UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
þ
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017

ORFor the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020
OR
o
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                      to       
Commission file numberFile Number: 1-10945

OCEANEERING INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

oii-20201231_g1.jpg

Delaware95-2628227
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
11911 FM 529
Houston,Texas77041
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
(713) 329-4500
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (713) 329-4500code)
Not Applicable
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed from last report)


Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock,stock, par value $0.25 par valueper shareOIINew York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. þ Yes  o No
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    oYes  þ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    þ Yes  o No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    þYes  oNo
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.    o   Yes    þ  No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of "large“large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer"” “accelerated filer” and "smaller“smaller reporting company"company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filerAccelerated Filer
þ
Accelerated filerFilero
Non-accelerated filerFiler
o (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
Smaller reporting companyReporting Companyo
Emerging growth companyGrowth Company¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the company has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report).   
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). o Yes  þ No
Aggregate market value of the voting stock held by nonaffiliates of the registrant computed by reference to the closing price of $22.84$6.39 of the Common Stock on the New York Stock Exchange as of June 30, 2017,2020, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second quarter: $2.2 billion$624 million.
Number of shares of Common Stock outstanding at February 23, 2018: 98,460,365.19, 2021: 99,308,363.
Documents Incorporated by Reference:
Portions of the proxy statement relating to the registrant's 20182021 annual meeting of shareholders, to be filed on or before May 1, 2018within 120 days of December 31, 2020 pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, are incorporated by reference to the extent set forth in Part III, Items 10-14 of this report.



Table of Contents
Oceaneering International, Inc.
Form 10-K
Table of Contents
 
Item 1.
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Item 1B.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 1B.
Item 2.
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Item 5.
Item 6.
Item 7.
Item 7A.
Item 8.
Item 9.
Item 9A.
Item 9B.
Item 10.
Item 11.
Item 12.
Item 13.
Item 14.
Item 15.





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Table of Contents
PART I
 
Item 1.Business.
Item 1.Business.
GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS
Oceaneering International, Inc. is a global oilfield provider of engineered services and products, primarily to the offshore oil and gas industry. Oceaneering also serves the offshore renewables, defense, aerospace and commercial theme park industries. Oceaneering was organized as a Delaware corporation in 1969 out of the combination of three diving service companies founded in the early 1960s. Since our establishment, we have concentrated on the development and marketing of underwater services and products to meet customer needs requiring the use of advanced technology. We believe we are one of the world's largest underwater services contractors. The services and products we provide to the energy industry include remotely operated vehicles, specialty subsea hardware, engineering and project management, subsea intervention services, including manned diving, survey and positioning services, seabed preparation and asset integrity and nondestructive testing services. Our foreign operations, principally in the North Sea, Africa, Brazil, Australia and Asia, accounted for approximately 51%53% of our revenue, or $1.0 billion,$967 million, for the year ended December 31, 2017.2020.
Realignment of Reportable Segments
As described in Note 11—“Operations by Business Segment and Geographic Area” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report, in the third quarter of 2020, we changed our organizational structure as part of the transformation to realign our businesses to achieve greater cost efficiencies and to bring together business units that frequently work together and promote increased synergies in bidding, project management and the use of offshore technicians. As a result, information that our chief operating decision maker regularly reviews for purposes of allocating resources and assessing performance changed. Therefore, for the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, we are reporting our financial results consistent with our newly realigned operating segments and have recast certain prior period amounts to conform to the way we internally manage our businesses and monitor segment performance. Our new structure aligns our company around five reportable segments: (1) Subsea Robotics; (2) Manufactured Products; (3) Offshore Projects Group; (4) Integrity Management & Digital Solutions; and (5) Aerospace and Defense Technologies.
Our business segments are contained within two businesses – services and products provided primarily to the oil and gas industry, ("Oilfield"and to a lesser extent, the offshore renewables and mobility solutions industries (“Energy Services and Products”) and services and products provided to non-energy industries ("Advanced Technologies"(“Aerospace and Defense Technologies”). Our four business segments within the OilfieldEnergy Services and Products business are Remotely Operated Vehicles ("ROVs"), Subsea Robotics, Manufactured Products, SubseaOffshore Projects Group and Asset Integrity.Integrity Management & Digital Solutions. We report our AdvancedAerospace and Defense Technologies business as one segment. Unallocated Expenses are expenses not associated with a specific business segment. These consist of expenses related to our incentive and deferred compensation plans, including restricted stock and bonuses, as well as other general expenses.
Oilfield. Energy Services and Products. The primary focus of our OilfieldEnergy Services and Products business over the last several years has been toward increasingleveraging our asset base and capabilities for providing services and products for offshore energy operations and subsea completions. In recent years, we have focused on increasingcompletions, inclusive of our service and product offerings toward our oil and gas customers' operating expenses and the offshore renewable energy market.
During the past ten years, we have acquired businesses to expand and complementSubsea Robotics. Our Subsea Robotics segment consists of our service and product offerings. These include:

a Canadian manufacturer of clamp connectors, check valves and universal ball joints;
a Norwegian-based provider of inspection, maintenance, subsea engineering and field operations services, principally to the oil and gas industry;
a Norwegian rental provider of specialized subsea dredging equipment, including ROV-deployed units, to the offshore oil and gas industry;
a Norwegian oilfield technology company specializing in providing subsea toolingRemotely Operated Vehicles (“ROVs”), survey services and plugging, abandonmentROV tooling businesses, merging our underwater robotics and decommissioningautomation capabilities with our subsea delivery systems. Our Subsea Robotics segment consists of offshore oilour prior ROV segment, and gas production platformsROV tooling (previously in our Subsea Products segment) and subsea wellheads;survey services (previously in our Subsea Projects segment).
a Norwegian design and fabrication company specializing in subsea tools for the offshore oil and gas industry;
a U.S.-based international provider of survey and positioning services;
a business that uses ROVs to perform surveys on mobile offshore drilling units and floating production systems that satisfy the underwater inspection in lieu of drydocking (UWILD) requirements of all major classification societies;
the assets of a provider of riserless light well intervention services; and
a majority interest in an Azerbaijani company that supports the provision of ROV and diving services in the Caspian Sea region.
ROVs.We provide ROVs, which are tethered submersible vehicles remotely operated from the surface, to customers in the oil and gasenergy industry for drilling support and vessel-based services, including subsea hardware installation, construction, pipeline inspection, survey and facilities inspection, maintenance and repair.repair (“IMR”). We design, build, retrofit and buildupgrade our new and existing ROVs at in-house facilities, the largest of which is in Morgan City, LA.Louisiana. In 2017,2020, we manufactured and added seventhree ROVs to our fleet and retired eight.three. Our work-class ROV fleet size was 279 at250 as of December 31, 2017, 280 at

2020 and 2019, and 275 as of December 31, 2016 and 315 at December 31, 2015. We have decreased our ROV fleet size over the last three years as a result2018.
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Table of lower market demand.Contents
SubseaManufactured Products. Our SubseaManufactured Products segment consists of twoour manufactured products business units: (1) manufactured products;(previously in our Subsea Products segment), as well as theme park entertainment systems and (2) service and rental.automated guided vehicles (“AGV”) (both previously in our Advanced Technologies segment).
Our Manufactured products includeProducts segment provides distribution systems such as production control umbilicals and connection systems made up of specialty subsea hardware. Servicehardware, and rental includes tooling, subsea work systemsprovides turnkey solutions that include program management, engineering design, fabrication/assembly and installation to the commercial theme park industry and workover control systems, which we design and build but operate asmobile robotics solutions, including AGV technology to a service.variety of industries.
We provide various types of subsea umbilicals through our Umbilical Solutions division from plants in the United States, Scotland and Brazil. Offshore operators use umbilicals to control subsea wellhead hydrocarbon flow rates, monitor downhole and wellhead conditions and perform chemical injection. Subsea umbilicals are also used to provide power and fluids to other subsea processing hardware, including pumps and gas separation equipment.

Offshore Projects Group.Our Offshore Projects Group (“OPG”) segment consists of: (1) our prior Subsea Projects segment, less survey services and global data solutions; and (2) our service and rental business, less ROV tooling (previously in our Subsea Products segment). This combination brings together business units that frequently work together and promotes increased efficiency in bidding, project management, and the use of offshore technicians.
In 2016, we acquiredOur OPG segment provides a broad portfolio of integrated subsea project capabilities and solutions. Our OPG segment provides the assets of Blue Ocean Technologies, LLC, a privately held provider offollowing:
subsea installation and intervention, including riserless light well intervention ("RLWI"(“RLWI”) services. Subsea well intervention services are intended to maximize production and increase the recovery rate from offshore oil and gas reservoirs or, alternatively, prepare wells to be plugged and abandoned. These RLWI systems have the capability to perform a wide variety of cost-effective services for well interventions, including well diagnostics, damaged well remediation and workovers, and well plugging and abandonment.
Subsea Projects. Our Subsea Projects segment consists of our subsea installation, inspection, maintenance and repair (“IMR”) services, utilizing owned and chartered vessels;
installation and workover control systems (“IWOCS”) and ROV workover control systems (“RWOCS”);
project management and engineering; and
seabed preparation, route clearance and trenching services for submarine cables for the renewable energy markets.
Our OPG segment provides services principally in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico and offshore Angola, and India, utilizing a fleet currently consisting of twothree owned and twothree chartered dynamically positioned deepwater vessels with integrated high-specification work-class ROVs onboard, and threetwo owned shallow water diving support and survey vessels, other spot-chartered vessels and other assets. Our owned vessels are Jones Act-compliant. The dynamically positioned vessels are equipped with thrusters that allow them to maintain a constant position at a location without the use of anchors. They are used in the inspection, maintenance and repairIMR of subsea facilities, pipeline or flowline tie-ins, pipeline crossings and installations. These vessels can also carry and install equipment or umbilicals required to bring subsea well completions into production (tie-back to production facilities). With our acquisition of C & C Technologies, Inc. ("C&C"Ecosse Subsea Limited (“Ecosse”) in 2015,2018, further described below, we provide surveyroute clearance and trenching services.

We previously had several deepwater vessels under long termlong-term charter. The last of our currentlong-term charters of deepwater vessel charters expiresexpired in March 2018. With the current vessel market conditions, we attempt tohave entered into some minimum-day, short-term, time charter vesselsparty agreements and, for specific projects, we continue to charter on a back-to-back basis with the vessel owners. Unless indicated otherwise, eachThis generally minimizes our contract exposure by closely matching our obligations with our revenue.
In March 2018, we acquired Ecosse for approximately $68 million. Ecosse builds and operates tools for seabed preparation, route clearance and trenching for the installation of the charteredsubmarine cables and pipelines. These services are offered on an integrated basis that includes vessels, discussed below is a deepwater multiservice subsea support vessel outfitted with two of our high-specification work-class ROVs.

BeginningROVs and survey services. Enabling technologies acquired in the thirdtransaction include Ecosse's modular seabed system, capable of completing the entire trenching work scope (route preparation, boulder clearance, trenching and backfill), and its newly developed trenching system. These systems primarily serve the shallow water offshore renewables market.
In the second quarter of 2008, we chartered a vessel, the Olympic Intervention IV, for an initial term of five years. Following extension periods, the charter expired in July 2016, and we released the vessel to its owner. We had been using the Olympic Intervention IV in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico.

In 2012, we moved the chartered vessel Ocean Intervention III to Angola and also chartered the Bourbon Oceanteam 101 to work on a three-year field support vessel services contract for a unit of BP plc. We had extended the charter of the Bourbon Oceanteam 101 to January 2017. However, in early 2016, the customer exercised its right, under the field support vessel services contract, to terminate its use of the Bourbon Oceanteam 101 at the end of May 2016. Under the terms of the contract, the costs incurred by us associated with the early release and demobilization of the vessel were reimbursed by the customer. Following the release of the vessel, we redelivered it to the vessel supplier. The charter for the Ocean Intervention III expired at the end of July 2017. Under the field support vessel services contract, which has been extended through January 2019, we are continuing to supply project management and engineering services. We also provide ROV tooling, asset integrity services and installation and workover control system services as requested by the customer. Chartered vessels and barges are provided to the customer upon request. Under the field support vessel services contract, at the customer's request the Ocean Intervention III will be

provided for a fixed term from January 2018 until May 2018 with three one-month optional customer extension periods.
In March 2013, we commenced a five-year bareboat charter for aplaced our new-build, Jones Act-compliant, multiservice support vessel (“MSV”), the Ocean Alliance, we have been using in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. In January 2015, we commenced a two-year contract with a customer for the use of the Ocean Alliance. The contract expired in January 2017, and we are marketing the vessel for spot market work in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. We anticipate that we will return the Ocean Alliance to the vessel owner in the first quarter of 2018 and we will work with the vessel owner on a back-to-back basis on projects for customers in the Gulf of Mexico.
In December 2013, we commenced a three-year charter for the Normand Flower, a multiservice subsea marine support vessel. We made modifications to the vessel and used the vessel in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico to perform inspection, maintenance and repair projects and hardware installations. In December 2016, we declined our option to extend the charter and the vessel was released.
In November 2015, we commenced a two-year charter for the use of the Island Pride, a multiservice subsea marine support vessel. We used the vessel under a two-year contract to provide field support services off the coast of India for an oil and gas customer based in India. In November 2017, that field services contract expired and we declined our option to extend the vessel charter.
We also charter or lease vessels on a short-term basis as necessary to augment our fleet.
In 2010, we acquired a vessel, which we renamed the Ocean Patriot, and we have converted it to a dynamically positioned saturation diving and ROV service vessel. We installed a 12-man saturation ("SAT") diving system and one work-class ROV on the vessel, and we placed the vessel into service in December 2011.
During the third quarter of 2013, we signed an agreement with a shipyard for the construction of a subsea support vessel, to be named the Ocean Evolution. We intend for the vessel to be U.S. flagged, into service. The Ocean Evolution is U.S.-flagged and documented with a coastwise endorsement by the U.S. Coast Guard. It is expected to haveThe vessel has an overall length of 353 feet, a Class 2 dynamic positioning system, accommodations for 110 personnel, a helideck, a 250-ton active heave-compensated crane, and a working moonpool. We expect to outfit the vessel withmoonpool, and two of our high specification 4,000 meter work-class ROVs. The vessel willhas five low-emission Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) Tier 4 diesel engines. The Tier 4 rating is the EPA’s strictest emission requirements for non-road diesel engines. The vessel is also be equipped with a satellite communications system capable of transmitting streaming video for real-time work observation by shoreshore-based personnel. We anticipate theThe vessel will beis being used to
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augment our ability to provide subsea intervention services in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. These services are required to perform inspection, maintenance and repairIMR projects and hardware installations.

In 2015, we acquired C&C for approximately $224 million. C&C is a global providerIntegrity Management & Digital Solutions. Our IMDS segment consists of ocean-bottom mapping services utilizing customized autonomous underwater vehicles and provides marine construction surveys for both surface and subsea assets, as well as satellite-based positioning services for drilling rigs and seismic and construction vessels. C&C also provides land and near-shore survey services along the U.S. Gulf Coast and in Mexico, and performs shallow water conventional geophysical surveys in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico.
our prior Asset Integrity segment plus our global data solutions (“GDS”) and maritime shipping businesses (both previously in our Subsea Projects segment). The inclusion of GDS in this segment facilitates optimized digital and software solutions to our integrity management services. Maritime shipping, an emerging business in GDS, provides essential vessel asset, scheduling and transportation data required by customers shipping cargo by sea to make informed, value-added decisions.
Through our Asset Integrity division,IMDS segment, we provide asset integrity management, corrosion management, inspection and non-destructive testing services, principally to customers in the oil and gas, power generation, and petrochemical industries. We perform these services on both onshore and offshore facilities, both topside and subsea. We also provide software, digital and connectivity solution for the energy industry and software and analytical solutions for the bulk cargo maritime industry.
Aerospace and Defense Technologies. Our Aerospace and Defense Technologies (“ADTech”) segment consists of our government business (previously in our Advanced Technologies segment), focused on defense subsea technologies, marine services, and space systems.
Our ADTech segment provides government services and products including engineering and related manufacturing in defense and space exploration activities, principally to U.S. government agencies and their prime contractors.
General. During the last five years, we have also made several small acquisitions to add complementary technology or serve niche markets. We intend to continue our strategy of acquiring, as opportunities arise, additional assets or businesses, to improve our market position or expand into related service and product lines.
Advanced Technologies. Our Advanced Technologies segment provides engineering However, our primary focus continues to be on capital discipline and related manufacturing, principally to U.S. Government agencies and their prime contractors in defense and space exploration activities, the commercial theme park industry and mobile robotics.

FINANCIAL INFORMATION ABOUT SEGMENTS
For financial information about our business segments, please see the tables in Note 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this report, which present revenue, income from operations, depreciation and amortization expense and capital expenditures for 2017, 2016 and 2015, and identifiable assets, property and equipment and goodwill by business segment as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.generating positive free cash flows.
DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS
OilfieldEnergy Services and Products
Our OilfieldEnergy Services and Products business consists of ROVs,the Subsea Robotics, Manufactured Products, Offshore Projects Group and Integrity Management & Digital Solutions segments.
Subsea Projects and Asset Integrity.
ROVs.Robotics. ROVs are tethered submersible vehicles remotely operated from the surface. We use our ROVs in the offshore oil and gasenergy industry to perform a variety of underwater tasks, including drill support, vessel-based inspection, maintenance and repair,IMR, installation and construction support, pipeline inspection and surveys, and subsea production facility operation and maintenance. Work-class ROVs are outfitted with manipulators, sonar and video cameras, and can operate specialized tooling packages and other equipment or features to facilitate the performance of specific underwater tasks. AtAs of December 31, 2017,2020, we owned 279250 work-class ROVs. We believe we own and operate the largest fleet of work-class ROVs in the world. We also believe we are the industry leader in providing ROV services for offshore drill support, with an estimated 56%58% market share of the contracted floating drilling rigs at the end of 2017.2020.
Subsea Robotics revenue: AmountPercent of Total Revenue
 (in thousands) 
2020493,332 27 %
2019 *583,652 28 %
2018 *513,701 27 %
* Recast to reflect segment changes.
ROV revenue: 
Amount Percent of Total Revenue
 (in thousands)  
2017$393,655
 21%
2016522,121
 23%
2015807,723
 27%
ROV tooling provides an additional operational interface between an ROV and equipment located on the sea floor. We also provide survey services, including hydrographic survey and positioning services and autonomous underwater vehicles for geoscience.

SubseaManufactured Products. We constructprovide advanced technology product development, manufacturing and project management for a variety of specialty subsea hardware and provide related services.industries. These include:

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various types of subsea umbilicals utilizing steel tubes and thermoplastic hoses, and steel tubes, along with termination assemblies;
tooling, ROV tooling and subsea work packages;
production control equipment;
installation and workover control systems;
clamp connectors;
pipeline connector and repair systems;
subsea and topside control valves;
subsea chemical injection valves;
mobile robotics solutions, including AGV technology; and
riserless lightentertainment systems for theme parks.
Our primary focus over the last several years has been toward leveraging our asset base and capabilities for providing services and products for offshore energy operations and subsea completions, as well intervention services.
as the offshore renewable energy market. Offshore well operators use subsea umbilicals and production control equipment to control subsea wellhead hydrocarbon flow, monitor downhole and wellhead conditions and perform chemical injection. They are also used to provide power and fluids to other subsea processing hardware, including pumps and gas/oil separation equipment. ROV tooling provides an additional operational interface between an ROVWe also provide turnkey solutions that include program management, engineering design, fabrication/assembly and permanently installed equipment locatedinstallation to the commercial theme park industry and mobile robotics solutions, including automated guided vehicle technology, to a variety of industries. For both domestic and international markets, we provide engineering services and we manufacture patented motion-based “dark ride” vehicle systems and innovative customized robotic and mechanical solutions to the commercial theme park industry. We also develop, implement and maintain innovative, turnkey logistic solutions based on the sea floor. Subsea work packages facilitate wellautomated guided vehicle technology primarily for automotive manufacturers and associated equipmentretail warehousing markets.
Manufactured Products revenue: AmountPercent of Total Revenue
 (in thousands) 
2020$477,419 26 %
2019 *498,350 24 %
2018 *431,459 23 %
* Recast to reflect segment changes.
Offshore Projects Group.We provide subsea hardware installation, intervention and IMR services for the purposes of flow remediationoffshore oil and well stimulation.gas markets. We provide seabed preparation, route clearance and trenching services for submarine cables in renewable energy markets.
Subsea Products revenue: 
Amount Percent of Total Revenue
 (in thousands)  
2017$625,513
 33%
2016692,030
 30%
2015959,714
 31%

Subsea Projects. We perform subsea oilfieldIMR, intervention and hardware installation services, primarily in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico and inspection, maintenance and repair services. We service offshore projects with dynamically positionedAngola from multiservice vessels that typically have Oceaneering ROVs onboard. We service shallow water projects with our manned diving operation utilizing dive support vessels and saturation diving systems.
We perform subsea intervention and hardware installation services, principally in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, offshore Angola and offshore India from multiservice vessels that have Oceaneering ROVs onboard. TheseOur services include: subsea well tie-backs; pipeline/flowline tie-ins and repairs; pipeline crossings; umbilical and other subsea equipment installations; subsea intervention;interventions; and inspection, maintenance and repairIMR activities.
We service oil and gas industryprovide services for shallow water projects (depths less than 1,000 feet) in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico and offshore Angola with our manned diving operationoperations utilizing the traditional diving techniques of air, mixed gas and saturation diving, all of which use surface-supplied breathing gas. We supply our diving services from threeour owned diving support vessels, offshore facilities and other vesselschartered vessels.
We provide RLWI services to support subsea well intervention projects and facilities. We do not use traditional diving techniques in water depths greater than 1,000 feet.
subsea work packages that facilitate hydrate remediation and well stimulation solutions. We also provide both onshoreIWOCS and offshore mapping services. In certain offshore applications, we utilize customized autonomous underwater vehicles, as well as vessel-mountedRWOCS that support completions, tree installation, workovers, intervention, and towed geophysical equipment. We also provide marine construction surveys for both surfaceplug and subsea assets, as well as satellite-based positioning services for drilling rigs and seismic and construction vessels.abandonment operations.
Offshore Projects Group revenue: AmountPercent of Total Revenue
 (in thousands) 
2020$289,127 16 %
2019 *380,966 19 %
2018 *413,598 22 %
* Recast to reflect segment changes.
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Subsea Projects revenue: 
Amount Percent of Total Revenue
 (in thousands)  
2017$291,993
 15%
2016472,979
 21%
2015604,484
 20%
Asset Integrity.Integrity Management & Digital Solutions. Through our Asset Integrity division,Management & Digital Solutions segment, we offer a wide range of asset integrity services to customers worldwide to help ensure the safety of their facilities onshore and offshore, while reducing their unplanned maintenance and repair costs. We also provide third-party inspections to satisfy contractual structural specifications, internal safety standards or regulatory requirements. We provide these services principally to customers in the oil and gas, petrochemical and power generation industries. In the U.K., we provide Independent Inspection Authority services for the oil and gas industry, which include first-pass integrity evaluation and assessment and nondestructive testing services. We use a variety of technologies to perform pipeline inspections, both onshore and offshore. We also provide maritime shipping and global data solutions. In our digital services, we focus on maritime and energy software offerings and forming key partnerships to expand our capabilities and market reach.
Integrity Management & Digital Solutions revenue: AmountPercent of Total Revenue
 (in thousands) 
2020$226,938 12 %
2019 *266,086 13 %
2018 *273,575 14 %
* Recast to reflect segment changes.
Asset Integrity revenue: 
Amount Percent of Total Revenue
 (in thousands)  
2017$236,778
 12%
2016275,397
 12%
2015372,957
 12%

Advanced Technologies
Aerospace and Defense Technologies. Our AdvancedAerospace and Defense Technologies segment provides engineering services and manufacturing principally to the U.S. Department of Defense, NASA and major defensegovernment contractors. We also provide integrated mobile robotic system solutions to domestic and international theme parks, automotive manufacturers and retail warehousing. We work with our customers to understand their specialized requirements, identify and mitigate risks, and provide them value-added, maintainable, safe and certified solutions. The U.S. Navy is oursegment's largest customer in this segment,is the U.S. Navy, for whom we perform work primarilyengineering services, prototype design building services and repair and maintenance services on surface ships and submarines.
We provide support for the U.S. Navy, including underwater operations, data analysis, the design and development of new underwater tools and systems, and the development of the control software to operate those systems. We also install and maintain mechanical systems for the Navy's submarines and surface ships. We support space exploration and technology development by providing our products and services to NASA and aerospace contractors. Our U.S. Navy and NASA-related activities substantially depend on continued government funding.
Advanced Technologies revenue: 
Amount Percent of Total Revenue
 (in thousands)  
2017$373,568
 19%
2016309,076
 14%
2015317,876
 10%

Aerospace and Defense Technologies revenue: AmountPercent of Total Revenue
 (in thousands) 
2020$341,073 19 %
2019 *319,070 16 %
2018 *277,149 14 %
* Recast to reflect segment changes.
MARKETING
Oilfield.Energy Services and Products. Oil and gas exploration and development expenditures fluctuate from year to year. In particular, budgetary approval for more expensive drilling and production in deepwater, an area in which we have a high degree of focus, may be postponed or suspended during periods when exploration and production companies reduce their offshore capital spending. In recent years, we have focused on increasing our service and product offerings toward our oil and gas customers' operating expenses and the offshore renewable energy market.
We market our ROVs, Subsea Robotics, Manufactured Products, SubseaOffshore Projects Group and Asset Integrity Management & Digital Solutions services and products to domestic, international and foreign national oil and gas companies engaged in offshore exploration, development and production. We also provide services and products as a subcontractor to other oilfield service companies operating as prime contractors. In addition, we market our Manufactured Products mobile robotic solutions to domestic and international theme park operators, automotive manufacturers and retail warehousing operators. Customers for these services typically award contracts on a competitive-bid basis. These contracts are typically less than one year in duration, although we enter into multi-year contracts from time to time.
In connection with the services we perform in our OilfieldEnergy Services and Products business, we generally seek contracts that compensate us on a dayrate basis. Under dayrate contracts, the contractor provides the ROV, vessel or equipment and the required personnel to operate the unit and compensation is based on a rate per day for each day the unit is used. The typical dayrate depends on market conditions, the nature of the operations to be performed, the duration of the work, the equipment and services to be provided, the geographical areas involved
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and other variables. Dayrate contracts may also contain an alternate, lower dayrate that applies when a unit is moving to a new site or when operations are interrupted or restricted by equipment breakdowns, adverse weather or water conditions or other conditions beyond the contractor's control. Sales contractsContracts for our productsproduct sales are generally for a fixed price.
AdvancedAerospace and Defense Technologies. We market our engineered products and services primarily to U.S. Governmentgovernment agencies and their prime contractors in defense and space exploration activities, and to domestic and international theme parks, automotive manufacturers and retail warehousing.activities.
Major Customers. Our top five customers in 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 20152018 accounted for 40%32%, 43%32% and 38%39%, respectively, of our consolidated revenue. In 20172020, 2019 and 2016,2018, four of our top five customers were oil and gas exploration and production companies served by our OilfieldEnergy Services and Products business segments, with the other one being the U.S. Navy or other parts of the U.S. Government, which is served by our AdvancedAerospace and Defense Technologies segment. In 2015, allNo individual customer accounted for more than 10% of our top five customers were oil and gas exploration and production companies served by our Oilfield business segments.consolidated revenue during 2020. During each of

2017, 2016 and 2015,2019, revenue from one customer, BP plc and subsidiaries, accounted for 12%, 18%and 18%, respectively,10% of our total consolidated annual revenue. During 2018, revenue from Royal Dutch Shell and subsidiaries accounted for 10% of our total consolidated annual revenue.
Although we do not depend on any one customer, the loss of one of our significant customers could, at least on a short-term basis, have an adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows.
RAW MATERIALS
Most of the raw materials we use in our manufacturing operations, such as steel in various forms, copper, electronic components and plastics, are available from many sources. However, some components we use to manufacture subsea umbilicals are available from limited sources. With the exception of certain kinds of steel tube, where we are limited in the number of available suppliers, we can offer alternative materials or technologies in many cases, which depends on the requisite approval of our customers. AlthoughWe believe we have experienced some level of difficulty in obtaining certain kindssecured a sufficient amount of steel tubetubes to satisfy existing backlog and anticipated orders to be produced in the past due to global demand outstripping capacity, an increase in supplier capacity, coupled with a drop in global demand, has resolved this issue, and we believe the situation is unlikely to recur in the near future.2021.
COMPETITION
Our businesses operate in highly competitive industry segments.
OilfieldEnergy Services and Products
We are one of several companies that provide underwater services and specialty subsea hardware on a worldwide basis. We compete for contracts with companies that have worldwide operations, as well as numerous others operating locally in various areas. We believe that our ability to safely provide a wide range of underwater services and products on a worldwide basis enables us to compete effectively in all phases of the offshore oilfield life cycle. In some cases involving projects that require less sophisticated equipment, small companies have been able to bid for contracts at prices uneconomical to us. Additionally, in some jurisdictions we are subject to foreign governmental regulations favoring or requiring the awarding of contracts to local contractors or requiring foreign contractors to employ citizens of, or purchase supplies from, a particular jurisdiction. These regulations may adversely affect our ability to compete.
ROVs.The adverse impacts of the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic and the resulting supply and demand imbalance along with lower crude oil prices are resulting in lower levels of activity and profitability. As we expect a recovery will take time to restore profitability and generate satisfactory returns, we have been reviewing our cost structure and aggressively implementing cost improvement initiatives.
Subsea Robotics. We believe we are the world's largest owner/operator of work-class ROVs employed in oil and gasenergy related operations. AtAs of December 31, 2017,2020, we owned 279250 work-class ROVs, and we estimate that this represented approximately 28% of the work-class ROVs utilized in the oilfield service industry.ROVs. We compete with several major companies on a worldwide basis and with numerous others operating locally in various areas.
Competition for ROV services, including ROV tooling, historically has been based on equipment availability, location of or ability to deploy the equipment, quality of service and price. The relative importance of these factors can vary over time based on market conditions. The ability to develop improved equipment and techniques and to train and retain skilled personnel is also an important competitive factor in our markets. Demand for ROVs has been decreasing since mid 2014 due to the oil price
Our survey and positioning services, along with our seabed preparation, route clearance and trenching services, operate in a competitive environment andas one of several companies that provide these services.
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Manufactured Products. With our margins have decreased in recent periods due to lower utilization and pricing pressure, as price has become a more important factor in the current oil price environment.
Subsea Products. There are many competitors offering specialized products. Wemanufactured products business, we are one of several companies that compete on a worldwide basis for the provision of thermoplastic and steel tube subseaand thermoplastic control umbilicals, and, compared to current and forecasted market demand for the currently foreseeable future, we are faced with some overcapacity in the umbilical manufacturing market.
Subsea Projects. Within our mobility solutions businesses, there are many competitors offering specialized services and products, both on a regional and global basis.
Offshore Projects Group. We perform subsea intervention and hardware installation services, principally in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico and offshore Angola, and India, from multiservice deepwater vessels. We are one of many companies that offer these services. In general, our competitors can move their vessels to where we operate from other locations with relative ease. We also have many competitors that supply commercial diving services to the oil and gas industry in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. Our surveyWithin our service and positioningrental business, there are many competitors offering specialized services are similarly competitive.and products both on a regional and global basis.

Asset Integrity. Integrity Management & Digital Solutions. The worldwide asset integrity and inspection markets consist of a wide range of inspection and certification requirements in many industries. We currently compete in only selected portions of this market. We are expanding our integrity management services into adjacent markets and are developing our digitization services. We believe that our broad geographic sales and operational coverage, long history of operations, technical and safety reputation, application of various pipeline inspection technologies and accreditation to international quality standards enable us to compete effectively in our selected asset integrity and inspection services market segments.
AdvancedAerospace and Defense Technologies
Engineering services is a very broad market with a large number of competitors. We compete in specialized areas in which we can combine our extensive program management experience, mechanical engineering expertise and the capability to continue the development of conceptual project designs into the manufacture of custom equipment for customers.
SEASONALITY AND BACKLOG
We generate a material amount of our consolidated revenue from contracts for services in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico in our SubseaOffshore Projects Group segment, which is usually more active in the second and third quarters, as compared to the rest of the year. The European operations of our Asset Integrity Management & Digital Solutions segment are also seasonally more active in the second and third quarters. Revenue in our ROVSubsea Robotics segment is subject to seasonal variations in demand, with our first quarter generally being the low quarter of the year. The level of our ROVSubsea Robotics seasonality depends on the number of ROVs we have engaged in vessel-based subsea infrastructure inspection, maintenance, repairIMR and installation, which is more seasonal than drilling support. Revenue in each of our SubseaManufactured Products and AdvancedAerospace and Defense Technologies segments generally has generally not been seasonal.
The amounts of backlog orders we believed to be firm as of December 31, 20172020 and 20162019 were as follows (in millions):
 
 As of December 31, 2017 As of December 31, 2016
 Total 1+ yr* Total 1+ yr*
Oilfield       
ROVs$432
 $198
 $498
 $263
Subsea Products276
 50
 431
 91
Subsea Projects153
 38
 149
 
Asset Integrity301
 111
 280
 124
Total Oilfield1,162
 397
 1,358
 478
Advanced Technologies218
 47
 195
 29
Total$1,380
 $444
 $1,553
 $507
 As of December 31, 2020As of December 31, 2019 *
 Total1+ yr †Total1+ yr †
Energy Services and Products
Subsea Robotics$538 $215 $600 $205 
Manufactured Products266 41 570 132 
Offshore Projects Group160  170 64 
Integrity Management & Digital Solutions413 — 246 246 71 
Total Energy Services and Products1,377 511 1,586 472 
Aerospace and Defense Technologies144 12 131 18 
Total$1,521 $523 $1,717 $490 
* Recast to reflect segment changes.
† Represents amounts that were not expected to be performed within one year.
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 *    Represents amounts that were not expected to be performed within one year.
No material portion of our business is subject to renegotiation of profits or termination of contracts by the U.S. government.Government.
PATENTS AND LICENSES
We currently hold numerous of U.S. and foreign patents and pending patent applications. We have acquired patents and licenses and granted licenses to others when we have considered it advantageous for us to do so. Although in the aggregate our patents and licenses are important to us, we do not regard any single patent or license or group of related patents or licenses as critical or essential to our business as a whole. In general, we depend on our technological capabilities and the application of know-how rather than patents and licenses in the conduct of our operations.

REGULATION
Our operations are affected from time to time and in varying degrees by foreign and domestic political developments and foreign, federal and local laws and regulations, including those relating to:

operating from and around offshore drilling, production and marine facilities;
national preference for local equipment and personnel;
marine vessel safety;
protection of the environment;environment, including pollution and climate change;
workplace health and safety;
taxation;data privacy;
taxation;
license requirements for exportation of our equipment and technology; and
currency conversion and repatriation.
In addition, our OilfieldEnergy Services and Products business primarily depends on the demand for our services and products from the oil and gas industry and, therefore, is affected by changing taxes, price controls and other laws and regulations relating to the oil and gas industry generally. The adoption of laws and regulations curtailing offshore exploration and development drilling for oil and gas for economic and other policy reasons would adversely affect our operations by limiting demand for our services. We cannot determine the extent to which new legislation, new regulations or changes in existing laws or regulations may affect our future operations.
Our operations and properties are subject to a wide variety of increasingly complex and stringent foreign, federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations, including those governing discharges into the air and water, the handling and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes, the remediation of soil and groundwater contaminated by hazardous substances and the health and safety of employees. Sanctions for noncompliance may include revocation of permits, corrective action orders, administrative or civil penalties and criminal prosecution. Some environmental laws provide for strict, joint and several liability for remediation of spills and other releases of hazardous substances, as well as damage to natural resources. In addition, companies may be subject to claims alleging personal injury or property damage as a result of alleged exposure to hazardous substances. These laws and regulations may also expose us to liability for the conduct of or conditions caused by others, or for our acts that were in compliance with all applicable laws at the time such acts were performed.
Environmental laws and regulations that apply to our operations include the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (each, as amended) and similar laws that provide for responses to, and liability for, releases of hazardous substances into the environment. Environmental laws and regulations also include similar foreign, state or local counterparts to the above-mentioned federal laws, which regulate air emissions, water discharges, hazardous substances and waste, and require public disclosure related to the use of various hazardous substances. Our operations are also governed by laws and regulations relating to workplace safety and worker health, primarily, in the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Act and regulations promulgated thereunder.
Compliance with federal, state and local provisions regulating the discharge of materials into the environment or relating to the protection of the environment has not had a material impact on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We cannot predict all of the environmental requirements or circumstances that will exist in the future but anticipate that environmental control and protection standards will become increasingly stringent and
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costly. Based on our experience to date, we do not currently anticipate any material adverse effect on our business or consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows as a result of future compliance with existing environmental laws and regulations. However, future events, such as changes in existing laws and regulations or their interpretation, more vigorous enforcement policies of regulatory agencies, or stricter or different interpretations of existing laws and regulations, may require additional expenditures by us, which may be material. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will not incur significant environmental compliance costs in the future.


Our quality management systems are registered as being in conformance with ISO 9001:2015 and cover:

all our Oilfield services and productsSubsea Robotics operations in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, the United Kingdom (the "U.K."(“U.K.”), Norway, Angola, Ghana, Brazil, Canada, India, the Middle East, Australia, Indonesia and Norway;Malaysia;
our Remotely Operated VehicleIntegrity Management & Digital Solutions operations in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, the U.K., Norway, Angola, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Qatar, Australia, Malaysia and Indonesia;
our Offshore Projects Group operations in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, the U.K., Norway, Brazil, Canada, India, the Middle East, Australia, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand and Asia;Malaysia;
our Asset IntegrityManufactured Products operations in Brazil, Canada, the Western Hemisphere,U.S., the Middle East, Australia,Netherlands, including (1) Rotator in Norway and (2) Grayloc in the United States, Canada, the U.K. and Indonesia;Malaysia; and
our Subsea Projects operations;
our Subsea Products segment; and
the Oceaneering Space Systems, Oceaneering Technologies Entertainment and Marine Services unitsdivisions of our AdvancedAerospace and Defense Technologies segment.
ISO 9001 is an internationally recognized system for quality management established by the International Standards Organization, and the 2015 edition emphasizes customer satisfaction, risk assessment and continual improvement.
EMPLOYEESHUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES
As of December 31, 2017,2020, we had approximately 8,200 employees. 8,300 employees, of whom approximately 40% were employed in the United States and approximately 60% were employed outside of the United States.Our workforce varies seasonally and typically peaks during the second and third quarters. quarters of each year. In 2020, we worked in approximately 50 countries across six continents and employed people representing over 100 different nationalities.
We considerbelieve that our relationsfuture success largely depends on our continued ability to attract and retain highly skilled employees. We provide our employees with competitive compensation packages, development programs that enable continued learning and growth, and comprehensive and competitive benefit packages worldwide. Our compensation and benefits arrangements generally are tailored to local markets of operation. Employee benefits, therefore, typically depend on role and work location.
As part of our retention and promotion efforts, we invest in ongoing leadership development. We have a strong history of internal promotion. We regularly provide our employees with training, including health, safety and environmental (“HSE”) awareness training, technical courses, management development seminars, and leadership and supervisory training.
Our core values and culture reflect our commitments to safety, diversity and inclusion, human health, the environment, ethical business practices and responsible corporate citizenship in the communities in which we live and work around the world. All employees are responsible for upholding our core values. We believe our core values and culture foster employee engagement and innovation, and allow us to draw on our employees' skills and aspirations in a mutually beneficial way.
Safety is a key focus of all Oceaneering operations. We have a strong HSE program that includes processes implemented by our operating groups that are aimed at preventing injuries to our employees and others with whom we work, as well as preventing damage to equipment and the environment. We hold our employees, and those of our subcontractors and vendors who appear in our workplaces or job sites, accountable for compliance with our safety standards.
As a global company, much of our success is rooted in the diversity of our workforce and our commitment to inclusion. We value diversity at all levels and continue to focus on extending our diversity and inclusion initiatives across our entire workforce.We have established an internal Diversity & Inclusion Council, made up of 19 employees, to be satisfactory.
FINANCIAL INFORMATION ABOUT GEOGRAPHIC AREAS
For financial information aboutlisten, guide and support our geographic areas of operation, please see the tables in Note 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statementsefforts in this report, which present revenue for 2017, 2016 and 2015 and long-lived assets asarea.
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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
We are including the following discussion to inform our existing and potential security holders generally of some of the risks and uncertainties that can affect our company and to take advantage of the "safe harbor"“safe harbor” protection for forward-looking statements that applicable federal securities law affords.

From time to time, our management or persons acting on our behalf make forward-looking statements to inform existing and potential security holders about our company. These statements may include projections and estimates concerning the timing and success of specific projects and our future orders, revenue, income and capital spending. Forward-looking statements are generally accompanied by words such as "estimate," "plan," "project," "predict," "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "plan," "forecast," "budget," "goal," "may," "should,"“estimate,” “plan,” “project,” “predict,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “forecast,” “budget,” “goal,” “may,” “should,” or other words that convey the uncertainty of future events or outcomes. In addition, sometimes we will specifically describe a statement as being a forward-looking statement and refer to this cautionary statement.

