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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20182019    Commission file number: 1-3579
PITNEY BOWES INC.
Incorporated in State of incorporation:DelawareI.R.S. Employer Identification No.06-0495050
Address:3001 Summer Street,Stamford, CT Connecticut06926 
Telephone Number:(203)356-5000 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each ClassTrading Symbol(s) Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $1 par value per share New York Stock Exchange
$2.12 Convertible Cumulative Preference Stock (no par value)PBI New York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: 4% Convertible Cumulative Preferred Stock ($50 par value)
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yesþ No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ Noþ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yesþ No ¨
Indicate by check marksmark whether the registrant has submitted electronically on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files) Yesþ No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (section 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definition of "large accelerated filer,""accelerated filer,""smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filerþ
þ
Accelerated filer¨
o
Non-accelerated filer¨o
Smaller reporting company¨
Emerging growth company¨ 

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark whether the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No þ
As of June 30, 2018,2019, the aggregate market value of the registrant's common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $1.6 billion$732 million based on the closing sale price as reported on the New York Stock Exchange.
Number of shares of common stock, $1 par value, outstanding as of close of business on January 31, 2019: 188,243,4322020: 171,147,940 shares.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant's proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the Commission) no later than 120 days after our fiscal year end and to be delivered to stockholders in connection with the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held May 6, 20194, 2020, are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K.



1



PITNEY BOWES INC.
TABLE OF CONTENTS


  Page Number
PART I 
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 1B.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
PART II 
Item 5.
Item 6.
Item 6.
Item 7.
Item 7A.
Item 8.
Item 9.
Item 9A.
Item 9B.
PART III 
Item 10.
Item 11.
Item 12.
Item 13.
Item 14.
PART IV 
Item 15.
Item 16.
   

2

PART I




Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K (Annual Report) contains statements that are forward-looking. We want tobelieve that these forward-looking statements are reasonable based on our current expectations and assumptions. However, we caution readers that any forward-looking statementsstatement within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 may change based on various factors. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties and actual results could differ materially. Words such as "estimate," "target," "project," "plan," "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "intend" and similar expressions may identify such forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements,statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. Forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K speak only as of the date hereof, and forward-looking statements in documents attached that are incorporated by reference speak only as of the date of those documents.
Although we believe that the expectations reflected in any of our forward-looking statements are reasonable, actual results could differ materially from those projected or assumed in any of our forward-looking statements.
Our future financial condition and results of operations as well as any forward-looking statements, are subject to change and to inherent risks and uncertainties, such as those disclosed or incorporated by reference in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.uncertainties. Factors which could materially impact our financial condition and results of operations or cause future financial performance to differ materially from the expectations as expressed in any forward-looking statement made by or on our behalf include, without limitation:

declining physical mail volumes
the loss of, or significant changes to, our contractual relationship with the United States Postal Service (USPS) or changes in postal regulations or changes in or loss of, our contractual relationships with the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) or posts in other major markets
competitive factors,our ability to continue to grow volumes, gain additional economies of scale and improve profitability within our Commerce Services group
a breach of security, including pricing pressures; technological developments and the introduction of new products and services by competitors
the United Kingdom's likely exit from the European Union (Brexit)a future cyber-attack or other comparable event
our success in developing and marketing new products and services and obtaining regulatory approvals, if required
changes in banking regulations or competitive factors, including pricing pressures, technological developments and the introduction of new products and services by competitors
the loss of some of our Industrial Bank charterlarger clients in our Commerce Services group
changes in labor conditions and transportation costs
macroeconomic factors, including globalexpenses and regional business conditionspotential impact on client relationships resulting from the October 2019 ransomware attack that adversely impact customer demand, foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates
changes in global political conditions and international trade policies, includingaffected the imposition or expansion of trade tariffsCompany's operations
the continued availability and security of key information technology systems and the cost to comply with information security requirements and privacy laws
a breachchanges in global political conditions and international trade policies, including the imposition or expansion of security, including a cyber-attack or other comparable eventtrade tariffs
our success at managing relationships and costs with outsource providers of certain functions and operations
third-party suppliers' ability to provide products and services required by our clients
acts of nature, including pandemics and their potential effects on demand and supply chain
changes in banking regulations or the loss of our Industrial Bank charter
macroeconomic factors, including global and regional business conditions that adversely impact customer demand, foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates
the United Kingdom's (U.K.) recent exit from the European Union (Brexit)
our success at managing the relationships with outsource providers, including the costs of outsourcing functions and operationscustomer credit risk
capital market disruptions or credit rating downgrades that adversely impact our ability to access capital markets at reasonable costs
our success at managing customer credit risk
integrating newly acquired businesses, including operations and product and service offerings
the loss of some of our larger clients in our Commerce Services group
intellectual property infringement claims
significant changes in pension, health care and retiree medical costs
income tax adjustments or other regulatory levies from tax audits and changes in tax laws, rulings or regulations
the use of the postal system for transmitting harmful biological agents, illegal substances or other terrorist attacks
acts of nature




Further information about factors that could materially affect us, including our results of operations and financial condition, is contained in Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in this Annual Report.



ITEM 1. BUSINESS


General
Pitney Bowes Inc. (we, us, our, or the company), is a global technology company offering innovative products andproviding commerce solutions that help our clients navigate the complex worldpower billions of commerce. We offer customer information management, location intelligence and customer engagement products and solutions to help our clients market to their customers, and shipping, mailing, fulfillment, returns and cross-border ecommerce products and solutions that enable the sending of parcels and packages across the globe.transactions. Clients around the world rely on the accuracy and precision delivered by our products, solutions, analytics, and services.application programming interface (API) technology in the areas of ecommerce fulfillment, shipping and returns, cross-border ecommerce, office mailing and shipping, presort services and financing. Pitney Bowes Inc. was incorporated in the state of Delaware in 1920. For more information about us, our products, services and solutions, visit www.pb.comwww.pitneybowes.com.


Business Segments
Our business is organized around three distinct sets of solutions -- Commerce Services, Small and Medium Business Solutions (SMB Solutions), and Software Solutions.

Commerce Services
OurThe Commerce Services group includes ourdomestic delivery, return and fulfillment services, cross-border solutions, shipping solutions fulfillment, delivery and return services and presort services. The Commerce Services group includes ourthe Global Ecommerce and Presort Services segments.


Global Ecommerce
Global Ecommerce includesDomestic parcel services combine proprietary label technology for returns and a delivery network with cost-effective last-mile delivery to process over 125 million parcels annually. We operate 15 domestic parcel sortation centers connected by a nationwide transportation network, enabling us to pick up parcels from retailer distribution centers and move them through our cross-border ecommercephysical network. We also operate four fulfillment centers, providing pick, pack and ship services for retailers. These centers are located within our parcel sortation centers to facilitate same-day entry into our parcel delivery network.
Cross-border solutions domestic retail and ecommerce shipping solutions and fulfillment, delivery and return services. Global Ecommerce provides a full suite of domestic and cross-border solutions that help businesses of all sizes conduct commerce and participate in the parcel journey from “Anywhere to Everywhere™”. It is our technology, services and industry expertise that have made us an industry leader in global ecommerce. We offer a unified ecommerce platform of capabilities for cross-border, marketplaces and shipping that center around the consumer, from simple solutions that allow a customer to print shipping labels to full service solutions from time of order to time of delivery and return. With our proprietary technology, we are able to managemanages all aspects of the international shopping and shipping experience, including multi-currency pricing, payment processing, fraud management, calculation of allexperience. Our proprietary technology enables global tracking and logistics services; calculates duty, tax and shipping costs at checkout,checkout; enables multi-currency pricing, payment processing and fraud management; ensures compliance with product restrictions and produces all documentation requirements to meet export complexities and documentation requirements for customs clearance and brokerage and global logistics services.clearance. Our cross-border ecommerce software platforms areproprietary technology is utilized by direct merchants as well asand major online marketplaces enablingfacilitating millions of parcels to be shipped worldwide. Our platform also connects retailers to marketplaces around the world, opening new markets and expanding existing markets for their goods.
Our shipping managementShipping solutions enable clients to reduce transportation and logistics costs, select the best carrier based on need and cost, improve delivery times and track packages in real-time. Powered by our shipping application programming interface (API) technology,APIs, an integral part of the Pitney Bowes Commerce Cloud, weclients can provide easypurchase postage, print shipping labels and access to shipping and tracking services that can be easily integrated into any web application such as online shopping carts or ecommerce sites and provide guaranteed delivery times and flexible payment options. We do not perform the physical shipping function; however, our technology allows users to select the best shipper based on need and cost.


Presort Services
We are a workshare partner of the USPS and national outsource provider of mail sortation services that allow clients to qualify large volumes of First-Class Mail, Marketing Mail and Bound and Packet Mail (Standard Flats and Bound Printed Matter) for postal worksharing discounts. We process over 16 billion pieces of mail annually through our network of operating centers throughout the United States. Our Presort Services network and fully-customized proprietary technology provides clients with end-to-end solutions from pick up at their location to delivery into the postal system network, expedited mail delivery and optimal postage savings.

Small and Medium Business Solutions
We are a global leader in providing a full range of equipment, technology, supplies and services that enable our clients to efficiently create mail, evidence postage and help simplify and save on the sending, tracking and receiving of mail, flats and parcels. We are a leading global provider of sending systems and technology. Our cloud enabled infrastructure provides software-as-a-service (SaaS) offerings delivered online and via connected or mobile devices. Our latest offerings are designed on an open platform architecture that leverages partnerships with other innovative companies as well as an ecosystem of developers to deliver new value to our clients. Within the SMB Solutions group is the North America Mailing segment, comprised of the sending operations in the U.S. and Canada, and the International Mailing segment, comprised of all other sending businesses globally.

We will begin offering expanded third-party leasing solutions to our existing SMB client base in the United States in 2019. Under this program, in addition to leasing options for our mailing equipment products, we will offer leasing alternatives for our existing SMB client base to lease other manufacturers' equipment to meet their business needs.

Software Solutions
Within Software Solutions, we offer data, customer information management, location intelligence and customer engagement solutions. These solutions are delivered as on-premise licenses or on-demand/SaaS applications.
Data solutions enable businesses to identify addresses, locations, businesses and individuals. Our address-centric approach provides us the ability to verify, standardize, locate and enrich both physical and digital addresses with actionable insights. The quality and accuracy of data is foundational to many business processes, including the identification and mitigation of risk and fraud, the onboarding of and marketing to customers and potential customers, and helping organizations better serve their customers.
Customer information management solutions help businesses identify high-value customers and prospects, develop a deep and broad understanding of their customers and provide a single view of the customer in context to their location, relationships and influence. By understanding who their customers are, and what they do, businesses can in turn understand preferences and purchasing behaviors, detect fraudulent activity and increase marketing effectiveness and services. We are one of the market leaders in the data quality segment. Large corporations and government agencies rely on our products in complex, high-volume, transactional environments to support their business processes.
Location intelligence solutions enable businesses to understand the complex relationships between location, geographic and other forms of data to drive business decisions and customer experiences. Our location intelligence solutions use predictive analytics and location, geographic and socio-demographic data to add context and insight, making it possible to pinpoint the best placement for retail sites, improve risk assessment and efficiently deploy infrastructure resources to better serve their customers, solve business problems, deliver location-based services and drive business growth.
Customer engagement solutions enable businesses to communicate with their customers in more personalized and relevant ways that enhance customer interactions across the entire customer lifecycle. Through personalized, impactful and timely physical and digital interactions, businesses can improve customer satisfaction, reduce support costs and drive sales. Our customer engagement solutions enable businesses to create connected experiences that positively influence future consumer behavior and generate business growth.
Seasonality
As our business continues to transform and shipping becomes a bigger part of our financial performance, a larger percentage of our revenue and earnings will be earned in the fourth quarter relative to the other quarters, driven primarily by the impact of the holiday season on Commerce Services.
Client Service
We provide call-center, online and on-site support services for our products and solutions. Most of our support services are provided under maintenance contracts.

Sales and Marketing
We market our products, solutions and services through a direct and inside sales force, global and regional partner channels, direct mailings and web-based offerings.

Competition
All of our businesses face competition from a number of companies. Our competitors range from large, multinational companies that compete against many of our businesses to smaller, more narrowly focused regional and local firms. We compete on the basis of technology and innovation; breadth of product offerings; our ability to design and tailor solutions to specific client needs; performance; client service and support; price; quality and brand.

We must continue to invest in our current technologies, products and solutions, and in the development of new technologies, products and solutions in order to maintain and improve our competitive position. We will encounter new competitors as we transition to higher value markets and offerings and enter new markets.





A summary of the competitive environment for each of our business segments is as follows:

Global Ecommerce
The market for international ecommerce software and fulfillment services is highly fragmented and includes competitors of various sizes, including companies with greater financial resources than us. Some of these competitors specialize in point solutions or freight forwarding services, are full-service ecommerce business process outsourcers and online marketplaces with international logistic support, or major global delivery services companies. We also see a competitive threat from companies who can offer both domestic and cross-border solutions in a single package which creates leverage for those competitors on pricing. The principal competitive factors include reliability, functionality, ease of integration and use, scalability, innovation, support services and price. We compete based on the accuracy, reliability and scalability of our platform and logistics services, our ability to provide clients and their customers a one-stop full-service ecommerce experience and the ability to provide a more customized shipping solution to smaller businesses than some of our larger competitors in the industry. We also compete, within shipping solutions, with a wide range of technology providers who help make shipping easier and more cost-effective. There are established players in the marketplace as well as many small companies offering negotiated carrier rates (primarily with the USPS). The principal competitive factors include technology stability and reliability, innovation, access to preferred shipping rates and ease of integration with existing systems.

Presort Services
We are a workshare partner of the USPS and national outsource provider of mail sortation services that allow clients to qualify large volumes of First-Class Mail, Marketing Mail and Bound and Packet Mail (Standard Flats and Bound Printed Matter) for postal workshare discounts. In 2019, we processed a record 17 billion pieces of mail through our network of operating centers throughout the United States. Our Presort Services network and fully-customized proprietary technology provides clients with end-to-end solutions from pick up at their location to delivery into the postal system network, expedited mail delivery and optimal postage savings.

Sending Technology Solutions
We offer our clients sending technology solutions for physical and digital mailing, shipping, supplies and other applications to help simplify and save on the sending, tracking and receiving of letters and packages. Our cloud enabled infrastructure provides software-as-a-service (SaaS) offerings delivered online and via connected or mobile devices. Our latest offerings are designed on an open platform architecture that has the capabilities to leverage partnerships with other innovative companies and developers to deliver new value to our clients.
We offer a variety of solutions that enable clients to finance equipment and product purchases, make rental and lease payments, replenish postage and purchase supplies. Through our wholly owned subsidiary, The Pitney Bowes Bank (the Bank), we offer a revolving credit solution in the United States that enables clients to make meter rental payments and purchase postage, services and supplies. The Bank also provides an interest-bearing deposit solution to clients who prefer to prepay postage. We also provide similar revolving credit solutions to clients in Canada and the U.K. but not through the Bank. In the United States, we also offer a variety of financing alternatives that enable businesses and organizations to finance or lease other manufacturers’ equipment to meet their needs.
We establish credit approval limits and procedures based on the credit quality of the client and the type of product or service provided to control risk in extending credit to clients. We closely monitor the portfolio by analyzing industry sectors and delinquency trends by product line, industry and client to ensure reserve levels and credit policies reflect current trends. Management continuously monitors credit lines and collection resources and revises credit policies as necessary to be more selective in managing the portfolio.

We provide call-center, online and on-site support services for our products and solutions. Support services are primarily provided under maintenance contracts.

Seasonality
As shipping continues to become a bigger part of our business, a larger percentage of our revenue and earnings are earned in the fourth quarter relative to the other quarters, driven primarily by the holiday season.

Sales and Marketing
We market our products, solutions and services through a direct and inside sales force, global and regional partner channels, direct mailings and web-based offerings.

Competition
Our businesses face competition from a number of companies. Our competitors range from large, multinational companies to smaller, more narrowly focused regional and local firms. We compete on the basis of technology and innovation, breadth of product offerings, our ability to design and tailor solutions to specific client needs, performance, client service and support, price, quality and brand.
We must continue to invest in our current technologies, products and solutions, and in the development of new technologies, products and solutions in order to maintain and improve our competitive position. We will encounter new competitors as we transition to higher value markets and offerings and enter new markets.
A summary of the competitive environment for each of our business segments is as follows:

Global Ecommerce
The domestic and cross-border parcel services and solutions market includes competitors of various sizes, including companies with greater financial resources than us. Some of these competitors specialize in point solutions or freight forwarding services, are full-service ecommerce business process outsourcers and online marketplaces with international logistic support, or major global delivery services companies. We also face competition from companies that can offer both domestic and cross-border solutions in a single package which creates pricing leverage. The principal competitive factors include speed of delivery, reliability, functionality, ease of integration and use, scalability, innovation, support services and price. We compete based on the accuracy, reliability and scalability of our platform and logistics services, our ability to provide clients and their customers a one-stop full-service ecommerce experience and the ability to provide a more customized shipping solution than some of the larger competitors in the industry.
Within shipping solutions, we compete with a wide range of technology providers who help make shipping easier and more cost-effective. These technology providers range from large, established companies to smaller companies offering negotiated carrier rates (primarily with the USPS). The principal competitive factors include technology stability and reliability, innovation, access to preferred shipping rates and ease of integration with existing systems.

Presort Services
We face competition from regional and local presort providers, cooperatives of multiple local presort providers, consolidators and service bureaus that offer presort solutions as part of a larger bundle of outsourcing services. While not necessarily competitors in the traditional sense, large mail owners have the capability to presort their own mailings in-house. The principal competitive factors include innovative service, delivery speed, tracking and reporting, industry expertise and economies of scale. Our competitive advantages include our extensive network of presort facilities capable of processing significant volumes and our innovative and proprietary technology that enables us to provide ourprovides clients with reliable, secure and precise services offeringand maximum postage discounts.


North America Mailing and International MailingSending Technology Solutions
We face significant competition from other mail equipment and softwaresolutions providers, companies that offer products and services as alternative means of message communications and those that offer on-line shipping and mailing products and services through on-line solutions. Additionally, as competitive alternative communication methods in comparison to mail grow, our SMB Solutions operations could be affected. We differentiate ourselves in many areas including: softwarefrom our competitors through our breadth of physical and hardware solutions;digital offerings, including cloud enabled SaaS and open platform architecture offerings; pricing; available financing and payment offerings; product reliability; support services; industry knowledge and expertise and attractiveness of alternative communication methods. Our competitive advantage includes our breadth of physical and web-based digital offerings, customer service and our extensive knowledge of the shipping and mailing industry. Through our wholly owned subsidiary, The Pitney Bowes Bank (the Bank), we offer a revolving credit solution to our clients in the United States that enables them to pay the rental fee for certain mailing equipment and to purchase postage, services and supplies. The Bank also provides an interest-bearing deposit solution to those clients who prefer to prepay postage. We also provide similar revolving credit solutions to our clients in Canada and the U.K., but not through the Bank.
Our financing operations face competition, in varying degrees, from large, diversified financial institutions, including leasing companies, commercial finance companies and commercial banks, as well as small, specialized firms. Not all our competitors are able to offer thesethe same or similar financing and payment solutions to their customersthat we offer and we believe these solutions differentiate us from our competitors and arethis is a source of competitive advantage.advantage that differentiates

us from our competitors. The Bank is chartered as an Industrial Bank under the laws of the State of Utah, and is regulated by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and the Utah Department of Financial Institutions.

Software Solutions
We operate in several highly competitive and rapidly evolving markets and face competition ranging from large global companies that offer a broad suite of solutions to smaller, more narrowly-focused companies that can design very targeted solutions. The principal competitive factors include reliability, functionality, ease of integration and use, scalability, innovation, support and price. We compete based on the accuracy, breadth, scalability and processing speed of our products and solutions, our geocoding and reverse geocoding capabilities, our expertise in address validation, and our ability to identify rapidly changing customer needs and develop technologies and solutions to meet these changing needs.

Financing Solutions
We offer a variety of solutions that enable clients to finance equipment and product purchases, make rental and lease payments, replenish postage and purchase supplies. As product and service offerings evolve, we continually evaluate whether there are appropriate financing solutions to offer our clients. We establish credit approval limits and procedures based on the credit quality of the client and the type of product or service provided to control risk in extending credit to clients. In addition, we utilize a systematic decision program for certain leases. This program is designed to facilitate low dollar transactions by utilizing historical payment patterns and behaviors of clients with

similar credit characteristics. This program defines criteria under which we will accept a client without performing a more detailed credit investigation, such as maximum equipment cost, a client's time in business and payment experience. 
We closely monitor the portfolio by analyzing industry sectors and delinquency trends by product line, industry and client to ensure reserve levels and credit policies reflect current trends. Management continues to closely monitor credit lines and collection resources and revise credit policies as necessary to be more selective in managing the portfolio.
In 2019, we will begin offering expanded third-party leasing solutions to our existing SMB client base in the United States. Under this program, we will offer leasing alternatives for our existing SMB client base to lease other manufacturers' equipment to meet their business needs. By offering this program to our existing SMB clients, we will be able to leverage our extensive credit review and history of these clients to establish credit limits and control risk.


Research, Development and Intellectual Property
We invest in research and development activities to develop new products and solutions, enhance the effectiveness and functionality of existing products and solutions and deliver high value technology innovative software and differentiated services in high value segments of the market. As a result of our historical research and development efforts, we have been awarded a number of patents with respect to several of our innovations and products. However, as we transition our business to more software and service-based offerings and patent laws make it more difficult to obtain patent protection, we now rely more on trade secrets and confidentiality. Our businesses are not materially dependent on any one patent or license or group of related patents or licenses.


Third-party Suppliers
We depend on third-party suppliers and outsource providers for a variety of services and product components, the hosting of our SaaS offerings, the logistics portion of our ecommerce business, and other vendors to enable our productsome non-core functions and shipping solutions.operations. In certain instances, we rely on single-sourced or limited-sourced suppliers and outsourcing vendors around the world because the relationshipdoing so is advantageous due to quality, price or there are nolack of alternative sources. We believe that our available sources for services, components, supplies and manufacturing are adequate.


Regulatory Matters
We are subject to the regulations of postal authorities worldwide related to product specifications of our postage meters. Our Presort Services business practices areis also subject to regulations of the USPS. The operations of the Bank and certain company affiliates that provide services to the Bank are subject to the regulations of the Utah Department of Financial Institutions and the FDIC. We are also subject to transportation, customs and trade regulations worldwide related to our cross-border shipping services and regulations concerning data privacy and security for our businesses that use, process and store certain personal, confidential or proprietary data.


Employees and Employee Relations
At December 31, 2018,2019, we have approximately 13,30011,000 employees worldwide. We believe that we maintain strong relationships with our employees. Management keeps employees informed of decisions and encourages and implements employee suggestions whenever practicable.


Available Information
Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments thereto filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC), are available, free of charge, through the Investor Relations section of our website at www.pb.com/investorrelationswww.investorrelations.pitneybowes.com or from the SEC's website at www.sec.gov, as soon as reasonably practicable after these reports are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The other information found on our website is not part of this or any other report we file with or furnish to the SEC.



Information About Our Executive Officers of the Registrant
Our executive officers are:
Name Age Title 
Executive
Officer Since
 Age Title 
Executive
Officer Since
Marc B. Lautenbach 57 President and Chief Executive Officer 2012 58 President and Chief Executive Officer 2012
Jason C. Dies 49 Executive Vice President and President, SMB Solutions 2017 50 Executive Vice President and President, Sending Technology Solutions 2017
Daniel J. Goldstein 57 Executive Vice President and Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary 2010 58 Executive Vice President and Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary 2010
Robert Guidotti 61 Executive Vice President and President, Software Solutions 2016
Roger J. Pilc 51 Executive Vice President and Chief Innovation Officer 2013
Lila Snyder 46 Executive Vice President and President, Commerce Services 2016 47 Executive Vice President and President, Commerce Services 2016
Christoph Stehmann 56 Executive Vice President, International SMB Solutions 2016 57 Executive Vice President, International Sending Technology Solutions 2016
Stanley J. Sutula III 53 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer 2017 54 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer 2017
Johnna G. Torsone 68 Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer 1993 69 Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer 1993
There are no family relationships among the above officers. All of the officers have served in various executive positions with the company for at least the past five years except as described below:


Mr. Dies was appointed to the office of Executive Vice President and President, SMBSending Technology Solutions in October 2017. He joined the company in 2015 as President, Document Messaging Technologies (DMT). Prior to joining the company, Mr. Dies was employed at IBM where he held several leadership positions in North America, Europe, and Asia across diverse business units.

Mr. Guidotti was appointed Executive Vice President and President, Software Solutions in January 2016. Before joining Pitney Bowes, Mr. Guidotti held a series of executive positions at IBM including General Manager, Software Sales where he was responsible for the $23 billion worldwide Software portfolio.


Ms. Snyder was electedappointed to the office of Executive Vice President and President, Commerce Services in January 2016. She joined the company in November 2013 as President, DMT and became President, Global Ecommerce in June 2015. Prior to joining Pitney Bowes, Ms. Snyder was a Partner at McKinsey & Company, Inc. In her 15 years at McKinsey, she focused on serving clients in the technology, media and communications sectors and was the leader of McKinsey's Stamford office. 


Mr. Sutula joined the company as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in February 2017. Prior to joining the company, Mr. Sutula was employed at IBM for 28 years where he held several leadership positions in the United States and Europe. Most recently, Mr. Sutula was Vice President and Controller.



ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS


Our operations face certain risks that should be considered in evaluating our business. We manage and mitigate these risks on a proactive basis, including through the use ofusing an enterprise risk management program. Nevertheless, the following risk factors, some of which may be beyond our control, could materially impactaffect our business, financial condition, results of operations, brand and reputation, and may cause future results to be materially different than our current expectations. These risk factors are not intended to be all inclusive.


Significant disruptions to postal operations or adverse changes to our relationships with posts in the United States or elsewhere could adversely affect our financial results.performance.
We are dependent on a healthy postal sector in the geographic markets where we operate, both our mailing and shipping businesses, particularly in the United States. A significant portion of our revenue also depends on our contractual relationships with posts. Changes in the financial viability of the major posts, orhow they price their offerings, the statutes and regulations determining how they operate, or changes in our contractual relationships with these posts, could materially adversely affect theour financial performance of the businesses we conduct with them.performance.




We are subject to postal regulations and processes, which could adversely affect our financial results.performance.
A significant portion of our business is subject to regulation and oversight by the USPS and posts in other major markets. These postal authorities have the power to regulate our current products and services and regulate andservices. They also must approve many of our new or future product and service offerings.offerings before we can bring them to market. If our new or future product and service offerings are not approved, if there are significant conditions to approval, or, if regulations on our existing products or services are changed or, if we fall out of compliance with those regulations, our financial performance could be adversely impacted.affected.


If we are not able to respond to the continuing decline in the volume of physical mail delivered via traditional postal services, our financial performance could be adversely impacted.affected.
Traditional mail volumes continue to decline and impact our current and future financial results. However, we have employed, and will continue to employ, strategies to stabilize the mailing business, including introducing new digital product and service offerings and

providing clients broader access to products and services through online and direct sales channels.channels, including products and services that make it easier for our mailing clients to also ship packages. There is no guarantee that these offerings will be widely accepted in the marketplace, and they will likely face competition from existing and emerging alternative products and services.
Further, an accelerated or sudden decline in physical mail volumes could have an adverse effect on our mailing business.Sending Technology Solutions (SendTech Solutions) and Presort Services segments. An accelerated or sudden decline could result from among other things, changes in communication behavior or available communication technologies, reductions to the Universal Service Obligation (USO) under which the USPS and other national posts including the USPS,are required to deliver to every address in a country with similar pricing and frequency, and legislation or regulations that mandate electronic substitution, prohibit certain types of mailings, increase the difficulty of using information or materials in the mail, or impose higher taxes or fees on postal services.
If we are not successful at meeting the continuing challenges faced in our mailing business, or if physical mail volumes were to experience an accelerated or sudden decline, our financial performance could be adversely impacted.affected.


The transformation of our businesses to more digital and commerce services will result in a decline in our overall profit margins. If we orcannot increase our suppliersvolumes while at the same time reduce our costs, our financial performance could be adversely affected.
As we transform our business to more digital and commerce services, the revenue contribution from our Commerce Services group is greater than our SendTech Solutions segment and is expected to continue to increase in the future. The profit margins in Commerce Services are lower than the profit margins in SendTech Solutions and are more sensitive to rising labor and transportation costs. Margin improvement within Commerce Services is highly dependent on increasing volumes and lowering costs. Accordingly, if we cannot obtain sufficient scale by increasing volumes or are unable to protectreduce costs in Commerce Services significantly enough to improve profit margins, our information technology systems against misappropriation of data, or breaches of security resulting from cyberattacks or other similar events, our operationsfinancial performance could be disrupted,adversely affected.

Our financial performance and our reputation maycould be harmed, the confidentiality of our data and intellectual property may be violated,adversely affected, and we could be subject to legal liability or regulatory enforcement action.actions, if we or our suppliers are unable to protect against, or effectively respond to, cyberattacks or other cyber incidents.
We depend on the security of our and our suppliers' information technology systems to support numerous business processes and activities, to support and service our clients and to supportenable consumer transactions and postal services. Several of our businesses use, process and store proprietary information and personal, sensitive or confidential data relating to consumers and our businesses, clients and employees. Privacy laws and similar regulations in many jurisdictions where we do business require that we take significant steps to safeguard such information, and legal requirements continue to evolve. The scope of the laws that may be applicable to us is often uncertain and may be conflicting, particularly with respect to foreign laws. For example, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which became effective in May 2018, greatly increases the jurisdictional reach of European Union law and adds a broad array of requirements for handling personal data, including the public disclosure of significant data breaches to supervisory authorities and affected parties. Other countries have enacted or are enacting data localization laws that require data to stay within their borders. All of these evolving compliance and operational requirements impose significant costs that are likely to increase over time.
There are numerous risks to cybersecurity and privacy, including individual and groups of criminal hackers, industrial espionage, denial of service attacks, computer viruses, vandalism and employee errors and/or malfeasance. These cyber threats are constantly evolving, thereby increasing the difficulty of detecting and successfully defending against them. We have security systems, procedures and proceduresbusiness continuity plans in place designed to ensure the continuous and uninterrupted performance of our information technology systems and to protect against unauthorized access to information.information or disruption to our services. We also require our suppliers who host our information technology systems or have access to sensitive data to have appropriate security and back-up measures in place. However, there is no guarantee thatThere are numerous cybersecurity risks to these security measures will prevent systems, including individual and group criminal hackers, industrial espionage, denial of service attacks, malware attacks, computer viruses, vandalism and employee errors and/or detectmalfeasance. These cyber threats are constantly evolving, thereby increasing the unauthorized access by experienced computer programmers, hackers or others.difficulty of preventing, detecting and successfully defending against them. Successful breaches could, among other things, result in the unauthorized disclosure, theft and misuse of company, client, consumer and employee sensitive and confidential information, disrupt the performance of our information technology systems, and deny services to our clients.clients and result in the loss of revenue, all of which could adversely affect our financial performance. Additionally, we could be exposed to potential liability, litigation, governmental inquiries, investigations or regulatory enforcement actions, our brand and reputation could be damaged, and we could be subject to the payment of fines or other penalties, legal claims by our clients and significant remediation costs. Although we maintain insurance coverage relating to cybersecurity incidents, we may incur costs or financial losses that are either not insured against or not fully covered through our insurance.

Despite the protections we had in place, on October 12, 2019, we were affected by a ransomware attack that temporarily disrupted customer access to some services. Our financial information was not affected and there is no evidence that any sensitive or confidential company, client, consumer or employee data was improperly accessed or extracted from our network. The backup data storage systems for virtually all our client, employee and other business data were also not affected, which accelerated our ability to bring affected systems back online. We estimate that the ransomware attack adversely impacted full year revenue by $18 million and EPS by approximately $0.08 per share, primarily as a result of the business interruption, incremental costs related to the attack and costs to enhance our cybersecurity protection. We have insurance related to this event and expect a portion of any profit impact, including the profit associated with any loss of revenue, to ultimately be covered by insurance.

Following the attack, we implemented a variety of measures to further enhance our cybersecurity protections and minimize the impact of any future attack. Cyber threats are constantly evolving however, and although we continually assess and improve our protections, there can be no guarantee that a future cyber event will not occur.

