPS by $1.01.



63CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Reconciliation of GAAP Performance Measures to Non-GAAP Performance Measures
The following tables reconcile the most directly comparable measures presented in accordance with GAAP to the Non-GAAP measures presented in Item 6. Selected Financial Data and discussed further in other sections of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations:

Adjusted income is calculated as Net income reported on a GAAP basis adjusted for significant items.
For the year ended December 31
(in millions of Canadian dollars)20202019201820172016
Net income as reported$2,444 $2,440 $1,951 $2,405 $1,599 
Less significant items (pre-tax):
Legal settlement charge— — — — (25)
Insurance recovery of legal settlement— — — 10 — 
Charge on hedge roll and de-designation— — — (13)— 
Management transition recovery— — — 51 — 
Impact of FX translation gain (loss) on debt and lease liabilities14 94 (168)186 79 
Add:
Tax effect of adjustments(1)
2 8 (18)36 4 
Income tax rate changes(29)(88)(21)(541)— 
Provision for uncertain tax item— 24 — — — 
Adjusted income$2,403 $2,290 $2,080 $1,666 $1,549 
(1) The tax effect of adjustments was calculated as the pre-tax effect of the adjustments multiplied by the applicable tax rate for the above items of 13.58%, 8.55%, 10.64%, 15.27% and 7.17% for the years presented, respectively. The applicable tax rates reflect the taxable jurisdictions and nature, being on account of capital or income, of the significant items.

Adjusted diluted earnings per share is calculated using Adjusted income, as defined above, divided by the weighted-average diluted number of Common Shares outstanding during the period as determined in accordance with GAAP.
For the year ended December 31
20202019201820172016
Diluted earnings per share as reported$17.97 $17.52 $13.61 $16.44 $10.63 
Less significant items (pre-tax):
Legal settlement charge— — — — (0.17)
Insurance recovery of legal settlement— — — 0.07 — 
Charge on hedge roll and de-designation— — — (0.09)— 
Management transition recovery— — — 0.35 — 
Impact of FX translation gain (loss) on debt and lease liabilities0.10 0.67 (1.17)1.27 0.53 
Add:
Tax effect of adjustments(1)
0.01 0.05 (0.12)0.25 0.02 
Income tax rate changes(0.21)(0.63)(0.15)(3.70)— 
Provision for uncertain tax item— 0.17 — — — 
Adjusted diluted earnings per share$17.67 $16.44 $14.51 $11.39 $10.29 
(1) The tax effect of adjustments was calculated as the pre-tax effect of the adjustments multiplied by the applicable tax rate for the above items of 13.58%, 8.55%, 10.64%, 15.27% and 7.17% for the years presented, respectively. The applicable tax rates reflect the taxable jurisdictions and nature, being on account of capital or income, of the significant items.



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT64
Adjusted operating income is calculated as Operating income reported on a GAAP basis less significant items.

For the year ended December 31
(in millions of Canadian dollars)20202019201820172016
Operating income as reported$3,311 $3,124 $2,831 $2,519 $2,411 
Less significant item:
Management transition recovery— — — 51 — 
Adjusted operating income$3,311 $3,124 $2,831 $2,468 $2,411 

Adjusted operating ratio excludes those significant items that are reported within Operating income.

For the year ended December 31
20202019201820172016
Operating ratio as reported57.1 %59.9 %61.3 %61.6 %61.3 %
Less significant item:
Management transition recovery— — — (0.8)— 
Adjusted operating ratio57.1 %59.9 %61.3 %62.4 %61.3 %

Adjusted ROIC
Adjusted ROIC is calculated as Adjusted return divided by Adjusted average invested capital. Adjusted return is defined as Net income adjusted for interest expense, tax effected at the Company’s adjusted annualized effective tax rate, and significant items in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements, tax effected at the applicable tax rate. Adjusted average invested capital is defined as the sum of total Shareholders' equity, Long-term debt, and Long-term debt maturing within one year, as presented in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements, each averaged between the beginning and ending balance over a rolling 12-month period, adjusted for the impact of significant items, tax effected at the applicable tax rate, on closing balances as part of this average. Adjusted ROIC excludes significant items reported in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements, as these significant items are not considered indicative of future financial trends either by nature or amount, and excludes interest expense, net of tax, to incorporate returns on the Company’s overall capitalization. Adjusted ROIC is a performance measure that measures how productively the Company uses its long-term capital investments, representing critical indicators of good operating and investment decisions made by management, and is an important performance criteria in determining certain elements of the Company's long-term incentive plan. Adjusted ROIC, which is reconciled below from Return on average shareholders' equity, the most comparable measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, is also presented in Item 6. Selected Financial Data and discussed further in Results of Operations of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Beginning in the first quarter of 2020, CP aligned the reconciliation sequence for Adjusted ROIC to start with Net income, with no change to the calculated Adjusted return.

Calculation of Return on average shareholders' equity

For the year ended December 31
(in millions of Canadian dollars, except for percentages)20202019201820172016
Net income as reported$2,444$2,440$1,951$2,405$1,599
Average shareholders' equity$7,194$6,853$6,537$5,539$4,711
Return on average shareholders' equity34.0 %35.6��%29.8 %43.4 %33.9 %




65CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Reconciliation of Net Income to Adjusted Return

For the year ended December 31
(in millions of Canadian dollars)20202019201820172016
Net income as reported$2,444 $2,440 $1,951 $2,405 $1,599 
Add:
Net interest expense458 448 453 473 471 
Tax on interest(1)
(113)(112)(112)(126)(124)
Significant items (pre-tax):
Legal settlement charge— — — — 25 
Insurance recovery of legal settlement— — — (10)— 
Charge on hedge roll and de-designation— — — 13 — 
Management transition recovery— — — (51)— 
Impact of FX translation (gain) loss on debt and lease liabilities(14)(94)168 (186)(79)
Tax on significant items(2)
2 8 (18)36 4 
Income tax rate changes(29)(88)(21)(541)— 
Provision for uncertain tax item— 24 — — — 
Adjusted return$2,748 $2,626 $2,421 $2,013 $1,896 
(1) Tax was calculated at the adjusted annualized effective tax rate of 24.61%, 24.96%, 24.55%, 26.42%, and 26.20% for each of the above items for the years presented, respectively.
(2) Tax was calculated as the pre-tax effect of the adjustments multiplied by the applicable tax rate of 13.58%, 8.55%, 10.64%, 15.27%, and 7.17% for each of the above items for the years presented, respectively. The applicable tax rates reflect the taxable jurisdictions and nature, being on account of capital or income, of the significant items.

Reconciliation of Average shareholders' equity to Adjusted average invested capital

For the year ended December 31
(in millions of Canadian dollars)20202019201820172016
Average shareholders' equity$7,194 $6,853 $6,537 $5,539 $4,711 
Average Long-term debt, including long-term debt maturing within one year9,264 8,726 8,427 8,422 8,821 
$16,458 $15,579 $14,964 $13,961 $13,532 
Less:
Significant items (pre-tax):
Legal settlement charge— — — — (13)
Insurance recovery of legal settlement— — — 5 — 
Charge on hedge roll and de-designation— — — (7)— 
Management transition recovery— — — 26 — 
Tax on significant items(1)
— — — (5)4 
Income tax rate changes15 44 11 270 — 
Provision for uncertain tax item— (12)— — — 
Adjusted average invested capital$16,443 $15,547 $14,953 $13,672 $13,541 
(1) Tax was calculated as the pre-tax effect of the adjustments multiplied by the applicable tax rate of 15.27% and 7.17% for 2017 and 2016, respectively. The applicable tax rates reflect the taxable jurisdictions and nature, being on account of capital or income, of the significant items.



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT66
Calculation of Adjusted ROIC

For the year ended December 31
(in millions of Canadian dollars, except for percentages)20202019201820172016
Adjusted return$2,748 $2,626 $2,421 $2,013 $1,896 
Adjusted average invested capital$16,443 $15,547 $14,953 $13,672 $13,541 
Adjusted ROIC16.7 %16.9 %16.2 %14.7 %14.0 %

Free Cash
Free cash is calculated as Cash provided by operating activities, less Cash used in investing activities, adjusted for changes in cash and cash equivalents balances resulting from FX fluctuations, and the acquisitions of CMQ and DRTP. Free cash is a measure that management considers to be a valuable indicator of liquidity. Free cash is useful to investors and other external users of the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements as it assists with the evaluation of the Company's ability to generate cash to satisfy debt obligations and discretionary activities such as dividends, share repurchase programs, and other strategic opportunities. The acquisitions of CMQ and DRTP are not indicative of investment trends and have also been excluded from Free cash. Free cash should be considered in addition to, rather than as a substitute for, Cash provided by operating activities. Free cash is presented in Item 6. Selected Financial Data and discussed further in Liquidity and Capital Resources of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Reconciliation of Cash Provided by Operating Activities to Free Cash

For the year ended December 31
(in millions of Canadian dollars)20202019201820172016
Cash provided by operating activities$2,802 $2,990 $2,712 $2,182 $2,089 
Cash used in investing activities(2,030)(1,803)(1,458)(1,295)(1,069)
Effect of foreign currency fluctuations on U.S. dollar-denominated cash and cash equivalents6 (4)11 (13)(13)
Less:
Settlement of forward starting swaps on debt issuance— — (24)— — 
Investment in Central Maine & Québec Railway19 (174)— — — 
Investment in Detroit River Tunnel Partnership(398)— — — — 
Free cash$1,157 $1,357 $1,289 $874 $1,007 

Foreign Exchange Adjusted % Change
FX adjusted % change allows certain financial results to be viewed without the impact of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, thereby facilitating period-to-period comparisons in the analysis of trends in business performance. Financial result variances at constant currency are obtained by translating the comparable period of the prior year results denominated in U.S. dollars at the foreign exchange rates of the current period.

FX adjusted % changes in revenues are further used in calculating FX adjusted % change in freight revenue per carload and RTM. These items are presented in Operating Revenues of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.


67CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

2020 vs. 20192019 vs. 2018
(in millions of Canadian dollars)Reported 2020Reported 2019Reported 2018Variance
due to 
FX		FX Adjusted 2019FX Adj. % ChangeVariance
due to 
FX		FX Adjusted 2018FX Adj. % Change
Freight revenues by line of business
Grain$1,829 $1,684 $1,566 $8 $1,692 8 $19 $1,585 6 
Coal566 682 673 1 683 (17)2 675 1 
Potash493 462 486 2 464 6 6 492 (6)
Fertilizers and sulphur290 250 243 2 252 15 4 247 1 
Forest products328 304 284 3 307 7 5 289 5 
Energy, chemicals and plastics1,519 1,534 1,243 3 1,537 (1)17 1,260 22 
Metals, minerals, and consumer products629 752 797 7 759 (17)16 813 (8)
Automotive324 352 322 3 355 (9)7 329 7 
Intermodal1,563 1,593 1,538 4 1,597 (2)10 1,548 3 
Freight revenues7,541 7,613 7,152 33 7,646 (1)86 7,238 5 
Non-freight revenues169 179 164 — 179 (6)1 165 8 
Total revenues$7,710 $7,792 $7,316 $33 $7,825 (1)$87 $7,403 5 

FX adjusted % changes in operating expenses are discussed in Operating Expenses of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
2020 vs. 20192019 vs. 2018
(in millions of Canadian dollars)Reported 2020Reported 2019Reported 2018Variance
due to 
FX		FX Adjusted 2019FX Adj. % ChangeVariance
due to 
FX		FX Adjusted 2018FX Adj. % Change
Compensation and benefits$1,560 $1,540 $1,468 $5 $1,545 1 $11 $1,479 4 
Fuel652 882 918 8 890 (27)18 936 (6)
Materials216 210 201 — 210 3 1 202 4 
Equipment rents142 137 130 2 139 2 3 133 3 
Depreciation and amortization779 706 696 2 708 10 4 700 1 
Purchased services and other1,050 1,193 1,072 6 1,199 (12)11 1,083 10 
Total operating expenses$4,399 $4,668 $4,485 $23 $4,691 (6)$48 $4,533 3 

Dividend Payout Ratio and Adjusted Dividend Payout Ratio
Dividend payout ratio is calculated as dividends declared per share divided by Diluted EPS. Adjusted dividend payout ratio is calculated as dividends declared per share divided by Adjusted diluted EPS, as defined above. These ratios are measures of shareholder return and provide information on the Company's ability to declare dividends on an ongoing basis. Dividend payout ratio and Adjusted dividend payout ratio are presented in Item 6. Selected Financial Data and discussed further in Liquidity and Capital Resources of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Calculation of Dividend Payout Ratio

For the year ended December 31
(in dollars, except for percentages)20202019201820172016
Dividends declared per share$3.5600 $3.1400 $2.5125 $2.1875 $1.8500 
Diluted EPS17.97 17.52 13.61 16.44 10.63 
Dividend payout ratio19.8 %17.9 %18.5 %13.3 %17.4 %


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT68
Calculation of Adjusted Dividend Payout Ratio

For the year ended December 31
(in dollars, except for percentages)20202019201820172016
Dividends declared per share$3.5600 $3.1400 $2.5125 $2.1875 $1.8500 
Adjusted diluted EPS17.67 16.44 14.51 11.39 10.29 
Adjusted dividend payout ratio20.1 %19.1 %17.3 %19.2 %18.0 %

Adjusted Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Ratio
Adjusted net debt to Adjusted earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") ratio is calculated as Adjusted net debt divided by Adjusted EBITDA. The Adjusted net debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio is a key credit measure used to assess the Company’s financial capacity. The ratio provides information on the Company’s ability to service its debt and other long-term obligations. The Adjusted net debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio, which is reconciled below from the Long-term debt to Net income ratio, the most comparable measure calculated in accordance with GAAP, is also presented in Item 6. Selected Financial Data and discussed further in Liquidity and Capital Resources of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Calculation of Long-term Debt to Net Income Ratio

(in millions of Canadian dollars, except for ratios)20202019201820172016
Long-term debt including long-term debt maturing within one year as at December 31$9,771 $8,757 $8,696 $8,159 $8,684 
Net income for the year ended December 312,444 2,440 1,951 2,405 1,599 
Long-term debt to Net income ratio4.0 3.6 4.5 3.4 5.4 

Reconciliation of Long-term Debt to Adjusted Net Debt
Adjusted net debt is defined as Long-term debt, Long-term debt maturing within one year and Short-term borrowing as reported on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets adjusted for pension plans deficit, operating lease liabilities recognized on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets, and Cash and cash equivalents.

(in millions of Canadian dollars)20202019201820172016
Long-term debt including long-term debt maturing within one year as at December 31$9,771 $8,757 $8,696 $8,159 $8,684 
Add:
Pension plans deficit(1)
328 294 266 278 273 
Operating lease liabilities311 354 387 281 361 
Less:
Cash and cash equivalents147 133 61 338 164 
Adjusted net debt as at December 31$10,263 $9,272 $9,288 $8,380 $9,154 
(1) Pension plans deficit is the total funded status of the Pension plans in deficit only.


69CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Reconciliation of Net Income to EBIT, Adjusted EBIT and Adjusted EBITDA
Earnings before interest and tax ("EBIT") is calculated as Net income before Net interest expense and Income tax expense. Adjusted EBIT excludes significant items reported in both Operating income and Other (income) expense. Adjusted EBITDA is calculated as Adjusted EBIT plus operating lease expense and Depreciation and amortization, less Other components of net periodic benefit recovery.

For the year ended December 31
(in millions of Canadian dollars)20202019201820172016
Net income as reported$2,444 $2,440 $1,951 $2,405 $1,599 
Add:
Net interest expense458 448 453 473 471 
Income tax expense758 706 637 93 553 
EBIT3,660 3,594 3,041 2,971 2,623 
Less significant items (pre-tax):
Legal settlement charge— — — — (25)
Insurance recovery of legal settlement— — — 10 — 
Charge on hedge roll and de-designation— — — (13)— 
Management transition recovery— — — 51 — 
Impact of FX translation gain (loss) on debt and lease liabilities14 94 (168)186 79 
Adjusted EBIT3,646 3,500 3,209 2,737 2,569 
Add:
Operating lease expense78 83 97 104 111 
Depreciation and amortization779 706 696 661 640 
Less:
Other components of net periodic benefit recovery342 381 384 274 167 
Adjusted EBITDA$4,161 $3,908 $3,618 $3,228 $3,153 

Calculation of Adjusted Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA Ratio

(in millions of Canadian dollars, except for ratios)20202019201820172016
Adjusted net debt as at December 31$10,263 $9,272 $9,288 $8,380 $9,154 
Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 314,161 3,908 3,618 3,228 3,153 
Adjusted net debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio2.5 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.9 

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
Guarantees
Refer to Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 26 Guarantees for details.



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT70
Contractual Commitments
The accompanying table indicates the Company’s obligations and commitments to make future payments for contracts such as debt, leases, and commercial arrangements as at December 31, 2020.
Payments due by period (in millions of Canadian dollars)Total20212022 & 20232024 & 2025Thereafter
Interest on long-term debt and finance leases$10,883 $441 $762 $693 $8,987 
Long-term debt9,717 1,178 946 974 6,619 
Finance leases143 8 111 14 10 
Operating leases(1)
347 71 112 76 88 
Supplier purchase1,743 528 930 97 188 
Other long-term liabilities(2)
494 54 102 98 240 
Total contractual commitments$23,327 $2,280 $2,963 $1,952 $16,132 
(1) Residual value guarantees on certain leased equipment with a maximum exposure of $1 million are not included in the minimum payments shown above, as management believes that CP will not be required to make payments under these residual guarantees.
(2) Includes expected cash payments for environmental remediation, post-retirement benefits, workers’ compensation benefits, long-term disability benefits, pension benefit payments for the Company’s non-registered supplemental pension plan, and certain other long-term liabilities. Projected payments for post-retirement benefits, workers’ compensation benefits, and long-term disability benefits include the anticipated payments for years 2021 to 2030. Pension contributions for the Company’s registered pension plans are not included due to the volatility in calculating them. Pension payments are discussed further in Critical Accounting Estimates of this Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Certain Other Financial Commitments
In addition to the financial commitments mentioned above, the Company is party to certain other financial commitments discussed below.

Letters of Credit
Letters of credit are obtained mainly to provide security to third parties under the terms of various agreements, including the supplemental pension plan. CP is liable for these contractual amounts in the case of non-performance under these agreements. Letters of credit are accommodated through a revolving credit facility and the Company’s bilateral letter of credit facilities.

Capital Commitments
The Company remains committed to maintaining the current high level of quality of our capital assets in pursuing sustainable growth. As part of this commitment, CP has entered into contracts with suppliers to make various capital purchases related to track and rolling stock programs. Payments for these commitments are due in 2021 through 2032. These expenditures are expected to be financed by cash generated from operations or by issuing new debt.

The accompanying table indicates the Company’s commitments to make future payments for letters of credit and capital expenditures as at December 31, 2020.
Payments due by period (in millions of Canadian dollars)Total20212022 & 20232024 & 2025Thereafter
Letters of credit$59 $59 $— $— $— 
Capital commitments547 369 79 41 58 
Total certain other financial commitments$606 $428 $79 $41 $58 

Critical Accounting Estimates
To prepare the Consolidated Financial Statements that conform with GAAP, the Company is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported periods. Using the most current information available, the Company reviews estimates on an ongoing basis, including those related to environmental liabilities, pensions and other benefits, property, plant and equipment, deferred income taxes, and personal injury and other claims liabilities.

The development, selection and disclosure of these estimates, and this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, have been reviewed by the Board of Directors’ Audit and Finance Committee which is composed entirely of independent directors.



71CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Environmental Liabilities
Environmental remediation accruals cover site-specific remediation programs. CP estimates of the probable costsincreasing from US$30,000 to be incurred in the remediation of properties contaminated by past railway activities reflect the nature of contamination at individual sites according to typical activities and scale of operations conducted. The Company screens and classifies sites according to typical activities and scale of operations conducted. CP has developed remediation strategies for each property based on the nature and extent of the contamination, as well as the location of the property and surrounding areas that may be adversely affected by the presence of contaminants. CP also considers available technologies, treatment and disposal facilities and the acceptability of site-specific plans based on the local regulatory environment. Site-specific plans range from containment and risk management of the contaminants throughUS$40,000 per annum. No changes were made to the removalBoard Chair retainer or the Governance and treatmentRisk and Sustainability Committee Chair retainers. As of January 1, 2022 directors are required to hold five times in shares the contaminants and affected soils and groundwater.new annual retainer of US$280,000 or US$1.4 million worth of DDSUs prior to being permitted to make an election to receive up to 50 percent of their director retainer in cash. The details of the estimates reflect the environmental liability at each property. The Company is committed to fully meeting regulatory and legal obligationsGovernance Committee may engage an independent consultant with respect to environmental matters.

Some sites include remediation activities that are projected beyond the 10-year period, which CP is unable to reasonably estimate and determine. Therefore, CP's accruals of the environmental liabilities is based on an estimate of costs for a rolling 10-year period covered by the environmental program. Payments are expected to be made over 10 years to 2030. A limited portion of the environmental accruals, the stable Perpetual Care for the environmental program, are fixed and reliably determined. This portion of the environmental liabilities is discounted using a risk-free rate, adjusted by inflation and productivity improvements.

Provisions for environmental remediation costs are recorded in “Other long-term liabilities” (refer to Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 18 Other long-term liabilities), except for the current portion which is recorded in “Accounts payable and accrued liabilities” (refer to Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 15 Accounts payable and accrued liabilities).director compensation. The accruals for environmental remediation represent CP’s best estimate of its probable future obligations and include both asserted and unasserted claims, without reduction for anticipated recoveries from third parties. Although the recorded accruals include CP’s best estimate of all probable costs, CP’s total environmental remediation costs cannot be predicted with certainty. Accruals for environmental remediation may change from time to time as new information about previously untested sites becomes known, environmental laws and regulations evolve and advances are made in environmental remediation technology. The accruals may also vary as the courts decide legal proceedings against outside parties responsible for contamination. These potential charges, which cannot be quantified at this time, are not expected to be material to the Company’s financial position, but may materially affect income in the period in which a charge is recognized.

The environmental liabilities are also sensitive to the increase in cost of materials which would be reflected as increases to "Other long-term liabilities" and "Accounts payable and accrued liabilities" on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and to "Purchased services and other" within Operating expenses on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income. CP's cash payments for environmental initiatives are estimated to be approximately $9 million in 2021, $10 million in 2022, $9 million in 2023 and a total of approximately $53 million over the remaining years through 2030. All payments will be funded from general operations.

Pensions and Other Benefits
CP has defined benefit and defined contribution pension plans. Other benefits include post-retirement medical and life insurance for pensioners, and some post-employment workers’ compensation and long-term disability benefits in Canada. Workers’ compensation and long-term disability benefits are discussed in the Personal Injury and Other Claims Liabilities section below. Pension and post-retirement benefits liabilities are subject to various external influences and uncertainties.

Information concerning the measurement of costs for pensions and other benefits is discussed in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 1 Summary of significant accounting policies and Note 22 Pensions and other benefits.