In addition, various statements this report contains, including those that express a belief, expectation or intention are forward-looking statements. Those forward-looking statements appear in Part I of this report in Item 1 – "Business,"1—“Business,” Item 2 – "Properties"2—“Properties” and Item 3 – "Legal Proceedings"3—“Legal Proceedings” and in Part II of this report in Item 7 – "Management's7—“Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," Item 7A – "Quantitative7A—“Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk"Risk” and in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements incorporated into Item 8 and elsewhere in this report. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report, we disclaim any obligation to update these statements, and we caution you not to rely unduly on them. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and assumptions about future events. While our management considers these expectations and assumptions to be reasonable, they are inherently subject to significant business, economic, competitive, regulatory and other risks, contingencies and uncertainties, most of which are difficult to predict and many of which are

beyond our control. These risks, contingencies and uncertainties relate to, among other matters, the following:

factors affecting the level of activity in the energy industry, including worldwide demand for and prices of oil and gas;natural gas, oil and natural gas production growth and the supply and demand of offshore drilling rigs;
changes in,actions by members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, or our ability to comply with, government regulations, including those relating to the environment;OPEC, and other oil exporting countries;
the continued availability of qualified personnel;
general economic and business conditions and industry trends;
the volatility and uncertainties of credit markets;
the highly competitive nature of our businesses;
decisions about offshore developments to be made by oil and gas exploration, development and production companies;
decisions about offshore developments to be made by offshore renewables companies;
the use of subsea completions and our ability to capture our share of the associated market;
factors affecting the level of activity in each of our government and entertainment businesses, including decisions on spending and funding by the U.S. Government and capital expenditure decisions by entertainment business customers, such as theme park operators;
general economic and business conditions and industry trends, including the ongoing transition to alternative sources of energy to reduce worldwide emissions of carbon dioxide and other “greenhouse gases”;
the strength of the industry segments in which we are involved;
the continuing effects of the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic and the governmental, customer, supplier and other responses to the pandemic;
cancellations of contracts, change orders and other contractual modifications and the resulting adjustments to our backlog;
collections from our customers;
the use of subsea completions and our ability to capture associated market share;
the strength of the industry segments in which we are involved;
the levels of oil and gas production to be processed by the Medusa field production spar platform;
our future financial performance, including as a result of the availability, terms and deployment of capital;
the consequences of significant changes in currency exchange rates;
the volatility and uncertainties of credit markets;
our ability to comply with covenants in our credit agreements and other debt instruments and the availability, terms and deployment of capital;
changes in tax laws, regulations and interpretation by taxing authorities;
changes in, or our ability to comply with, other laws and governmental regulations, including those relating to the environment (including pollution and climate change);
the continued availability of qualified personnel;
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our ability to obtain raw materials and parts on a timely basis and, in some cases, from limited sources;
operating risks normally incident to offshore exploration, development and production operations;
hurricanes and other adverse weather and sea conditions;
cost and time associated with drydocking of our vessels;
the highly competitive nature of our businesses;
adverse outcomes from legal or regulatory proceedings;
the risks associated with integrating businesses we acquire;
the risks associated with the transition to a more remote workforce;
the risks associated with the use of complex information technology systems, including cybersecurity risks and the risks associated with failures to protect data privacy in accordance with applicable legal requirements and contractual provisions binding upon us;
rapid technological changes; and
social, political, military and economic situations in foreign countries where we do business and the possibilities of civil disturbances, war, other armed conflicts or terrorist attacks.
We believe the items we have outlined above are important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed in a forward-looking statement made in this report or elsewhere by us or on our behalf. We have discussed most of these factors in more detail elsewhere in this report. These factors are not necessarily all the factors that could affect us. Unpredictable or unanticipated factors we have not discussed in this report could also have material adverse effects on actual results of matters that are the subject of our forward-looking statements. We do not intend to update our description of important factors each time a potential important factor arises. We advise our security holders that they should (1) be aware that important factors we do not refer to above could affect the accuracy of our forward-looking statements and (2) use caution and common sense when considering our forward-looking statements.
AVAILABLE INFORMATION
Our Web sitewebsite address is www.oceaneering.com. We make available through this Web sitewebsite under "Investor“Investor Relations — SEC Financial Reports," free of charge, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, amendments to those reports and Section 16 filings by our directors and executive officers as soon as reasonably practicable after we, or our executive officers or directors, as the case may be, electronically file those materials with, or furnish those materials to, the SEC. You may read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. You may obtain information regarding the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. In addition, the SEC maintains a Web site,website, www.sec.gov, which contains reports, proxy and other information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

We have adopted, and posted on our Web site:website: our corporate governance guidelines; a code of ethics for our Chief Executive Officer and Senior Financial Officers; and charters for the Audit, Nominating and Corporate Governance and Compensation Committees of our Board of Directors.Directors; and a code of business conduct and ethics that applies to all of our directors, officers and employees.

INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT
Executive Officers. The following information relates to our executive officers as of February 23, 2018:
19, 2021:
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NAME AGE POSITION EXECUTIVE
OFFICER
SINCE
 EMPLOYEE
SINCE
NAMEAGEPOSITIONEXECUTIVE
OFFICER
SINCE
EMPLOYEE
SINCE
Roderick A. Larson 51 President and Chief Executive Officer and Director 2012 2012Roderick A. Larson54President and Chief Executive Officer and Director20122012
Clyde W. Hewlett 63 Chief Operating Officer 2011 1988
Charles W. Davison, Jr.Charles W. Davison, Jr.52Chief Operating Officer20192019
Earl F. ChildressEarl F. Childress55Senior Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer20202020
Alan R. Curtis 52 Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer 2015 1995Alan R. Curtis55Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer20151995
Stephen P. Barrett 60 Senior Vice President, Business Development 2015 2015
Holly D. KriendlerHolly D. Kriendler56Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer20202016
David K. Lawrence 58 Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary 2012 2005David K. Lawrence61Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary20122005
W. Cardon Gerner 63 Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer 2006 2006
William J. Boyle 57 Senior Vice President, Asset Integrity 2016 2016
Eric A. SilvaEric A. Silva61Senior Vice President and Chief Transformation Officer20172014
Philip G. BeierlPhilip G. Beierl62Senior Vice President, Aerospace and Defense Technologies20182005
Benjamin M. LauraBenjamin M. Laura42Senior Vice President, Offshore Projects Group20202014
Witland J. LeBlanc, Jr.Witland J. LeBlanc, Jr.50Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer20192010
Martin J. McDonald 54 Senior Vice President, Remotely Operated Vehicles 2015 1989Martin J. McDonald57Senior Vice President, Subsea Robotics20151989
Eric A. Silva 58 Senior Vice President, Operations Support 2017 2014
Robert P. Moschetta 62 Senior Vice President, Health Safety Environment/Training/Quality 2017 2000
Shaun R. RoedelShaun R. Roedel53Senior Vice President, Manufactured Products20202009
Kishore SundararajanKishore Sundararajan59Senior Vice President, Integrity Management and Digital Solutions20202020
 
Each executive officer serves at the discretion of our Chief Executive Officer and our Board of Directors and is subject to reelection or reappointment each year after the annual meeting of our shareholders. We do not know of any arrangement or understanding between any of the above persons and any other person or persons pursuant to which he wasthey were selected or appointed as an officer.
Business Experience. The following summarizes the business experience of our executive officers. Except where we otherwise indicate, each of these persons has held his or her current position with Oceaneering for at least the past five years.
Roderick A. Larson joined Oceaneering in May 2012 as Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, became President in February 2015 and became President and Chief Executive Officer and Director in May 2017. Mr. Larson previously held positions with Baker Hughes Incorporated from 1990 until he joined Oceaneering, serving most recently as President, Latin America Region from January 2011. Previously, he served as Vice President of Operations, Gulf of Mexico Region from 2009 to 2011, Gulf Coast Area Manager from 2007 to 2009, and Special Projects Leader Technical Training Task from 2006 to 2007.

ClydeCharles W. Hewlett,Davison, Jr., Chief Operating Officer, joined Oceaneering most recently in June 2019. After leaving Oceaneering in June 2015, he served as Chief Executive Officer and President of Fairfield Geotechnologies (“Fairfield”). He continues to serve as nonexecutive chairman of the board of directors of Magseis Fairfield ASA, a position he has extensive experienceheld since the acquisition by Magseis ASA of Fairfield’s seismic technologies business in the offshore and subsea oilfield markets.December 2018. He first joined Oceaneering in 1988 and has held increasingly responsible positions. He has servedNovember 2007 as our Vice President, of Mobile Offshore Production Systems, Vice President of Subsea Projects, Senior Vice President of Subsea Projects andUmbilical Solutions. He was appointed Senior Vice President, Subsea Services. He was promotedProducts, in January 2014 and served in that position until June 2015. Prior to November 2007, he spent eight years with General Electric Company, holding various roles in operational and supply chain management.
Earl F. Childress, Senior Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer, joined Oceaneering in March 2020 as Senior Vice President, Business Development and assumed his current positionrole in August 2015. 

May 2020. From 2015 to 2020, he served as Executive Vice President of Strategy and Business Development for Teledyne Marine, and as General Manager of Teledyne Seismic and Teledyne RD Instruments. Prior to 2015, Mr. Childress served in sales, marketing and strategy roles for Teledyne, including mergers and acquisitions in marine instrumentation markets. Mr. Childress is a member of Petroleum Equipment and Services Association and the National Ocean Industries Association.
Alan R. Curtis, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, joined Oceaneering in 1995 as the Financial and Operations Controller for our Subsea Products segment, and became Vice President and Controller of Subsea Products in 2013 and Senior Vice President, Operations Support in 2014. He was appointed to his current position in August 2015.

Stephen P. Barrett,Holly D. Kriendler, Senior Vice President Business Development,and Chief Human Resources Officer, joined Oceaneering in July 2015October 2016 as Senior Vice President, Subsea Products.  HeHuman Resources and was appointed as its Chief Human Resources Officer in 2018 and to hisher current position in November 2016.March 2020, with responsibility for Oceaneering’s human resources, global mobility and
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operations training functions. Prior to joining Oceaneering, heMs. Kriendler served in human resources leadership positions from 2006 to 2016 at FMC Technologies beginningaffiliates of Tyco International Ltd. and successor entities, including most recently as Vice President, Human Resources for The ADT Corporation from 2012. Ms. Kriendler has more than 25 years of experience in 1982, progressing through

a variety of engineering, sales and marketing, and general management roles.  His last three roles at FMC Technologies were Western Region Subsea General Manager, Global Subsea Products Director and Global Subsea Services Director.

human resources management.
David K. Lawrence, Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary, joined Oceaneering in 2005 as Assistant General Counsel. He was appointed Associate General Counsel effective January 2011, Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary in January 2012 and to his current position in February 2014. HeMr. Lawrence has over 25more than 30 years of experience as in-house counsel in the oilfield servicesoil and products industrygas and manufacturing.
W. Cardon Gerner, Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer, joined Oceaneering in 2006 as Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer, and became a Senior Vice President in August 2011 and served as our Chief Financial Officer from that date until August 2015. From 1999 to 2006, he held various financial positions with Service Corporation International, a global provider of death-care services, serving as Vice President Accounting from 2002 to 2006. He also served as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Equity Corporation International from 1995 to 1999. He is a Certified Public Accountant.

William J. Boyle, Senior Vice President, Asset Integrity, joined Oceaneering in March 2016. Prior to joining Oceaneering, Mr. Boyle held the position of Chief Executive Officer with Underwater Integrity Solutions from November 2014 until December 2015.  Previously, Mr. Boyle held senior leadership positions at Forum Energy Technologies, Inc. from 2013 to 2014, Clough Limited from 2008 to 2012, Subsea 7 S.A. from 2005 to 2008, John Wood Group PLC from 2003 to 2005 and Technip S.A. from 1991 to 2003.

Martin J. McDonald, Senior Vice President, Remotely Operated Vehicles, joined Oceaneering in 1989. He has held a variety of domestic and international positions of increasing responsibility in our ROV segment and most recently served as Vice President and General Manager for our ROV operations in the Eastern Hemisphere from 2006 until being appointed to his current position effective January 2016.

manufacturing industries.
Eric A. Silva, Senior Vice President, Operations Support, joined Oceaneering in February 2014 as Chief Information Officer and Vice President. He was appointed to his current position in August 2015 and was appointed an executive officer in 2017. Prior to joining Oceaneering, Mr. Silva was a consultant from May 2012 to February 2014 and served as the Chief Information Officer at El Paso Corporation from 2010 to May 2012. Prior to such time, he was Vice President of Information Technology of LyondellBasell Industries N.V. (formerly LyondellBasell Industries AF S.C.A.) from December 2007 to 2010, and was Vice President of Information Technology of Lyondell Chemical Company from 2002 to 2007.

Robert P. Moschetta,Philip G. Beierl, Senior Vice President, Health Safety Environment/Training/Quality,Aerospace and Defense Technologies, joined Oceaneering in 20002005 and held leadership positions in the Oceaneering Technologies business unit, most recently as Corporate HSE Director responsible for safetyits Vice President and environmental support for Oceaneering’s worldwide operations. He becameGeneral Manager from 2014. Mr. Beierl was appointed as Oceaneering's Senior Vice President, Health Safety Environment/Training/QualityAdvanced Technologies in 2018 and to his current position in August 2020. Before joining Oceaneering, he served in the U.S. Navy for over 25 years.
Benjamin M. Laura, Senior Vice President, Offshore Projects Group, joined Oceaneering as Director of Subsea Services in 2014, was appointed as its as Vice President of Service, Technology & Rentals in 2015, as its Senior Vice President, Service and Rental in March 2020 and to his current position in May 2013,2020. Prior to joining Oceaneering, Mr. Laura worked for Baker Hughes as the Vice-President and Managing Director for Baker Hughes do Brasil.
Witland J. LeBlanc, Jr., Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer, joined Oceaneering in 2010 as the Vice President, Tax, and became Vice President, Tax and Treasurer in July 2017. He was appointed an executive officerto his current position in March 2019. He began his career in public accounting and transitioned to industry prior to joining Oceaneering.
Martin J. McDonald, Senior Vice President, Remotely Operated Vehicles, joined Oceaneering in 1989. He held a variety of domestic and international positions of increasing responsibility in our ROV segment and most recently served as Vice President and General Manager for our ROV operations in the Eastern Hemisphere from 2006 until being appointed to his current position effective January 2016.
Shaun R. Roedel, Senior Vice President, Manufactured Products, joined Oceaneering in 2009 as Assistant General Manager/Group Project Manager of the umbilical plant in Panama City, Florida, and became Vice President, Subsea Manufactured Products in 2017. He was appointed to his current position in March 2020. Prior to joining Oceaneering, Mr. Roedel was the head of project management for Siemens Dematic from 1997 to 2004 and the head of project management and construction for Vanderlande Industries from 2004 to 2009. Mr. Roedel served in the U.S. Navy from 1990 to 1997.

Kishore Sundararajan, Senior Vice President, Integrity Management and Digital Solutions, joined Oceaneering in March 2020 as Senior Vice President, Asset Integrity and assumed his current role in May 2020. Before joining Oceaneering, he served as President of Engineering and Product Management, Oil Field Services with Baker Hughes from 2017 to 2019. Prior to that time, he was employed by General Electric in its oil and gas business as Vice President of Engineering and Technology from 2015 to 2017 and as Chief Technology Officer, Measurement and Control from 2014 to 2015. From 1988 to 2014, Mr. Sundararajan held positions of increasing responsibility in automation, robotics and power conversion with the ABB Group, culminating in leadership of its global industrial solutions business.

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Item 1A.Risk Factors.

Item 1A.Risk Factors.
We are subject to various risks and uncertainties in the course of our business. The following summarizes significantthe risks and uncertainties that we consider to be material and that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows and the market value of our securities. Investors in our company should consider these matters, in addition to the other information we have provided in this report and the documents we incorporate by reference.
Business and Operational Risks
We derive most of our revenue from companies in the offshore oil and gas industry, a historically cyclical industry with levels of activity that are significantly affected by the levels and volatility of oil and gas prices.

We derive most of our revenue from customers in the offshore oil and gas exploration, development and production industry. The offshore oil and gas industry is a historically cyclical industry characterized by significant changes in the levels of exploration and development activities. Oil and gas prices, and market expectations of potential changes in those prices, significantly affect the levels of those activities. Worldwide political, economic and military events have contributed to oil and gas price volatility and are likely to continue to do so in the future. Since the general decline in the price of oil from mid 2014,mid-2014, many oil and gas companies made significant reductions in their capital and operating expenditures, which arehave adversely impactingimpacted demand for the services and products provided by our OilfieldEnergy Services and Products business. During this period, exploration expenditures in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, particularly in deepwater sectors, have dropped significantly. This situation was exacerbated in 2020 by further reductions in expenditures by oil and gas companies due to the impact of the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic, including the resulting significant reduction in global demand for oil and natural gas, coupled with the sharp decline in oil prices following the announcement of price reductions and production increases in March 2020 by members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC, and other foreign, oil-exporting countries, as discussed below. So far in 2021, although oil and gas prices have recovered somewhat, there is new uncertainty regarding the long-term outlook for the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, as a result of a temporary ban on leasing of U.S. federal lands imposed by the new administration. Any prolonged reduction in the overall level of offshore oil and gas exploration and development activities, whether resulting from changes in oil and gas prices, limitations on access to capital for such activities, governmental actions or regulatory developments or otherwise, could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations in our operating segments within our OilfieldEnergy Services and Products business. Some factors that have affected and are likely to continue affecting oil and gas prices and the level of demand for our services and products include the following:

worldwide demand for oil and gas;
general economic and business conditions and industry trends;
the ability of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC to set and maintain production levels;
the level of production by non-OPEC countries, including U.S. shale oil;
the ability of oil and gas companies to generate funds for capital expenditures;
the cost of exploring for, developing and producing oil and gas;
domestic and foreign tax policy;
laws and governmental regulations that restrict exploration and development of oil and gas in various offshore jurisdictions;
technological changes;
the political environment of oil-producing regions;
the changing environmental and social landscape; and
the price and availability of alternative fuels;energy.
The ongoing COVID-19 outbreak has adversely affected, and could continue to adversely affect, our business, financial condition and results of operations.
overallThe ongoing COVID-19 outbreak, which the World Health Organization declared a pandemic and the U.S. Government declared a national emergency in March 2020, has resulted in widespread adverse impacts on the global economy and financial markets, and on our employees, customers, suppliers and other parties with whom we have business relations. We have experienced some resulting disruptions to our business operations. For example,
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since mid-March, we have had to restrict access to our administrative offices around the world and quarantine personnel and assets as required by various governmental authorities, our customers’ and our own safety protocols. There is considerable uncertainty regarding the extent to which COVID-19 and its variants will continue to spread, the widespread availability and efficacy of vaccines and the extent and duration of governmental and other measures implemented to try to slow the spread, such as large-scale travel bans and restrictions, border closures, quarantines, shelter-in-place orders and business and government shutdowns. Restrictions of this nature have caused, and may continue to cause, us, our suppliers and other business counterparties to experience operational delays, delays in the delivery of materials and supplies that are sourced from around the globe, and have caused, and may continue to cause, milestones or deadlines relating to various projects to be missed. Further, the impact of the pandemic, including the resulting significant reduction in global demand for oil and natural gas, coupled with the sharp decline in oil prices following the announcement of price reductions and production increases in March 2020 by members of OPEC and other foreign, oil-exporting countries has led to significant global economic conditions.contraction generally and in our industry in particular. Despite recent improvements in commodity prices, oil and natural gas prices are expected to continue to be volatile as a result of these events and the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak, and as changes in oil and natural gas inventories, industry demand and economic performance are reported. We cannot predict whether and the extent to which prices will continue to improve and stabilize.
OurWe have modified certain business and workforce practices (including those related to employee travel, employee work locations, and cancellation of physical participation in meetings, events and conferences) and implemented new protocols to promote social distancing and enhance sanitary measures in our offices and facilities to conform to government restrictions and best practices encouraged by governmental and regulatory authorities. However, the quarantine of personnel or the inability to access our facilities or customer sites could adversely affect our operations. Also, we have a limited number of highly skilled employees for some of our operations. If a large proportion of our employees in those critical positions were to contract COVID-19 or be quarantined as a result of the virus, at the same time, we would rely upon our business continuity plans in an effort to continue operations at our facilities and customer sites and onboard our vessels, but there is no certainty that such measures will be sufficient to mitigate the adverse impact to our operations that could result from shortages of highly skilled employees. Many of our suppliers and other business counterparties have made similar modifications. The resources available to those of our employees who are working remotely may not enable them to maintain the same level of productivity and efficiency, and those and other employees may face additional demands on their time, such as increased responsibilities resulting from school closures or the illness of family members. Although we have experienced only limited absenteeism from employees who are required to be on-site to perform their jobs, absenteeism may increase in the future and may harm our productivity. Further, our increased reliance on remote access to our information systems increases our exposure to potential cybersecurity breaches. We may take further actions as government authorities require or recommend or as we determine to be in the best interests of our employees, customers, suppliers and other business counterparties. There is no certainty that such measures will be sufficient to mitigate the risks posed by the virus, in which case our employees or other individuals may become sick, our ability to perform critical functions could be harmed, and we may be unable to respond to some of the needs of our global business.
We have also received various notices from some of our suppliers and other business counterparties, and provided notices to several customers, regarding performance delays resulting from the pandemic. These actions may result in some disputes and could strain our relations with customers and others. If and to the extent these actions were to result in material modifications or cancellations of the underlying contracts, we could experience reductions in our currently reported backlog and in the anticipated conversion of backlog into revenue in future periods. In addition, worsening economic conditions could result in reductions in backlog over time, which would impact our future financial performance.
Due to the ongoing impact of COVID-19, certain projects that were in process have been delayed in our Manufacturing Products segment. As of December 31, 2020, we had outstanding accounts receivable and contracts assets of approximately $51 million for these projects. We continue to believe these accounts receivable and contract assets are realizable and the projects will resume.
Additionally, to the extent that access to the capital and other financial markets is adversely impactedaffected by the effects of new regulations.COVID-19, we may need to consider alternative sources of funding for some of our operations and for working capital, which may increase our cost of, as well as adversely impact our access to, capital. These uncertain economic conditions may also result in the inability of our customers and other counterparties to make payments to us, on a timely basis or at all, which could adversely affect our business, cash flows, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
During 2010,
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We cannot predict the U.S. government established new regulations relatingfull impact that COVID-19 or the significant disruption and volatility currently being experienced in the oil and natural gas markets will have on our business, cash flows, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations at this time, due to numerous uncertainties. The ultimate impacts will depend on future developments beyond our control, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including, among others, the design of wells and testingultimate geographic spread of the integrityvirus, the consequences of wellbores, the use of drilling fluids, the functionality and testing of well control equipment, including blowout preventers,governmental and other safetymeasures designed to prevent the spread of the virus, the ongoing development and environmental regulations. The U.S. government requires that operators demonstrate their compliance with those regulations before commencing deepwater drilling operations. Changes in laws or regulations regarding offshore oildistribution of vaccines and gas explorationtherapeutic treatments, the duration of the pandemic, actions taken by members of OPEC and development activities, the cost orother foreign, oil-exporting countries, actions taken by governmental authorities, customers, suppliers and other third parties, workforce availability, of insurance and the impacts of these factors on decisions by customers or other industry participants could further reduce demand for our services,timing and extent to which would have a negative impact on our operations.


normal economic and operating conditions resume.
Our international operations involve additional risks not associated with domestic operations.

A significant portion of our revenue is attributable to operations in foreign countries. These activities accounted for approximately 51%53% of our consolidated revenue in 2017.2020. Risks associated with our operations in foreign areas include risks of:

regional and global economic downturns;
public health threats, such as COVID-19, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, severe influenza and other highly communicable viruses or diseases, that could limit access to customers', vendors' or our facilities or offices, impose travel restrictions on our personnel or otherwise adversely affect our operations or demand for our services;
disturbances or other risks that may limit or disrupt markets;
expropriation, confiscation or nationalization of assets;
renegotiation or nullification of existing contracts;
foreign exchange restrictions;
foreign currency fluctuations, particularly in countries highly dependent on oil revenue;
foreign taxation, including the application and interpretation of tax laws;
the inability to repatriate earnings or capital;
uncertainties relating to the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union, including uncertainties about applicable future laws, regulations and treaties regarding tax and free trade agreements, intellectual property rights and supply chain logistics, as well as environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, immigration laws, employment laws, and other rules that could apply to us and our subsidiaries;
changing political conditions;
changing foreign and domestic monetary policies; and
social, political, military and economic situations in foreign areas where we do business and the possibilities of civil disturbances, war, other armed conflict, terrorist attacks or acts of piracy.
Additionally, in some jurisdictions we are subject to foreign governmental regulations favoring or requiring the awarding of contracts to local contractors or requiring foreign contractors to employ citizens of, or purchase supplies from, a particular jurisdiction. These regulations may adversely affect our ability to compete.
Our exposure to the risks we described above varies from country to country. In recent periods, economic conditions, political instability and civil unrest in Africa and Azerbaijan have been among our greatest concerns. There is a risk that a continuation or worsening of these conditions could materially and adversely impact our future business, operations, financial condition and results of operations. Of
Our backlog is subject to unexpected adjustments and cancellations and is, therefore, an uncertain indicator of our total consolidatedfuture revenue and earnings.
There can be no assurance that the revenue included in our backlog will be realized or, if realized, will result in profits. Because of project cancellations or potential changes in the scope or schedule of our customers' projects, we cannot predict with certainty when or if backlog will be realized. Material delays, suspensions, cancellations or payment defaults could materially affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We may be at risk of delays, suspensions and cancellations in the current market environment.
Reductions in our backlog due to cancellation by a customer or for other reasons would adversely affect, potentially to a material extent, the revenue and earnings we actually receive from contracts included in our backlog. Many of our ROV contracts have 30-day notice termination clauses. Some of the contracts in our backlog provide for
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cancellation fees in the event customers cancel projects. These cancellation fees usually provide for reimbursement of our out-of-pocket costs, revenue for 2017,work performed prior to cancellation and a varying percentage of the profits we generated approximately 13%would have realized had the contract been completed. However, under limited circumstances, such as certain bankruptcy events, no cancellation fee would be owed to us. Further, even if a cancellation fee is owed to us, a customer may be unable or may refuse to pay the cancellation fee. We typically have no contractual right upon cancellation to the total contract revenue as reflected in our backlog. If we experience significant project terminations, suspensions or scope adjustments to contracts reflected in our backlog, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be adversely impacted.
Our offshore oilfield operations involve a variety of operating hazards and risks that could cause losses.
Our operations are subject to the hazards inherent in the offshore oilfield business. These include blowouts, explosions, fires, collisions, capsizings and severe weather conditions. These hazards could result in personal injury and loss of life, severe damage to or destruction of property and equipment, pollution or environmental damage and suspension of operations. We may incur substantial liabilities or losses as a result of these hazards. While we maintain insurance protection against some of these risks, and seek to obtain indemnity agreements from our customers requiring the customers to hold us harmless from some of these risks, our insurance and contractual indemnity protection may not be sufficient or effective to protect us under all circumstances or against all risks. The occurrence of a significant event not fully insured or indemnified against or the failure of a customer to meet its indemnification obligations to us could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Legal and Regulatory Risks
Our operations could be adversely impacted by the effects of new regulations.
During 2010, the U.S. Government established new regulations relating to the design of wells and testing of the integrity of wellbores, the use of drilling fluids, the functionality and testing of well control equipment, including blowout preventers, and other safety and environmental regulations. The U.S. Government requires that operators demonstrate their compliance with those regulations before commencing deepwater drilling operations. In addition, increasing attention to issues concerning climate change as a result of the emission of carbon dioxide and other “greenhouse gases” may result in the imposition of additional environmental or other legislation or regulations that seek to restrict, or otherwise impose limitations or costs upon, the emission of greenhouse gases. We cannot predict when or whether any of these various legislative and regulatory proposals may be enacted or adopted or what their effects will be on us or our customers, particularly with respect to offshore oil and gas exploration and development projects. These and other legislative or regulatory developments could increase costs for us and our customers or, in some cases, prevent projects from going forward, thereby potentially reducing the need for our products and services.
Employee, agent or partner misconduct or our overall failure to comply with laws or regulations could weaken our ability to win contracts, which could result in reduced revenue and profits.
Misconduct, fraud, non-compliance with applicable laws and regulations, or other improper activities by one or more of our employees, agents or partners could have a significant negative impact on our business and reputation. Such misconduct could include the failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA"), which prohibits companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to non-U.S. officials, as well as the failure to comply with government procurement regulations, regulations on lobbying or similar activities, regulations pertaining to the internal controls over financial reporting and various other applicable laws or regulations, including the U.K. Bribery Act. We operate in some countries that international corruption monitoring groups have identified as having high levels of corruption. Our activities create the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments by one of our employees or agents that could be in violation of the FCPA or other applicable anti-corruption laws. The precautions we take to prevent and detect misconduct, fraud or non-compliance with applicable laws and regulations may not be effective, and we could face unknown risks or losses. Our failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations or acts of misconduct could subject us to fines, penalties or other sanctions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and our consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Laws and governmental regulations may add to our costs or adversely affect our operations.
Our business is affected by changes in public policy and by federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations relating to the offshore oil and gas industry. Offshore oil and gas exploration and production operations are affected by tax, environmental, safety and other laws, by changes in those laws, application or interpretation of existing laws,
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and changes in related administrative regulations. It is also possible that these laws and regulations may in the future add significantly to our operating costs or those of our customers or otherwise directly or indirectly affect our operations.
Environmental laws and regulations can increase our costs, and our failure to comply with those laws and regulations can expose us to significant liabilities.
Risks of substantial costs and liabilities related to environmental compliance issues are inherent in our operations. Our operations are subject to extensive federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations relating to the generation, storage, handling, emission, transportation and discharge of materials into the environment. Permits are required for the operation of various facilities, and those permits are subject to revocation, modification and renewal. Governmental authorities have the power to enforce compliance with their regulations, and violations are subject to fines, injunctions or both. In some cases, those governmental requirements can impose liability for the entire cost of cleanup on any responsible party without regard to negligence or fault and impose liability on us for the conduct of or conditions others have caused, or for our acts that complied with all applicable requirements when we performed them. It is possible that other developments, such as stricter environmental laws and regulations, and claims for damages to property or persons resulting from our operations, would result in Africa, primarilysubstantial costs and liabilities. In particular, increasing attention to issues concerning climate change as a result of the emission of carbon dioxide and other “greenhouse gases” may result in Angola.the imposition of additional environmental legislation or regulations that seek to restrict, or otherwise impose limitations or costs upon, the emission of greenhouse gases. We cannot predict when or whether any of these various legislative and regulatory proposals may become law or what their effect will be on us or our customers. Such legislation or regulations could increase costs for us and our customers or, in some cases, prevent projects from going forward, thereby potentially reducing the need for our products and services. Our insurance policies and the contractual indemnity protection we seek to obtain from our customers may not be sufficient or effective to protect us under all circumstances or against all risks involving compliance with environmental laws and regulations.

Financial Risks
Foreign exchange risks and fluctuations may affect our profitability on certain projects.
We operate on a worldwide basis with substantial operations outside the U.S. that subject us to U.S. dollar translation and economic risks. In order to manage some of the risks associated with foreign currency exchange rates, we may enter into foreign currency derivative (hedging) instruments, especially when there is currency risk exposure that is not naturally mitigated via our contracts. However, these actions may not always eliminate all currency risk exposure, in particular for our long-term contracts. A disruption in the foreign currency markets, including the markets with respect to any particular currencies, could adversely affect our hedging instruments and subject us to additional currency risk exposure. Based on fluctuations in currency, the U.S. dollar value of our backlog may from time to time increase or decrease significantly. We do not enter into derivative instruments for trading or other speculative purposes. Our operational cash flows and cash balances, though predominately held in U.S. dollars, may consist of different currencies at various points in time in order to execute our contracts globally. Non-U.S. asset and liability balances are subject to currency fluctuations when measured period to period for financial reporting purposes in U.S. dollars.
Maintaining adequate letter of credit and bonding capacity is necessary for us to successfully bid on and win various contracts.
In line with industry practice, we are often required to post standby letters of credit to customers or enter into surety bond arrangements in favor of customers. Those letters of credit and surety bond arrangements generally protect customers against our failure to perform our obligations under the applicable contracts. However, the terms of those letters of credit, including terms relating to the customer’s ability to draw upon the letter of credit and the amount of the letter of credit required, can vary significantly. If a letter of credit or surety bond is required for a particular project and we are unable to obtain it due to insufficient liquidity or other reasons, we may not be able to pursue that project. We have limited capacity for letters of credit, and we rely substantially on bilateral letters of credit from various issuing banks in a number of markets. Moreover, due to events that affect the credit markets generally, letters of credit may be more difficult to obtain in the future or may only be available at significant additional cost. Letters of credit, including through our bilateral arrangements (which are cancelable in the discretion of the issuing banks), may not continue to be available to us on reasonable terms. Our backlog isinability to obtain adequate letters of credit and surety bonds and, as a result, to bid on new work could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
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Changes in the method of determining the U.S. Dollar London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), or the replacement of LIBOR with an alternative reference rate, may adversely affect interest rates and increase our cost of capital.
On July 27, 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority in the United Kingdom announced that it would phase out LIBOR as a benchmark rate by the end of 2021. On November 30, 2020, the ICE Benchmark Administration, the current administrator of LIBOR, announced that it intends to cease publication of 1-week and 2-month LIBOR at the end of 2021 and, subject to unexpected adjustments and cancellations and is, therefore, an uncertain indicator of our future revenues and earnings.
There can be no assurance that the revenues included in our backlog will be realized or, if realized, will result in profits. Because of project cancellations or potential changes in the scope or schedule of our customers' projects, we cannot predictcompliance with certainty when or if backlog will be realized. Material delays, suspensions, cancellations or payment defaults could materially affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We may be at greater risk of delays, suspensions and cancellations in the current oil price environment.

Reductions in our backlog dueapplicable regulations, including as to cancellation by a customer or for other reasons would adversely affect, potentiallyrepresentativeness, it does not intend to a material extent, the revenues and earnings we actually receive from contracts included in our backlog. Many of our ROV contracts have 30-day notice termination clauses. Somecease publication of the contractsremaining tenors until June 30, 2023. However, it is possible that LIBOR’s regulator may determine to cease publication as of an earlier date, if the information used to calculate LIBOR degrades to the degree that it is no longer representative of the underlying market. We expect that different benchmark rates used to price indebtedness will continue to be developed over time. Revolving credit borrowings under our principal credit agreement, which is described in Part II of this report in Item 7—“Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” (the “Credit Agreement”), bear interest at rates tied to LIBOR. In the future, we may need to renegotiate the Credit Agreement or incur indebtedness under other credit arrangements, and the phase-out of LIBOR may negatively impact the terms of such indebtedness. We have not yet pursued an amendment of the Credit Agreement or other contractual alternative to address this matter and are currently evaluating the impact of the potential replacement of LIBOR. If no such amendment or other contractual alternative is established on or prior to the phase-out of LIBOR, interest on revolving credit borrowings under the Credit Agreement may bear interest at higher rates based on the prime rate, which could increase our backlog provide for cancellation feescost of capital in the event customers cancel projects. These cancellation fees usually provide for reimbursement of our out-of-pocket costs, revenues for work performed prior to cancellation andwe borrow against the Credit Agreement. Furthermore, the overall financial market may be disrupted as a varying percentageresult of the profits we wouldphase-out or replacement of LIBOR. Disruption in the financial market could have realized had the contract been completed. We typically have no contractual right upon cancellation to the total contract revenues as reflected inan adverse effect on our backlog. If we experience significant project terminations, suspensions or scope adjustments to contracts reflected in our backlog, ourbusiness, cash flows, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations and cash flows may be adversely impacted.operations.
A global financial crisis could impact our business and financial condition in ways that we currently cannot predict.
A recurrence of the credit crisis and related turmoil in the global financial system that occurred in 2008 and 2009 could have an impact on our business and our financial condition. In particular, the cost of capital increased substantially while the availability of funds from the capital markets diminished significantly. Although the capital markets have recovered, in a recurrence, our ability to access the capital markets in the future could be restricted or be available only on terms we do not consider favorable. Limited access to the capital markets could adversely impact our ability to take advantage of business opportunities or react to changing economic and business conditions and could adversely impact our ability to continue our growth strategy. Ultimately, we could be required to reduce our future capital expenditures substantially. Such a reduction could have a material adverse effect on our business and our consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. A recurrence of such a global financial crisis could have further impacts on our business that we currently cannot predict or anticipate.

A global financial crisis or economic recession could have an impact on our suppliers and our customers, causing them to fail to meet their obligations to us, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, income from operations and cash flows.

If one or more of the lenders under our revolving credit facility were to become unable or unwilling to perform their obligations under that facility, our borrowing capacity could be reduced. Our inability to borrow under our revolving credit facility could limit our ability to fund our future operations and growth.

In addition, we maintain our cash balances and short-term investments primarily in accounts held by major banks and financial institutions located principally in North America, Europe, Africa and Asia, and some of those accounts hold deposits that exceed available insurance. It is possible that one or more of the financial institutions in which we hold our cash and investments could become subject to bankruptcy, receivership or similar proceedings. As a result, we could be at risk of not being able to access material amounts of our cash, which could result in a temporary liquidity crisis that could impede our ability to fund operations.

Employee, agent or partner misconduct orStrategic Risks Related to our overall failure to comply with laws or regulations could weaken our ability to win contracts, which could result in reduced revenues and profits.
Misconduct, fraud, non-compliance with applicable laws and regulations, or other improper activities by one or more of our employees, agents or partners could have a significant negative impact on our business and reputation. Such misconduct could include the failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA"), which prohibits companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to non-U.S. officials, as well as the failure to comply with government procurement regulations, regulations on lobbying or similar activities, regulations pertaining to the internal controls over financial reporting and various other applicable laws or regulations, including the U.K. Bribery Act. We operate in some countries that international corruption monitoring groups have identified as having high levels of corruption. Our activities create the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments by one of our employees or agents that could be in violation of the FCPA or other applicable anti-corruption laws. The precautions we take to prevent and detect misconduct, fraud or non-compliance with applicable laws and regulations may not be effective, and

we could face unknown risks or losses. Our failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations or acts of misconduct could subject us to fines, penalties or other sanctions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and our consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.Business
Our business strategy contemplates future acquisitions. Acquisitions of other businesses or assets present various risks and uncertainties.
We may pursue growth through the acquisition of businesses or assets that will enable us to broaden our service and product offerings and expand into new markets. We may be unable to implement this element of our growth
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strategy if we cannot identify suitable businesses or assets, reach agreement on potential strategic acquisitions on acceptable terms or for other reasons. Moreover, acquisitions involve various risks, including:

difficulties relating to the assimilation of personnel, services and systems of an acquired business and the assimilation of marketing and other operational capabilities;
challenges resulting from unanticipated changes in customer and other third-party relationships subsequent to acquisition;
additional financial and accounting challenges and complexities in areas such as tax planning, treasury management, financial reporting and internal controls;
assumption of liabilities of an acquired business, including liabilities that were unknown at the time the acquisition transaction was negotiated;
possible liabilities under the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws;
diversion of management's attention from day-to-day operations;
failure to realize anticipated benefits, such as cost savings and revenue enhancements;
potentially substantial transaction costs associated with acquisitions; and
potential impairment resulting from the overpayment for an acquisition.
Future acquisitions may require us to obtain additional equity or debt financing, which may not be available on attractive terms. Moreover, to the extent an acquisition transaction financed by non-equity consideration results in goodwill, it will reduce our tangible net worth, which might have an adverse effect on credit availability.
Additionally, an acquisition may bring us into businesses we have not previously conducted and expose us to additional business risks that are different from those we have previously experienced.
Our business strategy also includes development and commercialization of new technologies to support our growth. The development and commercialization of new technologies require capital investment and involve various risks and uncertainties.
Our future growth will depend on our ability to continue to innovate by developing and commercializing new service and product offerings. Investments in new technologies involve varying degrees of uncertainties and risk. Commercial success depends on many factors, including the levels of innovation, the development costs and the availability of capital resources to fund those costs, the levels of competition from others developing similar or other competing technologies, our ability to obtain or maintain government permits or certifications, the effectiveness of production, distribution and marketing efforts, and the costs to customers to deploy and provide support for the new technologies. We may not achieve significant revenuesrevenue from new service and product investments for a number of years, if at all. Moreover, new services and products may not be profitable, and, even if they are profitable, our operating margins from new services and products may not be as high as the margins we have experienced historically.
The loss of the services of one or more of our key personnel, or our failure to attract, assimilate and retain trained personnel in the future, could disrupt our operations and result in loss of revenues.revenue.
Our success depends on the continued active participation of our executive officers and key operating personnel. The unexpected loss of the services of any one of these persons could adversely affect our operations.
Our operations require the services of employees having the technical training and experience necessary to obtain the proper operational results. As a result, if we should suffer any material loss

of personnel to competitors or be unable to employ additional or replacement personnel with the requisite level of training and experience to adequately operate our equipment, our operations could be adversely affected. A significant increase in the wages paid by other employers could result in a reduction in our workforce, increases in wage rates, or both.
We may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors.
Our businesses operate in highly competitive industry segments. Some of our competitors or potential competitors have greater financial or other resources than we have. Our operations may be adversely affected if our current competitors or new market entrants introduce new products or services with better features, performance, prices or other characteristics than those of our services and products. This factor is significant to our segments' operations, particularly in the operating segments within our OilfieldEnergy Services and Products business, where capital investment is critical to our ability to compete.
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Risks Related to Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Data Privacy
We rely on intellectual property law and confidentiality agreements to protect our intellectual property. We also rely on intellectual property we license from third parties. Our failure to protect our intellectual property rights, or our inability to obtain or renew licenses to use intellectual property of third parties, could adversely affect our business.
We rely on a variety of intellectual property rights that we use in our services and products, and our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect our proprietary information and other intellectual property. Our intellectual property could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or rendered unenforceable. In addition, effective intellectual property protection may be limited or unavailable in some foreign countries where we operate.
Our failure to protect our intellectual property rights may result in the loss of valuable technologies or adversely affect our competitive business position. We rely significantly on proprietary technology, information, processes and know-how that are not subject to patent or copyright protection. We seek to protect this information through trade secret or confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, subcontractors or other parties, as well as through other security measures. These agreements and security measures may be inadequate to deter or prevent misappropriation of our confidential information. In the event of an infringement of our intellectual property rights, a breach of a confidentiality agreement or divulgence of proprietary information, we may not have adequate legal remedies to protect our intellectual property.
In some instances, we have augmented our technology base by licensing the proprietary intellectual property of third parties. However, it is possible that the tools, techniques, methodologies, programs and components we use to provide our services or products may infringe on the intellectual property rights of others. In the future, we may not be able to obtain necessary licenses on commercially reasonable terms. Royalty payments under licenses from third parties, if available, or developing non-infringing technologies could materially increase our costs. Additionally, if a license or non-infringing technology were not available, we might not be able to continue providing a particular service or product, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Litigation to determine the scope of intellectual property rights, even if ultimately successful, could be costly and could divert management's attention away from other aspects of our business. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently developed by competitors.
Our information technology systems are subject to interruption and cybersecurity risks that could adversely impact our operations.
WeOur operations (both onshore and offshore) are highly dependent on information technology systems, including systems that collect, organize, store or use personally identifiable data and other sensitive information about our customers, employees, suppliers and others. Threats to information technology systems associated with cybersecurity risks and cyber incidents or attacks continue to grow. In addition, breaches to our systems or third-party systems utilized by us could go unnoticed for some period of time. Risks associated with these threats include disruptions of certain systems on our vessels or utilized to operate our ROVs; other impairments of our ability to conduct our operations; loss of or damage to intellectual property, proprietary information or employee or customer data; disruption of our customers’ operations; loss or damage to our customer data delivery systems; damage to our reputation or customer or other business relationships; regulatory investigations or other actions by governmental authorities and associated costs, fines or penalties; and increased costs to prevent, respond to or mitigate cybersecurity incidents. If such a cyber incident were to occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and our consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
While we continue to evaluate potential replacements or upgrades of existing key information technology systems. Thesystems, the implementation of new information technology systems or upgrades to existing systems subjects us to inherent costs and risks associated with replacing or changing these systems, including potential disruption of our internal control structure, substantial capital expenditures, demands on management time and other risks. Our possible new information technology systems implementations or upgrades may not result in productivity improvements at the levels anticipated, or at all. In addition, the implementation of new or upgraded information technology systems may cause disruptions in our business operations. Any such disruption, and any other information technology system disruptions, if not anticipated and appropriately mitigated, could have a material adverse effect on our operations.