Failure to comply with data privacy and protection laws and regulations could subject us to legal liability and adversely affect our reputation and our financial performance.
Our businesses use, process and store proprietary information and personal, sensitive or confidential data relating to consumers, our business, clients and employees. Privacy laws and similar regulations in many jurisdictions where we do business require that we take significant steps to safeguard that information, and these laws and regulations continue to evolve. The scope of the laws that may be

Asapplicable to us is often uncertain and may be conflicting. In addition, new laws may add a broad array of requirements on how we handle or use information and increase our reliance on cloud-based applications forcompliance obligations. For example, in May 2018, the European Union greatly increased the jurisdictional reach of European Law by enacting the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which, among other things, enhanced an individual’s rights with respect to their information. In the United States, several states have enacted different laws regarding personal information, including, in 2019, new legislation in both California and Nevada that imposed significant new requirements. Other countries or states may enact laws or regulations in the future that have similar or additional requirements. While we continually monitor and assess the impact of these laws and regulations, their interpretation and enforcement are uncertain, subject to change and may require substantial costs to monitor and implement. Failure to comply with data privacy and protection laws and regulations could also result in government enforcement actions (which could include substantial civil and/or criminal penalties), private litigation, and adversely affect our internalreputation and external services, ifthe results of our operations.

If we or our suppliers encounter unforeseen interruptions or difficulties in the operation of thoseour cloud-based applications, our operationsbusiness could be disrupted, our reputation and relationships may be harmed and our financial performance maycould be impacted.adversely affected.
Our business relies upon the continuous and uninterrupted performance of our and our suppliers', cloud-based applications and systems to support numerous business processes, to service our clients and to support consumertheir transactions with their customers and postal services. Our applications and systems, and those of our partners, may be subject to interruptions due to technological errors, system capacity constraints, software

errors or defects, human errors, computer or communications failures, power loss, adverse acts of nature and other unexpected events. We have business continuity and disaster recovery plans in place to protect our business operations in case of such events and we also require our suppliers to have the same. Nonetheless, there can be no guarantee that these plans will function as designed. If we are unable to limit interruptions or successfully correct them in a timely manner or at all, it could result in lost revenue, loss of critical data, significant expenditures of capital, a delay or loss in market acceptance of our services and damage to our reputation, brand and relationships, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business and our financial performance.


We depend onIf we fail to effectively manage our third-party suppliers and outsource providers, and our business, financial performance and reputation could be adversely affected if we fail to manage these vendors effectively.affected.
We depend on third-party suppliers and outsource providers for a variety of services and product components, the hosting of our software-as-a-serviceSaaS offerings, the logistics portion of our ecommerce business, and some non-core functions and operations. Some of our suppliers may also be our competitors in other contexts. In certain instances, we rely on single-sourced or limited-sourced suppliers and outsourcing vendors around the world because doing so is advantageous due to quality, price or lack of alternative sources. If production or services were interrupted, orthe quality of those offerings were to degrade as a result of poor performance from our suppliers, these third-party suppliers choosechose to terminate their relationship with us, or make material changes to their businesses or if certainthe costs of their costsusing these third parties were to increase and we were not able to find alternate suppliers, we could experience significant disruptions in manufacturing and operations (including product shortages, higher freight costs and re-engineering costs) as well as increased costs in the logistics portion of our ecommerce business. If outsourcing services were interrupted, not performed, or the performance was poor, our ability to process, record and report transactions with our clients, consumers and other constituents could be impacted. Such interruptions, including a cybersecurity event in the provisionaffecting one of supplies and/or servicesour suppliers, could impact our ability to meet client demand, damage our reputation and client relationships and adversely affect our financial performance.

The transformation of our businesses to more digital and commerce services will result in a decline in our overall profit margins. If we cannot increase our volumes while at the same time reduce our costs, our financial performance could be impacted.
As we transform our businesses to more digital and commerce services, the revenue contribution from our Commerce Services segments have increased relative to our SMB Solutions and Software Solutions segments and is expected to continue to increase in the future. The profit margins in Commerce Services are lower than the profit margins in SMB Solutions and Software Solutions. Additionally, rising labor and transportation costs have a bigger impact on profit margins in Commerce Services as compared to SMB Solutions and Software Solutions because in Commerce Services we rely on a significant number of hourly workers at our facilities and on third parties to transport packages on behalf of our clients. Margin improvement within Commerce Services is highly dependent on increasing volumes and lowering costs. Accordingly, if we cannot obtain sufficient scale by increasing our volumes while at the same time reducing our costs in Commerce Services significantly enough to improve profit margins, our overall financial performance could be adversely impacted.


Future credit rating downgrades or capital market disruptions could adversely affect our ability to maintain adequate liquidity to provide competitive financing services to our clients and to fund various discretionary priorities.
Our financing activities include, among other things, providingWe provide competitive financingfinance offerings to our clients and funding variousfund discretionary priorities, such as business investments, strategic acquisitions, dividend payments and share repurchases. We fund these activitiesrepurchases through a combination of cash generated from operations, deposits held at the Bank and access to capital markets. Our ability to access the U.S. capital markets and the associated cost of borrowing is dependent upon our credit ratings and is subject to capital market volatility. Given our current credit rating, we may not have immediateexperience reduced financial or sufficient access to the U.S. capital markets,strategic flexibility and higher costs when we do access the U.S. capital markets,markets. We maintain a $500 million revolving credit facility that requires we may experience reducedmaintain certain financial or strategic flexibility as well as higher costs. To support our long-term strategic initiatives, our leverage may continue to increase, which could result in further credit rating downgrades. and nonfinancial covenants.
A significant decline in cash flows, noncompliance with any of the covenants under the revolving credit facility, further credit rating downgrades, material capital market disruptions, significant withdrawals by depositors at the Bank, adverse changes to our industrial loan charter or an increase in our credit default swap spread could impact our ability to maintain adequate liquidity to provide competitive finance offerings to our clients, refinance maturing debt and fund other financing activities, which in turn, could adversely affect our financial performance.


The international nature of our Global Ecommerce business exposes us to increased customsOur operations and regulatory risks from cross-border transactionsfinancial performance may be negatively affected by changes in trade policies, tariffs and foreign exchange rate fluctuations. The loss of any of our largest clients in our Global Ecommerce segment could have a material adverse effect on the segment.regulations.
Our Global Ecommerce segment is subject to significant trade regulations, taxes, and duties throughout the world. Any changes to these regulations could potentially impose increased documentation and delivery requirements, increase costs, delay delivery times, and subject us to additional liabilities, whichand could negatively impactadversely affect our abilityfinancial performance. Over the past two years, the United States increased

tariffs for certain goods while also raising the possibility of additional tariffs. These actions triggered other nations to compete in international marketsalso increase tariffs on certain of their goods. For our Global Ecommerce segment, tariff increases, or even the political environment surrounding trade issues, could reduce demand and adversely impactaffect our financial performance. For our SendTech Solutions segment, the increased tariffs resulted in additional costs on certain components used in some of our products. Although we have been taking actions to mitigate these costs by changing where we source certain parts, these added costs and the potential for further tariffs could affect demand for our products or the amount of profitability in some of our products and adversely affect our financial performance.

Our Global Ecommerce segment is exposed to increased foreign exchange rate fluctuations.
The sales generated from many of our clients’ internationally focused websites running on our cross-border platform are exposed to foreign exchange rate fluctuations. Currently, our platforms are located in the U.S., and the U.K. and Australia and a majority of consumers making purchases

through these platforms are in a limited number of foreign countries. A strengthening of the U.S. Dollar or British Pound relative to currencies in the countries where we do the most business impacts our ability to compete internationally as the cost of similar international products improves relative to the cost of U.S. and U.K. retailers' products. A strong U.S. Dollar or British Pound would likely result in a decrease in international sales volumes, which would adversely affect the segment's revenue and profitability.

The loss of any of our largest clients in our Global Ecommerce segment or a material change in consumer sentiment or spending habits, could have a material adverse effect on the segment.
The Global Ecommerce segment receives a large portion of its revenue from a relatively small number of clients and business partners. The loss of any of these larger clients or business partners, or a substantial reduction in their use of our products or services, could have a material adverse effect on the revenue and profitability of the segment. There can be no assurance that our larger clients and business partners will continue to utilize our products or services at current levels, or that we would be able to replace any of these clients or business partners with others who can generate revenue at current levels.

Our business is also subject to cyclical trends in consumer sentiment and spending habits that are affected by many factors, including prevailing economic conditions, recession or fears of recession and unemployment levels. Consumer sentiment and spending habits can deteriorate rapidly, and could potentially have an adverse impact on our financial performance.

Our international operations may be adversely impacted by the United Kingdom's likelyrecent exit from the European Union.Union (EU).
In March 2017,On January 31, 2020, the U.K. issued a formal notification of its intention to leaveformally exited the European Union (EU)(Brexit). The U.K. is currently in a transition period, during which it is expected to exitthat its trading relationship with the EU (Brexit) on March 29, 2019, unless an extension is agreed upon bywill remain the parties.same while the two sides negotiate a free trade deal. The U.K. will also negotiate many other aspects of its relationship with the EU during this period. Approximately 12%10% of our consolidated revenue is generated from counties in the EU, including the U.K. Although the ultimate outcomeimpact of Brexit is unknown, the effects of Brexit may adversely impact global economic conditions, contribute to instability in global financial and foreign exchange markets, impact trade and commerce, including the imposition of additional tariffs and duties and require additional documentation and inspection checks of the movement of goods moving between the U.K. and EU countries, leading to delays at ports of entry and departure. In particular, Brexit may have an adverse effect on cross-border ecommerce both into and out of the U.K. Brexit may also affect our supply chain for our International MailingSendTech Solutions segment. Any of these and other changes, implications or consequences of Brexit could adversely affect our financial performance.

Our operations may be negatively impacted by the recent developments in trade policies and tariffs.
We source certain parts and components used in our mailing products from manufacturers located outside of the U.S. and we sell certain of our products to customers located outside the U.S. The U.S. Administration has increased tariffs on certain goods imported into the U.S. from countries that we source parts and components from and has raised the possibility of imposing significant additional tariff increases. The announcement of tariffs on imported goods has triggered actions by certain foreign governments and may trigger additional actions by those and other foreign governments. These types of bilateral tariffs could materially increase the cost of certain import products, impact or limit the availability of such products, and/or decrease demand for certain of our products, which could adversely affect our financial performance. The tariffs already imposed have increased our costs and if such tariffs are increased any further, it will increase our costs even more.


Our business depends on our ability to attract and retain employees at a reasonable cost to meet the needs of our business and to consistently deliver highly differentiated, competitive offerings.
Given the rapid growth of the ecommerce industry, there has been intense competition for employees in the shipping, transportation and logistics industry, including drivers and factory employees. There is also significant competition for the talent needed to continue to develop our products. If we are unable to find and retain sufficientenough qualified employees at a reasonable cost, or if the compensation required grows too rapidly, it may adversely affect our financial performance.
 
Our inability to obtain and protect our intellectual property and defend against claims of infringement by others may negatively impact our financial performance.
Our businesses are not materially dependent on any one patent or license or group of related patents and licenses; however, our business success depends in part upon protecting our intellectual property rights, including proprietary technology developed or obtained through acquisitions. We rely on copyrights, patents, trademarks and trade secrets and other intellectual property laws to establish and protect our proprietary rights. As we transition our business to more software and service-based offerings, product clearance and patent protection of these innovations areis more difficult to obtain and we face increased risk of patent infringement assertions.obtain. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, our competitive position may suffer, which could adversely affect our revenue and profitability. The continued evolution of patent law and the nature of our innovation work may affect the number of patents we are able to receive for our development efforts.
From In addition, from time to time, third-parties may claim that we, our clients, or our suppliers, have infringed their intellectual property rights. These claims, if successful, may require us to redesign affected products, enter into costly settlement or license agreements, pay damage awards, or face a temporary or permanent injunction

prohibiting us from marketing or selling certain products.products.






If we fail to comply with government contracting regulations, our financial performance, brand name and reputation could suffer.
We have a significant number of contracts with governmental entities, including the USPS.entities. Government contracts are subject to extensive and complex procurement laws and regulations, along with regular audits and investigations by government agencies. If one or more government agencies discovers contractual noncompliance in the course of an audit or investigation, we may be subject to various civil or criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, which could include the termination of the contract, reimbursement of payments received, fines and debarment from doing business with one or more governments. Any of these events could not only affect us financially,our financial performance, but also adversely affect our brand and reputation.


We may not fully realize the anticipated benefits of strategic acquisitions and divestitures which may harm our financial performance.
As we transition our business to sustainable long-term growth, we may make strategic acquisitions or divest certain businesses. These actions may involve significant risks and uncertainties, which could have an adverse effect on our financial performance, including:
difficulties in achieving anticipated benefits or synergies;
difficulties in integrating any newly acquired businesses and operations, including combining product and service offerings and entering new markets, or reducing fixed costs previously associated with divested businesses;
the loss of key employees or clients of businesses acquired or divested;
significant charges for employee severance and other restructuring costs, legal, accounting and financial advisory fees; and
possible goodwill and asset impairment charges as divestitures and changes in our business model may adversely affect the recoverability of certain long-lived assets and valuation of our operating segments.


Our capital investments to develop new products and offerings or expand our current operations may not yield the anticipated benefits.
As we transform the company’s businesses, weWe are making significant capital investments in new products, services, and facilities. If we are not successful in these new product or service introductions at the levels anticipated when making the investments, there may be an adverse effect on our financial performance.


Our operational costs could increase from changes in environmental regulations, or we could be subject to significant liabilities.
We are subject to various federal, state, local and foreign environmental protection laws and regulations around the world, including without limitation, those related to the manufacture, distribution, use, packaging, labeling, recycling or disposal of our products or the products of our clients for whom we perform services. Environmental rules concerning products and packaging can have a significant impact on the cost of operations or affect our ability to do business in certain countries. We are also subject to laws concerning use, discharge or disposal of materials. All of theseThese laws are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent over time. If we are found to have violated these laws, we could be fined, criminally charged, otherwise sanctioned by regulators, or we could be subject to liability and clean-up costs. These risks can apply to both current and legacy operations and sites. From time to time, we may be involved in litigation over these issues. The amount and timing of costs under environmental laws are difficult to predict and there can be no assurance that these costs will not have an adverse effect on our financial performance.


ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.



11


ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
We own or lease numerous facilities worldwide, which house general offices, including our corporate headquarters located in Stamford, Connecticut, sales offices, service locations, data centers and call centers.
Our Global Ecommerce segment leases four fulfillment centers that comprise the majority of our fulfillment operations. An unforeseen loss of any of these fulfillment centers could materially impact our ability to conduct business and therefore materially impact our results of operations. Our Global Ecommerce business also conducts parcel operations and our Presort business conducts its mail sortation operations through a network of 15 and 42 operating centers throughout the United States, respectively. Should an operating center be unable to function as intended for an extended period of time, our ability to service our clients and operating results would be impacted; however, due to the extensive nature of our network, we would be able to divert affected parcel and mail processing facilities. volumes to other facilities and mitigate the impacts to our clients and our operating results.
Our SendTech Solutions segment leases a manufacturing and distribution facility in Indianapolis. This facility is significant as it stores a majority of the SendTech Solutions products, supplies and inventories.
We conduct most of our research and development activities in facilities are located in Noida and Pune, India and Shelton, Connecticut. Management believes that our facilities are in good operating condition, materially utilized and adequate for our current business needs.



ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
In the ordinary course of business, we are routinely defendants in, or party to, a number of pending and threatened legal actions. These may involve litigation by or against us relating to, among other things, contractual rights under vendor, insurance or other contracts; intellectual property or patent rights; equipment, service, payment or other disputes with clients; or disputes with employees. Some of these actions may be brought as a purported class action on behalf of a purported class of employees, clients or others.

In August 2018, the Company, certain of its directors, officers and several banks who served as underwriters, were named as defendants in City of Livonia Retiree Health and Disability Benefits Plan v. Pitney Bowes Inc. et al., a putative class action lawsuit filed in Connecticut state court. The complaint asserts claims under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, on behalf of those who purchased notes issued by the Company in connection with a September 13, 2017 offering, alleging, among other things, that the Company failed to make certain disclosures relating to components of its third quarter 2017 performance at the time of the notes offering. The complaint seeks compensatory damages and other relief. On October 24, 2019, the court granted the defendants' motions to strike the complaint for failure to state a claim, and the time for plaintiff to appeal or amend the complaint has expired.
In addition, in December 2018 and then in February 20182019, certain of the Company’s officers and directors were named as defendants in two virtually identical derivative actions purportedly brought on behalf of the Company, Clem v. Lautenbach et al. and Devolin v. Lautenbach et al. These two actions, both filed by the same counsel in Connecticut state court, allege, among other things, breaches of fiduciary duty relating to these same disclosures, and seek compensatory damages and other relief derivatively for the benefit of the Company. Although litigation outcomes are inherently unpredictable, we believeDefendants have moved to dismiss these matters are without merit and intend to defend them vigorously. A reasonable estimate ofactions; given that the amount of any possible loss or range of loss cannotdefendants have prevailed in the Livonia action, plaintiffs in these cases have conceded that these cases should be made at this time.dismissed.


ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.

12

PART II




ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE COMPANY'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES


Our common stock is traded under the symbol "PBI" and is principally traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol "PBI". At January 31, 2019,2020, we had 14,80814,057 common stockholders of record.


Share Repurchases
We periodically repurchase shares of our common stock to manage the dilution created by shares issued under employee stock plans and for other purposes. During 2018, we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock. OnIn February 4, 2019, theour Board of Directors authorizedapproved an additionalincremental $100 million for share repurchase giving us the ability to repurchase uprepurchases, raising our authorization level to $121 million. During 2019, we repurchased 18.6 million shares of our common stock.stock at an aggregate price of $105 million. As a result, at December 31, 2019, we have remaining authorization of $16 million.


Stock Performance Graph
OurAs a result of our ongoing transformation and the sale of the Software business, we revised our peer group from last year to exclude companies that were no longer a fit from a business perspective and include companies that are better aligned with our business models, revenue and market capitalization.
The new peer group is comprised of: ACCO Brands Corporation, Alliance Data Systems Corporation, Deluxe Corporation, Diebold Nixdorf, Incorporated, Echo Global Logistics, Inc., Fidelity National Information Services, Inc., Fiserv, Inc., Hub Group, Inc., NCR Corporation, R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company, Rockwell Automation, Inc., Stamps.com Inc., The Western Union Company and Xerox Holdings Corporation.
The old peer group was comprised of: Alliance Data Systems Corporation, Deluxe Corporation, Diebold Nixdorf, Incorporated, EchoStar Corp., Fidelity National Information Services, Inc., Fiserv, Inc., NCR Corp., NetApp Inc., Pitney Bowes Inc., R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company, Rockwell Automation Inc., Teradata Corp., Unisys Corporation, The Western Union Company and Xerox Holdings Corporation.


The accompanying graph shows the annual change in the value of a $100 investment in Pitney Bowes Inc., the Standard and Poor's (S&P) 500 Composite Index, the S&P MidCap 400SmallCap 600, the new peer group and the old peer group over a five-year period assuming the reinvestment of dividends. On a total return basis, a $100 investment on December 31, 20132014 in Pitney Bowes Inc., the S&P 500 Composite Index, the S&P MidCap 400SmallCap 600, the new peer group and the old peer group would have been worth $3322, $150174, $158, $134172, and $126$158 respectively, on December 31, 20182019.


All information is based upon data independently provided to us by Standard & Poor's Corporation and is derived from their official total return calculation. Total return for the S&P 500 and S&P MidCap 400SmallCap 600 Composite Indexes and each peer group is based on market capitalization, weighted for each year. The stock price performance is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.
chart-b7b2b6da17d450b6820.jpgchart-80d6ec2b9a9955dc972.jpg


13



ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA


The following table of selected financial data should be read in conjunction with the more detailed consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 842, Leases (ASC 842) using the modified retrospective transition approach of applying the standard at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements and recorded a cumulative effect adjustment at the date of initial application. Accordingly, periods prior to January 1, 2017, have not been restated for this standard and are presented under the prior guidance. Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers on a modified retrospective basis with a cumulative effect adjustment at the date of initial application. Accordingly, periods prior to January 1, 2018, have not been restated for this standard and are presented under the prior guidance (see Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). Also during 2018, we soldguidance. Discontinued operations includes our Document Messaging Technology production mailSoftware Solutions business and supporting software (the Production Mail Business) and the operating results of the Production Mail Business have been reclassified as a discontinued operationbusiness (see Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements)for further details).
Years Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2018 2017 2016 2015 20142019 2018 2017 2016 2015
Total revenue$3,522,380
 $3,123,272
 $2,981,323
 $3,135,234
 $3,326,373
$3,205,125
 $3,211,522
 $2,784,007
 $2,656,172
 $2,760,282
                  
Amounts attributable to common stockholders:                  
Income from continuing operations$199,978
 $221,362
 $75,769
 $363,623
 $246,951
$40,149
 $181,705
 $180,039
 $210,861
 $324,970
Income from discontinued operations23,687
 39,978
 17,036
 44,320
 86,804
Net income - Pitney Bowes Inc.$223,665
 $261,340
 $92,805
 $407,943
 $333,755
Income (loss) from discontinued operations154,460
 60,106
 63,489
 (118,056) 82,973
Net income$194,609
 $241,811
 $243,528
 $92,805
 $407,943
                  
Basic earnings per share attributable to common stockholders (1):
        
Basic earnings (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders (1):
Basic earnings (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders (1):
      
Continuing operations$1.07
 $1.19
 $0.40
 $1.82
 $1.22
$0.23
 $0.97
 $0.97
 $1.12
 $1.63
Discontinued operations0.13
 0.21
 0.09
 0.22
 0.43
0.88
 0.32
 0.34
 (0.63) 0.42
Net income - Pitney Bowes Inc.$1.19
 $1.40
 $0.49
 $2.04
 $1.65
Net income$1.10
 $1.29
 $1.31
 $0.49
 $2.04
                  
Diluted earnings per share attributable to common stockholders (1):
      
Diluted earnings (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders (1):
Diluted earnings (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders (1):
      
Continuing operations$1.06
 $1.18
 $0.40
 $1.81
 $1.21
$0.23
 $0.96
 $0.96
 $1.12
 $1.62
Discontinued operations0.13
 0.21
 0.09
 0.22
 0.43
0.87
 0.32
 0.34
 (0.62) 0.41
Net income - Pitney Bowes Inc.$1.19
 $1.39
 $0.49
 $2.03
 $1.64
Net income$1.10
 $1.28
 $1.30
 $0.49
 $2.03
                  
Cash dividends paid per share of common stock$0.75
 $0.75
 $0.75
 $0.75
 $0.75
$0.20
 $0.75
 $0.75
 $0.75
 $0.75
                  
Balance sheet data:                  
December 31,December 31,
2018 2017 2016 2015 20142019 2018 2017 2016 2015
Total assets$5,972,903
 $6,687,420
 $5,837,133
 $6,123,132
 $6,476,599
$5,466,900
 $5,938,419
 $6,634,606
 $5,837,133
 $6,123,132
Long-term debt$3,066,073
 $3,559,278
 $2,750,405
 $2,489,583
 $2,904,024
$2,719,614
 $3,066,073
 $3,559,278
 $2,750,405
 $2,489,583
Total debt$3,265,608
 $3,830,335
 $3,364,890
 $2,950,668
 $3,228,903
$2,739,722
 $3,265,608
 $3,830,335
 $3,364,890
 $2,950,668
Noncontrolling interests (Preferred stockholders' equity in subsidiaries)$
 $
 $
 $296,370
 $296,370
$
 $
 $
 $
 $296,370


(1)The sum of earnings per share may not equal the totals due to rounding.



14



ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF
OPERATIONS


The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our risk factors, consolidated financial statements and related notes. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements based on management's current expectations, estimates and projections and involves risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ significantly from those currently expressed in our forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those factors described under "Forward-Looking Statements" and "Risk Factors" contained elsewhere in this Annual Report. All table amounts are presented in millionsthousands of dollars, except per share data.
Overview
We continue to make solid progressIn 2019, we:
Adopted ASC 842using the modified retrospective transition approach of applying the standard at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements. Accordingly, prior period financial results have been recast.
Completed the sale of our Software Solutions business, with the exception of the software business in Australia, which closed in January 2020, for approximately $700 million. The Software Solutions business is reported as a discontinued operation in our transformationconsolidated financial statements.
Recast our segment reporting to higher growthcombine North America Mailing and International Mailing into the Sending Technology Solutions (SendTech Solutions) segment to reflect how we manage these operations and the products and services provided to our clients.
Sold the direct operations and moved to a dealer model in six smaller international markets within SendTech Solutions (Market Exits).
On October 12, 2019, we were affected by a ransomware attack that align withtemporarily disrupted customer access to some services. Our financial information was not affected and there is no evidence that any sensitive or confidential company, client, consumer or employee data was improperly accessed or extracted from our focus on reducingnetwork. The backup data storage systems for virtually all our client, employee and other business data were also not affected, which accelerated our ability to bring affected systems back online. We have implemented enhanced security features and monitoring procedures to mitigate the complexitylikelihood of mailing and shipping. In line with our transformation and strategic focus on shipping, we sold our Production Mail Business in July 2018. Proceeds from the sale were approximately $340 million and were used primarily to repay debt.future events.
Financial Results Summary - Twelve Months Ended December 31:
20182017Change20192018Change
Revenue$3,522
$3,123
13 %$3,205,125
$3,211,522
 %
Segment earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT)$623
$661
(6)%$490,869
$600,348
(18)%
Income from continuing operations$200
$221
(10)%$40,149
$181,705
(78)%
Net income$224
$261
(14)%$194,609
$241,811
(20)%
Earnings per share from continuing operations - diluted$1.06
$1.18
(10)%$0.23
$0.96
(76)%
Net cash provided by operations$392
$496
(21)%$252,207
$342,879
(26)%


Revenue increased 13% overwas flat compared to the prior year, representing the second consecutive year of overallyear; however, currency and Market Exits unfavorably impacted revenue growth. The increase in revenue was drivengrowth by growth of 47% in2%. Commerce Services as Global Ecommerce increased 85% and Presort Servicesrevenue grew 4%. Revenue in our SMB Solutions business declined 6%,9% but we continue to see stabilizationwas offset by an overall decline in the SendTech Solutions shipping and mailing business. We estimate that the ransomware attack adversely impacted full year revenue by $18 million.
Segment EBIT declined 18% due to a decline in recurring stream revenues. SoftwareSendTech Solutions revenue, increased 3%, primarily due to higher data license revenue.
Segment earnings before interest and taxes declined 6% largely due to the overall portfolio shift to higher growth, but lower margin, digital and shipping solutions and continued investments in Commerce Services. Commerce Services EBIT declined 48% primarily due to higher labor and transportation costs and the cost of a marketing mail pilot program in Presort Services. SMB EBIT declined 2% primarily due to declining revenues partially offset by cost savings. Software Solutionssavings initiatives and a shifting portfolio to faster growing, but lower margin services in Global Ecommerce. We estimate that the ransomware attack adversely impacted EBIT increased 39%by $19 million, primarily due to higher data license revenue and cost savings. Segment EBIT is determined by deducting from segment revenueas a result of the relatedbusiness interruption, incremental costs and expenses attributablerelated to the segment. Segment EBIT excludes interest, taxes, general corporate expenses, restructuring chargesattack and other items not allocatedcosts to a particular business segment. See Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of Segment EBIT to net income reported on a GAAP basis.enhance our cybersecurity protection.
Income from continuing operations declined 10%78% from the prior year driven primarily by lower overall margins asthe decline in segment EBIT, a $39 million pre-tax asset impairment charge related to the development of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system in our portfolio continues to shift to higher growth, but lower margin businesses,international markets and an $18 million pre-tax loss from Market Exits. Income from continuing operations included a $32tax benefit of $23 million non-cash pension settlement charge, partially offsetfrom the release of a foreign valuation allowance. We estimate that the ransomware attack adversely impacted earnings per share from continuing operations by lower selling, general and administrative costs and lower restructuring costs.$0.08.

During the year, we received net proceeds of $270approximately $700 million from the sale of the Production Mail BusinessSoftware Solutions business and repatriated $550$400 million of cash from our foreign subsidiaries.a new five-year term loan. Cash was used to repay $570$930 million of debt, invest $137 million in capital expenditures, repurchase $105 million of shares of our common stock, pay dividends of $140$35 million to our stockholders, and invest $191 million in capital expenditures. Cash andfund acquisitions of $22 million. We estimate that the ransomware attack adversely impacted cash equivalents at December 31, 2018 was $867flows by $29 million.


Outlook
We will continue to execute our transformation strategy around our three core principles: invest in offerings that reduce the complexity of mailing and shipping for our clients; continue to focus on operational excellence initiatives to reduce costs; and integrate and leverage technologies across the enterprise.
We expect revenue to grow as we continue to transform theand position ourselves for long-term success as a streamlined global technology company focused on shipping, mailing and related financial services. We are investing in market opportunities and new solutions and services across all our businesses, optimizing our operations and implementing cost savings initiatives to drive long-term value. Our portfolio is shifting to higher growth businesses. markets and we expect margins to improve as we build scale and realize the full benefits of our investments and optimizations.
Within Global Ecommerce, we expect continued revenue growth from the expansion of our domestic parcel business and fulfillment business,shipping solutions, slightly offset by lower cross-border solutions volumes and margin improvements from continued growth in domestic shipping solutionsvolumes to get to scale, bundling of offerings, pricing actions and cross sale opportunities oforganizational and operational efficiencies within our cross-border products. Highernetwork.
In Presort Services, we expect higher volumes of boundBound and packet mail are expectedPacket Mail and Marketing Mail to generatedrive revenue growth at Presort Services.growth. We expect margin improvement in 2020 from pricing initiatives, labor, transportation and other cost optimization initiatives and process efficiencies implemented in 2019.

In SMBWithin SendTech Solutions, we expect continued declines in revenue duefrom our mailing business to lower mail volumes and lower lease opportunities. However,continue to decline; however, we expect the magnitude of thebelieve this revenue decline towill be mitigated by the continued success of our SendPro C-Seriesexpanding shipping capabilities, an overall product in North America and planned launches in several international marketsrefresh, third-party equipment financing alternatives and the introductionshift in the mix of new servicesbusiness from mailing to solutions-based offerings.
We continue to assess the financial impact of the ransomware attack on our operations and products, including expanded third-party finance offeringsit is probable that additional costs and value-added shipping capabilities.
Within Software Solutions, revenue growthclaims will be drivenincurred in 2020. We have insurance related to this event and expect a portion of any profit impact, including the profit associated with any loss of revenue, to ultimately be covered by a combinationinsurance. We are working closely with our carriers; however, we are currently not able to reasonably estimate the amount of sales opportunities from our indirect channel, software and data license deals, SaaS revenue and maintenance revenue.
We will begin offering expanded third-party finance offerings to our existing SMB client base in the United States in 2019. Under this program, in addition to leasing options for our mailing equipment products,proceeds we will offer financing alternatives to lease other manufacturers' equipment to meet their business needs. We expect that cash flows will be reduced by $50 million to $70 million in 2019 as we invest in the origination of third-party equipment leases and build a finance receivable portfolio.receive.
We expect continued progress in our efforts to improve productivity and reduce spend. Over the last five years, we have transformed to a more digital operating model and have reduced our cost structure. Last year, we announced our intention to reduce gross spend by $200 million over a 24-month period. We recognized over $150 million of this target in 2018 and expect to recognize the remainder in 2019. A large portion of these gross savings has been, and will continue to be, reinvested in the business, particularly in Commerce Services and our third-party financing initiative. We are also addressing immediate challenges such as higher labor and transportation costs.
In January 2019, we sold the direct operations and moved to a dealer model in six smaller markets within International Mailing. The impact on 2019 revenue is estimated to be about $40 million and the impact on earnings will not be significant. Proceeds from the sale were not material.
As our business continues to transform to higher growth markets, we need to increase our financial flexibility to be able to pursue opportunities in growth markets and create value for our shareholders. Accordingly, our Board of Directors approved a first quarter 2019 dividend on our common stock of $0.05 per share; down from our historical $0.1875 quarterly dividend per share, and authorized an incremental $100 million share repurchase. These changes in our capital allocation strategy more appropriately reflect our business profile today and are designed to provide a competitive return to our shareholders while ensuring financial flexibility to support our long-term growth strategy.






16



RESULTS OF OPERATIONSBusiness Segments
RevenueCommerce Services
The Commerce Services group includes domestic delivery, return and fulfillment services, cross-border solutions, shipping solutions and presort services. The Commerce Services group includes the Global Ecommerce and Presort Services segments.