Net Periodic Benefit Costs
The Company reports the current service cost component of net periodic benefit cost in "Compensation and benefits" for pensions and post-retirement benefits and in "Purchased services and other" for self-insured workers' compensation and long-term disability benefits on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income. The Other components of net periodic benefit recovery are reported as a separate line item outside of Operating income on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income. Components of the net periodic benefit costs (credits) are as follows:



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT72
 20202019
(in millions of Canadian dollars)Current service costOther componentsTotalCurrent service costOther componentsTotal
Defined benefit pensions$140 $(363)$(223)$107 $(414)$(307)
Defined contribution pensions12 — 12 11 — 11 
Post-retirement benefits4 17 21 4 16 20 
Self-insured workers' compensation and long-term disability benefits8 4 12 7 17 24 
All plans$164 $(342)$(178)$129 $(381)$(252)

CP estimates net periodic benefit credits for defined benefit pensions to be approximately $230 million in 2021 ($171 million in current service cost and $401 million in other components of net periodic recovery), and net periodic benefit costs for defined contribution pensions to be approximately $12 million in 2021. Net periodic benefit costs for post-retirement benefits in 2021 are not expected to differ materially from the 2020 costs. Total net periodic benefit credits for all plans are estimated to be approximately $185 million in 2021 (2020 – $178 million), comprising $196 million (2020 – $164 million) in current service cost and $381 million (2020 – $342 million) in other components of net periodic recovery. The expected rate of return on the market-related asset value used to compute the net periodic benefit credit was 7.50% in 2019 and 7.25% in 2020. For computing the net periodic benefit credit in 2021, the Company is reducing this rate to 6.90% to reflect CP's current view of future long-term investment returns. Net periodic benefit costs and credits are discussed further in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 22 Pensions and other benefits.

Pension Plan Contributions
The Company made contributions of $27 million to the defined benefit pension plans in 2020, compared with $53 million in 2019. The Company’s main Canadian defined benefit pension plan accounts for nearly all of CP’s pension obligation and can produce significant volatility in pension funding requirements, given the pension fund’s size, the many factors that drive the pension plan’s funded status, and Canadian statutory pension funding requirements. The Company made voluntary prepayments of $600 million in 2011, $650 million in 2010, and $500 million in 2009 to the Company’s main Canadian defined benefit pension plan. CP has applied $1,324 million of these voluntary prepayments to reduce its pension funding requirements in 2012–2020, leaving $426 million of the voluntary prepayments still available at December 31, 2020 to reduce CP’s pension funding requirements in 2021 and future years. CP continues to have significant flexibility with respect to the rate at which the remaining voluntary prepayments are applied to reduce future years’ pension contribution requirements, which allows CP to manage the volatility of future pension funding requirements. At this time, CP estimates it will not apply any of the remaining voluntary prepayments against its 2021 pension funding requirements.

CP estimates its aggregate pension contributions, including its defined benefit and defined contribution plans, to be in the range of $30 million to $40 million in 2021, and in the range of $30 million to $50 million per year from 2022 to 2024. These estimates reflect the Company’s current intentions with respect to the rate at which CP will apply the remaining voluntary prepayments against contribution requirements in the next few years.

Future pension contributions will be highly dependent on the Company’s actual experience with such variables as investment returns, interest rate fluctuations, and demographic changes, on the rate at which previous years’ voluntary prepayments are applied against pension contribution requirements, and on any changes in the regulatory environment. CP will continue to make contributions to the pension plans that, at a minimum, meet pension legislative requirements.

Pension Plan Risks
Fluctuations in the liability and net periodic benefit costs for pensions result from favourable or unfavourable investment returns and changes in long-term interest rates. The impact of favourable or unfavourable investment returns is moderated by the use of a market-related asset value for the main Canadian defined benefit pension plan’s public equity securities and absolute return strategies. The impact of changes in long-term interest rates on pension obligations is partially offset by their impact on the pension funds’ investments in fixed income assets.

The plans’ investment policy provides a target allocation of approximately 45% of the plans’ assets to be invested in public equity securities. As a result, stock market performance is a key driver in determining the pension funds’ asset performance. If the rate of investment return on the plans’ public equity securities in 2020 had been 10% higher (or lower) than the actual 2020 rate of investment return on such securities, 2021 net periodic benefit costs for pensions would be lower (or higher) by approximately $24 million.

Changes in bond yields can result inoverall changes to discount rates and to changesdirector compensation for 2022 will bring the Corporation’s annual director retainers in the value of fixed income assets. If the discount rate as at December 31, 2020 had been higher (or lower) by 0.1%line with no related changes in the value of the pension funds’ investment in fixed income assets, 2021 net periodic benefit costs for pensions would be lower (or higher) by approximately $15 million and 2021 current service costs for pensions would be lower (or higher) by approximately $6 million. However, a change in bond yields would also lead to a change in the value of the pension funds’ investment in fixed income assets, and this change would partially offset the impact on net periodic benefit costs noted above.its Class I railroad peers.


73CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT


The Company estimates that an increase in the discount rate of 0.1% would decrease the defined benefit pension plans’ projected benefit obligations by approximately $203 million, and that a decrease in the discount rate of 0.1% would increase the defined benefit pension plans’ projected benefit obligations by approximately $212 million. Similarly, for every 0.1% the actual return on assets varies above (or below) the estimated return for the year, the value of the defined benefit pension plans’ assets would increase (or decrease) by approximately $14 million.

Adverse experience with respect to these factors could eventually increase funding and pension expense significantly, while favourable experience with respect to these factors could eventually decrease funding and pension expense significantly.

Fluctuations in the post-retirement benefit obligation also can result from changes in the discount rate used. A 0.1% increase (decrease) in the discount rate would decrease (increase) the obligation by approximately $6 million.

CP reviews its pensioner mortality experience to ensure that the mortality assumption continues to be appropriate, or to determine what changes to the assumption are needed.

Property, Plant and Equipment
The Company follows the group depreciation method under which a single depreciation rate is applied to the total cost in a particular class of property, despite differences in the service life or salvage value of individual properties within the same class. CP performs depreciation studies of each property asset class approximately every three years to update depreciation rates. The studies are conducted with assistance from third-party specialists and analyzed and reviewed by the Company's management. Depreciation studies for U.S. assets are reviewed and approved by the Surface Transportation Board ("STB"). Depreciation studies for Canadian assets are provided to the Canadian Transportation Agency (the "Agency"), but the Agency does not approve depreciation rates. In determining appropriate depreciation rates, management is required to make judgments and assumptions about a variety of key factors that are subject to future variability due to inherent uncertainties. These include the following:
Key Assumptions
2022 Annual Director Compensation
Assessments
Annual Retainer  
•Whole and remaining asset lives

Compensation – All Directors
•Statistical analysis of historical retirement patterns;
•Evaluation of management strategy and its impact on operations and the future use of specific property assets;
US$280,000  
•Assessment of technological advances;
•Engineering estimates of changes in current operations and analysis of historic, current and projected future usage;
•Additional factors considered for track assets: density of traffic and whether rail is new or has been re-laid in a subsequent position;
•Assessment of policies and practices for the management of assets including maintenance; and
•Comparison with industry data.
•Salvage values
Additional retainer – Risk Chair, Governance Committee Chair
•Analysis of historical, current and estimated future salvage values.
US$30,000  
Additional retainer – Audit Committee Chair, Compensation Committee Chair
US$40,000  
Additional retainer – Board Chair
US$195,000  

CP depreciates the cost of properties, net of salvage, on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the class of property.  The estimates of economic lives are uncertain and can vary due to changes in any of the assessed factors noted in the table above for whole and remaining asset lives. Additionally, the depreciation rates are updated to reflect the change in residual values of the assets in the class.

It is anticipated that there will be changes in the estimates of weighted-average useful lives and net salvage for each property asset class as assets are acquired, used and retired. Substantial changes in either the useful lives of properties or the salvage assumptions could result in significant changes to depreciation expense. For example, if the estimated average life of track assets, including rail, ties, ballast and other track material, increased (or decreased) by one year, annual depreciation expense would decrease (or increase) by approximately $18 million.

Due to the capital intensive nature of the railway industry, depreciation represents a significant part of operating expenses. The estimated useful lives of properties have a direct impact on the amount of depreciation recorded as a component of "Properties" on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, accumulated depreciation was $8,629 million and $8,099 million, respectively.

Deferred Income Taxes
CP accounts for deferred income taxes based on the liability method. This method focuses on the Company’s balance sheet and the temporary differences otherwise calculated from the comparison of book versus tax values. The provision for deferred income taxes arises from temporary differences in the carrying values of assets and liabilities for financial statement and income tax purposes and the effect of loss carry forwards. It is assumed that such temporary differences will be settled in the deferred income tax assets and liabilities at the balance sheet date.


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CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT74
In determining deferred income taxes, the Company makes estimates and assumptions regarding deferred tax matters, including estimating the timing of the realization and settlement of deferred income tax assets (including the benefit of tax losses) and liabilities, and estimating unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions. Deferred income taxes are calculated using enacted federal, provincial, and state future income tax rates, which may differ in future periods.

Deferred income tax expense is included in "Income tax expense" on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income. Additional disclosures are provided in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 6 Income taxes.

Personal Injury and Other Claims Liabilities
CP estimates the potential liability arising from incidents, claims and pending litigations relating to personal injury claims by employees, third-party claims, certain occupation-related claims and property damage claims.

Personal Injury
In Canada, employee occupational injuries are governed by provincial workers' compensation legislation. Occupational injury claims in the provinces of Québec, Ontario, Manitoba and B.C. are self-insured and administered through each Worker's Compensation Board ("WCB"). The future costs related to occupation-related injuries are actuarially determined based on past experience and assumptions associated with the injury, compensation, income replacement, health care and administrative costs. In the four provinces where the Company is self-insured, a discount rate is applied to the future estimated costs based on market rates for investment grade corporate bonds to determine the liability. An actuarial study is performed on an annual basis. In the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, the Company is assessed an annual WCB contribution on a premium basis and this amount is not subject to estimation by management. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, the WCB liability was $84 million and $85 million in "Pension and other benefit liabilities"; $11 million and $11 million in "Accounts payable and accrued liabilities", offset by deposits paid to WCB of $1 million and $1 million in "Other assets" on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.

U.S. railway employees are covered by federal law under the Federal Employers' Liability Act ("FELA") rather than workers' compensation programs. Accruals are set for individual cases based on facts, legal opinion and statistical analysis. U.S. accruals are also set and include alleged occupational exposure or injury.

Other Claims
A provision for litigation matters, equipment damages or other claims will be accrued according to applicable accounting standards and any such accrual will be based on an ongoing assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the litigation or claim and its likelihood of success, together with an evaluation of the damages or other monetary relief sought. CP accrues for probable claims when the facts of an incident become known and investigation results provide a reasonable basis for estimating the liability. The lower end of the range is accrued if the facts and circumstances permit only a range of reasonable estimates and no single amount in that range is a better estimate than any other. Facts and circumstances related to asserted claims can change, and a process is in place to monitor accruals for changes in accounting estimates.

Forward-Looking Statements
This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Annual Report on Form 10-K contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and forward-looking information within the meaning of other relevant securities legislation, including applicable securities laws in Canada (collectively referred to herein as "forward-looking statements"). Forward-looking statements typically include words such as “financial expectations”, “key assumptions”, “anticipate”, “believe”, “expect”, “plan”, “will”, “outlook”, “should” or similar words suggesting future outcomes. To the extent that CP has provided forecasts or targets using Non-GAAP financial measures, the Company may not be able to provide a reconciliation to a GAAP measure without unreasonable efforts, due to unknown variables and uncertainty related to future results.

This Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Annual Report on Form 10-K includes forward-looking statements relating, but not limited to statements concerning the Company’s defined benefit pension expectations for 2021 and through 2024, our expectations for 2021 financial and operational performance, including our full-year guidance for expected RTM and adjusted diluted EPS growth, planned capital expenditures (including how such capital expenditures are expected to be financed), expected impacts resulting from changes in the U.S.-to-Canadian dollar exchange rate, and the effective tax rate, as well as statements concerning the Company’s operations, anticipated financial performance, business prospects and strategies, including statements concerning the anticipation that cash flow from operations and various sources of financing will be sufficient to meet debt repayments and obligations in the foreseeable future and concerning anticipated capital programs, and statements regarding future payments including income taxes and pension contributions. The purpose of the 2021 Adjusted diluted EPS growth projection is to assist readers in understanding our expected and targeted financial results, and this information may not be appropriate for other purposes.

The forward-looking statements contained in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Annual Report on Form 10-K are based on current expectations, estimates, projections and assumptions, having regard to the Company's experience and its perception of historical trends, and includes, but is not limited to, expectations, estimates, projections and assumptions relating to: North American and


75CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

global economic growth; commodity demand growth; sustainable industrial and agricultural production; commodity prices and interest rates; foreign exchange rates (as specified herein); effective tax rates (as specified herein); performance of our assets and equipment; sufficiency of our budgeted capital expenditures in carrying out our business plan; geopolitical conditions; applicable laws, regulations and government policies; the availability and cost of labour, services and infrastructure; the satisfaction by third parties of their obligations to the Company; and the anticipated impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company's business, operating results, cash flows and/or financial condition. Although the Company believes the expectations, estimates, projections and assumptions reflected in the forward-looking statements presented herein are reasonable as of the date hereof, there can be no assurance that they will prove to be correct. Current conditions, economic and otherwise, render assumptions, although reasonable when made, subject to greater uncertainty.

Undue reliance should not be placed on forward-looking statements as actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements. By their nature, forward-looking statements involve numerous inherent risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements, including but not limited to the following factors: changes in business strategies; general North American and global economic, credit and business conditions; risks associated with agricultural production such as weather conditions and insect populations; the availability and price of energy commodities; the effects of competition and pricing pressures; industry capacity; shifts in market demand; changes in commodity prices; uncertainty surrounding timing and volumes of commodities being shipped via CP; inflation; geopolitical instability; changes in laws, regulations and government policies, including regulation of rates; changes in taxes and tax rates; potential increases in maintenance and operating costs; changes in fuel prices; uncertainties of investigations, proceedings or other types of claims and litigation; labour disputes; risks and liabilities arising from derailments; transportation of dangerous goods; timing of completion of capital and maintenance projects; currency and interest rate fluctuations; effects of changes in market conditions and discount rates on the financial position of pension plans and investments; trade restrictions or other changes to international trade arrangements; climate change; various events that could disrupt operations, including severe weather, such as droughts, floods, avalanches and earthquakes, and cybersecurity attacks, as well as security threats and governmental response to them, and technological changes; and the pandemic created by the outbreak of COVID-19 and resulting effects on economic conditions, the demand environment for logistics requirements and energy prices, restrictions imposed by public health authorities or governments, fiscal and monetary policy responses by governments and financial institutions, and disruptions to global supply chains. The foregoing list of factors is not exhaustive.

There are more specific factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements contained in this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Annual Report on Form 10-K. These more specific factors are identified and discussed in Item 1A. Risk Factors. Other risks are detailed from time to time in reports filed by CP with securities regulators in Canada and the United States.

The forward-looking statements contained in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Annual Report on Form 10-K are made as of the date hereof. Except as required by law, CP undertakes no obligation to update publicly or otherwise revise any forward-looking statements, or the foregoing assumptions and risks affecting such forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.


Table of Contents
CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT76
Benchmarking
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Foreign Exchange Risk
Although CP conducts business primarilyExcept in Canada, a significant portion of its revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities including debt are denominated in U.S. dollars. The valuerespect of the removal of KCS in connection with the KCS acquisition, we did not make any changes to our comparator group in 2021. The comparator group was extensively reviewed and updated in 2018. Our comparator group consists of companies we compete with for talent. It includes six Class I railroad peers as well as 11 capital-intensive Canadian dollar is affected bycompanies. For certain positions within the organization, we apply a number of domestic and international factors, including, without limitation, economic performance, and Canadian, U.S. and international monetary policies. Consequently, the Company’s results are affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between these currencies. In 2021, CP expects that every $0.01 weakening (or strengthening) of the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar, positively (or negatively) impacts Total revenues by approximately $27 million (2019 – approximately $30 million), negatively (or positively) impacts Operating expenses by approximately $14 million (2019 – approximately $15 million), and negatively (or positively) impacts Net interest expense by approximately $3 million (2019 – approximately $3 million) on an annualized basis.

CP uses U.S. dollar-denominated debt to hedge its net investment in U.S. operations. As at December 31, 2020, the net investment in U.S. operations is less than the total U.S. denominated debt. Consequently, FX translation on the Company’s undesignated debt and lease liabilities causes additional impacts on earnings in Other income.

To manage its exposure to fluctuations in exchange rates between Canadian and U.S. dollars, CP may sell or purchase U.S. dollar forwards at fixed rates in future periods. In addition, changes in the exchange rate between the Canadian dollar and other currencies (including the U.S. dollar) make the goods transported by the Company more or less competitive in the world marketplace and may in turn positively or negatively affect revenues.

Share Price Impact on Stock-Based Compensation
Based on information available at December 31, 2020 and expectations for 2021 grants, for every $1.00 change in share price, stock-based compensation expense has a corresponding change of approximately $0.4 million to $0.6 million (2019 – approximately $0.4 million to $0.6 million). This excludes the impact of changes in share price relative to the S&P/TSX 60 Index, the S&P/TSX Capped Industrial Index, the S&P 1500 Road and Rail Index, andheavier weighting to Class I railways,railroad peers; however, we consistently review alignment and compensation practices against the whole group. The 2021 compensation comparator group can be seen on page 11.
Independent advice
The Governance Committee makes its own decisions, which may trigger different performance share unit payouts. Stock-basedreflect factors and considerations other than the information and recommendations provided by its external consultant. During 2021, the Governance Committee retained an independent compensation may alsoconsultant with respect to director compensation. The Governance Committee did not make changes to its Compensation in 2021. The Board in consultation with its independent advisor, FW Cook, determined that it would be impacted by non-market performance conditions.

Additional information concerning stock-basedappropriate to increase director compensation is included in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 23 Stock-based compensation.

Interest Rate Risk
Debt financing forms partgiven the increased responsibilities of the Company's capital structure. Board, the additional work with respect to the KCS acquisition and the period of time (eight years) since the Board had increased its compensation.
2021 director compensation
The debt agreements entered into expose CPGovernance Committee reviews director compensation every two to three years based on the directors’ responsibilities, time commitment and the compensation provided by comparable companies. Each director is paid an annual retainer of US$200,000. Committee chairs receive an additional US$30,000 per year and the Board Chair receives an additional annual retainer of US$195,000
(1)
. No changes were made to the director compensation program in 2021.
In January 2022, the Governance Committee reviewed director compensation levels, including compensation levels for directors at other similarly situated peers. Based on the recommendations from the Board’s compensation consultant, the Governance Committee recommended that the Board increase the annual director retainer from US$200,000 to US$280,000. The annual committee chair retainers for the Compensation Committee and the Audit and Finance Committee were increased interest costs on future fixed debt instrumentsfrom US$30,000 to US$40,000. No changes were made to the additional annual Board Chair retainer or the retainers for other committee chairs.
We paid directors a total of $2,921,886 in 2021 as detailed in the table below. Directors receive a flat fee retainer to cover their ongoing oversight and existing variable rate debt instruments, should market rates increase. In addition,responsibilities throughout the presentyear and their attendance at Board and committee meetings.
Directors receive 100 percent of their annual retainer in director deferred share units (DDSUs) until they have met their share ownership requirements. After that, directors are required to receive at least 50 percent of their compensation in DDSUs. The total represents the approximate dollar value of the Company’s assets and liabilities will also vary with interest rate changes. To manage interest rate exposure, CP may enter into forward rate agreements such as treasury rate locks or bond forwards that lockDDSUs credited to each director’s DDSU account in rates for a future date, thereby protecting against interest rate increases. CP may also enter into swap agreements whereby one party agrees to pay a fixed rate of interest while the other party pays a floating rate. Contingent2021, based on the directionclosing fair market value of interest rates, the Company may incur higher costs dependingour shares on the contracted rate.grant date plus the cash portion paid if a director elected to receive a portion of compensation in cash.

As at December 31, 2020, CP didof January 1, 2022, the directors now are required to hold five times the new annual retainer (totaling US$1.4 million) in shares prior to being able to elect to take a portion of their annual retainer in cash (up to 50%) and in shares.
Mr. Creel does not have any floating rate debt obligations outstanding,receive director compensation because he is compensated in his role as President and therefore fluctuationsCEO (see page 33 for more details).
(1) 
Board Chair compensation for 2021 is an aggregate total of the Director retainer fee of US$200,000 plus the Chair of the Board retainer fee of US$195,000 totaling US$395,000.
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Table of Contents
All figures in interest rates would not have an impactthe chart below are in Canadian dollars.
  Name
  
Share-based

awards
(1),(3)
($)
   
All other
compensation
(2),(3)
($)
   
Total
($)
 
  John Baird
   251,940    1,000    252,940 
  Isabelle Courville
   497,582    1,000    498,582 
  Jill Denham
   251,940    1,000    252,940 
  Edward Hamberger
   250,700    1,253    251,953 
  Rebecca MacDonald
   289,731    1,000    290,731 
  Edward Monser
   250,700    1,253    251,953 
  Matthew Paull
   288,305    1,253    289,558 
  Jane Peverett
   289,731    1,000    290,731 
  Andrea Robertson
   251,940    1,000    252,940 
  Gordon Trafton
   288,305    1,253    289,558 
(1) 
The value of the share-based awards has been calculated in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718 (FASB ASC 718) using the grant date fair value, which is prescribed by the DDSU Plan.
(2) 
Each director was provided with a $1,000 donation, in local currency, to the charity of their choice in December 2021 in gratitude for their year of service. This amount appears under All other compensation.
(3) 
All directors were paid in U.S. dollars and the value of their share-based awards, and cash and other payments, as applicable, have been converted to Canadian dollars using the 2021 average exchange rate of $1.2535.
You can read more about our director compensation program beginning on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity.page 52.

Incentive plan awards
Outstanding share-based awards and option-based awards
The fair value of the Company’s fixed rate debt may fluctuate with changes in market interest rates. A hypothetical one percent decrease in interest ratestable below shows all vested and unvested equity incentive awards that are outstanding as of December 31, 2020 would result in an increase of approximately $1.5 billion to the fair value of our debt as at December 31, 2020 (December 31, 2019 - approximately $1.2 billion). Fair values of CP’s fixed rate debt are estimated by considering the impact of the hypothetical interest rates on quoted market prices and current borrowing rates, but do not consider other factors that could impact actual results.2021.

Information concerning market risks is supplemented in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 17 Financial instruments.


77CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
78
Consolidated Statements of Income
For the Year Ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018
80
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
For the Year Ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018
81
Consolidated Balance Sheets
As at December 31, 2020 and 2019
82
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
For the Year Ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018
83
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity
For the Year Ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018
84
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
85



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT78
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders andOn July 21, 2003, the Board suspended any additional grants of Directors of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited
Opinion onoptions under the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, cash flows, and changes in shareholders’ equity, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 8 (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”).

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 18, 2021, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that wedirector stock option plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statementsthere are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing proceduresno outstanding options under that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.plan.