Changes in data privacy laws, regulations and standards may cause our business to suffer.
Our operations (both onshore
22

Personal privacy and offshore) are highly dependent on information technology systems. Threats to our information technology systems associated with cybersecurity risksdata security have become significant regulatory issues and cyber incidentsthe subject of rapidly evolving laws globally and in the United States. For example, Europe’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) went into effect in 2018 and enforcement is still evolving. Furthermore, federal, state and local government bodies or attacks continue to grow. In addition, breaches to our systems could go unnoticed for some periodagencies have in the past adopted, and may in the future adopt, more laws and regulations affecting data privacy. For example, the state of time. Risks associated with these threats include disruptionsCalifornia enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act of certain systems on our vessels or utilized to operate our ROVs; other impairments of our ability to conduct our operations; loss of or damage to intellectual property, proprietary information or customer data; disruption of our customers’ operations; loss or damage to our customer data delivery systems;2018 (“CCPA”) and increased costs to prevent, respond to or mitigate cybersecurity incidents. If such a cyber-incident were to occur, it could have a material adverseCalifornia voters recently approved the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”). The CCPA, which went into effect on January 1, 2020, creates individual privacy rights for California residents and places increased privacy and security obligations on entities handling certain personal data of consumers or households, including new disclosures and protections to California residents. The CPRA modifies the CCPA and imposes additional data protection obligations on companies doing business in California. GDPR and the CCPA and other data privacy regulations may significantly impact our business activities and our consolidatedrequire substantial compliance costs that adversely affect business, operating results, prospects and financial condition, results of operationscondition.
Any inability to adequately address privacy and cash flows.
Our offshore oilfield operations involve a variety of operating hazardssecurity concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable privacy and risks that could cause losses.
Our operations are subject to the hazards inherent in the offshore oilfield business. These include blowouts, explosions, fires, collisions, capsizingsdata security laws, regulations and severe weather conditions. These hazardspolicies, could result in personal injuryadditional cost and loss of life, severe damage to or destruction of property and equipment, pollution or environmental damage and suspension of operations. We may incur substantial liabilities or losses as a result of these hazards. While we maintain insurance protection against some of these risks, and seek to obtain indemnity agreements from our customers requiring the customers to hold us harmless from some of these risks, our insurance and contractual indemnity protection may not be sufficient or effective to protect us under all circumstances or against all risks. The occurrence of a significant event not fully insured or indemnified against or the failure of a customer to meet its indemnification obligationsliability to us, could materiallydamage our reputation, inhibit sales and adversely affect our resultsbusiness. Furthermore, the costs of operationscompliance with, and financial condition.
Lawsother burdens imposed by, the laws, regulations, and governmental regulations may addpolicies that are applicable to our costsbusiness may limit the use and adoption of, and reduce the overall demand for, our solutions. If we are not able to adjust to changing laws, regulations and standards related to privacy or adversely affectsecurity, our operations.business may be harmed.
Our businessIn addition, the regulatory environment surrounding data privacy and protection is affected by changes in public policyevolving and by federal, state, local and foreigncan be subject to significant change. New laws and regulations relating to data privacy and the offshore oilunauthorized disclosure of confidential information, including the European Union General Data Protection Regulation and gas industry. Offshore oil and gas exploration and production operations are affected by tax, environmental, safety and other laws, by changes in those laws, application or interpretation of existing laws, and changes in related administrative regulations. It is also possible that these lawsrecent legislation and regulations adopted in various U.S. jurisdictions, pose complex compliance challenges and may result in the future add significantly to our operating costs or those of our customers or otherwise directly or indirectly affect our operations.
Environmental laws and regulations can increase ourincreased costs, and ourany failure to comply with those laws and regulations can expose us to significant liabilities.
Risks(or contractual provisions requiring similar compliance), including as a result of substantial costssecurity and liabilities related to environmental compliance issues are inherent in our operations. Our operations are subject to extensive federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations relating to the generation, storage, handling, emission, transportation and discharge of materials into the environment. Permits are required for the operation of various facilities, and those permits are subject to revocation, modification and renewal. Governmental authorities have the power to enforce compliance with their regulations, and violations are subject to fines, injunctions or both. In some cases, those governmental requirements can impose liability for the entire cost of cleanup on any responsible party without regard to negligence or fault and impose liability on us for the conduct of or conditions others have caused, or for our acts that complied with all applicable requirements when we performed them. It is possible that other developments, such as stricter environmental laws and regulations, and claims for damages to property or persons resulting from our operations, would result in substantial costs and liabilities. Our insurance policies and the contractual indemnity protection we seek to obtain from our customers may not be sufficient or effective to protect us under all circumstances or against all risks involving compliance with environmental laws and regulations.
Our internal controls may not be sufficient to achieve all stated goals and objectives.
Our internal controls and procedures were developed through a process in which our management applied its judgment in assessing the costs and benefits of such controls and procedures, which, by their nature, can provide only reasonable assurance regarding the control objectives. The design of any system of internal controls and procedures is based, in part, on various assumptions about the likelihood of future events. We cannot assure that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions, regardless of how remote.

The use of estimatesprivacy breaches, could result in future adjustmentsnegative publicity and significant penalties or other liabilities. Additionally, if we acquire an entity that has violated or is not in compliance with applicable data privacy and protection laws or regulations (or contractual provisions), we may experience similar adverse consequences.
Risks Related to our assets, liabilitiesOrganization and results of operations.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires that our management make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Uncertainties in the interpretation and application of the 2017 U.S. tax reform legislation could materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate.
U.S. tax reform legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") was enacted on December 22, 2017, and significantly affected U.S. tax law by changing how the United States imposes income tax on multinational corporations. The U.S. Department of the Treasury has broad authority to issue regulations and interpretative guidance that may significantly impact how we will apply the law and impact our results of operations in the period issued. The Tax Act requires complex computations not previously required under U.S. tax law. As such, the application of accounting guidance for such items is currently uncertain. Further, compliance with the Tax Act and the accounting for such provisions require accumulation of information not previously required or regularly produced. As a result, we have provided a provisional estimate on the effect of the Tax Act in our financial statements. As additional regulatory guidance is issued by the applicable taxing authorities, accounting treatment is clarified, and we refine estimates in calculating the effect, our final analysis may be different from our current provisional amounts. Any difference, which could materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate, will be recorded in the period that the final analysis is completed.Structure
We may issue preferred stock whose terms could adversely affect the voting power or value of our common stock.
Our certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue, without the approval of our shareholders, one or more classes or series of preferred stock having such preferences, powers and relative, participating, optional and other rights, including preferences over our common stock respecting dividends and distributions, as our board of directors may determine. The terms of one or more classes or series of preferred stock could adversely impact the voting power or value of our common stock. For example, we might grant holders of preferred stock the right to elect some number of our directors in all events or on the happening of specified events or the right to veto specified transactions. Similarly, the repurchase or redemption rights or liquidation preferences we might assign to holders of preferred stock could affect the residual value of the common stock.
Provisions in our corporate documents and Delaware law could delay or prevent a change in control of our company, even if that change would be beneficial to our shareholders.

The existence of some provisions in our corporate documents and Delaware law could delay or prevent a change in control of our company, even if that change would be beneficial to our shareholders. Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that may make acquiring control of our company difficult, including:

provisions relating to the classification, nomination and removal of our directors;
provisions regulating the ability of our shareholders to bring matters for action at annual meetings of our shareholders;
provisions requiring the approval of the holders of at least 80% of our voting stock for a broad range of business combination transactions with related persons; and
the authorization given to our board of directors to issue and set the terms of preferred stock.
In addition, the Delaware General Corporation Law imposes restrictions on mergers and other business combinations between us and any holder of 15% or more of our outstanding common stock.

23

General Risks
Our internal controls may not be sufficient to achieve all stated goals and objectives.
Our internal controls and procedures were developed through a process in which our management applied its judgment in assessing the costs and benefits of such controls and procedures, which, by their nature, can provide only reasonable assurance regarding the control objectives. The design of any system of internal controls and procedures is based, in part, on various assumptions about the likelihood of future events. We cannot assure that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions, regardless of how remote.
The use of estimates could result in future adjustments to our assets, liabilities and results of operations.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires that our management make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments.
Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.

Item 2.Properties.

Item 2.Properties.
We maintain office, shop and yard facilities in various parts of the world to support our operations. We consider these facilities, which we describe below, to be suitable for their intended use.use and adequate for our current operations. In these locations, we typically own or lease office facilities for our administrative and engineering staff, shops equipped for fabrication, testing, repair and maintenance activities and warehouses and yard areas for storage and mobilization of equipment to work sites. All sites are available to support any of our business segments as the need arises. The groupings that follow associate our significant offices with the primary business segment they serve.

Oilfield.Energy Services and Products. In general, our OilfieldEnergy Services and Products business segments share facilities. Our location in Morgan City, Louisiana consists of ROV manufacturing and training facilities, vessel docking facilities, open and covered warehouse space and offices. The Morgan City facilities primarily support operations in the United States. We have regional support offices for our North Sea, Africa, Brazil and Southeast Asia operations in: Aberdeen, Scotland; Stavanger and Bergen, Norway; Abu Dhabi and Dubai, U.A.E.;United Arab Emirates; Rio de Janeiro and Macaé, Brazil; Luanda, Angola; Chandigarh, India; Perth, Australia; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Baku, Azerbaijan; and Singapore. We also have operational bases in various other locations.

We use workshop and office space in Houston, Texas in our SubseaManufactured Products, SubseaOffshore Projects Group and Asset Integrity Management & Digital Solutions business segments. Our principal manufacturing facilities for our SubseaManufactured Products segment are located in or near: Houston, Texas; Panama City, Florida; Aberdeen and Rosyth, Scotland; Nodeland and Stavanger, Norway; Perth, Australia; Luanda, Angola; the Netherlands; and Niterói and Macaé, Brazil. We also have an office in Orlando, Florida, which supports our commercial theme park animation activities. Each of these manufacturing facilities is suitable for its intended purpose and has sufficient capacity to respond to increases in demand for our subsea and theme park products and that may be reasonably anticipated in the foreseeable future.

For a description of the vessels we use in our SubseaOffshore Projects Group operations, see the discussion in Item 1. "Business"“Business” under the heading "GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESSOilfieldSubseaEnergy Services and Products—Offshore Projects Group."

AdvancedAerospace and Defense Technologies. Our primary facilities for our AdvancedAerospace and Defense Technologies segment are leased offices and workshops in Hanover, Maryland. We have regional offices in Chesapeake, Virginia; Bremerton, Washington; Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; Cataumet, Massachusetts; Charleston, South Carolina; and San Diego, California, which support our services for the U.S. Navy. We also have an office in Orlando, Florida, which supports our commercial theme park animation activities, facilities in Utrecht, Netherlands, to support robotic activities, and facilities in Houston, Texas, to support our space industry activities.


Item 3.Legal Proceedings.

Item 3.Legal Proceedings.
On June 17, 2014, Peter L. Jacobs, a purported shareholder, filed a derivative complaint against all
24

For information regarding legal proceedings, see the then current members of our board of directorsdiscussion under the caption “Litigation” in Note 10—“Commitments and one of our former directors, as defendants, and our company, as nominal defendant,Contingencies” in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware. Through the complaint, the plaintiff asserted, on behalf of our company, actions for breach of fiduciary duties and unjust enrichmentNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in connection with prior determinations of our board of directors relating to nonexecutive director compensation. The plaintiff sought relief including disgorgement of payments made to the defendants, an award of unspecified damages and an award for attorneys’ fees and other costs. We and the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint and a supporting brief. Subsequently, the parties to the litigation jointly requested and received a series of extension orders from the Court to extend the time for certain filings.  The last such extension expired on September 16, 2016.  By letter dated August 30, 2017,this report, which discussion we received notice from the Office of the Register in Chancery advising the parties that the Court was closing the matter for failure to prosecute or to comply with an order of the Court. incorporate by reference into this Item.

In the ordinary course of business, we are subject to actions for damages alleging personal injury under the general maritime laws of the United States, including the Jones Act, for alleged negligence. We report actions for personal injury to our insurance carriers and believe that the

settlement or disposition of those claims will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Various other actions and claims are pending against us, most of which are covered by insurance. Although we cannot predict the ultimate outcome of these matters, we believe that our ultimate liability, if any, that may result from these other actions and claims will not materially affect our results of operations, cash flows or financial position.
Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures.
Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.


25

Part II
Item 5.Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Item 5.Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol OII. We submitted to the New York Stock Exchange during 2017 a certification of our Chief Executive Officer regarding compliance with the Exchange's corporate governance listing standards. We have also included as exhibits to this annual report on Form 10-K, as filed with the SEC, the certifications of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer required under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
The following table sets out, for the periods indicated, the high and low sales prices for our common stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange (consolidated transaction reporting system):
 2017 2016
  
High Low High Low
For the quarter ended:       
March 31$29.53
 $24.57
 $39.04
 $25.33
June 3028.21
 20.74
 36.92
 28.36
September 3026.95
 21.43
 31.55
 24.33
December 3126.04
 17.11
 32.12
 22.47
Our company website address is www.oceaneering.com
On February 23, 2018,19, 2021, there were 458474 holders of record of our common stock. On that date, the closing sales price, as quoted on the New York Stock Exchange, was $19.92. In 2017, we$9.95. Our Board has not declared quarterly dividends of $0.15 per share insince 2017, after considering the first three quarters. With an outlook for diminishing cash flow from operations for 2018, we felt it prudentneed to focus our resources on growth and positioning the companyus for the future. Consequently, our Board did not declare a quarterly dividend to be paid in the fourth quarter of 2017. Although we will continue to review our dividend position on a quarterly basis, we do not anticipate our Board reinstating a quarterly cash dividend until we see a significant improvement in both our market outlook and projected free cash flow. In 2016, we declared quarterly cash dividends of $0.27 per share in the first three quarters and $0.15 per share in the fourth quarter.

In December 2014, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program under which we may repurchase up to 10 million shares of our common stock on a discretionary basis. The program calls for the repurchases to be made in the open market, or in privately negotiated transactions from time to time, in compliance with applicable laws, rules and regulations, including Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, subject to market and business conditions, levels of available liquidity, cash requirements for other purposes, applicable legal requirements and other relevant factors. The timing and amount of any repurchases will be determined by management based on its evaluation of these factors. We expect that any shares repurchased under the program will be held as treasury stock for future use. The new program does not obligate us to repurchase any particular number of shares. Under the program, we had repurchased 2.0 million shares of our common stock for $100 million through December 31, 2015. We didhave not repurchaserepurchased any shares during 2016 or 2017.

under the program since December 31, 2015.
EQUITY COMPENSATION PLAN INFORMATION
The following presents equity compensation plan information as of December 31, 2017:2020:
Plan Category 
Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of
outstanding options, warrants and rights
 Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights 
Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity  compensation plans (excluding securities reflected
in the first column)
Plan CategoryNumber of securities to be issued upon exercise of
outstanding options, warrants and rights
Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rightsNumber of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity  compensation plans (excluding securities reflected
in the first column)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders 1,181,805
 N/A 2,761,163
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders1,955,345 N/A4,488,842 
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders 
 N/A 
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders— N/A— 
Total 1,181,805
 N/A 2,761,163
Total1,955,345 N/A4,488,842 
In the table above, the number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights shown as of December 31, 20172020 are restricted stock units and shares of restricted stock granted under our 2010 incentive plan, as amended.
AtAs of December 31, 2017,2020, there were: (1) no shares of Oceaneering common stock under equity compensation plans not approved by security holders available for grant; and (2) 2,761,1634,488,842 shares of Oceaneering common stock under equity compensation plans approved by security holders available for grant in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights or stock awards. We have not granted any stock options since 2005 and the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors has expressed its intention to refrain from using stock options as a component of employee compensation for our executive officers and other employees for the foreseeable future. Additionally, our Board of Directors has expressed its intention to refrain from using stock options as a component of nonemployee director compensation for the foreseeable future. For a description of the material features of our equity compensation arrangements, see the discussion under the caption “Incentive Plan” in Note 8 of12—“Employee Benefit Plans” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements under the heading "Incentive Plan."included in this report.

26

PERFORMANCE GRAPH
The following graph compares our total shareholder return to the Standard & Poor's 500 Stock Index ("(“S&P 500"500”) and the PHLX Oil Service Sector Index from December 31, 20122015 through December 31, 2017.2020. The PHLX Oil Service Sector Index is designed to track the performance of a set of companies involved in the oil services sector.
It is assumed in the graph that: (1) $100 was invested in Oceaneering Common Stock, the S&P 500 and the PHLX Oil Service Sector Index on December 31, 2012;2015; and (2) any Oceaneering dividends are reinvested. The shareholder return shown is not necessarily indicative of future performance.

oii-20201231_g2.jpg
December 31,
201520162017201820192020
Oceaneering International, Inc.100.00 77.77 59.31 33.95 41.83 22.31 
S&P 500 Index100.00 111.96 136.40 130.42 171.49 203.04 
PHLX Oil Service Sector Index100.00 118.98 98.51 53.97 53.67 31.09 



27
  December 31,
  2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
             
Oceaneering 100.00
 148.35
 112.27
 73.26
 56.96
 43.46
             
S&P 500 100.00
 132.39
 150.51
 152.59
 170.84
 208.14
             
PHLX Oil Service Sector 100.00
 129.11
 98.42
 75.40
 89.72
 74.28
             





Item 6.    Selected Financial Data.
The following table sets forth certain selected historical consolidated financial data and should be read in conjunction with Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation and our Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes included in this report. The following information may not be indicative of our future operating results.
Results of Operations:
 Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except per share amounts) 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013(in thousands, except per share amounts)20202019201820172016
Revenue $1,921,507
 $2,271,603
 $3,062,754
 $3,659,624
 $3,287,019
Revenue$1,827,889 $2,048,124 $1,909,482 $1,921,507 $2,271,603 
Cost of services and products 1,726,897
 1,992,376
 2,457,325
 2,800,423
 2,521,483
Cost of services and products1,663,948 1,949,880 1,780,256 1,726,897 1,992,376 
Gross margin 194,610
 279,227
 605,429
 859,201
 765,536
Gross margin163,941 98,244 129,226 194,610 279,227 
Selling, general and administrative expense 183,954
 208,463
 231,619
 230,871
 220,420
Selling, general and administrative expense195,695 214,891 198,259 183,954 208,463 
Income from operations $10,656
 $70,764
 $373,810
 $628,330
 $545,116
Net income $166,398
 $24,586
 $231,011
 $428,329
 $371,500
Long-lived assets impairmentsLong-lived assets impairments70,445 159,353 — — — 
Goodwill impairmentGoodwill impairment343,880 14,713 76,449 — — 
Income (loss) from operationsIncome (loss) from operations$(446,079)$(290,713)$(145,482)$10,656 $70,764 
Net income (loss)Net income (loss)$(496,751)$(348,444)$(212,327)$166,398 $24,586 
Cash dividends declared per Share $0.45
 $0.96
 $1.08
 $1.03
 $0.84
Cash dividends declared per Share$— $— $— $0.45 $0.96 
Diluted earnings per share $1.68
 $0.25
 $2.34
 $4.00
 $3.42
Depreciation and amortization $213,519
 $250,247
 $241,235
 $229,779
 $202,228
Diluted earnings (loss) per shareDiluted earnings (loss) per share$(5.01)$(3.52)$(2.16)$1.68 $0.25 
Depreciation and amortization, including goodwill impairmentDepreciation and amortization, including goodwill impairment$528,895 $263,427 $293,590 $213,519 $250,247 
Capital expenditures, including business acquisitions $104,958
 $142,513
 $423,988
 $426,671
 $393,590
Capital expenditures, including business acquisitions$60,687 $147,684 $178,038 $104,958 $142,513 
Other Financial Data:
 As of December 31,
(dollars in thousands)20202019201820172016
Working capital ratio2.68 2.07 2.52 2.72 2.48 
Working capital$733,147 $643,480 $750,148 $751,605 $754,231 
Total assets$2,045,842 $2,740,663 $2,824,998 $3,023,950 $3,130,315 
Long-term debt$805,251 $796,516 $786,580 $792,312 $793,058 
Shareholders' equity$552,094 $1,069,346 $1,409,235 $1,659,164 $1,516,643 
Goodwill as a percentage of Shareholders' equity%38 %29 %27 %29 %
28
  As of December 31,
(dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
Working capital ratio 2.72
 2.48
 2.46
 2.52
 1.97
Working capital $751,605
 $754,231
 $901,537
 $1,034,413
 $706,187
Total assets $3,023,950
 $3,130,315
 $3,429,536
 $3,504,940
 $3,128,500
Long-term debt $792,312
 $793,058
 $795,836
 $743,469
 $
Shareholders' equity $1,659,164
 $1,516,643
 $1,578,734
 $1,657,471
 $2,043,440
Goodwill as a percentage of Shareholders' equity 27% 29% 27% 20% 17%


Item 7.Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 7.Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Certain statements in this annual report on Form 10-K, including, without limitation, statements regarding the following matters, are forward-looking statements made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995:

our business strategy;
our plans for future operations;
industry conditions;
seasonality;
the impacts of the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic on the U.S. and global economy, as well as on our business;
our expectations about 20182021 results of operations, items below the operating income line and segment operating results, and the factors underlying those expectations, including our expectations about demand and pricing for our oilfieldenergy services and products as a result of the factors we specify in "Overview"Overview” and "Results of Operations"Operations” below;
the U.S. Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act") and other tax refunds;
our backlog;
projections relating to floating rig demand and subsea tree installations;
the adequacy of our liquidity, cash flows and capital resources to support our operations and internally generated growth initiatives;
our projected capital expenditures for 2018;
2021;
our plans for future operations (including planned additions to add ROVsand retirements from our remotely operated vehicle (“ROV”) fleet;
our ability and intent to our fleet;redeem Angolan bonds and repatriate cash;
our intentions relating to the subsea support vessel scheduled for delivery in 2018;
our expectations regarding deferred tax assets and our belief that our goodwill will not be impaired during 2018;
the adequacy of our accruals for expected liabilities related to our deductible obligations from workers' compensation, maritime employer's liability and general liability claims;
our belief that our total unrecognized tax benefits will not significantly increase or decrease in the next 12 months;
our anticipated tax rates and underlying assumptions;
our anticipation of a discrete tax item in the first quarter of 2018;
our expectations regarding shares that may be repurchased under our share repurchase plan;
our backlog;expectations regarding the implementation of new accounting standards and related policies, procedures and controls;
our expectations about our ROV fleet utilization in the future; and
our expectations regarding the effect of inflation in the near future.
These forward-looking statements are subject to various risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those we refer to under the headings "CAUTIONARY STATEMENT CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS"Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements” and "Risk Factors"Risk Factors” in Part I of this report. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, because of the inherent limitations in the forecasting process, as well as the relatively volatile nature of the industries in which we operate, we can give no assurance that those expectations will prove to have been correct. Accordingly, evaluation of our future prospects must be made with caution when relying on forward-looking information.
Recent Developments Affecting Industry Conditions and Our Business
The ongoing COVID-19 outbreak, which the World Health Organization declared a pandemic and the U.S. Government declared a national emergency in March 2020, has resulted in widespread adverse impacts on the global economy and financial markets, and on our employees, customers, suppliers and other parties with whom we have business relations. We have experienced some resulting disruptions to our business operations. For example, since mid-March, we have had to restrict access to our administrative offices around the world and quarantine personnel and assets as required by various governmental authorities, our customers’ and our own safety protocols.
Our first priority in our response to this crisis has been the health and safety of our employees and those of our customers and other business counterparties. We have implemented preventative measures and developed corporate and regional response plans to minimize unnecessary risk of exposure and prevent infection, while supporting our customers’ global operations to the best of our ability in the circumstances. Our preventative measures and response plans were developed based on guidance received from the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, International SOS and our corporate medical advisor. We have modified certain business and workforce practices (including those related to employee travel, employee work locations, and cancellation of physical participation in meetings, events and conferences) and implemented new
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protocols to promote social distancing and enhance sanitary measures in our offices and facilities to conform to government restrictions and best practices encouraged by governmental and regulatory authorities.
There is considerable uncertainty regarding the extent to which COVID-19 and its variants will continue to spread, the widespread availability and efficacy of vaccines and the extent and duration of governmental and other measures implemented to try to slow the spread, such as large-scale travel bans and restrictions, border closures, quarantines, shelter-in-place orders and business and government shutdowns. Restrictions of this nature have caused, and may continue to cause, us, our suppliers and other business counterparties to experience operational delays, delays in the delivery of materials and supplies that are sourced from around the globe, and milestones or deadlines relating to various projects to be missed.
We have also received various notices from some of our suppliers and other business counterparties, and provided notices to several customers, regarding performance delays resulting from the pandemic. These actions may result in some disputes and could strain our relations with customers and others. If and to the extent these actions were to result in material modifications or cancellations of the underlying contracts, we could experience reductions in our currently reported backlog and in the anticipated conversion of backlog into revenue in future periods. In addition, worsening economic conditions could result in reductions in backlog over time, which would impact our future financial performance.
One of the impacts of the pandemic has been a significant reduction in global demand for oil and natural gas. This significant decline in demand was met with a sharp decline in oil prices following the announcement of price reductions and production increases in March 2020 by members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ("OPEC"), and other foreign, oil-exporting countries. The resulting supply/demand imbalance has had, and is continuing to have, disruptive impacts on the oil and natural gas exploration and production industry and on other industries that serve exploration and production companies. OPEC and other foreign, oil-producing countries implemented production cuts during the second quarter and, though somewhat eased in August, extended the production cuts in the third quarter, in an effort to address the supply/demand imbalance. As a result, crude oil prices improved somewhat. However, as noted by the International Energy Agency, global crude oil demand for the full year of 2020 fell by approximately 8.8 million barrels per day compared to 2019. Recent increases in COVID-19 cases in various regions around the world and the resulting governmental and other restrictions imposed in response to those increases, have resulted in more volatility and less predictability in industry conditions. These conditions have led to significant global economic contraction generally and in our industry in particular.
Despite recent improvements in commodity prices, we expect to see continued volatility in oil and natural gas prices for the foreseeable future, which could, over the long term, adversely impact our business. A significant decline in exploration and development activities and related spending by our customers, whether due to decreases in demand or prices for oil and natural gas or otherwise, would have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
As of the date of this report, our efforts to respond to the challenges presented by the conditions described above and minimize the impacts to our business have yielded results, as we have largely been able to maintain operational continuity on a worldwide basis. Our manufacturing, services operations, and other operating facilities have remained operational and our vessels have continued to perform. We have moved quickly to reduce costs, increase operational efficiencies and lower our capital spending. In addition, as of December 31, 2020, we had $452 million of cash and cash equivalents on our balance sheet and our $500 million revolving credit facility was undrawn and remains available to support our operations. We have not required any loans under any COVID-19-related program, and we do not expect to have to utilize any such loans. We have experienced some increased absenteeism in our hourly workforce, but, so far, we have not experienced any resulting problems that have been unmanageable. We are continuing to address concerns to protect the health and safety of our employees and those of our customers and other business counterparties, which includes implementing changes as needed to comply with health-related guidelines as they may be modified and supplemented from time to time.
We cannot predict the full impact that COVID-19 or the significant disruption and volatility currently being experienced in the oil and natural gas markets will have on our business, cash flows, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations at this time, due to numerous uncertainties. The ultimate impacts will depend on future developments beyond our control, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including, but not limited to, the ultimate geographic spread of the virus, the efficacy of governmental and other measures designed to prevent the spread of the virus, the ongoing development and distribution of vaccines and therapeutic treatments, the duration of the pandemic, actions taken by members of OPEC and other foreign oil-exporting countries,
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governmental authorities, customers, suppliers and other thirds parties, workforce availability, and the timing and extent to which normal economic and operating conditions resume.
Overview of our Results and Guidance
The table that follows sets out our revenue and operating results for 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 2015.2018.
 Year Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015(dollars in thousands)202020192018
Revenue $1,921,507
 $2,271,603
 $3,062,754
Revenue$1,827,889 $2,048,124 $1,909,482 
Gross Margin 194,610
 279,227
 605,429
Gross Margin163,941 98,244 129,226 
Gross Margin % 10% 12% 20%Gross Margin %%%%
Operating Income 10,656
 70,764
 373,810
Operating Income % 1% 3% 12%
Net Income 166,398
 24,586
 231,011
Operating Income (Loss)Operating Income (Loss)(446,079)(290,713)(145,482)
Operating Income (Loss) %Operating Income (Loss) %(24)%(14)%(8)%
Net Income (Loss)Net Income (Loss)(496,751)(348,444)(212,327)
Our business substantiallysegments are contained within two businesses - services and products provided primarily to the oil and gas industry and, to a lesser extent, the offshore renewables industry (“Energy Services and Products”) and services and products provided to non-energy industries (“Aerospace and Defense Technologies”). Our four business segments within the Energy Services and Products business are Subsea Robotics, Manufactured Products, Offshore Projects Group (“OPG”) and Integrity Management & Digital Solutions (“IMDS”). We report our Aerospace and Defense Technologies (“ADTech”) business as one segment. Unallocated Expenses are expenses not associated with a specific business segment. These consist of expenses related to our incentive and deferred compensation plans, including restricted stock and bonuses, as well as other general expenses.
Our business primarily depends on the level of spending on offshore developments and related operating activities by our customers in the oil and gasenergy industry. During 2017,2020, we generated approximately 81% of our

revenue and 80% of our operating income before Unallocated Expenses, from services and products we providedprovide to the energy industry. Our results for 2020 reflect the impact of pre-tax charges of $467 million recognized during the year, most notably in the first quarter. Activity levels and operating performance within our energy segments were lower than expected. The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted operator investments in oil and gas industry. In 2017, our revenue decreased by 15%, with the larger percentage decreases occurring in our Subsea Projects and ROV segments, which decreased from lower oilfield activity resulting from the generalprojects, due to a decline in crude oil prices from mid 2014. Starting in 2015, we have taken initiatives to align our operations with current and anticipated declining activitydemand and pricing, levels. These initiatives required usand entertainment business spending, due to reducelimited theme park attendance. Activity levels and performance within our workforce, incur unusual expenses, and make certain accounting adjustments.ADTech segment met expectations for the year. Overall, our 2020 revenue decreased 11% to $1.8 billion, with revenue decreases in each of our four energy segments being partially offset by a revenue increase in our ADTech segment.
The $166 millionIn 2020, on a consolidated net incomelevel, we had a net loss of $497 million, or diluted loss of $5.01 per share, compared to net loss of $348 million, or diluted loss of $3.52 per share, in 2017 was substantially more than the $25 million we earned in 2016, and the $1.68 earnings per diluted share was our highest since 2015.2019. The $142$148 million increase from 2016in net incomeloss as compared to 2019 was primarily attributable to a deferred income tax benefitpre-tax charges of $189$467 million resulting from the December 2017 enactmentrecorded in 2020 for impairments, write-downs and write-offs of U.S. tax reform legislation commonly referredcertain equipment, intangible assets, goodwill and inventory, and other expenses, most notably in our Subsea Robotics, Manufactured Products, OPG and IMDS segments. This compares to as the 2017 Tax Cutspre-tax charges recorded in 2019 of $252 million, for impairments, write-downs and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act"). In 2017,write-offs of certain equipment, intangible assets, goodwill and inventory, and other expenses, most notably in our Subsea Robotics, OPG and IMDS segments.
We had operating income decreased $60losses of $446 million from 2016 onand $291 million, including charges of $467 million and $252 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively. More information about these charges is described below. Due to lower profit contributions for our Manufactured Products, Subsea Robotics and IMDS segments, partially offset by increased profit contributions from oilfield business, most notably:our OPG and ADTech segments, operating results decreased $155 million from 2019. The changes in operating results occurred in our:

Subsea Robotics segment, which had a $77 million decrease in operating results, primarily as a result of charges of $122 million in 2020 as compared to charges of $31 million in 2019. These charges were principally due to a goodwill impairment in 2020 of $102 million, largely based on market conditions and lower pricing levels. Both 2020 and 2019 charges included asset write-offs and inventory write-downs, largely resulting from impairment and obsolescence.
our SubseaManufactured Products segment, which had a $94 million decrease in operating results, primarily as a result of charges of $116 million in 2020 as compared to charges of $3.3 million in 2019. These charges in 2020 included impairments and write-downs of certain equipment of $61 million and goodwill impairments of
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$3052 million, less both largely based on market conditions and lower pricing levels. This compared with long-lived assets write-offs of $0.5 million and inventory write-downs of $2.1 million in 2019.
OPG segment, which had a $64 million increase in operating results, primarily as a result of decrease in charges from $168 million in 2019 to $100 million in 2020. The long-lived asset impairment charges of $161 million in 2019 were principally the result of several vessel impairments, as market conditions no longer supported the prior valuations for these assets. This compared with a goodwill impairment of $66 million and long-lived asset impairments and write-offs of $25 million in 2020.
IMDS segment, which had a $69 million decrease in operating results, primarily as a result of charges of $128 million in 2020 as compared to charges of $49 million in 2019. These charges in 2020 included a goodwill impairment of $123 million, largely based on market conditions and lower pricing levels. This compared with charges including impairments and write-offs of long-lived assets and inventory write-downs of $32 million and a goodwill impairment of $15 million in 2019.
ADTech segment, which had an $13 million increase in operating income on $67 million less revenue;higher levels of revenue in both defense subsea technologies and
our Subsea Projects segment, which had $24 million less operating income on $181 million less revenue.

space systems.
In 2017,2020, 2019 and 2018 we investedincurred charges of $467 million, $252 million and $84 million, respectively, primarily due to market conditions that no longer supported the prior valuations. Additionally, we recognized other costs, as we adapted our geographic footprint and staffing levels to the conditions of the markets we serve, along with asset write-downs relating to the retirement of 30 ROVs from our fleet in the following capital projects:

2019. Charges for 2020, 2019 and 2018 are summarized as follows (in thousands):
$40 million
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Year Ended December 31, 2020
Subsea RoboticsManufactured ProductsOffshore Projects GroupIntegrity Management & Digital SolutionsAerospace and Defense TechnologiesUnallocated ExpensesTotal
Charges for the effects of:
Long-lived assets impairments$— $61,074 $8,826 $545 $— $— $70,445 
Long-lived assets write-offs7,328 — 16,644 170 — — 24,142 
Inventory write-downs7,038 — — — — — 7,038 
Goodwill impairment102,118 52,263 66,285 123,214 — — 343,880 
Other5,055 2,266 8,590 4,272 572 455 21,210 
Total charges$121,539 $115,603 $100,345 $128,201 $572 $455 $466,715 
Year Ended December 31, 2019 *
Subsea RoboticsManufactured ProductsOffshore Projects GroupIntegrity Management & Digital SolutionsAerospace and Defense TechnologiesUnallocated ExpensesTotal
Charges for the effects of:
Long-lived assets impairments$— $— $142,615 $16,738 $— $— $159,353 
Long-lived assets write-offs11,340 482 18,723 14,108 — — 44,653 
Inventory write-downs15,433 2,107 2,771 719 255 21,285 
Goodwill impairment— — — 14,713 — — 14,713 
Other4,228 757 3,526 3,082 102 56 11,751 
Total charges$31,001 $3,346 $167,635 $49,360 $357 $56 $251,755 
Year Ended December 31, 2018 *
Subsea RoboticsManufactured ProductsOffshore Projects GroupIntegrity Management & Digital SolutionsAerospace and Defense TechnologiesUnallocated ExpensesTotal
Charges for the effects of:
Long-lived assets write-offs$617  $1,531  $5,543  $— $— $— $7,691 
Goodwill impairment51,168 — 17,750 7,531 — — 76,449 
Total charges$51,785 $1,531 $23,293 $7,531 $ $ $84,140 
* Recast to reflect segment changes.
We expect our 2021 operating results to addapproximate those of 2020. Based on our backlog as of December 31, 2020 and anticipated order intake, we anticipate generally flat consolidated revenue, with higher revenue in ADTech and IMDS to or upgradeoffset substantially lower revenue from our work-class ROVs;
$30 million to add capabilitiesManufactured Products segment. We expect relatively flat revenue in our Subsea Projects segment, including $8 million relatedRobotics and OPG segments assuming no significant incremental COVID-19 impacts and generally stable oil and gas prices. We expect positive operating income contributions from each of our operating segments. Apart from seasonality, we generally view pricing and margins in the current energy markets to a new subsea support vessel scheduled for delivery in 2018; and
$28 million to add capabilitiesbe stable. We anticipate improved annual operating results in our Subsea Robotics, OPG, IMDS and ADTech segments, and lower operating results in our Manufactured Products segment.

We expect to incur a net loss in 2018, and we expect a decrease in operating income from 2017. With our limited market visibility resulting from the uncertain energy market, and uncertainties in the interpretation and application of the Tax Act that could materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate, we are not providing earnings per share guidance for 2018. We anticipate lower global demand for deepwater drilling, field development, and inspection, maintenance and repair activities due to the current and anticipated oil price environment, which has led to spending cuts from our customers and pricing pressure. Below the operating income line, we expect:

a loss on our equity investment in Medusa Spar LLC as volume continues to be low in current producing zones;
increased interest expense from higher interest rates on our debt, partially from a higher fixed rate on debt we issued in February 2018 and from higher floating interest rates, which affect our floating rate debt and our swaps to floating rates on $200 million of fixed-rate debt; and
in the first quarter, a discrete additional tax expense of approximately $2 million related to our share-based compensation plan; and
foreign currency exchange losses principally due to Angolan kwanza devaluation. We estimate we incurred a loss of approximately $6 million due to the devaluation of the Angolan kwanza in January 2018.

segments.
We use our ROVs to provide drilling support, vessel-based inspection, maintenance and repair, subsea hardware installation, construction, and pipeline inspection services to customers in the energy industries. The largest percentageindustry. Most of our ROVs hashave historically been used to provide drill support services. Therefore, the contracted number of floating drilling rigs on hire is a leading market indicator for this business. The following table shows average floating rigs under contract and our ROV utilization.
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2017 2016 2015202020192018
Average number of floating rigs under contract150 177 241Average number of floating rigs under contract139154148
ROV days on hire (in thousands)47 60 84ROV days on hire (in thousands)545852
ROV utilization46% 53% 69%ROV utilization59%58%51%
Demand for floating rigs is the primary leading indicator of the strength of the deepwater market. According to industry data published by IHS Petrodata, excluding rigs under construction, at the end of 20172020 there were 263212 floating drilling rigs in operation or available for work throughout the world, with 147129 of those rigs under contract. Of the 147 rigs under contract, 43 have contract terms expiring during the first six months of 2018. The average contracted offshore floating rig count stabilized in 2017 at2020 declined to approximately 150139 rigs. Supported by increased tendering activity, rig demand is expected to increase in the future.

In addition to floating rig demand, the number of subsea tree completionsorders and installations is another leading indicator, and the primary demand driver for our SubseaManufactured Products lines. According to industry data published by Infield Systems LimitedRystad Energy in December 2017,2020, there willare projected to be 243277 subsea tree installations in 2018, down from2021, compared to 296 in 2020, 286 in 2019 and 280 in 2017, 295 in 2016 and 319 in 2015. Subsea tree installations are forecast to stay the same at 243 in 2019.2018.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
We have based the following discussion and analysisIn 2021, we expect interest expense, net of our financial condition and results of operations on our consolidated financial statements, which we have prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. These principles require us to make various estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the periods we present. We base our estimates on historical experience, available information and other assumptions we believeinterest income, to be reasonable underapproximately $40 million. We do not anticipate capitalizing interest on any long-lived assets in 2021.
In 2021, our income tax payments, estimated to total between $35 million and $40 million, are expected to relate primarily to taxes incurred in countries that impose tax on the circumstances. On an ongoing basis we evaluate our estimates; however, our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The following discussion summarizes the accounting policies we believe (1) require our management's most difficult, subjective or complex judgments and (2) are the most critical to our reporting of results of operations and financial position.
Revenue Recognition. We recognize ourin-country revenue, accordingwithout regard to the typeprofitability of contract involved. On a daily basis, we recognize revenue under contracts that provide for specific time, material and equipment charges, which we bill periodically, ranging from weekly to monthly.