Global Ecommerce
Domestic parcel services combine proprietary label technology for returns and a delivery network with cost-effective last-mile delivery to process over 125 million parcels annually. We operate 15 domestic parcel sortation centers connected by sourcea nationwide transportation network, enabling us to pick up parcels from retailer distribution centers and move them through our physical network. We also operate four fulfillment centers, providing pick, pack and ship services for retailers. These centers are located within our parcel sortation centers to facilitate same-day entry into our parcel delivery network.
Cross-border solutions manages all aspects of the international shopping and shipping experience. Our proprietary technology enables global tracking and logistics services; calculates duty, tax and shipping costs at checkout; enables multi-currency pricing, payment processing and fraud management; ensures compliance with product restrictions and produces all documentation requirements to meet export complexities and customs clearance. Our proprietary technology is utilized by direct merchants and major online marketplaces facilitating millions of parcels to be shipped worldwide.
Shipping solutions enable clients to reduce transportation and logistics costs, select the best carrier based on need and cost, improve delivery times and track packages in real-time. Powered by our shipping APIs, an integral part of the Pitney Bowes Commerce Cloud, clients can purchase postage, print shipping labels and access shipping and tracking services that can be easily integrated into any web application such as online shopping carts or ecommerce sites and provide guaranteed delivery times and flexible payment options.

Presort Services
We are a workshare partner of the USPS and national outsource provider of mail sortation services that allow clients to qualify large volumes of First-Class Mail, Marketing Mail and Bound and Packet Mail (Standard Flats and Bound Printed Matter) for postal workshare discounts. In 2019, we processed a record 17 billion pieces of mail through our network of operating centers throughout the United States. Our Presort Services network and fully-customized proprietary technology provides clients with end-to-end solutions from pick up at their location to delivery into the postal system network, expedited mail delivery and optimal postage savings.

Sending Technology Solutions
We offer our clients sending technology solutions for physical and digital mailing, shipping, supplies and other applications to help simplify and save on the sending, tracking and receiving of letters and packages. Our cloud enabled infrastructure provides software-as-a-service (SaaS) offerings delivered online and via connected or mobile devices. Our latest offerings are designed on an open platform architecture that has the capabilities to leverage partnerships with other innovative companies and developers to deliver new value to our clients.
We offer a variety of solutions that enable clients to finance equipment and product purchases, make rental and lease payments, replenish postage and purchase supplies. Through our wholly owned subsidiary, The Pitney Bowes Bank (the Bank), we offer a revolving credit solution in the United States that enables clients to make meter rental payments and purchase postage, services and supplies. The Bank also provides an interest-bearing deposit solution to clients who prefer to prepay postage. We also provide similar revolving credit solutions to clients in Canada and the related costU.K. but not through the Bank. In the United States, we also offer a variety of financing alternatives that enable businesses and organizations to finance or lease other manufacturers’ equipment to meet their needs.
We establish credit approval limits and procedures based on the credit quality of the client and the type of product or service provided to control risk in extending credit to clients. We closely monitor the portfolio by analyzing industry sectors and delinquency trends by product line, industry and client to ensure reserve levels and credit policies reflect current trends. Management continuously monitors credit lines and collection resources and revises credit policies as necessary to be more selective in managing the portfolio.

We provide call-center, online and on-site support services for our products and solutions. Support services are primarily provided under maintenance contracts.

Seasonality
As shipping continues to become a bigger part of our business, a larger percentage of our revenue and earnings are shownearned in the following tables:fourth quarter relative to the other quarters, driven primarily by the holiday season.

Sales and Marketing
We market our products, solutions and services through a direct and inside sales force, global and regional partner channels, direct mailings and web-based offerings.

Competition
Our businesses face competition from a number of companies. Our competitors range from large, multinational companies to smaller, more narrowly focused regional and local firms. We compete on the basis of technology and innovation, breadth of product offerings, our ability to design and tailor solutions to specific client needs, performance, client service and support, price, quality and brand.
We must continue to invest in our current technologies, products and solutions, and in the development of new technologies, products and solutions in order to maintain and improve our competitive position. We will encounter new competitors as we transition to higher value markets and offerings and enter new markets.
A summary of the competitive environment for each of our business segments is as follows:

Global Ecommerce
The domestic and cross-border parcel services and solutions market includes competitors of various sizes, including companies with greater financial resources than us. Some of these competitors specialize in point solutions or freight forwarding services, are full-service ecommerce business process outsourcers and online marketplaces with international logistic support, or major global delivery services companies. We also face competition from companies that can offer both domestic and cross-border solutions in a single package which creates pricing leverage. The principal competitive factors include speed of delivery, reliability, functionality, ease of integration and use, scalability, innovation, support services and price. We compete based on the accuracy, reliability and scalability of our platform and logistics services, our ability to provide clients and their customers a one-stop full-service ecommerce experience and the ability to provide a more customized shipping solution than some of the larger competitors in the industry.
Within shipping solutions, we compete with a wide range of technology providers who help make shipping easier and more cost-effective. These technology providers range from large, established companies to smaller companies offering negotiated carrier rates (primarily with the USPS). The principal competitive factors include technology stability and reliability, innovation, access to preferred shipping rates and ease of integration with existing systems.

Presort Services
We face competition from regional and local presort providers, cooperatives of multiple local presort providers, consolidators and service bureaus that offer presort solutions as part of a larger bundle of outsourcing services. While not necessarily competitors in the traditional sense, large mail owners have the capability to presort their own mailings in-house. The principal competitive factors include innovative service, delivery speed, tracking and reporting, industry expertise and economies of scale. Our competitive advantages include our extensive network of presort facilities capable of processing significant volumes and our innovative proprietary technology that provides clients with reliable, secure and precise services and maximum postage discounts.

Sending Technology Solutions
We face competition from other mail equipment and solutions providers, companies that offer products and services as alternative means of message communications and those that offer on-line shipping and mailing products and services solutions. Additionally, as competitive alternative communication methods in comparison to mail grow, our operations could be affected. We differentiate ourselves from our competitors through our breadth of physical and digital offerings, including cloud enabled SaaS and open platform architecture offerings; pricing; available financing and payment offerings; product reliability; support services; and our extensive knowledge of the shipping and mailing industry.
Our financing operations face competition, in varying degrees, from large, diversified financial institutions, including leasing companies, commercial finance companies and commercial banks, as well as small, specialized firms. Not all our competitors are able to offer the same or similar financing and payment solutions that we offer and we believe this is a source of competitive advantage that differentiates

us from our competitors. The Bank is chartered as an Industrial Bank under the laws of the State of Utah, and is regulated by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and the Utah Department of Financial Institutions.

Research, Development and Intellectual Property
We invest in research and development activities to develop new products and solutions, enhance the effectiveness and functionality of existing products and solutions and deliver high value technology and differentiated services in high value segments of the market.

Third-party Suppliers
We depend on third-party suppliers and outsource providers for a variety of services and product components, the hosting of our SaaS offerings, the logistics portion of our ecommerce business, and some non-core functions and operations. In certain instances, we rely on single-sourced or limited-sourced suppliers and outsourcing vendors around the world because doing so is advantageous due to quality, price or lack of alternative sources. We believe that our available sources for services, components, supplies and manufacturing are adequate.

Regulatory Matters
We are subject to the regulations of postal authorities worldwide related to product specifications of our postage meters. Our Presort Services business is also subject to regulations of the USPS. The Bank and certain company affiliates that provide services to the Bank are subject to the regulations of the Utah Department of Financial Institutions and the FDIC. We are also subject to transportation, customs and trade regulations worldwide related to our cross-border shipping services and regulations concerning data privacy and security for our businesses that use, process and store certain personal, confidential or proprietary data.

Employees and Employee Relations
At December 31, 2019, we have approximately 11,000 employees worldwide. We believe that we maintain strong relationships with our employees. Management keeps employees informed of decisions and encourages and implements employee suggestions whenever practicable.

Available Information
Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments thereto filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC), are available, free of charge, through the Investor Relations section of our website at www.investorrelations.pitneybowes.com or from the SEC's website at www.sec.gov, as soon as reasonably practicable after these reports are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The other information found on our website is not part of this or any other report we file with or furnish to the SEC.


Information About Our Executive Officers
 Revenue % change
 Years Ended December 31, Actual Constant Currency
 2018 2017 2016 2018 2017 2018 2017
Equipment sales$430
 $477
 $480
 (10)% (1)% (10)% (1)%
Supplies218
 231
 242
 (6)% (4)% (7)% (4)%
Software341
 332
 326
 3 % 2 % 3 % 2 %
Rentals363
 384
 410
 (5)% (6)% (6)% (7)%
Financing315
 331
 366
 (5)% (10)% (5)% (10)%
Support services293
 300
 329
 (2)% (9)% (3)% (9)%
Business services1,562
 1,068
 828
 46 % 29 % 46 % 29 %
Total revenue$3,522
 $3,123
 $2,981
 13 % 5 % 12 % 5 %
Name Age Title 
Executive
Officer Since
Marc B. Lautenbach 58 President and Chief Executive Officer 2012
Jason C. Dies 50 Executive Vice President and President, Sending Technology Solutions 2017
Daniel J. Goldstein 58 Executive Vice President and Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary 2010
Lila Snyder 47 Executive Vice President and President, Commerce Services 2016
Christoph Stehmann 57 Executive Vice President, International Sending Technology Solutions 2016
Stanley J. Sutula III 54 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer 2017
Johnna G. Torsone 69 Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer 1993
 Cost of Revenue
 Years Ended December 31,
 2018 2017 2016
 $ % of revenue $ % of revenue $ % of revenue
Cost of equipment sales$182
 42.2% $201
 42.2% $203
 42.3%
Cost of supplies61
 27.9% 66
 28.7% 66
 27.1%
Cost of software101
 29.5% 95
 28.6% 96
 29.5%
Cost of rentals86
 23.8% 83
 21.5% 74
 18.1%
Financing interest expense49
 15.5% 51
 15.3% 55
 15.1%
Cost of support services168
 57.3% 164
 54.7% 166
 50.5%
Cost of business services1,246
 79.8% 773
 72.4% 569
 68.7%
Total cost of revenue$1,893
 53.7% $1,433
 45.9% $1,229
 41.2%
The discussion below may also refer to revenue growth on a constant currency basis. Constant currency measures excludeThere are no family relationships among the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates since the prior period under comparison and are intended to provide a better understandingabove officers. All of the underlying revenue performance excludingofficers have served in various executive positions with the impactscompany for at least the past five years except as described below:

Mr. Dies was appointed to the office of currency exchange rates on reported revenue. Constant currency change is calculated by convertingExecutive Vice President and President, Sending Technology Solutions in October 2017. He joined the current period non-U.S. dollar denominated revenue usingcompany in 2015 as President, Document Messaging Technologies (DMT). Prior to joining the prior year’s exchange rate. Where constant currency measures are not provided, the actual change and constant currency change are the same.  

Equipment sales
Equipment sales decreased 10% in 2018 compared to 2017, primarily due to:
8% from lower equipment salescompany, Mr. Dies was employed at IBM where he held several leadership positions in North America, Mailing reflectingEurope, and Asia across diverse business units.

Ms. Snyder was appointed to the office of Executive Vice President and President, Commerce Services in January 2016. She joined the company in November 2013 as President, DMT and became President, Global Ecommerce in June 2015. Prior to joining Pitney Bowes, Ms. Snyder was a Partner at McKinsey & Company, Inc. In her 15 years at McKinsey, she focused on serving clients in the technology, media and communications sectors and was the leader of McKinsey's Stamford office. 

Mr. Sutula joined the company as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in February 2017. Prior to joining the company, Mr. Sutula was employed at IBM for 28 years where he held several leadership positions in the United States and Europe.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Our operations face certain risks that should be considered in evaluating our business. We manage and mitigate these risks on a proactive basis, using an enterprise risk management program. Nevertheless, the following risk factors, some of which may be beyond our control, could materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, brand and reputation, and may cause future results to be materially different than our current expectations. These risk factors are not intended to be all inclusive.

Significant disruptions to postal operations or adverse changes to our relationships with posts in the United States or elsewhere could adversely affect our financial performance.
We are dependent on a healthy postal sector in the geographic markets where we operate, particularly in the United States. A significant portion of our revenue also depends on our contractual relationships with posts. Changes in the financial viability of the major posts, how they price their offerings, the statutes and regulations determining how they operate, or changes in our contractual relationships with these posts, could adversely affect our financial performance.

We are subject to postal regulations and processes, which could adversely affect our financial performance.
A significant portion of our business is subject to regulation and oversight by the USPS and posts in other major markets. These postal authorities have the power to regulate our current products and services. They also must approve many of our new or future product and service offerings before we can bring them to market. If our new or future product and service offerings are not approved, if there are significant conditions to approval, if regulations on our existing products or services are changed or, if we fall out of compliance with those regulations, our financial performance could be adversely affected.

If we are not able to respond to the continuing decline in the volume of physical mail delivered via traditional postal services, our financial performance could be adversely affected.
Traditional mail volumes continue to decline and impact our current and future financial results. However, we have employed, and will continue to employ, strategies to stabilize the mailing business, including introducing new digital product and service offerings and

providing clients broader access to products and services through online and direct sales channels, including products and services that make it easier for our mailing clients to also ship packages. There is no guarantee that these offerings will be widely accepted in the marketplace, and they will likely face competition from existing and emerging alternative products and services. Further, an accelerated or sudden decline in physical mail volumes could have an adverse effect on our Sending Technology Solutions (SendTech Solutions) and Presort Services segments. An accelerated or sudden decline could result from changes in communication behavior or available communication technologies, reductions to the Universal Service Obligation (USO) under which the USPS and other national posts are required to deliver to every address in a country with similar pricing and frequency, and legislation or regulations that mandate electronic substitution, prohibit certain types of mailings, increase the difficulty of using information or materials in the mail, or impose higher taxes or fees on postal services. If we are not successful at meeting the continuing challenges faced in our mailing business, or if physical mail volumes were to experience an accelerated or sudden decline, our financial performance could be adversely affected.

The transformation of our businesses to more digital and commerce services will result in a decline in sales of our higher-end products;overall profit margins. If we cannot increase our volumes while at the same time reduce our costs, our financial performance could be adversely affected.
As we transform our business to more digital and
2% commerce services, the revenue contribution from lower equipment sales in International Mailing, primarily dueour Commerce Services group is greater than our SendTech Solutions segment and is expected to lower salescontinue to increase in the U.K.future. The profit margins in Commerce Services are lower than the profit margins in SendTech Solutions and France.
Cost of equipment sales as a percentage of equipment sales revenue of 42.2% was flatare more sensitive to prior year.
Equipment sales decreased 1% in 2017 compared to 2016 primarily due to:
2% from lower equipment sales in International Mailing particularly in Europe; partially offset by
1% from higher equipment sales in North America Mailing reflecting a favorable comparison to the 2016 period, which was impacted by the implementation of the enterprise business platform.
Cost of equipment sales as a percentage of equipment sales revenue of 42.2% was consistent with the prior year.

Supplies
Supplies revenue decreased 6% on a reported basis and 7% on a constant currency basis in 2018 compared to 2017, driven by a 4% decline North America Mailing and 3% decline in International Mailing due to a global decline in installed mailing equipment and postage volumes. Cost of supplies as a percentage of supplies revenue improved to 27.9% in 2018 compared to 28.7% due to a favorable mix of sales in North America Mailing.

Supplies revenue decreased 4% in 2017 compared to 2016 primarily from a decline in installed mailing equipment and postage volumes in North America Mailing. Cost of supplies as a percentage of supplies revenue increased to 28.7% primarily due to higher mix of lower margin products.

Software
Software revenue increased 3% in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to higher data licensing revenue. Cost of software as a percentage of software revenue increased to 29.5% in 2018 as data licenses have slightly lower margins than traditional software licenses due to royalty payments that are made on data licenses.
Software revenue increased 2% in 2017 compared to 2016 primarily due to higher software licensing, data and SaaS revenue. Cost of software as a percentage of software revenue decreased to 28.6% primarily due to the increase in high margin licensing revenue and cost reduction initiatives.

Rentals
Rentals revenue decreased 5% (6% on a constant currency basis) in 2018 compared to 2017 and 6% (7% on a constant currency basis) in 2017 compared to 2016 primarily due to a declining meter population.
Cost of rentals as a percentage of rentals revenue increased to 23.8% in 2018 and increased to 21.5% in 2017 primarily due to higher scrapping costs associated with retiring aging meters.

Financing
Financing revenue decreased 5% in 2018 compared to 2017 and 10% in 2017 compared to 2016 primarily due to a declining portfolio and lower fees.
We allocate a portion of our total borrowing costs to financing interest expense. In computing financing interest expense, we assume an 8:1 debt to equity leverage ratio and apply our overall effective interest rate to the average outstanding finance receivables.

Support Services
Support services revenue decreased 2% (3% on a constant currency basis) in 2018 compared to 2017 and 9% in 2017 compared to 2016 primarily due to a worldwide decline in installed mailing equipment. Cost of support services as a percentage of support services revenue increased to 57.3% in 2018 and increased to 54.7% in 2017 primarily due to the decline in support services revenue.

Business Services
Business services revenue increased 46% in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to:
39% from the acquisition of Newgistics;
5% from growth in Global Ecommerce driven by higher revenue from shipping solutions, partially offset by lower cross-border revenue due to lower volumes; and
2% from higher volumes of mail processed in Presort Services.
Cost of business services as a percentage of business services revenue increased to 79.8% in 2018 primarily due to continued investment in Global Ecommerce, higherrising labor and transportation costs. Margin improvement within Commerce Services is highly dependent on increasing volumes and lowering costs. Accordingly, if we cannot obtain sufficient scale by increasing volumes or are unable to reduce costs in Commerce Services significantly enough to improve profit margins, our financial performance could be adversely affected.

Our financial performance and our reputation could be adversely affected, and we could be subject to legal liability or regulatory enforcement actions, if we or our suppliers are unable to protect against, or effectively respond to, cyberattacks or other cyber incidents.
We depend on the security of $40our and our suppliers' information technology systems to support numerous business processes and activities, to service our clients and to enable consumer transactions and postal services. We have security systems, procedures and business continuity plans in place designed to ensure the continuous and uninterrupted performance of our information technology systems and to protect against unauthorized access to information or disruption to our services. We also require our suppliers who host our information technology systems or have access to sensitive data to have appropriate security and back-up measures in place. There are numerous cybersecurity risks to these systems, including individual and group criminal hackers, industrial espionage, denial of service attacks, malware attacks, computer viruses, vandalism and employee errors and/or malfeasance. These cyber threats are constantly evolving, thereby increasing the difficulty of preventing, detecting and successfully defending against them. Successful breaches could, among other things, result in the unauthorized disclosure, theft and misuse of company, client, consumer and employee sensitive and confidential information, disrupt the performance of our information technology systems, deny services to our clients and result in the loss of revenue, all of which could adversely affect our financial performance. Additionally, we could be exposed to potential liability, litigation, governmental inquiries, investigations or regulatory enforcement actions, our brand and reputation could be damaged, and we could be subject to the payment of fines or other penalties, legal claims by our clients and significant remediation costs. Although we maintain insurance coverage relating to cybersecurity incidents, we may incur costs or financial losses that are either not insured against or not fully covered through our insurance.

Despite the protections we had in place, on October 12, 2019, we were affected by a ransomware attack that temporarily disrupted customer access to some services. Our financial information was not affected and there is no evidence that any sensitive or confidential company, client, consumer or employee data was improperly accessed or extracted from our network. The backup data storage systems for virtually all our client, employee and other business data were also not affected, which accelerated our ability to bring affected systems back online. We estimate that the ransomware attack adversely impacted full year revenue by $18 million drivenand EPS by approximately $0.08 per share, primarily as a result of the business interruption, incremental costs related to the attack and costs to enhance our cybersecurity protection. We have insurance related to this event and expect a portion of any profit impact, including the profit associated with any loss of revenue, to ultimately be covered by insurance.

Following the attack, we implemented a variety of measures to further enhance our cybersecurity protections and minimize the impact of any future attack. Cyber threats are constantly evolving however, and although we continually assess and improve our protections, there can be no guarantee that a future cyber event will not occur.

Failure to comply with data privacy and protection laws and regulations could subject us to legal liability and adversely affect our reputation and our financial performance.
Our businesses use, process and store proprietary information and personal, sensitive or confidential data relating to consumers, our business, clients and employees. Privacy laws and similar regulations in many jurisdictions where we do business require that we take significant steps to safeguard that information, and these laws and regulations continue to evolve. The scope of the laws that may be

applicable to us is often uncertain and may be conflicting. In addition, new laws may add a broad array of requirements on how we handle or use information and increase our compliance obligations. For example, in May 2018, the European Union greatly increased competition for laborthe jurisdictional reach of European Law by enacting the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which, among other things, enhanced an individual’s rights with respect to their information. In the United States, several states have enacted different laws regarding personal information, including, in 2019, new legislation in both California and transportation resourcesNevada that imposed significant new requirements. Other countries or states may enact laws or regulations in the future that have similar or additional requirements. While we continually monitor and assess the impact of these laws and regulations, their interpretation and enforcement are uncertain, subject to change and may require substantial costs to monitor and implement. Failure to comply with data privacy and protection laws and regulations could also result in government enforcement actions (which could include substantial civil and/or criminal penalties), private litigation, and adversely affect our reputation and the results of our operations.

If we or our suppliers encounter unforeseen interruptions or difficulties in the operation of our cloud-based applications, our business could be disrupted, our reputation and relationships may be harmed and our financial performance could be adversely affected.
Our business relies upon the continuous and uninterrupted performance of our and our suppliers' cloud-based applications and systems to support numerous business processes, to service our clients and to support their transactions with their customers and postal services. Our applications and systems, and those of our partners, may be subject to interruptions due to technological errors, system capacity constraints, software errors or defects, human errors, computer or communications failures, power loss, adverse acts of nature and other unexpected events. We have business continuity and disaster recovery plans in place to protect our business operations in case of such events and we also require our suppliers to have the rapid growthsame. Nonetheless, there can be no guarantee that these plans will function as designed. If we are unable to limit interruptions or successfully correct them in Ecommercea timely manner or at all, it could result in lost revenue, loss of critical data, significant expenditures of capital, a delay or loss in market acceptance of our services and $8damage to our reputation, brand and relationships, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business and our financial performance.

If we fail to effectively manage our third-party suppliers and outsource providers, our business, financial performance and reputation could be adversely affected.
We depend on third-party suppliers and outsource providers for a variety of services and product components, the hosting of our SaaS offerings, the logistics portion of our ecommerce business, and some non-core functions and operations. Some of our suppliers may also be our competitors in other contexts. In certain instances, we rely on single-sourced or limited-sourced suppliers and outsourcing vendors around the world because doing so is advantageous due to quality, price or lack of alternative sources. If production or services were interrupted, the quality of those offerings were to degrade as a result of poor performance from our suppliers, these suppliers chose to terminate their relationship with us, or if the costs of using these third parties were to increase and we were not able to find alternate suppliers, we could experience significant disruptions in manufacturing and operations (including product shortages, higher freight costs and re-engineering costs) as well as increased costs in the logistics portion of our ecommerce business. If outsourcing services were interrupted, not performed, or the performance was poor, our ability to process, record and report transactions with our clients, consumers and other constituents could be impacted. Such interruptions, including a cybersecurity event affecting one of our suppliers, could impact our ability to meet client demand, damage our reputation and client relationships and adversely affect our financial performance.

Future credit rating downgrades or capital market disruptions could adversely affect our ability to maintain adequate liquidity to provide competitive financing services to our clients and to fund various discretionary priorities.
We provide competitive finance offerings to our clients and fund discretionary priorities, such as business investments, strategic acquisitions, dividend payments and share repurchases through a combination of cash generated from operations, deposits held at the Bank and access to capital markets. Our ability to access U.S. capital markets and the associated cost of borrowing is dependent upon our credit ratings and is subject to capital market volatility. Given our current credit rating, we may experience reduced financial or strategic flexibility and higher costs when we do access the U.S. capital markets. We maintain a $500 million fromrevolving credit facility that requires we maintain certain financial and nonfinancial covenants.
A significant decline in cash flows, noncompliance with any of the launch of a marketing mail pilot programcovenants under the revolving credit facility, further credit rating downgrades, material capital market disruptions, significant withdrawals by depositors at the Bank, adverse changes to our industrial loan charter or an increase in Presort Services.our credit default swap spread could impact our ability to maintain adequate liquidity to provide competitive finance offerings to our clients, refinance maturing debt and fund other financing activities, which in turn, could adversely affect our financial performance.
Business services revenue increased 29%
Our operations and financial performance may be negatively affected by changes in 2017 compared to 2016 primarily due to:trade policies, tariffs and regulations.
17% from the acquisition of Newgistics;
9% from growth inOur Global Ecommerce duesegment is subject to highersignificant trade regulations, taxes, and duties throughout the world. Any changes to these regulations could potentially impose increased documentation and delivery requirements, increase costs, delay delivery times, subject us to additional liabilities, and could adversely affect our financial performance. Over the past two years, the United States increased

tariffs for certain goods while also raising the possibility of additional tariffs. These actions triggered other nations to also increase tariffs on certain of their goods. For our Global Ecommerce segment, tariff increases, or even the political environment surrounding trade issues, could reduce demand and adversely affect our financial performance. For our SendTech Solutions segment, the increased tariffs resulted in additional costs on certain components used in some of our products. Although we have been taking actions to mitigate these costs by changing where we source certain parts, these added costs and the potential for further tariffs could affect demand for our products or the amount of profitability in some of our products and adversely affect our financial performance.

Our Global Ecommerce segment is exposed to increased foreign exchange rate fluctuations.
The sales generated from many of our clients’ internationally focused websites running on our cross-border platform are exposed to foreign exchange rate fluctuations. Currently, our platforms are located in the U.S. and retail volumes;the U.K. and a majority of consumers making purchases through these platforms are in a limited number of foreign countries. A strengthening of the U.S. Dollar or British Pound relative to currencies in the countries where we do the most business impacts our ability to compete internationally as the cost of similar international products improves relative to the cost of U.S. and U.K. retailers' products. A strong U.S. Dollar or British Pound would likely result in a decrease in international sales volumes, which would adversely affect the segment's revenue and profitability.
3% from higher volumes
The loss of mail processed in Presort Services.
Costany of business services as a percentage of business services revenue increased to 72.4% in 2017 primarily due to continued investmentour largest clients in our Global Ecommerce segment or a material change in consumer sentiment or spending habits, could have a material adverse effect on the segment.
The Global Ecommerce segment receives a large portion of its revenue from a relatively small number of clients and business partners. The loss of any of these larger clients or business partners, or a substantial reduction in their use of our products or services, could have a material adverse effect on the revenue and profitability of the segment. There can be no assurance that our larger clients and business partners will continue to utilize our products or services at current levels, or that we would be able to replace any of these clients or business partners with others who can generate revenue at current levels.
Our business is also subject to cyclical trends in consumer sentiment and spending habits that are affected by many factors, including prevailing economic conditions, recession or fears of recession and unemployment levels. Consumer sentiment and spending habits can deteriorate rapidly, and could potentially have an adverse impact on our financial performance.

Our international operations may be adversely impacted by the United Kingdom's recent exit from the European Union (EU).
On January 31, 2020, the U.K. formally exited the European Union (Brexit). The U.K. is currently in a transition period, during which it is expected that its trading relationship with the EU will remain the same while the two sides negotiate a free trade deal. The U.K. will also negotiate many other aspects of its relationship with the EU during this period. Approximately 10% of our consolidated revenue is generated from counties in the EU, including the U.K. Although the ultimate impact of Brexit is unknown, the effects may adversely impact global economic conditions, contribute to instability in global financial and foreign exchange markets, impact trade and commerce, including the imposition of additional tariffs and duties and require additional documentation and inspection checks of goods moving between the U.K. and EU countries, leading to delays at ports of entry and departure. In particular, Brexit may have an adverse effect on cross-border ecommerce both into and out of the U.K. Brexit may also affect our supply chain for our SendTech Solutions segment. Any of these and other changes, implications or consequences of Brexit could adversely affect our financial performance.

Our business depends on our ability to attract and retain employees at a reasonable cost to meet the needs of our business and to consistently deliver highly differentiated, competitive offerings.
Given the rapid growth of the ecommerce industry, there has been intense competition for employees in the shipping, transportation and logistics industry, including drivers and factory employees. There is also significant competition for the talent needed to develop our products. If we are unable to find and retain enough qualified employees at a reasonable cost, or if the compensation required grows too rapidly, it may adversely affect our financial performance.
Our inability to obtain and protect our intellectual property and defend against claims of infringement by others may negatively impact our financial performance.
Our businesses are not materially dependent on any one patent or license or group of related patents and licenses; however, our business success depends in part upon protecting our intellectual property rights, including proprietary technology developed or obtained through acquisitions. We rely on copyrights, patents, trademarks and trade secrets and other intellectual property laws to establish and protect our proprietary rights. As we transition our business to more software and service-based offerings, patent protection of these innovations is more difficult to obtain. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, our competitive position may suffer, which could adversely affect our revenue and profitability. The continued evolution of patent law and the additional costsnature of Newgistics.our innovation work may affect the number of patents we are able to receive for our development efforts. In addition, from time to time, third-parties may claim that we, our clients, or our suppliers, have infringed their intellectual property rights. These claims, if successful, may require us to redesign affected products, enter into costly settlement or license agreements, pay damage awards, or face a temporary or permanent injunction

Selling, generalprohibiting us from marketing or selling certain products.

If we fail to comply with government contracting regulations, our financial performance, brand name and reputation could suffer.
We have a significant number of contracts with governmental entities. Government contracts are subject to extensive and complex procurement laws and regulations, along with regular audits and investigations by government agencies. If one or more government agencies discovers contractual noncompliance in the course of an audit or investigation, we may be subject to various civil or criminal penalties and administrative (SG&A)sanctions, which could include the termination of the contract, reimbursement of payments received, fines and debarment from doing business with one or more governments. Any of these events could not only affect our financial performance, but also adversely affect our brand and reputation.
SG&A expense decreased 4%,
We may not fully realize the anticipated benefits of strategic acquisitions and divestitures which may harm our financial performance.
As we transition our business to sustainable long-term growth, we may make strategic acquisitions or $48 million,divest certain businesses. These actions may involve significant risks and uncertainties, which could have an adverse effect on our financial performance, including:
difficulties in 2018 comparedachieving anticipated benefits or synergies;
difficulties in integrating newly acquired businesses and operations, including combining product and service offerings and entering new markets, or reducing fixed costs previously associated with divested businesses;
the loss of key employees or clients of businesses acquired or divested;
significant charges for employee severance and other restructuring costs, legal, accounting and financial advisory fees; and
possible goodwill and asset impairment charges as divestitures and changes in our business model may adversely affect the recoverability of certain long-lived assets and valuation of our operating segments.

Our capital investments to 2017, despite $51 milliondevelop new products and offerings or expand our current operations may not yield the anticipated benefits.
We are making significant capital investments in new products, services, and facilities. If we are not successful in these new product or service introductions at the levels anticipated when making the investments, there may be an adverse effect on our financial performance.

Our operational costs could increase from changes in environmental regulations, or we could be subject to significant liabilities.
We are subject to various federal, state, local and foreign environmental protection laws and regulations around the world, including without limitation, those related to the manufacture, distribution, use, packaging, labeling, recycling or disposal of incremental expenses fromour products or the acquisitionproducts of Newgistics.our clients for whom we perform services. Environmental rules concerning products and packaging can have a significant impact on the cost of operations or affect our ability to do business in certain countries. We are also subject to laws concerning use, discharge or disposal of materials. These laws are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent over time. If we are found to have violated these laws, we could be fined, criminally charged, otherwise sanctioned by regulators, or we could be subject to liability and clean-up costs. These risks can apply to both current and legacy operations and sites. From time to time, we may be involved in litigation over these issues. The underlying decreaseamount and timing of costs under environmental laws are difficult to predict and there can be no assurance that these costs will not have an adverse effect on our financial performance.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.