Non-employee
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and wedirectors are not by communicatinggranted stock options under the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Properties – Direct Costs that are Capitalized to Self-constructed Assets – Refer to Notes 1, 12 and 19 to the Financial Statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company recognizes direct costs as capitalized additions to self-constructed assets, within properties, based on expenditures necessary to make an asset ready for its intended use. The capitalization of self-constructed assets requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions related to the capitalization of direct cost additions to self-constructed assets based on whether the expenditures meet capitalization criteria under US GAAP.

We identified the capitalization of direct cost additions to self-constructed assets as a critical audit matter because the judgments and assumptions management makes could have a significant impact on the capitalization of direct cost additions. As such auditing the capitalization of direct cost additions involves a high degree of auditor judgment.

How the Critical Audit Matter was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the capitalization of direct cost additions to self-constructed assets included the following, among others:

•Evaluated the effectiveness of controls over self-constructed assets, including those over the capitalization of direct cost additions to self-constructed assets.
•Selected a sample of direct costs and obtained evidence to support the capitalized additions to self-constructed assets and assessed whether these expenditures met the capitalization criteria under US GAAP.stock option plan.


79CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT


Defined Benefit Pension – Refer to Notes 1 and 22 to the Financial Statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company’s accounting of its defined benefit pension plans involves the measurement of the projected benefit obligation and fair value of fund assets. The measurement of the projected-benefit obligation requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions in the determination of the discount rate, which is based on blended market interest rates of high-quality corporate debt instruments with matching cash flows. The measurement of the fair value of fund assets requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions in the determination of the expected return on fund assets, which is calculated using the market-related value of assets.

We identified the determination of the discount rate (for the projected benefit obligation), and the determination of the expected return on fund assets (for the determination of the net period benefit cost) as the critical audit matters because of the significant estimates and assumptions management makes could have a significant impact on the projected benefit obligation and the fair value of fund assets. As such auditing the determination of the discount rate and the expected return on fund assets involves a high degree of auditor judgment as the estimates and assumptions made by management contains significant measurement uncertainty and resulted in an increased extent of effort, which included the need to involve an actuarial specialist.

How the Critical Audit Matter was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the determination of the discount rate (for the projected benefit obligation), and the expected return on fund assets (for the determination of the fair value of fund assets) included the following, among others:

•Evaluated the effectiveness of controls over defined benefit pension plans, including those over the determination of the discount rate and the expected return on fund assets.
•With the assistance of an actuarial specialist, we evaluated the reasonableness of the discount rate by:
–Assessing the methodology used in management’s determination of the discount rate,
–Testing the underlying source information, and
–Developing a range of independent estimates and comparing those to the discount rate selected by management.
•With the assistance of an actuarial specialist, we evaluated the reasonableness of the expected return on fund assets by:
–Assessing the methodology used in management’s determination of the expected return on fund assets,
–Testing the underlying source information, and
–Comparing management’s assumptions to historical data and available market trends.
•Evaluated management’s ability to accurately forecast the discount rate and expected return on fund assets by comparing actual results to management’s historical forecasts.

/s/ Deloitte LLP

Chartered Professional Accountants
Calgary, Canada
February 18, 2021

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2011.


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT80
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
Year ended December 31 (in millions of Canadian dollars, except share and per share data)202020192018
Revenues (Note 3)
Freight$7,541 $7,613 $7,152 
Non-freight169 179 164 
Total revenues7,710 7,792 7,316 
Operating expenses
Compensation and benefits (Note 22, 23)1,560 1,540 1,468 
Fuel652 882 918 
Materials216 210 201 
Equipment rents142 137 130 
Depreciation and amortization779 706 696 
Purchased services and other (Note 10)1,050 1,193 1,072 
Total operating expenses4,399 4,668 4,485 
Operating income3,311 3,124 2,831 
Less:
Other (income) expense (Note 4)(7)(89)174 
Other components of net periodic benefit recovery (Note 22)(342)(381)(384)
Net interest expense (Note 5)458 448 453 
Income before income tax expense3,202 3,146 2,588 
Income tax expense (Note 6)758 706 637 
Net income$2,444 $2,440 $1,951 
Earnings per share (Note 7)
Basic earnings per share$18.05 $17.58 $13.65 
Diluted earnings per share$17.97 $17.52 $13.61 
Weighted-average number of shares (millions) (Note 7)
Basic135.5 138.8 142.9 
Diluted136.0 139.3 143.3 
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.


81CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Year ended December 31 (in millions of Canadian dollars)202020192018
Net income$2,444 $2,440 $1,951 
Net gain (loss) in foreign currency translation adjustments, net of hedging activities18 37 (60)
Change in derivatives designated as cash flow hedges9 10 38 
Change in pension and post-retirement defined benefit plans(407)(661)(449)
Other comprehensive loss before income taxes(380)(614)(471)
Income tax recovery on above items88 135 169 
Other comprehensive loss (Note 8)(292)(479)(302)
Comprehensive income$2,152 $1,961 $1,649 
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT82
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
As at December 31 (in millions of Canadian dollars, except Common Shares)20202019
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents$147 $133 
Accounts receivable, net (Note 9)825 805 
Materials and supplies208 182 
Other current assets141 90 
1,321 1,210 
Investments (Note 11)199 341 
Properties (Note 12, 19)20,422 19,156 
Goodwill and intangible assets (Note 10, 13)366 206 
Pension asset (Note 22)894 1,003 
Other assets (Note 14, 19)438 451 
Total assets$23,640 $22,367 
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (Note 15, 19)$1,467 $1,693 
Long-term debt maturing within one year (Note 16, 17, 19)1,186 599 
2,653 2,292 
Pension and other benefit liabilities (Note 22)832 785 
Other long-term liabilities (Note 18, 19)585 562 
Long-term debt (Note 16, 17, 19)8,585 8,158 
Deferred income taxes (Note 6)3,666 3,501 
Total liabilities16,321 15,298 
Shareholders’ equity
Share capital (Note 20)
Authorized unlimited Common Shares without par value. Issued and outstanding are 133.3 million and
137.0 million as at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.		1,983 1,993 
Authorized unlimited number of first and second preferred shares; none outstanding.
Additional paid-in capital55 48 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (Note 8)(2,814)(2,522)
Retained earnings8,095 7,550 
7,319 7,069 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity$23,640 $22,367 
See Commitments and contingencies (Note 25).
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Approved
Share-based awards
  Name
Number of
shares or units
of shares that
have not
vested
(#)
Market or
payout value of
share-based
awards that
have not vested
($)
Market or payout
value of vested
share-based
awards not paid
out or distributed
($)
(1)
  John Baird
-
-
3,051,014
  Isabelle Courville
-
-
5,149,923
  Jill Denham
-
-
2,224,461
  Edward Hamberger
-
-
781,631
  Rebecca MacDonald
-
-
6,116,040
  Edward Monser
-
-
1,032,355
  Matthew Paull
-
-
3,341,679
  Jane Peverett
-
-
2,338,823
  Andrea Robertson
-
-
777,515
  Gordon Trafton
-
-
2,325,620
(1)
Calculated based on behalfthe closing price of our shares on December 31, 2021 on the TSX ($90.98), in the case of directors resident in Canada, and on the NYSE (US$71.94) which was converted to Canadian dollars using the
year-end
exchange rate of $1.2678, in the case of the Board:
/s/ ISABELLE COURVILLE/s/ JANE L. PEVERETT
Isabelle Courville, Director,Jane L. Peverett, Director,
Chair ofdirectors resident in the BoardChair of the Audit and Finance CommitteeU.S.

54

83CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Year ended December 31 (in millions of Canadian dollars)202020192018
Operating activities
Net income$2,444 $2,440 $1,951 
Reconciliation of net income to cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization779 706 696 
Deferred income tax expense (Note 6)221 181 256 
Pension recovery and funding (Note 22)(250)(360)(321)
Foreign exchange (gain) loss on debt and lease liabilities (Note 4)(14)(94)168 
Settlement of forward starting swaps on debt issuance (Note 17)0 0 (24)
Other operating activities, net11 143 (79)
Change in non-cash working capital balances related to operations (Note 21)(389)(26)65 
Cash provided by operating activities2,802 2,990 2,712 
Investing activities
Additions to properties(1,671)(1,647)(1,551)
Investment in Detroit River Tunnel Partnership (Note 10)(398)0 0 
Investment in Central Maine & Québec Railway (Note 10)19 (174)0 
Proceeds from sale of properties and other assets22 26 78 
Other(2)(8)15 
Cash used in investing activities(2,030)(1,803)(1,458)
Financing activities
Dividends paid(467)(412)(348)
Issuance of CP Common Shares (Note 23)52 26 24 
Purchase of CP Common shares (Note 20)(1,509)(1,134)(1,103)
Issuance of long-term debt, excluding commercial paper (Note 16)958 397 638 
Repayment of long-term debt, excluding commercial paper (Note 16)(84)(500)(753)
Net issuance of commercial paper (Note 16)270 524 0 
Net increase in short-term borrowings (Note 16)5 0 0 
Other11 (12)0 
Cash used in financing activities(764)(1,111)(1,542)
Effect of foreign currency fluctuations on U.S. dollar-denominated cash and cash equivalents6 (4)11 
Cash position
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents14 72 (277)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year133 61 338 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year$147 $133 $61 
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Income taxes paid$582 $506 $318 
Interest paid$443 $444 $463 
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.Table of Contents


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT84
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in millions of Canadian dollars, except per share data)Share
capital		Additional
paid-in
capital		Accumulated
other
comprehensive
loss		Retained
earnings		Total
shareholders’
equity
Balance at December 31, 2017$2,032 $43 $(1,741)$6,103 $6,437 
Net income0 0 0 1,951 1,951 
Other comprehensive loss (Note 8)0 0 (302)0 (302)
Dividends declared ($2.5125 per share)0 0 0 (358)(358)
Effect of stock-based compensation expense0 11 0 0 11 
CP Common Shares repurchased (Note 20)(66)0 0 (1,061)(1,127)
Shares issued under stock option plan (Note 20)36 (12)0 0 24 
Balance at December 31, 20182,002 42 (2,043)6,635 6,636 
Impact of accounting change— — — (5)(5)
Balance at January 1, 2019, as restated2,002 42 (2,043)6,630 6,631 
Net income0 0 0 2,440 2,440 
Other comprehensive loss (Note 8)0 0 (479)0 (479)
Dividends declared ($3.1400 per share)0 0 0 (434)(434)
Effect of stock-based compensation expense0 15 0 0 15 
CP Common Shares repurchased (Note 20)(54)0 0 (1,086)(1,140)
Shares issued under stock option plan (Note 20)45 (9)0 0 36 
Balance at December 31, 20191,993 48 (2,522)7,550 7,069 
Impact of accounting change (Note 2)— — — (1)(1)
Balance at January 1, 2020, as restated1,993 48 (2,522)7,549 7,068 
Net income0 0 0 2,444 2,444 
Other comprehensive loss (Note 8)0 0 (292)0 (292)
Dividends declared ($3.5600 per share)0 0 0 (479)(479)
Effect of stock-based compensation expense0 17 0 0 17 
CP Common Shares repurchased (Note 20)(58)0 0 (1,419)(1,477)
Shares issued under stock option plan (Note 20)48 (10)0 0 38 
Balance at December 31, 2020$1,983 $55 $(2,814)$8,095 $7,319 
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.


85CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY LIMITED
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2020

Canadian Pacific Railway Limited (“CPRL”), through its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as “CP” or “the Company”), operates a transcontinental railway in Canada and the United States ("U.S."). CP provides rail and intermodal transportation services over a network of approximately 13,000 miles, serving the principal business centres of Canada from Montréal, Québec, to Vancouver, British Columbia, and the U.S. Northeast and Midwest regions. CP’s railway network feeds directly into the U.S. heartland from the East and West coasts. Agreements with other carriers extend the Company’s market reach in Canada, throughout the U.S. and into Mexico. CP transports bulk commodities, merchandise freight and intermodal traffic. Bulk commodities include grain, coal, fertilizers and sulphur. Merchandise freight consists of finished vehicles and automotive parts, as well as forest, industrial and consumer products. Intermodal traffic consists largely of retail goods in overseas containers that can be transported by train, ship and truck, and in domestic containers and trailers that can be moved by train and truck.

1.    Summary of significant accounting policies
Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”)
These Consolidated Financial Statements are expressed in Canadian dollars and have been prepared in accordance with GAAP.

Principles of consolidation
These Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of CP and all its subsidiaries. The Company’s investments in which it has significant influence are accounted for using the equity method. Distributions received from equity method investees are classified using the nature of the distribution approach for cash flow presentation purposes, whereby distributions received are classified based on the nature of the activity or activities of the investee that generated the distribution as either a return on investment (classified as a cash inflow from operating activities) or a return of investment (classified as a cash inflow from investing activities). All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Use of estimates
The preparation of these Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the year, the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. Management regularly reviews its estimates, including those related to environmental liabilities, pensions and other benefits, depreciable lives of properties, deferred income tax assets and liabilities, as well as legal and personal injury liabilities based upon currently available information. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Revenue recognition
Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with a customer are satisfied. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for providing services. Government imposed taxes that the Company collects concurrent with revenue generating activities are excluded from revenue. In the normal course of business, the Company does not generate any material revenue through acting as an agent for other entities.

The Company provides rail freight transportation services to a wide variety of customers and transports bulk commodities, merchandise freight and intermodal traffic. The Company signs master service agreements with customers that dictate future services the Company is to perform for a customer at the time a bill of lading or service request is received. Each bill of lading or service request represents a separate distinct performance obligation that the Company is obligated to satisfy. The transaction price is generally in the form of a fixed fee determined at the inception of the bill of lading or service request. The Company allocates the transaction price to each distinct performance obligation based on the estimated standalone selling price for each performance obligation. As each bill of lading or service request represents a separate distinct performance obligation, the estimated standalone selling price is assessed at an observable price which is fair market value. Certain customer agreements include variable consideration in the form of rebates, discounts, or incentives. The expected value method is used to estimate variable consideration and is allocated to the applicable performance obligation and is recognized when the related performance obligation is satisfied. Additionally, the Company offers published rates for services through public tariff agreements in which a customer can request service, triggering a performance obligation the Company must satisfy. Railway freight revenues are recognized over time as services are provided based on the percentage of completed service method. Volume rebates to customers are accrued as a reduction of freight revenues based on estimated volumes and contract terms as freight service is provided. Freight revenues also include certain ancillary and other services provided in association with the performance of rail freight movements. Revenues from these activities are not material and therefore have been aggregated with the freight revenues from customer contracts with which they are associated.

Non-freight revenues, including revenues earned from passenger service operators, switching fees, and revenues from logistics services, are recognized at the point in time the services are provided or when the performance obligations are satisfied. Non-freight revenues also include leasing revenues.


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT86

Payment by customers is due upon satisfaction of performance obligations. Payment terms are such that amounts outstanding at the period end are expected to be collected within one reporting period. The Company invoices customers at the time the bill of lading or service request is processed and therefore the Company has no material unbilled receivables and no contract assets. All performance obligations not fully satisfied at period end are expected to be satisfied within the reporting period immediately following. Contracted customer incentives are amortized to income over the term of the related revenue contract.

Income taxes
The Company follows the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse.

The effect of a change in income tax rates on deferred income tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period during which the change occurs.

When appropriate, the Company records a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets to reflect that these tax assets may not be realized. In determining whether a valuation allowance is appropriate, CP considers whether it is more likely than not that all or some portion of CP’s deferred tax assets will not be realized, based on management’s judgment using available evidence about future events.

At times, tax benefit claims may be challenged by a tax authority. Tax benefits are recognized only for tax positions that are more likely than not sustainable upon examination by tax authorities. The amount recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely to be realized upon settlement. A liability for “unrecognized tax benefits” is recorded for any tax benefits claimed in CP’s tax returns that do not meet these recognition and measurement standards.

Investment and other similar tax credits are deferred on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets and amortized to “Income tax expense” as the related asset is recognized in income. Income tax recovery or expense on items in "Accumulated other comprehensive loss" are recognized in "Income tax expense" as the related item is recognized in income.

Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share are calculated using the weighted-average number of the Company's Common Shares ("Common Shares") outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share are calculated using the treasury stock method for determining the dilutive effect of options.

Foreign currency translation
Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, other than those held through foreign subsidiaries, are translated into Canadian dollars at the year-end exchange rate for monetary items and at the historical exchange rates for non-monetary items. Foreign currency revenues and expenses are translated at the exchange rates in effect on the dates of the related transactions. Foreign exchange ("FX") gains and losses, other than those arising from the translation of the Company’s net investment in foreign subsidiaries, are included in income.

The accounts of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are translated into Canadian dollars using the year-end exchange rate for assets and liabilities and the average exchange rates during the year for revenues, expenses, gains, and losses. FX gains and losses arising from the translation of the foreign subsidiaries’ assets and liabilities are included in “Other comprehensive loss”. A portion of U.S. dollar-denominated long-term debt has been designated as a hedge of the net investment in foreign subsidiaries. As a result, unrealized FX gains and losses on U.S. dollar-denominated long-term debt, designated as a hedge, are offset against FX gains and losses arising from the translation of foreign subsidiaries’ accounts in “Other comprehensive loss”.

Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include highly liquid short-term investments that are readily convertible to cash with original maturities of three months or less, but excludes cash and cash equivalents subject to restrictions.

Accounts receivable
Accounts receivable from customers are recognized initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortized cost less allowance for expected credit losses. Losses on accounts receivable are estimated based on historical credit loss experience of receivables with similar risk characteristics. Historical loss experience is adjusted to reflect any management expectations that current or future conditions will differ from conditions that existed for the period over which historical information is evaluated.

To determine expected credit losses, receivables are disaggregated by credit characteristics, type of customer service, customer line of business, and receivable aging. Receivables are considered to be in default and are written off against the allowance for credit losses when it is probable that all remaining contractual payments due will not be collected in accordance with the terms of the customer contracts. Subsequent recoveries of amounts previously written off are credited to earnings in the period recovered.


87CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Materials and supplies
Materials and supplies are carried at the lower of average cost or market value and consist primarily of fuel and parts used in the repair and maintenance of track structures, equipment, locomotives and freight cars.

Properties
Fixed asset additions and major renewals are recorded at cost, including direct costs, attributable indirect costs and carrying costs, less accumulated depreciation and any impairment. When there is a legal obligation associated with the retirement of property, a liability, when reliably estimable, is initially recognized at its fair value and a corresponding asset retirement cost is added to the gross book value of the related asset and amortized to expense over the estimated term to retirement. The Company reviews the carrying amounts of its properties whenever changes in circumstances indicate that such carrying amounts may not be recoverable based on future undiscounted cash flows. When such properties are determined to be impaired, recorded asset values are revised to their fair value and an impairment loss is recognized.

The Company recognizes expenditures as additions to properties or operating expenses based on whether the expenditures increase the output or service capacity, lower the associated operating costs or extend the useful life of the properties and whether the expenditures exceed minimum physical and financial thresholds.

Much of the additions to properties, both new and replacement properties, are self-constructed. These are initially recorded at cost, including direct costs and attributable indirect costs, overheads and carrying costs. Direct costs include, among other things, labour costs, purchased services, equipment costs and material costs. Attributable indirect costs and overheads include incremental long-term variable costs resulting from the execution of capital projects. Indirect costs mainly include work trains, material distribution, highway vehicles and work equipment. Overheads primarily include a portion of the engineering department’s costs, which plans, designs and administers these capital projects. These costs are allocated to projects by applying a measure consistent with the nature of the cost, based on cost studies. For replacement properties, the project costs are allocated to dismantling and installation based on cost studies. Dismantling work, which is expensed, is performed concurrently with the installation.

Ballast programs including undercutting, shoulder ballasting and renewal programs that form part of the annual track program are capitalized as this work, and the related added ballast material, significantly improves drainage, which in turn extends the life of ties and other track materials. These costs are tracked separately from the underlying assets and depreciated over the period to the next estimated similar ballast program. Spot replacement of ballast is considered a repair which is expensed as incurred.

The costs of large refurbishments are capitalized and locomotive overhauls are expensed as incurred, except where overhauls represent a betterment of the locomotive in which case costs are capitalized.

The Company capitalizes development costs for major new computer systems.

The Company follows group depreciation, which groups assets which are similar in nature and have similar economic lives. The property groups are depreciated on a straight-line basis reflecting their expected economic lives determined by depreciation studies. Depreciation studies are regular reviews of asset service lives, salvage values, accumulated depreciation and other related factors. Depreciation rates are established through these studies. Actual use and retirement of assets may vary from current estimates, and would be identified in the next study. These changes in expected economic lives would impact the amount of depreciation expense recognized in future periods. All track assets are depreciated using a straight-line method which recognizes the value of the asset consumed as a percentage of the whole life of the asset.

When depreciable property is retired or otherwise disposed of in the normal course of business, the book value, less net salvage proceeds, is charged to accumulated depreciation and if different than the assumptions under the depreciation study could potentially result in adjusted depreciation expense over a period of years. However, when removal costs exceed the salvage value on assets and the Company has no legal obligation to remove the assets, the removal costs incurred are charged to income in the period in which the assets are removed and are not charged to accumulated depreciation.

For certain asset classes, the historical cost of the asset is separately recorded in the Company’s property records. This amount is retired from the property records upon retirement of the asset. For assets for which the historical cost cannot be separately identified the amount of the gross book value to be retired is estimated using either an indexation methodology, whereby the current replacement cost of the asset is indexed to the estimated year of installation for the asset, or a first-in, first-out approach, or statistical analysis is used to determine the age of the retired asset. CP uses indices that closely correlate to the principal costs of the assets.

There are a number of estimates inherent in the depreciation and retirement processes and as it is not possible to precisely estimate each of these variables until a group of property is completely retired, CP regularly monitors the estimated service lives of assets and the associated accumulated depreciation for each asset class to ensure depreciation rates are appropriate. If the recorded amounts of accumulated depreciation are greater or less than the amounts indicated by the depreciation studies, then the excess or deficit is amortized as a component of depreciation expense over the remaining service lives of the applicable asset classes.



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT88
For the sale or retirement of larger groups of depreciable assets that are unusual and were not considered in the Company’s depreciation studies, CP records a gain or loss for the difference between net proceeds and net book value of the assets sold or retired. The accumulated depreciation to be retired includes asset-specific accumulated depreciation, when known, and an appropriate portion of the accumulated depreciation recorded for the relevant asset class as a whole, calculated using a cost-based allocation.

Revisions to the estimated useful lives and net salvage projections constitute a change in accounting estimate and are addressed prospectively by amending depreciation rates.

Equipment under finance lease is included in Properties and depreciated over the period of expected use.

Leases
The Company has leases for rolling stock, buildings, vehicles, railway equipment, roadway machines, and information systems hardware. CP has entered into rolling stock and roadway machine leases that are fully variable or contain both fixed and variable components. Variable components are dependent on the hours and miles that the underlying equipment has been used. Fixed term, short-term, and variable operating lease costs are recorded in "Equipment rents" and "Purchased services and other" on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income. Components of finance lease costs are recorded in "Depreciation and amortization" and "Net interest expense" on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income.