We account for significant fixed-price contracts, which we enter into mainly in our Subsea Products segment, and to a lesser extent in our Subsea Projects and Advanced Technologies segments, usingsuch operations. These cash tax payments do not include the percentage-of-completion method. In 2017, we accounted for 20%impact of our revenue using the percentage-of-completion method. In determining whether a contract should be accounted for using the percentage-of-completion method, we consider whether:

the customer provides specifications for the constructionapproximately $28 million of facilities or production of goods or for the provision of related services;
we can reasonably estimate our progress towards completion and our costs;
the contract includes provisions as to the enforceable rights regarding the goods or services to be provided, considerationCARES Act tax refunds expected to be received in 2021.
Results of Operations
Realignment of Reportable Segments.In the third quarter of 2020, we changed our organizational structure as part of the transformation to realign our businesses to achieve greater cost efficiencies and to bring together business units that frequently work together and promote increased synergies in bidding, project management and the manneruse of offshore technicians. As a result, information that our chief operating decision maker regularly reviews for purposes of allocating resources and termsassessing performance changed. Therefore, for the year ended December 31, 2020, we are reporting our financial results consistent with our newly realigned operating segments and have recast certain prior period amounts to conform to the way we internally manage our businesses and monitor segment performance. Our new structure aligns our company around five reportable segments: (1) Subsea Robotics; (2) Manufactured Products; (3) Offshore Projects Group; (4) Integrity Management & Digital Solutions; and (5) Aerospace and Defense Technologies. Additional information on our business segments is shown in Note 11—“Operations by Business Segment and Geographic Area” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report.
Energy Services and Products. The table that follows sets out revenue and profitability for the business segments within our Energy Services and Products business. In the Subsea Robotics section of payment;the table that follows, “ROV Days Available” includes all days from the first day that an ROV is placed in service until the ROV is retired. All days in this period are considered available days, including periods when an ROV is undergoing maintenance or repairs. Our ROVs do not have scheduled maintenance or repair that requires significant time when the ROVs are not available for utilization.
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 Year ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)20202019 *2018 *
Subsea Robotics
Revenue$493,332 $583,652 $513,701 
Gross Margin78,952 57,601 46,151 
Gross Margin %16 %10 %%
Operating Income (Loss)(65,817)11,627 (46,572)
Operating Income (Loss)%(13)%%(9)%
ROV Days Available91,499 100,480 101,464 
ROV Days Utilized54,411 58,347 52,084 
ROV Utilization %59 %58 %51 %
Manufactured Products
Revenue477,419 498,350 431,459 
Gross Margin62,962 48,865 53,937 
Gross Margin %13 %10 %13 %
Operating Income (Loss)(88,253)5,730 14,028 
Operating Income (Loss)%(18)%%%
Backlog at end of period266,000 548,000 351,000 
Offshore Projects Group
Revenue289,127 380,966 413,598 
Gross Margin1,265 4,339 8,401 
Gross Margin %— %%%
Operating Income (Loss)(105,680)(170,013)(36,909)
Operating Income (Loss)%(37)%(45)%(9)%
Integrity Management & Digital Solutions
Revenue226,938 266,086 273,575 
Gross Margin29,772 15,361 36,652 
Gross Margin %13 %%13 %
Operating Income (Loss)(121,675)(52,527)546 
Operating Income (Loss)%(54)%(20)%— %
Total Energy Services and Products
Revenue$1,486,816 $1,729,054 $1,632,333 
Gross Margin172,951 126,166 145,141 
Gross Margin %12 %%%
Operating Income (Loss)(381,425)(205,183)(68,907)
Operating Income (Loss)%(26)%(12)%(4)%
* Recast to reflect segment changes.
Subsea Robotics. Historically, we built new ROVs to increase the customer can be expectedsize of our fleet in response to satisfy its obligations underdemand to support deepwater drilling and vessel-based IMR and installation work. These vehicles are designed for use around the contract;world in water depths of 10,000 feet or more. In 2015, as a result of declining market conditions, we began building fewer ROVs, generally limiting additions to meet contractual commitments. We added three, 13 and six ROVs in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, while retiring 51 units over the three-year period. Our ROV fleet size was 250 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and 275 as of December 31, 2018. We have decreased our ROV fleet size since 2015 in response to lower market demand.
We believe we can be expectedare the world's largest provider of ROV services and, generally, this business segment has been the largest contributor to perform our contractual obligations.Energy Services and Products business operating income. Our Subsea Robotics segment revenue reflects the utilization percentages, fleet sizes and average pricing in the respective periods. Our survey

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Under the percentage-of-completion method, we generally recognize estimated contractservices business provides survey and positioning, and geoscience services. The following table presents revenue based on costs incurred to datefrom ROV services as a percentage of total estimated costs. ChangesSubsea Robotics revenue:
Year Ended December 31,
 20202019 *2018 *
ROV81 %77 %77%
Other19 %23 %23%
* Recast to reflect segment changes.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, our Subsea Robotics operating income decreased as compared to 2019, primarily due to charges of $122 million and $31 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, for goodwill impairment, write-downs and write-offs of certain equipment, intangible assets and inventory, and other expenses. Exclusive of those charges, Subsea Robotics operating income for the year ended December 31, 2020 increased as compared to the corresponding period of the prior year on higher margins and improved cost controls. We had a 7% decrease in days on hire and year-over-year decreases in both drill support and vessel support days. Dayrates and costs per days on hire decreased on a slight increase in utilization.
For the year ended December 31, 2019, our Subsea Robotics operating income increased compared to 2018. We generated higher revenue, due to a 12% increase in days on hire and year-over-year increases in both drill support and vessel support days. Both dayrates and costs per days on hire increased slightly on increased utilization. The operational benefits of this increased activity were offset by $31 million of charges for write-downs and write-offs of certain equipment, intangible assets, inventory, and other expenses. 2018 operating results included $52 million of charges primarily for goodwill impairment.
For our Subsea Robotics in 2021, we expect improved results based on essentially flat ROV days on hire with higher vessel-based service days balancing a decline in drill support days, minor shifts in geographic mix and generally stable pricing. Results for tooling-based services are expected to be flat, with activity levels generally following ROV days on hire. Survey operating results are expected to improve on higher geoscience activity. We project fewer installations and demobilizations in 2021, which should lower operating costs as compared to 2020. Our overall ROV fleet utilization is expected to be in the expected costmid- to high-50% range for the full year of materials2021, with higher seasonal activity during the second and labor, productivity, schedulingthird quarters. Subject to quarterly variances, we continue to expect our drill support market share to generally approximate 60%.
Manufactured Products. For the year ended December 31, 2020, our Manufactured Products operating results decreased, as compared to 2019, primarily due to charges in 2020 of $116 million for asset and goodwill impairments, and other factors affectexpenses as compared to $3.3 million of charges in 2019 for write-offs of certain equipment, intangible assets and inventory, and other expenses. Exclusive of charges, Manufactured Products adjusted operating income for the total estimated costs. Additionally, external factors, including weather or other factors outsideyear ended December 31, 2020 increased as compared to the corresponding period of our control, may also affect the progressprior year. Our energy-related businesses year over year had increased volume and estimated cost of a project's completionoperating margins due to better execution and therefore, the timing of incomeimproved operating efficiencies. Our mobility solutions businesses had significantly less volume and revenue recognition. We routinely review estimates related to our contracts and reflect revisions to profitability in earnings immediately. If a current estimate of total contract cost indicates an ultimate loss on a contract, we recognize the projected loss in full when we determine it. In prior years, we have recorded adjustments to earningslower operating margins as a result of revisionsdeclines in activity attributable to contract estimates. Although we are continually strivingthe COVID-19 pandemic.
For the year ended December 31, 2019, our Manufactured Products operating results decreased, on higher revenue as compared to accurately estimate2018, as a result of an increase in subsea umbilical and hardware awards and related throughput, partially offset by lower revenue and operating results from our contract costsmobility solutions businesses. Operating results in 2019 and profitability, adjustments to overall contract costs could be significant in future periods.2018 were partially offset by $3.3 million and $1.5 million, respectively, of charges for write-offs of certain equipment and inventory, and other expenses.
We recognize the remainder ofexpect our revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, price is fixed or determinable and collection is reasonably assured.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" ("ASU 2014-09"). This standard, as amended, completes the joint effort by the FASB and International Accounting Standards BoardManufactured Products segment operating results in 2021 to improve financial reporting by creating common revenue recognition guidance for U.S. GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards. ASU 2014-09 applies to all companies that enter into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services. ASU 2014-09 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early application is not permitted before periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and we have elected to apply ASU 2014-09 by recognizing the cumulative effect of applying ASU 2014-09 at the date of initial application and not adjusting comparative information.

We formed a project team to implement this standard. Our project team produced the procedures and control changes required to address the impacts that ASU 2014-09 may have on our business. We completed training our staff on the procedures and controls that came into effect January 1, 2018. We continue to believe that our project plan will enable us to complete all of the required work to implement our new procedures and controls and calculate the cumulative effect of applying ASU 2014-09 at the date of initial application, in line with the timeline and requirements of the standard.

In our service-based business lines, which principally charge on a dayrate basis for services provided, we have preliminarily concluded there will be no significant impact in the amount or pattern of revenue and profit recognitiondecline, primarily as a result of the implementationdecreased order intake in our energy businesses during 2020. We continue to closely monitor the impact of ASC 2014-09. the COVID-19 pandemic on our mobility solutions businesses, and currently expect to see marginally higher activity and contribution from these businesses in 2021. Our Manufactured Products backlog was $266 million as of December 31, 2020, a $282 million, or 51%, decrease over December 31, 2019.
Offshore Projects Group. Our OPG operating results for the year ended December 31, 2020 increased as compared to 2019 primarily due to decreased charges in 2020 of $100 million for vessel and other asset impairments and write-offs, goodwill impairment, and other charges as compared to 2019 charges of $168 million for vessel and intangible impairments, write-downs and write-offs of certain equipment and inventory, and other
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expenses. Exclusive of those charges, our OPG operating results were lower for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to the prior year, on lower revenue due to reduced activity levels in the areas of IMR, decommissioning and intervention services.
Our OPG operating results for the year ended December 31, 2019 decreased on lower revenue as compared to 2018 primarily due to 2019 charges of $168 million for vessel and intangible impairments, write-downs and write-offs of certain equipment and inventory, and other expenses. This segment's 2018 results included charges of $23 million related to goodwill impairment and write-offs of obsolete equipment and intangible assets associated with exiting the land survey business.
In our product based business lines,2021, we expect impactsoperating results for our OPG segment to improve, on generally stable offshore activity and margins as compared to the patternlast half of 2020. Operating results are expected to improve largely due to the efficiency and cost improvement measures implemented in 2020 and improved year-over-year contribution from our Angola riserless light well intervention campaign. Vessel day rates remain competitive but stable, and we expect to see opportunities for pricing improvements during periods of higher activity. We also anticipate reduced charter obligations and increased flexibility on third-party vessels combined with an overall improvement in fleet utilization.
Integrity Management & Digital Solutions. For the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to 2019, our IMDS operating results were lower primarily due to 2020 charges of $128 million for goodwill impairment, asset impairment and write-offs, and other expenses as compared to 2019 charges of $49 million for goodwill and asset impairments, write-downs and write-offs of certain equipment, intangible assets and inventory, and other expenses. Exclusive of those charges, operating results for the year ended December 31, 2020 were higher, as compared to the prior year, due to improved operating efficiencies instituted in the fourth quarter of 2019 and in the first three quarters of 2020.
For the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to 2018, our IMDS operating results were lower, primarily due to 2019 charges of $49 million for goodwill and asset impairments, write-downs and write-offs of certain equipment, intangible assets and inventory, and other expenses. 2018 operating income included charges of $7.5 million for write-down of intangible assets.
We anticipate our 2021 operating results for IMDS to improve on higher revenue, with operating income margins averaging in the high-single digit range for the year as compared to 2020. Good order intake at the end of 2020 is expected to begin benefiting the business in the second quarter of 2021.
Aerospace and profit recognitionDefense Technologies.
Revenue, gross margin and operating income information for our ADTech segment are as follows:
 Year ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)20202019 *2018 *
Revenue$341,073 $319,070 $277,149 
Gross Margin71,794 60,462 51,045 
Gross Margin %21 %19 %18 %
Operating Income56,023 42,574 32,734 
Operating Income %16 %13 %12 %
* Recast to reflect segment changes.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to 2019, our ADTech segment operating results were higher on higher levels of revenue due to increased activity in both defense subsea technologies and space systems.
For the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to 2018, our ADTech segment operating results were higher on higher levels of revenue.
We project our ADTech 2021 revenue to be higher, producing improved results with operating income margins consistent with those achieved in 2020. Growth in this segment is expected to be broad-based, with revenue growth in our government-focused businesses.
Unallocated Expenses. Our unallocated expenses, (i.e., those not associated with a specific business segment), within gross margin consist of expenses related to our incentive and deferred compensation plans, including
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restricted stock units, performance units and bonuses, as well as other general expenses. Our unallocated expenses within operating expenses consist of those expenses within gross margin plus general and administrative expenses related to corporate functions.
The following table sets forth our unallocated expenses for the periods indicated:
 Year ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)202020192018
Gross margin expenses$(80,804)$(88,384)$(66,960)
% of revenue%%%
Operating expenses(120,677)(128,104)(109,309)
% of revenue%%%
Our unallocated expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020 decreased compared to 2019, primarily as a result of reduced accruals in 2020 for incentive-based compensation.
Our unallocated expenses for the implementationyear ended December 31, 2019 increased compared to 2018, primarily due to higher 2019 expenses related to both short- and long-term performance based incentive compensation expense.
We anticipate unallocated expenses in 2021 to average in the low- to mid-$30 million range per quarter, as we forecast higher accrual rates for projected short- and long-term performance-based incentive compensation expense, as compared to 2020.
Other. The following table sets forth our significant financial statement items below the income (loss) from operations line:
 Year ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)202020192018
Interest income$3,083 $7,893 $9,962 
Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized(43,900)(42,711)(37,742)
Equity earnings (loss) of unconsolidated affiliates2,268 1,331 (3,783)
Other income (expense), net(14,269)(6,621)(8,788)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes(2,146)17,623 26,494 
Interest income for the year ended December 31, 2020 decreased as compared to 2019, primarily due to lower interest rates. Interest income for the year ended December 31, 2019 decreased as compared to 2018, primarily due to lower amounts held in Angolan bonds in 2019.
Interest expense increased for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 2019, and for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to 2018, due to a decrease in our capitalized interest. We capitalized none, $3.4 million, and $7.3 million of ASC 2014-09.interest in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, associated with the new-build vessel, the Ocean Evolution, described under “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below.
BasedIn addition to interest on borrowings, interest expense includes amortization of loan costs and hedge accounting adjustments, fees for lender commitments under our revolving credit agreement and fees for standby letters of credit and bank guarantees that banks issue on our overall assessment performedbehalf for performance bonds, bid bonds and self-insurance requirements.
In 2021, we expect interest expense, net of interest income, to date,be approximately $40 million. We do not anticipate capitalizing interest on any long-lived assets in 2021.
Included in other income (expense), net are foreign currency transaction losses of $14 million, $6.3 million, and $18 million for 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The currency losses in 2020 primarily related to the Angolan kwanza and Brazilian real. Foreign currency losses in 2020 related to the Angolan kwanza were primarily due to declining exchange rates for the Angolan kwanza, which devalued its currency by 36%. Foreign currency losses in 2020 related to the Brazilian real were primarily due to the remeasurement of our U.S. dollar denominated liability balances to the Brazilian real. The currency losses in 2019 and 2018 primarily related to declining exchange rates for the Angolan kwanza, which devalued its currency by 55% and 46% in 2019 and 2018, respectively. We could incur further foreign currency exchange losses in Angolan kwanza, the Brazilian real and other currencies, if currency devaluations occur.
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In 2018, other income (expense), net also included a pre-tax gain of $9.3 million resulting from the sale of our cost method investment in ASV Global, LLC in September 2018. The total consideration from the sale was $15 million.
Our tax provision is based on (1) our earnings for the period and other factors affecting the tax provision and (2) the operations of foreign branches and subsidiaries that are subject to local income and withholding taxes. Factors that affect our tax rate include our profitability levels in general and the geographic mix in the sources of our results. The effective tax rate for the 12-month periods ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was different than the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21%, primarily due to the 2020 enactment of the U.S. Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act"), the geographic mix of operating revenue and results, and changes in uncertain tax positions and other discrete items. Therefore, we do not havebelieve a significant adjustmentdiscussion of the annual effective tax rate is meaningful. We continue to be mademake an assertion to retainedindefinitely reinvest the unrepatriated earnings on January 1, 2018.
Property and Equipment and Long-lived Intangible Assets. We periodically andof any foreign subsidiary that would incur incremental tax consequences upon the occurrencedistribution of such earnings.
On March 27, 2020, the CARES Act was signed into law in the United States. In accordance with the recently established rules and procedures under the CARES Act, we filed a triggering event review2014 refund claim to carry back our U.S. net operating loss generated in 2019 and amended our 2012 and 2013 federal income tax returns impacted by the realizability of our property and equipment and long-lived intangible assetsnet operating loss carryback. Prior to determine whether any events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amountenactment of the asset may notCARES Act, such net operating losses could only be recoverable. For long-lived assetscarried forward. As a result, we expect to be held and used,receive combined refunds of approximately $33 million, of which we base our evaluation on impairment indicators suchhave received $5.6 million as the nature of the assets, the future economic benefits of the assets, any historical or future profitability measurements and other external market conditions or factors that may be present. If such impairment indicators are present or other factors exist that indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, we determine whether an impairment has occurred through the use of an undiscounted cash flows analysis of the asset at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows exist. If an impairment has occurred, we recognize a loss for the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the asset. For assets held for sale or disposal, the fair value of the asset is measured using fair market value less cost to sell. AssetsDecember 31, 2020. The remaining refunds are classified as held-for-sale whenaccounts receivable, net, in our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020. We also realized a non-cash tax benefit of $8.4 million due to the carryback provision of the CARES Act recognized as a reduction in long-term liabilities.
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”) was enacted, most notably reducing the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018, and creating a quasi-territorial tax system with a one-time mandatory transition tax on applicable previously-deferred earnings of foreign subsidiaries. In 2018, based on regulations issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and additional accounting analysis, we havereflected the effects of the Tax Act in our financial statements to include the tax impact of $8.8 million related to the one-time mandatory transition tax. In 2019, we identified additional available business credits, which are reflected in our 2018 income tax return as filed, thereby reducing the effects of the Tax Act in our financial statements by $8.2 million, for a plan for disposaltotal liability of certain assets and those assets meet the held for sale criteria.$0.6 million.
We charge the costs of repair and maintenance of property and equipment to operations as incurred, while we capitalize the costs of improvements that extend asset lives or functionality.

Goodwill. In our annual evaluation of goodwill for impairment, we first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances led to a determination that it was more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, we determined it was more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit was less than its carrying amount, we were requiredwould not be able to perform the first step of the two-step impairment test. We tested the goodwill attributable to each ofutilize our reporting units for impairment as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 and concluded that there was no impairment.remaining unvalued deferred tax assets. In 2017, our closest test wasaccordance with applicable accounting standards, we recorded an increase in our Subsea Projects segment. Due to lower levels of offshore activity by our oilfield customers, our Subsea Projects segment's fair value exceeded its carrying value by approximately 20%. Although we do not believe our goodwill will be impaired during 2018, our Subsea Project's goodwill could be at risk of impairment if offshore energy activity significantly deteriorates from our currently assumed activity levels. In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2017-04 "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment." This update simplifies how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Step 2 measures a goodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. Under the amendments in this update, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. However, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Additionally, an entity should consider income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. An entity still has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary. The amendments in this update are effective beginning January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted for testing dates after January 1, 2017, and the update is to be applied on a prospective basis. We adopted this update effective January 1, 2017.
Income Taxes. Our tax provisions are based on our expected taxable income, statutory rates and tax-planning opportunities available to us in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Determination of taxable income in any jurisdiction requires the interpretation of the related tax laws. We are at risk that a taxing authority's final determination of our tax liabilities may differ from our interpretation. Our effective tax rate may fluctuate from year to year as our operations are conducted in different taxing jurisdictions, the amount of pre-tax income fluctuates and our estimates regarding the realizability of items such as foreign tax credits may change.
We account for any applicable interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions as a component of our provision for income taxes on our financial statements. Current income tax expense represents either nonresident withholdingof $315 million and $74 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively, related to the establishment of a valuation allowance on those deferred tax assets.
In 2021, our income tax payments, estimated to total between $35 million and $40 million, are expected to relate primarily to taxes orincurred in countries that impose tax on the liabilitiesbasis of in-country revenue, without regard to the profitability of such operations. These cash tax payments do not include the impact of approximately $28 million of CARES Act tax refunds expected to be reflected on our income tax returns for the current year, while the net deferred income tax expense or benefit represents the changereceived in the balance2021.

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Table of deferred tax assets or liabilities as reported on our balance sheet.Contents
We establish valuation allowances to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized in the future. Although we have considered estimated future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax-planning strategies in assessing the need for the valuation allowances, changes in these estimates and assumptions, as well as changes in tax laws, could require us to provide for valuation allowances for our deferred tax assets. Provisions for valuation allowances impact our income tax provision in the period in which such adjustments are identified and recorded.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, "Compensation – Stock Compensation Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting." This update requires that all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies (including tax benefits of dividends on share-based payment awards) should be recognized as income tax expense or benefit in the income statement. The tax effects of exercised or vested awards should be treated as discrete items in the reporting period in which they occur. An entity also should recognize excess tax benefits regardless of whether the benefit reduces taxes payable in the current period. Currently, an entity must determine, for each award, whether the difference between the deduction for tax purposes and the compensation cost recognized for

financial reporting purposes results in either an excess tax benefit or a tax deficiency. The amendments in this update are effective for us beginning January 1, 2017. Through December 31, 2016, we recognized excess tax benefits in additional paid-in capital, and tax deficiencies have been recognized as an offset to accumulated excess tax benefits. In 2017, we recorded a tax deficiency in the first quarter and, under this new standard, we recognized it as a discrete item in our income statement rather than in additional paid-in capital. We also expect a tax deficiency in the first quarter of 2018, which will be recognized as a discrete item in our income statement.

As further discussed in Note 3, "Income Taxes," the Tax Act was enacted on December 22, 2017, and significantly affected how the United States imposes income tax on multinational corporations. The U.S. Department of the Treasury and other regulatory bodies have not finalized potential changes to existing laws and regulations which may result from the Tax Act. In accordance with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 ("SAB No. 118"), we have recorded provisional estimates to reflect the effects of the provisions of the Tax Act on our income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2017. We continue to collect additional information to support and refine our calculations of the impacts of these changes on our operations and recorded income tax assets and liabilities. The ultimate impacts of the Tax Act may differ from our provisional estimates due to changes in our interpretations and assumptions as well as additional regulatory guidance.
For a summary of our major accounting policies and a discussion of recently adopted accounting standards, please see Note 1 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We consider our liquidity and capital resources adequate to support our operations and growth initiatives. AtAs of December 31, 2017,2020, we had working capital of $752$733 million, including cash and cash equivalents of $430$452 million. Additionally, we had $500 million available through our revolving credit facility under a credit agreement further described below.

Our nearest maturity of indebtedness is our $500 million of 2024 Notes (as defined below) due in November 2024. Given that the 2024 Notes are currently trading at a market discount to principal amount, we may, from time to time, complete limited repurchases of the 2024 Notes, via open-market or privately negotiated repurchase transactions or otherwise, prior to their maturity date. We can provide no assurances as to the timing of any such repurchases or whether we will complete any such repurchases at all. We do not intend to disclose further information regarding any such repurchase transactions, except to the extent required in our subsequent periodic filings on Forms 10-K or 10-Q, or unless otherwise required by applicable law.
Cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 are summarized as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(in thousands)202020192018
Changes in Cash:
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities$136,647 $157,569 $36,567 
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities(52,590)(134,787)(98,842)
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities(1,699)(2,299)(5,628)
Effect of exchange rates on cash(3,997)(1,087)(8,154)
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents$78,361 $19,396 $(76,057)
Operating activities
Our principal source of cash from operating activities is our net income (loss), adjusted for noncash items. Our primary sources and uses of cash flows from operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:
Year ended December 31,
(in thousands)202020192018
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income (loss)$(496,751)$(348,444)$(212,327)
Noncash adjustments:
Depreciation and amortization, including goodwill impairment528,895 263,427 293,590 
Loss on impairment of long-lived assets70,445 159,353 — 
Deferred income tax provision (benefit)(4,158)(12,268)11,912 
Inventory write-downs7,038 21,285 — 
Other noncash6,167 7,419 3,405 
Total noncash adjustments608,387 439,216 308,907 
Accounts receivable and contract assets125,541 (17,561)(86,724)
Inventory26,466 (11,777)(12,485)
Current liabilities(138,932)76,552 25,968 
Other changes11,936 19,583 13,228 
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities$136,647 $157,569 $36,567 
Net cash provided by operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 of $137 million, $158 million and $37 million, respectively, was affected by the following:
Accounts receivable and contract assets - The increase in cash related to accounts receivable and contract assets in 2020 reflects the timing of project milestones and customer payments. The decrease in cash
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related to accounts receivable and contract assets in 2019 and 2018 reflects higher business activity in the fourth quarter of both years due to commencement of new projects, along with timing of project milestones and customer payments.
Inventory - The increase in cash related to inventory as of December 31, 2020 corresponds with a decrease in our backlog. The decrease in cash related to inventory as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was primarily due to increases in Manufactured Products' inventory related to increases in backlog.
Current liabilities - The decrease in cash related to changes in current liabilities in 2020 reflects the timing of vendor payments, lower contract liabilities due to a decrease in deferred customer prepayments, and the annual employee incentive payments related to attainment of specific performance goals in prior periods. The increase in cash related to changes in current liabilities in 2019 reflected higher business activity in the fourth quarter and primarily the timing of vendor payments for related goods and services. The increase in cash in 2018 reflected timing of vendor payments.
Investing activities
In 2020, we used $53 million in net investing activities, primarily for capital expenditures of $61 million. Our 2020 capital expenditures included $34 million in our Offshore Projects Group segment to add capabilities and maintain current operations and $15 million in our Subsea Robotics segment to upgrade our fleet of work-class ROVs.
In 2019, we used $135 million in net investing activities, primarily for capital expenditures of $148 million. Our 2019 capital expenditures included $73 million in our Subsea Robotics segment to upgrade our fleet of work-class ROVs, adding 13 ROVs to our fleet, $18 million in our Manufactured Products segment to add capabilities and maintain current operations and $42 million in our Offshore Projects Group segment, which included completion of the MSV Ocean Evolution, which was placed in service in the second quarter of 2019.
In 2018, we used $99 million in net investing activities. We used $109 million for capital expenditures and $69 million for business acquisitions, totaling $178 million in investments. These investments included $51 million in our Subsea Robotics segment, $9 million in our Manufactured Products segment and $111 million in our Offshore Projects Group segment, including the acquisition of Ecosse for approximately $68 million. Ecosse builds and operates seabed preparation, route clearance and trenching tools for submarine cables and pipelines on an integrated basis that includes vessels, ROVs and survey services. Enabling technologies acquired in the transaction include Ecosse's modular seabed system, capable of completing the entire trenching work scope (route preparation, boulder clearance, trenching and backfill), and its newly developed trenching system. These systems primarily serve the shallow water offshore renewables market. We also received $70 million of proceeds from maturities and redemptions of Angolan bonds and $15 million of proceeds from the sale of a cost method investment, partially offset by the use of $10 million for the purchase of Angolan central bank bonds indexed to the U.S. dollar.
Our priority continues to be generating cash. In 2021, we expect our organic capital expenditures to total between $50 million and $70 million, exclusive of business acquisitions. This includes approximately $35 million to $40 million of maintenance capital expenditures and $15 million to $30 million of growth capital expenditures. We remain committed to maintaining strong liquidity and believe that our cash position, undrawn revolving credit facility, and debt maturity profile should provide us ample resources and time to address potential future opportunities to improve our returns.
Our capital expenditures during 2020, 2019 and 2018 included $15 million, $73 million and $51 million, respectively, in our Subsea Robotics segment, principally for upgrades to our ROV fleet and to replace certain units we retired. We currently plan to add new ROVs only to meet contractual commitments. We added three, 13 and six ROVs to our fleet and retired three, 38 and 10 units during 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, resulting in a total of 250 work-class systems in our fleet as of December 31, 2020. Over the past three years, we retired a greater number of ROVs than we have added due to market conditions and outlook.
We previously had several deepwater vessels under long-term charter. The last of our long-term charters expired in March 2018. With the current market conditions, our philosophy is to attempt to charter vessels for specific projects on a back-to-back basis or short-term time charter party arrangements with the vessel owners. This generally minimizes our contract exposure by closely matching our obligations with our revenue.
We placed our new-build, Jones Act-compliant, MSV Ocean Evolution into service during the second quarter of 2019. The Ocean Evolution is U.S.-flagged and documented with a coastwise endorsement by the U.S. Coast Guard. The vessel has an overall length of 353 feet, a Class 2 dynamic positioning system, accommodations for 110 personnel, a helideck, a 250-ton active heave-compensated crane, a working moonpool, and two of our high
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specification 4,000 meter work-class ROVs. The vessel has five low-emission Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) Tier 4 diesel engines. The Tier 4 rating is the EPA’s strictest emission requirements for non-road diesel engines. The vessel is also equipped with a satellite communications system capable of transmitting streaming video for real-time work observation by shore-based personnel. The vessel is being used to augment our ability to provide subsea intervention services in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. These services are required to perform IMR projects and hardware installations. Due to market conditions that no longer support the prior valuation for this asset, in the fourth quarter of 2019, we determined that the carrying amount of the Ocean Evolution exceeded the fair value and recorded impairment expense of $101 million.
In 2010, we acquired a vessel, which we renamed the Ocean Patriot, and converted it to a dynamically positioned saturation diving and ROV service vessel. We installed a 12-man saturation (“SAT”) diving system and one work-class ROV on the vessel, and we placed the vessel into service in December 2011. Due to market conditions that no longer support the prior valuation for this asset, in the fourth quarter of 2019 and the 1st quarter of 2020, we determined that the carrying amount of the Ocean Patriot exceeded the fair value and recorded impairment expense of $31 million and $3.9 million, respectively.
Financing activities
In 2020 and 2019, we used $1.7 million and $2.3 million, respectively, in financing activities. In 2018, we used $5.6 million in financing activities, with $300 million for a repayment of the term loan facility, substantially offset by $296 million of the proceeds received from the issuance of the 2028 Senior Notes, net of issuance costs.
In November 2014, we completed the public offering of $500 million aggregate principal amount of 4.650% Senior Notes due 2024 (the “2024 Senior Notes”). We pay interest on the 2024 Senior Notes on May 15 and November 15 of each year. The 2024 Senior Notes are scheduled to mature on November 15, 2024.
In February 2018, we completed the public offering of $300 million aggregate principal amount of 6.000% Senior Notes due 2028 (the “2028 Senior Notes”). We pay interest on the 2028 Senior Notes on February 1 and August 1 of each year. The 2028 Senior Notes are scheduled to mature on February 1, 2028. We used the net proceeds from the 2028 Senior Notes to repay our term loan indebtedness described further below.
We may redeem some or all of the 2024 Senior Notes and 2028 Senior Notes (collectively, the “Senior Notes”) at specified redemption prices.
In October 2014, we entered into a credit agreement (as amended, the "Credit Agreement"“Credit Agreement”) with a group of banks. In February 2018, we entered into Agreement and Amendment No. 4 to Credit Agreement ("Amendment No. 4") to the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement providesinitially provided for a $500 million five-year revolving credit facility (the "Revolving“Revolving Credit Facility"Facility”). The Credit Agreement previously provided for a $300 million three-year term loan, which we repaid in full in February 2018, using net proceeds from our February 2018 offering of our 6.000% Senior Notes due 2028 described further below. Subject to certain conditions, the aggregate commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility may be increased by up to $300 million at any time upon agreement between us and existing or additional lenders. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility may be used for general corporate purposes. The Credit Agreement also provided for a $300 million term loan, which we repaid in full in February 2018, using net proceeds from the issuance of our 2028 Senior Notes referred to above, and cash on hand.
In February 2018, we entered intoAgreement and Amendment No. 4 to the Credit Agreement (“Amendment No. 4”). Amendment No. 4 amended the Credit Agreement to, among other things, extend the maturity of the Revolving Credit Facility to January 25, 2023 with the extending Lenders,lenders, which represent 90% of the existing commitments of the Lenders,lenders, such that (a) the total commitments for the Revolving Credit Facility will be $500 million until October 25, 2021, and thereafter $450 million until January 25, 2023.

Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at an Adjusted Base Rate or the Eurodollar Rate (both as defined in the Credit Agreement), at our option, plus an applicable margin based on our Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) and, at our election, based on the ratings of our senior unsecured debt by designated ratings services, thereafter to be based on such debt ratings. The applicable margin varies: (1) in the case of advances bearing interest at the Adjusted Base Rate, from 0.125% to 0.750%; and (2) in the case of advances bearing interest at the Eurodollar Rate, from 1.125% to 1.750%. The Adjusted Base Rate is the highest of (1) the per annum rate established by the administrative agent as its prime rate, (2) the federal funds rate plus 0.50% and (3) the daily one-month LIBOR plus 1%. We pay a commitment fee ranging from 0.125% to 0.300% on the unused portion of the Revolving Credit Facility, depending on our Leverage Ratio. The commitment fees are included as interest expense in our consolidated financial statements.

The Credit Agreement contains various covenants that we believe are customary for agreements of this nature, including, but not limited to, restrictions on our ability and the ability of each of our subsidiaries to incur debt, grant
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liens, make certain investments, make distributions, merge or consolidate, sell assets and enter into certain restrictive agreements. We are also subject to a maximum adjusted total Capitalization Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) of 55%. The Credit Agreement includes customary events of default and associated remedies. As of December 31, 2017,2020, we were in compliance with all the covenants set forth in the Credit Agreement.

In November 2014, we completed the public offeringWe had two interest rate swaps in place relating to a total of $500$200 million aggregate principal amount of 4.650% Senior Notes due 2024 (the "2024 Senior Notes"). We pay interest on the 2024 Senior Notes on May 15 and November 15 of each year. The 2024 Senior Notes are scheduled to mature on November 15, 2024. We may redeem some or all of the 2024 Senior Notes priorfor the period to November 2024. The agreements swapped the fixed interest rate of 4.65% on $100 million of the 2024 Senior Notes to the floating rate of one-month LIBOR plus 2.426% and on another $100 million to one-month LIBOR plus 2.823%. In March 2020, we settled both interest rate swaps with the counterparty for cash proceeds of $13 million. The settlement resulted in a $13 million adjustment to increase our long-term debt balance that will be amortized to interest expense prospectively through the maturity at specified redemption prices. We useddate for the net proceeds from2024 Senior Notes using the offeringeffective interest method. As a result, we amortized $2.0 million to interest expense for general corporate purposes, including funding the C&C acquisition, other capital expenditures and repurchasesyear ended December 31, 2020. See Note 9—”Debt” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report for a description of shares of our common stock.

these interest rate swaps.
We incurred $6.9 million and $4.2 million of issuance costs related to the 2024 Senior Notes and $2.6the 2028 Senior Notes, respectively, and $3.0 million of new loan costs, including costs of the amendments prior to Amendment No. 4, related to the Credit Agreement. WeThese costs, net of accumulated amortization, are amortizing those costs, which are included on our balance sheet, as a reduction of long-term debt forin our Consolidated Balance Sheet, as they pertain to the 2024 Senior Notes, and in other noncurrent assets as an other non-current asset forthey pertain to the Credit Agreement,Agreement. We are amortizing these costs to interest expense to November 2024through the respective maturity dates for the 2024 Senior Notes and to January 2023 for the Credit Agreement.


We have twoAgreement using the straight-line method, which approximates the effective interest rate swaps in place on a total of $200 million of the 2024 Senior Notes for the period to November 2024. See Note 6 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report for a description of these interest rate swaps.

In February 2018, we completed the public offering of $300 million aggregate principal amount of 6.000% Senior Notes due 2028 (the "2028 Senior Notes"). We will pay interest on the 2028 Senior Notes on February 1 and August 1 of each year, beginning on August 1, 2018. The 2028 Senior Notes are scheduled to mature on February 1, 2028. We may redeem some or all of the 2028 Senior Notes at specified redemption prices. We used the net proceeds from the offering to repay our term loan indebtedness referred to above.

In 2018, we incurred $4.1 million of issuance costs related to the 2028 Senior Notes and $0.5 million of new loan costs related to Amendment No. 4. We will amortize these costs, which will be included on our balance sheet as a reduction of debt for the 2028 Senior Notes and as an other non-current asset for the Credit Agreement, to interest expense through November 2028 for the 2028 Senior Notes and to January 2023 for Amendment No. 4.

method.
Our maximum outstanding indebtedness during 20172020 under the Credit Agreement and 2024the Senior Notes was $800 million, and our total interest costs, including commitment fees, were $32.4$44 million.

Our capital expenditures, including business acquisitions, for 2017, 2016 and 2015 were $105 million, $143 million and $424 million, respectively. Our capital expenditures in 2017 included $40 million inWe have not guaranteed any debt not reflected on our ROV segment, $28 million in our Subsea Products segment and $30 million in our Subsea Projects segment. Our capital expenditures in 2016 included $50 million in our ROV segment, $57 million in our Subsea Products segment and $26 million in our Subsea Projects segment. Our capital expenditures in 2015 included our acquisitionConsolidated Balance Sheets as of C & C Technologies, Inc. ("C&C") for approximately $224 million. C&C is a global provider of ocean-bottom mapping services utilizing customized autonomous underwater vehicles and provides marine construction surveys for both surface and subsea assets, as well as satellite-based positioning services for drilling rigs and seismic and construction vessels. C&C also provides land and near-shore survey services along the U.S. Gulf Coast and in Mexico, and performs shallow water conventional geophysical surveys in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. In addition to the C&C acquisition, our capital expenditures in 2015 included: $58 million for upgrading and expanding our ROV fleet; $69 million in our Subsea Products segment, principally for growth of our tooling and installation and workover control systems capabilities; and $52 million in our Subsea Projects segment, including $43 million related to a new subsea support vessel scheduled for delivery in 2018.
For 2018, we expect our capital expenditures to be in the range of $80 million to $120 million, exclusive of business acquisitions. This estimate includes $22 million in our Subsea Projects segment to complete the new-build subsea support vessel, to be named the Ocean Evolution, scheduled for delivery in the second quarter of 2018. During the third quarter of 2013, we signed an agreement with a shipyard for the construction of the Ocean Evolution. We intend for the vessel to be U.S. flagged and documented with a coastwise endorsement by the U.S. Coast Guard. It is expected to have an overall length of 353 feet, a Class 2 dynamic positioning system, accommodations for 110 personnel, a helideck, a 250-ton active heave-compensated crane, and a working moonpool. We expect to outfit the vessel with two of our high specification 4,000 meter work-class ROVs. The vessel will also be equipped with a satellite communications system capable of transmitting streaming video for real-time work observation by shore personnel. We anticipate the vessel will be used to augment our ability to provide subsea intervention services in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. These services are required to perform inspection, maintenance and repair projects and hardware installations.
Our capital expenditures during 2017, 2016 and 2015 included $40 million, $50 million and $58 million, respectively, in our ROV segment, principally for additions and upgrades to our ROV fleet to expand the fleet and replace units we retired and for facilities infrastructure to support our growing ROV fleet size. We currently plan to add new ROVs only to meet contractual commitments. We added seven, six, and 16 ROVs to our fleet and retired eight, 41 and 36 units during 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and transferred one to our Advanced Technologies segment in 2015, resulting in a total of 279 work-class systems in the fleet at December 31, 2017. Over the past

three years, we retired a greater number of ROVs than we have added due to market conditions2020 and outlook.

We previously had several deepwater vessels under long term charter. The last of our current charters of deepwater vessel charters expires in March 2018. With the current market conditions, we attempt to charter vessels for specific projects on a back-to-back basis with the vessel owners. Unless indicated otherwise, each of the chartered vessels discussed below is a deepwater multiservice subsea support vessel outfitted with two of our high-specification work-class ROVs.

Beginning in the third quarter of 2008, we chartered a vessel, the Olympic Intervention IV, for an initial term of five years. Following extension periods, the charter expired in July 2016,2019, and we released the vessel to its owner. We had been using the Olympic Intervention IV in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico.