11


ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
We lease numerous facilities worldwide, including our corporate headquarters located in SG&A was primarilyStamford, Connecticut, sales offices, service locations, data centers and call centers.
Our Global Ecommerce segment leases four fulfillment centers that comprise the majority of our fulfillment operations. An unforeseen loss of any of these fulfillment centers could materially impact our ability to conduct business and therefore materially impact our results of operations. Our Global Ecommerce business also conducts parcel operations and our Presort business conducts its mail sortation operations through a network of 15 and 42 operating centers throughout the United States, respectively. Should an operating center be unable to function as intended for an extended period of time, our ability to service our clients and operating results would be impacted; however, due to lower employee related expensesthe extensive nature of $38 million, lower marketingour network, we would be able to divert affected parcel and advertising spendmail volumes to other facilities and mitigate the impacts to our clients and our operating results.
Our SendTech Solutions segment leases a manufacturing and distribution facility in Indianapolis. This facility is significant as it stores a majority of $34 million,the SendTech Solutions products, supplies and inventories.
We conduct most of our research and development activities in facilities located in Noida and Pune, India and Shelton, Connecticut. Management believes that our facilities are in good operating condition, materially utilized and adequate for our current business needs.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
In the ordinary course of business, we are routinely defendants in, or party to, a number of pending and threatened legal actions. These may involve litigation by or against us relating to, among other things, contractual rights under vendor, insurance or other contracts; intellectual property or patent rights; equipment, service, payment or other disputes with clients; or disputes with employees. Some of these actions may be brought as a purported class action on behalf of a purported class of employees, clients or others.
In August 2018, the Company, certain of its directors, officers and several banks who served as underwriters, were named as defendants in City of Livonia Retiree Health and Disability Benefits Plan v. Pitney Bowes Inc. et al., a putative class action lawsuit filed in Connecticut state court. The complaint asserts claims under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, on behalf of those who purchased notes issued by the Company in connection with a September 13, 2017 offering, alleging, among other things, that the Company failed to make certain disclosures relating to components of its third quarter 2017 performance at the time of the notes offering. The complaint seeks compensatory damages and other operating expense cost reductionsrelief. On October 24, 2019, the court granted the defendants' motions to strike the complaint for failure to state a claim, and the time for plaintiff to appeal or amend the complaint has expired.
In addition, in December 2018 and then in February 2019, certain of the Company’s officers and directors were named as defendants in two virtually identical derivative actions purportedly brought on behalf of the Company, Clem v. Lautenbach et al. and Devolin v. Lautenbach et al. These two actions, both filed by the same counsel in Connecticut state court, allege, among other things, breaches of fiduciary duty relating to these same disclosures, and seek compensatory damages and other relief derivatively for the benefit of the Company. Defendants have moved to dismiss these actions; given that the defendants have prevailed in the Livonia action, plaintiffs in these cases have conceded that these cases should be dismissed.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.

12

PART II


ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE COMPANY'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Our common stock is principally traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol "PBI". At January 31, 2020, we had 14,057 common stockholders of record.

Share Repurchases
We periodically repurchase shares of our common stock to manage the dilution created by shares issued under employee stock plans and for other purposes. During 2018, we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock. In February 2019, our Board of Directors approved an incremental $100 million for share repurchases, raising our authorization level to $121 million. During 2019, we repurchased 18.6 million shares of our common stock at an aggregate price of $105 million. As a result, at December 31, 2019, we have remaining authorization of $16 million.

Stock Performance Graph
As a result of our ongoing transformation and the sale of the Software business, we revised our peer group from last year to exclude companies that were no longer a fit from a business perspective and include companies that are better aligned with our business models, revenue and market capitalization.
The new peer group is comprised of: ACCO Brands Corporation, Alliance Data Systems Corporation, Deluxe Corporation, Diebold Nixdorf, Incorporated, Echo Global Logistics, Inc., Fidelity National Information Services, Inc., Fiserv, Inc., Hub Group, Inc., NCR Corporation, R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company, Rockwell Automation, Inc., Stamps.com Inc., The Western Union Company and Xerox Holdings Corporation.
The old peer group was comprised of: Alliance Data Systems Corporation, Deluxe Corporation, Diebold Nixdorf, Incorporated, EchoStar Corp., Fidelity National Information Services, Inc., Fiserv, Inc., NCR Corp., NetApp Inc., Pitney Bowes Inc., R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company, Rockwell Automation Inc., Teradata Corp., Unisys Corporation, The Western Union Company and Xerox Holdings Corporation.

The accompanying graph shows the annual change in the value of a $100 investment in Pitney Bowes Inc., the Standard and Poor's (S&P) 500 Composite Index, the S&P SmallCap 600, the new peer group and the old peer group over a five-year period assuming the reinvestment of dividends. On a total return basis, a $100 investment on December 31, 2014 in Pitney Bowes Inc., the S&P 500 Composite Index, the S&P SmallCap 600, the new peer group and the old peer group would have been worth $22, $174, $158, $172, and $158 respectively, on December 31, 2019.

All information is based upon data independently provided to us by Standard & Poor's Corporation and is derived from their official total return calculation. Total return for the S&P 500 and S&P SmallCap 600 Composite Indexes and each peer group is based on market capitalization, weighted for each year. The stock price performance is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.
chart-80d6ec2b9a9955dc972.jpg


13


ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The following selected financial data should be read in conjunction with the more detailed consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this Form 10-K. Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 842, Leases (ASC 842) using the modified retrospective transition approach of applying the standard at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements and recorded a cumulative effect adjustment at the date of initial application. Accordingly, periods prior to January 1, 2017, have not been restated for this standard and are presented under the prior guidance. Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers on a modified retrospective basis with a cumulative effect adjustment at the date of initial application. Accordingly, periods prior to January 1, 2018, have not been restated for this standard and are presented under the prior guidance. Discontinued operations includes our Software Solutions business and Production Mail business (see Note 4 for further details).
 Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015
Total revenue$3,205,125
 $3,211,522
 $2,784,007
 $2,656,172
 $2,760,282
          
Amounts attributable to common stockholders:         
Income from continuing operations$40,149
 $181,705
 $180,039
 $210,861
 $324,970
Income (loss) from discontinued operations154,460
 60,106
 63,489
 (118,056) 82,973
Net income$194,609
 $241,811
 $243,528
 $92,805
 $407,943
          
Basic earnings (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders (1):
      
Continuing operations$0.23
 $0.97
 $0.97
 $1.12
 $1.63
Discontinued operations0.88
 0.32
 0.34
 (0.63) 0.42
Net income$1.10
 $1.29
 $1.31
 $0.49
 $2.04
          
Diluted earnings (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders (1):
      
Continuing operations$0.23
 $0.96
 $0.96
 $1.12
 $1.62
Discontinued operations0.87
 0.32
 0.34
 (0.62) 0.41
Net income$1.10
 $1.28
 $1.30
 $0.49
 $2.03
          
Cash dividends paid per share of common stock$0.20
 $0.75
 $0.75
 $0.75
 $0.75
          
Balance sheet data:         
 December 31,
 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015
Total assets$5,466,900
 $5,938,419
 $6,634,606
 $5,837,133
 $6,123,132
Long-term debt$2,719,614
 $3,066,073
 $3,559,278
 $2,750,405
 $2,489,583
Total debt$2,739,722
 $3,265,608
 $3,830,335
 $3,364,890
 $2,950,668
Noncontrolling interests (Preferred stockholders' equity in subsidiaries)$
 $
 $
 $
 $296,370

(1)The sum of earnings per share may not equal the totals due to rounding.


14


ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF
OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our risk factors, consolidated financial statements and related notes. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements based on management's current expectations, estimates and projections and involves risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ significantly from those currently expressed in our forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those factors described under "Forward-Looking Statements" and "Risk Factors" contained elsewhere in this Annual Report. All table amounts are presented in thousands of dollars, except per share data.
Overview
In 2019, we:
Adopted ASC 842using the modified retrospective transition approach of applying the standard at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements. Accordingly, prior period financial results have been recast.
Completed the sale of our Software Solutions business, with the exception of the software business in Australia, which closed in January 2020, for approximately $700 million. The Software Solutions business is reported as a discontinued operation in our consolidated financial statements.
Recast our segment reporting to combine North America Mailing and International Mailing into the Sending Technology Solutions (SendTech Solutions) segment to reflect how we manage these operations and the products and services provided to our clients.
Sold the direct operations and moved to a dealer model in six smaller international markets within SendTech Solutions (Market Exits).
On October 12, 2019, we were affected by a ransomware attack that temporarily disrupted customer access to some services. Our financial information was not affected and there is no evidence that any sensitive or confidential company, client, consumer or employee data was improperly accessed or extracted from our network. The backup data storage systems for virtually all our client, employee and other business data were also not affected, which accelerated our ability to bring affected systems back online. We have implemented enhanced security features and monitoring procedures to mitigate the likelihood of future events.
Financial Results Summary - Twelve Months Ended December 31:
 20192018Change
Revenue$3,205,125
$3,211,522
 %
Segment earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT)$490,869
$600,348
(18)%
Income from continuing operations$40,149
$181,705
(78)%
Net income$194,609
$241,811
(20)%
Earnings per share from continuing operations - diluted$0.23
$0.96
(76)%
Net cash provided by operations$252,207
$342,879
(26)%

Revenue was flat compared to the prior year; however, currency and Market Exits unfavorably impacted revenue growth by 2%. Commerce Services revenue grew 9% but was offset by an overall decline in the SendTech Solutions shipping and mailing business. We estimate that the ransomware attack adversely impacted full year revenue by $18 million.
Segment EBIT declined 18% due to a decline in SendTech Solutions revenue, partially offset by cost savings initiatives.
SG&A expense increased 3%, or $31 million, in 2017 compared to 2016. Contributing to this increase was higher compensation-related costs of $28 million due to the reinstatement of our annual variable compensation program and higher stock-based compensation expense. Each of these programs are tied to our performance against pre-established targets and costs in 2016 were significantly lower than in

2017. Additionally, expenses in Global Ecommerce were $21 million higher as we continue to invest in the business, we incurred $17 million of additional expense from Newgistics, $9 million of higher marketing expenses, $9 million of higher residual losses on leased equipment due to the timing of trade-up activity and $9 million of acquisition transaction costs, primarily related to Newgistics. Offsetting these increases was approximately $63 million of benefits from productivity initiatives and a $6shifting portfolio to faster growing, but lower margin services in Global Ecommerce. We estimate that the ransomware attack adversely impacted EBIT by $19 million, primarily as a result of the business interruption, incremental costs related to the attack and costs to enhance our cybersecurity protection.
Income from continuing operations declined 78% from the prior year driven primarily by the decline in segment EBIT, a $39 million pre-tax gainasset impairment charge related to the development of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system in our international markets and an $18 million pre-tax loss from Market Exits. Income from continuing operations included a tax benefit of $23 million from the salerelease of technology. Additionally, 2017 included loan forgiveness income of $10 million and a favorable state sales tax adjustment of $5 million.foreign valuation allowance. We estimate that the ransomware attack adversely impacted earnings per share from continuing operations by $0.08.

Restructuring charges and asset impairments, net
In 2018, restructuring charges and asset impairmentsDuring the year, we received proceeds of $27 million consisted of $25 million of restructuring related charges and $2 million of asset impairment charges. In 2017, restructuring charges and asset impairments of $56 million consisted of $52 million of restructuring related charges and $4 million of asset impairment charges. In 2016, restructuring charges and asset impairments of $60 million consisted of $45 million of restructuring related charges and $15 million of asset impairment charges, primarily from a loss of $5approximately $700 million from the sale of the Software Solutions business and $400 million from a facilitynew five-year term loan. Cash was used to repay $930 million of debt, invest $137 million in capital expenditures, repurchase $105 million of shares of our common stock, pay dividends of $35 million and an impairment chargefund acquisitions of $4 million$22 million. We estimate that the ransomware attack adversely impacted cash flows by $29 million.

Outlook
We continue to transform and position ourselves for long-term success as a streamlined global technology company focused on shipping, mailing and related financial services. We are investing in market opportunities and new solutions and services across all our businesses, optimizing our operations and implementing cost savings initiatives to another facility.drive long-term value. Our portfolio is shifting to higher growth markets and we expect margins to improve as we build scale and realize the full benefits of our investments and optimizations.

Goodwill impairmentWithin Global Ecommerce, we expect continued revenue growth from the expansion of our domestic parcel business and shipping solutions, slightly offset by lower cross-border solutions volumes and margin improvements from continued growth in volumes to get to scale, bundling of offerings, pricing actions and organizational and operational efficiencies within our network.
In 2016,Presort Services, we recorded a non-cash goodwill impairment chargeexpect higher volumes of $148 million associated withBound and Packet Mail and Marketing Mail to drive revenue growth. We expect margin improvement in 2020 from pricing initiatives, labor, transportation and other cost optimization initiatives and process efficiencies implemented in 2019.
Within SendTech Solutions, we expect revenue from our Software Solutions reporting unit.

Other components of net pensionmailing business to continue to decline; however, we believe this revenue decline will be mitigated by expanding shipping capabilities, an overall product refresh, third-party equipment financing alternatives and postretirement cost
In connection with the disposition of the Production Mail Business and certain other actions, we incurred a pre-tax, non-cash pension settlement charge of $45 millionshift in the fourth quartermix of 2018. business from mailing to solutions-based offerings.
We recognized $32 million of this charge in other components of net pension and postretirement cost andcontinue to assess the remaining $13 million in income from discontinued operations, net of tax.

Other expense
Other expense for 2018 and 2017 represents a loss on the early extinguishment of debt.

Income taxes
The effective tax rate was 5.8% and 0.2% for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the Act) was signed into law making significant changes to the Internal Revenue Code. Changes included, but were not limited to, a federal corporate income tax rate decrease from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018, the transition of U.S. international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a territorial system by creating a minimum tax on earnings of foreign subsidiaries and a one-time transition tax on the mandatory deemed repatriation of post-1986 cumulative foreign earnings.
In accordance with the Act, the tax provision at December 31, 2017 included a net provisional one-time non-cash benefit of $39 million, comprised of a provisional $130 million benefit from the remeasurement of net U.S. deferred tax liabilities arising from a lower U.S. tax rate, offset by a provisional $91 million charge related primarily to the U.S. tax on unremitted post-1986 earnings of our foreign subsidiaries. The effective tax rate for 2017 also included tax benefits of $30 million from the resolution of certain tax examinations.
Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (SAB 118) was issued to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Act. SAB 118 provided registrants up to one year to complete the analysis, computations and accounting for thefinancial impact of the Actransomware attack on their consolidated financial statements.
our operations and it is probable that additional costs and claims will be incurred in 2020. We completed our analysis and measurement of the impact of the Act. Our tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2018 includes an adjustment to the provisional tax recorded of $37 million, comprised of a $13 million benefithave insurance related to this event and expect a portion of any profit impact, including the remeasurementprofit associated with any loss of certain deferred tax assets and liabilities and a $24 million decrease inrevenue, to ultimately be covered by insurance. We are working closely with our carriers; however, we are currently not able to reasonably estimate the U.S. tax on unremitted post-1986 earningsamount of our foreign subsidiaries. The effective tax rate for 2018 also includes a benefit of $17 million from the resolution of certain tax examinations.proceeds we will receive.
See Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.


Income from discontinued operations
Income from discontinued operations includes net income and a gain on sale of our Production Mail Business. See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

Preferred stock dividends of subsidiaries attributable to noncontrolling interests
We redeemed all of the PBIH Preferred Stock in November 2016.

16



Business Segments

Commerce Services
In January 2018, we revised our business reporting groups to reflect how we manage these groups and clients served in each market.  We formed theThe Commerce Services group to include ourincludes domestic delivery, return and fulfillment services, cross-border solutions, shipping solutions and presort services. The Commerce Services group includes the Global Ecommerce and Presort Services segments. Additionally, we classified the operating results of the Production Mail Business to discontinued operations and have recast segment operating results for prior years to conform to the current year presentation. The principal products and services of each of our reportable segments are as follows:
Commerce Services:
Global Ecommerce: Includes the worldwide revenue and related expenses from cross-border ecommerce transactions, domestic retail and ecommerce shipping solutions and fulfillment, delivery and return services.
Presort Services: Includes revenue and related expenses from sortation services that allow clients to qualify large volumes of First Class Mail, Marketing Mail and Bound and Packet Mail (Standard Flats and Bound Printed Matter) for postal worksharing discounts.
Small & Medium Business (SMB) Solutions:
North America Mailing: Includes the revenue and related expenses from mailing and shipping solutions, financing, services and supplies for small and medium businesses to efficiently create mail, evidence postage and help simplify and save on the sending, tracking and receiving of letters, parcels and flats in the U.S. and Canada.
International Mailing: Includes the revenue and related expenses from mailing and shipping solutions, financing, services and supplies for small and medium businesses to efficiently create mail, evidence postage and help simplify and save on the sending, tracking and receiving of letters, parcels and flats in areas outside the U.S. and Canada.
Software Solutions:
Includes the worldwide revenue and related expenses from the licensing of customer engagement, customer information, location intelligence software, data solutions and related support services.
Management uses segment earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) to measure profitability and performance at the segment level and believes that it provides a useful measure of operating performance and underlying trends of the businesses. We determine segment EBIT by deducting from segment revenue the related costs and expenses attributable to the segment. Segment EBIT excludes interest, taxes, general corporate expenses, restructuring charges and other items not allocated to a particular business segment. Segment EBIT may not be indicative of our overall consolidated performance and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated results of operations. Due to acquisition activity in Commerce Services, we are also providing segment earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) as a supplemental non-GAAP measure of profit and operational performance for each segment. See Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of segment EBIT to net income.
Revenue and EBIT by business segment are presented in the tables below. The sum of the individual segments in the tables above may not equal the totals due to rounding.
 Revenue % change
 Years Ended December 31, Actual Constant Currency
 2018 2017 2016 2018 2017 2018 2017
Global Ecommerce$1,023
 $552
 $339
 85 % 63 % 85 % 63 %
Presort Services516
 498
 476
 4 % 5 % 4 % 5 %
Commerce Services1,539
 1,050
 815
 47 % 29 % 46 % 29 %
North America Mailing1,275
 1,357
 1,429
 (6)% (5)% (6)% (5)%
International Mailing368
 384
 412
 (4)% (7)% (7)% (6)%
SMB Solutions1,643
 1,742
 1,841
 (6)% (5)% (6)% (5)%
Software Solutions341
 332
 325
 3 % 2 % 3 % 2 %
Total Revenue$3,522
 $3,123
 $2,981
 13 % 5 % 12 % 5 %

 EBIT
 Years Ended December 31, % change
 2018 2017 2016 2018 2017
Global Ecommerce$(32) $(18) $3
 (81)% >(100)%
Presort Services74
 98
 95
 (24)% 2 %
Commerce Services41
 80
 98
 (48)% (19)%
North America Mailing470
 499
 595
 (6)% (16)%
International Mailing64
 49
 45
 32 % 7 %
SMB Solutions534
 547
 640
 (2)% (15)%
Software Solutions47
 34
 22
 39 % 53 %
Total segment EBIT$623
 $661
 $761
 (6)% (13)%
 EBITDA
 Years Ended December 31, % change
 2018 2017 2016 2018 2017
Global Ecommerce$29
 $19
 $34
 53 % (44)%
Presort Services101
 124
 123
 (19)% 1 %
Commerce Services129
 143
 157
 (9)% (9)%
North America Mailing539
 563
 655
 (4)% (14)%
International Mailing80
 67
 65
 19 % 3 %
SMB Solutions618
 630
 720
 (2)% (12)%
Software Solutions57
 43
 37
 32 % 16 %
Total segment EBITDA804
 816
 913
 (1)% (11)%
Less: Segment depreciation and amortization182
 156
 153
 17 % 2 %
Total segment EBIT$623
 $661
 $761
 (6)% (13)%


Global Ecommerce
Global Ecommerce revenue increased 85% in 2018 comparedDomestic parcel services combine proprietary label technology for returns and a delivery network with cost-effective last-mile delivery to 2017. Excluding Newgistics, Global Ecommerce revenue increased 13% drivenprocess over 125 million parcels annually. We operate 15 domestic parcel sortation centers connected by higher revenuea nationwide transportation network, enabling us to pick up parcels from retailer distribution centers and move them through our physical network. We also operate four fulfillment centers, providing pick, pack and ship services for retailers. These centers are located within our parcel sortation centers to facilitate same-day entry into our parcel delivery network.
Cross-border solutions manages all aspects of the international shopping and shipping experience. Our proprietary technology enables global tracking and logistics services; calculates duty, tax and shipping costs at checkout; enables multi-currency pricing, payment processing and fraud management; ensures compliance with product restrictions and produces all documentation requirements to meet export complexities and customs clearance. Our proprietary technology is utilized by direct merchants and major online marketplaces facilitating millions of parcels to be shipped worldwide.
Shipping solutions partially offset by lower cross-border revenue dueenable clients to lower volumes.

EBIT in 2018 was a loss of $32 million compared to a loss of $18 million in 2017. The increase in EBIT loss was primarily due to higher amortization expense of $12 million due to a full year of amortization related to Newgistics, higherreduce transportation and laborlogistics costs, of $6 million due to increased competition for laborselect the best carrier based on need and transportation resources as a resultcost, improve delivery times and track packages in real-time. Powered by our shipping APIs, an integral part of the rapid growth in Ecommerce, partially offset by higher revenue.Pitney Bowes Commerce Cloud, clients can purchase postage, print shipping labels and access shipping and tracking services that can be easily integrated into any web application such as online shopping carts or ecommerce sites and provide guaranteed delivery times and flexible payment options.


Global Ecommerce revenue increased 63% in 2017 compared to 2016 primarily due to:
41% from the acquisition of Newgistics;
12% from higher domestic ecommerce shipping revenues;
6% from higher cross-border marketplace volumes, particularly in the UK; and
4% from higher retail volumes.

EBIT was a loss of 18 million in 2017 primarily due to investments in market growth opportunities and additional amortization expense from the acquisition of Newgistics.

Presort Services
We are a workshare partner of the USPS and national outsource provider of mail sortation services that allow clients to qualify large volumes of First-Class Mail, Marketing Mail and Bound and Packet Mail (Standard Flats and Bound Printed Matter) for postal workshare discounts. In 2019, we processed a record 17 billion pieces of mail through our network of operating centers throughout the United States. Our Presort Services network and fully-customized proprietary technology provides clients with end-to-end solutions from pick up at their location to delivery into the postal system network, expedited mail delivery and optimal postage savings.

Sending Technology Solutions
We offer our clients sending technology solutions for physical and digital mailing, shipping, supplies and other applications to help simplify and save on the sending, tracking and receiving of letters and packages. Our cloud enabled infrastructure provides software-as-a-service (SaaS) offerings delivered online and via connected or mobile devices. Our latest offerings are designed on an open platform architecture that has the capabilities to leverage partnerships with other innovative companies and developers to deliver new value to our clients.
We offer a variety of solutions that enable clients to finance equipment and product purchases, make rental and lease payments, replenish postage and purchase supplies. Through our wholly owned subsidiary, The Pitney Bowes Bank (the Bank), we offer a revolving credit solution in the United States that enables clients to make meter rental payments and purchase postage, services and supplies. The Bank also provides an interest-bearing deposit solution to clients who prefer to prepay postage. We also provide similar revolving credit solutions to clients in Canada and the U.K. but not through the Bank. In the United States, we also offer a variety of financing alternatives that enable businesses and organizations to finance or lease other manufacturers’ equipment to meet their needs.
We establish credit approval limits and procedures based on the credit quality of the client and the type of product or service provided to control risk in extending credit to clients. We closely monitor the portfolio by analyzing industry sectors and delinquency trends by product line, industry and client to ensure reserve levels and credit policies reflect current trends. Management continuously monitors credit lines and collection resources and revises credit policies as necessary to be more selective in managing the portfolio.

We provide call-center, online and on-site support services for our products and solutions. Support services are primarily provided under maintenance contracts.

Seasonality
As shipping continues to become a bigger part of our business, a larger percentage of our revenue and earnings are earned in the fourth quarter relative to the other quarters, driven primarily by the holiday season.

Sales and Marketing
We market our products, solutions and services through a direct and inside sales force, global and regional partner channels, direct mailings and web-based offerings.

Competition
Our businesses face competition from a number of companies. Our competitors range from large, multinational companies to smaller, more narrowly focused regional and local firms. We compete on the basis of technology and innovation, breadth of product offerings, our ability to design and tailor solutions to specific client needs, performance, client service and support, price, quality and brand.
We must continue to invest in our current technologies, products and solutions, and in the development of new technologies, products and solutions in order to maintain and improve our competitive position. We will encounter new competitors as we transition to higher value markets and offerings and enter new markets.
A summary of the competitive environment for each of our business segments is as follows:

Global Ecommerce
The domestic and cross-border parcel services and solutions market includes competitors of various sizes, including companies with greater financial resources than us. Some of these competitors specialize in point solutions or freight forwarding services, are full-service ecommerce business process outsourcers and online marketplaces with international logistic support, or major global delivery services companies. We also face competition from companies that can offer both domestic and cross-border solutions in a single package which creates pricing leverage. The principal competitive factors include speed of delivery, reliability, functionality, ease of integration and use, scalability, innovation, support services and price. We compete based on the accuracy, reliability and scalability of our platform and logistics services, our ability to provide clients and their customers a one-stop full-service ecommerce experience and the ability to provide a more customized shipping solution than some of the larger competitors in the industry.
Within shipping solutions, we compete with a wide range of technology providers who help make shipping easier and more cost-effective. These technology providers range from large, established companies to smaller companies offering negotiated carrier rates (primarily with the USPS). The principal competitive factors include technology stability and reliability, innovation, access to preferred shipping rates and ease of integration with existing systems.

Presort Services
We face competition from regional and local presort providers, cooperatives of multiple local presort providers, consolidators and service bureaus that offer presort solutions as part of a larger bundle of outsourcing services. While not necessarily competitors in the traditional sense, large mail owners have the capability to presort their own mailings in-house. The principal competitive factors include innovative service, delivery speed, tracking and reporting, industry expertise and economies of scale. Our competitive advantages include our extensive network of presort facilities capable of processing significant volumes and our innovative proprietary technology that provides clients with reliable, secure and precise services and maximum postage discounts.

Sending Technology Solutions
We face competition from other mail equipment and solutions providers, companies that offer products and services as alternative means of message communications and those that offer on-line shipping and mailing products and services solutions. Additionally, as competitive alternative communication methods in comparison to mail grow, our operations could be affected. We differentiate ourselves from our competitors through our breadth of physical and digital offerings, including cloud enabled SaaS and open platform architecture offerings; pricing; available financing and payment offerings; product reliability; support services; and our extensive knowledge of the shipping and mailing industry.
Our financing operations face competition, in varying degrees, from large, diversified financial institutions, including leasing companies, commercial finance companies and commercial banks, as well as small, specialized firms. Not all our competitors are able to offer the same or similar financing and payment solutions that we offer and we believe this is a source of competitive advantage that differentiates

us from our competitors. The Bank is chartered as an Industrial Bank under the laws of the State of Utah, and is regulated by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and the Utah Department of Financial Institutions.

Research, Development and Intellectual Property
We invest in research and development activities to develop new products and solutions, enhance the effectiveness and functionality of existing products and solutions and deliver high value technology and differentiated services in high value segments of the market.

Third-party Suppliers
We depend on third-party suppliers and outsource providers for a variety of services and product components, the hosting of our SaaS offerings, the logistics portion of our ecommerce business, and some non-core functions and operations. In certain instances, we rely on single-sourced or limited-sourced suppliers and outsourcing vendors around the world because doing so is advantageous due to quality, price or lack of alternative sources. We believe that our available sources for services, components, supplies and manufacturing are adequate.

Regulatory Matters
We are subject to the regulations of postal authorities worldwide related to product specifications of our postage meters. Our Presort Services business is also subject to regulations of the USPS. The Bank and certain company affiliates that provide services to the Bank are subject to the regulations of the Utah Department of Financial Institutions and the FDIC. We are also subject to transportation, customs and trade regulations worldwide related to our cross-border shipping services and regulations concerning data privacy and security for our businesses that use, process and store certain personal, confidential or proprietary data.

Employees and Employee Relations
At December 31, 2019, we have approximately 11,000 employees worldwide. We believe that we maintain strong relationships with our employees. Management keeps employees informed of decisions and encourages and implements employee suggestions whenever practicable.

Available Information
Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments thereto filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC), are available, free of charge, through the Investor Relations section of our website at www.investorrelations.pitneybowes.com or from the SEC's website at www.sec.gov, as soon as reasonably practicable after these reports are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The other information found on our website is not part of this or any other report we file with or furnish to the SEC.


Information About Our Executive Officers
Name Age Title 
Executive
Officer Since
Marc B. Lautenbach 58 President and Chief Executive Officer 2012
Jason C. Dies 50 Executive Vice President and President, Sending Technology Solutions 2017
Daniel J. Goldstein 58 Executive Vice President and Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary 2010
Lila Snyder 47 Executive Vice President and President, Commerce Services 2016
Christoph Stehmann 57 Executive Vice President, International Sending Technology Solutions 2016
Stanley J. Sutula III 54 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer 2017
Johnna G. Torsone 69 Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer 1993
There are no family relationships among the above officers. All of the officers have served in various executive positions with the company for at least the past five years except as described below:

Mr. Dies was appointed to the office of Executive Vice President and President, Sending Technology Solutions in October 2017. He joined the company in 2015 as President, Document Messaging Technologies (DMT). Prior to joining the company, Mr. Dies was employed at IBM where he held several leadership positions in North America, Europe, and Asia across diverse business units.

Ms. Snyder was appointed to the office of Executive Vice President and President, Commerce Services in January 2016. She joined the company in November 2013 as President, DMT and became President, Global Ecommerce in June 2015. Prior to joining Pitney Bowes, Ms. Snyder was a Partner at McKinsey & Company, Inc. In her 15 years at McKinsey, she focused on serving clients in the technology, media and communications sectors and was the leader of McKinsey's Stamford office. 

Mr. Sutula joined the company as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in February 2017. Prior to joining the company, Mr. Sutula was employed at IBM for 28 years where he held several leadership positions in the United States and Europe.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Our operations face certain risks that should be considered in evaluating our business. We manage and mitigate these risks on a proactive basis, using an enterprise risk management program. Nevertheless, the following risk factors, some of which may be beyond our control, could materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, brand and reputation, and may cause future results to be materially different than our current expectations. These risk factors are not intended to be all inclusive.

Significant disruptions to postal operations or adverse changes to our relationships with posts in the United States or elsewhere could adversely affect our financial performance.
We are dependent on a healthy postal sector in the geographic markets where we operate, particularly in the United States. A significant portion of our revenue also depends on our contractual relationships with posts. Changes in the financial viability of the major posts, how they price their offerings, the statutes and regulations determining how they operate, or changes in our contractual relationships with these posts, could adversely affect our financial performance.

We are subject to postal regulations and processes, which could adversely affect our financial performance.
A significant portion of our business is subject to regulation and oversight by the USPS and posts in other major markets. These postal authorities have the power to regulate our current products and services. They also must approve many of our new or future product and service offerings before we can bring them to market. If our new or future product and service offerings are not approved, if there are significant conditions to approval, if regulations on our existing products or services are changed or, if we fall out of compliance with those regulations, our financial performance could be adversely affected.

If we are not able to respond to the continuing decline in the volume of physical mail delivered via traditional postal services, our financial performance could be adversely affected.
Traditional mail volumes continue to decline and impact our current and future financial results. However, we have employed, and will continue to employ, strategies to stabilize the mailing business, including introducing new digital product and service offerings and

providing clients broader access to products and services through online and direct sales channels, including products and services that make it easier for our mailing clients to also ship packages. There is no guarantee that these offerings will be widely accepted in the marketplace, and they will likely face competition from existing and emerging alternative products and services. Further, an accelerated or sudden decline in physical mail volumes could have an adverse effect on our Sending Technology Solutions (SendTech Solutions) and Presort Services segments. An accelerated or sudden decline could result from changes in communication behavior or available communication technologies, reductions to the Universal Service Obligation (USO) under which the USPS and other national posts are required to deliver to every address in a country with similar pricing and frequency, and legislation or regulations that mandate electronic substitution, prohibit certain types of mailings, increase the difficulty of using information or materials in the mail, or impose higher taxes or fees on postal services. If we are not successful at meeting the continuing challenges faced in our mailing business, or if physical mail volumes were to experience an accelerated or sudden decline, our financial performance could be adversely affected.

The transformation of our businesses to more digital and commerce services will result in a decline in our overall profit margins. If we cannot increase our volumes while at the same time reduce our costs, our financial performance could be adversely affected.
As we transform our business to more digital and commerce services, the revenue contribution from our Commerce Services group is greater than our SendTech Solutions segment and is expected to continue to increase in the future. The profit margins in Commerce Services are lower than the profit margins in SendTech Solutions and are more sensitive to rising labor and transportation costs. Margin improvement within Commerce Services is highly dependent on increasing volumes and lowering costs. Accordingly, if we cannot obtain sufficient scale by increasing volumes or are unable to reduce costs in Commerce Services significantly enough to improve profit margins, our financial performance could be adversely affected.