The Company determines lease existence and classification at the lease inception date. Leases are identified when an agreement conveys the right to control identified property for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The Company recognizes both an operating lease liability and right-of-use (“ROU”) asset for operating leases with fixed terms and in-substance fixed terms. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating and finance lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Lease payments include fixed and variable payments that are based on an index or a rate. If the Company's leases do not provide a readily determinable implicit interest rate, the Company uses internal incremental secured borrowing rates for comparable tenor in the same currency at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. Operating and finance lease ROU assets also include lease prepayments and initial direct costs, but are reduced by lease incentives. The lease term may include periods associated with options to extend or exclude periods associated with options to terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise these options.

The Company has short-term operating leases with terms of 12 months or less, some of which include options to purchase that the Company is not reasonably certain to exercise. The Company has elected to apply the recognition exemption and, as such, accounts for leases with a term of 12 months or less off-balance sheet. Therefore, lease payments on these short-term operating leases are not included in operating lease ROU assets and liabilities, but are recognized as an expense in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Further, the Company has elected to combine lease and non-lease components for all leases, except for leases of roadway machines and information systems hardware.

Assets held for sale
Assets to be disposed that meet the held for sale criteria are reported in "Other assets" at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value, less costs to sell, and are no longer depreciated.

Goodwill and intangible assets
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets upon acquisition of a business. Goodwill is assigned to the reporting units that are expected to benefit from the business acquisition which, after integration of operations with the railway network, may be different than the acquired business.

The carrying value of goodwill, which is not amortized, is assessed for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of each year as at October 1st, or more frequently as economic events dictate. The Company has the option of performing an assessment of certain qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value or proceeding directly to a quantitative impairment test. Qualitative factors include but are not limited to, economic, market and industry conditions, cost factors and overall financial performance of the reporting unit. If the assessment of qualitative factors indicates that the carrying value is less than the fair value, then performing the quantitative goodwill impairment test is unnecessary. The quantitative assessment compares the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, goodwill is impaired. The impairment charge that would be recognized is the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of the reporting unit, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.

Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Favourable leases, customer relationships and interline contracts have amortization periods ranging from 15 to 20 years. When there is a change in the estimated useful life of an intangible asset with a finite life, amortization is adjusted prospectively.




89CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Pensions and other benefits
Pension costs are actuarially determined using the projected-benefit method pro-rated over the credited service periods of employees. This method incorporates management’s best estimates of expected plan investment performance, salary escalation and retirement ages of employees. The expected return on fund assets is calculated using market-related asset values developed from a five-year average of market values for the fund’s public equity securities and absolute return strategies (with each prior year’s market value adjusted to the current date for assumed investment income during the intervening period) plus the market value of the fund’s fixed income, real estate, infrastructure and private debt securities, subject to the market-related asset value not being greater than 120% of the market value nor being less than 80% of the market value. The discount rate used to determine the projected-benefit obligation is based on blended market interest rates on high-quality debt instruments with matching cash flows. Unrecognized actuarial gains and losses in excess of 10% of the greater of the benefit obligation and the market-related value of plan assets are amortized over the expected average remaining service period of active employees expected to receive benefits under the plan (approximately 12 years). Prior service costs arising from collectively bargained amendments to pension plan benefit provisions are amortized over the term of the applicable union agreement. Prior service costs arising from all other sources are amortized over the expected average remaining service period of active employees who are expected to receive benefits under the plan at the date of amendment.

Costs for post-retirement and post-employment benefits other than pensions, including post-retirement health care and life insurance and some workers’ compensation and long-term disability benefits in Canada, are actuarially determined on a basis similar to pension costs.

The over or under funded status of defined benefit pension and other post-retirement benefit plans are measured as the difference between the fair value of the plan assets and the benefit obligation, and are recognized on the balance sheets. In addition, any unrecognized actuarial gains and losses and prior service costs and credits that arise during the period are recognized as a component of “Other comprehensive loss”, net of tax.

Gains and losses on post-employment benefits that do not vest or accumulate, including some workers’ compensation and long-term disability benefits in Canada, are included immediately on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income as "Other components of net periodic benefit cost or recovery".

The current service cost component of net periodic benefit cost is reported in "Compensation and benefits" for pensions and post-retirement benefits, and in "Purchased services and other" for self-insured workers' compensation and long-term disability benefits on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income. Other components of net periodic benefit cost or recovery are reported in "Other components of net periodic benefit cost or recovery" outside of Operating income on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income.

Capitalization of pension costs, when applicable, is restricted to the current service cost component of net periodic benefit cost.

Financial instruments
Financial instruments are contracts that give rise to a financial asset of one party and a financial liability or equity instrument of another party. Financial instruments are recognized initially at fair value, which is the amount of consideration that would be agreed upon in an arm’s-length transaction between willing parties.

Subsequent measurement depends on how the financial instruments have been classified. Accounts receivable and other investments, classified as loans and receivables, are measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest method. Cash and cash equivalents and derivatives are classified as held for trading and are measured at fair value. Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, short-term borrowings, other long-term liabilities, and long-term debt are also measured at amortized cost.

Derivative financial instruments
Derivative financial and commodity instruments may be used from time to time by the Company to manage its exposure to risks relating to foreign currency exchange rates, stock-based compensation, interest rates, and fuel prices. When CP utilizes derivative instruments in hedging relationships, CP identifies, designates, and documents those hedging transactions and regularly tests the transactions to demonstrate effectiveness in order to continue hedge accounting.

All derivative instruments are classified as held for trading and recorded at fair value. Any change in the fair value of derivatives that are not designated as hedges is recognized in the period in which the change occurs in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income in the line item to which the derivative instrument is related.

For fair value hedges, the periodic changes in value are recognized in income, on the same line as the changes in value of the hedged items are also recorded. For an effective cash flow hedge, the entire change in value of the hedging instrument is recognized in “Other comprehensive loss”. The change in value of the effective cash flow hedge remains in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” until the related hedged item settles, at which time amounts recognized in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” are reclassified to the same income or balance sheet account that records the hedged item.



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT90
Cash flows relating to derivative instruments designated as hedges are included in the same line as the related hedged items on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Environmental remediation
Environmental remediation accruals, recorded on an undiscounted basis unless a reliably determinable estimate as to amount and timing of costs can be established, cover site-specific remediation programs. The accruals are recorded when the costs to remediate are probable and reasonably estimable. Certain future costs to monitor sites are discounted at an adjusted risk-free rate. Provisions for environmental remediation costs are recorded in “Other long-term liabilities”, except for the current portion, which is recorded in “Accounts payable and accrued liabilities”.

Stock-based compensation
CP follows the fair value based approach to account for stock options. Compensation expense and an increase in “Additional paid-in capital” are recognized for stock options over their vesting period or over the period from the grant date to the date employees become eligible to retire, when this is shorter than the vesting period, based on their fair values on the grant date as determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Forfeitures are estimated at issuance and monitored on a periodic basis. Any consideration paid by employees on exercise of stock options is credited to “Share capital” when the option is exercised and the recorded fair value of the option is removed from “Additional paid-in capital" and credited to “Share capital”.

Compensation expense is also recognized for performance share units (“PSUs”), performance deferred share units ("PDSUs"), deferred share units ("DSUs"), and restricted share units (“RSUs”) that settle in cash using the fair value method. Compensation expense is recognized over the vesting period or over the period from the grant date to the date employees become eligible to retire, when this is shorter than the vesting period where applicable. Forfeitures are estimated at issuance and monitored on a periodic basis.

The employee share purchase plan gives rise to compensation expense that is recognized using the issue price by amortizing the cost over the vesting period.

2.    Accounting changes
Implemented in 2020
Financial Instruments - Credit Losses
On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted the new Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-13, issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB"), and all related amendments under FASB Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. Using a modified retrospective approach, the Company recognized a cumulative-effect adjustment to its opening retained earnings balance in the period of adoption. Accordingly, comparative financial information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods.

The impact of the adoption of ASC 326 as at January 1, 2020 was an increase in the allowance for credit losses of $1 million, with the offsets to "Deferred income taxes" and "Retained earnings" on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet. See Note 9 for further discussion of the current period credit loss.

Simplification of Financial Disclosures about Guarantors
During the second quarter of 2020, the Company early adopted the Securities and Exchange Commission amendments to the financial disclosure requirements for guarantors and issuers of guaranteed securities, as specified in Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X. The amendments simplify disclosure requirements by replacing condensed consolidating financial information (“CCFI”) with summarized financial information and expanded qualitative non-financial disclosures about the guarantees, issuers, and guarantors. This disclosure can be found in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Liquidity and Capital Resources.


91CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

3.    Revenues
The following table disaggregates the Company’s revenues from contracts with customers by major source:

(in millions of Canadian dollars)2020 20192018 
Freight
Grain$1,829 $1,684 $1,566 
Coal566 682 673 
Potash493 462 486 
Fertilizers and sulphur290 250 243 
Forest products328 304 284 
Energy, chemicals and plastics1,519 1,534 1,243 
Metals, minerals and consumer products629 752 797 
Automotive324 352 322 
Intermodal1,563 1,593 1,538 
Total freight revenues7,541 7,613 7,152 
Non-freight excluding leasing revenues107 116 102 
Revenues from contracts with customers7,648 7,729 7,254 
Leasing revenues62 63 62 
Total revenues$7,710 $7,792 $7,316 

Contract liabilities       
Contract liabilities represent payments received for performance obligations not yet satisfied and relate to deferred revenue and are presented as components of "Accounts payable and accrued liabilities" and "Other long-term liabilities" on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table summarizes the changes in contract liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:

(in millions of Canadian dollars)20202019
Opening balance$146 $2 
Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the period(100)(2)
Increase due to consideration received, net of revenue recognized during the period15 146 
Closing balance$61 $146 

4.    Other (income) expense
(in millions of Canadian dollars)202020192018
Foreign exchange (gain) loss on debt and lease liabilities$(14)$(94)$168 
Other foreign exchange (gains) losses(1)(4)3 
Other8 9 3 
Other (income) expense$(7)$(89)$174 



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT92
5.    Net interest expense
(in millions of Canadian dollars)202020192018
Interest cost$478 $471 $475 
Interest capitalized to Properties(16)(17)(20)
Interest expense462 454 455 
Interest income(4)(6)(2)
Net interest expense$458 $448 $453 

Interest expense includes interest on finance leases of $11 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 (2019 – $11 million; 2018 – $11 million).

6.    Income taxes
The following is a summary of the major components of the Company’s income tax expense:

(in millions of Canadian dollars)202020192018
Current income tax expense$537 $525 $381 
Deferred income tax expense
Origination and reversal of temporary differences277 316 214 
Effect of tax rate decrease(32)(95)(21)
Effect of hedge of net investment in foreign subsidiaries(18)(38)64 
Other(6)(2)(1)
Total deferred income tax expense221 181 256 
Total income taxes$758 $706 $637 
Income before income tax expense
Canada$2,518 $2,392 $1,788 
Foreign684 754 800 
Total income before income tax expense$3,202 $3,146 $2,588 
Income tax expense
Current
Canada$412 $410 $336 
Foreign125 115 45 
Total current income tax expense537 525 381 
Deferred
Canada231 141 174 
Foreign(10)40 82 
Total deferred income tax expense221 181 256 
Total income taxes$758 $706 $637 



93CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

The provision for deferred income taxes arises from temporary differences in the carrying values of assets and liabilities for financial statement and income tax purposes and the effect of loss carry forwards. The items comprising the deferred income tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

(in millions of Canadian dollars)20202019
Deferred income tax assets
Amount related to tax losses carried forward$17 $6 
Liabilities carrying value in excess of tax basis131 139 
Unrealized foreign exchange losses4 26 
Environmental remediation costs22 22 
Other4 4 
Total net deferred income tax assets178 197 
Deferred income tax liabilities
Properties carrying value in excess of tax basis3,708 3,524 
Pensions carrying value in excess of tax basis43 83 
Other93 91 
Total deferred income tax liabilities3,844 3,698 
Total net deferred income tax liabilities$3,666 $3,501 

The Company’s consolidated effective income tax rate differs from the expected Canadian statutory tax rates. Expected income tax expense at statutory rates is reconciled to income tax expense as follows:
(in millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage)202020192018
Statutory federal and provincial income tax rate (Canada)26.31 %26.77 %26.86 %
Expected income tax expense at Canadian enacted statutory tax rates$842 $842 $695 
(Decrease) increase in taxes resulting from:
(Gains) losses not subject to tax(23)(19)8 
Canadian tax rate differentials(3)0 0 
Foreign tax rate differentials(32)(33)(55)
Effect of tax rate decrease(32)(95)(21)
Valuation allowance0 (5)5 
Unrecognized tax benefits(7)33 0 
Other13 (17)5 
Income tax expense$758 $706 $637 

In 2020, the Company revalued its deferred income tax balances as a result of a tax filing election for the state of North Dakota resulting in a lower corporate income tax rate and a net recovery of $29 million.

In 2019, the Company revalued its deferred income tax balances as a result of a corporate income tax rate decrease in the province of Alberta, resulting in a net recovery of $88 million.

In 2018, the Company revalued its deferred income tax balances as a result of corporate income tax rate decreases in the states of Iowa and Missouri, resulting in a net recovery of $21 million.

The Company has not provided a deferred liability for the income taxes, if any, which might become payable on any temporary difference associated with its foreign investments because the Company intends to indefinitely reinvest in its foreign investments and has no intention to realize this difference by a sale of its interest in foreign investments. It is not practical to calculate the amount of the deferred tax liability.

It is more likely than not that the Company will realize the majority of its deferred income tax assets from the generation of future taxable income, as the payments for provisions, reserves and accruals are made and losses and tax credits carried forward are utilized.


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT94
At December 31, 2020, the Company had tax effected operating losses carried forward of $15 million (2019 – $4 million), which have been recognized as a deferred tax asset. The losses carried forward will begin to expire in 2031. The Company expects to fully utilize these tax effected operating losses before their expiry. The Company did 0t have any minimum tax credits or investment tax credits carried forward.

At December 31, 2020, the Company had $2 million (2019 – $2 million) in tax effected capital losses carried forward recognized as a deferred tax asset. The Company has 0 unrecognized tax benefits from capital losses at December 31, 2020 and 2019.

The following table provides a reconciliation of uncertain tax positions in relation to unrecognized tax benefits for Canada and the U.S. for the year ended December 31:
(in millions of Canadian dollars)202020192018
Unrecognized tax benefits at January 1$52 $13 $13 
Increase in unrecognized:
Tax benefits related to the current year0 9 1 
Tax benefits related to prior years10 34 0 
Dispositions:
Gross uncertain tax benefits related to prior years(9)0 (1)
Settlements with taxing authorities2 (4)0 
Unrecognized tax benefits at December 31$55 $52 $13 

If these uncertain tax positions were recognized, all of the amount of unrecognized tax positions as at December 31, 2020 would impact the Company’s effective tax rate.

During the fourth quarter of 2019, a tax authority proposed an adjustment for a prior tax year without assessing taxes. Although the Company had commenced action to have the proposal removed, an increase in uncertain tax position was recorded on deferred income tax liability and expense in the amount of $24 million. While the proposed adjustment was withdrawn during 2020, the ultimate resolution of this matter may give rise to further favourable or unfavourable adjustments to deferred tax, the timing and amount of which are not determinable at this time.

The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of "Income tax expense" in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income. The net amount of accrued interest and penalties in 2020 was a $1 million recovery (2019 – $1 million recovery; 2018 – $NaN). The total amount of accrued interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2020 was $9 million (2019 – $10 million; 2018 – $11 million).

The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to either Canadian federal and provincial income tax, U.S. federal, state and local income tax, or the relevant income tax in other international jurisdictions. The Company has substantially concluded all Canadian federal and provincial income tax matters for the years through 2014. The federal and provincial income tax returns filed for 2015 and subsequent years remain subject to examination by the Canadian taxation authorities. The Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") audit for 2012 and 2013 has been settled. The income tax returns for 2016 and subsequent years continue to remain subject to examination by the IRS and U.S. state tax jurisdictions. The Company believes that it has recorded sufficient income tax reserves at December 31, 2020 with respect to these income tax examinations.

7.     Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share has been calculated using Net income for the year divided by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during the year.

Diluted earnings per share has been calculated using the treasury stock method which assumes that any proceeds received from the exercise of in-the-money options would be used to purchase CP Common Shares at the average market price for the period. For purposes of this calculation, at December 31, 2020, there were 1.4 million dilutive options outstanding (2019 – 1.6 million; 2018 – 1.3 million).



95CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

The number of shares used in the earnings per share calculations are reconciled as follows:
(in millions of Canadian dollars, except per share data)202020192018
Net income$2,444 $2,440 $1,951 
Weighted-average basic shares outstanding (millions)135.5 138.8 142.9 
Dilutive effect of stock options (millions)0.5 0.5 0.4 
Weighted-average diluted shares outstanding (millions)136.0 139.3 143.3 
Earnings per share – basic$18.05 $17.58 $13.65 
Earnings per share – diluted$17.97 $17.52 $13.61 

In 2020, there were 0 options excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share (2019 – NaN; 2018 – 0.2 million).



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT96
8.     Other comprehensive loss and accumulated other comprehensive loss
The components of Other comprehensive loss and the related tax effects are as follows:
(in millions of Canadian dollars)Before
tax amount		Income tax (expense) recoveryNet of tax
amount
For the year ended December 31, 2020
Unrealized foreign exchange (loss) gain on:
Translation of the net investment in U.S. subsidiaries$(118)$0 $(118)
Translation of the U.S. dollar-denominated long-term debt designated as a hedge of the net investment in U.S. subsidiaries (Note 17)136 (18)118 
Realized loss on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges recognized in income9 (3)6 
Change in pension and other benefits actuarial gains and losses(403)108 (295)
Change in prior service pension and other benefit costs(4)1 (3)
Other comprehensive loss$(380)$88 $(292)
For the year ended December 31, 2019
Unrealized foreign exchange (loss) gain on:
Translation of the net investment in U.S. subsidiaries$(251)$0 $(251)
Translation of the U.S. dollar-denominated long-term debt designated as a hedge of the net investment in U.S. subsidiaries (Note 17)288 (38)250 
Realized loss on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges recognized in income10 (2)8 
Change in pension and other benefits actuarial gains and losses(661)175 (486)
Other comprehensive loss$(614)$135 $(479)
For the year ended December 31, 2018
Unrealized foreign exchange gain (loss) on:
Translation of the net investment in U.S. subsidiaries$419 $0 $419 
Translation of the U.S. dollar-denominated long-term debt designated as a hedge of the net investment in U.S. subsidiaries (Note 17)(479)64 (415)
Change in derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:
Realized loss on cash flow hedges recognized in income10 (3)7 
Unrealized gain on cash flow hedges and other28 (8)20 
Change in pension and other benefits actuarial gains and losses(447)115 (332)
Change in prior service pension and other benefit costs(2)1 (1)
Other comprehensive loss$(471)$169 $(302)

The components of Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax, are as follows:
(in millions of Canadian dollars)20202019
Unrealized foreign exchange gain on translation of the net investment in U.S. subsidiaries$493 $611 
Unrealized foreign exchange loss on translation of the U.S. dollar-denominated long-term debt designated as a hedge of the net investment in U.S. subsidiaries(381)(499)
Net deferred losses on derivatives and other(48)(54)
Amounts for defined benefit pension and other post-retirement plans not recognized in income (Note 22)(2,878)(2,580)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss$(2,814)$(2,522)


97CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Changes in Accumulated other comprehensive loss by component are as follows:
(in millions of Canadian dollars)
Foreign currency
net of hedging
activities(1)
Derivatives and
other(1)
Pension and post-
retirement defined
benefit plans(1)
Total(1)
Opening balance, January 1, 2020$112 $(54)$(2,580)$(2,522)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications0 (2)(430)(432)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss0 8 132 140 
Net other comprehensive income (loss)0 6 (298)(292)
Closing balance, December 31, 2020$112 $(48)$(2,878)$(2,814)
Opening balance, January 1, 2019$113 $(62)$(2,094)$(2,043)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications(1)0 (550)(551)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss0 8 64 72 
Net other comprehensive (loss) income(1)8 (486)(479)
Closing balance, December 31, 2019$112 $(54)$(2,580)$(2,522)
(1) Amounts are presented net of tax.

Amounts in Pension and post-retirement defined benefit plans reclassified from Accumulated other comprehensive loss are as follows:
(in millions of Canadian dollars)20202019
Amortization of prior service costs(1)
$(1)$0 
Recognition of net actuarial loss(1)
180 84 
Total before income tax179 84 
Income tax recovery(47)(20)
Total net of income tax$132 $64 
(1) Impacts "Other components of net periodic benefit recovery" on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

9.     Accounts receivable, net

As at December 31, 2020
As at December 31, 2019(1)
(in millions of Canadian dollars)FreightNon-FreightTotalFreightNon-FreightTotal
Total accounts receivable$662 $203 $865 $637 $210 $847 
Allowance for credit losses(25)(15)(40)(26)(16)(42)
Total accounts receivable, net$637 $188 $825 $611 $194 $805 
(1) Prior year amounts have not been adjusted under the modified retrospective method (Note 2).

For the twelve months ended December 31, 2020
(in millions of Canadian dollars)FreightNon-FreightTotal
Allowance for credit losses, opening balance(1)
$(27)$(16)$(43)
Current period credit loss provision, net2 1 3 
Allowance for credit losses, closing balance$(25)$(15)$(40)
(1) Opening balance at January 1, 2020 was restated as described in Note 2.




CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT98
10.    Business combinations
DRTP
On December 22, 2020, CP completed its acquisition of the 83.5% ownership of the Detroit River Tunnel Partnership (“DRTP”) held by OMERS Infrastructure Management Inc. (“OMERS”) for cash, net of cash acquired, of $398 million. The purchase price is subject to customary closing adjustments, including any final adjustment for closing working capital and certain closing costs. With this acquisition CP obtained 100% ownership of DRTP. The acquisition of DRTP will reduce CP’s operating costs related to movements through the tunnel which amounted to approximately $34 million in 2020, and better integrate the eastern part of the network. DRTP owns a 1.6-mile rail tunnel linking Windsor, Ontario, and Detroit, Michigan and additional, separate lands in both cities. The acquisition was funded with cash from operations and CP's commercial paper program.

The acquisition of DRTP has been accounted for as a business combination under the acquisition method of accounting. The acquired assets and assumed liabilities are recorded at their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The fair values were estimated by applying an income approach using the discounted cash flow method of future cash flows, appraised land values reflecting a corridor enhancement factor where appropriate, and depreciated replacement cost for depreciable assets including the tunnel, track, signaling systems, and other railway related infrastructure assets.

Prior to the close of the transaction, CP owned a 16.5% interest in DRTP, which was accounted for as an equity method investment. The previously held equity investment was remeasured to fair value which was determined from the negotiated purchase price that reflected a market value established in a competitive bid process. As a result of the acquisition, the Company recognized a before-tax gain of $68 million on the remeasurement to fair value of its equity interest within "Purchased services and other", calculated as the difference between the fair value of CP's 16.5% interest in DRTP of $81 million and the book value of the interest of $13 million.