In 2012, we moved the chartered vessel Ocean Intervention III to Angola and also chartered the Bourbon Oceanteam 101 to work on a three-year field support vessel services contract for a unit of BP plc. We had extended the charter of the Bourbon Oceanteam 101 to January 2017. However, in early 2016, the customer exercised its right, under the field support vessel services contract, to terminate its use of the Bourbon Oceanteam 101 at the end of May 2016. Under the terms of the contract, the costs incurreddo not have any off-balance-sheet arrangements, as defined by us associated with the early release and demobilization of the vessel were reimbursed by the customer. Following the release of the vessel, we redelivered it to the vessel supplier. The charter for the Ocean Intervention III expired at the end of July 2017. Under the field support vessel services contract, which has been extended through January 2019, we are continuing to supply project management and engineering services. We also provide ROV tooling, asset integrity services and installation and workover control system services as requested by the customer. Chartered vessels and barges are provided to the customer upon request. Under the field support vessel services contract, at the customer's request the Ocean Intervention III will be provided for a fixed term from January 2018 until May 2018 with three one-month optional customer extension periods.
In March 2013, we commenced a five-year bareboat charter for a Jones Act-compliant multiservice support vessel, the Ocean Alliance, we have been using in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. In January 2015, we commenced a two-year contract with a customer for the use of the Ocean Alliance. The contract expired in January 2017, and we are marketing the vessel for spot market work in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. We anticipate that we will return the Ocean Alliance to the vessel owner in the first quarter of 2018 and we will work with the vessel owner on a back-to-back basis on projects for customers in the Gulf of Mexico.
In December 2013, we commenced a three-year charter for the Normand Flower, a multiservice subsea marine support vessel. We made modifications to the vessel and used the vessel in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico to perform inspection, maintenance and repair projects and hardware installations. In December 2016, we declined our option to extend the charter and the vessel was released.
In November 2015, we commenced a two-year charter for the use of the Island Pride, a multiservice subsea marine support vessel. We used the vessel under a two-year contract to provide field support services off the coast of India for an oil and gas customer based in India. In November 2017, that field services contract expired and we declined our option to extend the vessel charter.
We also charter or lease vessels on a short-term basis as necessary to augment our fleet.
In 2010, we acquired a vessel, which we renamed the Ocean Patriot, and we have converted it to a dynamically positioned saturation diving and ROV service vessel. We installed a 12-man saturation ("SAT") diving system and one work-class ROV on the vessel, and we placed the vessel into service in December 2011.
During the third quarter of 2013, we signed an agreement with a shipyard for the construction of a subsea support vessel, to be named the Ocean Evolution. We intend for the vessel to be U.S. flagged and documented with a coastwise endorsement by the U.S. Coast Guard. It is expected to have an overall length of 353 feet, a Class 2 dynamic positioning system, accommodations for 110

personnel, a helideck, a 250-ton active heave-compensated crane, and a working moonpool. We expect to outfit the vessel with two of our high specification 4,000 meter work-class ROVs. The vessel will also be equipped with a satellite communications system capable of transmitting streaming video for real-time work observation by shore personnel. We anticipate the vessel will be used to augment our ability to provide subsea intervention services in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. These services are required to perform inspection, maintenance and repair projects and hardware installations.
Our principal source of cash from operating activities is our net income, adjusted for the non-cash expenses of depreciation and amortization, deferred income taxes and noncash compensation under our restricted stock plans. Our $136 million, $339 million and $564 million of cash provided from operating activities in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, were affected by cash increases/(decreases) of: (1) $13 million, $123 million and $179 million, respectively, of changes in accounts receivable; (2) $66 million, $18 million and $33 million, respectively, of changes in inventory; and (3) $(76) million, $(115) million and $(42) million, respectively, of changes in accounts payable and accrued liabilities. In each of 2017, 2016 and 2015, our accounts receivable, inventory and accounts payable and accrued liabilities all decreased as a result of lower revenue and activity in general from each year's preceding year. The 2016 and 2015 decreases in inventory were in addition to write-downs totaling $30 million and $26 million, respectively, in our ROV and Subsea Products segments discussed below.
In 2017, we used a net of $112 million in investing activities, with $105 million used to fund the capital expenditures described above and $11 million used to purchase Angolan central bank bonds indexed to the U.S. dollar. In 2016, we used a net of $169 million in investing activities, with $143 million used to fund the capital expenditures and business acquisitions described above and $39 million used to purchase Angolan central bank bonds indexed to the U.S. dollar. In 2015, we used a net of $437 million in investing activities, with $424 million used to fund the capital expenditures and business acquisitions described above.
In 2017, we used $46 million in financing activities, primarily for the $44 million of cash dividends we paid. In 2016, we used $96 million in financing activities, primarily for the $94 million of cash dividends we paid. In 2015, we used $160 million in financing activities. We borrowed $50 million, repurchased 2.0 million shares for $100 million and paid cash dividends of $106 million.SEC rules.
In December 2014, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program under which we may repurchase up to 10 million shares of our common stock on a discretionary basis. The program calls for the repurchases to be made in the open market, or in privately negotiated transactions from time to time, in compliance with applicable laws, rules and regulations, including Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, subject to market and business conditions, levels of available liquidity, cash requirements for other purposes, applicable legal requirements and other relevant factors. The timing and amount of any future repurchases will be determined by management based on its evaluation of these factors. We expect that any shares repurchased under the new program will be held as treasury stock for future use. The program does not obligate us to repurchase any particular number of shares. Under this program, in 2015, we repurchased 2.0 million shares of our common stock for $100 million. We have not repurchased any shares under the program since 2015. As of December 31, 2020, we retained 11.5 million of the shares we had repurchased through this and a prior repurchase program. We expect to hold the shares repurchased as treasury stock for future use. We account for the shares we hold in treasury under the cost method, at average cost. Through December 31, 2015 under the program, we repurchased 2 million shares of our common stock for $100 million. We did not repurchase any shares in 2017 or 2016.
As of December 31, 2017, we retained 12.6 million of the shares we had repurchased through this and a prior program. We expect to hold the shares repurchased for future use.
Because of our significant foreign operations, we are exposed to currency fluctuations and exchange rate risks. We generally minimize these risks primarily through matching, to the extent possible, revenue and expense in the various currencies in which we operate. Cumulative translation adjustments as of December 31, 20172020 relate primarily to our net investments in, including long-term loans to, our foreign subsidiaries. A stronger U.S. dollar against the U.K. pound sterling, Norwegian kroner and Brazilian real wouldcould result in lower operating income. See Item 7A – "Quantitative7A—“Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk."

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
ResultsWe have based the following discussion and analysis of Operations
Additional informationour financial condition and results of operations on our consolidated financial statements, which we have prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. These principles require us to make various estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the periods we present. We base our estimates on historical experience, available information and other assumptions we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates; however, our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The following discussion summarizes the accounting policies we believe (1) require our
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management's most difficult, subjective or complex judgments and (2) are the most critical to our reporting of results of operations and financial position.
Revenue Recognition. Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” which implemented Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606 (“ASC 606”). We applied the modified retrospective method to those contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018, and utilized the practical expedient to reflect the effect on contract modifications in the aggregate. The adoption of this ASU resulted in an after-tax cumulative effect adjustment of $0.5 million recorded to retained earnings as of January 1, 2018. The comparative information with respect to prior periods has not been retrospectively restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods.
All of our revenue is realized through contracts with customers. We recognize our revenue according to the contract type. On a daily basis, we recognize service revenue over time for contracts that provide for specific time, material and equipment charges, which we bill periodically, ranging from weekly to monthly. We use the input method to faithfully depict revenue recognition, because each day of service provided represents value to the customer. The performance obligations in these contracts are satisfied, and revenue is recognized, as the work is performed. We have used the expedient available to recognize revenue when the billing corresponds to the value realized by the customer where appropriate.
We account for significant fixed-price contracts, mainly relating to our Manufactured Products segment, and to a lesser extent in our Offshore Projects Group and Aerospace and Defense Technologies segments, by recognizing revenue over time using an input, cost-to-cost measurement percentage-of-completion method. We use the input cost-to-cost method to faithfully depict revenue recognition. This commonly used method allows appropriate calculation of progress on our contracts. A performance obligation is satisfied as we create a product on behalf of the customer over the life of the contract. The remainder of our revenue is recognized at the point in time when control transfers to the customer, thus satisfying the performance obligation.
We have elected to recognize the cost for freight and shipping as an expense when incurred. Taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction, and that are collected by us from customers, are excluded from revenue.
In our service-based business segmentslines, which principally charge on a dayrate basis for services provided, there is shownno significant impact in the pattern of revenue and profit recognition as a result of implementation of ASC 606. In our product-based business lines, we have seen impacts on the pattern of our revenue and profit recognition in our contracts using the percentage-of-completion method, as a result of the requirement to exclude uninstalled materials and significant inefficiencies from the measure of progress. This occurs predominantly in our Manufactured Products segment.
We apply judgment in the determination and allocation of transaction price to performance obligations, and the subsequent recognition of revenue, based on the facts and circumstances of each contract. We routinely review estimates related to our contracts and, where required, reflect revisions to profitability in earnings immediately. If an element of variable consideration has the potential for a significant future reversal of revenue, we will constrain that variable consideration to a level intended to remove the potential future reversal. If a current estimate of total contract cost indicates an ultimate loss on a contract, we recognize the projected loss in full when we determine it. In prior years, we have recorded adjustments to earnings as a result of revisions to contract estimates; however, we did not have any material adjustments during the 12 months ended December 31, 2020 or 2019. There could be significant adjustments to overall contract costs in the future, due to changes in facts and circumstances.
In general, our payment terms consist of those services billed regularly as provided and those products delivered at a point in time, which are invoiced after the performance obligation is satisfied. Our product and service contracts with milestone payments due at agreed progress points during the contract are invoiced when those milestones are reached, which may differ from the timing of revenue recognition. Our payment terms generally do not provide financing of contracts to customers, nor do we receive financing from customers as a result of these terms.
Goodwill. Our goodwill is evaluated for impairment annually and whenever we identify certain triggering events or circumstances that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. Events or circumstances that might indicate an interim evaluation is warranted include, among other things, unexpected adverse business conditions, macro and reporting unit specific economic factors (for example, interest rate and foreign exchange rate fluctuations, and loss of key personnel), supply costs, unanticipated competitive activities and acts by governments and courts.
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In our evaluation of goodwill, we perform a qualitative or quantitative impairment test. Under the qualitative approach, if we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we are required to perform the quantitative analysis to determine the fair value for the reporting unit. Thereafter, we compare the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognize an impairment loss for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit. The loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. We also consider income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill.
Our estimates of fair values for our reporting units require us to use significant unobservable inputs, classified as Level 3 fair value measurement, including assumptions related to future performance, risk-adjusted discount rates, future commodity prices and demand for our services and estimates of expected realizable values.
In the years ending December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, as a result of our goodwill impairment testing, we recognized aggregate losses of $344 million, $15 million and $76 million, respectively. See Note 75—“Impairments” and Note 11—“Operations by Business Segment and Geographic Area” in the Notes To Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report for further discussion of these impairments.
Property and Equipment, Long-lived Intangible Assets and Right-of-Use Operating Lease Assets. We periodically and upon the occurrence of a triggering event review the realizability of our property and equipment, long-lived intangible assets and right-of-use operating lease assets to determine whether any events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. For long-lived assets to be held and used, we base our evaluation on impairment indicators such as the nature of the assets, the future economic benefits of the assets, any historical or future profitability measurements and other external market conditions or factors that may be present. If such impairment indicators are present or other factors exist that indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, we determine whether an impairment has occurred through the use of an undiscounted cash flows analysis of the asset at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows exist. If an impairment has occurred, we recognize a loss for the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the asset.
Our estimates of fair values for our asset groups require us to use significant unobservable inputs, classified as Level 3 fair value measurements, including assumptions related to future performance, risk-adjusted discount rates, future commodity prices and demand for our services and estimates of expected realizable value.
In the years ending December 31, 2020 and 2019, we recognized long-lived asset impairment losses of $70 million and $159 million, respectively. See Note 5—“Impairments” and Note 11—“Operations by Business Segment and Geographic Area” in the Notes To Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report for further discussion of these impairments.
For assets held for sale or disposal, the fair value of the asset is measured using fair market value less cost to sell. Assets are classified as held-for-sale when we have a plan for disposal of certain assets and those assets meet the held for sale criteria.
We charge the costs of repair and maintenance of property and equipment to operations as incurred, while we capitalize the costs of improvements that extend asset lives or functionality.
Income Taxes. Our tax provisions are based on our expected taxable income, statutory rates and tax-planning opportunities available to us in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. The determination of taxable income in any jurisdiction requires the interpretation of the related tax laws. We are at risk that a taxing authority's final determination of our tax liabilities may differ from our interpretation.
We account for any applicable interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions as a component of our provision for income taxes on our financial statements. Current income tax expense represents either nonresident withholding taxes or the liabilities expected to be reflected on our income tax returns for the current year, while the net deferred income tax expense or benefit represents the change in the balance of deferred tax assets or liabilities as reported on our balance sheet.
We establish valuation allowances to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized in the future. Provisions for valuation allowances impact our income tax provision in the period in which such adjustments are identified and recorded.
For a summary of our major accounting policies and a discussion of recently adopted accounting standards, please
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see Note 1—“Summary of Major Accounting Policies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report.
Oilfield. The table that follows sets out revenue and profitability for the business segments within our Oilfield business. In the ROV section of the table that follows, "Days available" includes all days from the first day that an ROV is placed in service until the ROV is retired. All days in this period are considered available days, including periods when an ROV is undergoing maintenance or repairs. Our ROVs do not have scheduled maintenance or repair that requires significant time when the ROVs are not available for utilization.
  Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015
Remotely Operated Vehicles      
Revenue $393,655
 $522,121
 $807,723
Gross Margin 50,937
 59,038
 227,330
Gross Margin % 13% 11% 28%
Operating Income 22,366
 25,193
 192,514
Operating Income % 6% 5% 24%
Days available 101,951
 112,588
 121,944
Days utilized 47,282
 59,963
 83,838
Utilization % 46% 53% 69%
Subsea Products      
Revenue 625,513
 692,030
 959,714
Gross Margin 97,086
 140,275
 257,755
Gross Margin % 16% 20% 27%
Operating Income 45,539
 75,938
 175,585
Operating Income % 7% 11% 18%
Backlog at end of period 276,000
 431,000
 652,000
Subsea Projects      
Revenue 291,993
 472,979
 604,484
Gross Margin 25,021
 51,392
 114,672
Gross Margin % 9% 11% 19%
Operating Income 10,279
 34,476
 92,034
Operating Income % 4% 7% 15%
Asset Integrity      
Revenue 236,778
 275,397
 372,957
Gross Margin 37,382
 41,458
 47,342
Gross Margin % 16% 15% 13%
Operating Income 11,231
 7,551
 18,235
Operating Income % 5% 3% 5%
Total Oilfield      
Revenue $1,547,939
 $1,962,527
 $2,744,878
Gross Margin 210,426
 292,163
 647,099
Gross Margin % 14% 15% 24%
Operating Income 89,415
 143,158
 478,368
Operating Income % 6% 7% 17%
       
       

Historically, we built new ROVs to increase the size of our fleet in response to demand to support deepwater drilling and vessel-based inspection, maintenance and repair ("IMR") and installation work. These vehicles are designed for use around the world in water depths of 10,000 feet or more. In 2015, as a result of declining market conditions, we began building fewer ROVs, generally limiting additions to meet contractual commitments. We added seven, six and 16 ROVs in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, while retiring 85 units over the three-year period and transferring one to our Advanced Technologies segment over that period. Our ROV fleet size was 279 at December 31, 2017, 280 at December 31, 2016 and 315 at December 31, 2015. We have decreased our ROV fleet size over the last three years as a result of lower market demand.

In the year ended December 31, 2017, our ROV operating income declined slightly on a revenue decline of 25%. Revenue declined on fewer days-on-hire at lower average dayrates. ROV revenue in 2017 also included a $7.3 million sale of accessory equipment that was integrated into a customer's rigs. Both the days-on-hire and lower dayrates are a result of the continued decline in market conditions for offshore drilling and production. Operating income in 2017 did not decline from 2016, as we incurred $41.0 million of charges in 2016 further described below.

Our ROV operating income decreased in the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the prior year, as a result of lower days on hire and lower average revenue per day-on-hire, as well as 2016 inventory write-downs and fixed asset write-offs totaling $36.0 million. During 2016, the leading indicator for deepwater activity, contracted floating rigs, continued to decline as the rate of rigs being idled, either by contract termination or expiration, continued. This prevailing market condition required us to reassess the number of ROVs we had in our fleet, as well as the associated inventory. As a result of our reassessment, in 2016 we recorded $36.0 million of charges consisting of: (1) $25.2 million for a reserve for excess inventory; and (2) $10.8 million for the retirement of 39 ROVs. During 2016 we also incurred charges related to restructuring expenses of $3.8 million and bad debt expenses of $1.2 million.

In our financial statements, the charges incurred in 2016 are reflected in our cost of services and products, except for the charges related to bad debts, which are reflected in general and administrative expenses.

For ROVs in 2018, we project increased days on hire. However, we expect lower operating income due to a shift in geographic mix and continued competitive pricing driving our average revenue per day lower. We normally expect to retire, on average, 4% to 5% of our fleet on an annual basis, although we retired a greater number in each of 2016 and 2015 due to market conditions.

Our Subsea Products segment consists of two business units: (1) manufactured products; and (2) service and rental. Manufactured products include production control umbilicals and specialty subsea hardware, while service and rental includes tooling, subsea work systems and installation and workover control systems. The following table presents revenue from manufactured products and service and rental, as their respective percentages of total Subsea Products revenue:

  Year Ended December 31,
  2017 2016 2015
Manufactured Products 64% 65% 61%
       
Service and Rental 36% 35% 39%


For the year ended December 31, 2017, our Subsea Products revenue and operating income decreased from the prior year across both business units, but most notably due to lower pricing of service and rental.


For the year ended December 31, 2016, our Subsea Products revenue and operating income decreased from the prior year across both business units, but most notably due to lower demand for and pricing of service and rental. In 2016 we incurred the following charges:

$8.2 million, predominantly for tools and inventory in our portfolio used to support deepwater drilling and operations;
$3.7 of restructuring expenses; and
$1.9 million of allowances for bad debts.

Due to deteriorating market conditions, we wrote down Subsea Products inventory $10.3 million in 2015, including $9.0 million associated with our decision to cease manufacture of subsea BOP control systems. In 2015, Subsea Products also incurred the following charges:

$8.7 million of restructuring expenses;
$6.6 million of a non-current asset reserve; and
$4.8 million for an allowance for bad debts.

In our financial statements, the charges incurred in both 2016 and 2015 are reflected in our cost of services and products, except for the charges related to the allowances for bad debts, which are reflected in general and administrative expenses. The restructuring expenses related to severance costs for incurred and designated future workforce reductions and costs associated with closing excess facilities. The charge for a non-current asset reserve related to prepaid non-income taxes based on consumption, and the charge amount is based on our estimate of the amount that will expire due to reduced activity going forward. The allowance for bad debts in 2015 related to a customer that filed for bankruptcy and was unable to pay for a built umbilical.
We anticipate our Subsea Products segment operating income in 2018 to be lower than in 2017 on a decline in pricing and manufacturing throughput as we enter the year with less backlog compared to the prior year. Until we see an increase in backlog and throughput, our outlook for margins is to weaken further into the low- to mid-single digit range. Our Subsea Products backlog was $276 million at December 31, 2017, approximately 36% lower than it was at December 31, 2016. The backlog decrease from 2016 was principally in umbilicals.

Our Subsea Projects operating income was lower in the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to the prior year, as a result of generally lower vessel demand and pricing, and the release in May 2016 of the Bourbon Oceanteam 101, which was previously deployed under the field support vessel services contract offshore Angola.

For the year ended December 31, 2016, our Subsea Projects revenue and operating income decreased from that of the prior year, as a result of decreased demand and lower pricing for deepwater vessel services, including the completion during April 2015 of work associated with the Bourbon Evolution 803, a vessel we chartered on a short-term basis for use offshore Angola associated with our field support vessel services contract, and the release in May 2016 of the Bourbon Oceanteam 101, which was previously deployed under the same contract offshore Angola.

In 2018, our Subsea Projects segment is expected to have a more challenging year with reduced international vessel and diving activity, and continued competitive pressures on vessel dayrates in the spot call out market in the Gulf of Mexico, and a scheduled regulatory drydocking of our vessel Ocean Intervention. Unlike the beginning of 2017, we entered 2018 with no meaningful fixed-term vessel contracts with customers.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to the prior year, Asset Integrity's operating income improved on lower revenue, as we benefited from restructuring efforts we made in prior periods and our 2016 operating results included the bad debt expenses and restructuring charges described below.
For the year ended December 31, 2016, our Asset Integrity revenue and operating income decreased from that of the prior year across most of our operating areas, due to decreased demand and pricing. Our Asset Integrity results in 2016 included bad debt expense of $5.0 million, which is

reflected in selling, general and administrative expense, and $1.4 million of restructuring charges, which are reflected in our cost of services and products.
We anticipate our 2018 operating income for Asset Integrity to increase slightly over that of 2017.
Advanced Technologies. The table that follows sets out revenue and profitability for this segment.
  Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015
Revenue $373,568
 $309,076
 $317,876
Gross Margin 44,421
 33,784
 30,034
Gross Margin % 12% 11% 9%
Operating Income 22,039
 11,809
 9,689
Operating Income % 6% 4% 3%

For the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to the prior year, Advanced Technologies operating income was higher, from improved volume of theme park-related projects.

For the year ended December 31, 2016, Advanced Technologies operating income was higher than that of the corresponding period of 2015, due to improved execution on commercial theme park and other projects.

We project continuing improvement in our Advanced Technologies operating income in 2018, due to increased activity within the commercial theme park arena.
Unallocated Expenses. Our unallocated expenses, i.e., those not associated with a specific business segment, within gross margin consist of expenses related to our incentive and deferred compensation plans, including restricted stock and bonuses, as well as other general expenses. Our unallocated expenses within operating income consist of those within gross margin plus general and administrative expenses related to corporate functions.
The table that follows sets out our unallocated expenses.
  Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015
Gross margin expenses $(60,237) $(46,720) $(71,704)
% of revenue 3% 2% 2%
Operating expenses (100,798) (84,203) (114,247)
% of revenue 5% 4% 4%
Our unallocated expenses have trended with the amounts of our incentive compensation expenses. Our unallocated expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased compared to 2016, primarily due to higher 2017 estimated expenses related to incentive compensation from our performance units and bonuses.
Our unallocated gross margin and operating expenses decreased in 2016 as compared to 2015, due to lower compensation expenses related to the expected annual bonuses and valuation of performance units awarded under our incentive plan. We anticipate Unallocated Expenses to increase $12 million to $18 million in 2018.

Other. The table that follows sets forth our financial statement items below the operating income line.
  Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands) 2017 2016 2015
Interest income $7,355
 $3,900
 $607
Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized (27,817) (25,318) (25,050)
Equity earnings (loss) of unconsolidated affiliates (1,983) 244
 2,230
Other income (expense), net (6,055) (6,244) (15,336)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes (184,242) 18,760
 105,250

Interest income increased in 2017 from our investment in Angola bonds, as mentioned in"Liquidity and Capital Resources" above, and an increase in the short-term interest rates received on our cash equivalents in the U.S.

In addition to interest on borrowings, interest expense includes amortization of loan costs, fees for
lender commitments under our revolving credit agreement and fees for standby letters of credit and
bank guarantees that banks issue on our behalf for performance bonds, bid bonds and self-insurance
requirements.

Interest expense increased in 2017 over 2016 from higher short-term interest rates. We capitalized $4.6 million, $3.7 million and $2.4 million of interest in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, associated with the new-build vessel described under "Liquidity and Capital Resources" above.
Included in other income (expense), net are foreign currency transaction losses of $5.2 million, $4.8 million and $15.4 million for 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. In 2017, we did not incur significant currency transaction losses in any one currency. The losses in 2016 and 2015 primarily related to Angola, which devalued its currency by 18% in 2016 and 24% in 2015. In 2016, other income (expense), net also includes curtailment costs of $1.1 million related to the Norway defined benefit plan. In January 2018, Angola devalued its currency by an additional 20%. We estimate we incurred a foreign currency transaction loss of approximately $6 million as a result of the effect of this devaluation. We likely would incur further foreign currency exchange losses in Angola if further currency devaluations occur.
Our effective tax rate, including foreign, state and local taxes, was 43.3% and 31.3% for 2016 and 2015, respectively. On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was enacted, most notably reducing the U.S. corporate tax rate to 21% effective January 1, 2018, and creating a territorial tax system with a one-time mandatory tax on applicable previously-deferred foreign earnings of U.S. subsidiaries. As a result of the Tax Act, we estimated and recorded a $189.1 million non-cash benefit in the fourth quarter of 2017, making the effective tax rate for 2017 not meaningful. Various components of the Tax Act contributed to the $189.1 million non-cash benefit. At December 31, 2017, we remeasured our deferred tax assets and liabilities to reflect the reduction in the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, resulting in a provisional $23.1 million decrease in income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2017. Prior to enactment, we provided deferred taxes liabilities associated with certain unrepatriated earnings that will now be subject to tax-free repatriation, resulting in a provisional $222.0 million decrease in income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2017. The transition tax and resulting territorial type tax regime impacts the utilization of our remaining foreign tax credits, resulting in a provisional valuation allowance of $56.0 million against such deferred tax assets and a corresponding increase to income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2017. We are continuing our analysis of the effects that the provisions of the Tax Act may have on us in future periods.
In 2016, the increase in the effective tax rate was primarily due to a change in the mix of income or losses between the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions. This resulted in a recapture of prior year U.S. manufacturing deductions and a limitation of the current benefit from certain foreign tax payments. In 2015, the primary difference between our effective tax rates and the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35% was from our intent to indefinitely reinvest in certain of our international operations. Therefore, we were not providing for U.S. taxes on a portion of our foreign earnings.

In 2018, we anticipate our effective tax benefit rate on a loss before income taxes will be approximately 5% before discrete items and any potential adjustments to our provisional estimates related to the Tax Act recorded in 2017. Our effective tax rate benefit could be affected by the geographical mix of earnings and losses, and taxes in certain jurisdictions that may exceed the tax benefit from losses in other jurisdictions which may not be realized due to valuation allowances provided. We project a discrete income tax provision of approximately $2 million in the first quarter of 2018 associated with our share-based incentive plan.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined by SEC rules.
Contractual Obligations
AtAs of December 31, 2017, after taking into account the effects of Amendment No. 4 to the Credit Agreement, the issuance of the 2028 Senior Notes and repayment of the Term Loan Facility in February 2018 as described in Liquidity and Capital Resources above,2020, we had payments due under contractual obligations as follows:
(dollars in thousands)Payments due by period
 Total20212022-20232024-2025After 2025
Long-term Debt$800,000 $— $— $500,000 $300,000 
Operating Lease Liabilities239,101 28,892 49,082 38,534 122,593 
Purchase Obligations165,682 161,374 2,932 838 538 
Other Long-term Obligations reflected on our Balance Sheet under U.S. GAAP38,884 81 195 247 38,361 
TOTAL$1,243,667 $190,347 $52,209 $539,619 $461,492 
(dollars in thousands)                                                 
Payments due by period
 Total 2018 2019-2020 2021-2022 After 2022
Long-term Debt$800,000
 $
 $
 $
 $800,000
Vessel Charters4,311
 4,311
 
 
 
Other Operating Leases234,398
 26,932
 42,695
 32,375
 132,396
Purchase Obligations124,378
 123,055
 1,039
 138
 146
Other Long-term Obligations reflected on our Balance Sheet under GAAP52,532
 857
 1,736
 173
 49,766
TOTAL$1,215,619
 $155,155
 $45,470
 $32,686
 $982,308
At December 31, 2017, we had outstanding purchase order commitments totaling $124 million, including approximately $22 million for the construction of the new subsea support vessel,Pursuant to be named the Ocean Evolution, scheduled for delivery in 2018.

In 2001,a service agreement we entered into an agreement with our Chairman of the Board of Directors, (the "Chairman") who was also then our Chief Executive Officer. That agreement was amended in 2006 and in 2008. Pursuantwe are obligated to the amended agreement, the Chairman relinquished his position as Chief Executive Officer in May 2006 and began his post-employment service period on December 31, 2006, which continued through August 15, 2011, during which service period the Chairman, acting as an independent contractor, agreed to serve as nonexecutive Chairman of our Board of Directors. The agreement provides the Chairman with post-employment benefits for ten years following August 15, 2011. The agreement also providesprovide for medical coverage on an after-tax basis to the Chairman,him, his spouse and two adult children for their lives. We recognized the net present value of the post-employment benefits over the expected service period. Our total accrued liabilities, current and long-term, under this post-employment benefit were $3.9$1.8 million and $4.5$2.5 million atas of December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, respectively.

Effects of Inflation and Changing Prices
Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, using historical U.S. dollar accounting, or historical cost. Statements based on historical cost, however, do not adequately reflect the cumulative effect of increasing costs and changes in the purchasing power of the dollar, especially during times of significant and continued inflation.
In order to minimize the negative impact of inflation on our operations, we attempt to cover the increased cost of anticipated changes in labor, material and service costs, either through an estimate of those changes, which we reflect in the original price, or through price escalation clauses in our contracts. Our success in achieving price escalation clauses has become more challenging, due to the protracted downturn and over-capacity in the energy market in which we compete. Inflation has not had a material effect on our revenue or income from operations in the past three years, and no such effect is expected in the near future.

46


Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
We are currently exposed to certain market risks arising from transactions we have entered into in the normal course of business. These risks relate to interest rate changes and fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. Except for our exposure in Angola, we do not believe these risks are material. We have not entered into any market risk sensitive instruments for speculative or trading purposes. When we have a significant amount of borrowings, we typically manage our exposure to interest rate changes through the use of a combination of fixed- and floating-rate debt. See Note 5 of9—“Debt” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report for a description of our revolving credit facility and interest rates on our borrowings. We havehad two interest rate swaps in place onrelating to a total of $200 million of the 2024 Senior Notes. These agreements swapped the fixed interest rate of 4.650% on $100 million of the 2024 Senior Notes forto the periodfloating rate of one-month LIBOR plus 2.426% and on another $100 million to November 2024.one-month LIBOR plus 2.823%. In March 2020, we terminated these interest rate swaps. See Note 6 of9—“Debt” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report for a description ofmore information regarding these interest rate swaps. We believe significant interest rate changes would not have a material near-term impact on our future earnings or cash flows.
Because we operate in various oil and gas exploration and production regions in the world, we conduct a portion of our business in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. The functional currency for severalmost of our international operations is the applicable local currency. A stronger U.S. dollar against the U.K. pound sterling, the Norwegian kroner and the Brazilian real wouldcould result in lower operating income. We manage our exposure to changes in foreign exchange rates principally through arranging compensation in U.S. dollars or freely convertible currency and, to the extent possible, by limiting compensation received in other currencies to amounts necessary to meet obligations denominated in those currencies. We use the exchange rates in effect as of the balance sheet date to translate assets and liabilities as to whichwhen the functional currency is the local currency, resulting in translation adjustments that we reflect as accumulated other comprehensive income or loss in the equity section of our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We recorded net adjustments of $11 million, $(6) million and $(119) million to our equity accounts of $(25) million, $5.3 million and $(47) million in 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 2015,2018, respectively. Negative adjustments reflect the net impact of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against various foreign currencies for locations where the functional currency is not the U.S. dollar. Conversely, positive adjustments reflect the effect of a weakening U.S. dollar.
We recorded foreign currency transaction lossesgains (losses) of $5.2$(14) million, $4.8$(6.3) million and $15.4$(18) million for 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 2015,2018, respectively. Those gainsWe recorded foreign currency transaction losses related to the Angolan kwanza and losses are included in OtherBrazilian real as a component of other income
(expense), net in our Consolidated Statements of Operations in those respective periods. In 2017, we did not incur significantForeign currency gains (losses) related to the Brazilian real of $(7.3) million, $(0.7) million and $0.6 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, were primarily due to the remeasurement of our U.S. dollar denominated liability balances to the Brazilian real. Foreign currency transaction losses in any one currency. Since the second quarter of 2015, the exchange rate forgains (losses) related to the Angolan kwanza relative to the U.S. dollar generally has been declining, although the exchange rate was relatively stable during the 2017. The currency transaction lossesof $(2.8) million, $(4.8) million and $(19) million in Angola have related2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, were primarily due to the remeasurement of our Angolan kwanza cash balances to U.S. dollars. ConversionAngola devalued its currency by 36%, 55% and 46% in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Any conversion of cash balances from kwanza to U.S. dollars is controlled by the central bank in Angola,Angola. During 2020 and the central bank has slowed this process since mid-2015, causing our kwanza2019, we were able to repatriate $11 million and $5.5 million, respectively, of cash balances to subsequently increase. The losses in 2016 and 2015 primarily related to Angola, which devalued its currency by 18% in 2016 and 24% in 2015. from Angola.
As of December 31, 2017,2020 and December 31, 2019, we had the equivalent of approximately $27$4.7 million and $6.2 million, respectively, of kwanza cash in kwanzabalances in Angola, reflected on our balance sheet. In January 2018, Angola devalued its currency by an additional 20%. We estimate we incurred a foreign currency transaction loss of approximately $6 million as a result of the effect of this devaluation. We likely would incur further foreign currency exchange losses in Angola if further currency devaluations occur.

Consolidated Balance Sheets.
To mitigate our currency exposure risk in Angola, we have used kwanza to purchase $70 million equivalent Angolan central bank (Banco Nacional de Angola) bonds with maturities of $60 million during 2018 and $10 million in 2020. Thesebonds. The bonds are denominated as U.S. dollar equivalents, so that, upon payment of semi-annual interest and principal upon maturity, payment is made in kwanza, equivalent to the respective U.S. dollars at the then-current exchange rate. Our intent is to reinvest fundsDuring 2018, we received a total of $70 million in proceeds from maturingmaturities and redemptions of Angolan bonds and reinvested $10 million of the proceeds in similar long-term assets. Because we intend to sell the bonds if we are able to repatriate the proceeds, we have classified these bonds as available-for-sale securities, and they are recorded in other current assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

We estimated the fair market value of the Angolan bonds to be $10 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 using quoted market prices. Since the market for the Angolan bonds is not an active market, the fair value of the Angolan bonds is classified within Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy under U.S. GAAP.

47

Item 8.Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Item 8.Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
In this report, our consolidated financial statements and supplementary data appear following the signature page to this report and are incorporated into this item by reference.

Item 9.Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
Item 9.Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.


Item 9A.Controls and Procedures.
Item 9A.    Controls and Procedures.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
In accordance with Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"“Exchange Act”), we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 20172020 to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms.
Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 20172020 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable, but not absolute, assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We developed our internal control over financial reporting through a process in which our management applied its judgment in assessing the costs and benefits of various controls and procedures, which, by their nature, can provide only reasonable assurance regarding the control objectives. You should note that the design of any system of controls is based in part on various assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and we cannot assure you that any system of controls will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions, regardless of how remote. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive, financial and accounting officers, we have conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). This evaluation included a review of the documentation surrounding our financial reporting controls, an evaluation of the design effectiveness of these controls, testing of the operating effectiveness of these controls and an evaluation of our overall control environment. Based on that evaluation, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2017.2020.
Ernst & Young LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited our financial statements, has audited our internal control over financial reporting, as stated in their report that follows.

48

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Oceaneering International, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited Oceaneering International, Inc. and subsidiaries'subsidiaries internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017,2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the "COSO criteria")COSO criteria). In our opinion, Oceaneering International, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017,2020, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting
Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, and the related consolidated statements of income,operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017,2020, and the related notes and our report dated February 28, 201826, 2021, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion
The Company'sCompany’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment forof the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management'sManagement’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company'sCompany’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to Oceaneering International, Inc.the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company'scompany’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company'scompany’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company'scompany’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
/s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP
Houston, Texas
February 28, 201826, 2021

49


Item 9B.    Other Information.
None.
Part III



Item 10.Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
Item 10.Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
The information with respect to the directors and nominees for election to our Board of Directors is incorporated by reference from the section "Election“Election of Directors"Directors” in our definitive proxy statement to be filed on or before May 1, 2018,within 120 days of December 31, 2020, relating to our 20182021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders.
Information concerning our Audit Committee and the audit committee financial experts is incorporated by reference from the sections entitled "Corporate Governance"“Corporate Governance” and "Committees“Committees of the Board – Audit Committee"Committee” in the proxy statement referred to in this Item 10. Information concerning our Code of Ethics is incorporated by reference from the section entitled "Code“Code of Ethics"Ethics” for the Chief Executive Officer and Senior Financial Officers in the proxy statement previously referred to in this Item 10.
The information with respect to our executive officers is provided under the heading "Executive“Executive Officers of the Registrant"Registrant” following Item 1 of Part I of this report. There are no family relationships between any of our directors or executive officers.
The information with respect to the reporting by our directors and executive officers and persons who own more than 10% of our Common Stock under Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is incorporated by reference from the section entitled "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance" in the proxy statement previously referred to in this Item 10.

Item 11.Executive Compensation.
Item 11.Executive Compensation.
The information required by Item 11 is incorporated by reference from the sections entitled "Compensation“Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation," "Compensation” “Compensation Discussion and Analysis," "Report” “Report of the Compensation Committee," "Compensation” “Compensation of Executive Officers," and "Compensation“Compensation of Nonemployee Directors"Directors” in the proxy statement referred to in Item 10 above.

Item 12.Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
Item 12.Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
The information required by Item 12 is incorporated by reference from (1) the Equity Compensation Plan Information table appearing in Item 5 – "Market“Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities"Securities” in Part II of this report and (2) the section "Security“Security Ownership of Management and Certain Beneficial Owners"Owners” in the proxy statement referred to in Item 10 above.

Item 13.Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
Item 13.Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
The information required by Item 13 is incorporated by reference from the sections entitled "Corporate Governance"“Corporate Governance” and "Certain“Certain Relationships and Related Transactions"Transactions” in the proxy statement referred to in Item 10 above.

Item 14.Principal Accounting Fees and Services.
Item 14.Principal Accounting Fees and Services.
The information required by Item 14 is incorporated by reference from the section entitled "Ratification“Ratification of Appointment of Independent Auditors – Fees Incurred for Audit and Other Services provided by Ernst & Young LLP"LLP” in the proxy statement referred to in Item 10 above.



50

Part IV


Item 15.Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.
(a)Documents filed as part of this report.
1.Financial Statements:
(i)Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
(ii)Consolidated Balance Sheets
(iii)Consolidated Statements of Income
(iv)Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(v)Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(vi)Consolidated Statements of Equity
(vii)Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
2.Financial Statement Schedules:
(a)    Documents filed as part of this report.
1.    Financial Statements:
(i)    Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
(ii)    Consolidated Balance Sheets
(iii)    Consolidated Statements of Operations
(iv)    Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(v)    Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(vi)    Consolidated Statements of Equity
(vii)    Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
2.    Financial Statement Schedules:
All schedules for which provision is made in the applicable regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission have been omitted because they are not required under the relevant instructions or because the required information is not significant.
3.    Exhibits:

Exhibit Index

Registration or File NumberForm of ReportReport DateExhibit Number
*3.011-1094510-KDec. 20003.01 
*3.021-109458-KMay 20083.1 
*3.031-109458-KMay 20143.1 
*3.041-109458-KAug. 20203.01 
4.01
*4.021-1094510-QSep. 20184.3
*4.031-109458-KOct. 20144.1 
*4.04 1-109458-KNov. 20154.1 
*4.05 1-109458-KNov. 20164.1 
*4.06 1-109458-KJune 20174.1 
*4.07 1-109458-KFeb. 20184.1 
*4.08 1-109458-KNov. 20144.1 
51

    Registration or File Number Form of Report Report Date Exhibit Number
*3.01
 1-10945 10-K Dec. 2000 3.01
*3.02
 1-10945 8-K May 2008 3.1
*3.03
 1-10945 8-K May 2014 3.1
*3.04
 1-10945 8-K Aug. 2015 3.1
 4.01
        
*4.02
 1-10945 8-K Oct. 2014 4.1
*4.03
 1-10945 8-K Nov. 2015 4.1
*4.04
 1-10945 8-K Nov. 2016 4.1
*4.05
 1-10945 8-K June 2017 4.1
*4.06
 1-10945 8-K Feb. 2018 4.1
*4.07
 1-10945 8-K Nov. 2014 4.1

*4.09 1-109458-KNov. 20144.2 
*4.10 1-109458-KFeb. 20184.2
We and certain of our consolidated subsidiaries are parties to debt instruments under which the total amount of securities authorized does not exceed 10% of our total consolidated assets. Pursuant to paragraph 4(iii)(A) of Item 601(b) of Regulation S-K, we agree to furnish a copy of those instruments to the Securities and Exchange Commission on request.
*10.01 +1-109458-KDec. 200610.1 
*10.02 +1-109458-KDec. 200810.9 
*10.03 +1-109458-KMay 200610.2 
*10.04 +1-109458-KDec. 200810.10 
*10.05 +1-1094510-KDec. 201810.33 
*10.06 +1-1094510-KDec. 201810.34 
*10.07 +1-109458-KDec. 200810.5 
*10.08 +1-109458-KDec. 200810.6 
*10.09 +1-109458-KAug. 201510.3 
*10.10 +1-109458-KMay 201110.5 
*10.11 +1-109458-KMay 201110.4 
*10.12 +1-10945DEF 14AMar. 2017Appendix A
*10.13 +1-109458-KMar. 201810.1
*10.14 +1-109458-KMar. 201810.2 
*10.15 +1-109458-KMar. 201910.1 
52

*4.08
 1-10945 8-K Nov. 2014 4.2
*10.16 +1-109458-KMar. 201910.2 
*4.09
 1-10945 8-K Feb. 2018 4.2*10.17 +1-1094510-KDec. 201810.31 
We and certain of our consolidated subsidiaries are parties to debt instruments under which the total amount of securities authorized does not exceed 10% of our total consolidated assets. Pursuant to paragraph 4(iii)(A) of Item 601(b) of Regulation S-K, we agree to furnish a copy of those instruments to the Securities and Exchange Commission on request.
10.18 +
10.19 +
*10.01+ 1-10945 10-K Feb. 2017 10.1
*10.20 +1-1094510-KDec. 201810.35 
*10.02+ 1-10945 10-K Dec. 2014 10.13
*10.21 +1-1094510-KDec. 201810.32 
*10.03+ 1-10945 8-K Dec. 2006 10.1
*10.22 +1-109458-KFeb. 202010.1 
*10.04+ 1-10945 8-K Dec. 2008 10.9
*10.23 +1-109458-KFeb. 202010.2 
*10.05+ 1-10945 8-K May 2006 10.2
*10.24 +1-109458-KFeb. 202010.3 
*10.06+ 1-10945 8-K Dec. 2008 10.10
*10.25 +1-109458-KFeb. 202010.4 
*10.07+ 1-10945 8-K Dec. 2008 10.5
*10.26 +1-1094510-QJun. 201910.1 
*10.08+ 1-10945 8-K Dec. 2008 10.6
*10.27 +1-1094510-QJun. 201910.2 
*10.09+ 1-10945 8-K Aug. 2015 10.3
*10.28 +1-1094510-QJun. 201910.3 
*10.10+ 1-10945 8-K May 2011 10.5
*10.29 +1-1094510-QJun. 201910.4 
*10.11+ 1-10945 8-K May 2011 10.4
*10.30 +1-1094510-QJun. 201910.5 
*10.12+ 333-166612 S-8 May 2010 4.6
*10.31 +333-238325S-8May 20204.06
*10.13+ 1-10945 DEF 14A Apr. 2015 Appendix A
*10.14+ 1-10945 DEF 14A Mar. 2017 Appendix A
*10.15+ 1-10945 8-K Feb. 2017 10.1
*10.16+ 1-10945 8-K Feb. 2017 10.2
*10.17+ 1-10945 8-K Feb. 2017 10.3
21.01 
23.01 
31.01 
31.02 
32.01 
32.02 
101.INS
Inline XBRL Instance Document - The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

101.SCHInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CALInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEFInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LABInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PREInline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
*Exhibit previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, as indicated, and incorporated herein by reference.
+Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.


53
*10.18+ 1-10945 8-K Feb. 2017 10.4
*10.19+ 1-10945 8-K May 2017 10.3
*10.20+ 1-10945 8-K Feb. 2017 10.5
*10.21+ 1-10945 8-K May 2017 10.1
*10.22+ 1-10945 8-K May 2017 10.2
*10.23+

 1-10945 8-K Feb. 2017 10.6
*10.24+ 1-10945 8-K Feb. 2016 10.1
*10.25+ 1-10945 8-K Feb. 2016 10.2
*10.26+ 1-10945 8-K Feb. 2016 10.3
*10.27+ 1-10945 8-K Feb. 2016 10.4
*10.28+ 1-10945 8-K Feb. 2016 10.5
*10.29+ 1-10945 8-K Feb. 2015 10.1
*10.30+ 1-10945 8-K Feb. 2015 10.2
*10.31+ 1-10945 8-K Feb. 2015 10.3
*10.32+ 1-10945 8-K Feb. 2015 10.4
*10.33+ 1-10945 8-K Feb. 2015 10.5
*10.34+ 1-10945 8-K Feb. 2015 10.7
 12.01
  
 21.01
  
 23.01
  
 31.01
  
 31.02
  
 32.01
  
 32.02
  
 101.INS
XBRL Instance Document  
 101.SCH
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document  
 101.CAL
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document  
 101.DEF
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document  
 101.LAB
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
 101.PRE
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
       
           
 *
Exhibit previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, as indicated, and incorporated herein by reference.  
 +
Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.  