Our financial performance and our reputation could be adversely affected, and we could be subject to legal liability or regulatory enforcement actions, if we or our suppliers are unable to protect against, or effectively respond to, cyberattacks or other cyber incidents.
We depend on the security of our and our suppliers' information technology systems to support numerous business processes and activities, to service our clients and to enable consumer transactions and postal services. We have security systems, procedures and business continuity plans in place designed to ensure the continuous and uninterrupted performance of our information technology systems and to protect against unauthorized access to information or disruption to our services. We also require our suppliers who host our information technology systems or have access to sensitive data to have appropriate security and back-up measures in place. There are numerous cybersecurity risks to these systems, including individual and group criminal hackers, industrial espionage, denial of service attacks, malware attacks, computer viruses, vandalism and employee errors and/or malfeasance. These cyber threats are constantly evolving, thereby increasing the difficulty of preventing, detecting and successfully defending against them. Successful breaches could, among other things, result in the unauthorized disclosure, theft and misuse of company, client, consumer and employee sensitive and confidential information, disrupt the performance of our information technology systems, deny services to our clients and result in the loss of revenue, all of which could adversely affect our financial performance. Additionally, we could be exposed to potential liability, litigation, governmental inquiries, investigations or regulatory enforcement actions, our brand and reputation could be damaged, and we could be subject to the payment of fines or other penalties, legal claims by our clients and significant remediation costs. Although we maintain insurance coverage relating to cybersecurity incidents, we may incur costs or financial losses that are either not insured against or not fully covered through our insurance.

Despite the protections we had in place, on October 12, 2019, we were affected by a ransomware attack that temporarily disrupted customer access to some services. Our financial information was not affected and there is no evidence that any sensitive or confidential company, client, consumer or employee data was improperly accessed or extracted from our network. The backup data storage systems for virtually all our client, employee and other business data were also not affected, which accelerated our ability to bring affected systems back online. We estimate that the ransomware attack adversely impacted full year revenue by $18 million and EPS by approximately $0.08 per share, primarily as a result of the business interruption, incremental costs related to the attack and costs to enhance our cybersecurity protection. We have insurance related to this event and expect a portion of any profit impact, including the profit associated with any loss of revenue, to ultimately be covered by insurance.

Following the attack, we implemented a variety of measures to further enhance our cybersecurity protections and minimize the impact of any future attack. Cyber threats are constantly evolving however, and although we continually assess and improve our protections, there can be no guarantee that a future cyber event will not occur.

Failure to comply with data privacy and protection laws and regulations could subject us to legal liability and adversely affect our reputation and our financial performance.
Our businesses use, process and store proprietary information and personal, sensitive or confidential data relating to consumers, our business, clients and employees. Privacy laws and similar regulations in many jurisdictions where we do business require that we take significant steps to safeguard that information, and these laws and regulations continue to evolve. The scope of the laws that may be

applicable to us is often uncertain and may be conflicting. In addition, new laws may add a broad array of requirements on how we handle or use information and increase our compliance obligations. For example, in May 2018, the European Union greatly increased the jurisdictional reach of European Law by enacting the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which, among other things, enhanced an individual’s rights with respect to their information. In the United States, several states have enacted different laws regarding personal information, including, in 2019, new legislation in both California and Nevada that imposed significant new requirements. Other countries or states may enact laws or regulations in the future that have similar or additional requirements. While we continually monitor and assess the impact of these laws and regulations, their interpretation and enforcement are uncertain, subject to change and may require substantial costs to monitor and implement. Failure to comply with data privacy and protection laws and regulations could also result in government enforcement actions (which could include substantial civil and/or criminal penalties), private litigation, and adversely affect our reputation and the results of our operations.

If we or our suppliers encounter unforeseen interruptions or difficulties in the operation of our cloud-based applications, our business could be disrupted, our reputation and relationships may be harmed and our financial performance could be adversely affected.
Our business relies upon the continuous and uninterrupted performance of our and our suppliers' cloud-based applications and systems to support numerous business processes, to service our clients and to support their transactions with their customers and postal services. Our applications and systems, and those of our partners, may be subject to interruptions due to technological errors, system capacity constraints, software errors or defects, human errors, computer or communications failures, power loss, adverse acts of nature and other unexpected events. We have business continuity and disaster recovery plans in place to protect our business operations in case of such events and we also require our suppliers to have the same. Nonetheless, there can be no guarantee that these plans will function as designed. If we are unable to limit interruptions or successfully correct them in a timely manner or at all, it could result in lost revenue, loss of critical data, significant expenditures of capital, a delay or loss in market acceptance of our services and damage to our reputation, brand and relationships, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business and our financial performance.

If we fail to effectively manage our third-party suppliers and outsource providers, our business, financial performance and reputation could be adversely affected.
We depend on third-party suppliers and outsource providers for a variety of services and product components, the hosting of our SaaS offerings, the logistics portion of our ecommerce business, and some non-core functions and operations. Some of our suppliers may also be our competitors in other contexts. In certain instances, we rely on single-sourced or limited-sourced suppliers and outsourcing vendors around the world because doing so is advantageous due to quality, price or lack of alternative sources. If production or services were interrupted, the quality of those offerings were to degrade as a result of poor performance from our suppliers, these suppliers chose to terminate their relationship with us, or if the costs of using these third parties were to increase and we were not able to find alternate suppliers, we could experience significant disruptions in manufacturing and operations (including product shortages, higher freight costs and re-engineering costs) as well as increased costs in the logistics portion of our ecommerce business. If outsourcing services were interrupted, not performed, or the performance was poor, our ability to process, record and report transactions with our clients, consumers and other constituents could be impacted. Such interruptions, including a cybersecurity event affecting one of our suppliers, could impact our ability to meet client demand, damage our reputation and client relationships and adversely affect our financial performance.

Future credit rating downgrades or capital market disruptions could adversely affect our ability to maintain adequate liquidity to provide competitive financing services to our clients and to fund various discretionary priorities.
We provide competitive finance offerings to our clients and fund discretionary priorities, such as business investments, strategic acquisitions, dividend payments and share repurchases through a combination of cash generated from operations, deposits held at the Bank and access to capital markets. Our ability to access U.S. capital markets and the associated cost of borrowing is dependent upon our credit ratings and is subject to capital market volatility. Given our current credit rating, we may experience reduced financial or strategic flexibility and higher costs when we do access the U.S. capital markets. We maintain a $500 million revolving credit facility that requires we maintain certain financial and nonfinancial covenants.
A significant decline in cash flows, noncompliance with any of the covenants under the revolving credit facility, further credit rating downgrades, material capital market disruptions, significant withdrawals by depositors at the Bank, adverse changes to our industrial loan charter or an increase in our credit default swap spread could impact our ability to maintain adequate liquidity to provide competitive finance offerings to our clients, refinance maturing debt and fund other financing activities, which in turn, could adversely affect our financial performance.

Our operations and financial performance may be negatively affected by changes in trade policies, tariffs and regulations.
Our Global Ecommerce segment is subject to significant trade regulations, taxes, and duties throughout the world. Any changes to these regulations could potentially impose increased documentation and delivery requirements, increase costs, delay delivery times, subject us to additional liabilities, and could adversely affect our financial performance. Over the past two years, the United States increased

tariffs for certain goods while also raising the possibility of additional tariffs. These actions triggered other nations to also increase tariffs on certain of their goods. For our Global Ecommerce segment, tariff increases, or even the political environment surrounding trade issues, could reduce demand and adversely affect our financial performance. For our SendTech Solutions segment, the increased tariffs resulted in additional costs on certain components used in some of our products. Although we have been taking actions to mitigate these costs by changing where we source certain parts, these added costs and the potential for further tariffs could affect demand for our products or the amount of profitability in some of our products and adversely affect our financial performance.

Our Global Ecommerce segment is exposed to increased foreign exchange rate fluctuations.
The sales generated from many of our clients’ internationally focused websites running on our cross-border platform are exposed to foreign exchange rate fluctuations. Currently, our platforms are located in the U.S. and the U.K. and a majority of consumers making purchases through these platforms are in a limited number of foreign countries. A strengthening of the U.S. Dollar or British Pound relative to currencies in the countries where we do the most business impacts our ability to compete internationally as the cost of similar international products improves relative to the cost of U.S. and U.K. retailers' products. A strong U.S. Dollar or British Pound would likely result in a decrease in international sales volumes, which would adversely affect the segment's revenue and profitability.

The loss of any of our largest clients in our Global Ecommerce segment or a material change in consumer sentiment or spending habits, could have a material adverse effect on the segment.
The Global Ecommerce segment receives a large portion of its revenue from a relatively small number of clients and business partners. The loss of any of these larger clients or business partners, or a substantial reduction in their use of our products or services, could have a material adverse effect on the revenue and profitability of the segment. There can be no assurance that our larger clients and business partners will continue to utilize our products or services at current levels, or that we would be able to replace any of these clients or business partners with others who can generate revenue at current levels.
Our business is also subject to cyclical trends in consumer sentiment and spending habits that are affected by many factors, including prevailing economic conditions, recession or fears of recession and unemployment levels. Consumer sentiment and spending habits can deteriorate rapidly, and could potentially have an adverse impact on our financial performance.

Our international operations may be adversely impacted by the United Kingdom's recent exit from the European Union (EU).
On January 31, 2020, the U.K. formally exited the European Union (Brexit). The U.K. is currently in a transition period, during which it is expected that its trading relationship with the EU will remain the same while the two sides negotiate a free trade deal. The U.K. will also negotiate many other aspects of its relationship with the EU during this period. Approximately 10% of our consolidated revenue is generated from counties in the EU, including the U.K. Although the ultimate impact of Brexit is unknown, the effects may adversely impact global economic conditions, contribute to instability in global financial and foreign exchange markets, impact trade and commerce, including the imposition of additional tariffs and duties and require additional documentation and inspection checks of goods moving between the U.K. and EU countries, leading to delays at ports of entry and departure. In particular, Brexit may have an adverse effect on cross-border ecommerce both into and out of the U.K. Brexit may also affect our supply chain for our SendTech Solutions segment. Any of these and other changes, implications or consequences of Brexit could adversely affect our financial performance.

Our business depends on our ability to attract and retain employees at a reasonable cost to meet the needs of our business and to consistently deliver highly differentiated, competitive offerings.
Given the rapid growth of the ecommerce industry, there has been intense competition for employees in the shipping, transportation and logistics industry, including drivers and factory employees. There is also significant competition for the talent needed to develop our products. If we are unable to find and retain enough qualified employees at a reasonable cost, or if the compensation required grows too rapidly, it may adversely affect our financial performance.
Our inability to obtain and protect our intellectual property and defend against claims of infringement by others may negatively impact our financial performance.
Our businesses are not materially dependent on any one patent or license or group of related patents and licenses; however, our business success depends in part upon protecting our intellectual property rights, including proprietary technology developed or obtained through acquisitions. We rely on copyrights, patents, trademarks and trade secrets and other intellectual property laws to establish and protect our proprietary rights. As we transition our business to more software and service-based offerings, patent protection of these innovations is more difficult to obtain. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, our competitive position may suffer, which could adversely affect our revenue and profitability. The continued evolution of patent law and the nature of our innovation work may affect the number of patents we are able to receive for our development efforts. In addition, from time to time, third-parties may claim that we, our clients, or our suppliers, have infringed their intellectual property rights. These claims, if successful, may require us to redesign affected products, enter into costly settlement or license agreements, pay damage awards, or face a temporary or permanent injunction

prohibiting us from marketing or selling certain products.

If we fail to comply with government contracting regulations, our financial performance, brand name and reputation could suffer.
We have a significant number of contracts with governmental entities. Government contracts are subject to extensive and complex procurement laws and regulations, along with regular audits and investigations by government agencies. If one or more government agencies discovers contractual noncompliance in the course of an audit or investigation, we may be subject to various civil or criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, which could include the termination of the contract, reimbursement of payments received, fines and debarment from doing business with one or more governments. Any of these events could not only affect our financial performance, but also adversely affect our brand and reputation.

We may not fully realize the anticipated benefits of strategic acquisitions and divestitures which may harm our financial performance.
As we transition our business to sustainable long-term growth, we may make strategic acquisitions or divest certain businesses. These actions may involve significant risks and uncertainties, which could have an adverse effect on our financial performance, including:
difficulties in achieving anticipated benefits or synergies;
difficulties in integrating newly acquired businesses and operations, including combining product and service offerings and entering new markets, or reducing fixed costs previously associated with divested businesses;
the loss of key employees or clients of businesses acquired or divested;
significant charges for employee severance and other restructuring costs, legal, accounting and financial advisory fees; and
possible goodwill and asset impairment charges as divestitures and changes in our business model may adversely affect the recoverability of certain long-lived assets and valuation of our operating segments.

Our capital investments to develop new products and offerings or expand our current operations may not yield the anticipated benefits.
We are making significant capital investments in new products, services, and facilities. If we are not successful in these new product or service introductions at the levels anticipated when making the investments, there may be an adverse effect on our financial performance.

Our operational costs could increase from changes in environmental regulations, or we could be subject to significant liabilities.
We are subject to various federal, state, local and foreign environmental protection laws and regulations around the world, including without limitation, those related to the manufacture, distribution, use, packaging, labeling, recycling or disposal of our products or the products of our clients for whom we perform services. Environmental rules concerning products and packaging can have a significant impact on the cost of operations or affect our ability to do business in certain countries. We are also subject to laws concerning use, discharge or disposal of materials. These laws are complex, change frequently and have tended to become more stringent over time. If we are found to have violated these laws, we could be fined, criminally charged, otherwise sanctioned by regulators, or we could be subject to liability and clean-up costs. These risks can apply to both current and legacy operations and sites. From time to time, we may be involved in litigation over these issues. The amount and timing of costs under environmental laws are difficult to predict and there can be no assurance that these costs will not have an adverse effect on our financial performance.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.


11


ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
We lease numerous facilities worldwide, including our corporate headquarters located in Stamford, Connecticut, sales offices, service locations, data centers and call centers.
Our Global Ecommerce segment leases four fulfillment centers that comprise the majority of our fulfillment operations. An unforeseen loss of any of these fulfillment centers could materially impact our ability to conduct business and therefore materially impact our results of operations. Our Global Ecommerce business also conducts parcel operations and our Presort business conducts its mail sortation operations through a network of 15 and 42 operating centers throughout the United States, respectively. Should an operating center be unable to function as intended for an extended period of time, our ability to service our clients and operating results would be impacted; however, due to the extensive nature of our network, we would be able to divert affected parcel and mail volumes to other facilities and mitigate the impacts to our clients and our operating results.
Our SendTech Solutions segment leases a manufacturing and distribution facility in Indianapolis. This facility is significant as it stores a majority of the SendTech Solutions products, supplies and inventories.
We conduct most of our research and development activities in facilities located in Noida and Pune, India and Shelton, Connecticut. Management believes that our facilities are in good operating condition, materially utilized and adequate for our current business needs.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
In the ordinary course of business, we are routinely defendants in, or party to, a number of pending and threatened legal actions. These may involve litigation by or against us relating to, among other things, contractual rights under vendor, insurance or other contracts; intellectual property or patent rights; equipment, service, payment or other disputes with clients; or disputes with employees. Some of these actions may be brought as a purported class action on behalf of a purported class of employees, clients or others.
In August 2018, the Company, certain of its directors, officers and several banks who served as underwriters, were named as defendants in City of Livonia Retiree Health and Disability Benefits Plan v. Pitney Bowes Inc. et al., a putative class action lawsuit filed in Connecticut state court. The complaint asserts claims under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, on behalf of those who purchased notes issued by the Company in connection with a September 13, 2017 offering, alleging, among other things, that the Company failed to make certain disclosures relating to components of its third quarter 2017 performance at the time of the notes offering. The complaint seeks compensatory damages and other relief. On October 24, 2019, the court granted the defendants' motions to strike the complaint for failure to state a claim, and the time for plaintiff to appeal or amend the complaint has expired.
In addition, in December 2018 and then in February 2019, certain of the Company’s officers and directors were named as defendants in two virtually identical derivative actions purportedly brought on behalf of the Company, Clem v. Lautenbach et al. and Devolin v. Lautenbach et al. These two actions, both filed by the same counsel in Connecticut state court, allege, among other things, breaches of fiduciary duty relating to these same disclosures, and seek compensatory damages and other relief derivatively for the benefit of the Company. Defendants have moved to dismiss these actions; given that the defendants have prevailed in the Livonia action, plaintiffs in these cases have conceded that these cases should be dismissed.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.

12

PART II


ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE COMPANY'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Our common stock is principally traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol "PBI". At January 31, 2020, we had 14,057 common stockholders of record.

Share Repurchases
We periodically repurchase shares of our common stock to manage the dilution created by shares issued under employee stock plans and for other purposes. During 2018, we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock. In February 2019, our Board of Directors approved an incremental $100 million for share repurchases, raising our authorization level to $121 million. During 2019, we repurchased 18.6 million shares of our common stock at an aggregate price of $105 million. As a result, at December 31, 2019, we have remaining authorization of $16 million.

Stock Performance Graph
As a result of our ongoing transformation and the sale of the Software business, we revised our peer group from last year to exclude companies that were no longer a fit from a business perspective and include companies that are better aligned with our business models, revenue and market capitalization.
The new peer group is comprised of: ACCO Brands Corporation, Alliance Data Systems Corporation, Deluxe Corporation, Diebold Nixdorf, Incorporated, Echo Global Logistics, Inc., Fidelity National Information Services, Inc., Fiserv, Inc., Hub Group, Inc., NCR Corporation, R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company, Rockwell Automation, Inc., Stamps.com Inc., The Western Union Company and Xerox Holdings Corporation.
The old peer group was comprised of: Alliance Data Systems Corporation, Deluxe Corporation, Diebold Nixdorf, Incorporated, EchoStar Corp., Fidelity National Information Services, Inc., Fiserv, Inc., NCR Corp., NetApp Inc., Pitney Bowes Inc., R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company, Rockwell Automation Inc., Teradata Corp., Unisys Corporation, The Western Union Company and Xerox Holdings Corporation.

The accompanying graph shows the annual change in the value of a $100 investment in Pitney Bowes Inc., the Standard and Poor's (S&P) 500 Composite Index, the S&P SmallCap 600, the new peer group and the old peer group over a five-year period assuming the reinvestment of dividends. On a total return basis, a $100 investment on December 31, 2014 in Pitney Bowes Inc., the S&P 500 Composite Index, the S&P SmallCap 600, the new peer group and the old peer group would have been worth $22, $174, $158, $172, and $158 respectively, on December 31, 2019.

All information is based upon data independently provided to us by Standard & Poor's Corporation and is derived from their official total return calculation. Total return for the S&P 500 and S&P SmallCap 600 Composite Indexes and each peer group is based on market capitalization, weighted for each year. The stock price performance is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.
chart-80d6ec2b9a9955dc972.jpg


13


ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The following selected financial data should be read in conjunction with the more detailed consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this Form 10-K. Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 842, Leases (ASC 842) using the modified retrospective transition approach of applying the standard at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements and recorded a cumulative effect adjustment at the date of initial application. Accordingly, periods prior to January 1, 2017, have not been restated for this standard and are presented under the prior guidance. Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers on a modified retrospective basis with a cumulative effect adjustment at the date of initial application. Accordingly, periods prior to January 1, 2018, have not been restated for this standard and are presented under the prior guidance. Discontinued operations includes our Software Solutions business and Production Mail business (see Note 4 for further details).
 Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015
Total revenue$3,205,125
 $3,211,522
 $2,784,007
 $2,656,172
 $2,760,282
          
Amounts attributable to common stockholders:         
Income from continuing operations$40,149
 $181,705
 $180,039
 $210,861
 $324,970
Income (loss) from discontinued operations154,460
 60,106
 63,489
 (118,056) 82,973
Net income$194,609
 $241,811
 $243,528
 $92,805
 $407,943
          
Basic earnings (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders (1):
      
Continuing operations$0.23
 $0.97
 $0.97
 $1.12
 $1.63
Discontinued operations0.88
 0.32
 0.34
 (0.63) 0.42
Net income$1.10
 $1.29
 $1.31
 $0.49
 $2.04
          
Diluted earnings (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders (1):
      
Continuing operations$0.23
 $0.96
 $0.96
 $1.12
 $1.62
Discontinued operations0.87
 0.32
 0.34
 (0.62) 0.41
Net income$1.10
 $1.28
 $1.30
 $0.49
 $2.03
          
Cash dividends paid per share of common stock$0.20
 $0.75
 $0.75
 $0.75
 $0.75
          
Balance sheet data:         
 December 31,
 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015
Total assets$5,466,900
 $5,938,419
 $6,634,606
 $5,837,133
 $6,123,132
Long-term debt$2,719,614
 $3,066,073
 $3,559,278
 $2,750,405
 $2,489,583
Total debt$2,739,722
 $3,265,608
 $3,830,335
 $3,364,890
 $2,950,668
Noncontrolling interests (Preferred stockholders' equity in subsidiaries)$
 $
 $
 $
 $296,370

(1)The sum of earnings per share may not equal the totals due to rounding.


14


ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF
OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our risk factors, consolidated financial statements and related notes. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements based on management's current expectations, estimates and projections and involves risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ significantly from those currently expressed in our forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those factors described under "Forward-Looking Statements" and "Risk Factors" contained elsewhere in this Annual Report. All table amounts are presented in thousands of dollars, except per share data.
Overview
In 2019, we:
Adopted ASC 842using the modified retrospective transition approach of applying the standard at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements. Accordingly, prior period financial results have been recast.
Completed the sale of our Software Solutions business, with the exception of the software business in Australia, which closed in January 2020, for approximately $700 million. The Software Solutions business is reported as a discontinued operation in our consolidated financial statements.
Recast our segment reporting to combine North America Mailing and International Mailing into the Sending Technology Solutions (SendTech Solutions) segment to reflect how we manage these operations and the products and services provided to our clients.
Sold the direct operations and moved to a dealer model in six smaller international markets within SendTech Solutions (Market Exits).
On October 12, 2019, we were affected by a ransomware attack that temporarily disrupted customer access to some services. Our financial information was not affected and there is no evidence that any sensitive or confidential company, client, consumer or employee data was improperly accessed or extracted from our network. The backup data storage systems for virtually all our client, employee and other business data were also not affected, which accelerated our ability to bring affected systems back online. We have implemented enhanced security features and monitoring procedures to mitigate the likelihood of future events.
Financial Results Summary - Twelve Months Ended December 31:
 20192018Change
Revenue$3,205,125
$3,211,522
 %
Segment earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT)$490,869
$600,348
(18)%
Income from continuing operations$40,149
$181,705
(78)%
Net income$194,609
$241,811
(20)%
Earnings per share from continuing operations - diluted$0.23
$0.96
(76)%
Net cash provided by operations$252,207
$342,879
(26)%

Revenue was flat compared to the prior year; however, currency and Market Exits unfavorably impacted revenue growth by 2%. Commerce Services revenue grew 9% but was offset by an overall decline in the SendTech Solutions shipping and mailing business. We estimate that the ransomware attack adversely impacted full year revenue by $18 million.
Segment EBIT declined 18% due to a decline in SendTech Solutions revenue, partially offset by cost savings initiatives and a shifting portfolio to faster growing, but lower margin services in Global Ecommerce. We estimate that the ransomware attack adversely impacted EBIT by $19 million, primarily as a result of the business interruption, incremental costs related to the attack and costs to enhance our cybersecurity protection.
Income from continuing operations declined 78% from the prior year driven primarily by the decline in segment EBIT, a $39 million pre-tax asset impairment charge related to the development of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system in our international markets and an $18 million pre-tax loss from Market Exits. Income from continuing operations included a tax benefit of $23 million from the release of a foreign valuation allowance. We estimate that the ransomware attack adversely impacted earnings per share from continuing operations by $0.08.

During the year, we received proceeds of approximately $700 million from the sale of the Software Solutions business and $400 million from a new five-year term loan. Cash was used to repay $930 million of debt, invest $137 million in capital expenditures, repurchase $105 million of shares of our common stock, pay dividends of $35 million and fund acquisitions of $22 million. We estimate that the ransomware attack adversely impacted cash flows by $29 million.

Outlook
We continue to transform and position ourselves for long-term success as a streamlined global technology company focused on shipping, mailing and related financial services. We are investing in market opportunities and new solutions and services across all our businesses, optimizing our operations and implementing cost savings initiatives to drive long-term value. Our portfolio is shifting to higher growth markets and we expect margins to improve as we build scale and realize the full benefits of our investments and optimizations.
Within Global Ecommerce, we expect continued revenue growth from the expansion of our domestic parcel business and shipping solutions, slightly offset by lower cross-border solutions volumes and margin improvements from continued growth in volumes to get to scale, bundling of offerings, pricing actions and organizational and operational efficiencies within our network.
In Presort Services, we expect higher volumes of Bound and Packet Mail and Marketing Mail to drive revenue growth. We expect margin improvement in 2020 from pricing initiatives, labor, transportation and other cost optimization initiatives and process efficiencies implemented in 2019.
Within SendTech Solutions, we expect revenue from our mailing business to continue to decline; however, we believe this revenue decline will be mitigated by expanding shipping capabilities, an overall product refresh, third-party equipment financing alternatives and the shift in the mix of business from mailing to solutions-based offerings.
We continue to assess the financial impact of the ransomware attack on our operations and it is probable that additional costs and claims will be incurred in 2020. We have insurance related to this event and expect a portion of any profit impact, including the profit associated with any loss of revenue, to ultimately be covered by insurance. We are working closely with our carriers; however, we are currently not able to reasonably estimate the amount of proceeds we will receive.







16


RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Revenue by source and the related cost of revenue are shown in the following tables:
 Revenue % change
 Years Ended December 31, Actual Constant Currency
 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2019 2018
Business services$1,710,801
 $1,566,470
 $1,071,021
 9 % 46 % 9 % 46 %
Support services506,187
 552,472
 581,474
 (8)% (5)% (8)% (6)%
Financing368,090
 394,557
 406,395
 (7)% (3)% (6)% (3)%
Equipment sales352,104
 395,652
 400,704
 (11)% (1)% (10)% (2)%
Supplies187,287
 218,304
 231,412
 (14)% (6)% (13)% (7)%
Rentals80,656
 84,067
 93,001
 (4)% (10)% (3)% (10)%
Total revenue$3,205,125
 $3,211,522
 $2,784,007
  % 15 %  % 15 %
 Cost of Revenue
 Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
 $ % of revenue $ % of revenue $ % of revenue
Cost of business services$1,389,569
 81.2% $1,233,105
 78.7% $770,018
 71.9%
Cost of support services162,300
 32.1% 178,495
 32.3% 173,555
 29.8%
Financing interest expense44,648
 12.1% 44,376
 11.2% 46,178
 11.4%
Cost of equipment sales244,210
 69.4% 236,160
 59.7% 238,062
 59.4%
Cost of supplies49,882
 26.6% 60,960
 27.9% 66,302
 28.7%
Cost of rentals31,530
 39.1% 37,178
 44.2% 33,741
 36.3%
Total cost of revenue$1,922,139
 60.0% $1,790,274
 55.7% $1,327,856
 47.7%
In this revenue discussion, we may refer to revenue growth on a constant currency basis. Constant currency measures exclude the impact of changes in currency exchange rates since the prior period under comparison. We believe that excluding the impacts of currency exchange rates provides a better understanding of the underlying revenue performance. Constant currency change is calculated by converting the current period non-U.S. dollar denominated revenue using the prior year’s exchange rate. Where constant currency measures are not provided, the actual change and constant currency change are the same.  
Business services
Business services revenue increased 9% in 2019 compared to 2018. Growth in domestic parcel and shipping solutions volumes contributed 8% of revenue growth and higher volumes at Presort Services contributed 1% of revenue growth.
Cost of business services as a percentage of business services revenue increased to 81.2% in 2019 primarily due to higher incremental fulfillment costs, investments for growth including new facilities, engineering, and marketing programs and a shift in the mix of business to fast growing, but lower margin services, partially offset by lower labor costs resulting from productivity actions.
Business services revenue increased 46% in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to:
39% from the acquisition of Newgistics;
5% from growth in Global Ecommerce driven by higher revenue from shipping solutions, partially offset by lower cross-border revenue due to lower volumes; and
2% from higher volumes of mail processed in Presort Services.
Cost of business services as a percentage of business services revenue increased to 78.7% in 2018 primarily due to continued investment in Global Ecommerce, higher labor and transportation costs in Commerce Services of $40 million driven by increased competition for labor and transportation resources due to the rapid growth in Ecommerce and $8 million from the launch of a marketing mail pilot program in Presort Services.
Support services
Support services revenue decreased 8% in 2019 compared to 2018 and 5% as reported and 6% at constant currency in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to a worldwide decline in our meter population. Cost of support services as a percentage of support services revenue of 32.1% in 2019 was flat compared to the prior year period. Cost of support services as a percentage of support services revenue increased

to 32.3% in 2018 primarily due to the decline in support services revenue.

Financing
Financing revenue decreased 7% as reported and 6% at constant currency in 2019 compared to 2018 and 3% in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to a declining portfolio and lower fees.
We allocate a portion of our total cost of borrowing to financing interest expense based on an 8:1 debt to equity leverage ratio, our overall effective interest rate and the average outstanding finance receivables. Financing interest expense as a percentage of financing revenue increased to 12.1% in 2019 compared to 11.2% in 2018 due to a higher effective interest rate. Financing interest expense as a percentage of financing revenue in 2018 of 11.2% was consistent with the prior year period.

Equipment sales
Equipment sales decreased 11% as reported and 10% at constant currency in 2019 compared to 2018, primarily due to lower sales in mailing finishing products and a longer installation period due to a higher mix of solutions sold with our equipment relative to the prior year. Market Exits accounted for 2% of the decline.
Cost of equipment sales as a percentage of equipment sales revenue increased to 69.4% from 59.7% in the prior year period. A charge related to a SendPro C tablet replacement program, trade tariffs and engineering costs adversely impacted equipment sales margins by 2 percentage points, 2 percentage points and 1 percentage point, respectively.
Equipment sales in 2018 were down slightly compared to 2017. Lower sales in the U.S. and U.K. each contributed a 1% decline in revenue. Cost of equipment sales as a percentage of equipment sales revenue of 59.7% was consistent with the prior year.

Supplies
Supplies revenue decreased 14% as reported and 13% at constant currency in 2019 compared to 2018, primarily due to a declining meter population. Market Exits accounted for 4% of the decline. Cost of supplies as a percentage of supplies revenue of 26.6% in 2019 was consistent with the prior year.
Supplies revenue decreased 6% as reported and 7% at constant currency in 2018 compared to 2017, driven by a global decline in installed mailing equipment and postage volumes. Cost of supplies as a percentage of supplies revenue improved to 27.9% in 2018 compared to 28.7% due to a favorable mix of sales.

Rentals
Rentals revenue decreased 4% as reported and 3% at constant currency in 2019 compared to 2018 and 10% in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to a declining meter population.
Cost of rentals as a percentage of rentals revenue decreased to 39.1% in 2019 compared to 2018 primarily due to a favorable adjustment to cost of rentals recorded in the third quarter. Cost of rentals as a percentage of rentals revenue increased to 44.2% in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to higher scrapping costs associated with retiring aging meters.

Selling, general and administrative (SG&A)
SG&A expense was flat in 2019 compared to 2018. SG&A expense decreased 3%, or $27 million, in 2018 compared to 2017, despite $51 million of incremental expenses from the acquisition of Newgistics. The underlying decrease in SG&A was primarily due to lower employee related expenses of $36 million, lower marketing and advertising spend of $34 million, and other operating expense cost reductions as a result of our cost savings initiatives.

Restructuring charges and asset impairments, net
In 2019, restructuring charges and asset impairments, net of $70 million consisted of $24 million of restructuring related charges and $46 million of asset impairment charges. Asset impairment charges primarily includes the write-off of capitalized software costs related to the development of an ERP system in our international markets resulting from changes in our international footprint.

In 2018, restructuring charges and asset impairments, net of $26 million consisted of $25 million of restructuring related charges and $1 million of asset impairment charges. In 2017, restructuring charges and asset impairments, net of $45 million consisted of $41 million of restructuring related charges and $4 million of asset impairment charges.