The purchase price allocation was prepared on a preliminary basis and is subject to change as additional information becomes available concerning the fair value and tax bases of the net assets acquired. Any adjustments to the purchase price allocation will be made as soon as practicable but no later than one year from the date of acquisition.

The following summarizes the estimated fair values of the acquired assets and liabilities of DRTP:

(in millions of Canadian dollars)December 22, 2020
Fair value of net assets acquired:
Accounts receivable, net$5 
Properties436 
Intangible assets (Note 13)4 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities(1)
Deferred taxes(55)
Total identifiable assets and liabilities$389 
Goodwill (Note 13)90 
$479
Consideration:
Cash, net of cash acquired$398 
Fair value of previously held equity method investment81 
Total consideration$479

The goodwill of $90 million relates primarily to the contract that DRTP has for CP’s use of the tunnel and deferred taxes recognized as a result of the purchase price allocation. The goodwill recognized is not deductible for tax purposes.

Prior to the acquisition of DRTP, CP had pre-existing agreements to use the tunnel and to operate and manage the tunnel on behalf of DRTP. On acquisition, no gain or loss was recognized in respect of the effective settlement of these pre-existing relationships as they were determined to be at fair market value based on an assessment of current market conditions and market participants.

Acquired cash and cash equivalents of $6 million is presented as a reduction of cash used in investing activities in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.



99CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

CP has not provided pro forma information relating to the pre-acquisition period as it is not material.

CMQ
On December 30, 2019, CP purchased 100% of Central Maine & Québec Railway Canada Inc. (“CMQ Canada”) and Central Maine & Québec Railway U.S. Inc. (“CMQ U.S.”) (together “CMQ”) for cash consideration of $174 million. CMQ owns 237 miles of rail lines in Québec and 244 miles of rail lines in Maine and Vermont.

CMQ U.S.
The acquisition of CMQ U.S. was subject to approval from the United States Surface Transportation Board ("STB"). From the December 30, 2019 date of purchase, all purchased shares of CMQ U.S. were held in an independent voting trust (the "Trust") pending the STB's approval of CP's application for control of CMQ U.S. Approval was granted with an effective date of June 3, 2020. Between December 30, 2019 and June 3, 2020, CP accounted for its acquisition of CMQ U.S. as an equity method investment. During this time, CP paid additional consideration for CMQ of $3 million, representing changes from the finalization of previously estimated closing date working capital.

On June 3, 2020 the Trust was dissolved and CP assumed control of CMQ U.S. At this time, CP accounted for its acquisition in CMQ U.S. as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting. Accordingly, the acquired tangible and intangible assets and assumed liabilities were recorded at their estimated fair values as at June 3, 2020 and results from operations and cash flows were consolidated prospectively. There was no material change in the acquisition-date fair value of the equity interest held by the Company in CMQ U.S. immediately before the acquisition date. Fair values were determined primarily through the use of an income approach.

After a measurement period adjustment of $1 million to increase Other long-term liabilities and goodwill resulting from the finalization of acquisition date deferred tax, the final allocation of total consideration to the fair values of the acquired assets and liabilities of CMQ U.S. is summarized as follows:

(in millions of Canadian dollars)June 3, 2020
Fair value of net assets acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents$22 
Accounts receivable, net2 
Properties54 
Intangible assets (Note 13)27 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities(13)
Other long-term liabilities(6)
Total identifiable assets and liabilities$86 
Goodwill (Note 13)52 
$138
Consideration:
Fair value of previously held equity method investment$138

Goodwill of $52 million relates primarily to expected operating business synergies between the Company and CMQ U.S. The factors that contribute to the goodwill are revenue growth from customers which are currently not served by CP, access to new routes, and an assembled workforce. Goodwill recognized is not deductible for tax purposes.

Intangible assets of $27 million reflect customer lists acquired in the purchase of CMQ U.S., and have amortization periods of 20 years.

Acquired cash and cash equivalents of $22 million is presented as a reduction of cash used in investing activities on the Company's Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows, and is presented net of finalized closing working capital adjustments for CMQ of $3 million as described above.

CP has not provided pro forma information relating to the pre-acquisition period as it is not material.

CMQ Canada
The acquisition of CMQ Canada was accounted for as a business combination under the acquisition method of accounting. The acquired tangible and intangible assets and assumed liabilities are recorded at their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition.


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT100
There have been no adjustments to the preliminary purchase price allocation. The final purchase price and allocation of the total consideration to the fair values of assets and liabilities acquired for CMQ Canada is summarized as follows:
(in millions of Canadian dollars)December 30, 2019
Fair value of net assets acquired:
Accounts receivable, net$7 
Properties42 
Intangible assets (Note 13)5 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities(2)
Long-term debt maturing within one year (Note 16)(11)
Other long-term liabilities(4)
Total identifiable assets and liabilities37 
Goodwill (Note 13)10 
$47 
Consideration:
Cash, net of cash acquired$47 
The goodwill of $10 million relates primarily to expected operating business synergies. The factors that contribute to the goodwill are revenue growth from customers which are currently not served by CP, access to new routes and an assembled workforce. The goodwill recognized is not deductible for tax purposes.

CP has not provided pro forma information relating to the pre-acquisition period as it is not material.

11.     Investments
(in millions of Canadian dollars)20202019
Investment in CMQ U.S. accounted for on an equity basis (Note 10)$0 $127 
Other rail investments accounted for on an equity basis150 166 
Other investments49 48 
Total investments$199 $341 

12. Properties
202020202019
(in millions of Canadian dollars except percentages)Weighted-average annual depreciation rateCostAccumulated
depreciation		Net book
value		CostAccumulated
depreciation		Net book
value
Track and roadway2.8 %$20,676 $5,859 $14,817 $19,299 $5,522 $13,777 
Buildings2.9 %937 259 678 833 237 596 
Rolling stock2.8 %4,702 1,498 3,204 4,529 1,445 3,084 
Information systems software(1)
9.3 %569 253 316 527 215 312 
Other5.2 %2,167 760 1,407 2,067 680 1,387 
Total$29,051 $8,629 $20,422 $27,255 $8,099 $19,156 
(1) During 2020, CP capitalized costs attributable to the design and development of internal-use software in the amount of $45 million (2019 – $55 million; 2018 – $53 million). Current year depreciation expense related to internal use software was $42 million (2019 – $44 million; 2018 – $49 million).



101CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Finance leases included in properties
20202019
(in millions of Canadian dollars)CostAccumulated
depreciation		Net book
value		CostAccumulated
depreciation		Net book
value
Rolling stock302 138 164 303 130 173 
Other8 1 7 4 0 4 
Total assets held under finance lease$310 $139 $171 $307 $130 $177 

13.     Goodwill and intangible assets
GoodwillIntangible assets
(in millions of Canadian dollars)Net
carrying
amount		CostAccumulated
amortization		Net
carrying
amount		Total goodwill and intangible assets
Balance at December 31, 2018$194 $22 $(14)$8 $202 
Additions (Note 10)10 5 — 5 15 
Amortization— — (1)(1)(1)
Foreign exchange impact(10)— — — (10)
Balance at December 31, 2019194 27 (15)12 206 
Additions (Note 10)142 31 — 31 173 
Amortization— — (3)(3)(3)
Foreign exchange impact(7)(3)— (3)(10)
Balance at December 31, 2020$329 $55 $(18)$37 $366 

14.     Other assets
(in millions of Canadian dollars)20202019
Operating lease ROU assets (Note 19)$316 $358 
Contracted customer incentives60 32 
Long-term materials37 41 
Other25 20 
Total other assets$438 $451 




CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT102
15.     Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
(in millions of Canadian dollars)20202019
Trade payables$401 $453 
Accrued charges294 348 
Accrued interest134 131 
Dividends payable127 114 
Stock-based compensation liabilities121 85 
Income and other taxes payable115 139 
Payroll-related accruals68 78 
Operating lease liabilities (Note 19)63 69 
Accrued vacation59 60 
Personal injury and other claims provision37 55 
Deferred revenue (Note 3)
27 142 
Deferred real estate lease and license revenue(1)
11 10 
Provision for environmental remediation (Note 18)9 7 
Other(1)
1 2 
Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities$1,467 $1,693 
(1) 2019 comparative figures have been reclassified to conform with current presentation.


103CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

16.     Debt
Long-term debt includes debt instruments and finance lease obligations. The following table outlines the Company's outstanding long-term debt as at December 31, 2020:
(in millions of Canadian dollars except percentages)MaturityCurrency
in which
payable		20202019
9.450%30-year Debentures(A)Aug 2021U.S.$318 325 
5.100%10-year Medium Term Notes(A)Jan 2022CDN$125 125 
4.500%10-year Notes(A)Jan 2022U.S.$318 324 
4.450%12.5-year Notes(A)Mar 2023U.S.$445 454 
2.900%10-year Notes(A)Feb 2025U.S.$891 909 
3.700%10.5-year Notes(A)Feb 2026U.S.$318 324 
4.000%10-year Notes(A)Jun 2028U.S.$636 649 
3.150%10-year Notes(A)Mar 2029CDN$399 399 
2.050%10-year Notes(A)Mar 2030U.S.$636 0 
7.125%30-year Debentures(A)Oct 2031U.S.$446 454 
5.750%30-year Debentures(A)Mar 2033U.S.$312 318 
4.800%20-year Notes(A)Sep 2035U.S.$381 388 
5.950%30-year Notes(A)May 2037U.S.$567 578 
6.450%30-year Notes(A)Nov 2039CDN$400 400 
5.750%30-year Notes(A)Jan 2042U.S.$313 319 
4.800%30-year Notes(A)Aug 2045U.S.$698 712 
3.050%30-year Notes(A)Mar 2050CDN$298 0 
6.125%100-year Notes(A)Sep 2115U.S.$1,146 1,169 
8.000%5-year Promissory Notes(B)up to Jun 2020U.S.$0 11 
5.41%Senior Secured Notes(C)Mar 2024U.S.$89 100 
6.91%Secured Equipment Notes(D)Oct 2024CDN$75 91 
7.49%Equipment Trust Certificates(E)Jan 2021U.S.$14 55 
Obligations under finance leases
1.99% -2.97%(F)2021 - 2023CDN$/U.S.$4 3 
6.99%(F)Mar 2022U.S.$97 99 
6.57%(F)Dec 2026U.S.$38 45 
12.77%(F)Jan 2031CDN$4 4 
Commercial Paperup to Feb 2021U.S.$820 516 
9,788 8,771 
Perpetual 4% Consolidated Debenture Stock(G)U.S.$39 39 
Perpetual 4% Consolidated Debenture Stock(G)G.B.£6 6 
9,833 8,816 
Unamortized fees on long-term debt(62)(59)
9,771 8,757 
Less: Long-term debt maturing within one year1,186 599 
$8,585 $8,158 

At December 31, 2020, the gross amount of long-term debt denominated in U.S. dollars was U.S. $6,713 million (2019 – U.S. $6,016 million).



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT104
Annual maturities and principal repayment requirements, excluding those pertaining to finance leases, for each of the five years following 2020 are (in millions): 2021 – $1,178; 2022 – $471; 2023 – $475; 2024 – $83; 2025 – $891.

Fees on long-term debt are amortized to income over the term of the related debt.

A.  These debentures and notes are presented net of unamortized discounts, pay interest semi-annually, and are unsecured but carry a negative pledge.

In 2020, the Company issued U.S $500 million 2.050% 10-year Notes due March 5, 2030 for net proceeds of U.S. $495 million ($662 million) and $300 million 3.050% 30-year Notes due March 9, 2050 for net proceeds of $296 million.

In 2019, the Company repaid U.S. $350 million 7.250% 10-year Notes at maturity for a total of U.S. $350 million ($471 million). The Company also issued $400 million 3.150% 10-year Notes due March 13, 2029 for net proceeds of $397 million.

B. On December 30, 2019, through its business combination with CMQ Canada, the Company assumed CMQ Canada's obligations under the 8.00% 5-year Promissory Notes totalling U.S. $8 million ($11 million) owing to CMQ U.S (see Note 10). In 2020, these notes were settled.

C.  The 5.41% Senior Secured Notes are collateralized by specific locomotive units with a carrying value of $97 million at December 31, 2020. The Company pays equal blended semi-annual payments of principal and interest. Final repayment of the remaining principal of U.S. $44 million is due in March 2024.

D.  The 6.91% Secured Equipment Notes are full recourse obligations of the Company collateralized by a first charge on specific locomotive units with a carrying value of $54 million at December 31, 2020. The Company pays equal blended semi-annual payments of principal and interest. Final repayment of the remaining principal of $11 million is due in October 2024.

E.  The 7.49% Equipment Trust Certificates are secured by specific locomotive units with a carrying value of $91 million at December 31, 2020. The Company makes semi-annual payments that vary in amount and are interest-only payments or blended principal and interest payments. Final repayment of the remaining principal of U.S. $11 million is due in January 2021.

F. The carrying value of the assets collateralizing finance lease obligations was $171 million at December 31, 2020.

G.  The Consolidated Debenture Stock, authorized by an Act of Parliament of 1889, constitutes a first charge upon and over the whole of the undertaking, railways, works, rolling stock, plant, property and effects of the Company, with certain exceptions.

Credit facility
CP has a revolving credit facility (the “facility”) agreement with 14 highly rated financial institutions for a commitment amount of U.S. $1.3 billion, which consists of a U.S. $1.0 billion tranche maturing September 27, 2024 and a U.S. $300 million tranche maturing September 27, 2021. The facility can accommodate draws of cash and/or letters of credit at market competitive pricing. The agreement requires the Company to maintain a financial covenant in conjunction with the facility. As at December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company was in compliance with all terms and conditions of the credit facility arrangements and satisfied the financial covenant. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company drew and fully repaid U.S. $100 million from the U.S. $300 million tranche of its revolving credit facility. As at December 31, 2020 and 2019, the facility was undrawn.

The Company also has a commercial paper program which enables it to issue commercial paper up to a maximum aggregate principal amount of U.S. $1.0 billion in the form of unsecured promissory notes. This commercial paper program is backed by the revolving credit facility. As at December 31, 2020, theCompany had total commercial paper borrowings of U.S. $644 million ($820 million), included in "Long-term debt maturing within one year" on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets (December 31, 2019 – $516 million). The weighted-average interest rate on these borrowings was 0.27% (December 31, 2019 - 2.03%). The Company presents issuances and repayments of commercial paper, all of which have a maturity of less than 90 days, in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows on a net basis.

CP has bilateral letter of credit facilities with six highly rated financial institutions to support its requirement to post letters of credit in the ordinary course of business. Under these agreements, the Company has the option to post collateral in the form of cash or cash equivalents, equal at least to the face value of the letter of credit issued. These agreements permit CP to withdraw amounts posted as collateral at any time; therefore, the amounts posted as collateral are presented as “Cash and cash equivalents” on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. As at December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company did not have any collateral posted on its bilateral letter of credit facilities but had letters of credit drawn of $59 million (December 31, 2019 – $80 million) from a total available amount of $300 million (December 31, 2019 – $300 million).



105CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

17.    Financial instruments
A.  Fair values of financial instruments

The Company categorizes its financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value into a three-level hierarchy established by GAAP that prioritizes those inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value based on the degree to which they are observable. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows: Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities; Level 2 inputs, other than quoted prices included within Level 1, are observable for the asset or liability either directly or indirectly; and Level 3 inputs are not observable in the market.

The Company’s short-term financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, and short-term borrowings including commercial paper. The carrying value of short-term financial instruments approximate their fair values.

The carrying value of the Company’s long-term debt does not approximate its fair value. The estimated fair value has been determined based on market information where available, or by discounting future payments of principal and interest at estimated interest rates expected to be available to the Company at period end. All measurements are classified as Level 2. The Company’s long-term debt, including current maturities, with a carrying value of $8,951 million at December 31, 2020 (December 31, 2019 - $8,241 million), had a fair value of $11,597 million (December 31, 2019 - $10,149 million).

B.  Financial risk management
Derivative financial instruments
Derivative financial instruments may be used to selectively reduce volatility associated with fluctuations in interest rates, FX rates, the price of fuel, and stock-based compensation expense. Where derivatives are designated as hedging instruments, the relationship between the hedging instruments and their associated hedged items is documented, as well as the risk management objective and strategy for the use of the hedging instruments. This documentation includes linking the derivatives that are designated as fair value or cash flow hedges to specific assets or liabilities on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets, commitments, or forecasted transactions. At the time a derivative contract is entered into and at least quarterly thereafter, an assessment is made as to whether the derivative item is effective in offsetting the changes in fair value or cash flows of the hedged items. The derivative qualifies for hedge accounting treatment if it is effective in substantially mitigating the risk it was designed to address.

It is not the Company’s intent to use financial derivatives or commodity instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

Credit risk management
Credit risk refers to the possibility that a customer or counterparty will fail to fulfill its obligations under a contract and as a result create a financial loss for the Company.

The railway industry predominantly serves financially established customers, and the Company has experienced limited financial losses with respect to credit risk. The credit worthiness of customers is assessed using credit scores supplied by a third party and through direct monitoring of their financial well-being on a continual basis. The Company establishes guidelines for customer credit limits and should thresholds in these areas be reached, appropriate precautions are taken to improve collectability.

Counterparties to financial instruments expose the Company to credit losses in the event of non-performance. Counterparties for derivative and cash transactions are limited to high credit quality financial institutions, which are monitored on an ongoing basis. Counterparty credit assessments are based on the financial health of the institutions and their credit ratings from external agencies. The Company does not anticipate non-performance that would materially impact the Company’s financial statements. In addition, the Company believes there are no significant concentrations of credit risk.

FX management
The Company conducts business transactions and owns assets in both Canada and the United States. As a result, the Company is exposed to fluctuations in the value of financial commitments, assets, liabilities, income, or cash flows due to changes in FX rates. The Company may enter into FX risk management transactions primarily to manage fluctuations in the exchange rate between Canadian and U.S. currencies. FX exposure is primarily mitigated through natural offsets created by revenues, expenditures, and balance sheet positions incurred in the same currency. Where appropriate, the Company may negotiate with customers and suppliers to reduce the net exposure.

Net investment hedge
The FX gains and losses on long-term debt are mainly unrealized and can only be realized when U.S. dollar-denominated long-term debt matures or is settled. The Company also has long-term FX exposure on its investment in foreign subsidiaries with a U.S. dollar functional currency. The majority of the Company’s U.S. dollar-denominated long-term debt has been designated as a hedge of the net investment in these foreign subsidiaries. This designation has the effect of mitigating volatility on Net income by offsetting long-term FX gains and losses on U.S. dollar-denominated long-term debt and gains and losses on its net investment. The effect of the net investment hedge recognized in “Other comprehensive loss” in 2020 was an FX gain of $136 million, the majority of which was unrealized (2019 – unrealized gain of $288 million; 2018 – unrealized loss of $479 million) (see Note 8).


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT106
Interest rate management
The Company is exposed to interest rate risk, which is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will vary as a result of changes in market interest rates. In order to manage funding needs or capital structure goals, the Company enters into debt or finance lease agreements that are subject to either fixed market interest rates set at the time of issue or floating rates determined by ongoing market conditions. Debt subject to variable interest rates exposes the Company to variability in interest expense, while debt subject to fixed interest rates exposes the Company to variability in the fair value of debt.

To manage interest rate exposure, the Company accesses diverse sources of financing and manages borrowings in line with a targeted range of capital structure, debt ratings, liquidity needs, maturity schedule, and currency and interest rate profiles. In anticipation of future debt issuances, the Company may enter into forward rate agreements, that are designated as cash flow hedges, to substantially lock in all or a portion of the effective future interest expense. The Company may also enter into swap agreements, designated as fair value hedges, to manage the mix of fixed and floating rate debt.

Forward starting swaps
During the second quarter of 2018, the Company settled a notional amount of U.S. $500 million of forward starting swaps related to the U.S. $500 million 4.000% 10-year Notes issued in the same period. The fair value of these derivative instruments at the time of settlement was a loss of U.S. $19 million ($24 million). The Company no longer has any active forward starting swaps.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, a net loss of $9 million related to previously settled forward starting swap hedges has been amortized to “Net interest expense” (2019 – loss of $9 million; 2018 – loss of $10 million). The Company expects that during the next 12 months, $9 million of net losses will be amortized to “Net interest expense”.

Treasury rate locks
At December 31, 2020, the Company had net unamortized losses related to interest rate locks, which are accounted for as cash flow hedges, settled in previous years totalling $17 million (December 31, 2019 – $18 million). This amount is composed of various unamortized gains and losses related to specific debts which are reflected in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” and are amortized to “Net interest expense” in the period that interest on the related debt is charged. The amortization of these gains and losses resulted in a $1 million increase to “Net interest expense” and “Other comprehensive loss” in 2020 (2019 – $1 million; 2018 – $1 million). The Company expects that during the next 12 months, a net loss of $1 million related to these previously settled derivatives will be reclassified to “Net interest expense”.

18.    Other long-term liabilities
(in millions of Canadian dollars)20202019
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion (Note 19)$248 $285 
Stock-based compensation liabilities, net of current portion146 111 
Provision for environmental remediation, net of current portion(1)
71 70 
Deferred revenue, net of current portion (Note 3)(2)
34 4 
Deferred real estate lease and license revenue, net of current portion(3)
18 20 
Deferred gains on sale leaseback transactions(3)
5 6 
Other, net of current portion (2)
63 66 
Total other long-term liabilities$585 $562 
(1) As at December 31, 2020, the aggregate provision for environmental remediation, including the current portion was $80 million (2019 – $77 million).
(2) 2019 comparative figures have been reclassified to conform with current presentation.
(3) The deferred real estate lease and license revenue and deferred gains on sale leaseback transactions are being amortized to income on a straight-line basis over the related lease terms.

Environmental remediation accruals
Environmental remediation accruals cover site-specific remediation programs. The estimate of the probable costs to be incurred in the remediation of properties contaminated by past railway activities reflects the nature of contamination at individual sites according to typical activities and scale of operations conducted. CP has developed remediation strategies for each property based on the nature and extent of the contamination, as well as the location of the property and surrounding areas that may be adversely affected by the presence of contaminants, considering available technologies, treatment and disposal facilities and the acceptability of site-specific plans based on the local regulatory environment. Site-specific plans range from containment and risk management of the contaminants through to the removal and treatment of the contaminants and affected soils and groundwater. The details of the estimates reflect the environmental liability at each property. Provisions for environmental remediation costs are recorded in “Other long-term liabilities”, except for the current portion which is recorded in “Accounts payable and accrued liabilities” (see Note 15). Payments are expected to be made over 10 years to 2030.


107CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

The accruals for environmental remediation represent CP’s best estimate of its probable future obligation and include both asserted and unasserted claims, without reduction for anticipated recoveries from third parties. Although the recorded accruals include CP’s best estimate of all probable costs, CP’s total environmental remediation costs cannot be predicted with certainty. Accruals for environmental remediation may change from time to time as new information about previously untested sites becomes known, environmental laws and regulations evolve and advances are made in environmental remediation technology. The accruals may also vary as the courts decide legal proceedings against outside parties responsible for contamination. These potential charges, which cannot be quantified at this time, may materially affect income in the particular period in which a charge is recognized. Costs related to existing, but as yet unknown, or future contamination will be accrued in the period in which they become probable and reasonably estimable. Changes to costs are reflected as changes to “Other long-term liabilities” or “Accounts payable and accrued liabilities” on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets and to “Purchased services and other” within operating expenses on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income. The amount charged to income in 2020 was $10 million (2019 – $6 million; 2018 – $6 million).

19. Leases
The Company’s leases have remaining terms of less than one year to 14 years, some include options to extend up to an additional 10 years, and some include options to terminate within one year.

Residual value guarantees are provided on certain vehicle operating leases. Cumulatively, these guarantees are limited to $1 million and are not included in lease liabilities as it is not currently probable that any amounts will be owed.

Components of lease expense for the year ended December 31 are as follows:
(in millions of Canadian dollars)20202019
Operating lease cost$83 $89 
Short-term lease cost10 10 
Variable lease cost13 13 
Sublease income(3)(3)
Finance Lease Cost
Amortization of right-of-use assets9 9 
Interest on lease liabilities11 11 
Total lease costs$123 $129 

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases is as follows:
(in millions of Canadian dollars)Classification20202019
Assets
OperatingOther assets$316 $358 
FinanceProperties, net book value171 177 
Liabilities
Current
OperatingAccounts payable and accrued liabilities63 69 
FinanceLong-term debt maturing within one year8 7 
Long-term
OperatingOther long-term liabilities248 285 
FinanceLong-term debt135 144 



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT108
The following table provides the Company's weighted-average remaining lease terms and discount rates:
20202019
Weighted-Average Remaining Lease Term
Operating leases7 years7 years
Finance leases3 years4 years
Weighted-Average Discount Rate
Operating leases3.32 %3.45 %
Finance leases7.06 %7.07 %

Supplemental information related to leases is as follows:
(in millions of Canadian dollars)20202019
Cash paid for amounts included in measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash outflows from operating leases$74 $82 
Operating cash outflows from finance leases10 10 
Financing cash outflows from finance leases8 6 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities
Operating leases34 38 
Finance leases4 4 

The following table provides the maturities of lease liabilities for the next five years and thereafter as at December 31, 2020:
(in millions of Canadian dollars)Finance LeasesOperating Leases
2021$11 $71 
2022107 59 
20239 53 
20248 42 
20258 34 
Thereafter12 88 
Total lease payments155 347 
Imputed interest(12)(36)
Present value of lease payments$143 $311 

20.    Shareholders’ equity
Authorized and issued share capital
The Company is authorized to issue an unlimited number of Common Shares, an unlimited number of First Preferred Shares, and an unlimited number of Second Preferred Shares. At December 31, 2020, 0 First or Second Preferred Shares had been issued.



109CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

The following table summarizes information related to Common Share balances as at December 31:
(number of shares in millions)202020192018
Share capital, January 1137.0 140.5 144.9 
CP Common Shares repurchased(4.0)(3.8)(4.6)
Shares issued under stock option plan0.3 0.3 0.2 
Share capital, December 31133.3 137.0 140.5 

The change in the “Share capital” balance includes $10 million of stock-based compensation transferred from “Additional paid-in capital” (2019 – $7 million; 2018 – $12 million).

Share repurchases
On December 17, 2019, the Company announced a normal course issuer bid ("NCIB"), commencing December 20, 2019, to purchase up to 4.80 million Common Shares in the open market for cancellation on or before December 19, 2020. Upon expiry of this NCIB, the Company had purchased 4.27 million Common Shares for $1,577 million.

On October 19, 2018, the Company announced a NCIB, commencing October 24, 2018, to purchase up to 5.68 million Common Shares for cancellation on or before October 23, 2019. The Company completed this NCIB on October 23, 2019.

On May 10, 2017, the Company announced a NCIB, commencing May 15, 2017, to purchase up to 4.38 million Common Shares in the open market for cancellation on or before May 14, 2018. The Company completed this NCIB on May 10, 2018.

All purchases were made in accordance with the respective NCIB at prevailing market prices plus brokerage fees, or such other prices that were permitted by the Toronto Stock Exchange ("TSX"), with consideration allocated to "Share capital" up to the average carrying amount of the shares and any excess allocated to "Retained earnings".

The following table provides activities under the share repurchase programs for each of the years ended December 31:
 202020192018
Number of Common Shares repurchased(1)
3,973,076 3,794,149 4,683,162 
Weighted-average price per share(2)
$371.74 $300.65 $240.68 
Amount of repurchase (in millions)(2)
$1,477 $1,141 $1,127 
(1) Includes shares repurchased but not yet cancelled at year end.
(2) Includes brokerage fees.

On January 27, 2021, the Company announced that the TSX has accepted its notice to implement a new NCIB, commencing January 29, 2021, to purchase up to approximately 3.33 million Common Shares for cancellation on or before January 28, 2022.

21.    Change in non-cash working capital balances related to operations
(in millions of Canadian dollars)202020192018
(Use) source of cash:
Accounts receivable, net$(61)$27 $(107)
Materials and supplies(15)(8)(11)
Other current assets(5)(24)30 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities(308)(21)153 
Change in non-cash working capital$(389)$(26)$65 

22.    Pensions and other benefits
The Company has both defined benefit (“DB”) and defined contribution (“DC”) pension plans. At December 31, 2020, the Canadian pension plans represent nearly all of total combined pension plan assets and nearly all of total combined pension plan obligations.


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT110
The DB plans provide for pensions based principally on years of service and compensation rates near retirement. Pensions for Canadian pensioners are partially indexed to inflation. Annual employer contributions to the DB plans, which are actuarially determined, are made on the basis of being not less than the minimum amounts required by federal pension supervisory authorities.

The Company has other benefit plans including post-retirement health and life insurance for pensioners, and post-employment long-term disability and workers’ compensation benefits, which are based on Company-specific claims. At December 31, 2020, the Canadian other benefits plans represent nearly all of total combined other plan obligations.

The Audit and Finance Committee of the Board of Directors has approved an investment policy that establishes long-term asset mix targets which take into account the Company’s expected risk tolerances. Pension plan assets are managed by a suite of independent investment managers, with the allocation by manager reflecting these asset mix targets. Most of the assets are actively managed with the objective of outperforming applicable benchmarks. In accordance with the investment policy, derivative instruments may be used by investment managers to hedge or adjust existing or anticipated exposures.

To develop the expected long-term rate of return assumption used in the calculation of net periodic benefit cost applicable to the market-related value of plan assets, the Company considers the expected composition of the plans’ assets, past experience, and future estimates of long-term investment returns. Future estimates of investment returns reflect the long-term return expectation for fixed income, public equity, real estate, infrastructure, private debt, and absolute return investments, and the expected added value (relative to applicable benchmark indices) from active management of pension fund assets.

The Company has elected to use a market-related value of assets for the purpose of calculating net periodic benefit cost, developed from a five year average of market values for the plans’ public equity and absolute return investments (with each prior year’s market value adjusted to the current date for assumed investment income during the intervening period) plus the market value of the plans’ fixed income, real estate, infrastructure, and private debt securities.

The benefit obligation is discounted using a discount rate that is a blended yield to maturity for a hypothetical portfolio of high-quality debt instruments with cash flows matching projected benefit payments. The discount rate is determined by management.

Net periodic benefit cost
The elements of net periodic benefit cost for DB pension plans and other benefits recognized in the year include the following components:
 PensionsOther benefits
(in millions of Canadian dollars)202020192018202020192018
Current service cost (benefits earned by employees)$140 $107 $120 $12 $11 $12 
Other components of net periodic benefit cost (recovery):
Interest cost on benefit obligation406 450 438 17 20 19 
Expected return on fund assets(945)(947)(955)0 0 0 
Recognized net actuarial loss177 84 114 4 12 2 
Amortization of prior service costs(1)(1)(2)0 1 0 
Total other components of net periodic benefit (recovery) cost(363)(414)(405)21 33 21 
Net periodic benefit (recovery) cost$(223)$(307)$(285)$33 $44 $33 



111CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

Projected benefit obligation, fund assets, and funded status
Information about the Company’s DB pension plans and other benefits, in aggregate, is as follows:
 PensionsOther benefits
(in millions of Canadian dollars)2020201920202019
Change in projected benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at January 1$12,610 $11,372 $541 $501 
Current service cost140 107 12 11 
Interest cost406 450 17 20 
Employee contributions42 41 0 0 
Benefits paid(653)(646)(34)(34)
Foreign currency changes(5)(10)0 0 
Plan amendments and other3 0 0 0 
Actuarial loss1,256 1,296 17 43 
Projected benefit obligation at December 31$13,799 $12,610 $553 $541 

The net actuarial losses for Pensions and Other benefits in 2020 were primarily due to the decrease in discount rate from 3.25% to 2.58%. The net actuarial losses for Pensions and Other benefits in 2019 were primarily due to the decrease in discount rate from 4.01% to 3.25%.

 PensionsOther benefits
(in millions of Canadian dollars)2020201920202019
Change in fund assets:
Fair value of fund assets at January 1$13,319 $12,349 $5 $4 
Actual return on fund assets1,634 1,528 0 1 
Employer contributions27 53 34 34 
Employee contributions42 41 0 0 
Benefits paid(653)(646)(34)(34)
Foreign currency changes(4)(6)0 0 
Fair value of fund assets at December 31$14,365 $13,319 $5 $5 
Funded status – plan surplus (deficit)$566 $709 $(548)$(536)

The table below shows the aggregate pension projected benefit obligation and aggregate fair value of plan assets for pension plans with fair value of plan assets in excess of projected benefit obligations (i.e. surplus), and for pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of fair value of plan assets (i.e. deficit):
 20202019
(in millions of Canadian dollars)Pension
plans in
surplus		Pension
plans in
deficit		Pension
plans in
surplus		Pension
plans in
deficit
Projected benefit obligation at December 31$(13,220)$(579)$(12,076)$(534)
Fair value of fund assets at December 3114,114 251 13,079 240 
Funded Status$894 $(328)$1,003 $(294)

The DB pension plans’ accumulated benefit obligation as at December 31, 2020 was $13,528 million (2019 – $12,201 million). The accumulated benefit obligation is calculated on a basis similar to the projected benefit obligation, except no future salary increases are assumed in the projection of future benefits. For pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of fair value of plan assets (i.e. deficit), the aggregate pension accumulated benefit obligation as at December 31, 2020 was $443 million (2019 – $419 million) and the aggregate fair value of plan assets as at December 31, 2020 was $187 million (2019 –$186 million).



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT112
All Other benefits plans were in a deficit position at December 31, 2020 and 2019.

Pension asset and liabilities in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets
Amounts recognized in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets are as follows:
 PensionsOther benefits
(in millions of Canadian dollars)2020201920202019
Pension asset$894 $1,003 $0 $0 
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities(11)(11)(33)(34)
Pension and other benefit liabilities(317)(283)(515)(502)
Total amount recognized$566 $709 $(548)$(536)

The measurement date used to determine the plan assets and the accrued benefit obligation is December 31. The most recent actuarial valuation for pension funding purposes for the Company’s main Canadian pension plan was performed as at January 1, 2020. During 2021, the Company expects to file with the pension regulator a new valuation performed as at January 1, 2021.

Accumulated other comprehensive loss
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss are as follows:
 PensionsOther benefits
(in millions of Canadian dollars)2020201920202019
Net actuarial loss:
Other than deferred investment gains$3,960 $3,434 $104 $91 
Deferred investment gains(95)41 0 0 
Prior service cost5 1 1 1 
Deferred income tax(1,070)(964)(27)(24)
Total (Note 8)$2,800 $2,512 $78 $68 

Actuarial assumptions
Weighted-average actuarial assumptions used were approximately:
(percentages)202020192018
Benefit obligation at December 31:
Discount rate2.58 3.25 4.01 
Projected future salary increases2.75 2.75 2.75 
Health care cost trend rate5.00 (1)5.50 (1)6.00 (1)
Benefit cost for year ended December 31:
Discount rate3.25 4.01 3.80 
Expected rate of return on fund assets (3)
7.25 7.50 7.75 
Projected future salary increases2.75 2.75 2.75 
Health care cost trend rate5.50 (1)6.00 (1)7.00 (2)
(1) The health care cost trend rate was assumed to be 6.00% in 2019 and 5.50% in 2020 and is assumed to be 5.00% per year in 2021 and thereafter.
(2) The health care cost trend rate was previously assumed to be 7.00% in 2018, and then decreasing by 0.50% per year to an ultimate rate of 5.00% per year in 2022 and thereafter.
(3) The expected rate of return on fund assets that will be used to compute the 2021 net periodic benefit credit is 6.90%.

Plan assets
Plan assets are recorded at fair value. The major asset categories are public equity securities, fixed income securities, real estate, infrastructure, absolute return investments, and private debt. The fair values of the public equity and fixed income securities are primarily based on quoted market prices. Real estate and infrastructure values are based on the value of each fund’s assets as calculated by the fund manager, generally using third party appraisals or discounted cash flow analysis and taking into account current market conditions and recent sales transactions where practical and appropriate. Private debt values are


113CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

based on the value of each fund’s assets as calculated by the fund manager taking into account current market conditions and reviewed annually by external parties. Absolute return investments are a portfolio of units of externally managed hedge funds and are valued by the fund administrators.

The Company’s pension plan asset allocation, the weighted-average asset allocation targets, and the weighted average policy range for each major asset class at year end were as follows:
 Percentage of plan assets
at December 31
Asset allocation (percentage)Asset allocation targetPolicy range20202019
Cash and cash equivalents1.2 0 – 102.0 0.9 
Fixed income24.1 20 – 4028.1 24.6 
Public equity45.1 35 – 5549.3 54.5 
Real estate and infrastructure9.8 4 – 136.3 6.8 
Private debt9.8 4 – 133.3 2.4 
Absolute return10.0 4 – 1311.0 10.8 
Total100.0 100.0 100.0 



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT114
Summary of the assets of the Company’s DB pension plans
The following is a summary of the assets of the Company’s DB pension plans at December 31, 2020 and 2019. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, there were no plan assets classified as Level 3 valued investments.
Assets Measured at Fair Value
Investments
measured at NAV(1)
Total Plan
Assets
(in millions of Canadian dollars)Quoted prices in
active markets
for identical assets (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)
December 31, 2020
Cash and cash equivalents$219 $0 $0 $219 
Fixed income
Government bonds(2)
284 1,699 0 1,983 
Corporate bonds(2)
691 1,144 0 1,835 
Mortgages(3)
220 5 0 225 
Public equities
Canada1,183 0 0 1,183 
U.S. and international5,871 28 0 5,899 
Real estate(4)
0 0 704 704 
Infrastructure(5)
0 0 199 199 
Private debt(6)
0 0 465 465 
Derivative instruments(7)
0 71 0 71 
Absolute return(8)
Funds of hedge funds0 0 1,560 1,560 
Multi-strategy funds0 0 22 22 
$8,468 $2,947 $2,950 $14,365 
December 31, 2019
Cash and cash equivalents$112 $0 $0 $112 
Fixed income
Government bonds(2)
233 1,857 0 2,090 
Corporate bonds(2)
273 819 0 1,092 
Mortgages(3)
159 5 0 164 
Public equities
Canada1,351 0 0 1,351 
U.S. and international5,883 22 0 5,905 
Real estate(4)
0 0 724 724 
Infrastructure(5)
0 0 187 187 
Private debt(6)
0 0 313 313 
Derivative instruments(7)
0 (59)0 (59)
Absolute return(8)
Funds of hedge funds0 0 1,418 1,418 
Multi-strategy funds0 0 22 22 
$8,011 $2,644 $2,664 $13,319 



115CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

(1) Investments measured at net asset value ("NAV"):
Amounts are comprised of certain investments measured using NAV (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. These investments have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.
(2) Government & Corporate Bonds:
Fair values for bonds are based on market prices supplied by independent sources as of the last trading day.
(3) Mortgages:
The fair values of mortgages are based on current market yields of financial instruments of similar maturity, coupon and risk factors.
(4) Real estate:
Real estate fund values are based on the NAV of the funds that invest directly in real estate investments. The values of the investments have been estimated using the capital accounts representing the plan’s ownership interest in the funds. Of the total, $580 million is subject to redemption frequencies ranging from monthly to annually and a redemption notice period of 90 days (2019 – $606 million). The remaining $124 million is not subject to redemption and is normally returned through distributions as a result of the liquidation of the underlying real estate investments (2019 – $118 million). As at December 31, 2020, there are $32 million of unfunded commitments for real estate investments (December 31, 2019 – $35 million).
(5) Infrastructure:
Infrastructure fund values are based on the NAV of the funds that invest directly in infrastructure investments. The values of the investments have been estimated using the capital accounts representing the plans' ownership interest in the funds. Of the total, $112 million is subject to redemption frequencies ranging from monthly to annually and a redemption notice period of 90 days (2019 – $119 million). The remaining $87 million is not subject to redemption and is normally returned through distributions as a result of the liquidation of the underlying infrastructure investments (2019 – $68 million). As at December 31, 2020, there are $491 million of unfunded commitments for infrastructure investments (December 31, 2019 – $286 million).
(6) Private debt:
Private debt fund values are based on the NAV of the funds that invest directly in private debt investments. The values of the investments have been estimated using the capital accounts representing the plans' ownership interest in the funds. Of the total, $154 million is subject to redemption frequencies ranging from monthly to annually and a redemption notice period of 90 days (2019 – $154 million). The remaining $311 million is not subject to redemption and is normally returned through distributions as a result of the repayment of the underlying loans (2019 - $159 million). As at December 31, 2020, there are $533 million of unfunded commitments for private debt investments (December 31, 2019 – $392 million).
(7) Derivatives:
The investment managers may utilize the following derivative instruments: equity futures to replicate equity index returns (Level 2); currency forwards to partially hedge foreign currency exposures (Level 2); bond forwards to reduce asset/liability interest rate risk exposures (Level 2); interest rate swaps to manage duration and interest rate risk (Level 2); credit default swaps to manage credit risk (Level 2); and options to manage interest rate risk and volatility (Level 2). The Company may utilize derivatives directly, but only for the purpose of hedging foreign currency exposures. As at December 31, 2020, there are currency forwards with a notional value of $1,041 million (December 31, 2019 – $334 million) and a fair value of $73 million (December 31, 2019 – $13 million). The fixed income investment manager utilizes a portfolio of bond forwards for the purpose of reducing asset/liability interest rate exposure. As at December 31, 2020, there are bond forwards with a notional value of $3,540 million (December 31, 2019 – $3,269 million) and a negative fair value of $2 million (December 31, 2019 – $(72) million).
(8) Absolute return:
The value of absolute return fund investments is based on the NAV reported by the fund administrators. The funds have different redemption policies with redemption notice periods varying from 60 to 95 days and frequencies ranging from monthly to triennially.

Additional plan assets information
The Company's primary investment objective for pension plan assets is to achieve a long–term return, net of all fees and expenses, that is sufficient for the plan's assets to satisfy the current and future obligations to plan beneficiaries, while minimizing the financial impact on the Company. In identifying the asset allocation ranges, consideration was given to the long-term nature of the underlying plan liabilities, the solvency and going-concern financial position of the plan, long-term return expectations, and the risks associated with key asset classes as well as the relationships of returns on key asset classes with each other, inflation, and interest rates. When advantageous and with due consideration, derivative instruments may be utilized by investment managers, provided the total value of the underlying assets represented by financial derivatives (excluding currency forwards, liability hedging derivatives in fixed income portfolios, and derivatives held by absolute return funds) is limited to 30% of the market value of the fund.

The funded status of the plans is exposed to fluctuations in interest rates, which affects the relative values of the plans' liabilities and assets. In order to mitigate interest rate risk, the Company's main Canadian defined benefit pension plan utilizes a liability driven investment strategy in its fixed income portfolio, which uses a combination of long duration bonds and derivatives to hedge interest rate risk, managed by the investment manager. At December 31, 2020, the plan's solvency funded position was 47% hedged against interest rate risk (2019 – 45%).

When investing in foreign securities, the plans are exposed to foreign currency risk; the effect of which is included in the valuation of the foreign securities. At December 31, 2020, the plans were 33% exposed to the U.S. dollar net of currency forwards (40% excluding the currency forwards), 6% exposed to the Euro, and 14% exposed to various other currencies. At December 31, 2019, the plans were 39% exposed to the U.S. dollar net of currency forwards (41% excluding the currency forwards), 6% exposed to the Euro, and 14% exposed to various other currencies.



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT116
At December 31, 2020, fund assets included 109,008 of the Common Shares of the Company (2019 – 119,758) at a market value of $48 million (2019 – $40 million).

Estimated future benefit payments
The estimated future DB pension and other benefit payments to be paid by the plans for each of the next five years and the subsequent five-year period are as follows:
(in millions of Canadian dollars)PensionsOther benefits
2021$632 $33 
2022629 31 
2023631 31 
2024633 30 
2025635 30 
2026-20303,203 142 

The benefit payments from the Canadian registered and U.S. qualified DB pension plans are payable from their respective pension funds. Benefit payments from the supplemental pension plan and from the other benefits plans are payable directly from the Company.

Defined contribution plan
Canadian non-unionized employees hired prior to July 1, 2010 had the option to participate in the Canadian DC plan. All Canadian non-unionized employees hired after such date must participate in this plan. Employee contributions are based on a percentage of salary. The Company matches employee contributions to a maximum percentage each year.

Effective July 1, 2010, a new U.S. DC plan was established. All U.S. non-unionized employees hired after such date must participate in this plan. Employees do not contribute to the plan. The Company annually contributes a percentage of salary.

The DC plans provide a pension based on total employee, where appropriate, and employer contributions plus investment income earned on those contributions.

In 2020, the net cost of the DC plans, which generally equals the employer’s required contribution, was $12 million (2019 – $11 million; 2018 – $10 million).

Contributions to multi-employer plans
Some of the Company’s unionized employees in the U.S. are members of a U.S. national multi-employer benefit plan. Contributions made by the Company to this plan in 2020 in respect of post-retirement medical benefits were $3 million (2019 – $3 million; 2018 – $3 million).

23.    Stock-based compensation
At December 31, 2020, the Company had several stock-based compensation plans including stock option plans, various cash-settled liability plans, and an employee share purchase plan. These plans resulted in an expense of $170 million in 2020 (2019 – $133 million; 2018 – $75 million).




117CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

A. Stock option plan
The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option plan as at December 31, 2020:
Options outstandingNon-vested options
Number of
options		Weighted-average
exercise price		Number of
options		Weighted-average
grant date
fair value
Outstanding, January 1, 20201,416,346 $199.12 761,784 $53.54 
Granted217,240 $344.04 217,240 $69.00 
Exercised(232,034)$162.87 N/AN/A
VestedN/AN/A(188,108)$50.91 
Forfeited(13,839)$271.75 (13,839)$58.29 
Expired(347)$168.84 N/AN/A
Outstanding, December 31, 20201,387,366 $225.20 777,077 $58.40 
Vested or expected to vest at December 31, 2020(1)
1,366,649 $223.98 N/AN/A
Exercisable, December 31, 2020610,289 $177.65 N/AN/A
(1) As at December 31, 2020, the weighted-average remaining term of vested or expected to vest options was 4.5 years with an aggregate intrinsic value of $297 million.