Table of Contents

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 
OCEANEERING INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Date:February 28, 201826, 2021By:/S/ RODERICK A.LARSON
Roderick A. Larson
President and Chief Executive Officer and Director
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
 
SignatureTitleDate
/S/ RODERICK A. LARSONPresident and Chief Executive Officer and DirectorFebruary 26, 2021
Roderick A. Larson(Principal Executive Officer)
SignatureTitleDate
/S/ RODERICK A. LARSONChief Executive Officer and DirectorFebruary 28, 2018
Roderick A. Larson(Principal Executive Officer)
/S/ ALAN R. CURTISSenior Vice President and Chief Financial OfficerFebruary 28, 201826, 2021
Alan R. Curtis(Principal Financial Officer)
/S/ W. CARDON GERNERWITLAND J. LEBLANC, JR.Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting OfficerFebruary 28, 201826, 2021
W. Cardon GernerWitland J. LeBlanc, Jr.(Principal Accounting Officer)
/S/ JOHN R. HUFFChairman of the BoardFebruary 28, 201826, 2021
John R. Huff
/S/ KAREN H. BEACHYDirectorFebruary 26, 2021
Karen H. Beachy
/S/ WILLIAM B. BERRYDirectorFebruary 28, 201826, 2021
William B. Berry
/S/ T. JAY COLLINSDirectorFebruary 28, 201826, 2021
T. Jay Collins
/S/ DEANNA L. GOODWINDirectorFebruary 28, 201826, 2021
Deanna L. Goodwin
/S/ M. KEVIN MCEVOYDirectorFebruary 28, 201826, 2021
M. Kevin McEvoy
/S/ PAUL B. MURPHY, JR.DirectorFebruary 28, 201826, 2021
Paul B. Murphy, Jr.
/S/ KAVITHA VELUSAMYDirectorFebruary 26, 2021
Kavitha Velusamy
/S/ JON ERIK REINHARDSENDirectorFebruary 28, 201826, 2021
 Jon Erik Reinhardsen
/S/ STEVEN A. WEBSTERDirectorFebruary 28, 201826, 2021
Steven A. Webster



54

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULES
Index to Financial Statements
 
Index to Schedules
All schedules for which provision is made in the applicable regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission have been omitted because they are not required under the relevant instructions or because the required information is not significant.



55

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Oceaneering International, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Oceaneering International, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 20172020 and 2016, and2019, the related consolidated statements of income,operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017,2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidatedconsolidated financial statements")statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2017,2020, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017,2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control—IntegratedControl-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 28, 201826, 2021, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.






56

Valuation of long-lived assets
Description of the Matter
As discussed in Note 1 and 5 to the consolidated financial statements, due to the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and increase in the supply of crude oil in 2020, the Company identified impairment indicators, determined that certain assets were not recoverable and were impaired. To determine the fair value of these assets, the Company utilized a combination of market and cost valuation methods. As a result, the Company recognized a $69 million impairment loss, which is the amount by which the carrying value exceeded the estimated fair value of these assets.
Auditing the Company's impairment measurement involved significant judgment to assess the appropriateness of the valuation method or methods and a high degree of subjectivity as estimates underlying the determination of fair value were based in part on assumptions of economic obsolescence and future performance.

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s long-lived impairment review process, including controls over management’s review of the significant judgments and assumptions described above.
To test the estimated fair value of the Company’s asset groups, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, assessing the appropriateness of the valuation methodologies utilized and testing the key assumptions discussed above and the underlying data used by the Company in its analysis. We involved a valuation specialist to assist in our evaluation of the Company's model, valuation methodology, significant assumptions and perform corroborative calculations. We compared the significant assumptions used by management to current industry and economic trends, historical results, and other relevant factors. We reviewed for contrary evidence related to the determination of the fair value of the asset groups, including reviewing relevant market data, historical cost data, and internal Company forecasts.
Revenues recognized over-time utilizing cost to cost inputs
Description of the Matter
For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recognized 24% of its revenues utilizing the cost-to-cost input method. As discussed in Note 1 of the financial statements, the Company generally recognizes estimated contract revenue based on costs incurred to date as a percentage of total estimated costs.
Auditing management’s calculation of revenues recognized under the cost to cost method was complex and subjective due to the significant estimation required in determining the estimated costs remaining on the project. In particular, the estimates of remaining costs associated with materials and labor are sensitive and may be impacted by factors outside of the Company’s control.

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s process for revenues utilizing the cost to cost input method, including management’s review of the estimated costs to complete and associated revenues.
To test the estimated costs to complete, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, assessing the appropriate application of the revenue recognition method utilized, and testing the significant assumptions discussed above and the underlying data used by the Company in its estimation process. We compared the significant assumptions used by management to external and internal information, such as vendor quotes and invoices, manufacturing schedules, purchase orders, engineering design requirements, manufacturing bills of lading, and other similar support. Additionally, we assessed the historical accuracy of management’s estimates through a lookback analysis of prior estimates of costs to complete compared to actual results.

 
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.
/s/ ERNST & YOUNG LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2002.
Houston, Texas
February 28, 201826, 2021



57

OCEANEERING INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
 
 December 31,
(in thousands, except share data)20202019
ASSETS
Current Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents$452,016 $373,655 
Accounts receivable, net of allowances for doubtful accounts of $4,466 and $7,499296,214 421,360 
Contract assets221,997 221,288 
Inventory, net141,241 174,744 
Other current assets58,795 53,389 
Total Current Assets1,170,263 1,244,436 
Property and equipment, at cost2,456,602 2,622,185 
Less accumulated depreciation1,865,495 1,845,653 
Net property and equipment591,107 776,532 
Other Assets:
Goodwill35,016 405,079 
Other noncurrent assets108,250 151,378 
Right-of-use operating lease assets141,206 163,238 
Total other assets284,472 719,695 
Total Assets$2,045,842 $2,740,663 
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current Liabilities:
Accounts payable$94,207 $145,933 
Accrued liabilities292,863 337,681 
Contract liabilities50,046 117,342 
Total current liabilities437,116 600,956 
Long-term debt805,251 796,516 
Long-term operating lease liabilities156,074 160,988 
Other long-term liabilities89,244 106,794 
Commitments and contingencies00
Equity:
Common Stock, par value $0.25 per share; 360,000,000 shares authorized; 110,834,088 shares issued27,709 27,709 
Additional paid-in capital192,492 207,130 
Treasury stock; 11,525,725 and 11,903,252 shares, at cost(660,021)(681,640)
Retained earnings1,351,220 1,850,244 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(359,306)(334,097)
Oceaneering shareholders' equity552,094 1,069,346 
      Noncontrolling interest6,063 6,063 
              Total equity558,157 1,075,409 
Total Liabilities and Equity$2,045,842 $2,740,663 
 
December 31,
(in thousands, except share data)
2017
2016
ASSETS



Current Assets:



Cash and cash equivalents
$430,316

$450,193
Accounts receivable, net of allowances for doubtful accounts of $6,217 and $8,288
476,903

489,749
Inventory
215,282

280,130
Prepaid expenses
64,901

42,523
Total Current Assets
1,187,402

1,262,595
Property and Equipment, at cost
2,815,579

2,728,125
Less accumulated depreciation
1,751,375

1,574,867
Net Property and Equipment
1,064,204

1,153,258
Other Assets:



Goodwill
455,599

443,551
Other non-current assets
316,745

270,911
Total Other Assets
772,344

714,462
Total Assets
$3,023,950

$3,130,315
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY



Current Liabilities:



Accounts payable
$85,539

$77,593
Accrued liabilities
350,258

430,771
Total Current Liabilities
435,797

508,364
Long-term Debt
792,312

793,058
Other Long-term Liabilities
131,323

312,250
Commitments and Contingencies



Equity:



Common Stock, par value $0.25 per share; 360,000,000 shares authorized; 110,834,088 shares issued
27,709

27,709
Additional paid-in capital
225,125

227,566
Treasury stock; 12,554,714 and 12,768,726 shares, at cost
(718,946)
(731,202)
Retained earnings
2,417,412

2,295,234
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(292,136)
(302,664)
Oceaneering Shareholders' Equity
1,659,164

1,516,643
      Noncontrolling Interest
5,354


              Total Equity
1,664,518

1,516,643
Total Liabilities and Equity
$3,023,950

$3,130,315

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

58


OCEANEERING INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOMEOPERATIONS
 
 Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)202020192018
Revenue$1,827,889 $2,048,124 $1,909,482 
Cost of services and products1,663,948 1,949,880 1,780,256 
Gross margin163,941 98,244 129,226 
Selling, general and administrative expense195,695 214,891 198,259 
Long-lived assets impairments70,445 159,353 — 
Goodwill impairment343,880 14,713 76,449 
Income (loss) from operations(446,079)(290,713)(145,482)
Interest income3,083 7,893 9,962 
Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized(43,900)(42,711)(37,742)
Equity earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates2,268 1,331 (3,783)
Other income (expense), net(14,269)(6,621)(8,788)
Income (loss) before income taxes(498,897)(330,821)(185,833)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes(2,146)17,623 26,494 
Net Income (Loss)$(496,751)$(348,444)$(212,327)
Weighted average shares outstanding
Basic99,233 98,876 98,496 
Diluted99,233 98,876 98,496 
Earnings (loss) per share
Basic$(5.01)$(3.52)$(2.16)
Diluted$(5.01)$(3.52)$(2.16)
 

Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except per share data)
2017
2016
2015
Revenue
$1,921,507

$2,271,603

$3,062,754
Cost of services and products
1,726,897

1,992,376

2,457,325

Gross Margin
194,610

279,227

605,429
Selling, general and administrative expense
183,954

208,463

231,619

Income from Operations
10,656

70,764

373,810
Interest income
7,355

3,900

607
Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized
(27,817)
(25,318)
(25,050)
Equity earnings (losses) of unconsolidated affiliates
(1,983)
244

2,230
Other income (expense), net
(6,055)
(6,244)
(15,336)

Income (loss) before Income Taxes
(17,844)
43,346

336,261
Provision (benefit) for income taxes
(184,242)
18,760

105,250

Net Income
$166,398

$24,586

$231,011
Cash dividends declared per Share
$0.45

$0.96

$1.08
Basic Earnings per Share
$1.69

$0.25

$2.35
Weighted average basic shares outstanding
98,238

98,035

98,417
Diluted Earnings per Share
$1.68

$0.25

$2.34
Weighted average diluted shares outstanding
98,764

98,424

98,808

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.



59

OCEANEERING INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(in thousands)

Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)202020192018
Net income (loss)$(496,751)$(348,444)$(212,327)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation(25,209)5,280 (47,026)
Pension-related adjustments0 (215)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)(25,209)5,280 (47,241)
Comprehensive income (loss)$(521,960)$(343,164)$(259,568)



Year Ended December 31,



2017
2016
2015








Net Income
$166,398
 $24,586
 $231,011
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:






Foreign currency translation
10,723

(5,559)
(118,705)

Pension-related adjustments
(195)
3,258

1,532
Other comprehensive income (loss)
10,528

(2,301)
(117,173)
Comprehensive Income
$176,926

$22,285

$113,838




The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.



60

OCEANEERING INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 
 Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)202020192018
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income (loss)$(496,751)$(348,444)$(212,327)
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization, including goodwill impairment528,895 263,427 293,590 
Loss on impairment of long-lived assets70,445 159,353 — 
Deferred income tax provision (benefit)(4,158)(12,268)11,912 
Inventory write-downs7,038 21,285 — 
Net loss (gain) on sales of property and equipment and cost method investment1,521 (7,664)(8,215)
Noncash compensation8,681 11,432 11,620 
Noncash impact of lease accounting(4,035)3,651 — 
Excluding the effects of acquisitions, increase (decrease) in cash from:
Accounts receivable and contract assets125,541 (17,561)(86,724)
Inventory26,466 (11,777)(12,485)
Proceeds from interest rate swaps12,840 
Other operating assets3,638 16,246 13,587 
Currency translation effect on working capital, excluding cash8,927 5,533 (4,369)
Current liabilities(138,932)76,552 25,968 
Other operating liabilities(13,469)(2,196)4,010 
Total adjustments to net income (loss)633,398 506,013 248,894 
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities136,647 157,569 36,567 
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Purchases of property and equipment(60,687)(147,684)(109,467)
Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired0 (68,571)
Proceeds from redemption of investments0 69,789 
Purchase of Angolan bonds0 (10,236)
Distributions of capital from unconsolidated affiliates6,207 3,388 2,372 
Dispositions of property and equipment1,890 9,509 17,239 
Other investing activities0 32 
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities(52,590)(134,787)(98,842)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Net proceeds from issuance of 6.000% Senior Notes, net of issuance costs0 295,816 
Repayment of term loan facility0 (300,000)
Other financing activities(1,699)(2,299)(1,444)
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities(1,699)(2,299)(5,628)
Effect of exchange rates on cash(3,997)(1,087)(8,154)
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents78,361 19,396 (76,057)
Cash and Cash Equivalents—Beginning of Period373,655 354,259 430,316 
Cash and Cash Equivalents—End of Period$452,016 $373,655 $354,259 
  Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands) 2017 2016 2015
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:      
Net income $166,398
 $24,586
 $231,011
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:      
Depreciation and amortization 213,519
 250,247
 241,235
Deferred income tax provision (benefit) (235,013) 98
 29,090
Inventory write-downs 
 30,490
 25,990
Net loss (gain) on dispositions of property and equipment 216
 387
 4,917
Noncash compensation 11,518
 14,687
 17,289
Excluding the effects of acquisitions, increase (decrease) in cash from:      
Accounts receivable 13,144
 123,036
 178,796
Inventory 65,502
 17,833
 33,192
Other operating assets (38,163) 53,946
 (65,786)
Currency translation effect on working capital, excluding cash 8,017
 (9,183) (30,228)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (76,309) (115,212) (41,585)
Income taxes payable (5,499) (38,985) (45,943)
Other operating liabilities 13,148
 (12,491) (14,125)
Total adjustments to net income (29,920) 314,853
 332,842
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities 136,478
 339,439
 563,853
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:      
Purchases of property and equipment (93,680) (112,392) (199,970)
Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired (11,278) (30,121) (224,018)
Other investments (11,451) (39,130) (19,531)
Distributions of capital from unconsolidated affiliates 2,556
 6,470
 5,963
Dispositions of property and equipment and life insurance proceeds 1,818
 5,702
 376
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities (112,035) (169,471) (437,180)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:      
Net proceeds of bank credit facilities, net of new loan costs 
 
 49,665
Employer tax withholding on settlement of shares (1,702) (1,921) (3,198)
Cash dividends (44,220) (94,138) (106,454)
Purchases of treasury stock 
 
 (100,459)
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities (45,922) (96,059) (160,446)
Effect of exchange rates on cash 1,602
 (8,951) (11,706)
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents (19,877) 64,958
 (45,479)
Cash and Cash Equivalents—Beginning of Period 450,193
 385,235
 430,714
Cash and Cash Equivalents—End of Period $430,316
 $450,193
 $385,235



The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

61


OCEANEERING INTERNATIONAL, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
 
  Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income  (Loss)
Common StockAdditional
Paid-in
Capital
Treasury
Stock
Retained
Earnings
Currency
Translation
Adjustments
PensionOceaneering Shareholders' EquityNoncontrolling InterestTotal Equity
(in thousands)
Balance, December 31, 2017$27,709 $225,125 $(718,946)$2,417,412 $(292,351)$215 $1,659,164 $5,354 $1,664,518 
Cumulative effect of ASC 606 adoption— — — (537)— — (537)(537)
Net income (loss)— — — (212,327)— — (212,327)— (212,327)
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — (47,026)(215)(47,241)— (47,241)
Restricted stock unit activity— (753)10,929 — — — 10,176 — 10,176 
Restricted stock activity— (3,951)3,951 — — — — — — 
Noncontrolling interest acquired— — — — — — 709 709 
Balance, December 31, 201827,709 220,421 (704,066)2,204,548 (339,377)0 1,409,235 6,063 1,415,298 
Cumulative effect of ASC 842 adoption— — — (5,860)— — (5,860)— (5,860)
Net income (loss)— — — (348,444)— — (348,444)— (348,444)
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — 5,280 — 5,280 — 5,280 
Restricted stock unit activity— (8,148)17,283 — — — 9,135 — 9,135 
Restricted stock activity— (5,143)5,143 — — — — — — 
Noncontrolling interest— — — — — — — — — 
Balance, December 31, 201927,709 207,130 (681,640)1,850,244 (334,097)0 1,069,346 6,063 1,075,409 
Cumulative effect of ASC 326 adoption— — — (2,273)— — (2,273)— (2,273)
Net income (loss)— — — (496,751)— — (496,751)— (496,751)
Other comprehensive income (loss)— — — — (25,209)— (25,209)— (25,209)
Restricted stock unit activity— (8,646)15,627 — — — 6,981 — 6,981 
Restricted stock activity— (5,992)5,992 — — — — — 
Noncontrolling interest— — — — — — — — — 
Balance, December 31, 2020$27,709 $192,492 $(660,021)$1,351,220 $(359,306)$0 $552,094 $6,063 $558,157 






 
 
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income  (Loss)


    


Common Stock
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
Treasury
Stock

Retained
Earnings

Currency
Translation
Adjustments

Pension
Oceaneering Shareholders' Equity Noncontrolling Interests Total Equity
(in thousands)

  
Balance, December 31, 2014
$27,709

$229,640

$(656,917)
$2,240,229

$(178,810)
$(4,380)
$1,657,471
 $
 $1,657,471
Net Income






231,011







231,011
 
 231,011
Other Comprehensive Income








(118,705) 1,532

(117,173) 
 (117,173)
Restricted stock unit activity


2,163

11,928







14,091
 
 14,091
Restricted stock activity


(1,871)
1,871








 
 
Tax benefits from employee benefit plans


247









247
 
 247
Cash dividends






(106,454)




(106,454) 
 (106,454)
Treasury stock purchases, 2,000,000 shares

 

(100,459)

 
 

(100,459) 
 (100,459)
Balance, December 31, 2015
27,709

230,179

(743,577)
2,364,786

(297,515)
(2,848)
1,578,734
 
 1,578,734
Net Income






24,586


 

24,586
 
 24,586
Other Comprehensive Income








(5,559) 3,258

(2,301) 
 (2,301)
Restricted stock unit activity


2,338

10,428







12,766
 
 12,766
Restricted stock activity


(1,947)
1,947








 
 
Tax deficiencies from employee benefit plans


(3,004)








(3,004) 
 (3,004)
Cash dividends






(94,138)




(94,138) 
 (94,138)
Balance, December 31, 2016
27,709

227,566

(731,202)
2,295,234

(303,074)
410

1,516,643
 
 1,516,643
Net Income






166,398





166,398
 
 166,398
Other Comprehensive Income








10,723

(195)
10,528
 
 10,528
Restricted stock unit activity


480

9,335







9,815
 
 9,815
Restricted stock activity


(2,921)
2,921








 
 
Cash dividends






(44,220)




(44,220) 
 (44,220)
Noncontrolling interest 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5,354
 5,354
Balance, December 31, 2017
$27,709

$225,125

$(718,946)
$2,417,412

$(292,351)
$215

$1,659,164
 $5,354
 $1,664,518






















    

The accompanying Notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


1.SUMMARY OF MAJOR ACCOUNTING POLICIES

1.SUMMARY OF MAJOR ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Principles of Consolidation.The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Oceaneering International, Inc. (“Oceaneering,” “we” or “us”) and our 50% or more owned and controlled subsidiaries. We also consolidate entities that are determined to be variable interest entities if we determine that we are the primary beneficiary; otherwise, we account for those entities using the equity method of accounting. We use the equity method to account for our investments in unconsolidated affiliated companies of which we own an equity interest of between 20% and 50% and as to which we have significant influence, but not control, over operations. We use the cost method for all other long-term investments. Investments in entities that we do not consolidate are reflected on our balance sheet in Otherother non-current assets. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.
Use of Estimates.The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("(“U.S. GAAP"GAAP”) requires that our management make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities atas of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Recasting of Certain Prior Period Information. In the third quarter of 2020, we changed our organizational structure as part of the transformation to realign our businesses to achieve greater cost efficiencies and to bring together business units that frequently work together and promote increased synergies in bidding, project management and the use of offshore technicians. As a result, information that our chief operating decision maker regularly reviews changed. Therefore, for the year ended December 31, 2020, we are reporting our financial results consistent with our newly realigned operating segments and have recast certain prior period amounts to conform to the way we now manage our businesses and monitor segment performance as described in Note 3–“Revenue” and Note 11–“Operations by Business Segment and Geographic Area.” We also changed our reporting units to realign with the changes in our operating segments and reassessed impairments for long-lived assets and goodwill as described in Note 5–“Impairments.”
Reclassifications. Certain amounts from prior periods have been reclassified to conform with the current year presentation.
Cash and Cash Equivalents.Cash and cash equivalents include demand deposits and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less from the date of investment.
Accounts Receivable – AllowancesAllowance for Doubtful Accounts. We determineCredit Loss—Financial Assets Measured at Amortized Costs. On January 1, 2020, we adopted Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” as amended (“ASC 326”), which introduces a new credit reserving methodology known as the need forCurrent Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”) model. The CECL model applies to financial assets measured at amortized costs, including accounts receivable, contract assets and held-to-maturity loan receivables. Under the CECL model, we identify allowances for credit loss based on future expected lossaes when accounts receivable, contract assets or held-to-maturity loan receivables are created rather than when losses are probable.
We use the loss-rate method in developing the allowance for credit losses, which involves identifying pools of assets with similar risk characteristics, reviewing historical losses within the last five years and consideration of reasonable supportable forecasts of economic indicators. Changes in estimates, developing trends and other new information could have material effects on future evaluations.
We monitor the credit quality of our accounts receivable and other financing receivable amounts by frequent customer interaction, following economic and industry trends and reviewing specific customer data. Our other receivable amounts include contract assets and held-to-maturity loans receivable, which we consider to have a low risk of loss.
We are monitoring the impacts from the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) outbreak and volatility in the oil and natural gas markets on our customers and various counterparties. We have considered the current and expected economic and
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market conditions, as a result of COVID-19, in determining credit loss expense for the year ended December 31, 2020.
As a result of the adoption of ASC 326, we recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment of $2.3 million as of January 1, 2020, which decreased retained earnings and increased the allowance for credit losses. We adopted ASC 326 using the modified retrospective method. Prior periods were not restated. We had an allowance for doubtful accounts of $7.5 million as of December 31, 2019, which we determined using the specific identification method. method, in accordance with previously applicable U.S. GAAP. As of December 31, 2020, our allowance for credit losses was $3.9 million for accounts receivable and $0.6 million for other receivables.
Financial assets are written off when deemed uncollectible and there is no reasonable expectation of recovering the contractual cash flows. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we wrote off accounts receivable of $11 million of which approximately 50% previously had been reserved.
We have elected to apply the practical expedient available under ASC 326 to exclude the accrued interest receivable balance that is included in our held-to-maturity loans receivable. The amount excluded as of December 31, 2020 was $1.5 million.
Accounts receivable are considered to be past-due after the end of the contractual terms agreed to with the customer. There were no material past-due amounts that we consider uncollectible for our financial assets as of December 31, 2020. We generally do not generally require collateral from our customers.
See Note 2—“Accounting Standards Update” for more information on our adoption of our adoption of ASC 326.
Inventory. Inventory is valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. We determine cost using the weighted-average method. During 2016,We periodically review the value of items in inventory and record write-downs or write-offs of inventory based on our assessment of market conditions. Write-downs and write-offs are charged to cost of services and products. In the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, we recorded inventory write-downs totaling $30.5write-offs of $7.0 million for excess inventory of $25.2and $21 million, in our ROV segment and $5.3 million in our Subsea Products segment. In 2015, we recorded inventory write-downs totaling $26.0 million: $15.7 million attributable to remotely operated vehicle components, as we determined the components would not be used as a result of the deterioration in market conditions, and $10.3 million in our Subsea Products segment, primarily the result of our decision to cease manufacturing subsea blow out preventer ("BOP") control systems.respectively.
Property and Equipment, and Long-Lived Intangible Assets and Right-of-Use Operating Lease Assets. We provide for depreciation of property and equipment on the straight-line method over estimated useful lives of eight years for ROVs, Remotely Operated Vehicles (“ROVs”), three to 2025 years for marine services equipment (such as vessels and diving equipment), and three to 25 years for buildings, improvements and other equipment.
Long-lived intangible assets, primarily acquired in connection with business combinations, include trade names, intellectual property and customer relationships and are being amortized with a weighted average remaining life of approximately eight3 years. Amortization expense on intangible
For information regarding right-of-use operating lease assets, was $10.2 million, $10.2 million and $7.8 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.see “Leases” below.
We charge the costs of repair and maintenance of property and equipment to operations as incurred, while we capitalize the costs of improvements that extend asset lives or functionality.
We capitalize interest on assets where the construction period is anticipated to be more than three months. We capitalized $4.6 million, $3.7did not capitalize interest in 2020 as compared to $3.4 million and $2.4$7.3 million of interest in 2017, 20162019 and 2015,2018, respectively. We do not allocate general administrative costs to capital projects. Upon the disposition of property and equipment, the related cost and accumulated depreciation accounts are relieved and any resulting gain or loss is included as an adjustment to cost of services and products.

Our management periodically, and upon the occurrence of a triggering event, reviews the realizability of our property and equipment, and long-lived intangible assets and right-of-use operating lease assets to determine whether any events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amountamounts of the assetassets may not be recoverable. For long-lived assets to be held and used, we base our evaluation on impairment indicators such as the nature of the assets, the future economic benefits of the assets, any historical or future profitability measurements and other external market conditions or factors that may be present. If such impairment indicators are present or other factors exist that indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, we determine whether an impairment has occurred through the use of an undiscounted cash flows analysis of the asset at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows exist. If an impairment has occurred, we recognize a loss for the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the asset. For additional information regarding write-downs and write-offs of property and equipment, long-lived intangible assets and right-of-use operating lease assets in the years ended
64

December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 see Note 5—“Impairments” and Note 11—“Operations by Business Segment and Geographic Area.”
For assets held for sale or disposal, the fair value of the asset is measured using fair market value less estimated costcosts to sell. Assets are classified as held-for-sale when we have a plan for disposal of certain assets and those assets meet the held for sale criteria.
Goodwill. Our goodwill is evaluated for impairment annually and whenever we identify certain triggering events or circumstances that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount.
In our annual evaluation of goodwill, we perform a qualitative or quantitative impairment test. Under the qualitative approach, if we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we are required to perform the quantitative analysis to determine the fair value for the reporting unit. We then compare the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognize an impairment loss for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit. The loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. We also consider income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. For additional information regarding impairments of goodwill in the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, see Note 5—“Impairments” and Note 11—“Operations by Business Segment and Geographic Area.”
Business Acquisitions. We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting, with acquisition prices being allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values atas of the respective dates of acquisition.
In August 2017,March 2018, we acquired a 60% controlling ownership interest in Dalgidj LLC ("Dalgidj"Ecosse Subsea Limited (“Ecosse”) for approximately $12.4$68 million to be paid in 2017cash. Headquartered in Aberdeen, Scotland, Ecosse builds and 2018. In connection withoperates tools for seabed preparation, route clearance and trenching for the purchaseinstallation of the equity interest, we advanced Dalgidj $6.4 million to pay off certain of its indebtedness. Dalgidj issubmarine cables and pipelines. These services are offered on an Azerbaijan companyintegrated basis that provides officeincludes vessels, ROV's and yard facilities for warehousing, logistics and administration to foreign and local companies in the Caspian Sea basin.  Dalgidj also owns a 49% interest in a joint venture, which provides remotely operated vehicle solutions, air diving services, and engineering and project managementsurvey services.
We have accounted for this acquisition by allocating the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values atas of the date of acquisition. This purchase price allocation is preliminary and is subject to change when we obtain final asset and liability valuations. Dalgidj's operating results are included in our Subsea Projects segment, and its activity subsequent to the date of acquisition was not significant. We have recognized $5.4 million in Noncontrolling Interest on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

In April 2015, we completed the acquisition of C & C Technologies, Inc. ("C&C"). C&C is a global provider of ocean-bottom mapping services utilizing customized autonomous underwater vehicles and provides marine construction surveys for both surface and subsea assets, as well as satellite-based positioning services for drilling rigs and seismic and construction vessels. C&C also provides land and near-shore survey services along the U.S. Gulf Coast and in Mexico, and performs shallow water conventional geophysical surveys in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. The acquisition price of approximately $224 million was paid in cash. We have accounted for this acquisition by allocating the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. Based on the terms of the acquisition agreement, all of our goodwill and other intangible assets associated with the C&C acquisition will be deductible for income tax purposes. We have included C&C'sEcosse’s operations in our consolidated financial statements starting from the date of closing, and its operating results are reflected in our SubseaOffshore Projects Group (“OPG”) segment.
Dispositions.In September 2018, we consummated the sale of our cost method investment in ASV Global, LLC for $15 million. The acquisitionsale resulted in a pre-tax gain of C&C did$9.3 million, which is reflected in other income (expense), net in our Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Revenue Recognition. Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” which implemented Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606 (“ASC 606”). We applied the modified retrospective method to those contracts that were not have a materialcompleted as of January 1, 2018, and utilized the practical expedient to reflect the effect on our operating results, cash flows from operations or financial position.contract modifications in the aggregate. The adoption of this ASU resulted in an after-tax cumulative effect adjustment of $0.5 million recorded to retained earnings as of January 1, 2018.

We made several other smaller acquisitions during the periods presented, none of which were material.
Goodwill. In our annual evaluation of goodwill for impairment, we first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances led to a determination that it was more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, we determined it was more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit was less than its carrying amount, we were required to perform the first step of the two-step impairment test. We tested the goodwill attributable to eachAll of our reporting units for impairment as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 and concluded that there was no impairment. In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting

Standards Update ("ASU") 2017-04 "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment." This update simplifies how an entityrevenue is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Step 2 measures a goodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit’s goodwillrealized through contracts with the carrying amount of that goodwill. Under the amendments in this update, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. However, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Additionally, an entity should consider income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. An entity still has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary. The amendments in this update are effective beginning January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted for testing dates after January 1, 2017, and the update is to be applied on a prospective basis. We adopted this update effective January 1, 2017.
The only changes in our reporting units' goodwill balances during the periods presented are from business acquisitions, as discussed above, and currency exchange rate changes. For information regarding goodwill by business segment, see Note 7.
Revenue Recognition. customers. We recognize our revenue according to the type of contract involved.type. On a daily basis, we recognize service revenue underover time for contracts that provide for specific time, material and equipment charges, which we bill periodically, ranging from weekly to monthly.

We use the input method to faithfully depict revenue recognition, because each day of service provided represents value to the customer. The performance obligations in these contracts are satisfied, and revenue is recognized, as the work is performed. When appropriate, we apply the practical expedient to recognize revenue for the amount invoiced when the invoice corresponds directly to the value of our performance to date.
We account for significant fixed-price contracts, which we enter into mainly inrelating to our SubseaManufactured Products segment, and to a lesser extent in our Subsea ProjectsOPG and AdvancedAerospace and Defense Technologies (“ADTech”) segments, by recognizing revenue over time using thean input, cost-to-cost measurement percentage-of-completion method. In 2017,2020 and 2019, we accounted for 20%24% and 21%, respectively, of our revenue using the input, cost-to-cost measurement percentage-of-completion method. We use the input cost-to-cost method to faithfully depict revenue recognition. This commonly used method allows appropriate calculation of progress on our contracts. A performance obligation is satisfied as we create a product on behalf of the customer over the life of the contract. The remainder of our revenue is recognized at the point in time when control transfers to the customer, thus satisfying the performance obligation.
65

We have elected to recognize the cost for freight and shipping as an expense when incurred. Taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction, and that are collected by us from customers, are excluded from revenue.
In determining whetherour service-based business lines, which principally charge on a contract should be accounteddayrate basis for services provided, there is no significant impact in the pattern of revenue and profit recognition as a result of implementation of ASC 606. In our product-based business lines, predominantly in our Manufactured Products segment, we have seen impacts on the pattern of our revenue and profit recognition in our contracts using the percentage-of-completion method, we consider whether:as a result of the requirement to exclude uninstalled materials and significant inefficiencies from the measure of progress.

We apply judgment in the customer provides specifications for the constructiondetermination and allocation of facilities or production of goods or for the provision of related services;
we can reasonably estimate our progress towards completion and our costs;
the contract includes provisions astransaction price to the enforceable rights regarding the goods or services to be provided, consideration to be receivedperformance obligations, and the manner and termssubsequent recognition of payment;
the customer can be expected to satisfy its obligations under the contract; and
we can be expected to perform our contractual obligations.
Under the percentage-of-completion method, we generally recognize estimated contract revenue, based on costs incurred to date as a percentagethe facts and circumstances of total estimated costs. Changes in the expected cost of materials and labor, productivity, scheduling and other factors affect the total estimated costs. Additionally, external factors, including weather or other factors outside of our control, may also affect the progress and estimated cost of a project's completion and, therefore, the timing of income and revenue recognition.each contract. We routinely review estimates related to our contracts and, where required, reflect revisions to profitability in earnings immediately. If an element of variable consideration has the potential for a significant future reversal of revenue, we will constrain that variable consideration to a level intended to remove the potential future reversal. If a current estimate of total contract cost indicates an ultimate loss on a contract, we recognize the projected loss in full when we determine it. In prior years, we have recorded adjustments to earnings as a result of revisions to contract estimates. Althoughestimates; however, we are continually striving to accurately estimate our contract costsdid not have any material adjustments during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and profitability,2018. However, there could be significant adjustments to overall contract costs couldin the future, due to changes in facts and circumstances.
In general, our payment terms consist of those services billed regularly as provided and those products delivered at a point in time, which are invoiced after the performance obligation is satisfied. Our product and service contracts with milestone payments due at agreed progress points during the contract are invoiced when those milestones are reached, which may differ from the timing of revenue recognition. Our payment terms generally do not provide financing of contracts to customers, nor do we receive financing from customers as a result of these terms.
See Note 3—“Revenue” for more information on our revenue from contracts with customers.
Leases. Effective as of January 1, 2019, we adopted ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842”) (“ASC 842”), which requires lessees to recognize right-of-use assets (“ROU assets”) and lease liabilities for virtually all leases and updates previous accounting standards for lessors to align certain requirements of the new leases standard and the revenue recognition accounting standard. We elected to apply the transition method that allowed us to apply this update at the adoption date and adopted the practical expedients that permitted us to retain the identification and classification of leases made under the previously applicable accounting standards. The adoption of this ASU as of January 1, 2019 resulted in a cumulative effect adjustment of $5.9 million recorded to retained earnings, with corresponding adjustments to increase ROU assets and lease liabilities by $185 million and $191 million, respectively. The adoption of this ASU did not materially affect our net earnings and had no impact on cash flows. Comparative information with respect to prior periods has not been retrospectively restated and continues to be significantreported under the accounting standards in futureeffect for those periods.
We recognizedetermine whether a contract is or contains a lease at inception, whether as a lessee or a lessor. We take into consideration the remainderelements of an identified asset, right to control and the receipt of economic benefit in making those determinations.
As a lessor, we lease certain types of equipment along with the provision of services and utilize the expedient allowing us to combine the lease and non-lease components into a combined component that is accounted for (1) under ASC 842, when the lease component is predominant, and (2) under the accounting standard “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“ASC 606”), when the service component is predominant. In general, when we have a service component, it is typically the predominant element and leads to accounting under ASC 606.
As a lessor, we lease certain types of equipment, often providing services at the same time. These leases can be priced on a dayrate or lump-sum basis for periods ranging from a few days to multi-year contracts. These leases are negotiated on commercial terms at market rates and many carry standard options to extend or terminate at our customer's discretion. These leases generally do not contain options to purchase, material restrictions or covenants that impact our accounting for leases.
As a lessee, we lease land, buildings, vessels and equipment for the operation of our business and to support some of our service line revenue when persuasive evidencestreams. These generally carry lease terms that range from days for operational and support equipment to 15 years for land and buildings. These leases are negotiated on commercial terms at market rates and many carry standard options to extend or terminate at our discretion. When the exercise of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, price is fixed or determinable and collection those options
66

is reasonably assured.certain, we include them in the lease assessment. Our leases do not contain material restrictions or covenants that impact our accounting for them, nor do we provide residual value guarantees.
RevenueAs a lessee, we utilize the practical expedients to not recognize leases with an initial lease term of 12 months or less on the balance sheet and to combine lease and non-lease components together and account for the combined component as a lease for all asset classes, except real estate.
Right-of-use operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement or modification date. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate, based on the information available at commencement or modification date in Excessdetermining the present value of Amounts Billedfuture payments. In determining the incremental borrowing rate, we considered our external credit ratings, bond yields for us and our identified peers, the risk-free rate in geographic regions where we operate, and the impact associated with providing collateral over a similar term as the lease for an amount equal to the future lease payments. Our right-of-use operating lease assets also include any lease prepayments made and exclude lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease. These options are included in the lease term when it is classified as accounts receivablereasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
See Note 4—“Leases” for more information on our operating leases and relates to recoverable costs and accrued profitsNote 5—“Impairments” for more information on contracts in progress. Billings in Excessdetermination of Revenue Recognized on uncompleted contracts are classified in accrued liabilities.impairment indicators for our right-of-use assets.

Revenue in Excess of Amounts Billed on uncompleted fixed-price contracts accounted for using the percentage-of-completion method is summarized as follows:
  December 31,
(in thousands) 2017 2016
Revenue recognized $349,233
 $538,986
Less: Billings to customers (309,355) (488,814)
Revenue in excess of amounts billed $39,878
 $50,172

Billings in Excess of Revenue Recognized on uncompleted fixed-price contracts accounted for using the percentage-of-completion method are summarized as follows:
  December 31,
(in thousands) 2017 2016
Amounts billed to customers $145,258
 $178,914
Less: Revenue recognized (111,330) (81,800)
Billings in excess of revenue recognized $33,928
 $97,114
Stock-Based Compensation.We recognize all share-based payments to directors, officers and employees over their vesting periods in the income statement based on their estimated fair values. For more information on our employee benefit plans, see Note 8.12—“Employee Benefit Plans.”
Income Taxes.We provide income taxes at appropriate tax rates in accordance with our interpretation of the respective tax laws and regulations after review and consultation with our internal tax department, tax advisors and, in some cases, legal counsel in various jurisdictions. We provide for deferred income taxes for differences between carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial and tax reporting purposes. Wepurposes and provide a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that the asset will not be realized.
We recognize thean expense or benefit for aan uncertain tax position if the benefitit is more likely than not to be sustainable upon audit by the applicable taxing authority. If this threshold is met, the uncertain tax benefitposition is then measured and recognized at the largest amount that we believe is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. We account for any applicable interest and penalties on these uncertain tax positions as a component of our provision for income taxes on our financial statements.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”) made prospective changes beginning in 2018, including a base erosion and anti‑abuse tax ("BEAT") and a tax on global intangible low‑taxed income ("GILTI"). We have elected to account for GILTI as a current period expense when incurred.
For more information on income taxes, please see Note 3.7—“Income Taxes.”

Foreign Currency Translation. The functional currency for mostseveral of our foreign subsidiaries is the applicable local currency. Results of operations for foreign subsidiaries with functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars using average exchange rates during the period. Assets and liabilities of these foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars using the exchange rates in effect atas of the balance sheet date, and the resulting translation adjustments are recognized, net of tax, in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as a component of shareholders' equity. All foreign currency transaction gains and losses are recognized currently in the Consolidated Statements of Income.Operations. We recorded $5.2$14 million, $4.8$6.3 million, and $15.4$18 million of foreign currency transaction losses in 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 2015,2018, respectively, and those amounts are included as a component of Otherother income (expense), net.net in our Consolidated Statement of Operations.
Earnings (Loss) per Share. For each year presented, the only difference between our annual calculated weighted average basic and diluted number of shares outstanding is the effect of outstanding restricted stock units.

Repurchase Plan. In December 2014, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program under which we may repurchase up to 10 million shares of our common stock on a discretionary basis. The program calls for the repurchases to be made in the open market, or in privately negotiated transactions from time to time, in compliance with applicable laws, rules and regulations, including Rule 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as
67

amended, subject to market and business conditions, levels of available liquidity, cash requirements for other purposes, applicable legal requirements and other relevant factors. The timing and amount of any future repurchases

will be determined by management based on its evaluation of these factors. We expect that any shares repurchased under the program will be held as treasury stock for future use. The program does not obligate us to repurchase any particular number of shares. Under the program, in 2015, we repurchased 2.0 million shares of our common stock for $100 million. We have not repurchased any shares under the program since 2015. As of December 31, 2020, we retained 12 million of the shares we had repurchased through this and a prior repurchase program. We expect to hold the shares repurchased as treasury stock for future use. We account for the shares we hold in treasury under the cost method, at average cost. Under the program, we had repurchased 2 million shares of our common stock for $100 million through December 31, 2017.
Financial Instruments. We recognize all derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities in the balance sheet and measure those instruments at fair value. Subsequent changes in fair value are reflected in current earnings or other comprehensive income or changes in assets or liabilities,(loss), depending on whether a derivative instrument is designated as part of a hedge relationship and, if it is, the type of hedge relationship. See Note 69—“Debt” for information relative to the interest rate swaps we havehad in effect.

New2. ACCOUNTING STANDARDS UPDATE
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards. Standards. On January 1, 2020, we adopted ASC 326, which introduces a new credit reserving model known as the CECL model. The adoption of ASC 326 did not materially affect our net earnings and had no impact on our cash flows. Comparative information with respect to prior periods has not been retrospectively restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods.
In May 2014,August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued ASU 2018-13, “Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement” (“ASU 2018-13”). This standard eliminated the prior requirement to disclose the amount or reason for transfers between level 1 and level 2 of the fair value hierarchy and the requirement to disclose the valuation methodology for level 3 fair value measurements. The standard added disclosure requirements for level 3 fair value measurements, including the requirement to disclose the changes in unrealized gains and losses in other comprehensive income during the period and the disclosure of other relevant quantitative information for certain unobservable inputs. The adoption of ASU 2018-13 on January 1, 2020, did not have a material impact on our disclosures.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards. In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers." No. 2019-12, “Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes” (“ASU 2014-09, as amended, completes2019-12”), which simplifies the joint effort byaccounting for income taxes, eliminates certain exceptions within ASC 740, “Income Taxes,” and clarifies certain aspects of the FASB and International Accounting Standards Boardcurrent guidance to improve financialpromote consistency among reporting by creating common revenue recognition guidance for U.S. GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards.entities. ASU 2014-09 applies to all companies that enter into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services. ASU 2014-092019-12 is effective for interim and annual reporting periodsfiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early application is not permitted before periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and we have elected to apply ASU 2014-09 by recognizing2020. Most amendments within the cumulative effect of applying ASU 2014-09 at the date of initial application and not adjusting comparative information.