Other components of net pension and postretirement cost
As a result of the funded status of our pension plans and the fact that most plans have been frozen, we recognized income in 2019. The 2018 amount includes a $32 million charge in connection with the disposition of the Production Mail Business and certain other actions. The amount of other components of net pension and postretirement cost recognized each year will vary based on actuarial assumptions and actual results of our pension plans.

Other expense
Other expense for 2019 includes a loss of $18 million from Market Exits, primarily from the write-off of cumulative translation adjustments and a $6 million loss on the early extinguishment of debt. Other expense for 2018 and 2017 represents a loss on the early extinguishment of debt.

Income taxes
The effective tax rate for 2019 includes benefits of $23 million from the release of a foreign valuation allowance and $9 million from the resolution of certain tax examinations. The effective tax rate for 2019 also includes a tax of $3 million on the $18 million book loss from Market Exits, primarily due to nondeductible basis differences. The effective tax rate for 2018 includes tax benefits of $37 million related to true-ups from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and $17 million from the resolution of certain tax examinations. The effective tax rate for 2017 includes provisional tax benefits of $39 million from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and $30 million from the resolution of tax examinations.
See Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

Income from discontinued operations
Discontinued operations includes the Software Solutions business, sold in December 2019 and the Production Mail Business, sold in July 2018. See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.




Business Segments
Our reportable segments are Global Ecommerce, Presort Services and SendTech Solutions. The Commerce Services reporting group comprises Global Ecommerce and Presort Services. The principal products and services of each reportable segment are as follows:
Global Ecommerce: Includes the revenue and related expenses from products and services that facilitate domestic retail and ecommerce shipping solutions, including fulfillment and returns, and global cross-border ecommerce transactions.
Presort Services: Includes revenue and related expenses from sortation services to qualify large volumes of First Class Mail, Marketing Mail and Bound and Packet Mail (Marketing Mail Flats and Bound Printed Matter) for postal worksharing discounts.
SendTech Solutions: Includes the revenue and related expenses from physical and digital mailing and shipping solutions, financing, services, supplies and other applications to help simplify and save on the sending, tracking and receiving of letters and packages.
Management measures segment profitability and performance using segment earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT). Segment EBIT is calculated by deducting from segment revenue the related costs and expenses attributable to the segment. Segment EBIT excludes interest, taxes, general corporate expenses, restructuring charges, asset impairment charges and other items not allocated to a particular business segment. Management believes that it provides investors a useful measure of operating performance and underlying trends of the business. Segment EBIT may not be indicative of our overall consolidated performance and therefore, should be read in conjunction with our consolidated results of operations.
Revenue and EBIT by business segment are presented in the tables below.
 Revenue % change
 Years Ended December 31, Actual Constant Currency
 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2019 2018
Global Ecommerce$1,151,510
 $1,022,862
 $552,242
 13 % 85 % 13 % 85 %
Presort Services529,588
 515,795
 497,901
 3 % 4 % 3 % 4 %
Commerce Services1,681,098
 1,538,657
 1,050,143
 9 % 47 % 10 % 46 %
SendTech Solutions1,524,027
 1,672,865
 1,733,864
 (9)% (4)% (8)% (4)%
Total revenue$3,205,125
 $3,211,522
 $2,784,007
  % 15 %  % 15 %
 EBIT
 Years Ended December 31, % change
 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018
Global Ecommerce$(70,146) $(32,379) $(17,899) >(100)%
 (81)%
Presort Services70,693
 73,768
 97,506
 (4)% (24)%
Commerce Services547
 41,389
 79,607
 (99)% (48)%
SendTech Solutions490,322
 558,959
 553,266
 (12)% 1 %
Total segment EBIT$490,869
 $600,348
 $632,873
 (18)% (5)%
Global Ecommerce
Global Ecommerce revenue increased 13% in 2019 compared to 2018. Growth in domestic parcel volumes and shipping solutions volumes contributed 9 points and 5 points, respectively; partially offset by a 1 point decline due to lower cross border volumes. EBIT loss in 2019 increased to $70 million from a loss of $32 million in 2018 primarily driven by higher incremental fulfillment costs, investments for growth including new facilities, engineering, and marketing programs and a shift in the mix of business to fast growing, but lower margin services. We also estimate that EBIT was adversely impacted by $6 million as a result of the ransomware attack.

Global Ecommerce revenue increased 85% in 2018 compared to 2017. Excluding Newgistics, Global Ecommerce revenue increased 13% driven by higher revenue from shipping solutions, partially offset by lower cross-border revenue due to lower volumes. EBIT loss in 2018 increased to $32 million compared to a loss of $18 million in 2017 primarily due to higher amortization expense of $12 million due to a full year of amortization related to Newgistics and higher transportation and labor costs of $6 million due to increased competition for labor and transportation resources as a result of the rapid growth in Ecommerce, partially offset by higher revenue.




Presort Services
Presort Services revenue increased 3% in 2019 compared to 2018, driven primarily from acquisitions as well as growth in existing clients' volumes. EBIT decreased 4%, or $3 million, in 2019 compared to the prior year primarily due to investments of $10 million to improve profitability and higher bad debt expense of $2 million, partially offset by lower labor costs of $13 million resulting from productivity actions. We also estimate that EBIT was adversely impacted by $4 million as a result of the ransomware attack.

Presort Services revenue increased 4% in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to higher volumes of First Class, mail, Standard Class mail and boundBound and packet mailPacket Mail processed. Revenue increased 5% in 2017 compared to 2016 primarily due to higher volumes and revenue per piece of mail processed.

EBIT decreased 24% in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to higher labor and transportation costs of $34 million due to increased competition for labor and transportation resources and $8 million from the launch of a marketing mail pilot program. EBIT increased 2%

SendTech Solutions
SendTech Solutions revenue decreased 9% as reported and 8% at constant currency in 20172019 compared to 20162018, primarily due to:
2% from Market Exits;
2% from lower equipment sales primarily due to lower sales in mailing finishing products and a longer installation period due to a higher revenue.mix of solutions sold with our equipment relative to the prior year;

2% from lower support services and 1% from lower supplies due to a declining meter population; and
North America Mailing1% from lower financing fees.
North America Mailing
EBIT decreased 12% in 2019 compared to 2018, primarily due to the decline in revenue and gross profit margins. The decline in margins was primarily due to a charge of $9 million related to a SendPro C tablet replacement program and higher costs of $8 million from trade tariffs. We also estimate that EBIT was adversely impacted by $8 million as a result of the ransomware attack. The EBIT decrease was partially offset by lower operating expenses of $55 million from cost savings initiatives.

SendTech Solutions revenue decreased 6%4% in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to:
3%2% from lower equipment sales due to a decline in top of the line products;
2% from declines in rentals and support services revenue;revenue related to a worldwide decline in our meter population;
1% from lower supplies; and
1% from lower financing revenue.
EBIT decreased 6% primarily due to the decline in revenue and sales of top of the line products partially offset by lower expenses.

North America Mailing revenue decreased 5% in 2017 compared to 2016 primarily due to:
3% from declines in rentals and support services revenue due to a decline in installed mailing equipment and lower postage volumes; and
2% from lower financing revenue primarily due to a declining lease portfolio and lower fee income.
EBIT decreased 16% primarily due to the decline in revenue and margins.

International Mailing
International Mailing revenue declined 4% in 2018 compared to 2017. On a constant currency basis, revenue declined 7% primarily due to:
4% from lower stream revenues resulting from a lower installed meter base, declining postage volumes and a declining lease portfolio; and
3% from lower equipment sales, primarily in the U.K., France and Italy, partly offset by higher sales in Germany.
EBIT increased 32% in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to lower expenses.

International Mailing revenue declined 7% in 2017 compared to 2016. On a constant currency basis, revenue decreased 6% primarily due to:
3% from lower equipment sales particularly in Europe; and
3% from declines in rentals, financing and support services revenue resulting from a decline in installed mailing equipment and the lease portfolio.
EBIT increased 7% in 2017 compared to 2016, primarily due to higher equipment margins and lower expenses.

Software Solutions
Software revenue increased 3% in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily due to higher data licensing revenue. EBIT increased 39%1% primarily due to lower expenses resulting from cost saving initiatives.savings initiatives, partially offset by the decline in revenue.


Software revenue increased 2% in 2017 compared to 2016 primarily due to higher software licensing, data and SaaS revenue. EBIT increased 53% primarily due to an increase in high margin licensing revenue.





21



LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
We believe that existingare a "Well-Known Seasoned Issuer" within the meaning of Rule 405 under the Securities Act, which allows us to issue debt securities, preferred stock, preference stock, common stock, purchase contracts, depositary shares, warrants and units in an expedited fashion.
At December 31, 2019 we had cash and investments, cash generated from operations and borrowing capacity through the capital markets will be sufficient to support our current cash needs, including discretionary uses such as capital investments, strategic acquisitions, dividends and share repurchases. Cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments were $927of $1 billion, of which $168 million at December 31, 2018 and $1,058 million at December 31, 2017. We continuously review our credit profile through published credit ratings and the credit default swap market. We also monitor the creditworthiness of those banks acting as derivative counterparties, depository banks or credit providers.

Cash and cash equivalentswas held by our foreign subsidiaries were $189 million and$608 million at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. During 2018, we repatriated over $550 million of cash to the U.S. from our foreign subsidiaries and used a portion of these proceeds to repay debt.subsidiaries. Cash and cash equivalents held by our foreign subsidiaries are generally used to support the liquidity needs of thesethose subsidiaries. We believe that existing cash, short-term investments and cash generated from operations will be sufficient to support our current cash needs for at least the next 12 months.


Cash Flow Summary
The change in cash and cash equivalents is as follows:
Years Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2018 2017 20162019 2018 2017
Net cash provided by operating activities$392
 $496
 $496
$252,207
 $342,879
 $454,158
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities260
 (663) (116)489,567
 309,127
 (621,365)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities(766) 368
 (230)(686,640) (766,419) 367,747
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents(25) 44
 (27)2,046
 (25,381) 43,959
Change in cash and cash equivalents (1)
$(140) $244
 $124
$57,180
 $(139,794) $244,499
(1) Amounts may not foot due to rounding.


Operating activities
Cash flows from operations decreased $104$91 million in 2019 compared to 2018, primarily due to lower income of $142 million offset by cash from working capital changes of $24 million and higher cash from discontinued operations of $17 million. We estimate that the ransomware attack adversely impacted cash flows from operations by $27 million.
Cash flows from operations decreased $111 million in 2018 compared to 2017, due to lower cash from continuing operations of $51 million primarily due to:
Lowerrelated to changes in working capital and lower cash from discontinued operations of $58 million; and$61 million.
Lower cash of $45 million from changes in working capital.
Cash flows from operations were flat in 2017 compared to 2016 as lower restructuring and pension contribution payments were offset by changes in working capital.


Investing activities
In 2018,Cash provided by investing activities in 2019 of $490 million primarily included proceeds of approximately $700 from the sale of our Software Solutions business, offset by cash used to fund capital expenditures of $137 million and acquisitions of $22 million. We estimate that the ransomware attack resulted in additional capital expenditures of $2 million.
Cash provided $260 million of cash.by investing activities in 2018 was $309 million. Sources of cash includeincluded gross proceeds of $340 million from the sale of the Production Mail Business and $106 million from investment activities as we liquidated a portion of our investment portfolio to raise cash to support the launch of our enhanced third-party financing offerings. Cash was used to fund capital expenditures of $191 million. The increase in capital expenditures in 2018 compared to 2017 was primarily due to$138 million, which included investments in Commerce Services to build new fulfillment and returns distribution facilities and increase automation at our Presort facilities.
In 2017, we used $663$621 million of cash in investing activities primarily for the acquisition of Newgistics for $471 million and capital expenditures of $168$118 million.
In 2016, we used $116 million of cash investing activities primarily for capital expenditures of $159 million and acquisitions of $38 million. These uses were offset by a source of $75 million from the timing of investment activities.


Financing activities
In 2018, we2019, cash used $766 million of cash in financing activities primarily to repayof $687 million included the net repayment of debt of $540 million, the repurchase of 18.6 million shares of our common stock for $105 million and common stock dividend payments of $35 million.
In 2018, cash used in financing activities of $766 million included the repayment of $570 million of debt, pay dividendscommon stock dividend payments of $140 million and the settlement of a $46 million timing difference between our investing excess cash at the subsidiary level and the funding of an intercompany cash transfer at December 31, 2017.
In 2017, cash fromprovided by financing activities wasof $368 million primarily fromincluded the net issuance of debt of $1,437$472 million partially offset by debt repayments of $965 million and common stock dividend payments of $139 million. In 2016, cash of $230 million was used in financing activities primarily to repay debt of $461 million, redeem noncontrolling interests for $300 million, repurchase stock for $197 million and pay dividends of $141 million. We also received proceeds of $895 million from the issuance of debt.






Debt and Capitalization
We areDuring 2019, we completed a "Well-Known Seasoned Issuer" withinseries of transactions to refinance our debt portfolio, including the meaningfollowing:
Repaid the $150 million term loan due November 2019, the remaining balance of Rule 405 under the Securities Act, which allows us to issue debt securities, preferred stock, preference stock, common stock, purchase contracts, depositary shares, warrants$200 million term loan due September 2020 and units in an expedited fashion. We havethe $300 million term loan due December 2020;
Redeemed the $300 million September 2020 Notes;
Secured a committednew five-year $400 million secured term loan due November 2024 (the 2024 Term Loan); and
Replaced our $1 billion revolving credit facility of $1 billionscheduled to mature in January 2021 with a $500 million secured revolving credit facility that expires in January 2021.November 2024 (the Credit Facility). As of December 31, 20182019, we have not drawn upon the credit facility.Credit Facility.
A portion
In December 2019, we obtained commitments for a five-year $650 million term loan, and in February 2020, we obtained lender commitments for an additional $200 million. The combined commitment amount of our debt financing$850 million is scheduled to mature January 2025 (the 2025 Term Loan). On February 10, 2020, we announced a cash tender offer to purchase up to $950 million aggregate principal amount of the October 2021 Notes, the May 2022 Notes, the April 2023 Notes and the March 2024 Notes (collectively, the Notes). On February 19, 2020, we funded the 2025 Term Loan and will use the net proceeds and the remaining proceeds from the sale of the Software Solutions business to redeem the Notes on or around February 24, 2020. The 2025 Term Loan bears interest at LIBOR plus 5.5% and resets monthly.
The Credit Facility requires compliancethat we maintain a Consolidated Adjusted Total Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Facility agreement) and a Consolidated Adjusted Interest Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Facility agreement), and comply with certain financialother nonfinancial covenants. The agreements associatedCompliance with these financial obligations have been amended on occasioncovenants is determined at the end of each fiscal quarter. In the event of noncompliance with any of the covenants, borrowings under the Credit Facility, the 2024 Term Loan and the 2025 Term Loan (collectively, the Facilities) may be accelerated (subject to adjust the terms of those covenants for limited time periods.grace periods, as appropriate). At December 31, 2018,2019, we were in compliance with all financial covenants. For more information on our financial covenants refer to our exhibits.
Borrowings under the Facilities are secured by substantially all company assets and the assets of certain of our domestic subsidiaries, subject to customary exclusions and limitations set forth in the Credit Facility agreement and other executed loan documents. The Credit Facility agreement contains representations and warranties and affirmative and negative covenants that are usual and customary, including negative covenants that, among other things, limit our ability to incur additional debt, incur or permit liens on assets, make investments and acquisitions, consolidate or merge with any other company, engage in asset sales and make dividends and distributions.
The 2024 Term Loan bears interest at LIBOR plus 1.75% and resets monthly. The interest rate at December 31, 2019 was 3.55%.
Interest rates on certain notes are subject to adjustment based on changes in our credit ratings. In April 2019, Moody's lowered our corporate credit rating from Ba1 to Ba2 resulting in a 25 basis point increase in the interest rates of the May 2022 notes, September 2020 notes, October 2021 notes and April 2023 notes. In connection with the issuance of the secured 2024 Term Loan in November 2019, Moody's and Standard and Poor's (S&P) lowered the credit rating of our unsecured notes to Ba3/BB, rated our secured debt at Ba1/BBB- and reaffirmed our corporate rating of Ba2/BB+. As a result of the change in the credit rating of our unsecured notes, the interest rates on the October 2021 notes, May 2022 notes and April 2023 notes will increase an additional 50 basis points in the second quarter of 2020.
Interest rates on secured borrowings under the Facilities, and any additional term loans we may secure under the Credit Facility are determined based on LIBOR, which is expected to be phased out after 2021. At this time, no consensus exists as to what rate or rates will become accepted alternatives to LIBOR. We have term loansincluded language in our credit documents to address the transition from LIBOR to an alternative rate; however, there are many uncertainties about this transition at this time and no assurances can be given that the transition to an alternate rate will not increase our cost of $200 million maturing in 2019 anddebt that could adversely affect our financial performance.
We have a total of $2.3 billion of debt maturing within the next five years. We fully expect to be able to fund these maturities with cash or by refinancing through the U.S. capital markets. However, our ability to access the U.S. capital markets is dependent upon our credit ratings and is subject to capital market volatility. Given our current credit rating, we may not have immediate or sufficient access to the U.S. capital markets, and when we do access the U.S. capital markets, we may experience reduced flexibility and higher costs.costs when we access the U.S. capital markets.

In June 2019, we redeemed all outstanding shares of the 4% Convertible Cumulative Preferred Stock and the $2.12 Convertible Preference Stock.
2018 Activity
InDuring 2019, we returned a total of $140 million to our shareholders through the second quarterrepurchase of 2018, Standard & Poor's lowered our corporate credit rating from BBB- to BB+. As a result, the stated interest rate on certain18.6 million shares of our long term debt issuances increased 0.25% (see Note 13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).
During 2018, we redeemed the $300common stock for $105 million 6.25% notes due March 2019 and recorded an $8 million loss on the early redemption of debt. We also repaid the $250 million 5.6% notes that matured in March 2018 and $20 million of principal on our term loans. Finally, pursuant to an extension option, the maturity of our $150 million term loan was extended to August 2019.

2017 Activity
In September 2017, we issued $300 million of 3.625% Notes due September 2020 and $400 million of 4.7% Notes due April 2023. Interest is payable semi-annually and is subject to adjustment from time to time based on changes in our credit ratings. Both of these notes may be redeemed, at our option, in whole or in part, at any time at par plus accrued, unpaid interest and a make-whole amount, if any.
In September 2017, we also borrowed $350 million under term loan agreements. The new term loans consist of a $200 million term loan that bears interest at the applicable Eurodollar Rate plus 1.5% and matures in September 2020 and a $150 million term loan that bears interest at the applicable Eurodollar Rate plus 1.125% and matures in August 2018, but includes an option to extend the maturity by one year. For the fourth quarter of 2017, the effective interest rate for the $200 million term loan was 2.78% and the effective interest rate for the $150 million term loan was 2.49%. The interest rates on these term loans are subjectpayment of common stock dividends of $35 million. At December 31, 2019, we have remaining authorization to adjustment from timerepurchase up to time based on changes in our credit ratings.
In May 2017, we issued $400 million of 3.875% Notes. Interest is payable semi-annually and is subject to adjustment based on changes in our credit ratings. The notes mature in May 2022, but may be redeemed, at our option, in whole or in part, at any time at par plus accrued, unpaid interest and a make-whole amount, if any. Subsequent to the issuance of these notes, we experienced a change in our credit rating, resulting in an increase in the fixed rate of 0.25% to 4.125%.
In 2017, we repaid a $150 million term loan, the $385 million of 5.75% Notes due in September 2017 and early redeemed the $350 million 4.75% Notes that were due May 2018. Additionally, bondholders of the 5.25% Notes due 2037 caused us to redeem $79 million of the outstanding notes.

Share Repurchases and Dividends
We did not repurchase shares during 2018 or 2017 and repurchased $197$16 million of our common shares during 2016. We paid dividendsstock; however, do not expect to our common stockholders of $140 million ($0.75 per share), $139 million ($0.75 per share) and $141 million ($0.75 per share) in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.utilize this authorization within the next 12 months. Each quarter, our Board of Directors considers our recent and projected earnings and other capital needs and priorities in deciding whether to approve the payment, as well as the amount of a dividend. There are no material restrictions on our ability to declare dividends.
In February 2019, the Board of Directors approved a first quarter dividend of $0.05 per share and authorized an additional $100 million share repurchase giving us the ability to repurchase up to $121 millionFor discussion of our shares. Subject2018 Debt and Capitalization, refer to market conditions, we will begin to opportunistically repurchase shares as soon as practical and intend to utilize approximately half of this authorization withinour Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the first half ofSEC on February 20, 2019.




Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our known contractual obligations at December 31, 20182019 and the effect that such obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flow in future periods:periods (in millions):
Payments due inPayments due in
Total 2019 2020-2021 2022-2023 After 2023Total 2020 2021-2022 2023-2024 After 2024
Debt maturities$3,296
 $200
 $1,330
 $800
 $966
$2,766
 $20
 $1,050
 $1,235
 $461
Interest payments on debt (1)
1,120
 154
 251
 139
 576
1,029
 137
 230
 121
 541
Noncancelable operating lease obligations231
 48
 76
 45
 62
272
 48
 76
 50
 98
Purchase obligations (2)168
 163
 4
 1
 
163
 160
 3
 
 
Pension plan contributions (3)22
 22
 
 
 
19
 19
 
 
 
Retiree medical payments (4)137
 17
 32
 28
 60
126
 16
 30
 26
 54
Total$4,974
 $604
 $1,693
 $1,013
 $1,664
$4,375
 $400
 $1,389
 $1,432
 $1,154
The amount and period of future payments related to our income tax uncertainties cannot be reliably estimated and are not included in the above table. See Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details.


(1)Assumes all debt is held to maturity.
(2)Includes unrecorded agreements to purchase goods and services that are enforceable and legally binding upon us and that specify all significant terms, including fixed or minimum quantities to be purchased; fixed, minimum or variable price provisions; and the approximate timing of the transaction. Purchase obligations exclude agreements that are cancelable without penalty.
(3)Represents the amount of contributions we anticipate making to our pension plans during 2019.2020. We will assess our funding alternatives as the year progresses and this amount is subject to change.
(4)Our retiree health benefit plans are nonfundedunfunded plans and cash contributions are made each year to cover medical claims costs incurred.claims. The amounts reported in the above table represent our estimate of future payments.

The amount and period of future payments related to our income tax uncertainties cannot be reliably estimated and are not included in the above table. See Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
At December 31, 20182019, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a material current or future effect on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.



24



Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of our financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions about certain items that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and accompanying disclosures, including the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. The accounting policies below have been identified by management as those accounting policies that are most critical to our financial statements due to the estimates and assumptions required. Management believes that the estimates and assumptions used are reasonable and appropriate based on the information available at the time the financial statements were prepared; however, actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions. See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a summary of our accounting policies.


Revenue recognition
We derive revenue from multiple sources including sales,the sale and lease of equipment, equipment rentals, financing, support services and business services. Certain transactions are consummated at the same time and can therefore generate revenue from multiple sources. The most common form of these arrangements involve a sale or noncancelable lease of equipment, a meter rentalservices and an equipment maintenance agreement. We are required to determine whether each product and service within the contract should be treated as a separate performance obligation (unit of accounting) for revenue recognition purposes. We recognize revenue for performance obligations when control of the products or services is transferred to the customer. Transfer of control may occur at a point in time or over time, depending on the nature of the contract and the performance obligation.
Revenue is allocated among performance obligations based on relative "standalonestandalone selling prices"prices (SSP), which is the priceare a range of selling prices that we would sell the good or service to a customer on a separate basis. SSP are established for each performance obligation at the inception of the contract and can be observable prices or estimated. Revenue is allocated to the meter rentalservice and equipment maintenance agreement elements using their respective observable selling prices charged in standalone and renewal transactions. For a sale transaction,and lease transactions, the SSP of the equipment is based on a range of observable selling prices in standalone transactions. For a lease transaction, revenue is allocated to the equipment based on the present value of the remaining minimum lease payments accounted for as a sales type lease at inception. The amount allocated to equipment is compared to the range of selling prices in standalone transactions during the period to ensure the allocated equipment amount approximates average selling prices. We recognize revenue on non-lease transactions when control of the equipment transfers to the customer, which is upon delivery for customer installable models and upon installation or customer acceptance for other models.
We also have contracts that contain only performance obligations to deliver software licenses and software related products and services, which may include maintenance and support services, data, training and integration services. As a majority of our software and data license products are considered “right to use”, we recognize revenue when control is transferred to theon equipment for lease transactions upon shipment for customer which is generallyinstallable models and upon deliveryinstallation or customer acceptance for those licenses requiring significant integration or customization. Revenue from license renewals is recognized at the beginning of the license term. Revenue for software maintenance is recognized on a ratable basis over the contract term. We allocate the transaction price based on relative standalone selling prices, which are generally based on observable selling prices in standalone transactions for our data products, maintenance and professional services. We estimate the standalone selling prices for our software licenses using the residual approach, as the selling prices are highly variable and observable standalone selling prices exist for the other goods and services in the contract.models.


Pension benefits
The valuation of our pension assets and obligations and the calculation of net periodic pension expense and determination of net pension obligations are dependent on assumptions and estimates relating to, among other things, the discount rate (interest rate used to discount the future estimated liability) and the expected rate of return on plan assets. These assumptions are evaluated and updated annually.
The discount rate for our largest plan, the U.S. Qualified Pension Plan (the U.S. Plan) is determined by matching the expected cash flows associated with our benefit obligation to a pool of corporate long-term, high-quality fixed income debt instruments available as of the measurement date. The discount rate forand our largest foreign plan, the U.K. Qualified Pension Plan (the U.K. Plan), is determined by using a model that discounts each year's estimated benefit payments by an applicable spot rate derived from a yield curve created from a large number of high quality corporate bonds. The discount rate used in the determination of net periodic pension expense for 20182019 was 3.69% for the U.S. Plan4.35% and 2.4% for the U.K. Plan.2.65%, respectively. For 2019,2020, the discount rate used in the determination of net periodic pension expense for the U.S. Plan and the U.K. Plan will be 4.34%3.35% and 2.65%1.9%, respectively. A 0.25% change in the discount rate would impact annual pension expense by less than $1 million for both the U.S. Plan and the U.K. Plan, and the projected benefit obligation of the U.S. Plan and U.K. Plan by $38$42 million and $22$25 million, respectively.
Pension assets are exposed to various risks such as interest rate, market and credit risks. We invest our pension plan assets in a variety of investment securities in accordance with our strategic asset allocation policy. The expected return on plan assets is based on historical and expected future returns for current and targeted asset allocations for each asset class in the investment portfolio, adjusted for historical and expected experience of active portfolio management results, as compared to the benchmark returns. The expected rate of return on plan assets used in the determination of net periodic pension expense for 20182019 was 7.0%6.75% for the U.S. Plan and 6.25% for the U.K. Plan.

For 2019,2020, the expected rate of return on plan assets used in the determination of net periodic pension expense for the U.S. Plan will be 6.75%6.25% and the U.K. Plan will be 6.25%5.75%. A 0.25% change in the expected rate of return on plan assets would impact annual pension expense for the U.S. Plan by $3 million and the U.K. Plan by $1 million.
Actual pension plan results that differ from our assumptions and estimates are accumulated and amortized primarily over the life expectancy of plan participants and affect future pension expense. Net pension expense is also based on a market-related valuation of plan assets where differences between the actual and expected return on plan assets are recognized in the calculation of the market-related value of assets over a five-year period. Plan benefits for participants in a majority of our U.S. and foreign pension plans are frozen.
See Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information about our pension plans.


Residual value of leased assets
Equipment residual values are determined at the inception of the lease using estimates of fair value at the end of the lease term. Residual value estimates impact the determination of whether a lease is classified as an operating lease or a sales-type lease. Fair value estimates of equipment at the end of the lease term are based on historical renewal experience, forecasted supply and demand for our products, product retirement and product launch plans, client behavior, regulatory changes, remanufacturing strategies, used equipment markets, competition and technological changes.


We evaluate residual values on an annual basis or sooner if circumstances warrant. Declines in estimated residual values considered "other-than-temporary" are recognized immediately. Increases in estimated future residual values are not recognized until the equipment

is remarketed. If the actual residual value of leased assets were 10% lower than management's current estimates, pre-tax income would be $7$5 million lower.


Allowances for credit losses and doubtful accounts and credit losses
Finance receivables are comprised of sales-type lease receivables and unsecured revolving loan receivables. We provide an allowance for probable credit losses based on historical loss experience, the nature and volume of our portfolios, adverse situations that may affect a client's ability to pay, prevailing economic conditions and our ability to manage the collateral.
Total allowance for credit losses as a percentage of finance receivables was 1%2% at both December 31, 20182019 and 2017.2018. Holding all other assumptions constant, a 0.25% change in the allowance rate at December 31, 20182019 would have reduced pre-tax income by $4$3 million.
AccountsTrade accounts receivable are generally due within 30 days after the invoice date. Accounts deemed uncollectible are written off against the allowance after all collection efforts have been exhausted and management deems the account to be uncollectible. We believe that our accounts receivable credit risk is low because of the geographic and industry diversification of our clients and small account balances for most of our clients.
The allowance for doubtful accounts as a percentage of trade accounts receivables was 5% at December 31, 2019 and 4% at December 31, 2018 and 3% at December 31, 2017.2018. Holding all other assumptions constant, a 0.25% change in the allowance rate at December 31, 20182019 would have reduced pre-tax income by $1 million.


Income taxes and valuation allowance
We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Our annual tax rate is based on income, statutory tax rates, tax reserve changes and tax planning opportunities available to us in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Significant judgment is required in determining the annual tax rate and in evaluating our tax positions. We regularly assess the likelihood of tax adjustments in each of the tax jurisdictions in which we have operations and account for the related financial statement implications. TaxWe have established tax reserves have been established that we believe to beare appropriate given the possibility of tax adjustments. Determining the appropriate level of tax reserves requires us to exercise judgment regarding the uncertain application of tax laws. The amount of reserves isReserves are adjusted when information becomes available or when an event occurs indicating a change in the reserve is appropriate. Future changesChanges in tax reserve requirementsreserves could have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.
Significant judgment is also required in determining the amount of deferred tax assets that will ultimately be realized and corresponding deferred tax asset valuation allowance. When estimating the necessary valuation allowance, we consider all available evidence for each jurisdiction including historical operating results, estimates of future taxable income and the feasibility of ongoing tax planning strategies. If new information becomes available that would alter our estimate of the amount of deferred tax assets that will ultimately be realized, we adjust the valuation allowance through income tax expense. Changes in the deferred tax asset valuation allowance could have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.





Impairment review
Long-lived and finite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. The estimated future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the assets is compared to the carrying value. We derive the cash flow estimates from our long-term business plans and historical experience. If the sum of the undiscounted cash flows is less than the asset's carrying value, an impairment charge is recorded for an amount by which the carrying value exceeds its fair value. The fair value of the impaired asset is determined using probability weighted expected cash flow estimates, quoted market prices when available and appraisals, as appropriate. We derive the cash flow estimates from our long-term business plans and historical experience. Changes in the estimates and assumptions incorporated in our impairment assessment could materially affect the determination of fair value and the associated impairment charge.
Goodwill is tested annually for impairment at the reporting unit level during the fourth quarter or sooner when circumstances indicate an impairment may exist. The impairment test for goodwill determines the fair value of each reporting unit and compares it to the reporting unit's carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill.
Testing goodwill for impairment requires us to identify our reporting units and assign assets and liabilities, including goodwill, to each reporting unit. Significant estimates and assumptions are used in our goodwill impairment review including the identification of reporting units, assigning assets and liabilities, including goodwill, to reporting units and determining the fair value of each reporting unit. The fair value of each reporting unit and is determined based on a combination of techniques, including the present value of future cash flows, multiples of competitors and multiples from sales of like businesses. The estimates and assumptions used to estimatedetermine fair value are based on projections incorporated in our current operating plans, as well as other available information. Our operating planswhich include significantestimates and assumptions and estimates associated with sales growth, profitability, cash flows, capital spending and capital spending.other available information. The determination of fair value also incorporates a risk-adjusted discount rate and other assumptions that market participants

may use. Changes in any of these estimates or assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and the associated goodwill impairment assessment for each reporting unit. Potential events and circumstances, such as the loss of client contracts, inability to acquire new clients, downward pressures on pricing and rising interest rates could have an adversematerially impact on our assumptionsthe determination of a reporting unit's fair value and potentially result in a non-cash impairment chargescharge in future periods.
During the fourth quarter, we conducted our annual impairment review of all our reporting units.  Based on the operating results of this review,the Global Ecommerce business at the end of the third quarter, we concludedperformed a goodwill impairment test to assess the recoverability of the carrying value of goodwill and determined that the estimated fair value of each ofthe reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by less than 20%. We conducted the goodwill impairment text for all our reporting units wereduring the fourth quarter and determined that the estimated fair values of each reporting unit, with the exception of the Global Ecommerce reporting unit, was substantially in excess of their respective carrying values. The estimated fair value of the Global Ecommerce reporting unit still exceeded its carrying value by less than 20%.