The following table provides the number of stock options outstanding and exercisable as at December 31, 2020 by range of exercise price and their related intrinsic aggregate value, and for options outstanding, the weighted-average years to expiration. The table also provides the aggregate intrinsic value for in-the-money stock options, which represents the amount that would have been received by option holders had they exercised their options on December 31, 2020 at the Company’s closing stock price of $441.53.
Options outstandingOptions exercisable
Range of exercise pricesNumber of
options		Weighted-average
years to
expiration		Weighted-average
exercise
price		Aggregate
intrinsic
value
(millions)		Number of
options		Weighted-average
exercise
price		Aggregate
intrinsic
value
(millions)
$65.06 - $188.78342,773 3.4$141.26 $103 342,773 $141.26 $103 
$188.79 - $214.58327,811 3.1$196.82 $80 109,375 $203.83 $26 
$214.59 - $261.88394,953 4.4$244.17 $78 134,845 $232.54 $28 
$261.89 - $411.37321,829 5.8$320.21 $39 23,296 $272.56 $4 
Total(1)
1,387,366 4.2$225.20 $300 610,289 $177.65 $161 
(1) As at December 31, 2020, the total number of in-the-money stock options outstanding was 1,387,366 with a weighted-average exercise price of $225.20. The weighted-average years to expiration of exercisable stock options is 3.6 years.

Pursuant to the employee plan, options may be exercised upon vesting, which is between 12 months and 48 months after the grant date, and will expire after seven years. Certain stock options granted in 2019 and 2018 vest upon the achievement of specific performance criteria. Under the fair value method, the fair value of the stock options at grant date was approximately $15 million for options issued in 2020 (2019 – $14 million; 2018 – $16 million). The weighted-average fair value assumptions were approximately:
202020192018
Expected option life (years)(1)
4.755.005.00
Risk-free interest rate(2)
1.28 %2.22 %2.22 %
Expected stock price volatility(3)
23.14 %25.04 %24.81 %
Expected annual dividends per share(4)
$3.3200 $2.6191 $2.3854 
Expected forfeiture rate(5)
4.41 %6.05 %4.70 %
Weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during the year$69.00 $63.69 $55.63 
(1) Represents the period of time that awards are expected to be outstanding. Historical data on exercise behaviour or, when available, specific expectations regarding future exercise behaviour were used to estimate the expected life of the option.


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT118
(2) Based on the implied yield available on zero-coupon government issues with an equivalent term commensurate with the expected term of the option.
(3) Based on the historical volatility of the Company’s stock price over a period commensurate with the expected term of the option.
(4) Determined by the current annual dividend at the time of grant. The Company does not employ different dividend yields throughout the contractual term of the option. On July 21, 2020, the Company announced an increase in its quarterly dividend to $0.9500 per share, representing $3.8000 on an annual basis.
(5) The Company estimates forfeitures based on past experience. The rate is monitored on a periodic basis.

In 2020, the expense for stock options (regular and performance) was $16 million (2019 – $14 million; 2018 – $10 million). At December 31, 2020, there was $12 million of total unrecognized compensation related to stock options which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.1 years.

The total fair value of shares vested for the stock option plan during 2020 was $10 million (2019 – $8 million; 2018 – $11 million).

The following table provides information related to all options exercised in the stock option plan during the years ended December 31:
(in millions of Canadian dollars)202020192018
Total intrinsic value$52 $63 $17 
Cash received by the Company upon exercise of options52 26 24 

B. Other share-based plans
Performance share unit plans
During 2020, the Company issued 97,998 PSUs with a grant date fair value of approximately $34 million and 10,029 PDSUs with a grant date fair value, including value of expected future matching units, of approximately $4 million. PSUs and PDSUs attract dividend equivalents in the form of additional units, based on dividends paid on the Company's Common Shares, and vest approximately three years after the grant date contingent upon CP’s performance ("performance factor"). The fair value of these PSUs and PDSUs is measured periodically until settlement using closing share price on the date of measurement. The fair value of units that are probable of vesting based on forecasted performance factors over the three-year performance period is recognized as expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Vested PSUs are settled in cash. Vested PDSUs are settled in cash pursuant to the DSU plan and are eligible for a 25% match if the holder has not exceeded their share ownership requirements, and are paid out only when the holder ceases their employment with CP.

The performance period for PSUs and PDSUs issued in 2020 is January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022, and the performance factors are Return on Invested Capital ("ROIC"), Total Shareholder Return ("TSR") compared to the S&P/TSX 60 Index, and TSR compared to Class I railways.

The performance period for 133,681 PSUs issued in 2019 is January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021, and the performance factors for these PSUs are ROIC, TSR compared to the S&P/TSX 60 Index, and TSR compared to Class I railways. The performance factors for the remaining 579 PSUs are annual revenue for the fiscal year 2020, diluted earnings per share for the fiscal year 2020, and share price appreciation.

The performance period for 125,280 PSUs issued in 2018 is January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020, and the performance factors for these PSUs were ROIC, TSR compared to the S&P/TSX Capped Industrial Index, and TSR compared to the S&P 1500 Road and Rail Index. The resulting estimated payout on these awards was 200% on 113,769 total outstanding awards representing a total fair value of $98 million at December 31, 2020, calculated using the Company's average share price of the last 30 trading days preceding December 31, 2020. The performance factors for the remaining 36,975 PSUs were annual revenue for the fiscal year 2020, diluted earnings per share for the fiscal year 2020, and share price appreciation.

The performance period for PSUs issued in 2017 was January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019, and the performance factors for these PSUs were ROIC, TSR compared to the S&P/TSX Capped Industrial Index, and TSR compared to the S&P 1500 Road and Rail Index. The resulting payout was 193% of the outstanding units multiplied by the Company's average share price calculated using the last 30 trading days preceding December 31, 2019. In the first quarter of 2020, payouts occurred on the total outstanding awards, including dividends reinvested, totalling $76 million on 121,225 outstanding awards.




119CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

The following table summarizes information related to the Company’s PSUs and PDSUs as at December 31:
20202019
Outstanding, January 1403,136 395,048 
Granted108,027 134,260 
Units, in lieu of dividends3,843 4,032 
Settled(121,225)(117,228)
Forfeited(11,912)(12,976)
Outstanding, December 31381,869 403,136 

In 2020, the expense for PSUs and PDSUs was $121 million (2019 – $89 million; 2018 – $54 million). At December 31, 2020, there was $51 million of total unrecognized compensation related to these awards which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.4 years.

Deferred share unit plan
The Company established the DSU plan as a means to compensate and assist in attaining share ownership targets set for certain key employees and Directors. A DSU entitles the holder to receive, upon redemption, a cash payment equivalent to the Company's average share price using the 10 trading days prior to redemption. DSUs vest over various periods of up to 36 months and are only redeemable for a specified period after employment is terminated.

Senior managers may elect to receive DSUs in lieu of annual bonus cash payments in the bonus deferral program. In addition, senior managers will be granted a 25% company match of DSUs when deferring cash to DSUs to meet ownership targets. The election to receive eligible payments in DSUs is no longer available to a participant when the value of the participant’s DSUs is sufficient to meet the Company’s stock ownership guidelines. Senior managers have five years to meet their ownership targets.

The expense for DSUs is recognized over the vesting period for both the initial subscription price and the change in value between reporting periods.

The following table summarizes information related to the DSUs as at December 31:
20202019
Outstanding, January 1161,219 152,760 
Granted19,041 19,912 
Units, in lieu of dividends1,511 1,608 
Settled(26,788)(12,110)
Forfeited(172)(951)
Outstanding, December 31154,811 161,219 

During 2020, the Company granted 19,041 DSUs with a grant date fair value of approximately $7 million. In 2020, the expense for DSUs was $21 million (2019 – $20 million expense; 2018 – $4 million expense). At December 31, 2020, there was $1 million of total unrecognized compensation related to DSUs which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.3 years.

Summary of share-based liabilities paid
The following table summarizes the total share-based liabilities paid for each of the years ended December 31:
(in millions of Canadian dollars)202020192018
Plan
PSUs$76 $54 $30 
DSUs9 4 6 
Other1 0 1 
Total$86 $58 $37 




CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT120
C. Employee share purchase plan
The Company has an employee share purchase plan whereby both employee and the Company contributions are used to purchase shares on the open market for employees. The Company’s contributions are expensed over the one year vesting period. Under the plan, the Company matches $1 for every $3 contributed by employees up to a maximum employee contribution of 6% of annual salary.

The total number of shares purchased in 2020 on behalf of participants, including the Company's contributions, was 115,344 (2019 – 137,942; 2018 – 118,865). In 2020, the Company’s contributions totalled $9 million (2019 – $8 million; 2018 – $6 million) and the related expense was $7 million (2019 – $6 million; 2018 – $5 million).

24.    Variable interest entities
The Company leases equipment from certain trusts, which have been determined to be variable interest entities financed by a combination of debt and equity provided by unrelated third parties. The lease agreements, which are classified as operating leases, have fixed price purchase options which create the Company’s variable interests and result in the trusts being considered variable interest entities.

Maintaining and operating the leased assets according to specific contractual obligations outlined in the terms of the lease agreements and industry standards is the Company’s responsibility. The rigour of the contractual terms of the lease agreements and industry standards are such that the Company has limited discretion over the maintenance activities associated with these assets. As such, the Company concluded these terms do not provide the Company with the power to direct the activities of the variable interest entities in a way that has a significant impact on the entities’ economic performance.

The financial exposure to the Company as a result of its involvement with the variable interest entities is equal to the fixed lease payments due to the trusts. In 2020, lease payments after tax were $14 million. Future minimum lease payments, before tax, of $126 million will be payable over the next 10 years. The Company does not guarantee the residual value of the assets to the lessor; however, it must deliver to the lessor the assets in good operating condition, subject to normal wear and tear, at the end of the lease term.

As the Company’s actions and decisions do not significantly affect the variable interest entities’ performance, and the Company’s fixed price purchase option is not considered to be potentially significant to the variable interest entities, the Company is not considered to be the primary beneficiary, and does not consolidate these variable interest entities.

25.    Commitments and contingencies
In the normal course of its operations, the Company becomes involved in various legal actions, including claims relating to injuries and damage to property. The Company maintains provisions it considers to be adequate for such actions. While the final outcome with respect to actions outstanding or pending at December 31, 2020 cannot be predicted with certainty, it is the opinion of management that their resolution will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial position, or results of operations. However, an unexpected adverse resolution of one or more of these legal actions could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business, financial position, results of operations, or liquidity in a particular quarter or fiscal year.

Commitments
At December 31, 2020, the Company had committed to total future capital expenditures amounting to $547 million and operating expenditures relating to supplier purchase obligations, such as bulk fuel purchase agreements, locomotive maintenance and overhaul agreements, as well as agreements to purchase other goods and services amounting to approximately $1.7 billion for the years 2021–2032, of which CP estimates approximately $1.6 billion will be incurred in the next five years.

Commitments related to leases, including minimum annual payments for the next five years and thereafter, are included in Note 19.

Legal proceedings related to Lac-Mégantic rail accident
On July 6, 2013, a train carrying petroleum crude oil operated by Montréal Maine and Atlantic Railway (“MMAR”) or a subsidiary, Montréal Maine & Atlantic Canada Co. (“MMAC” and collectively the “MMA Group”), derailed in Lac-Mégantic, Québec. The derailment occurred on a section of railway owned and operated by the MMA Group and while the MMA Group exclusively controlled the train.

Following the derailment, MMAC sought court protection in Canada under the Companies’ Creditors Arrangement Act and MMAR filed for bankruptcy in the U.S. Plans of arrangement were approved in both Canada and the U.S. (the “Plans”), providing for the distribution of approximately $440 million amongst those claiming derailment damages.

A number of legal proceedings, set out below, were commenced in Canada and the U.S. against CP and others:

(1)Québec's Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment, Wildlife and Parks ordered various parties, including CP, to remediate the derailment site (the "Cleanup Order") and served CP with a Notice of Claim for $95 million for those costs. CP appealed the Cleanup Order and contested the Notice


121CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

of Claim with the Administrative Tribunal of Québec. These proceedings are stayed pending determination of the Attorney General of Québec (“AGQ”) action (paragraph 2 below).

(2)The AGQ sued CP in the Québec Superior Court claiming $409 million in damages, which was amended and reduced to $315 million (the “AGQ Action”). The AGQ Action alleges that: (i) CP was responsible for the petroleum crude oil from its point of origin until its delivery to Irving Oil Ltd.; and (ii) CP is vicariously liable for the acts and omissions of the MMA Group.

(3)A class action in the Québec Superior Court on behalf of persons and entities residing in, owning or leasing property in, operating a business in, or physically present in Lac-Mégantic at the time of the derailment was certified against CP on May 8, 2015 (the "Class Action"). Other defendants including MMAC and Mr. Thomas Harding ("Harding") were added to the Class Action on January 25, 2017. The Class Action seeks unquantified damages, including for wrongful death, personal injury, property damage, and economic loss.

(4)NaN subrogated insurers sued CP in the Québec Superior Court claiming approximately $16 million in damages, which was amended and reduced to approximately $15 million (the “Promutuel Action”), and 2 additional subrogated insurers sued CP claiming approximately $3 million in damages (the “Royal Action”). Both actions contain similar allegations as the AGQ Action. The actions do not identify the subrogated parties. As such, the extent of any overlap between the damages claimed in these actions and under the Plans is unclear. The Royal Action is stayed pending determination of the consolidated proceedings described below.

On December 11, 2017, the AGQ Action, the Class Action and the Promutuel Action were consolidated. These consolidated claims are currently scheduled for a joint liability trial commencing on or around September 13, 2021, followed by a damages trial, if necessary.

(5)NaN plaintiffs (all individual claims joined in one action) sued CP, MMAC, and Harding in the Québec Superior Court claiming approximately $5 million in damages for economic loss and pain and suffering, and asserting similar allegations as in the Class Action and the AGQ Action. The majority of the plaintiffs opted-out of the Class Action and all but two are also plaintiffs in litigation against CP, described in paragraph 7 below. This action is stayed pending determination of the consolidated claims described above.

(6)The MMAR U.S. bankruptcy estate representative commenced an action against CP in November 2014 in the Maine Bankruptcy Court claiming that CP failed to abide by certain regulations and seeking approximately U.S. $30 million in damages for MMAR’s loss in business value according to a recent report. This action asserts that CP knew or ought to have known that the shipper misclassified the petroleum crude oil and therefore should have refused to transport it.

(7)The class and mass tort action commenced against CP in June 2015 in Texas (on behalf of Lac-Mégantic residents and wrongful death representatives) and the wrongful death and personal injury actions commenced against CP in June 2015 in Illinois and Maine, were all transferred and consolidated in Federal District Court in Maine (the “Maine Actions”). The Maine Actions allege that CP negligently misclassified and improperly packaged the petroleum crude oil. On CP’s motion, the Maine Actions were dismissed. The plaintiffs are appealing the dismissal decision, which is pending.

(8)The trustee for the wrongful death trust commenced Carmack Amendment claims against CP in North Dakota Federal Court, seeking to recover approximately U.S. $6 million for damaged rail cars and lost crude and reimbursement for the settlement paid by the consignor and the consignee under the Plans (alleged to be U.S. $110 million and U.S. $60 million, respectively). The Court issued an Order on August 6, 2020 granting and denying in parts the parties' summary judgment motions which has been reviewed and confirmed following motions by the parties for clarification and reconsideration. This action is scheduled for trial on September 21, 2021.

At this stage of the proceedings, any potential responsibility and the quantum of potential losses cannot be determined. Nevertheless, CP denies liability and is vigorously defending these proceedings.

26.    Guarantees
In the normal course of operating the railway, the Company enters into contractual arrangements that involve providing certain guarantees, which extend over the term of the contracts. These guarantees include, but are not limited to:
•guarantees to pay other parties in the event of the occurrence of specified events, including damage to equipment, in relation to assets used in the operation of the railway through operating leases, rental agreements, easements, trackage, and interline agreements; and
•indemnifications of certain tax-related payments incurred by lessors and lenders.

The maximum amount that could be payable under these guarantees, excluding residual value guarantees, cannot be reasonably estimated due to the nature of certain of these guarantees. All or a portion of amounts paid under guarantees to other parties in the event of the occurrence of specified events could be recoverable from other parties or through insurance. The Company has accrued for all guarantees that it expects to pay. At December 31, 2020, these accruals amounted to $18 million (2019 – $10 million), and are recorded in “Accounts payable and accrued liabilities".



CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT122
Indemnifications
Pursuant to a trust and custodial services agreement with the trustee of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan, the Company has undertaken to indemnify and save harmless the trustee, to the extent not paid by the fund, from any and all taxes, claims, liabilities, damages, costs, and expenses arising out of the performance of the trustee’s obligations under the agreement, except as a result of misconduct by the trustee. The indemnity includes liabilities, costs, or expenses relating to any legal reporting or notification obligations of the trustee with respect to the defined benefit and defined contribution options of the pension plans, or otherwise with respect to the assets of the pension plans that are not part of the fund. The indemnity survives the termination or expiry of the agreement with respect to claims and liabilities arising prior to the termination or expiry. At December 31, 2020, the Company had not recorded a liability associated with this indemnification as it does not expect to make any payments pertaining to it.

27.    Segmented and geographic information
Operating segment
The Company operates in only 1 operating segment: rail transportation. Operating results by geographic areas, railway corridors, or other lower-level components or units of operation are not reviewed by the Company’s chief operating decision-maker to make decisions about the allocation of resources to, or the assessment of performance of, such geographic areas, corridors, components, or units of operation.

In the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, no one customer comprised more than 10% of total revenues and accounts receivable.

Geographic information
All of the company's revenue and long-lived assets excluding financial instruments are held within Canada and the United States.
(in millions of Canadian dollars)CanadaUnited StatesTotal
2020
Revenues$5,829 $1,881 $7,710 
Long-term assets excluding financial instruments and pension assets14,258 7,165 21,423 
2019
Revenues5,675 2,117 7,792 
Long-term assets excluding financial instruments and pension assets13,131 7,020 20,151 
2018
Revenues5,232 2,084 7,316 
Long-term assets excluding financial instruments and pension assets12,133 6,759 18,892 

28. Selected quarterly data (unaudited)
For the quarter ended20202019
(in millions of Canadian dollars, except per share data)Dec. 31Sep. 30Jun. 30Mar. 31Dec. 31Sep. 30Jun. 30Mar. 31
Total revenues$2,012 $1,863 $1,792 $2,043 $2,069 $1,979 $1,977 $1,767 
Operating income928 779 770 834 890 869 822 543 
Net income802 598 635 409 664 618 724 434 
Basic earnings per share(1)
$5.97 $4.42 $4.68 $2.99 $4.84 $4.47 $5.19 $3.10 
Diluted earnings per share(1)
$5.95 $4.41 $4.66 $2.98 $4.82 $4.46 $5.17 $3.09 
(1) Earnings per share for the four quarters combined may not equal earnings per share for the year due to rounding.


123CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of December 31, 2020, an evaluation was carried out under the supervision of and with the participation of CP's management, including CEO and CFO, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2020, to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that they file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for the financial statements and for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. The Corporation’s internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Corporation’s management and Board of Directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. Due to its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management has assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, management concluded that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the reliability of financial reporting and preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

The effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 has been audited by Deloitte LLP, the Company's independent registered public accounting firm who audited the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K, as stated in their report, which is included herein.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
During the three months ended December 31, 2020, the Company has not identified any changes in internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT124
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020, of the Company and our report dated February 18, 2021, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Deloitte LLP

Chartered Professional Accountants
Calgary, Canada
February 18, 2021



125CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None.


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT126
PART III



127CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Directors of Registrant
The information required by this Item will be contained in the Company’s Form 10-K/A, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2020. This information will also be contained in the management proxy circular that we prepare in accordance with applicable Canadian corporate and securities law requirements.

Executive Officers of Registrant
The information regarding executive officers is included in Part I of this annual report under Information about our Executive Officers, following Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act
The information required by this Item will be contained in the Company’s Form 10-K/A, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2020.

Code of Ethics for Chief Executive Officer and Senior Financial Officers
The information required by this Item will be contained in the Company’s Form 10-K/A, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2020.


ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by this Item will be contained in the Company’s Form 10-K/A, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2020. This information will also be contained in the management proxy circular that we prepare in accordance with applicable Canadian corporate and securities law requirements.


ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

Equity Compensation Plan Information
See Item 11 - “Executive Compensation—Equity Compensation Plan Information” for information regarding our equity compensation plans on page 47.
Beneficial Ownership Table
The table below sets forth the number and percentage of outstanding common shares beneficially owned by each person, or group of persons, known by Canadian Pacific based on publicly available information required by this Item will be contained in the Company’s Form 10-K/A, which will be filed no lateras of April 15, 2022, to own beneficially more than 120 days after December 31, 2020.five percent of our common shares, each of our directors, each of our NEOs and all directors and executive officers as a group.