We formed a project team to implement this standard. Our project team produced the procedures and control changesstandard are required to address the impacts that ASU 2014-09 may have on our business. We completed training our staff on the procedures and controls that came into effect January 1, 2018. We continue to believe that our project plan will enable us to complete all of the required work to implement our new procedures and controls and calculate the cumulative effect of applying ASU 2014-09 at the date of initial application, in line with the timeline and requirements of the standard.

In our service-based business lines, which principally chargebe applied on a dayrateprospective basis, for services provided, we have preliminarily concluded there willwhile certain amendments must be no significantapplied on a retrospective or modified retrospective basis. We are evaluating the impact in the amount or pattern of revenue and profit recognition as a result of the implementation of ASC 2014-09. In our product based business lines, we expect impacts on the pattern of our revenue and profit recognition as a result of the implementation of ASC 2014-09.
Based on our overall assessment performed to date, we do not have a significant adjustmentexpect this ASU to be made to retained earnings on January 1, 2018.
In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, "Inventory - Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory." ASU 2015-11 requires companies to measure inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value rather than at the lower of cost or market. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. This guidance was effective for our inventories beginning January 1, 2017. This update has not hadhave a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In January 2016,March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, "Financial Instruments—Overall (Subtopic 825-10) Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities." This update:
requires equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidationNo. 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the investee)Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting,” which provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to existing guidance on applying contract modifications and hedge accounting to facilitate the market transition from existing reference rates, such as the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), which is scheduled to be measured at fair value, with changesphased out in fair value recognized in net income;2021, to alternate rates such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”). This ASU was effective upon issuance and
simplifies can be applied prospectively through December 31, 2022. We continue to evaluate the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment. When a qualitative assessment indicates that impairment exists, an entity is required to measure the investment at fair value.

ASU 2016-01 is effective for us beginning on January 1, 2018. Weimpact and do not anticipate thatexpect this update willASU to have a material effectimpact on our consolidated financial statements.
In February 2016,
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3. Revenue
Revenue by Category
The following table presents Revenue disaggregated by business segment, geographical region, and timing of transfer of goods or services.
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)20202019 *2018 *
Business Segment:
Energy Services and Products
Subsea Robotics$493,332 $583,652 $513,701 
Manufactured Products477,419 498,350 431,459 
Offshore Projects Group289,127 380,966 413,598 
Integrity Management & Digital Solutions226,938 266,086 273,575 
Total Energy Services and Products1,486,816 1,729,054 1,632,333 
Aerospace and Defense Technologies341,073 319,070 277,149 
Total$1,827,889 $2,048,124 $1,909,482 
* Recast to reflect segment changes.
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)202020192018
Geographic Operating Areas:
Foreign:
United Kingdom$241,168 $256,348 $203,391 
Norway202,379 217,762 185,552 
Africa198,505 292,818 239,959 
Asia and Australia149,798 174,769 163,843 
Brazil84,636 93,511 64,004 
Other90,541 91,591 103,548 
Total Foreign967,027 1,126,799 960,297 
United States860,862 921,325 949,185 
Total$1,827,889 $2,048,124 $1,909,482 
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)202020192018
Timing of Transfer of Goods or Services:
Revenue recognized over time$1,702,232 $1,900,729 $1,762,103 
Revenue recognized at a point in time125,657 147,395 147,379 
Total$1,827,889 $2,048,124 $1,909,482 
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Contract Balances
Our contracts with milestone payments have, in the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases." This update requires reporting entitiesaggregate, a significant impact on the contract asset and the contract liability balances. Milestones are contractually agreed with customers and relate to separatesignificant events across the lease components from the non-lease componentscontract lives. Some milestones are achieved before revenue is recognized, resulting in a contract and recognize leaseliability, while other milestones are achieved after revenue is recognized resulting in a contract asset.
The following table provides information about contract assets, and leasecontract liabilities from contracts with customers.
December 31,
(in thousands)20202019
Contract assets$221,997 $221,288 
Contract liabilities50,046 117,342 
Our payment terms consist of those services billed regularly as provided and those products delivered at a point in time, which are invoiced after the performance obligation is satisfied. Our product and service contracts with milestone payments due at agreed progress points during the contract are invoiced when those milestones are reached, which may differ from the timing of revenue recognition.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, contract assets increased by $0.7 million from its opening balance, due to the amounts billed of $1.7 billion slightly exceeding revenue recognized. Contract liabilities decreased $67 million from its opening balance, due to revenue recognition of $97 million exceeding deferrals of milestone payments and billings totaling $30 million.
Performance Obligations
The aggregate amount of transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations that were unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) as of December 31, 2020 are noted above. In arriving at this value, we have used two practical expedients available to us and are not disclosing amounts in relation to performance obligations: (1) that are part of contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less; or (2) on contracts where we recognize revenue in line with the billing.
Due to the nature of our service contracts in our Subsea Robotics, OPG, Integrity Management & Digital Solutions (“IMDS”) and ADTech segments, the majority of our contracts either have initial contract terms of one year or less or have customer option cancellation clauses that lead us to consider the original expected duration of one year or less.
In our Manufactured Products and ADTech segments, we have long-term contracts that extend beyond one year, and these make up the majority of the performance obligations balance sheet forreported as of December 31, 2020. We also have shorter-term product contracts with an expected original duration of one year or less that have been excluded.
As of December 31, 2020, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations was $217 million. In arriving at this value, we have used two expedients available to us and are not disclosing amounts in relation to performance obligations: (1) that are part of contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less; or (2) on contracts where we recognize revenue in line with the billing. Of this amount, we expect to recognize revenue of $173 million over the next 12 months and substantially all lease arrangements. ASU 2016-02 is effective for us beginning January 1, 2019. We have formed a project team to implement ASU 2016-02 and we are currently evaluating the requirements of ASU 2016-02 and have not yet determined its impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-09, "Compensation – Stock Compensation – Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting." This update simplifies several aspects of accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and the classification on the statement of cash flows. In addition, the update allows an entity-wide accounting policy election to either estimate the number of awards that are expected to vest or account for forfeitures when they occur. The element of the update that will have the most impact on our financial statementsremaining balance of $44 million will be income tax consequences. Excess tax benefitsrecognized within the next 24 months.
Where appropriate, we have made estimates within the transaction price of elements of variable consideration within the contracts and tax deficiencies on share-based compensation awards are now included in our tax provision within our condensed consolidated statement of operations as discrete itemsconstrained those amounts to a level where we consider it is probable that a significant reversal in the reporting periodamount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. The amount of revenue recognized in which they occur, rather than (as was the previous accounting treatment) recording in additional paid-in capital on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. We have also elected to continue our current policy of estimating forfeitures of share-based compensation awards at the time of grant and revising in subsequent periods to reflect actual forfeitures. In our consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 20162020 and 2015,2019 that was associated with performance obligations completed or partially completed in prior periods was not significant.
As of December 31, 2020, there were no significant outstanding liability balances for refunds or returns due to the nature of our contracts and the services and products we provide. Our warranties are limited to assurance warranties that are of a standard length and are not considered to be material rights. The majority of our contracts consist of a single performance obligation. When there are multiple obligations, we look for observable evidence of
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stand-alone selling prices on which to base the allocation. This involves judgment as to the appropriateness of the observable evidence relating to the facts and circumstances of the contract. If we do not have reclassified two itemsobservable evidence, we estimate stand-alone selling prices by taking a cost-plus-margin approach, using typical margins from the type of product or service, customer and regional geography involved.
Costs to conformObtain or Fulfill a Contract
In line with the presentation specified under ASU 2016-09: (1)available practical expedient, we have reclassifiedcapitalize costs to obtain a contract when those amounts are significant and the effect relatedcontract is expected at inception to exceed one year in duration. Otherwise, the costs are expensed in the period when incurred. Costs to obtain a contract primarily consist of bid and proposal costs, which are incremental to our fixed costs. There were no balances or amortization of costs to obtain a contract in the current reporting periods.
Costs to fulfill a contract primarily consist of certain mobilization costs incurred to provide services or products to our customers. These costs are deferred and amortized over the period of contract performance. The closing balance of costs to fulfill a contract was $8.3 million and $15 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, we recorded amortization expense of $6.6 million, $8.5 million and $6.5 million, respectively. No impairment costs were recognized.
4. Leases
We adopted the new lease standard, Topic 842, on January 1, 2019. Supplemental information about our operating leases follows:
December 31,
(in thousands)20202019
Assets:
Right-of-use operating lease assets$141,206 $163,238 
Liabilities:
OperatingCurrent$18,798 $19,863 
OperatingNoncurrent156,074 160,988 
Lease liabilities$174,872 $180,851 

December 31,
20202019
Lease Term and Discount Rate:
 Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)1010
 Weighted-average discount rate6.1 %6.2 %
During the first quarter of 2020, we determined there were impairment indicators present for reporting units in our Subsea Products and Advanced Technologies segments and, as a result, we recorded a pre-tax right-of-use operating lease impairments of $17 million. In the year ended December 31, 2019, we determined there were impairment indicators present for our Asset Integrity reporting unit and, as a result, we recorded a pre-tax right-of-use operating lease asset impairment of $5.4 million. See Note 5—“Impairments” for more information on determination of impairment indicators for our right-of-use assets.
Operating lease cost reflects the lease expense resulting from amortization over the respective lease terms of our operating leases with initial lease terms greater than 12 months. Our short-term lease cost consists of expense for our operating leases with initial lease terms of 12 months or less that are not recorded on our balance sheet. The components of lease cost are as follows:
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Year ended December 31,
(in thousands)20202019
Lease Cost:
Operating lease costOperating lease cost$34,030 $40,310 
Short-term lease costShort-term lease cost52,886 73,005 
Total Lease Cost$86,916 $113,315 
As of December 31, 2020, future maturities of lease liabilities for our operating leases with an initial lease term of more than 12 months were as follows:
Maturities of Lease Liabilities
(in thousands)
For the year ended December 31,
2021$28,892 
202226,740 
202322,342 
202419,424 
202519,110 
Thereafter122,593 
Total lease payments239,101 
Less: Interest(64,229)
Present Value of Lease Liabilities$174,872 

5. IMPAIRMENTS
Goodwill
During the first quarter of 2020, due to the tax deficiency associated with share-based compensation from financing activities to operating activities; and (2) we have reclassified the amounts related to withholding tax payments from operating activities to financing activities. Other than these two cash flow items applied retrospectively, we have implemented ASU 2016-09 prospectively beginning January 1, 2017.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, "Income Taxes (Topic 740) – Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other than Inventory." Current U.S. GAAP generally prohibits the recognition of current and deferred income taxes for an intra-entity asset transfer until the asset has been sold to an outside party. The amendments in this update will eliminate the exception for an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory. Two common examples of assets included within the scope of this update are intellectual property and property, plant and equipment. The exception for an intra-entity transfer of inventory will remain in place. The amendments in this update are effective for us beginning January 1, 2018. We do not anticipate that this update will have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, "Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220) Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income." The amendments in this update allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effectsprotracted energy downturn compounded by demand destruction resulting from the December 2017 enactmentadverse impacts of U.S. tax reform legislation commonly referredthe COVID-19 pandemic and insufficient control of crude oil supply levels during the quarter, as well as our customers' continued focus on cost discipline, we determined that impairment indicators were present and we were required to perform a quantitative analysis for our Subsea Products–Service, Technology and Rentals (“ST&R”), Subsea Products–Manufactured Products, Subsea Projects, Asset Integrity and Advanced Technologies–Commercial reporting units. Based on these quantitative analyses, the fair value was determined to be less than the carrying value for each of those reporting units, with the exception of Subsea Products–Manufactured Products. As a result, for our Subsea Products–ST&R, Subsea Projects, Asset Integrity and Advanced Technologies–Commercial reporting units, we recorded pre-tax goodwill impairment losses of $51 million, $130 million, $111 million and $11 million, respectively. For our ROVs and Advanced Technologies–Government reporting units, qualitative assessments were performed; and we concluded that it was more likely than not the fair value of each of those reporting units was more than the carrying value of the reporting unit and, therefore, no impairments were recorded for those reporting units.
Our third quarter 2020 change in our operating segments resulted in one reporting unit for each of our new segments. The following table reflects goodwill impairments as recorded in the Tax Cutsthree-month period ended March 31, 2020, and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act"). However, becauseallocated, based on historical cost, in the amendments only relatethird quarter of 2020 to the reclassificationreporting segments in our new organizational structure:
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Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
(in thousands)As originally recordedAs recast to reflect segment changes
Segment/Reporting UnitGoodwill ImpairmentSubsea Robotics Manufactured ProductsOPGIMDSTotal
Subsea Products/ST&R$51,302 $17,457 $— $33,845 $— $51,302 
Subsea Projects/Subsea Projects129,562 84,661 — 32,440 12,461 129,562 
Asset Integrity/Asset Integrity110,753 — — — 110,753 110,753 
Advanced Technologies/Commercial11,388 — 11,388 — — 11,388 
Total goodwill impairment$303,005 $102,118 $11,388 $66,285 $123,214 $303,005 
After reallocation of our goodwill to our new segments in the third quarter of 2020, we determined that impairment indicators were present and performed quantitative analyses for our Subsea Robotics and Manufactured Products reporting units. Based on these quantitative analyses, the fair value was determined to be less than the carrying value for our Manufactured Products unit, but not for our Subsea Robotics reporting unit. As a result, for our Manufactured Products unit, we recorded a pre-tax goodwill impairment loss of $41 million.
Our estimates of fair values for our reporting units determined in the first and third quarters of 2020 required us to use significant unobservable inputs, classified as Level 3 fair value measurements, including assumptions related to future performance, risk-adjusted discount rates, future commodity prices and demand for our services and estimates of expected realizable values. For our cash flow projections in each of those periods, we utilized a weighted-average cost of capital ranging from 11% to 15% and a terminal value based on the Gordon Growth Model, assuming an expected long-term growth rate of 2%.
In our 2020 annual goodwill evaluation, we performed qualitative assessments for our two reporting units, Subsea Robotics and ADTech, with remaining goodwill balances. We concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of each of these reporting units was more than the carrying value of the reporting unit.
In our 2019 annual goodwill evaluation, we performed quantitative assessments for (1) our Subsea Projects reporting unit, due to its fair value being less than carrying value in the prior year, and (2) our Asset Integrity reporting unit, due to deterioration in its business environment. In our quantitative analyses for the Subsea Projects and Asset Integrity reporting units, we estimated the fair values by weighting the results from the income tax effectsapproach and the market approach. These valuation approaches considered a number of factors that included prospective financial information, operating margins, growth rates, terminal values, discount rates and comparable multiples of similar companies in our industry and required us to make certain assumptions and estimates regarding industry economic factors and future profitability of our business. Based on these quantitative tests, we determined that the fair value for our Subsea Projects reporting unit exceeded the carrying amount and there was no impairment. For our Asset Integrity reporting unit, the fair value was less than the carrying value and, as a result, we recorded a pre-tax goodwill impairment loss of $15 million. For the remaining reporting units, qualitative assessments were performed, and we concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of each such reporting unit was more than the carrying value of the Tax Act,reporting unit. Our third quarter 2020 change in our operating segments resulted in goodwill impairment as recorded for the underlying guidanceyear ended December 31, 2019 to our Asset Integrity reporting unit, to be allocated, based on historical cost, to our IMDS reporting segment and unit in our new organizational structure.
In our 2018 annual goodwill evaluation, we performed a qualitative assessment for our Subsea Projects reporting unit. Due to the protracted downturn in survey and vessel activity, we determined that requiresit was more likely than not the fair value was less than the carrying amount. As a result, we determined that a quantitative assessment was necessary for our Subsea Projects reporting unit. In our 2018 quantitative analysis for the Subsea Projects reporting unit, we estimated the fair value by weighting the results from the income approach and the market approach. These valuation approaches considered a number of factors that included prospective financial information, operating margins, growth rates, terminal values, discount rates and comparable multiples of similar companies in our industry and required us to make certain assumptions and estimates regarding industry economic factors and future profitability of our business. Based on this quantitative test, we determined that the effectfair value for Subsea Projects was less than the carrying value and, as a result, we recorded a pre-tax goodwill impairment loss of $76 million in the Subsea Project reporting unit. The goodwill impairment was included as a component of “Income (loss) from operations” in our Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2018. For the remaining reporting units, qualitative assessments were performed, and we concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of each such reporting unit was more than the carrying value of the reporting unit.
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Our third quarter 2020 change in tax laws or rates beour operating segments resulted in one reporting unit for each of our new segments. The following table reflects goodwill impairments as recorded for the year ended December 31, 2018 to our Subsea Projects reporting unit, and allocated, based on historical cost, in the third quarter of 2020 to the applicable reporting segments in our new organizational structure:
Year ended December 31, 2018
(in thousands)As originally recordedAs recast to reflect segment changes
Segment/Reporting UnitGoodwill ImpairmentSubsea Robotics Manufactured ProductsOPGIMDSTotal
Subsea Projects/Subsea Projects$76,449 $51,168 $— $17,750  $7,531 $76,449 
Total goodwill impairment$76,449 $51,168 $— $17,750 $7,531 $76,449 
Aside from the goodwill impairments discussed above, the changes in our reporting units' goodwill balances during the periods presented are from currency exchange rate changes.
For further information regarding goodwill by business segment, see Note 11–“Operations by Business Segment and Geographic Area.”
Property and Equipment and Intangible Assets
After reallocation of our long-lived assets to our new segments in the third quarter of 2020, we determined that impairment indicators were present and performed a quantitative assessment for our Manufactured Products asset groups. Based on that assessment, we concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the asset groups within Manufactured Products was more than the carrying value of each asset group and, therefore, no impairment was required. We did not identify any triggering events for our asset groups other than those included in Manufactured Products during the third quarter of 2020.
During the first quarter of 2020, due to the protracted energy downturn compounded by demand destruction resulting from the adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and insufficient control of crude oil supply levels during the quarter, as well as our customers' continued focus on cost discipline, we determined that impairment indicators were present within certain of our asset groups. To measure fair value for these asset groups, we used the following approaches:
Subsea Distribution Solutions U.K. - We utilized the cost approach and considered economic obsolescence under the income approach to determine fair value of the property and equipment.
Subsea Distribution Solutions Brazil and Angola - We utilized a combination of market and cost approaches to measure fair values.
Shallow Water vessels - We utilized the cost approach and considered historical, current and anticipated dayrates and utilization to measure market value.
Renewables and Special Projects - We utilized a combination of market and cost approaches to measure fair values.
Oceaneering Entertainment Systems and Oceaneering AGV Systems - We utilized a combination of market and cost approaches to measure fair value.
Our estimates of fair value for these asset groups determined in the first quarter of 2020 required us to use significant unobservable inputs, classified as Level 3 fair value measurements, including assumptions related to future performance, risk-adjusted discount rates, future commodity prices and demand for our services and estimates of expected realizable value. Our cash flow projections utilized a weighted-average cost of capital ranging from continuing operations is12% to 15% and a terminal value based on the Gordon Growth Model, assuming an expected long-term growth rate of 2%.
As a result, we determined that the carrying values exceeded the estimated fair values and recorded impairments as noted below. Our third quarter 2020 change in operating segments did not affected. The amendmentsresult in this updateany changes in our asset groups. Our reporting units with long-lived asset impairments in the three-month period ended March 31, 2020, were realigned into our new reporting segments as follows:
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Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
(in thousands)As originally recordedAs recast to reflect segment changes
Segment/Reporting UnitLong-lived Asset ImpairmentsManufactured Products OPGIMDSTotal
Subsea Products      
Subsea Distribution Solutions U.K.$6,543 $6,543 $— $— $6,543 
Subsea Distribution Solutions Brazil9,834 9,834 9,834 
Subsea Distribution Solutions Angola38,482 38,482 38,482 
Subsea Projects
Shallow Water vessels3,894 3,894 3,894 
Renewables and Special Projects Group3,628 3,628 3,628 
Global Data Solutions167 167 167 
Advanced Technologies
Oceaneering Entertainment Systems5,065 5,065 5,065 
Oceaneering AGV Systems1,150 1,150 1,150 
Total long-lived asset impairments$68,763 $61,074 $7,522 $167 $68,763 
In the fourth quarter of 2019, due to the protracted energy downturn and our customers' continued focus on cost discipline, we determined that impairment indicators were present within certain of our asset groups in our Subsea Projects and Asset Integrity segments. For our Subsea Projects segment, impairment indicators were present in our Deepwater and Shallow Water vessel asset groups and in our Ecosse asset group. For the Deepwater and Shallow Water vessel asset groups, we utilized the cost approach and considered historical, current and anticipated dayrates and utilization to measure market value. For our Ecosse asset group, we utilized a combination of income and market approaches, using projected discounted cash flows and the estimated expected realizable value in the market. Our Asset Integrity segment consists of one asset group. We measured the fair value of the Asset Integrity asset group by applying the income approach, using projected discounted cash flows. Our estimates of fair values for the asset groups in our Subsea Projects and Asset Integrity segments required us to use significant unobservable inputs, classified as Level 3 fair value measurements, including assumptions related to future performance, risk-adjusted discount rates, future commodity prices and demand for our services and estimates of expected realizable value.
As a result, we determined that the carrying values exceeded the estimated fair values and recorded impairments as noted below. Our third quarter 2020 change in operating segments did not result in any changes in our asset groups. Our reporting units with long-lived asset impairments in the year ended December 31, 2019, were realigned into our new reporting segments as follows:
Year Ended December 31, 2019
(in thousands)As originally recordedAs recast to reflect segment changes
Segment/Reporting UnitLong-lived Asset ImpairmentsOPGIMDSTotal
Subsea Projects
Deepwater and Shallow Water vessel asset groups$131,894 $131,894 $131,894 
Ecosse asset group10,721 10,721 10,721 
Asset Integrity16,738 16,738 16,738 
Total long-lived asset impairments$159,353 $142,615 $16,738 $159,353 
In 2020, we also requirerecorded $24 million for write-downs and write-offs of certain disclosures about stranded tax effects. The amendmentsequipment and intangible assets associated with equipment obsolescence.
In the fourth quarter of 2019, we also recorded $45 million for write-downs and write-offs of certain equipment and intangible assets, including asset write-downs relating to the retirement of 30 ROVs, and some of the IWOCS equipment in this update are effectiveour Subsea Products segment. In 2018, we recorded the write-offs of certain equipment and intangible assets associated with exiting the land survey business and equipment obsolescence of $7.7 million. See Note
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11–“Operations by Business Segment and Geographic Area” for us beginning January 1, 2019,information regarding the realignment into our new reporting segments in the third quarter of 2020.
For further information regarding write-downs and early adoption is permitted. We do not anticipate that this update will have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.write-offs of property and equipment and long-lived intangible assets by business segment, see Note 11–“Operations by Business Segment and Geographic Area.”



2.SELECTED BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION
6. SELECTED BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION
The following is information regarding selected balance sheet accounts:
 
 December 31,
(in thousands)20202019
Inventory, net:
Remotely operated vehicle parts and components$62,788 $76,120 
Other inventory, primarily raw materials78,453 98,624 
Total$141,241 $174,744 
Other current assets:
Prepaid expenses$48,616 $43,210 
Angolan bonds10,179 10,179 
Total$58,795 $53,389 
Other noncurrent assets:
Intangible assets, net$14,317 $25,774 
Cash surrender value of life insurance policies39,562 50,097 
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates34,166 37,896 
Other20,205 37,611 
Total$108,250 $151,378 
Accrued liabilities:
Payroll and related costs$135,042 $137,001 
Accrued job costs47,721 54,387 
Income taxes payable35,929 36,996 
Current operating lease liability18,798 19,863 
Other55,373 89,434 
Total$292,863 $337,681 
Other long-term liabilities:
Deferred income taxes$2,993 $1,126 
Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan33,982 46,244 
Long-Term Incentive Plan12,640 10,381 
Uncertain tax positions15,010 20,949 
Other24,619 28,094 
Total$89,244 $106,794 
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   December 31,
(in thousands) 2017 2016
Inventory:    
 Remotely operated vehicle parts and components $97,313
 $118,236
 Other inventory, primarily raw materials 117,969
 161,894
 Total $215,282
 $280,130
      
Other Non-Current Assets:    
 Intangible assets, net $85,293
 $87,801
 Angola bonds 68,280
 59,130
 Cash surrender value of life insurance policies 54,987
 60,160
 Investment in unconsolidated affiliates 49,094
 39,826
 Deferred income taxes 24,633
 12,187
 Other 34,458
 11,807
 Total $316,745
 $270,911
      
Accrued Liabilities:    
 Payroll and related costs $101,989
 $141,485
 Accrued job costs 58,823
 59,331
 Deferred revenue 63,040
 122,223
 Income taxes payable 30,589
 35,126
 Other 95,817
 72,606
 Total $350,258
 $430,771
      
Other Long-Term Liabilities:    
 Deferred income taxes $42,040
 $236,113
 Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan 45,037
 49,163
 Accrued post-employment benefit obligations 3,352
 4,648
 Other 40,894
 22,326
 Total $131,323
 $312,250



3.7. INCOME TAXES

In December 2017, the United States enacted the Tax Act, which includesincluded a number of changes to existing U.S. tax laws that have an impact on our income tax provision, most notably a reduction of the U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35 percent35% to 21 percent21% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, and the creation of a territorialquasi-territorial tax system with a one‑time mandatory transition tax on applicable previously deferred earnings of foreign subsidiaries. The Tax Act also makesmade prospective changes beginning in 2018, including a base erosionBEAT and anti‑abuse tax ("BEAT"), a global intangible low‑taxed income ("GILTI") tax,GILTI taxes, additional limitations on the deductibility of executive compensation, limitations on the deductibility of interest expense and repeal of the domestic manufacturing deduction. We have elected to account for GILTI as a current period expense when incurred.
We recognizedIn 2018, based on regulations issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and additional accounting analysis, we completed our accounting on the effect of the Tax Act and reflected the effects in our financial statements to include the tax impact of $8.8 million related to the one-time mandatory transition tax. In 2019, we identified additional available business credits, which are reflected in our 2018 income tax return as filed, thereby reducing the effects of the Tax Act in our financial statements by $8.2 million, for a total liability of $0.6 million.
On March 27, 2020, the year ended December 31, 2017 in accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 ("SAB 118"), which provides SEC staff guidance for the application of accounting standards for income taxes in the reporting period in which the TaxCARES Act was enacted.  As such, our financial results reflect provisional amounts for those specific income tax effects of the Tax Act for which the accounting is incomplete but a reasonable estimate could be determined. The 2017 Tax Act's U.S. taxsigned into law changes that we believe will have a material impact on our federal income taxes are as follows:
Reduction of the U.S. corporate income tax rate. At December 31, 2017, we remeasured our deferred tax assets and liabilities to reflect the reduction in the U.S. corporateIn accordance with the recently established rules and procedures under the CARES Act, we filed a 2014 refund claim to carry back our U.S. net operating loss generated in 2019 and amended 2012 and 2013 income tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent, resulting in a $23.1 million decrease in income tax expense forreturns impacted by the year ended December 31, 2017 and a corresponding $23.1 million decrease in net deferred tax liabilities as of December 31, 2017.  However, our accounting for U.S. deferred taxes is based on estimates, which could change and potentially affect the measurement of these balances or potentially give rise to new deferred tax amounts; and
Transition tax on foreign earnings. The Tax Act imposes a one‑time transition tax on applicable unremitted earnings and profits of the foreign subsidiaries of our U.S. subsidiaries.operating loss carryback. Prior to enactment of the TaxCARES Act, we recognized a deferred tax liability for certain foreign earnings that were considered tosuch net operating losses could only be repatriated and did not recognize a deferred tax liability related to the unremitted earnings of certain of our foreign subsidiaries that we considered to be indefinitely reinvested. The final determination of the transition tax requires further analysis regarding the amount and composition of our historical foreign earnings and tax pools due to estimates related to certain yet-to-be filed current foreign tax returns, foreign statutory financial reports and foreign tax audits. The final determination is expected to be completed and reflected in our financial statements issued for subsequent reporting periods that fall within the measurement period provided by SAB 118.  We have provided a provisional mandatory repatriation tax of approximately $9.0 million fully offset by available foreign tax credits. Additionally, upon enactment, we believe that certain of our foreign earnings, where we recognized a deferred tax liability upon future repatriation, will now be subject to tax-free repatriation.carried forward. As a result, we expect to receive combined refunds of approximately $33 million, of which we have recognized a provisional $222received $5.6 million decrease in income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 and a corresponding decrease in net deferred tax liabilities as of December 31, 2017.2020. The transitionremaining refunds are classified as accounts receivable, net, in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020. We also realized a non-cash tax will also impactbenefit of $8.4 million due to the utilizationcarryback provision of our remaining foreign tax credits, which will impact our valuation allowance analysis related to those deferred tax assets. We have providedthe CARES Act recognized as a provisional valuation allowance of $56.0 million against such deferred tax assets.  reduction in long-term liabilities.


Our provisions (benefit) for income taxes and our cash taxes paid are as follows:
 Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)202020192018
Current:
Domestic$(32,743)$(7,571)$(1,564)
Foreign34,755 37,462 16,146 
Total current2,012 29,891 14,582 
Deferred:
Domestic(9,192)(10,860)(22,905)
Foreign5,034 (1,408)34,817 
Total deferred(4,158)(12,268)11,912 
Total provision (benefit) for income taxes$(2,146)$17,623 $26,494 
Cash taxes paid, net$26,264 $29,806 $29,737 
  Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands) 2017 2016 2015
Current:      
Domestic $13,390
 $(6,899) $11,028
Foreign 37,381
 25,561
 65,132
Total current 50,771
 18,662
 76,160
Deferred:      
Domestic (213,200) (8,617) 40,284
Foreign (21,813) 8,715
 (11,194)
Total deferred (235,013) 98
 29,090
Total provision (benefit) for income taxes $(184,242) $18,760
 $105,250
Cash taxes paid $43,347
 $75,819
 $119,591
The components of income (loss) before income taxes are as follows:
 Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)202020192018
Domestic$(306,354)$(271,515)$(132,138)
Foreign(192,543)(59,306)(53,695)
Income (loss) before income taxes$(498,897)$(330,821)$(185,833)
77

  Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands) 2017 2016 2015
Domestic $(93,053) $(180,132) $51,018
Foreign 75,209
 223,478
 285,243
Income (loss) before income taxes $(17,844) $43,346
 $336,261
As of December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, our worldwide deferred tax assets, liabilities and net deferred tax liabilities were as follows:
 December 31,
(in thousands)20202019
Deferred tax assets:
Deferred compensation$16,761 $15,227 
Deferred income1,958 4,835 
Accrued expenses27,864 25,805 
Net operating loss and other carryforwards521,757 199,410 
Long-term operating lease liabilities40,417 50,256 
Goodwill and intangibles19,357 — 
Interest27,359 20,352 
Other14,045 16,152 
Gross deferred tax assets669,518 332,037 
Valuation allowances(592,516)(277,258)
Total deferred tax assets$77,002 $54,779 
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property and equipment$1,343 $6,237 
Basis difference in equity investments2,348 2,156 
Right-of-use operating lease assets28,519 43,734 
Interest47,785 — 
Other— 3,778 
Total deferred tax liabilities$79,995 $55,905 
Net deferred income tax liability$2,993 $1,126 
  December 31,
(in thousands) 2017 2016
Deferred tax assets:    
Deferred compensation $22,325
 $38,602
Deferred income 2,015
 9,830
Accrued expenses 11,652
 24,663
Net operating loss and other carryforwards 222,065
 14,140
Other 2,203
 46,745
Gross deferred tax assets 260,260
 133,980
Valuation allowances (206,586) (4,200)
Total deferred tax assets $53,674
 $129,780
Deferred tax liabilities:    
Property and equipment $65,366
 $86,237
Unremitted foreign earnings not considered indefinitely reinvested 
 257,414
Basis difference in equity investments 5,715
 10,055
Total deferred tax liabilities $71,081
 $353,706
Net deferred income tax liability $17,407
 $223,926

Our net deferred tax liability is reflected within our balance sheet as follows:
 December 31,
(in thousands)20202019
Deferred tax liabilities$2,993 $1,126 
Net deferred income tax liability$2,993 $1,126 
  December 31,
(in thousands) 2017 2016
Deferred tax liabilities $42,040
 $236,113
Long-term deferred tax assets (24,633) (12,187)
Net deferred income tax liability $17,407
 $223,926

AtAs of December 31, 2017,2020, we had approximately $56$480 million of foreign tax credits and no U.S. net operating losses available to reduce future payments of U.S. federal income taxes. The tax credits expire commencing in 2024. As a result of the Tax Act, we have established a deferred tax asset valuation allowance against the entire carryforward.

At December 31, 2017, we had approximately $740 million ofassets related to net operating and other loss carryforwards that were generated in various worldwide jurisdictions. The carryforwards include $692$163 million that do not expire and $48$317 million that will expire from 20182021 through 2025.2040. We have recorded a total valuation allowance of $33$592 million on operating losses and tax credit carryforwards, as well as other deferred tax assets, as our management believes at this time that it is more likely than not that thethese deferred tax assetassets will not be realized. At December 31, 2017, we have a foreignOur deferred tax assetassets include approximately $269 million of approximately $113 million relating to aforeign net operating losslosses and other deferred tax assets included on tax returns filed in 2017. Although this net operating loss carryforward has an indefinite life, a corresponding valuation allowance for the same amount was recognized because our2020 that management believes it will never be realized based on the nature of the loss and our current organizational structure.

The following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of our valuation allowances:
Reconciliations between
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)202020192018
Balance at beginning of year$(277,258)$(203,040)$(206,586)
Increase due principally to net operating losses(300,748)(59,596)(38,415)
Increase due to foreign tax and business credit carryforwards(14,510)(14,622)(14,065)
Reduction due to utilization of foreign tax credits generated in prior years— — 56,026 
Balance at end of year$(592,516)$(277,258)$(203,040)
The 2018 utilization of the actual provision forforeign tax credits generated in prior years was a result of the mandatory repatriation requirements of the Tax Act.
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Following is a reconciliation of income taxestax expense (benefit) on continuing operations and that computed by applying the U.S. statutory rate of 35%21% for 2020, 2019 and 2018 to income (loss) before income taxes were as follows:and our reported provision (benefit) for income taxes:
Year Ended December 31,
 Year Ended December 31,
 2017 2016 2015
(in thousands)(in thousands)202020192018
Income tax provision (benefit) at the U.S. statutory rate $(6,245) $15,171
 $117,691
Income tax provision (benefit) at the U.S. statutory rate$(104,769)$(69,472)$(39,025)
Tax Act - earnings subject to tax-free repatriation (222,019) 
 
Tax Act - remeasure of net U.S. deferred tax liabilities (23,124) 
 
Tax Act - net mandatory repatriation taxTax Act - net mandatory repatriation tax— (8,220)8,790 
CARES ActCARES Act(4,681)— — 
Permanent differences for goodwill impairmentsPermanent differences for goodwill impairments50,435 
Valuation allowances 89,217
 4,200
 
Valuation allowances46,650 74,553 38,415 
Foreign tax rate differential (21,163) (1,766) (8,505)Foreign tax rate differential6,088 18,439 475 
Stock compensation 3,112
 
 
Stock compensation1,032 989 2,135 
Uncertain tax positionsUncertain tax positions(5,939)3,046 12,644 
Other items, net (4,020) 1,155
 (3,936)Other items, net9,038 (1,712)3,060 
Total provision (benefit) for income taxes $(184,242) $18,760
 $105,250
Total provision (benefit) for income taxes$(2,146)$17,623 $26,494 
We recognize the expense or benefit for aan uncertain tax position if the benefitit is more likely than not to be sustainable upon audit by the applicable taxing authority. If this threshold is met, the uncertain tax benefitposition is then measured and recognized at the largest amount that we believe is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. We account for any applicable interest and penalties on these positions as a component of our provision for income taxes in our consolidated financial statements.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of gross uncertain tax positions, not including associated foreign tax credits and penalties and interest, is as follows:
 Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)202020192018
Balance at beginning of year$16,911 $14,971 $5,339 
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year2,229 3,662 445 
Reductions for expiration of statutes of limitations(628)(2,835)(260)
Additions (reductions) based on tax positions related to prior years1,830 2,060 10,540 
Reductions based on tax positions related to prior years(68)(563)
Settlements(188)(384)(1,093)
Balance at end of year$20,086 $16,911 $14,971 
We account for any applicable interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions as a component of our provision for income taxes on our financial statements. We increased/(decreased) income tax expense by $0.6 million, $1.2$(1.2) million and $(0.9)$1.4 million in 2017, 20162020 and 2015,2019, respectively, for penalties and interest on uncertain tax positions, which brought our total liabilities for penalties and interest on uncertain tax positions to $2.6$4.5 million and $3.2$5.7 million on our balance sheets atas of December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, respectively. All additions or reductions to those liabilities would affect our effective income tax rate in the periods of change.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amountWe believe approximately $2.0 million of gross unrecognizeduncertain tax benefits, not including associated foreign tax credits and penalties and interest, is as follows:

  Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands) 2017 2016 2015
Beginning of year $6,330
 $5,245
 $5,575
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year 1,213
 1,999
 260
Reductions for expiration of statutes of limitations (650) (1,028) (1,649)
Additions (reductions) based on tax positions related to prior years 314
 114
 1,059
Reductions based on tax positions related to prior years (962) 
 
Settlements (906) 
 
Balance at end of year $5,339
 $6,330
 $5,245
positions will be resolved within the next 12 months. Including associated foreign tax credits and penalties and interest, we have accrued a net total of $5.6$15 million and $21 million in the caption "otherother long-term liabilities"liabilities on our balance sheet atas of December 31, 20172020 and 2019, respectively, for unrecognizeduncertain tax benefits. We do not believe that the total of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease in the next 12 months.positions.
We filecontinue to make an assertion to indefinitely reinvest the unrepatriated earnings of any foreign subsidiary that would incur incremental tax consequences upon the distribution of such earnings. As of December 31, 2020, we did not provide for deferred taxes on earnings of our foreign subsidiaries that are indefinitely reinvested. If we were to make a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return for Oceaneering International, Inc. and our domestic subsidiaries. We conduct our international operations in a numberdistribution from the unremitted earnings of locations that have varying laws and regulations with regard to income and other taxes, some of which arethese subsidiaries, we could be subject to interpretation. Our management believestaxes in various jurisdictions. However, it is not practical to estimate the amount of tax that adequate provisions have been made for allcould ultimately be due if such earnings
79

were remitted. If our expectations were to change regarding future tax consequences, we may be required to record additional deferred taxes that will ultimately be payable, although final determination of tax liabilities may differ fromcould have a material effect on our estimates.consolidated financial statements.
Our tax returns are subject to audit by taxing authorities in multiple jurisdictions. These audits often take years to complete and settle. The following table lists the earliest tax years open to examination by tax authorities where we have significant operations:
Jurisdiction                                 Periods
United States2014
United Kingdom20152018
Norway20072015
Angola2013
Brazil20122016
Australia20132015




8. SELECTED INCOME STATEMENT INFORMATION

4.SELECTED INCOME STATEMENT INFORMATION
The following schedule shows our revenue, costs and gross margins by services and products:
 Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)202020192018
Revenue:
Services$1,340,033 $1,333,787 $1,245,927 
Products487,856 714,337 663,555 
Total revenue1,827,889 2,048,124 1,909,482 
Cost of Services and Products:
Services1,161,699 1,242,006 1,135,084 
Products421,445 619,490 578,212 
Unallocated expenses80,804 88,384 66,960 
Total cost of services and products1,663,948 1,949,880 1,780,256 
Gross margin:
Services178,334 91,781 110,843 
Products66,411 94,847 85,343 
Unallocated expenses(80,804)(88,384)(66,960)
Total gross margin$163,941 $98,244 $129,226 

9. DEBT
  Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands) 2017 2016 2015
Revenue:      
Services $1,181,229
 $1,509,786
 $2,001,167
Products 740,278
 761,817
 1,061,587
Total revenue 1,921,507
 2,271,603
 3,062,754
Cost of Services and Products:      
Services 1,040,817
 1,330,218
 1,585,305
Products 625,843
 615,438
 800,316
Unallocated expenses 60,237
 46,720
 71,704
Total cost of services and products 1,726,897
 1,992,376
 2,457,325
Gross margin:      
Services 140,412
 179,568
 415,862
Products 114,435
 146,379
 261,271
Unallocated expenses (60,237) (46,720) (71,704)
Total gross margin $194,610
 $279,227
 $605,429

5.DEBT
Long-term Debtdebt consisted of the following:
 December 31,
(in thousands)20202019
4.650% Senior Notes due 2024$500,000 $500,000 
6.000% Senior Notes due 2028300,000 300,000 
Fair value of interest rate swaps on $200 million of principal— 3,235 
Interest rate swap settlements10,870 — 
Unamortized debt issuance costs(5,619)(6,719)
Long-term Debt$805,251 $796,516 
In November 2014, we completed the public offering of $500 million aggregate principal amount of 4.650% Senior Notes due 2024 (the “2024 Senior Notes”). We pay interest on the 2024 Senior Notes on May 15 and November 15 of each year. The 2024 Senior Notes are scheduled to mature on November 15, 2024.
80

   December 31,
 (in thousands) 2017 2016
4.650% Senior Notes due 2024:    
 Principal of the notes $500,000
 $500,000
 Issuance costs, net of amortization (4,698) (5,385)
 Fair value of interest rate swaps on $200 million of principal (2,990) (1,557)
Term Loan Facility 300,000
 300,000
Revolving Credit Facility 
 
Long-term Debt $792,312
 $793,058
In February 2018, we completed the public offering of $300 million aggregate principal amount of 6.000% Senior Notes due 2028 (the “2028 Senior Notes”). We pay interest on the 2028 Senior Notes on February 1 and August 1 of each year. The 2028 Senior Notes are scheduled to mature on February 1, 2028. We used the net proceeds from the 2028 Senior Notes to repay our term loan indebtedness described further below.