The carrying value of goodwill for the Global Ecommerce reporting unit at December 31, 2019 was $609 million. We will continue to monitor and evaluate the carrying value of goodwill for this reporting unit, and should facts and circumstances change, a non-cash impairment charge could be recorded in the future.

Stock-based compensation expense
We recognize compensation cost for stock-based awards based on the estimated fair value of the award.award on the grant date. The fair value of certain stock awards is determined using a Black-Scholes valuation model or Monte Carlo simulation model. These models require assumptions regarding the expected stock price volatility, risk-free interest rate, expected life of the award and dividend yield. The expected stock price volatility is based on historical price changes of our stock. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasuries with a term equal to the expected life of the stock award. The expected life of the award and dividend yield are based on historical experience.
We believe that the valuation techniques and the underlying assumptions are appropriate in determining the fair value of stock-based awards. If factors change causing our assumptions to change, our stock-based compensation expense could be different in the future. In addition, we estimate an expected forfeiture rate and recognize expense only for those shares expected to vest. If the actual forfeiture rate is different from our estimate, stock-based compensation expense recorded in the period could be adversely impacted.


Restructuring
WeCosts associated with restructuring actions primarily include employee severance and other employee separation costs. Certain costs associated with restructuring actions require us to make estimates and assumptions in determiningregarding the ultimate amount that will be paid and the timing of expenses related to our restructuring actions. Ifpayments. Actual amounts paid and the actual amountstiming of payments could differ from our original estimates the amount and timing of the restructuring charges could be impacted.have a material impact our financial statements. On a quarterly basis, we updatecompare our estimatesremaining restructuring reserves to our updated estimate of future remaining obligations and costs associated with all restructuring actions and compare these updated estimates to our current restructuring reserves,obligations and make adjustments if necessary.


Loss contingencies
In the ordinary course of business, we are routinely defendants in, or party to, a number of pending and threatened legal actions. On a quarterly basis, we review the status of each significant matter and assess the potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any claim or legal action is considered probable and can be reasonably estimated, we establish a liability for the estimated loss. The assessment of the ultimate outcome of each claim or legal action and the determination of the potential financial exposure requires significant judgment. Estimates of potential liabilities for claims or legal actions are based only on information that is available at that time. As additional information becomes available, we may revise our estimates, and these revisions could have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position.




Legal and Regulatory Matters
See Legal Proceedings in Item 3 for information regarding our legal proceedings and Other Tax Matters in Note 15 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for regulatory matters regarding our tax returns.


Foreign Currency Exchange
During 2018, 19%2019, 14% of our consolidated revenue was from operations outside the United States. The functional currency for most of our foreign operations is the local currency. Changes in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to the currencies of countries in which we operate impact our reported assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses. Exchange rate fluctuations can also impact the settlement of intercompany receivables and payables between our subsidiaries in different countries. The translation of foreign currencies to the U.S. dollar did not have a material impact on revenues and operating results for the years ended December 31, 20182019, 20172018 and 2016.2017.

27



ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We are exposed to the impact of interest rate changes and foreign currency fluctuations. Our objective in managing exposure to foreign currency is to reduce the volatility in earnings and cash flows associated with fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates on transactions denominated in foreign currencies. Accordingly, we enter into forward contracts, which change in value as foreign currency exchange rates change, and are intended to offset the corresponding change in value of the underlying external and intercompany transactions. The principal currencies actively hedged are the British Pound, Canadian Dollar and the Euro.
At December 31, 20182019, 81%86% of our debt was fixed rate obligations, compared to 81% in 2018, with a weighted average interest rate of 4.9% compared to 4.7%. in 2018. Variable rate debt had a weighted average interest rate of 4.0%3.6% at December 31, 2018.2019, compared to 4.0% in 2018. A one-percentage point change in the effective interest rate of our variable rate debt would not have had a material impact on our 2018 or 2019 pre-tax income.
We employ established policies and procedures governing the use of financial instruments to manage our exposure to such risks and do not enter into foreign currency or interest rate transactions for speculative purposes.
We utilize a "Value-at-Risk" (VaR) model to determine the potential loss in fair value from changes in market conditions. The VaR model utilizes a "Monte Carlo" simulation approach or changes in bond spreads and assumes normal market conditions, a 95% confidence level and a one-day holding period. The model includes all of our public debt and foreign exchange derivative contracts. The modelcontracts, but excludes all anticipated transactions, firm commitments and accounts receivables and payables denominated in foreign currencies, which certain of these instruments are intended to hedge. The VaR model is a risk analysis tool and does not purport to represent actual losses in fair value that will be incurred, nor does it consider the potential effect of favorable changes in market factors.
During 20182019 and 2017,2018, our maximum potential one-day loss in fair value of our exposure to foreign exchange rates and interest rates, using the Monte Carlo simulation approach and the variance/co-variance technique, respectively,or changes in bond spreads was not material.


ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
See "Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplemental Data" in this Form 10-K.




ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.



28


ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act)), that are designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and to reasonably assure that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Any system of controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable (and not absolute) assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Management, underUnder the direction of our CEO and CFO, management evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as required by Rule 13a-15 or Rule 15d-15 under the Exchange

Act. Notwithstanding this caution, the CEO and CFO have reasonable assurance that the disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 20182019.


Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Management assessed the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In making this assessment, management used2019 under the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). Based on its assessment, management and concluded that as of December 31, 2018, the internal control over financial reporting was effective based on the criteria issued by COSO in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013).effective.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 20182019 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report in this Form 10-K.


Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended December 31, 20182019, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, such internal control over financial reporting.


ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.



29

PART III




ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Other than information regarding our executive officers disclosed in Part I of this Annual Report, the information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement to be filed in connection with the 20192020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.


Code of Ethics
We have Business Practices Guidelines (BPG) that apply to all our officers and other employees and a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the Code) that applies to our Board of Directors. The BPG and the Code are posted on our corporate governance website located at www.pb.com/us/our-company/leadership-and-governance/corporate-governance.html. Amendments to either the BPG or the Code and any waiver from a provision of the BPG or the Code requiring disclosure will be disclosed on our corporate governance website.


Audit Committee - Audit Committee Financial Expert
The information regarding the Audit Committee, its members and the Audit Committee financial experts is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement to be filed in connection with the 20192020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.


ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement to be filed in connection with the 20192020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.


ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS


EQUITY COMPENSATION PLAN INFORMATION TABLE


The following table provides information as of December 31, 20182019 regarding the number of shares of common stock that may be issued under our equity compensation plans.


Plan Category 
(a)
Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights
 
(b)
Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights
 
(c)
Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans excluding securities reflected in column (a)
 
(a)
Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights
 
(b)
Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights
 
(c)
Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans excluding securities reflected in column (a)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders 13,593,156
 $15.30 14,411,742
 12,822,684
 $14.08 16,668,426
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders 
 
 
 
 
 
Total 13,593,156
 $15.30 14,411,742
 12,822,684
 $14.08 16,668,426


Other than information regarding securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans, the information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement to be filed in connection with the 20192020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.


ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS, RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement to be filed in connection with the 20192020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.


ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement to be filed in connection with the 20192020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.





30



PART IV


ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)(1)    Consolidated Financial Statements and SchedulesPage Number in Form 10-K
Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 2017 and 20162017
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 2017 and 20162017
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 20182019 and 20172018
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 2017 and 20162017
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 2017 and 20162017
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 2017 and 20162017
(a)(2)Exhibits
Reg. S-K
exhibits
DescriptionStatus or incorporation by reference
3(a)Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Pitney Bowes Inc.
3(b)Pitney Bowes Inc. Amended and Restated By-laws (effective May 10, 2013)
4(a)Form of Indenture between the Company and SunTrust Bank, as Trustee
4(b)Supplemental Indenture No. 1 dated April 18, 2003 between the Company and SunTrust Bank, as Trustee
4(d)First Supplemental Indenture, by and among Pitney Bowes Inc., The Bank of New York, and Citibank, N.A., to the Indenture, dated as of February 14, 2005, by and between the Company and Citibank
10(a) *Retirement Plan for Directors of Pitney Bowes Inc.
10(b.3) *Pitney Bowes Inc. Directors' Stock Plan (Amended and Restated effective May 12, 2014)
10(c) *Pitney Bowes Stock Plan (as amended and restated as of January 1, 2002)
10(d) *Pitney Bowes Inc. 2007 Stock Plan (as amended November 7, 2009)
10(e) *Pitney Bowes Inc. Key Employees' Incentive Plan (as amended and restated February 4, 2019)
10(f) *Pitney Bowes Severance Plan (as amended and restated as of January 1, 2008)
10(g) *Pitney Bowes Senior Executive Severance Policy (as amended and restated as of February 4, 2019)
10(h) *Pitney Bowes Inc. Deferred Incentive Savings Plan for the Board of Directors, as amended and restated effective January 1, 2009
10(i) *Pitney Bowes Inc. Deferred Incentive Savings Plan as amended and restated effective January 1, 2009

Reg. S-K

exhibits
DescriptionStatus or incorporation by reference
10(j) *Pitney Bowes Inc. 1998 U.K. S.A.Y.E. Stock Option Plan
10(k) *Form of Long Term Incentive Award Agreement
10(l) **Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of September 6, 2017, among Pitney Bowes Inc., Neutron Acquisition Corp., NGS Holdings, Inc. and Littlejohn Fund IV, L.P., solely in its capacity as stockholder representative
10(m)*Pitney Bowes Director Equity Deferral plan dated November 8, 2013 (effective May 12, 2014)
10(o)*Pitney Bowes Executive Equity Deferral Plan dated November 7, 2014
10(p)*Pitney Bowes Inc. 2013 Stock Plan
10(q)*Amended and Restated Pitney Bowes Inc. 2018 Stock Plan
10(r)Credit Agreement, $1,000,000,000, dated as of January 6, 2015, by andNovember 1, 2019 (the "Credit Agreement"), among the company, the lenders and issuing banks party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto (the “Revolving Credit Agreement”).agent.
10(s)2.1First Amendment to the Revolving CreditStock and Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of May 31, 2017, byAugust 23, 2019, between Pitney Bowes Inc. and among the company, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto.
Starfish Parent LP*
10(t)Second Amendment to the Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of September 12, 2017, by and among the company, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto.
10(u)Third Amendment to the Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of December 14, 2018, by and among the company, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto.
10(v)Credit Agreement $300,000,000, dated as of January 5, 2016, by and among the company, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto (the “$300M Term Loan”).
10(w)First Amendment to the $300M Term Loan, dated as of September 12, 2017, by and among the company, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto.
10(x)Second Amendment to the $300M Term Loan, dated as of December 14, 2018, by and among the company, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto.
10(y)Credit Agreement $200,000,000, dated as of September 12, 2017, by and among the company, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto.
10(z)First Amendment to the $200,000,000 Term Loan, dated as of December 14, 2018, by and among the company, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto.
10(aa)Term Loan Facility $150,000,000, dated as of August 30, 2017, by and between the company and The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi-UFJ, Ltd. ("$150M Term Loan")
10(bb)First Amendment to the $150M Term Loan, dated as of December 14, 2018, by and between the company and the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi-UFJ, Ltd.
10(cc)Asset Purchase Agreement, dated April 27, 2018, between the company and Stark Acquisition Corporation (the "Asset Purchase Agreement")
10(dd)2.2Amendment to Stock and Supplement to Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2018,December 2, 2019, between the companyPitney Bowes Inc. and DMT Solutions Global Corporation (f/k/a Stark Acquisition Corporation)Starfish Parent LP*

Reg. S-K
exhibits4
Description of Registered SecuritiesStatus or incorporation by reference
21Subsidiaries of the registrant
23Consent of independent registered accounting firm
31.1Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
31.2Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
32.1Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
32.2Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
101.INSXBRL Report Instance Document
101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document 
101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document 
101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document 
101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document 
101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document 
104The cover page from the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, formatted in Inline XBRL (included as Exhibit 101).
* The Exhibits identified above with an asterisk (*) are management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements.
** Pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K, certain exhibits and schedules have been omitted. The registrant hereby agrees to furnish a supplementary copy of any omitted attachment to the SEC upon request.


The Company has outstanding certain other long-term indebtedness. Such long-term indebtedness does not exceed 10% of the total assets of the Company; therefore, copies of instruments defining the rights of holders of such indebtedness are not included as exhibits. The Company agrees to furnish copies of such instruments to the SEC upon request.

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY


None

32



SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Date:February 20, 2020PITNEY BOWES INC.
Registrant

By: /s/ Marc B. Lautenbach
Marc B. Lautenbach
President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
SignatureTitleDate
/s/ Marc B. Lautenbach
Marc B. Lautenbach
President and Chief Executive Officer - DirectorFebruary 20, 2020
/s/ Stanley J. Sutula III                                      
Stanley J. Sutula III
Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)February 20, 2020
/s/ Joseph R. Catapano
Joseph R. Catapano
Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)February 20, 2020
/s/ Michael I. Roth
Michael I. Roth
Non-Executive Chairman - DirectorFebruary 20, 2020
/s/ Anne M. Busquet
Anne M. Busquet
DirectorFebruary 20, 2020
/s/ Robert M. Dutkowsky
Robert M. Dutkowsky
DirectorFebruary 20, 2020
/s/ Anne Sutherland Fuchs
Anne Sutherland Fuchs
DirectorFebruary 20, 2020
/s/ Mary J. Steele Guilfoile
Mary J. Steele Guilfoile
DirectorFebruary 20, 2020
/s/ S. Douglas Hutcheson
S. Douglas Hutcheson
DirectorFebruary 20, 2020
/s/ Linda S. Sanford
Linda S. Sanford
DirectorFebruary 20, 2020
/s/ David L. Shedlarz
David L. Shedlarz
DirectorFebruary 20, 2020

33





  Page Number
   
Consolidated Financial Statements of Pitney Bowes Inc. 
 Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 2017 and 20162017
 Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 2017 and 20162017
 Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 20182019 and 20172018
 Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 2017 and 20162017
 Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 2017 and 20162017
 
Financial Statement Schedule 
 Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 2017 and 20162017





34



Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Pitney Bowes Inc.

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Pitney Bowes Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 20182019 and December 31, 2017,2018, and the related consolidated statements of income, of comprehensive income, of stockholders’ equity (deficit) and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018,2019, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)(1) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018,2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidatedfinancial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 20182019 and December 31, 2017, 2018, and the results of itsoperations and itscash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 20182019 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018,2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework(2013)issued by the COSO.

ChangeChanges in Accounting PrinciplePrinciples

As discussed in NotesNote 1 and 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases in 2019 and the manner in which it accounts for revenues from contracts with customers in 2018. The adoption of the accounting standard for leases is also discussed below as a critical audit matter.

Basis for Opinions

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management'sManagement’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidatedfinancial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Goodwill - Interim Impairment Assessment for the Global Ecommerce Reporting Unit
As described in Notes 1 and 9 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated goodwill balance was $1,324 million as of December 31, 2019, and the goodwill balance associated with the Global Ecommerce reporting unit was $609 million.Management conducts an impairment test annually during the fourth quarter or sooner if circumstances indicate an impairment may exist. The impairment test for goodwill determines the fair value of the reporting unit and compares it to the reporting unit’s carrying value, including goodwill. As disclosed by management, the fair value of the reporting unit is estimated by management using a combination of techniques, including the present value of future cash flows, multiples of competitors and multiples from sales of like businesses. Based on the operating results of the Global Ecommerce business at the end of the third quarter, management performed a goodwill impairment test to assess the recoverability of the carrying value of goodwill. As a result of the test, management determined that the estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying value and therefore no impairment was recorded. The estimates and assumptions used by management to determine fair value are based on projections incorporated in management’s current operating plans, which include estimates and assumptions associated with sales growth, profitability, cash flows and capital spending, and other available information. The determination of fair value also incorporates a risk-adjusted discount rate and other assumptions that market participants may use.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to goodwill, specifically the interim impairment assessment performed for the Global Ecommerce reporting unit, is a critical audit matter are there was significant judgment by management in developing the fair value estimate of this reporting unit. This in turn led to significant auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures to evaluate management’s cash flow projections and significant assumptions, including sales growth, profitability, and the risk-adjusted discount rate. In addition, the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing these procedures and evaluating the audit evidence obtained.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s goodwill impairment test for the Global Ecommerce reporting unit, including controls over the valuation of the Company’s reporting unit and the underlying cash flow projections. These procedures also included, among others, testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimate; evaluating the appropriateness of management’s model; testing the completeness, accuracy, and relevance of underlying data used in the model; and evaluating reasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management, including sales growth, profitability and the risk-adjusted discount rate. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to sales growth and profitability involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the reporting unit, (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data, and (iii) whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in the evaluation of management’s model and certain significant assumptions, including the risk-adjusted discount rate.
Income Taxes
As described in Notes 1 and 15 to the consolidated financial statements, the effective tax rate in 2019 was 47.9%, and the total benefit for income taxes was $13 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The provision for income taxes includes income from U.S. and foreign affiliates taxed at statutory rates, the accrual or release of amounts for tax uncertainties, and U.S. tax impacts of foreign income in the U.S. The Company reported unrecognized tax benefits of $60 million. In addition, the Company has recorded a net deferred tax liability of $203 million as of December 31, 2019, comprised of deferred tax liabilities of $387 million and deferred tax assets of $184 million. These deferred tax assets are net of valuation allowance of $111 million to reduce the deferred tax assets to an amount that management determined is more-likely-than-not to be realized. The valuation allowance primarily relates to certain foreign, state and local net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards that are more-likely-than-not to expire unutilized. In estimating the necessary valuation allowance, management considers all available evidence for each jurisdiction including historical operating results, estimates of future taxable income and the feasibility of ongoing tax planning strategies.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to income taxes is a critical audit matter are there was significant judgment and estimation by management when assessing complex tax laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which the Company operates, analyzing tax uncertainties, and assessing the need for a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures to i) evaluate the identification and measurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities, ii) evaluate the timely identification and measurement of uncertain tax positions, and iii) assess the realizability of deferred tax assets. In addition, the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing these procedures and evaluating the audit evidence obtained.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to income taxes, including controls relating to the identification and recognition of the liability for uncertain tax positions and permanent and temporary differences within various jurisdictions, and the recognition and measurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities. These procedures also included, among others, (i) testing the provision for income taxes, including the effective tax rate reconciliation and the permanent and temporary differences, (ii) testing the underlying data and evaluating the significant assumptions used in establishing and measuring tax-related assets and liabilities, (iii) evaluating the identification of reserves for uncertain tax positions and the reasonableness of the more-likely-than-not determination in consideration of tax law in applicable jurisdictions, new rulings, court decisions, legislative actions, statute of limitations, and developments in tax examinations, and (iv) testing management’s process for determining the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, including evaluating management's assessment of the realizability of deferred tax assets on a jurisdictional basis and evaluating the assumptions used by management related to future taxable income and the related expected utilization and the feasibility of ongoing tax planning strategies. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating the reasonableness of management’s judgments and estimates, including application of tax laws and regulations.
Adoption of the Accounting Standard for Leases
As described above and in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company adopted the new accounting standard for leases on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective transition approach of applying the standard at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements. Accordingly, prior period financial statements were recast, and a cumulative effect adjustment was recorded as of January 1, 2017 to reduce retained earnings by $137 million. Management’s assessment of the impact of the new lease standard to the lessor portfolio considered changes in the timing and classification of revenue related to contract modifications, and changes related to the definition of a leased asset.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the adoption of the accounting standard for leases is a critical audit matter are there was significant judgment by management in identifying the lease components within the Company’s lessor portfolio and evaluating the accounting for lease modifications. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures to evaluate lease components, the accounting for lease modifications, and management’s method of application of the new lease standard to the lessor portfolio. In addition, the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing these procedures and evaluating the audit evidence obtained.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s adoption of the new lease standard, including management’s process to identify lease components and account for lease modifications. These procedures also included, among others, testing the determination of lease components, evaluating the accounting for lease modifications and testing the appropriateness of management’s recast of prior period financial statements, including testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used in the recast. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in the evaluation of certain accounting conclusions, including the identification of lease components and accounting for lease modifications for the lessor portfolio.


/s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Stamford, CTConnecticut
February 20, 20192020

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1934.





37


PITNEY BOWES INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In thousands, except per share amounts)




Years Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2018 2017 20162019 2018 2017
Revenue: 
  
   
  
  
Business services$1,710,801
 $1,566,470
 $1,071,021
Support services506,187
 552,472
 581,474
Financing368,090
 394,557
 406,395
Equipment sales$430,451
 $476,691
 $480,031
352,104
 395,652
 400,704
Supplies218,304
 231,412
 241,950
187,287
 218,304
 231,412
Software340,855
 331,843
 325,577
Rentals363,057
 384,123
 410,241
80,656
 84,067
 93,001
Financing314,778
 330,985
 366,424
Support services293,413
 299,792
 329,424
Business services1,561,522
 1,068,426
 827,676
Total revenue3,522,380
 3,123,272
 2,981,323
3,205,125
 3,211,522
 2,784,007
Costs and expenses: 
  
   
  
  
Cost of business services1,389,569
 1,233,105
 770,018
Cost of support services162,300
 178,495
 173,555
Financing interest expense44,648
 44,376
 46,178
Cost of equipment sales181,766
 201,116
 203,220
244,210
 236,160
 238,062
Cost of supplies60,960
 66,302
 65,509
49,882
 60,960
 66,302
Cost of software100,681
 95,033
 96,151
Cost of rentals86,330
 82,703
 74,457
31,530
 37,178
 33,741
Financing interest expense48,857
 50,665
 55,241
Cost of support services168,271
 163,889
 166,247
Cost of business services1,246,084
 773,052
 568,509
Selling, general and administrative1,123,116
 1,170,905
 1,140,100
1,003,989
 1,002,935
 1,029,494
Research and development125,588
 118,703
 107,378
51,258
 58,523
 60,857
Restructuring charges and asset impairments, net27,077
 56,223
 60,295
69,606
 25,899
 44,849
Goodwill impairment
 
 148,181
Interest expense, net110,900
 113,497
 88,970
110,910
 115,381
 117,984
Other components of net pension and postretirement cost22,425
 5,413
 5,276
(4,225) 22,425
 5,413
Other expense7,964
 3,856
 
24,306
 7,964
 3,856
Total costs and expenses3,310,019
 2,901,357
 2,779,534
3,177,983
 3,023,401
 2,590,309
Income from continuing operations before income taxes212,361
 221,915
 201,789
27,142
 188,121
 193,698
Provision for income taxes12,383
 553
 106,975
(Benefit) provision for income taxes(13,007) 6,416
 13,659
Income from continuing operations199,978
 221,362
 94,814
40,149
 181,705
 180,039
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax23,687
 39,978
 17,036
154,460
 60,106
 63,489
Net income223,665
 261,340
 111,850
$194,609
 $241,811
 $243,528
Less: Preferred stock dividends of subsidiaries attributable to noncontrolling interests
 
 19,045
Net income - Pitney Bowes Inc.$223,665
 $261,340
 $92,805
Amounts attributable to common stockholders: 
  
  
Income from continuing operations$199,978
 $221,362
 $75,769
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax23,687
 39,978
 17,036
Net income - Pitney Bowes Inc.$223,665
 $261,340
 $92,805
Basic earnings per share attributable to common stockholders (1):
 
  
   
  
  
Continuing operations$1.07
 $1.19
 $0.40
$0.23
 $0.97
 $0.97
Discontinued operations0.13
 0.21
 0.09
0.88
 0.32
 0.34
Net income - Pitney Bowes Inc.$1.19
 $1.40
 $0.49
Net income$1.10
 $1.29
 $1.31
Diluted earnings per share attributable to common stockholders (1):
 
  
   
  
  
Continuing operations$1.06
 $1.18
 $0.40
$0.23
 $0.96
 $0.96
Discontinued operations0.13
 0.21
 0.09
0.87
 0.32
 0.34
Net income - Pitney Bowes Inc.$1.19
 $1.39
 $0.49
Net income$1.10
 $1.28
 $1.30
(1)
The sum of the earnings per share amounts may not equal the totals due to rounding.


















See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

38

PITNEY BOWES INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In thousands)





 Years Ended December 31,
 2018 2017 2016
Net income$223,665
 $261,340
 $111,850
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:     
Foreign currency translations, net of tax of $(6,289) in 2018(54,531) 106,391
 (4,464)
Net unrealized gain on cash flow hedges, net of tax of $232, $678, and $1,513, respectively684
 1,079
 2,427
Net unrealized gain (loss) on available for sale securities, net of tax of $(1,545), $944 and $(244), respectively(5,002) 1,477
 (416)
Adjustments to pension and postretirement plans, net of tax of $(13,058), $3,089 and $(17,550), respectively(46,170) 12,185
 (73,141)
Amortization of pension and postretirement costs, net of tax of $21,675, $13,936, and $14,430, respectively64,999
 26,828
 24,096
Other comprehensive (loss) income(40,020) 147,960
 (51,498)
Comprehensive income183,645
 409,300
 60,352
Less: Preferred stock dividends attributable to noncontrolling interests
 
 19,045
Comprehensive income - Pitney Bowes Inc.$183,645
 $409,300
 $41,307
 Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
Net income$194,609
 $241,811
 $243,528
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:     
Foreign currency translations, net of tax of $3,071 in 2019 and $(4,992) in 201875,319
 (52,299) 103,624
Net unrealized gain on cash flow hedges, net of tax of $49, $232, and $678, respectively146
 684
 1,079
Net unrealized gain (loss) on available for sale securities, net of tax of $1,970, $(1,545), and $944, respectively5,910
 (5,002) 1,477
Adjustments to pension and postretirement plans, net of tax of ($1,270), $(13,508), and $3,089, respectively(845) (46,170) 12,185
Amortization of pension and postretirement costs, net of tax of $9,497, $21,675, and $13,936, respectively28,288
 64,999
 26,828
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax108,818
 (37,788) 145,193
Comprehensive income$303,427
 $204,023
 $388,721









































































See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

39

PITNEY BOWES INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share amounts)


December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
ASSETS 
  
 
  
Current assets: 
  
 
  
Cash and cash equivalents$867,262
 $1,009,021
$924,442
 $867,262
Short-term investments59,391
 48,988
115,879
 59,391
Accounts receivable (net of allowance of $17,617 and $14,786 respectively)455,807
 427,022
Short-term finance receivables (net of allowance of $12,454 and $12,187, respectively)789,661
 828,003
Accounts and other receivables (net of allowance of $17,830 and $17,443 respectively)373,471
 371,797
Short-term finance receivables (net of allowance of $12,556 and $12,418, respectively)629,643
 653,236
Inventories41,964
 40,769
68,251
 62,279
Current income taxes5,947
 58,439
5,565
 5,947
Other current assets and prepayments99,332
 83,293
101,601
 74,782
Assets of discontinued operations4,854
 334,848
17,229
 602,823
Total current assets2,324,218
 2,830,383
2,236,081
 2,697,517
Property, plant and equipment, net410,114
 373,503
376,177
 398,501
Rental property and equipment, net178,099
 183,956
41,225
 46,228
Long-term finance receivables (net of allowance of $7,768 and $6,446, respectively)592,165
 652,087
Long-term finance receivables (net of allowance of $7,095 and $7,804, respectively)625,487
 635,908
Goodwill1,766,511
 1,774,645
1,324,179
 1,332,351
Intangible assets, net227,137
 272,186
190,640
 213,200
Operating lease assets200,752
 152,554
Noncurrent income taxes61,420
 59,909
71,903
 65,001
Other assets413,239
 540,751
400,456
 397,159
Total assets$5,972,903
 $6,687,420
$5,466,900
 $5,938,419
      
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY   
   
Current liabilities: 
  
 
  
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities$1,401,635
 $1,458,854
$1,384,808
 $1,348,127
Current operating lease liabilities36,060
 35,208
Current portion of long-term debt199,535
 271,057
20,108
 199,535
Advance billings237,529
 257,766
101,920
 116,862
Current income taxes15,165
 8,823
17,083
 15,284
Liabilities of discontinued operations3,276
 72,808
9,713
 174,798
Total current liabilities1,857,140
 2,069,308
1,569,692
 1,889,814
Long-term debt2,719,614
 3,066,073
Deferred taxes on income295,808
 249,143
274,435
 253,560
Tax uncertainties and other income tax liabilities39,548
 102,051
38,834
 39,548
Long-term debt3,066,073
 3,559,278
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities177,711
 125,294
Other noncurrent liabilities474,862
 519,079
400,518
 462,288
Total liabilities5,733,431
 6,498,859
5,180,804
 5,836,577
      
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 16)

 



 


      
Stockholders' equity:      
Cumulative preferred stock, $50 par value, 4% convertible1
 1

 1
Cumulative preference stock, no par value, $2.12 convertible396
 441

 396
Common stock, $1 par value (480,000,000 shares authorized; 323,337,912 shares issued)323,338
 323,338
323,338
 323,338
Additional paid-in capital121,475
 138,367
98,748
 121,475
Retained earnings5,416,777
 5,229,584
5,438,930
 5,279,682
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(948,426) (792,173)(840,143) (948,961)
Treasury stock, at cost (135,662,830 and 136,734,174 shares, respectively)(4,674,089) (4,710,997)
Treasury stock, at cost (152,888,969 and 135,662,830 shares, respectively)(4,734,777) (4,674,089)
Total stockholders’ equity239,472
 188,561
286,096
 101,842
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$5,972,903
 $6,687,420
$5,466,900
 $5,938,419




See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

40

PITNEY BOWES INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)




Years Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2018 2017 20162019 2018 2017
Cash flows from operating activities: 
  
   
  
  
Net income$223,665
 $261,340
 $111,850
$194,609
 $241,811
 $243,528
Income from discontinued operations(23,687) (39,978) (17,036)
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax(154,460) (60,106) (63,489)
Restructuring payments(52,974) (37,454) (62,071)(27,148) (52,730) (26,080)
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: 
  
   
  
  
Depreciation and amortization159,142
 148,464
 126,790
Stock-based compensation23,149
 21,042
 24,389
Restructuring charges and asset impairments, net27,077
 56,223
 60,295
69,606
 25,899
 44,849
Goodwill impairment
 
 148,181
Depreciation and amortization203,293
 179,650
 174,065
Loss on sale of businesses17,683
 
 
Pension plan settlement31,329
 
 

 31,329
 
Special pension plan contribution
 
 (36,731)
Loss on sale of businesses
 
 5,786
Gain on sale of technology
 (6,085) 
Gain on debt forgiveness
 
 (10,000)
Stock-based compensation21,042
 24,389
 14,882
Deferred tax (benefit) provision56,981
 (25,390) 3,467
Deferred tax provision (benefit)4,931
 64,065
 (1,414)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions/divestitures: 
  
   
  
  
(Increase) decrease in accounts receivable(35,565) (15,923) 27,794
Decrease (increase) in accounts and other receivables8,318
 (44,031) (7,165)
Decrease in finance receivables79,918
 125,991
 119,883
25,638
 53,280
 147,836
Decrease (increase) in inventories93
 7,324
 (2,880)
(Increase) decrease in other current assets and prepayments(22,609) 9,118
 (717)
Decrease in accounts payable and accrued liabilities(3,180) (13,238) (97,783)
Increase (decrease) in current and non-current income taxes(24,807) (14,581) (1,661)
Increase in inventories(5,588) (1,441) (213)
Increase in other current assets and prepayments(27,096) (9,881) (3,131)
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and accrued liabilities11,492
 (2,758) (18,651)
Decrease in current and noncurrent income taxes(40,119) (28,127) (23,516)
Decrease in advance billings(21,506) (21,193) (48,432)(10,361) (19,802) (33,665)
Change in net operating lease assets and liabilities6,398
 346
 14,840
Other, net(37,705) (23,384) 14,017
(13,259) (16,565) (23,508)
Net cash provided by operating activities: continuing operations421,365
 466,809
 402,909
242,935
 350,795
 401,400
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities: discontinued operations(29,103) 29,004
 93,213
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: discontinued operations9,272
 (7,916) 52,758
Net cash provided by operating activities392,262
 495,813
 496,122
252,207
 342,879
 454,158
Cash flows from investing activities: 
  
   
  
  
Purchases of available-for-sale securities(81,527) (125,055) (212,810)(57,194) (81,527) (125,055)
Proceeds from sales/maturities of available-for-sale securities175,820
 113,501
 211,696
108,548
 175,820
 113,501
Net change in short-term and other investments11,838
 (8,285) 75,654
(78,814) 11,838
 (8,285)
Capital expenditures(191,444) (168,097) (159,232)(137,253) (137,810) (118,247)
Proceeds from sale of assets
 5,458
 17,671
Reserve account deposits21,008
 10,954
 (2,183)16,341
 21,008
 10,954
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired(10,484) (482,853) (37,842)(22,100) (10,484) (482,853)
Other investing activities(4,250) (5,750) (6,908)(10,091) (4,250) (5,750)
Net cash used in investing activities: continuing operations(79,039) (660,127) (113,954)(180,563) (25,405) (615,735)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities: discontinued operations338,783
 (2,893) (1,599)670,130
 334,532
 (5,630)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities259,744
 (663,020) (115,553)489,567
 309,127
 (621,365)
Cash flows from financing activities: 
  
   
  
  
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt
 1,436,660
 894,744
389,986
 
 1,436,660
Principal payments of long-term obligations(570,180) (964,550) (371,007)
Decrease in short-term borrowings
 
 (90,000)
Principal payments of long-term debt(930,189) (570,180) (964,550)
Dividends paid to stockholders(140,498) (139,490) (140,608)(35,361) (140,498) (139,490)
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests
 
 (18,528)
Common stock repurchases
 
 (197,267)(105,000) 
 
Redemption of noncontrolling interests
 
 (300,000)
Other financing activities(55,741) 35,127
 (6,863)(6,076) (55,741) 35,127
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities(766,419) 367,747
 (229,529)(686,640) (766,419) 367,747
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents(25,381) 43,959
 (26,708)2,046
 (25,381) 43,959
(Decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents(139,794) 244,499
 124,332
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents57,180
 (139,794) 244,499
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period1,009,021
 764,522
 640,190
867,262
 1,009,021
 764,522
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period869,227
 1,009,021
 764,522
924,442
 869,227
 1,009,021
Less cash and cash equivalents of discontinued operations1,965
 
 

 1,965
 
Cash and cash equivalents of continuing operations at end of period$867,262
 $1,009,021
 $764,522
$924,442
 $867,262
 $1,009,021
     
Cash interest paid$171,120
 $169,279
 $150,567
$157,709
 $171,120
 $169,279
Cash income tax payments, net of refunds$25,906
 $53,247
 $127,299
$27,109
 $25,906
 $53,247




See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

41

PITNEY BOWES INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT)
(In thousands)




Preferred
stock
 
Preference
stock
 Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive loss Treasury stock Total equity (deficit)
Preferred
stock
 
Preference
stock
 Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive loss Treasury stock Total equity (deficit)
Balance at December 31, 2015$1
 $505
 $323,338
 $161,280
 $5,155,537
 $(888,635) $(4,573,305) $178,721
Net income - Pitney Bowes Inc.
 