Name of beneficial owner1
  
Common
shares
beneficially
owned
   
Percent of
common
shares
    outstanding    
 
John Baird
(a)
   0                - 
Isabelle Courville
(a)
   4,500    * 
Jill Denham
(a)
   0                - 
Edward Hamberger
(a)
   0    - 
Matthew Paull
(a)
   15,190    * 
Jane Peverett
(a)
   0    - 
Andrea Robertson
(a)
   0    - 
Gordon Trafton
(a)
   0    - 
Keith Creel(a)
(b)(c)
   2,582,769    * 
Nadeem Velani
(b)(d)
   204,170    * 
John Brooks
(b)(e)
   164,475    * 
Mark Redd
(b)(f)
   132,579    * 
Jeffrey Ellis
(b)(g)
   105,259    * 
James Clements
(b)(h)
   146,251    * 
Mike Foran
(b)(i)
   78,447    * 
Pam Arpin
(b)(j)
   20,849    * 
Laird Pitz
(b)(k)
   30,329    * 
Chad Rolstad
(b)(l)
   35,479    * 
TCI Fund Management Limited
(m)
   55,860,385    6.01% 
All current executive officers and directors as a group
   3,520,297    * 

*
Represents less than one percent of the outstanding common shares.
(a) 
See Directors’ Profiles in “Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance” above for disclosure with respect to DDSUs. The address of each director is c/o Canadian Pacific, 7550 Ogden Dale Road S.E., Calgary, Alberta, T2C 4X9.
(b) 
See “Compensation Details - Deferred Compensation Plans” in Item 11. Executive Compensation, for disclosure with respect to NEO DSUs. The address of each executive officer is c/o Canadian Pacific, 7550 Ogden Dale Road S.E., Calgary, Alberta, T2C 4X9.
(c) 
The common shares owned by Mr. Creel comprise (i) 2,488,960 shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options that have vested or will vest within the next 60 days and (ii) 93,809 shares held by Mr. Creel directly.
(d) 
The common shares owned by Mr. Velani comprise (i) 201,200 shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options that have vested or will vest within the next 60 days and (ii) 2,970 shares held by Mr. Velani directly.
(e) 
The common shares owned by Mr. Brooks comprise (i) 152,485 shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options that have vested or will vest within the next 60 days and (ii) 11,990 shares held by Mr. Brooks directly.
(f) 
The common shares owned by Mr. Redd comprise (i) 110,260 shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options that have vested or will vest within the next 60 days and (ii) 22,319 shares held by Mr. Redd directly.
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Table of Contents
(g) 
The common shares owned by Mr. Ellis comprise (i) 99,380 shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options that have vested or will vest within the next 60 days and (ii) 5,879 shares held by Mr. Ellis directly.
(h) 
The common shares owned by Mr. Clements comprise (i) 133,726 shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options that have vested or will vest within the next 60 days and (ii) 12,525 shares held by Mr. Clements directly.
(i) 
The common shares owned by Mr. Foran comprise (i) 68,335 shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options that have vested or will vest within the next 60 days and (ii) 10,112 shares held by Mr. Foran directly.
(j) 
The common shares owned by Ms. Arpin comprise (i) 16,040 shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options that have vested or will vest within the next 60 days and (ii) 4,809 shares held by Ms. Arpin directly.
(k) 
The common shares owned by Mr. Pitz comprise (i) 29,845 shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options that have vested or will vest within the next 60 days and (ii) 484 shares held by Mr. Pitz directly.
(l) 
The common shares owned by Mr. Rolstad comprise (i) 32,955 shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options that have vested or will vest within the next 60 days and (ii) 2,524 shares held by Mr. Rolstad directly.
(m) 
Based upon statements in the Schedule 13G/A filed by TCI Fund Management Limited (“TCI Fund”) and Christopher Hohn on February 14, 2022, TCI Fund and Christopher Hohn have (i) shared voting power over 55,860,385 shares of CP’s common shares; and (ii) shared dispositive power of 55,860,385 common shares. The Children’s Investment Master Fund (“TCIF”) is the investment manager of TCI Fund and CIFF Capital UK LP (“CIFF”). Mr. Hohn, as managing director of TCIF, may be deemed to beneficially own the shares held by the TCI Fund and CIFF. The address of each of TCI Fund and Mr. Hohn is 7 Clifford Street, London W1S 2FT, United Kingdom.
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ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information
Related party transactions
Directors, officers and employees are required by this Item will be contained in the Company’s Form 10-K/A, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2020. This information will also be contained in the management proxy circular that we prepareto report any related party transactions in accordance with applicable CanadianCP policies. CP considers its related party transactions obligation seriously and reviews related party transactions for all employees at the level of General Manager and above. Our accounting and legal departments work together to review any related party transactions reported by officers and employees. Our internal audit department validates the work done.
In 2021, there were no transactions between CP and a related person as described in Item 404 of Regulation
S-K,
although the Board evaluated the transaction described below involving CP’s CEO Mr. Creel, under CP’s policies.
CP has a long-standing vendor relationship with Sage Valley Golf Club (“Sage Valley”), a private national membership golf club outside of Augusta, Georgia, which has hosted CP customers annually since 2015 during the week each year the Masters Golf Tournament is held in Augusta. In August 2020, Mr. Creel made a personal investment in a partnership (representing a 1/6th interest) that purchased Sage Valley from its retiring founder to preserve the legacy and purpose of the course in perpetuity. In 2020 and 2021, CP made direct and indirect payments to Sage Valley of approximately US$130,000 and US$210,000 respectively, in fees during Masters Week and in connection with other customer events. The Board has reviewed CP’s relationship with Sage Valley in light of Mr. Creel’s investment in accordance with its policies and has determined that using Sage Valley as a venue for corporate CP events is consistent with such policies and securities law requirements.that CP may continue to use Sage Valley for future events. Mr. Creel has voluntarily paid CP for the proportionate share of the fees paid by CP that could be allocated to him in the future even though Mr. Creel has not received any proceeds from his investment to date. In addition, Mr. Creel has agreed to pay CP for his proportionate share of any future fees should it decide to use Sage Valley for any event so long as he is CEO.

The Board reviews related party transactions when it does its annual review of director independence. Any director who has a material interest in a transaction or agreement involving CP must disclose the interest to the CEO and the Chair of the Board immediately, and does not participate in any discussions or votes on the matter.

Independence
The Board has adopted standards for director independence based on the criteria of the NYSE, SEC and CSA.
The Board reviews director independence continually and annually using director questionnaires as well as by reviewing updated biographical information, meeting with directors individually, and conducting a comprehensive assessment of all business and other relationships and interests of each director with respect to CP and our subsidiaries. In 2021, the Board confirmed that each director, except for Mr. Creel, is independent in accordance with the standards for independence established by the NYSE and the CSA. Mr. Creel is not independent because of his position as President and CEO.
The Board has also confirmed that each member of the Audit and Finance Committee meets the additional independence standards for audit committee members under Section 10A(m)(3) and Rule
10A-3(b)(1)
of the Exchange Act, and Section 1.5 of National Instrument
52-110
Audit Committees
. All members of the Board of Directors and by extension, all members of the Audit Committee are financially literate. In addition, three of the five members of the currently constituted Audit Committee meet the definition of audit committee financial expert, as defined by the SEC. Further, one director, Mr. Paull, who is not a current member of the Audit Committee, is also a “financial expert” by virtue of his past employment as CFO of a large public issuer.
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ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

The information requiredtable below shows the fees we paid to Deloitte in 2021 and 2020 for audit and
non-audit
services.
For the year ended December 31
 
  
2021
 
   
2020
 
 
Audit fees
for audit of our annual financial statements, reviews of quarterly reports and services relating to statutory and regulatory filings or engagements (including attestation services and audit or interim review of financial statements of certain subsidiaries and certain pension and benefits plans, and advice on accounting and/or disclosure matters)
  $3,834,200   $3,842,100 
Audit-related fees
for services related to the audit but not included in the audit fees above, including securities filings
  $545,700   $269,500 
Tax fees
for services relating to tax compliance, tax planning and tax advice
  $224,700   $5,800 
All other fees
  $—   $— 
Total
  $4,604,600   $4,117,400 
Pre-approval
of audit services and fees
The Audit and Finance Committee has a written policy for
pre-approving
audit and
non-audit
services by this Item will be contained in the Company’s Form 10-K/A, which will be filed no later than 120 days after December 31, 2020. This information will also be contained in the management proxy circular that we prepareexternal auditor and their fees, in accordance with the applicable Canadian corporatelaws and requirements of stock exchanges and securities law requirements.regulatory authorities.

The policy sets out the following governance procedures:
The Audit and Finance Committee
pre-approves
the terms of the annual engagement of the external auditor.
The Audit and Finance Committee is responsible for
pre-approving
annual audit and
non-audit
services, as well as
pre-approving
the external auditor’s compensation for audit and
non-audit
services.

The Vice-President, Financial Planning and Accounting submits reports at least quarterly to the Audit and Finance Committee listing the services that were performed or planned to be performed by the external auditor.
Any additional services to be provided by the external auditor that were not included in the list of
pre-approved
services or exceed the budgeted amount by more than 10 percent must each be
pre-approved
by the Audit and Finance Committee or the committee chair. The committee chair must report any additional
pre-approvals
at the next committee meeting.
The Audit and Finance Committee reviews the policy as necessary to make sure it continues to reflect our needs.
Our chief internal auditor monitors compliance with the policy.
The Audit and Finance Committee or committee chair must be satisfied that any services it
pre-approves
will not compromise the independence of the external auditor. The committee
pre-approved
all services performed by the external auditor in 2021, in accordance with the policy.
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CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT128
PART IV



129CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE

Part IV (Item 15) of the 2021 Form
10-K
is hereby amended solely to add the following exhibits required to be filed in connection with this Amendment No. 1.
The following documents are filed as part of this annual report:
(b) Exhibits

(a)Financial Statements

The financial statements filed as part of this filing are listed on the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

(b)Financial Statement Schedule

Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
(in millions of Canadian dollars)Beginning balance at January 1Additions charged to expensesPayments and other reductionsImpact of FXEnding
balance at December 31
Accruals for personal injury and other claims provision(1)
2018$118 $93 $(60)$1 $152 
2019$152 $142 $(152)$(1)$141 
2020$141 $105 $(119)$(1)$126 
Environmental liabilities
2018$78 $6 $(7)$5 $82 
2019$82 $6 $(8)$(3)$77 
2020$77 $10 $(6)$(1)$80 
(1) Includes WCB, FELA, occupational, damage, and other.

(c)Exhibits

Exhibits are listed in the exhibit index below. The exhibits include management contracts, compensatory plans and arrangements required to be filed as exhibits to the Form 10-K by Item 601 (10) (iii) of Regulation S-K.
ExhibitDescription
3Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws:
Restated Certificate and Articles of Incorporation of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 6-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 22, 2015, File No. 001-01342).
By-law No. 1, as amended, of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 6-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 22, 2009, File No. 001-01342).
By-law No. 2 of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 6-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 13, 2015, File No. 001-01342).
General By-law, as amended, of Canadian Pacific Railway Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 6-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 22, 2009, File No. 001-01342).
4Instruments Defining the Rights of Security Holders, Including Indentures:
Indenture dated as of May 8, 2007 between Canadian Pacific Railway Company and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
First Supplemental Indenture dated as of May 8, 2007 between Canadian Pacific Railway Company and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Second Supplemental Indenture dated as of May 20, 2008 between Canadian Pacific Railway Company and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT130
4.4
Exhibit
Third Supplemental Indenture dated as of May 15, 2009 between Canadian Pacific Railway Company and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Description
Fourth Supplemental Indenture dated as of September 23, 2010 between Canadian Pacific Railway Company and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Fifth Supplemental Indenture dated as of December 1, 2011 between Canadian Pacific Railway Company and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Sixth Supplemental Indenture dated as of February 2, 2015 between Canadian Pacific Railway Company and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Seventh Supplemental Indenture dated as of August 3, 2015 between Canadian Pacific Railway Company and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Eighth Supplemental Indenture dated as of November 24, 2015 among Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, Canadian Pacific Railway Company and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.9 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Indenture dated as of October 30, 2001 between Canadian Pacific Railway Company and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.10 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
First Supplemental Indenture dated as of April 23, 2004 between Canadian Pacific Railway Company and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.11 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Second Supplemental Indenture dated as of October 12, 2011 between Canadian Pacific Railway Limited and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.12 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Third Supplemental Indenture dated as of October 13, 2011 between Canadian Pacific Railway Company and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.13 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Fourth Supplemental Indenture dated as of November 24, 2015 among Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, Canadian Pacific Railway Company and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.14 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Indenture dated as of July 15, 1991 between Canadian Pacific Railway Company and Harris Trust and Savings Bank (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.15 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
First Supplemental Indenture dated as of July 1, 1996 between Canadian Pacific Railway Company and Harris Trust and Savings Bank (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.16 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Second Supplemental Indenture dated as of November 24, 2015 among Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, Canadian Pacific Railway Company and The Bank of New York Mellon (as successor in interest to Harris Trust and Savings Bank) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.17 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Indenture dated as of May 23, 2008 between Canadian Pacific Railway Company and Computershare Trust Company of Canada (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.18 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
First Supplemental Indenture dated as of November 24, 2015 among Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, Canadian Pacific Railway Company and Computershare Trust Company of Canada (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.19 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Indenture dated as of September 11, 2015, from Canadian Pacific Railway Company to Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Registration Statement on Form 6-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 14, 2015, File No. 001-01342).
First Supplemental Indenture dated as of September 11, 2015 between Canadian Pacific Railway Company and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.21 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Second Supplemental Indenture dated as of November 24, 2015 among Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, Canadian Pacific Railway Company and The Bank of New York Mellon (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.22 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).


131CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

31.1*
CEO Rule Guarantee of Canadian Pacific Railway Company’s Perpetual 4% Consolidated Debenture Stock dated as of December 18, 2015, between Canadian Pacific Railway Limited and Canadian Pacific Railway Company (incorporated by reference13a-14(a) Certifications relating to Exhibit 4.23 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, Filethis Amendment No. 001-01342).

4.25
Officers’ Certificate of Canadian Pacific Railway Company dated March 13, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 24, 2019, File No. 001-01342).
Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 5, 2020, by and among Canadian Pacific Railway Company, as issuer, Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, as guarantor, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 6, 2020, File No. 001-01342).
Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 9, 2020, by and among Canadian Pacific Railway Company, as issuer, Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, as guarantor, and Computershare Trust Company of Canada, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 21, 2020, File No. 001-01342).
10Material Contracts:
Compensation letter dated February 14, 2017, between the Company and Nadeem Velani (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 Canadian Pacific Railway Limited's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 21, 2017, File No. 001-01342).
Fourth Amending Agreement, dated as of June 23, 2017, amending the Credit Agreement, dated September 26, 2014, between Canadian Pacific Railway Company, as Borrower, Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, as Covenantor, Royal Bank of Canada, as Administrative Agent, and the various Lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 Canadian Pacific Railway Limited's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 27, 2017, File No. 001-01342).
Amendment dated as of January 31, 2017 to the Executive Employment Agreement dated July 23, 2016 and effective as of July 1, 2017 between Keith Creel and Canadian Pacific Railway Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited's Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 16, 2017, File No. 001-01342).
Offer of Employment Letter to Nadeem Velani dated October 18, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Registration Statement on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 24, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Executive Employment Agreement, between the Canadian Pacific Railway Limited and Keith Creel effective July 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Registration Statement on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 26, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Third Amending Agreement, dated as of June 28, 2016, amending the Credit Agreement, dated September 26, 2014, between Canadian Pacific Railway Company, as Borrower, Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, as Covenantor, Royal Bank of Canada, as Administrative Agent, and the various Lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Registration Statement on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
CP 401(k) Savings Plan, as amended and restated effective October 27, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited's Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 21, 2015, File No. 333-208647).
Stand-Alone Option Agreement dated February 4, 2013 between the Registrant and Keith Creel (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 24, 2013, File No. 333-188827).
Performance Share Unit Plan for Eligible Employees of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, adopted with effect from February 17, 2009, as amended February 22, 2013, April 30, 2014 and February 18, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Canadian Pacific Railway Limited Amended and Restated Management Stock Option Incentive Plan, as amended and restated effective November 19, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT132
31.2*
CFO Rule Canadian Pacific Railway Limited Employee Share Purchase Plan (U.S.) dated July13a-14(a) Certifications relating to this Amendment No. 1 2006 ("ESPP (U.S.)"), and Amendment to the ESPP (U.S.) effective January 1, 2015, and Amendment to the ESPP (U.S.) January 1, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’son Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).10-K/A
Directors' Stock Option Plan, effective October 1, 2001 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Directors' Deferred Share Unit Plan, as amended effective July 1, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Senior Executives' Deferred Share Unit Plan, effective as of January 1, 2001, as amended September 6, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Canadian Pacific Railway Limited Employee Share Purchase Plan (Canada) dated July 1, 2006 ("ESPP (Canada)"), and Amendment to the ESPP (Canada) effective January 1, 2013, and Amendment to the ESPP (Canada) effective November 5, 2013, and Amendment to the ESPP (Canada) effective July 17, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Canadian Pacific U.S. Salaried Retirement Income Plan, as restated effective January 1, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Canadian Pacific U.S. Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, effective January 1, 2013 ("CPUSERP"), and First Amendment to the CPUSERP effective November 14, 2013, and Second Amendment to the CPUSERP effective January 1, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Restricted Share Unit Plan for Eligible Employees of Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, effective August 2, 2011, as amended February 21, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Short Term Incentive Plan for Non-Unionized Employees (Canada) and US Salaried Employees, effective January 1, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules), consolidated as at January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Amendment Number 1, effective July 1, 2010, to the Defined Contribution Provisions (Appendix B) of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules), consolidated as at January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Amendment Number 2, effective April 1, 2011, to the Defined Contribution Provisions (Appendix B) of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules), consolidated as at January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Amendment Number 3, effective January 1, 2013, to the Defined Contribution Provisions (Appendix B) of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules), consolidated as at January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.18 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Amendment Number 1 to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules), consolidated as at January 1, 2009, approved by the Board of Directors on December 16, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.19 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Amendment Number 2, effective January 1, 2010, to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules), consolidated as at January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.20 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Amendment Number 3, effective January 1, 2010, to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules), consolidated as at January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.21 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Amendment Number 4, effective January 1, 2011, to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules), consolidated as at January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.22 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).


133CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

104*
Amendment Number 5, effective January 1, 2011, to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules), consolidated as at January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.23 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Amendment Number 6, effective October 1, 2012, to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules), consolidated as at January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Amendment Number 7, effective January 1, 2013, to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules), consolidated as at January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.25 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Amendment Number 8, effective January 1, 2013, to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules), consolidated as at January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Amendment Number 9, effective January 1, 2013, to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules), consolidated as at January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Amendment Number 10, effective January 1, 2013, to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules), consolidated as at January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Amendment Number 11, effective January 1, 2013, to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules), consolidated as at January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Amendment Number 12, effective January 1, 2015, to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules), consolidated as at January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Amendment Number 13, effective January 1, 2015, to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules), consolidated as at January 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.31 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Canadian Pacific Railway Company Secondary Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules), effective June 1, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Amendment Number 1, effective June 1, 2013, to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Secondary Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules), effective June 1, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.33 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Amendment Number 2, effective January 1, 2015, to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Secondary Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules) effective January 1, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.34 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Canadian Pacific Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, effective January 1, 2011 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.35 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Executive Employment Agreement between Canadian Pacific Railway Company, Soo Line Railroad Company and Keith Creel, effective as of February 5, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.38 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Amendment dated August 10, 2015, to the Executive Employment Agreement between Canadian Pacific Railway Company, Soo Line Railroad Company and Keith Creel, effective as of February 5, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.39 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
Credit Agreement dated as of September 26, 2014 among Canadian Pacific Railway Company and CPR Securities Limited, as borrowers, Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, as covenantor, the Financial Institutions that are signatories to the Credit Agreement, as Lenders, the Royal Bank of Canada, as Administrative Agent, RBC Capital Markets, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, TD Securities, Morgan Stanley MUFG Loan Partners, LLC and Citibank, N.A., Canadian Branch, as Co-Lead Arrangers, RBC Capital Markets and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, as Joint Bookrunners, J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Syndication Agent, The Toronto-Dominion Bank, Morgan Stanley MUFG Loan Partners, LLC and Citibank, N.A., Canadian Branch, as Co-Documentation Agents (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.45 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).
First Amending Agreement dated as of June 15, 2015, to the Credit Agreement dated September 26, 2014, among Canadian Pacific Railway Company and CPR Securities Limited, as borrowers, Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, as covenantor, the signatories to this First Amending Agreement to the Credit Agreement, as Lenders, the Royal Bank of Canada, as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.46 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT134
Second Amending Agreement dated as of September 17, 2015, to the Credit Agreement dated September 26, 2014, among Canadian Pacific Railway Company and CPR Securities Limited, as borrowers, Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, as covenantor, the signatories to the Second Amending Agreement to this Credit Agreement, as Lenders, the Royal Bank of Canada, as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.47 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2016, File No. 001-01342).

Fifth Amending Agreement, dated as of June 8, 2018, amending the Credit Agreement, dated September 26, 2014, between Canadian Pacific Railway Company, as Borrower, Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, as Covenantor, Royal Bank of Canada, as Administrative Agent, and the various Lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 11, 2018, File No. 001-01342).
Amendment dated as of January 1, 2019, to the Executive Employment Agreement between Canadian Pacific Railway Company and Keith Creel, dated July 23, 2016 and effective as of July 1, 2017 as amended as of January 31, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.49 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited's Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 15, 2019, File No. 001-01342).
10.48
Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of September 27, 2019, between Canadian Pacific Railway Company, as Borrower, Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, as Covenantor, Royal Bank of Canada, as Administrative Agent, and the various Lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Canadian Pacific Railway Limited's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 1, 2019, File No. 001-01342).
10.49* **
Amendment Number 3, effective June 1, 2013, to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules) consolidated as at January 1, 2009.
10.50* **
Amendment Number 14, effective May 1, 2017, to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules) consolidated as at January 1, 2009.
10.51* **
Amendment Number 15, effective January 1, 2019, to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company Pension Plan (Pension Plan Rules) consolidated as at January 1, 2009.
10.52* **
Offer of Employment Letter to Jeffrey Ellis dated October 19, 2015.
22.1**
List of Issuers and Guarantor Subsidiaries
23.1**
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
24.1**
Power of attorney (included on the signature pages of this Form 10-K)
CEO Rule 13a-14(a) Certifications
31.2**
CFO Rule 13a-14(a) Certifications
32.1**
CEO Section 1350 Certifications
32.2**
CFO Section 1350 Certifications
101.INS**Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH**Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL**Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB**Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.DEF**Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.PRE**Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
The following financial information from Canadian Pacific Railway Limited’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) includes: (i) the Consolidated Statements of Income for each of the three years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018; (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for each of the three years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018; (iii) the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2020 and 2019; (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the three years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018; (v) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for each of the three years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018; and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
104 **Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
* Management contract or compensatory arrangement
** Filed with this Annual Report on Form 10-K
*
Filed with this Amendment No. 1 on Form
10-K/A

ITEM 16. FORM
10-K
SUMMARY
Not applicable.

135CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

Not applicable.

Table of Contents


CP 2020 ANNUAL REPORT136
SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,, the Company has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY LIMITED
(Registrant)
By:
By:
/s/ KEITH CREEL
Keith Creel
President and Chief Executive Officer
Dated: February 18, 2021April 29, 2022

POWER OF ATTORNEY

Each of the undersigned do hereby appoint each of Nadeem Velani and Jeffrey J. Ellis, his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, to sign on his or her behalf the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the year ended December 31, 2020, and any and all amendments thereto, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Company and in the capacities indicated on February 18, 2021.April 29, 2022.

Signature
Title
/s/ KEITH CREEL
*
Keith Creel
President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
Keith Creel(Principal (Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ NADEEM VELANI
Nadeem Velani
Executive Vice-President and Chief Financial Officer
Nadeem Velani(Principal (Principal Financial Officer)
/s/ ISABELLE COURVILLE
*
Isabelle Courville
Chair of the Board of Directors
Isabelle Courville
/s/ JOHN R. BAIRDDirector
*
John R. Baird
Director
/s/ GILLIAN H. DENHAMDirector
*
Gillian H. Denham
Director
/s/ EDWARD R. HAMBERGERDirector
*
Edward R. Hamberger
Director
/s/ REBECCA MACDONALDDirector
*
Rebecca MacDonald
Director
/s/ EDWARD L. MONSER
*
Edward Monser
Director
Edward L. MonserDirector
/s/ MATTHEW H. PAULLDirector
*
Matthew H. Paull
Director
/s/ JANE L. PEVERETTDirector
*
Jane L. Peverett
Director
/s/ ANDREA ROBERTSONDirector
*
Andrea Robertson
Director
/s/ GORDON T. TRAFTONDirector
*
Gordon T. Trafton
Director
*By:
/s/ NADEEM VELANI
Nadeem Velani
Attorney-in-Fact