We may redeem some or all of the 2024 Senior Notes and 2028 Senior Notes (collectively, the “Senior Notes”) at specified redemption prices.
In October 2014, we entered into a credit agreement (as amended, the "Credit Agreement"“Credit Agreement”) with a group of banks. In February 2018, we entered into Agreement and Amendment No. 4 to Credit Agreement ("Amendment No. 4") to the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement providesinitially provided for a $500 million five-year revolving credit facility (the "Revolving“Revolving Credit Facility"Facility”). The Credit Agreement previously provided for a $300 million three-year term loan, which we repaid in full in February 2018, using net proceeds from our February 2018 offering of our 6.000% Senior Notes due 2028 described further below. Subject to certain conditions, the aggregate commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility may be increased by up to $300 million at any time upon agreement between us and existing or additional lenders. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility may be used for general corporate purposes. The Credit Agreement also provided for a $300 million term loan, which we repaid in full in February 2018, using net proceeds from the issuance of our 2028 Senior Notes referred to above, and cash on hand.
In February 2018, we entered intoAgreement and Amendment No. 4 to the Credit Agreement (“Amendment No. 4”). Amendment No. 4 amended the Credit Agreement to, among other things, extend the maturity of the Revolving Credit Facility to January 25, 2023 with the extending Lenders,lenders, which represent 90% of the existing commitments of the Lenders,lenders, such that (a) the total commitments for the Revolving Credit Facility will be $500 million until October 25, 2021, and thereafter $450 million until January 25, 2023.

As of December 31, 2020, we had no borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility.
Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at an Adjusted Base Rate or the Eurodollar Rate (both as defined in the Credit Agreement), at our option, plus an applicable margin based on our Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) and, at our election, based on the ratings of our senior unsecured debt by designated ratings services, thereafter to be based on such debt ratings. The applicable margin varies: (1) in the case of advances bearing interest at the Adjusted Base Rate, from 0.125% to 0.750%; and (2) in the case of advances bearing interest at

the Eurodollar Rate, from 1.125% to 1.750%. The Adjusted Base Rate is the highest of (1) the per annum rate established by the administrative agent as its prime rate, (2) the federal funds rate plus 0.50% and (3) the daily one-month LIBOR plus 1%. We pay a commitment fee ranging from 0.125% to 0.300% on the unused portion of the Revolving Credit Facility, depending on our Leverage Ratio. The commitment fees are included as interest expense in our consolidated financial statements.

The Credit Agreement contains various covenants that we believe are customary for agreements of this nature, including, but not limited to, restrictions on our ability and the ability of each of our subsidiaries to incur debt, grant liens, make certain investments, make distributions, merge or consolidate, sell assets and enter into certain restrictive agreements. We are also subject to a maximum adjusted total Capitalization Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) of 55%. The Credit Agreement includes customary events of default and associated remedies. As of December 31, 2017,2020, we were in compliance with all the covenants set forth in the Credit Agreement.

In November 2014, we completed the public offeringWe had two interest rate swaps in place relating to a total of $500$200 million aggregate principal amount of 4.650% Senior Notes due 2024 (the "2024 Senior Notes"). We pay interest on the 2024 Senior Notes on May 15 and November 15 of each year. The 2024 Senior Notes are scheduled to mature on November 15, 2024. We may redeem some or all of the 2024 Senior Notes priorfor the period to November 2024. The agreements swapped the fixed interest rate of 4.65% on $100 million of the 2024 Senior Notes to the floating rate of one-month LIBOR plus 2.426% and on another $100 million to one-month LIBOR plus 2.823%. In March 2020, we settled both interest rate swaps with the counterparty for cash proceeds of $13 million. The settlement resulted in a $13 million adjustment to increase our long-term debt balance that will be amortized to interest expense prospectively through the maturity at specified redemption prices. We useddate for the net proceeds from2024 Senior Notes using the offeringeffective interest method. As a result, we amortized $2.0 million to interest expense for general corporate purposes, including funding the C&C acquisition, other capital expenditures and repurchases of shares of our common stock.

year ended December 31, 2020.
We incurred $6.9 million and $4.2 million of issuance costs related to the 2024 Senior Notes and $2.6the 2028 Senior Notes, respectively, and $3.0 million of new loan costs, including costs of the amendments prior to Amendment No. 4, related to the Credit Agreement. WeThese costs, net of accumulated amortization, are amortizing those costs, which are included on our balance sheet, as a reduction of long-term debt forin our Consolidated Balance Sheets, as they pertain to the 2024 Senior Notes, and in other noncurrent assets, as an other non-current asset forthey pertain to the Credit Agreement,Agreement. We are amortizing these costs to interest expense to November 2024through the respective maturity dates for the 2024 Senior Notes and to January 2023 for the Credit Agreement.

We have twoAgreement using the straight-line method, which approximates the effective interest rate swaps in place on a total of $200 million of the 2024 Senior Notes for the period to November 2024. See Note 6 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this report for a description of these interest rate swaps.

In February 2018, we completed the public offering of $300 million aggregate principal amount of 6.000% Senior Notes due 2028 (the "2028 Senior Notes"). We will pay interest on the 2028 Senior Notes on February 1 and August 1 of each year, beginning on August 1, 2018. The 2028 Senior Notes are scheduled to mature on February 1, 2028. We may redeem some or all of the 2028 Senior Notes at specified redemption prices. We used the net proceeds from the offering to repay our term loan indebtedness referred to above.

method.
We made cash interest payments of $32.4$44 million, $29.2$46 million and $27.2$37 million in 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 2015,2018, respectively.

81

6.

10. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Lease Commitments
AtAs of December 31, 2017,2020, we occupied several facilities under noncancellable operating leases expiring at various dates through 2035. Future minimum rentals under all ofSee Note 4—“Leases” for more information on our operating leases, including vessel rentals, are as follows:
(in thousands)  
2018 $31,243
2019 23,116
2020 19,579
2021 16,929
2022 15,446
Thereafter 132,396
Total Lease Commitments $238,709
Rental expense, which includes hire of vessels, specialized equipment and real estate rental, was approximately $97 million, $205 million and $229 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.leases.
Insurance
The workers' compensation, maritime employer's liability and comprehensive general liability insurance policies that we purchase each include a deductible layer, for which we would be responsible, that we consider financially prudent. Insurance above the deductible layers can be by occurrence or in the aggregate. We determine the level of accruals for claims exposure by reviewing our historical experience and current year claim activity. We do not record accruals on a present-value basis. We review larger claims with insurance adjusters and establish specific reserves for known liabilities. We establish an additional reserve for incidents incurred but not reported to us for each year using our estimates and based on prior experience. We believe we have established adequate accruals for expected liabilities arising from those obligations. However, it is possible that future earnings could be affected by changes in our estimates relating to these matters.
Litigation
On June 17, 2014, Peter L. Jacobs, a purported shareholder, filed a derivative complaint against all of the then current members of our board of directors and one of our former directors, as defendants, and our company, as nominal defendant, in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware. Through the complaint, the plaintiff asserted, on behalf of our company, actions for breach of fiduciary duties and unjust enrichment in connection with prior determinations of our board of directors relating to nonexecutive director compensation. The plaintiff sought relief including disgorgement of payments made to the defendants, an award of unspecified damages and an award for attorneys’ fees and other costs. We and the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint and a supporting brief. Subsequently, the parties to the litigation jointly requested and received a series of extension orders from the Court to extend the time for certain filings.  The last such extension expired on September 16, 2016.  By letter dated August 30, 2017, we received notice from the Office of the Register in Chancery advising the parties that the Court was closing the matter for failure to prosecute or to comply with an order of the Court. 

In the ordinary course of business, we are, from time to time, involved in litigation or subject to actions for damages alleging personal injurydisputes, governmental investigations or claims related to our business activities, including, among other things:
performance- or warranty-related matters under the general maritime laws of the United States, including theour customer and supplier contracts and other business arrangements; and
workers’ compensation claims, Jones Act for alleged negligence. We report actions for personal injury to our insurance carriersclaims, occupational hazard claims, premises liability claims and believe that the settlement or disposition of those claims will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.other claims.

Various other actions and claims are pending against us, most of which are covered by insurance. Although we cannot predict the ultimate outcome of these matters, we believe that our ultimate

liability, if any, that may result from these other actions and claims will not materially affecthave a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. However, because of the inherent uncertainty of litigation and other dispute resolution proceedings and, in some cases, the availability and amount of potentially available insurance, we can provide no assurance that the resolution of any particular claim or proceeding to which we are a party will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows or financial position.

for the fiscal period in which that resolution occurs.
Letters of Credit
We had $67$51 million and $54$49 million in letters of credit outstanding as of December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, respectively, as guarantees in force forwhich related to self-insurance requirements and various bid and performance bonds, which are usually for the duration of the applicable contract.

Financial Instruments and Risk Concentration
In the normal course of business, we manage risks associated with foreign exchange rates and interest rates through a variety of strategies, including the use of hedging transactions. As a matter of policy, we do not use derivative instruments unless we have an underlying exposure. Other financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk are principally cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable.
The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents approximate their fair values due to the short-term maturity of the underlying instruments. Accounts receivable are generated from a broad group of customers, primarily from within the energy industry, which is our major source of revenue. Due to their short-term nature, carrying values of our accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate fair market values.
We had borrowingsestimated the aggregate fair market value of $300the Senior Notes to be $723 million as of December 31, 2017 under our term loan facility. Due to2020 based on quoted prices. Since the short-term nature ofmarket for the associated interest rate periods,Senior Notes is not an active market, the carrying value of our debt under the term loan facility approximated its fair value. The fair value of this debtthe Senior Notes is classified aswithin Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy under U.S. GAAP (inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full termterms for the assets or liabilities).

We estimated the fair market value of the 2024 Senior NotesForeign currency gains (losses) related to be $489 million at December 31, 2017 based on quoted prices. Since the market for the 2024 Senior Notes is not an active market, the fair value of the 2024 Senior Notes is classified within Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy under U.S. GAAP.

We have two interest rate swaps in place on a total of $200 million of the 2024 Senior Notes for the period to November 2024. The agreements swap the fixed interest rate of 4.650% on $200 million of the 2024 Senior Notes to the floating rate of one month LIBOR plus 2.426% and on another $100 million to one month LIBOR plus 2.823%. We estimate the combined fair value of the interest rate swaps to be a net liability of $3.0 million at December 31, 2017, which is included on our balance sheet in our other long-term liabilities These values were arrived at using a discounted cash flow model using Level 2 inputs.
Since the second quarter of 2015, the exchange rate for the Angolan kwanza relativeof $(2.8) million, $(4.8) million and $(19) million in the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, were primarily due to the remeasurement of our Angolan
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kwanza cash balances to U.S. dollars. Foreign currency gains (losses) related to the Brazilian real of $(7.3) million, $(0.7) million and $0.6 million in the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, were primarily due to the remeasurement of our U.S. dollar generally has been declining, althoughdenominated liability balances to the exchange rate was relatively stable during 2017. As our functional currency in Angola is the U.S. dollar, weBrazilian real. We recorded foreign currency transaction losses related to the Angolan kwanza of $0.1 million, $7.3 million and $17.4 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015,Brazilian real as a component of Otherother income (expense), net in our Consolidated Statements of Income for those respective periods. Our foreign currency transaction losses in 2016 and 2015 related primarily to the remeasurement of our Angolan kwanza cash balances to U.S. dollars. ConversionOperations.
Any conversion of cash balances from kwanza to U.S. dollars is controlled by the central bank in Angola, and the central bank has slowed this process since mid-2015, causing our kwanza cash balances to increase.Angola. As of December 31, 2017,2020 and 2019, we had the equivalent of approximately $27$4.7 million and $6.2 million of kwanza cash in kwanzabalances, respectively, in Angola reflected on our balance sheet.Consolidated Balance Sheets.
To mitigate our currency exposure risk in Angola, we have used kwanza to purchase $70 million equivalent Angolan central bank (Banco Nacional de Angola) bonds with maturities of $60 million during 2018 and $10 million in 2020.bonds. The bonds are denominated as U.S. dollar equivalents, so that, upon payment of semi-annual interest and principal upon maturity, payment is made in kwanza, equivalent to the respective U.S. dollars at the then-current exchange rate. Our intent is to reinvest fundsDuring 2018, we received a total of $70 million in proceeds from maturingmaturities and redemptions of Angolan bonds and reinvested $10 million of the proceeds in similar long-term assets.

As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had $10 million of Angolan bonds on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Because we intend to sell the bonds if we are able to repatriate the proceeds, we have classified these bonds as available-for-sale securities, and they are recorded in other current assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
We estimated the fair market value of the Angolan bonds to be $68$10 million atas of December 31, 20172020 and 2019 using quoted market prices. Since the market for the Angolan bonds is not an active market, the fair value of the Angolan bonds is classified within Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy under U.S. GAAP.

Due to the ongoing impact of COVID-19, certain projects that were in process have been delayed in our Manufacturing Products segment. As of December 31, 2020, we had outstanding accounts receivable and contracts assets of approximately $51 million for these projects. We continue to believe these accounts receivable and contract assets are realizable and the projects will resume.


11. OPERATIONS BY BUSINESS SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC AREA
7.OPERATIONS BY BUSINESS SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC AREA
Business Segment Information

We are a global oilfield provider of engineered services and products, primarily to the offshore oil and gasenergy industry. Through the use of our applied technology expertise, we also serve the defense, aerospace and commercial theme park industries.
In the third quarter of 2020, we changed our organizational structure as part of the transformation to realign our businesses to achieve greater cost efficiencies and to bring together business units that frequently work together and promote increased synergies in bidding, project management and the use of offshore technicians. As a result, information that our chief operating decision maker regularly reviews changed. Therefore, beginning with results for the three months ended September 30, 2020, we are reporting our financial results consistent with our newly realigned operating segments and have recast certain prior period amounts to conform to the way we internally manage our businesses and monitor segment performance. Our Oilfieldnew structure aligns our company around five reportable segments: (1) Subsea Robotics; (2) Manufactured Products; (3) Offshore Projects Group; (4) Integrity Management & Digital Solutions; and (5) Aerospace and Defense Technologies.
Our Energy Services and Products business leverages our asset base and capabilities for providing services and products for offshore energy operations, inclusive of the offshore renewable energy market. Our Energy Services and Products segments are:
• Subsea Robotics—Our Subsea Robotics segment consists of Remotely Operated Vehicles ("ROVs"),our prior ROV segment, plus ROV tooling (previously in our Subsea Products segment) and survey services (previously in our Subsea Projects and Asset Integrity.segment). Our ROVSubsea Robotics segment provides submersiblethe following:
◦ ROVs for drilling support and vessel-based services, including subsea hardware installation, construction, pipeline inspection, survey and facilities inspection, maintenance and repair;
◦ ROV tooling; and
◦ survey services, including hydrographic survey and positioning services and autonomous underwater vehicles operated from the surface to support offshore energy exploration, development and production activities. for geoscience.
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• Manufactured Products—Our Manufactured Products segment consists of our prior Manufactured Products Business unit (previously in our Subsea Products segment) as well as commercial theme park entertainment systems and automated guided vehicle technology (both previously in our Advanced Technologies segment). Our Manufactured Products segment suppliesprovides the following:
◦ distribution and connection systems including production control umbilicals and field development hardware and pipeline connection and repair systems to the energy industry; and
◦ automated guided vehicle technology and entertainment systems to a variety of specialty subsea hardware and related services. industries.
• Offshore Projects Group—Our OPG segment consists of our prior Subsea Projects segment less survey services, maritime shipping and global data solutions (“GDS”) plus our Service and Rental business unit (previously in our Subsea Products segment). Our OPG segment provides multiservicethe following:
subsea support vesselsinstallation and oilfield diving and support vessel operations, primarily forintervention, including riserless light well intervention services, inspection, maintenance and repair (“IMR”) services, principally in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico and offshore Angola, utilizing owned and charter vessels;
installation activities. Since April 2015, we have also provided survey, autonomous underwater vehicle ("AUV") and satellite-positioning services. workover control systems and ROV workover control systems;
◦ project management and engineering; and
◦ seabed preparation, route clearance and trenching services for submarine cables for the renewable energy markets.
• Integrity Management & Digital Solutions—Our IMDS segment consists of our prior Asset Integrity segment plus our GDS and maritime shipping (both previously in our Subsea Projects segment). Our IMDS segment provides the following:
asset integrity management services;
◦ software and assessmentanalytical solutions for the bulk cargo maritime industry; and
◦ software, digital and connectivity solutions for the energy industry.
Our Aerospace and Defense Technologies segment consists of our prior Government business unit (previously in our Advanced Technologies segment). Our ADTech segment provides services and nondestructive testingproducts include engineering and inspection. Our Advanced Technologies business provides project management, engineering servicesrelated manufacturing in defense and equipment for applications in non-energy markets. space exploration activities, principally to U.S. government agencies and their prime contractors.
Unallocated Expenses are those not associated with a specific business segment. These consist of expenses related to our incentive and deferred compensation plans, including restricted stock and bonuses, as well as other general expenses, including corporate administrative expenses.
There are no differences in the basis
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The table that follows presents Revenue, Incomerevenue, income (loss) from Operationsoperations and Depreciationdepreciation and Amortization Expenseamortization expense by business segment:
  Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands) 2017 2016 2015
Revenue      
Oilfield      
Remotely Operated Vehicles $393,655
 $522,121
 $807,723
Subsea Products 625,513
 692,030
 959,714
Subsea Projects 291,993
 472,979
 604,484
Asset Integrity 236,778
 275,397
 372,957
Total Oilfield 1,547,939
 1,962,527
 2,744,878
Advanced Technologies 373,568
 309,076
 317,876
Total $1,921,507
 $2,271,603
 $3,062,754
Income from Operations      
Oilfield      
Remotely Operated Vehicles $22,366
 $25,193
 $192,514
Subsea Products 45,539
 75,938
 175,585
Subsea Projects 10,279
 34,476
 92,034
Asset Integrity 11,231
 7,551
 18,235
Total Oilfield 89,415
 143,158
 478,368
Advanced Technologies 22,039
 11,809
 9,689
Unallocated Expenses (100,798) (84,203) (114,247)
Total $10,656
 $70,764
 $373,810
Depreciation and Amortization Expense      
Oilfield      
Remotely Operated Vehicles $113,979
 $140,967
 $143,364
Subsea Products 52,561
 53,759
 49,792
Subsea Projects 31,869
 34,042
 29,863
Asset Integrity 7,715
 14,336
 10,713
Total Oilfield 206,124
 243,104
 233,732
Advanced Technologies 3,171
 3,120
 2,549
Unallocated Expenses 4,224
 4,023
 4,954
Total $213,519
 $250,247
 $241,235
       
 Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)20202019 *2018 *
Revenue
Energy Services and Products
Subsea Robotics$493,332 $583,652 $513,701 
Manufactured Products477,419 498,350 431,459 
OPG289,127 380,966 413,598 
IMDS226,938 266,086 273,575 
Total Energy Services and Products1,486,816 1,729,054 1,632,333 
ADTech341,073 319,070 277,149 
Total$1,827,889 $2,048,124 $1,909,482 
Income (Loss) from Operations
Energy Services and Products
Subsea Robotics$(65,817)$11,627 $(46,572)
Manufactured Products(88,253)5,730 14,028 
OPG(105,680)(170,013)(36,909)
IMDS(121,675)(52,527)546 
Total Energy Services and Products(381,425)(205,183)(68,907)
ADTech56,023 42,574 32,734 
Unallocated Expenses(120,677)(128,104)(109,309)
Total$(446,079)$(290,713)$(145,482)
Depreciation and Amortization Expense
Energy Services and Products
Subsea Robotics$212,621 $140,087 $183,958 
Manufactured Products66,772 20,732 22,562 
OPG115,288 58,044 62,542 
IMDS127,221 37,160 17,027 
Total Energy Services and Products521,902 256,023 286,089 
ADTech2,666 2,644 2,774 
Unallocated Expenses4,327 4,760 4,727 
Total$528,895 $263,427 $293,590 
* Recast to reflect segment changes.
We determine income from operations for each business segment before interest income or expense, other income (expense) and provision for income taxes. We do not consider an allocation of these items to be practical.

Revenue
No individual customer accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated revenue during 2020. During 2016, we recognized restructuring expenses of $11.6 million, attributable to each reporting segment as follows:

Remotely Operated Vehicles - $3.8 million;
Subsea Products - $3.7 million;
Subsea Projects - $2.1 million;
Asset Integrity - $1.4 million;
Advanced Technologies - $0.5 million; and
Unallocated Expenses - $0.1 million.

The restructuring expenses were all severance costs, of which $8.4 million was unpaid at December 31, 2016 and paid in 2017.


During 2015, we recognized restructuring expenses of $25.4 million, attributable to each reporting segment as follows:

Remotely Operated Vehicles - $7.2 million;
Subsea Products - $8.7 million;
Subsea Projects - $2.5 million;
Asset Integrity - $6.4 million;
Advanced Technologies - $0.2 million; and
Unallocated Expenses - $0.4 million.

The restructuring expenses consisted substantially of severance costs that totaled $23.1 million during the year, of which $7.0 million was unpaid at December 31, 2015 and paid in 2016.
During each of 2017, 2016 and 2015,2019, revenue from one customer, BP plc and subsidiaries, accounted for 12%, 18% and 18%10% of our total consolidated annual revenue. During 2018, revenue from Royal Dutch Shell and subsidiaries, accounted for 10% of our total consolidated annual revenue.
Income (Loss) from Operations
Year ended December 31, 2020—During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded adjustments attributable to each of our reporting segments as follows:
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For the Year Ended December 31, 2020
(in thousands)Subsea RoboticsManufactured ProductsOPGIMDSADTechUnallocated ExpensesTotal
Adjustments for the effects of:
Long-lived assets impairments$— $61,074 $8,826 $545 $— $— $70,445 
Long-lived assets write-offs7,328 — 16,644 170 — — 24,142 
Inventory write-downs7,038 — — — — — 7,038 
Goodwill impairment102,118 52,263 66,285 123,214 — — 343,880 
Other5,055 2,266 8,590 4,272 572 455 21,210 
Total of adjustments$121,539 $115,603 $100,345 $128,201 $572 $455 $466,715 
Year ended December 31, 2019—During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded adjustments attributable to each of our reporting segments as follows:
For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 *
(in thousands)Subsea RoboticsManufactured ProductsOPGIMDSADTechUnallocated ExpensesTotal
Adjustments for the effects of:
Long-lived assets impairments$— $— $142,615 $16,738 $— $— $159,353 
Long-lived assets write-offs11,340 482 18,723 14,108 — — 44,653 
Inventory write-downs15,433 2,107 2,771 719 255 21,285 
Goodwill impairment14,713 — — 14,713 
Other4,228 757 3,526 3,082 102 56 11,751 
Total of adjustments$31,001 $3,346 $167,635 $49,360 $357 $56 $251,755 
* Recast to reflect segment changes.
Year ended December 31, 2018—During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded adjustments attributable to each of our reporting segments as follows:
For the Year Ended December 31, 2018*
(in thousands)Subsea RoboticsManufactured ProductsOPGIMDSADTechUnallocated ExpensesTotal
Adjustments for the effects of:
Long-lived assets write-offs$617  $1,531  $5,543  $—  $—  $— $7,691 
Goodwill impairment51,168  —  17,750  7,531  —  — 76,449 
Total of adjustments$51,785 $1,531 $23,293 $7,531 $— $— $84,140 
* Recast to reflect segment changes.
Depreciation and Amortization Expense
Depreciation expense on property and equipment, reflected in the Depreciation and Amortization Expense table above, was $170 million, $212 million and $200 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Amortization expense on long-lived intangible assets, reflected in the Depreciation and Amortization Expense table above, was $15 million, $36 million and $18 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Goodwill impairment expense, reflected in the Depreciation and Amortization Expense table above, was $344 million, $15 million and $76 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. See “Income (Loss) from Operations” above for amounts attributable to each segment.
We recorded the write-downs and write-offs of certain equipment and intangible assets, reflected in our depreciation expense, of $14 million, $45 million and $4.2 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We also recorded the
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write-offs of certain intangible assets, reflected in our amortization expense, of $10 million and $3.4 million in 2020 and 2018, respectively. See “Income (Loss) from Operations” above for amounts attributable to each segment.
Assets, Property and Equipment, Net and Goodwill
The following table presents Assets, Property and Equipment, net and Goodwill by business segment as of the dates indicated:segment:
  December 31,
(in thousands) 2017 2016
Assets    
Oilfield    
Remotely Operated Vehicles $650,832
 $755,894
Subsea Products 788,586
 833,919
Subsea Projects 626,791
 608,411
Asset Integrity 268,055
 261,410
Total Oilfield 2,334,264
 2,459,634
Advanced Technologies 129,185
 101,756
Corporate and Other 560,501
 568,925
Total $3,023,950
 $3,130,315
Property and Equipment, net    
Oilfield    
Remotely Operated Vehicles $420,088
 $485,063
Subsea Products 329,486
 344,973
Subsea Projects 272,649
 273,384
Asset Integrity 19,445
 24,571
Total Oilfield 1,041,668
 1,127,991
Advanced Technologies 10,850
 12,057
Corporate and Other 11,686
 13,210
Total $1,064,204
 $1,153,258
Goodwill    
Oilfield    
Remotely Operated Vehicles $24,777
 $24,406
Subsea Products 103,128
 99,336
Subsea Projects 155,292
 154,823
Asset Integrity 150,560
 143,144
Total Oilfield 433,757
 421,709
Advanced Technologies 21,842
 21,842
Total $455,599
 $443,551
 December 31,
(in thousands)20202019 *
Assets
Energy Services and Products
Subsea Robotics$487,505 $765,015 
Manufactured Products436,835 607,674 
OPG359,844 504,139 
IMDS80,123 236,137 
Total Energy Services and Products1,364,307 2,112,965 
ADTech112,294 138,772 
Corporate and Other569,241 488,926 
Total$2,045,842 $2,740,663 
Property and Equipment, Net
Energy Services and Products
Subsea Robotics$252,221 $336,038 
Manufactured Products94,600 151,259 
OPG212,990 255,425 
IMDS12,018 13,403 
Total Energy Services and Products571,829 756,125 
ADTech7,892 9,574 
Corporate and Other11,386 10,833 
Total$591,107 $776,532 
Goodwill
Energy Services and Products
Subsea Robotics$24,562 $129,402 
Manufactured Products— 52,828 
OPG— 73,352 
IMDS— 139,043 
Total Energy Services and Products24,562 394,625 
ADTech10,454 10,454 
Total$35,016 $405,079 
* Recast to reflect segment changes.
All assets specifically identified with a particular business segment have been segregated. Cash and cash equivalents, certain other current assets, certain investments and certain other assets have not been allocated to particular business segments and are included in Corporate and Other.

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Capital Expenditures
The following table presents Capital Expenditures, including business acquisitions, by business segment for the periods indicated:segment:
  Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands) 2017 2016 2015
Capital Expenditures      
Oilfield      
Remotely Operated Vehicles $40,425
 $50,339
 $57,558
Subsea Products 27,711
 56,669
 69,434
Subsea Projects 29,544
 25,602
 276,308
Asset Integrity 3,651
 3,910
 9,841
Total Oilfield 101,331
 136,520
 413,141
Advanced Technologies 2,063
 2,742
 5,015
Corporate and Other 1,564
 3,251
 5,832
Total $104,958
 $142,513
 $423,988
 Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)20202019 *2018 *
Capital Expenditures
Energy Services and Products
Subsea Robotics$14,624 $72,663 $50,696 
Manufactured Products1,220 17,522 8,816 
OPG33,647 42,400 110,649 
IMDS3,488 8,529 4,387 
Total Energy Services and Products52,979 141,114 174,548 
ADTech1,462 2,243 2,457 
Corporate and Other6,246 4,327 1,033 
Total$60,687 $147,684 $178,038 
* Recast to reflect segment changes.
Geographic Operating Areas
The following tables summarize certain financial data by geographic area:
       
  Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands) 2017 2016 2015
Revenue      
Foreign:      
Africa $256,198
 $486,615
 $659,038
United Kingdom 236,177
 304,635
 367,326
Norway 178,712
 166,180
 250,272
Asia and Australia 193,865
 196,679
 245,978
Brazil 42,607
 73,280
 118,056
Other 81,364
 66,870
 116,647
Total Foreign 988,923
 1,294,259
 1,757,317
United States 932,584
 977,344
 1,305,437
Total $1,921,507
 $2,271,603
 $3,062,754
       
    December 31,
(in thousands) 2017 2016
Property and equipment, net      
Foreign:      
Norway   $78,279
 $83,129
Africa   135,345
 159,715
United Kingdom   87,601
 67,522
Asia and Australia   50,057
 61,135
Brazil   50,842
 55,224
Other   25,346
 22,322
Total Foreign   427,470
 449,047
United States   636,734
 704,211
Total   $1,064,204
 $1,153,258
       
Revenue is based on location where services are performed and products are manufactured.manufactured, as summarized in the following table:

 Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)202020192018
Revenue
Foreign:
Africa$198,505 $292,818 $239,959 
United Kingdom241,168 256,348 203,391 
Norway202,379 217,762 185,552 
Asia and Australia149,798 174,769 163,843 
Brazil84,636 93,511 64,004 
Other90,541 91,591 103,548 
Total Foreign967,027 1,126,799 960,297 
United States860,862 921,325 949,185 
Total$1,827,889 $2,048,124 $1,909,482 
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On January 1, 2019 we adopted the lease standard, Topic 842, which requires lessees to recognize right-of-use assets. For 2020 and 2019, $141 million and $163 million of right-of-use operating lease assets are included in the following table which summarizes Property and Equipment, Net and Right-of-Use Operating Lease Assets by geographic area:
8.EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
 December 31,
(in thousands)20202019
Property and Equipment, Net and Right-of-Use Operating Lease Assets

Foreign:
Norway$85,844 $90,956 
Africa58,976 124,400 
United Kingdom68,874 100,807 
Asia and Australia40,746 54,915 
Brazil68,314 86,254 
Other23,900 18,646 
Total Foreign346,654 475,978 
United States385,659 463,792 
Total$732,313 $939,770 
12. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
Retirement Investment Plans
We have several employee retirement investment plans that, taken together, cover most of our full-time employees. The Oceaneering Retirement Investment Plan is a 401(k) plan in which U.S. employees may participate by deferring a portion of their gross monthly salary and directing us to contribute the deferred amount to the plan. We match a portion of the employees' deferred compensation. Our contributions to the 401(k) plan were $17.4$14 million, $20.0$19 million and $22.8$18 million for the plan years ended December 31, 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 2015,2018, respectively.
We also make matching contributions to foreign employee savings plans similar in nature to a 401(k) plan. In 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 2015,2018, these contributions, principally related to plans associated with U.K. and Norwegian subsidiaries, were $9.1$11 million, $12.1$12 million and $15.1$11 million, respectively.
The Oceaneering International, Inc. Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan covers selected key management employees and executives, as approved by the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors (the "Compensation Committee"“Compensation Committee”). Under this plan, we accrue an amount determined as a percentage of the participant's gross monthly salary and the amounts accrued are treated as if they are invested in one or more investment vehicles pursuant to this plan. Expenses related to this plan during 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 20152018 were $3.2$1.9 million, $3.3$3.0 million and $3.3$2.8 million, respectively.
We have defined benefit plans covering some of our employees in the U.K. and Norway. During 2016, we agreed to settlements with almost all the participants in the Norway plan. Our curtailment costs for the Norway plan in 2016 were $1.1 million and are included in other income (expense), net. The projected benefit obligations for the U.K. plan were $21 million and $18 million, at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and the fair values of the plan assets (using Level 2 inputs) for the U.K. plan were $22 million and $19 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The assets of the U.K. plan have been invested in individual pensioners' annuities in anticipation of the plan settlement, which is expected to occur in the second quarter of 2018.
Incentive Plan
Under our Second Amended and Restated 2010 Incentive Plan (the "Incentive Plan"and our 2020 Incentive Plan (together the “Incentive Plans”), shares of our common stock are made available for awards to employees and nonemployee members of our Board of Directors.
The Incentive Plan isPlans are administered primarily by the Compensation Committee; however, the full Board of Directors makes determinations regarding awards to nonemployee directors under the Incentive Plan.Plans. The Compensation Committee or our Board of Directors, as applicable, determines the type(s) of award(s) to be made to each participant and sets forth in the related award agreement the terms, conditions and limitations applicable to each award. Stock options, stock appreciation rights and stock and cash awards may be made under the Incentive Plan.Plans. There has been no stock option activity after December 31, 2010 and there are no options outstanding under theeither Incentive Plan. We have not granted any stock options since 2005 and the Compensation Committee has expressed its intention to refrain from using stock options as a component of employee compensation for our executive officers and other employees for the foreseeable future. Additionally, the Board of Directors has expressed its intention to refrain from using stock options as a component of nonemployee director compensation for the foreseeable future.

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In 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 2015,2018, the Compensation Committee granted awards of performance units to certain of our key executives and employees. The performance units awarded are scheduled to vest in full on the third anniversary of the applicable award date,dates, or pro rata over three years if the participant meets certain age and years of service requirements. The Compensation Committee and the Board of Directors approved specific financial goals and measures (as defined), for each of the three-year periods ending December 31, 2019, 20182022, 2021 and 20172020 to be used as the basis for the final value of the performance units. The final value of eachthe performance unit granted in 2017 may range from $0 to $200 and the value of the performance units granted in each of 20162020, 2019 and 2015 may range from $0 to $150.2018. Upon vesting and determination of value, the value of the performance units will be payable in cash. Compensation expense (benefit) related to the performance units was $4.2$7.6 million, $(4.2)$9.7 million and $6.8$3.9 million in 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 2015,2018, respectively. As of December 31, 2017,2020, there were 379,892280,978 performance units outstanding.
During 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 2015,2018, the Compensation Committee granted restricted units of our common stock to certain of our key executives and employees. During 2016,2020, 2019 and 2018, our Board of Directors granted restricted common stock to our nonemployee directors. During 2016 and 2015, our Board of Directors granted restricted units of our common stock to our Chairman and restricted common stock to our other nonemployee directors. Over 80%, 65%,80% and 65%85% of the grants made to our employees in 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 2015,2018, respectively, vest in full on the third anniversary of the award date, conditional upon continued employment. The remainder of the grants made to employees and all the grants of restricted stock units made to our Chairman vest pro rata over three years, as these participants meet certain age and years-of-service requirements. For the grants of restricted stock units to each of the participant employees, and the Chairman, the participant will be issued aone share of our common stock for each of the participant's vested restricted stock units at the earlier of three years or, if the participant vested earlier after meeting the age and service requirements, following termination of employment or service. The grants of restricted stock to our nonemployee directors were scheduled to vest in full on the first anniversary of the applicable award datedates, conditional upon continued service as a director, with one exception.  In February 2015, we granted shares of restricted common stock to a director who had given written notice of his intention to retire from our board of directors. Those shares were to vest if the director's service continued until the election of directors at our subsequent annual meeting of shareholders in May 2015.  The director fulfilled that requirement by resigning concurrent with that election and the shares of restricted stock became vested.director.
In April 2009, theThe Compensation Committee adoptedhas a policy that Oceaneering will not provide U.S. federal income tax gross-up payments to any of its directors or executive officers in connection with future awards of restricted stock or stock units. This policy had no effect on the existing service agreement with our Chairman, which provides for tax gross-up payments that could become applicable to such future awards in limited circumstances, such as following a change in control of Oceaneering. Since August 2010, there have been no outstanding awards that provide for tax gross-up payments.
The additional tax charge realized from tax deductions less than the financial statement expense of our restricted stock grants was $3.1$1.0 million, $3.0$1.0 million and $0.9$2.1 million in 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 2015,2018, respectively. The 2017 charge was recognized in our consolidated statement of income2020, 2019 and the 2016 and 20152018 charges were recognized in our consolidated statementsConsolidated Statements of equity.Operations.


The following is a summary of our restricted stock and restricted stock unit activity for 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 2015:2018:
Number
Weighted
Average
Fair Value
Aggregate
Intrinsic Value
Number 
Weighted
Average
Fair Value
 
Aggregate
Intrinsic Value
Balance at December 31, 2014814,400
 $63.30
  
Balance as of December 31, 2017Balance as of December 31, 20171,181,805 32.84 
Granted380,991
 52.40
  Granted653,286 18.05 
Issued(311,119) 57.94
 $16,518,000
Issued(320,147)47.62 $5,993,000 
Forfeited(52,981) 60.45
  Forfeited(71,047)24.87 
Balance at December 31, 2015831,291
 60.49
  
Balance as of December 31, 2018Balance as of December 31, 20181,443,897 23.27 
Granted587,953
 27.90
  Granted957,734 18.12 
Issued(278,572) 61.48
 $7,866,000
Issued(495,527)48.65 $8,154,000 
Forfeited(88,665) 43.03
  Forfeited(164,769)22.86 
Balance at December 31, 20161,052,007
 43.48
  
Balance as of December 31, 2019Balance as of December 31, 20191,741,335 22.62 
Granted489,514
 26.70
  Granted1,007,383 10.23 
Issued(277,968) 61.90
 $7,038,000
Issued(489,035)25.55 $5,821,000 
Forfeited(81,748) 34.15
  Forfeited(304,337)18.13 
Balance at December 31, 20171,181,805
 $32.84
  
Balance as of December 31, 2020Balance as of December 31, 20201,955,346 16.20 
     
The restricted stock units granted in 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 20152018 carry no voting rights and no dividend rights. Each grantee of shares of restricted common stock is deemed to be the record owner of those shares during the restriction period, with the right to vote and receive any dividends on those shares.
Grants of restricted stock units are valued at their estimated fair values as of their respective grant dates. The grants in 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 20152018 were subject only to vesting conditioned on continued employment or service as a nonemployee director; therefore, these grants were valued at the grant date fair market value using the closing price of our stock on the New York Stock Exchange.
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Compensation expense under the restricted stock plans was $10.9$7.5 million, $13.9$10 million and $15.9$10 million for 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 2015,2018, respectively. As of December 31, 2017,2020, we had $11.0$8.6 million of future expense to be recognized related to our restricted stock unit plans over a weighted average remaining life of 1.71.6 years.


Post-Employment Benefit
In 2001,Pursuant to a service agreement we entered into an agreement with our Chairman who was also then our Chief Executive Officer. That agreement was amended in 2006 and in 2008. Pursuant toof the amended agreement, the Chairman relinquished his position as Chief Executive Officer in May 2006 and began his post-employment service period on December 31, 2006, which continued through August 15, 2011, during which service period the Chairman, acting as an independent contractor, agreed to serve as nonexecutive Chairman of our Board of Directors. The agreement provides the Chairman with post-employment benefits for ten years following August 15, 2011. The agreement also providesDirectors, we are obligated to provide for medical coverage on an after-tax basis to the Chairman,him, his spouse and two adult children for their lives. We recognized the net present value of the post-employment benefits over the expected service period. Our total accrued liabilities, current and long-term, under this post-employment benefit were $3.9$1.8 million and $4.5$2.5 million atas of December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, respectively.
As part


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Table of the arrangements relating to the Chairman's post-employment benefits, we established an irrevocable grantor trust, commonly known as a "rabbi trust," to provide the Chairman greater assurance that we will set aside an adequate source of funds to fund payment of the post-retirement benefits under this agreement, including the medical coverage benefits payable to the Chairman, his spouse and their children for their lives. In connection with establishment of the rabbi trust, we contributed to the trust a life insurance policy on the life of the Chairman, which we had previously obtained, and we agreed to continue to pay the premiums due on that policy. When the life insurance policy matures, the proceeds of the policy will become assets of the trust. If the value of the trust exceeds $4 million, as adjusted by the consumer price index, at any time after January 1, 2012, the excess may be paid to us. However, because the trust is irrevocable, the assets of the trust are generally not available to fund our future operations until the trust terminates, which is not expected to be during the lives of the Chairman, his spouse or their children. Furthermore, no tax deduction will be available for our contributions to the trust; however, we may benefit from future tax deductions for benefits actually paid from the trust (although benefit payments from the trust are not expected to occur in the near term, because we expect to make direct payments of those benefits for the foreseeable future).

Contents



SELECTED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)
(in thousands, except per share data)
 
 2020
Quarter EndedMarch 31June 30Sept. 30Dec. 31Total
Revenue$536,668 $427,216 $439,743 $424,262 $1,827,889 
Gross margin46,752 42,537 29,651 45,001 163,941 
Income (loss) from operations(380,757)(5,182)(60,620)480 (446,079)
Net income (loss)(367,598)(24,788)(79,365)(25,000)(496,751)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share$(3.71)$(0.25)$(0.80)$(0.25)$(5.01)
Weighted average number of diluted shares outstanding99,055 99,273 99,297 99,306 99,233 
 2019
Quarter EndedMarch 31June 30Sept. 30Dec. 31Total
Revenue$493,886 $495,781 $497,647 $560,810 $2,048,124 
Gross margin27,587 41,983 49,061 (20,387)98,244 
Income (loss) from operations(21,714)(9,635)(5,194)(254,170)(290,713)
Net income (loss)(24,827)(35,182)(25,523)(262,912)(348,444)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share$(0.25)$(0.36)$(0.26)$(2.66)$(3.52)
Weighted average number of diluted shares outstanding98,714 98,929 98,930 98,930 98,876 
 
2017
Quarter Ended
March 31
June 30
Sept. 30
Dec. 31
Total
Revenue
$446,176

$515,036

$476,120

$484,175

$1,921,507
Gross margin
44,855

53,571

54,885

41,299

194,610
Income (loss) from operations
(150)
9,390

10,531

(9,115)
10,656
Net income (loss)
(7,534)
2,132

(1,768)
173,568

166,398
Diluted earnings per share
$(0.08)
$0.02

$(0.02)
$1.76

$1.68
Weighted average number of diluted shares outstanding
98,138

98,751

98,270

98,852

98,764











 
2016
Quarter Ended
March 31
June 30
Sept. 30
Dec. 31
Total
Revenue
$608,344

$625,539

$549,275

$488,445

$2,271,603
Gross margin
97,480

95,233

35,443

51,071

279,227
Income (loss) from operations
48,099

38,380

(11,856)
(3,859)
70,764
Net income (loss)
25,103

22,309

(11,798)
(11,028)
24,586
Diluted earnings per share
$0.26

$0.23

$(0.12)
$(0.11)
$0.25
Weighted average number of diluted shares outstanding
98,286

98,424

98,061

98,064

98,424



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