 
 
 92,805
 
 
 92,805
Other comprehensive loss
 
 
 
 
 (51,498) 
 (51,498)
Cash dividends               
Common ($0.75 per share)
 
 
 
 (140,570) 
 
 (140,570)
Preference
 
 
 
 (38) 
 
 (38)
Issuances of common stock
 
 
 (27,856) 
 
 26,886
 (970)
Conversions to common stock
 (22) 
 (456) 
 
 478
 
Stock-based compensation
 
 
 15,157
 
 
 
 15,157
Repurchase of common stock
 
 
 
 
 
 (197,267) (197,267)
Balance at December 31, 20161
 483
 323,338
 148,125
 5,107,734
 (940,133) (4,743,208) (103,660)$1
 $483
 $323,338
 $148,125
 $5,107,734
 $(940,133) $(4,743,208) $(103,660)
Net income - Pitney Bowes Inc.
 
 
 
 261,340
 
 
 261,340
Other comprehensive loss
 
 
 
 
 147,960
 
 147,960
Cumulative effect of accounting changes
 
 
 
 (137,429) 
 
 (137,429)
Net income
 
 
 
 243,528
 
 
 243,528
Other comprehensive income
 
 
 
 
 145,193
 
 145,193
Cash dividends                              
Common ($0.75 per share)
 
 
 
 (139,454) 
 
 (139,454)
 
 
 
 (139,454) 
 
 (139,454)
Preference
 
 
 
 (36) 
 
 (36)
 
 
 
 (36) 
 
 (36)
Issuances of common stock
 
 
 (33,316) 
 
 31,338
 (1,978)
 
 
 (33,316) 
 
 31,338
 (1,978)
Conversions to common stock
 (42) 
 (831) 
 
 873
 

 (42) 
 (831) 
 
 873
 
Stock-based compensation
 
 
 24,389
 
 
 
 24,389

 
 
 24,389
 
 
 
 24,389
Balance at December 31, 20171
 441
 323,338
 138,367
 5,229,584
 (792,173) (4,710,997) 188,561
1
 441
 323,338
 138,367
 5,074,343
 (794,940) (4,710,997) 30,553
Cumulative effect of accounting changes
 
 
 
 104,026
 (116,233) 
 (12,207)
 
 
 
 104,026
 (116,233) 
 (12,207)
Net income - Pitney Bowes Inc.
 
 
 
 223,665
 
 
 223,665
Other comprehensive income
 
 
 
 
 (40,020) 
 (40,020)
Net income
 
 
 
 241,811
 
 
 241,811
Other comprehensive loss
 
 
 
 
 (37,788) 
 (37,788)
Cash dividends                              
Common ($0.75 per share)
 
 
 
 (140,466) 
 
 (140,466)
 
 
 
 (140,466) 
 
 (140,466)
Preference
 
 
 
 (32) 
 
 (32)
 
 
 
 (32) 
 
 (32)
Issuances of common stock
 
 
 (37,030) 
 
 35,959
 (1,071)
 
 
 (37,030) 
 
 35,959
 (1,071)
Conversions to common stock
 (45) 
 (904) 
 
 949
 

 (45) 
 (904) 
 
 949
 
Stock-based compensation
 
 
 21,042
 
 
 
 21,042

 
 
 21,042
 
 
 
 21,042
Balance at December 31, 2018$1
 $396
 $323,338
 $121,475
 $5,416,777
 $(948,426) $(4,674,089) $239,472
1
 396
 323,338
 121,475
 5,279,682
 (948,961) (4,674,089) 101,842
Net income
 
 
 
 194,609
 
 
 194,609
Other comprehensive income
 
 
 
 
 108,818
 
 108,818
Cash dividends               
Common ($0.20 per share)
 
 
 
 (35,353) 
 
 (35,353)
Preference
 
 
 
 (8) 
 
 (8)
Issuances of common stock
 
 
 (43,062) 
 
 41,378
 (1,684)
Conversions to common stock
 (130) 
 (2,804) 
 
 2,934
 
Redemption of preferred/preference stock(1) (266) 
 (10) 
 
 
 (277)
Stock-based compensation
 
 
 23,149
 
 
 
 23,149
Repurchase of common stock
 
 
 
 
 
 (105,000) (105,000)
Balance at December 31, 2019$
 $
 $323,338
 $98,748
 $5,438,930
 $(840,143) $(4,734,777) $286,096
























See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

42

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)






1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies


Basis of Presentation
The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements of Pitney Bowes Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries (we, us, our, or the company) and its wholly owned subsidiaries have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.
Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 842, Leases (ASC 842), using the modified retrospective transition approach with a cumulative effect adjustment. Prior periods have been recast to conform to the current period presentation.
Discontinued operations includes the Software Solutions business, sold in December 2019 and the Production Mail business, sold in July 2018. All prior periods have been recast to report these operations as discontinued operations. See Note 4 for further details.
We revisedrecast our segment reporting to combine North America Mailing and International Mailing into the Sending Technology Solutions (SendTech Solutions) segment to reflect how we manage these operations and the products and services provided to our clients. Additionally, we sold the direct operations and moved to a dealer model in 6 smaller international markets within SendTech Solutions (Market Exits) and recognized a pre-tax loss of $18 million in other expense. In connection with the sale, we recognized a receivable for the transfer of the lease portfolio in these international markets of $24 million. This receivable is included in other receivables.
Based on their nature, we determined that certain costs previously classified as research and development and cost of business services should be classified in other line items within costs and expenses. Accordingly, the classification of these costs are reflected as such in the income statements for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the reclassification of these costs reduced research and development expense and cost of business services by $29 million and $13 million, respectively, and increased selling, general and administrative expense and cost of equipment sales by $30 million and $12 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the reclassification of these costs reduced research and development expense and cost of business services by $15 million and $3 million, respectively, and increased selling, general and administrative expense and cost of equipment sales by $11 million and $7 million, respectively. Additionally, for the year ended December 31, 2018, cost of equipment sales and cost of rentals were reduced by $5 million and $3 million, respectively, and cost of support services was increased by $8 million. For the year ended December 31, 2017, both cost of equipment sales and cost of rentals were reduced by $3 million and cost of support services increased by $6 million.
The December 31, 2018 balance sheet reflects the correction to correct the classification between tax uncertaintiesof assets and other income tax liabilities by reducing short-term finance receivables and deferred taxes on incomeadvance billings by $14$106 million related to withholding taxes on unremitted earnings of our foreign subsidiaries. The impact of this revision was not material to the prior quarters.and $6 million, respectively, and increasing long-term finance receivables by $100 million.
In JulyEffective January 1, 2018, we sold our Document Messaging Technology production mail businessadopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers using the modified retrospective method and supporting software (the Production Mail Business)recognized a $9 million cumulative effect adjustment to an affiliate of Platinum Equity, LLC, a leading global private equity firm. The Production Mail Business qualified as a discontinued operation and accordingly,retained earnings at the assets, liabilities and results of operationsdate of the Production Mail Business are reported as discontinued operations (see Note 4).initial application. Additionally in 2018, we adopted ASU 2016-06, Income Taxes: Intra-entity Transfers of Assets other than Inventory and recognized a $3 million cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings and ASU 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income with a cumulative effect adjustment to reclassify $116 million from AOCI to opening retained earnings. For more information, refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 20, 2019.


Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and accompanying disclosures, including the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. These estimates and assumptions are based on management's best knowledge of current events, historical experience and other information available when the financial statements are prepared. These estimates include, but are not limited to, goodwill and intangible asset impairment review, deferred tax asset valuation allowance, income tax reserves, revenue recognition for multiple element arrangements, the allocation of purchase price to assetspension and liabilities acquired in business combinations, goodwill and intangible asset impairment review,other postretirement costs, allowance for doubtful accounts and credit losses, residual values of leased assets, useful lives of long-lived and intangible assets, restructuring costs, pensionthe allocation of purchase price to assets and other postretirement costs, income tax reserves, deferred tax asset valuation allowance,liabilities acquired in business combinations, stock-based compensation expense and loss contingencies. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions.






43

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

Cash Equivalents and Investments
Cash equivalents include highly-liquid interest-earning investments with a maturitymaturities of three months or less at the date of purchase. Short-term investments include investments with an original maturitymaturities of greater than three months and remaining maturities of less than one year from the reporting date. Investments with maturities greater than one year from the reporting date are recorded as other assets.
Our investmentInvestment securities are primarily classified as available-for-sale andare recorded at fair value with unrealized holding gains and losses, excluding other-than-temporary impairments, reportednet of tax, recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income net of tax.(AOCI). Purchase premiums and discounts are amortized using the effective interest method over the term of the security. Gains and losses on the sale of available-for-sale securities are recorded on the trade date using the specific identification method. Investment securities that management has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity and are carried at amortized cost. Investment securities are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and other assets depending on the investment's maturity.


Accounts Receivableand Other Receivables and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Accounts receivable are generally due within 30 days after the invoice date.
Accounts deemed uncollectiblereceivable are written off against the allowance after all collection efforts have been exhausted and management deems the account to be uncollectible. We provide an allowance for doubtful accounts based on historical loss experience, the age of the receivables, specific troubled accounts and other currently available information. We believe that our accounts receivable credit risk is low because of the geographic and industry diversification of our clients and small account balances for most of our clients.
We estimate the probable losses on accounts receivable and provide an allowance for doubtful accounts. Our estimate is based on historical loss experience, the age of the receivables, specific troubled accounts and other currently available information. We continually evaluate the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts and make adjustments as necessary.

Accounts and other receivables includes other receivables of $91 million at December 31, 2019 and $75 million at December 31, 2018.

Finance Receivables and Allowance for Credit Losses
Finance receivables are composed of sales-type lease receivables and unsecured revolving loan receivables. We estimate probable losses on finance receivables and provide an allowance for credit losses. We estimate probable losses on finance receivables based on historical loss experience, the nature and volume of our portfolios, specific troubled accounts, prevailing economic conditions and our ability to manage the collateral .collateral. We continually evaluate the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses and make adjustments as necessary.
PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

We establish credit approval limits based on the credit quality of the client and the type of equipment financed. We discontinue financing revenue recognition for lease receivables that are more than 120 days past due and for unsecured loan receivables that are more than 90 days past due and resume revenuedue. Revenue recognition is resumed when the client's payments reduce the account aging to less than 60 days past due. Finance receivables deemed uncollectible are written off against the allowance after all collection efforts have been exhausted and management deems the account to be uncollectible. We believe that our finance receivable credit risk is low because of the geographic and industry diversification of our clients and small account balances for most of our clients.


Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined on the last-in, first-out (LIFO) basis for most U.S. inventories and on the first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis for most non-U.S. inventories.


Fixed Assets
Property, plant and equipment and rental equipment are stated at cost and depreciated principally using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, which are 50 years for buildings, 10 to 20 years for building improvements, 3up to 103 years for internal use software development costs, 3 to 12 years for machinery and equipment and 4 to 6 years for rental equipment. Major improvements that add to the productive capacity or extend the life of an asset are capitalized while repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their estimated useful life or the remaining lease term. Fully depreciated assets are retained in fixed assets and accumulated depreciation until they are removed from service.


Intangible assetsAssets
Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized using either the straight-line method or an accelerated attrition method over their estimated useful lives of up to 1510 years.


Research and Development Costs
Research and development costs include engineering costs related to research and development activities and are expensed as incurred. 


Impairment Review for Long-lived and Finite-Lived Intangible Assets
Long-lived assets and finite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. The estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset is compared to the asset's carrying value. The fair value of the asset is determined using probability weighted expected cash flow estimates, derived from our long-term business plans and historical experience, quoted market prices when

44

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

available and appraisals, as appropriate. If the sum of theestimated undiscounted cash flows isare less than the asset's carrying value, an impairment charge is recorded for an amount by whichto reduce the asset'sassets carrying value exceedsto its fair value. The fair value of the impaired asset is determined using probability weighted expected cash flow estimates, quoted market prices when available and appraisals, as appropriate. We derive cash flow estimates from our long-term business plans and historical experience.


Impairment Review for Goodwill
Goodwill is tested annually for impairment at the reporting unit level during the fourth quarter or sooner if circumstances indicate an impairment may exist. The impairment test for goodwill determines the fair value of each reporting unit and compares it to the reporting unit's carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value an impairment loss is recognized for the difference, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill.


Retirement Plans
Net periodic benefit cost includes current service cost, interest cost, expected return on plan assets and the amortization of actuarial gains and losses. Actuarial gains and losses arise from actual experiencesresults that differ from previous assumptions as well asand changes in assumptions forassumptions. The expected return on plan assets discount rates used to measure pensionis based on a market-related valuation of plan assets where differences between the actual and other postretirement obligations and life expectancy. The expected return on assets is measured using the market-related value of assets, which is a calculated value that recognizes changes in the fair value of plan assets are recognized over five years.a five-year period. Actuarial gains and losses are recognized in other comprehensive income, net of tax, and amortized to benefit cost primarily over the life expectancy of plan participants. The funded status of pension and other postretirement benefit plans is recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.consolidated balance sheets.


Stock-based Compensation
We primarily issue restricted stock units, non-qualified stock options and performance stock units under our stock award plans. Compensation expense for stock-based awards is measured based on the estimated fair value of the awards expected to vest and recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The fair value of stock awards is estimated based on the fair value of our common stock on the grant date, less the present value of expected dividends or using the Black-Scholes valuation model or Monte Carlo simulation
PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

model. We believe that the valuation techniques and underlying assumptions are appropriate in estimating the fair value of stock awards. The majority of stock-based compensation expense is recorded in selling, general and administrative expense. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant to recognize expense for those awards that are expected to vest and are based on our historical forfeiture rates.


Revenue Recognition
Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606). We adopted this standard on the modified retrospective basis with a cumulative effect adjustment. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under the new guidance, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with previous guidance. We applied the following practical expedients and policy elections when adopting ASC 606:
Costs incurred to obtain a contract with a customer are expensed if the amortization period of the asset is one year or less;
With the exception of certain services contracts, all taxes assessed by government authorities, such as sales and use taxes, value added taxes and excise tax, are excluded from the transaction price;
The transaction price is not adjusted for a significant financing component when a performance obligation is satisfied within one year;
Revenue is recognized based on the amount billable to the customer, when that amount corresponds to the value transferred to the customer;
Shipping and handling activities are accounted for as a fulfillment activity rather than a separate performance obligation; and
We reflected the aggregate effect of all modifications when identifying performance obligations and allocating transaction price.

We derive revenue from multiple sources including sales, rentals, financing and services. Certain transactions are consummated at the same time and can therefore generate revenue from multiple sources. The most common form of these transactions involves a sale or noncancelable lease of equipment, a meter rentalservices and an equipment maintenance agreement. We are required to determine whether each product and service within the contract should be treated as a separate performance obligation (unit of accounting) for revenue recognition purposes. For contracts that include multiple performance obligations, the transaction price is allocated based on relative standalone selling prices (SSP) which are a range of selling prices that we would sell a good or service to a customer on a separate basis. SSP isare established for each performance obligation at the inception of the contract and can be based on observable prices or estimated. The allocation of the transaction price to the various performance obligations impacts the timing of revenue recognition, but does not change the total revenue recognized. More specifically, revenue related to our offerings is recognized as follows:


Equipment SalesBusiness services
Business services revenue includes revenue from mail processing services and ecommerce solutions. These services represent a series of distinct services that are similar in nature and revenue is recognized as the services are provided. We sell equipment directly to our customersreview third party relationships and to distributors (re-sellers) throughout the world. For a sale transaction, the SSP of the equipment is basedrecord revenue on a range of selling pricesgross basis when we act as a principal in standalone transactions. For a lease transaction and on a net basis when we act as an agent between a client and vendor. In determining whether we are acting as principal or agent, we consider several factors such as whether we are the primary obligor to the client, have control over pricing or have inventory risk.

Support services
Support services revenue includes revenue from equipment service contracts, subscriptions and meter services. Revenue is allocated to these services using selling prices charged in standalone replacement and renewal transactions. Since we have a stand-ready obligation to provide these services over the equipment based on the present value of the remaining minimum lease payments. We recognizeentire contract term, revenue from the sale of equipment under sales-type leases as equipment sales revenue at the inception of the lease. We do not typically offer any rights of return or stock balancing rights. We recognize revenue on non-lease transactions when control of the equipment transfers to the customer, which is upon delivery for customer installable models and upon installation or customer acceptance for other models.

Supplies Revenue
Supplies revenue is generally recognized upon delivery.

Software Revenue
We also have contracts that contain only performance obligations to deliver software licenses and software related products and services that may include maintenance and support services, data, and training and integration services. A majority of our software and data license products are considered "right to use" and are generally distinct from other promised goods and services within a contract. Revenue for right to use software and data licenses is recognized at a point in time when control has transferred to the customer, which is generally upon delivery or acceptance for those licenses requiring significant integration or customization. Revenue from renewals are recognized at the beginning of the license term.
We generally invoice customers upon delivery of our software and data licenses. Data contracts that include both data and data updates are invoiced in one or more equal installments. A contract asset is recognized on data licenses for which consideration will be received in future periods.a straight-line basis over the term of the agreement.

Financing
We allocate the transaction price based on relative standalone selling prices, which are generally based on observable selling prices in standalone transactionsprovide financing for our data products maintenanceprimarily through sales-type leases. We also provide revolving lines of credit for the purchase of postage and professional services.supplies. We estimaterecord financing income over the standalone selling prices for our software licenseslease term using the residual approach, aseffective interest method. Financing revenue also includes amounts related to sales-type leases that customers have extended or renewed for an additional term. Revenue for these contracts is recognized over the selling prices are highly variable and observable standalone selling prices exist forterm of the other goods and services inmodified lease using the contract.effective interest method. We believe that our sales-type lease portfolio contains only normal collection risk.

45

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

We often bundle software licenses with lease contracts. Revenue is recognized upon delivery of those software licenses considered distinct and functional in nature.

Rentals Revenue
Rentals revenue includes revenue from the subscription for digital meter services, postage meters and mailing equipment. Revenue is allocated to the meter rental and equipment maintenance agreement elements using their respective selling prices charged in standalone and renewal transactions. We may invoice in advance for postage meter rentals according to the terms of the agreement. We initially defer these advanced billings and recognize rentals revenue on a straight-line basis over the invoice period. Revenues generated from financing clients for the continued use of equipment subsequent to the expiration of the original lease are recognized as rentals revenue. 
We capitalize certain initial direct costs incurred in consummating a rental transaction and recognize these costs over the expected term of the agreement. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were $17 million and $10 million of initial direct costs included in rental property and equipment, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively. Amortization of these costs was $5 million, $5 million and $7 million, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Financing Revenue
We provide lease financing for our products primarily through sales-type leases. We also provide revolving lines of credit to our clients for the purchase of postage and supplies. We believe that our sales-type lease portfolio contains only normal collection risk. Accordingly, we record the fair value of equipment as sales revenue, the cost of equipment as cost of sales and the minimum lease payments plus the estimated residual value as finance receivables. The difference between the finance receivable and the equipment fair value is recorded as unearned income and is amortized as income over the lease term using the interest method.
Equipment residual values are determined at the inception of the lease using estimates of fair value at the end of the lease term. Fair value estimates are based primarily on historical experience. We also consider forecasted supply and demand for products, product retirement and launch plans, client behavior, regulatory changes, remanufacturing strategies,renewal experience, used equipment markets, competition and technological changes. We evaluate residual values on an annual basis or sooner if circumstances warrant. Declines in estimated residual values considered "other-than-temporary" are recognized immediately. Estimated increasesIncreases in estimated future residual values are not recognized until the equipment is remarketed.


Support Services RevenueEquipment sales
We provide support services for oursell and lease equipment primarily through maintenance contracts. Revenue isdirectly to customers and to distributors (re-sellers) throughout the world. The amount of revenue allocated to the equipment maintenance agreement usingis based on a range of observable selling prices charged in standalone and renewal transactions. Since we have a stand-ready obligation to provide service overRevenue from the entire contract term, revenue related to thesesale of equipment maintenance agreementsunder sales-type leases is recognized as control of the equipment transfers to the customer, which is upon shipment for self-installed products and upon installation or customer acceptance for other products. Revenue from the direct sale of equipment is recognized as control of the equipment transfers to the customer, which is upon delivery for self-installed products and upon installation or customer acceptance for other products. We do not typically offer any rights of return.

Supplies
Supplies revenue is generally recognized upon delivery.

Rentals
Rentals revenue includes revenue from mailing equipment that does not meet the criteria to be accounted for as a sales-type lease. We may invoice in advance for rentals according to the terms of the agreement. We initially defer these advanced billings and recognize rentals revenue on a straight-line basis over the termrental period. Revenue generated from financing clients for the continued use of equipment subsequent to the expiration of the agreement.

Business Services Revenue
Business services revenue includes revenue from mail processing services and ecommerce solutions from our Commerce Services segment. These services represent a series of distinct services that are similar and revenueoriginal lease is recognized as the services are invoiced to the customer.rentals revenue.


We also review certain third party relationships and evaluate the appropriateness of recording revenue on a gross basis when we act as a principal in a transaction or net basis when we act as an agent between a client and vendor. We consider several factors in determining whether we are acting as principal or agent such as whether we are the primary obligor to the client, have control over the pricing and have inventory risk.

Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, for multiple element arrangements, revenue was allocated to each of the elements based on relative "selling prices" determined based on vendor specific objective evidence (VSOE). We established VSOE of selling prices based on the prices charged for each element when sold separately in standalone transactions. Revenue was allocated to the meter rental and equipment maintenance agreement elements using their respective selling prices charged in standalone and renewal transactions. For a sale transaction, revenue was allocated to the equipment based on a range of selling prices in standalone transactions. For a lease transaction, revenue was allocated to the equipment based on the present value of the remaining minimum lease payments. The amount allocated to equipment was compared to the range of selling prices in standalone transactions during the period to ensure the allocated equipment amount approximated average selling prices.

We also have multiple element arrangements containing only software and software related elements. Software related elements may include maintenance and support services, data subscriptions, training and integration services. Under these multiple element arrangements, we allocated revenue based on VSOE for software related elements and used the residual method to determine the amount of software licenses revenue. Under the residual method, the fair value of the undelivered elements was deferred and the remaining portion of the consideration was allocated to the delivered elements and recognized as revenue. The majority of our software license arrangements are bundled with maintenance and support services and we established VSOE of fair value using a bell-shaped curve analysis for
PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

maintenance and support services renewal rates. If VSOE for any undelivered software element could not be determined, revenue was deferred until all deliverables were delivered or until VSOE could be determined for remaining undelivered software elements.

For software licenses that were included in a lease contract, revenue was recognized upon delivery unless the lease contract specified that the license expired at the end of the lease or the price of the software was deemed not fixed or determinable based on historical evidence of similar software leases. In those instances, revenue was recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease contract.

The adoption of ASC 606 did not have a material impact on the amount or timing of recognition for our other revenue streams.
Shipping and Handling
Shipping and handling costs are recognized as incurred and recorded in cost of revenues.


Costs to Obtain a ContractDeferred Charges
Upon the adoption of ASC 606, certainCertain incremental costs to obtain a contract are capitalized if we expect the benefit of those costs to be realized over a period greater than one year. These costs primarily relate to sales commission on multi-year equipment and software support service contracts.equipment. These costs are amortized in a manner consistent with the timing of the related revenue over the contract performance period or longer, if renewals are expected and the renewal commission is not commensurate with the initial commission. Unamortized contract costs at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were $26 million and $20 million, respectively, and are included in other assets. Amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 was $15 million. Unamortized contract costs at December 31, 2018 were $29$7 million and are included in other assets.

Deferred Marketing Costs
Prior to the adoption of ASC 606, we capitalized certain costs associated with the acquisition of new customers and recognized those costs over the expected revenue stream of eight years. Deferred marketing costs at December 31, 2017 were $36 million and amortization of these costs for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were $13 million and $15$9 million, respectively. Upon the adoption of ASC 606, marketing costs associated with the acquisition of new customers are expensed as incurred and deferred marketing costs at January 1, 2018 were written off and included in the cumulative effect of accounting change.


Restructuring Charges
Costs associated with restructuring actions primarily include employee severance and other employee separation costs and contract termination costs, including leases.costs. These costs are recognized when a liability is incurred, which is generally upon communication to the affected employees, or exit from a leased facility, and the amount to be paid is both probable and reasonably estimable. Severance accruals are based on company policy, historical experience and negotiated settlements.


Derivative Instruments
In the normal course of business, we are exposed to the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. We limit these risks by following established risk management policies and procedures, including the use of derivatives. We use derivative instruments to limit the effects of currency exchange rate fluctuations on financial results and manage the related cost of debt. We do not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes.
We record derivative instruments at fair value and the accounting for changes in fair value depends on the intended use of the derivative, the resulting designation and the effectiveness of the instrument in offsetting the risk exposure it is designed to hedge. To qualify as a hedge, a derivative must be highly effective in offsetting the risk designated for hedging purposes. The hedge relationship must be formally documented at inception, detailing the particular risk management objective and strategy for the hedge. The effectiveness of the hedge relationship is evaluated on a retrospective and prospective basis.
The use of derivative instruments exposes us to counterparty credit risk. To mitigate such risks, we enter into contracts only with financial institutions that meet stringent credit requirements. We regularly review our credit exposure balances and the creditworthiness of our counterparties. We have not seen a material change in the creditworthiness of our derivative counterparties.


Income Taxes
We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates expected

46

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date of such change. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be realized. In estimating the necessity and amount of a valuation allowance, we consider all available evidence for each jurisdiction including historical operating
PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

results, estimates of future taxable income and the feasibility of ongoing tax planning strategies. We adjust the valuation allowance through income tax expense when new information becomes available that would alter our determination of the amount of deferred tax assets that will ultimately be realized.


Earnings per Share
Basic earnings per share is computed based on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share is computed based on the weighted-average number of common shares plus the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents.


Translation of Non-U.S. Currency Amounts
In general, the functional currency of our foreign operations is the local currency. Assets and liabilities of subsidiaries operating outside the U.S. are translated at rates in effect at the end of the period and revenue and expenses are translated at average monthly rates during the period. Net deferred translation gains and losses are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income.


Loss Contingencies
In the ordinary course of business, we are routinely defendants in, or party to, a number of pending and threatened legal actions. On a quarterly basis, we review the status of each significant matter and assess the potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any claim or legal action is considered probable and can be reasonably estimated, we establish a liability for the estimated loss. The assessment of the ultimate outcome of each claim or legal action and the determination of the potential financial exposure requires significant judgment. Estimates of potential liabilities for claims or legal actions are based only on information that is available at that time. As additional information becomes available, we may revise our estimates, and these revisions could have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position. Legal fees are expensed as incurred.


New Accounting Pronouncements
New Accounting Pronouncements - Standards Adopted in 20182019
EffectiveOn January 1, 2018,2019, we adopted ASC 606 842using the modified retrospective method withtransition approach of applying the standard at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements. We recognized a cumulative effect adjustment at January 1, 2017 to reduce retained earnings by $137 million and recast prior period financial statements. See Notes 7 and 17 for more information.
From a lessor perspective, the datestandard simplifies the accounting for lease modifications and aligns accounting of lease contracts with revenue recognition guidance. We continue to classify leases as sales-type or operating, with the determination affecting both the pattern and classification of income recognition. There were changes in the timing and classification of revenue related to contract modifications. There were also changes related to the definition of a leased asset, which requires us to account for two lease components as a single lease component. Under prior guidance, one of the initial application. See Revenue Recognition abovecomponents was generally accounted for as a sales-type lease and Note 2the second as an operating lease. Under ASC 842, the two components are generally accounted for more information onas sales-type leases and certain income and costs previously recognized over the adoptionlife of ASC 606.the lease are now accelerated.
In August 2018,From a lessee perspective, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issuedstandard requires us to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for real estate and equipment operating leases and to provide new disclosures about our leasing activities. We elected the short-term lease recognition exemption and did not recognize right-of-use assets or lease liabilities for leases with a term less than 12 months. We also elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for our lessee portfolio.
On January 1, 2019, we also adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2018-14, Compensation-Retirement Benefits-Defined Benefit Plans-General2017-08, Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 715-20)310-20): Disclosure Framework-ChangesPremium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities, which shortens the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium, requiring the premium to be amortized to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans.earliest call date. The ASU impacts disclosure requirements only. The standard is effective beginning January 1, 2021; however, we elected to adoptadoption of this standard as of December 31, 2018.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820). The ASU impacts only disclosure requirements of fair value measurements. The standard is effective beginning January 1, 2020; however, we elected to adopt this standard as of December 31, 2018.
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI). The ASU permitsdid not have a reclassification of the disproportionate income tax effects of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on items within AOCI to retained earnings and requires certain new disclosures. The standard is effective beginning January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We elected to adopt this standard as of December 31, 2018 and recognized the reclassification of $116 million from AOCI to opening retained earnings as a cumulative effect adjustment. There was no impact to total Stockholders' equity.
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. The ASU changes the recognition and presentation requirements of hedge accounting and reduces the cost and complexity of applying hedge accounting by easing the requirements for effectiveness testing and hedge documentation. We early adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and there was nomaterial impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In May 2017, the FASB issuedJuly 2019, we prospectively adopted ASU 2017-09, Scope of Modification Accounting.2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software. The ASU provides guidance about which changesaligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to terms and conditionsdevelop or obtain internal-use software. The adoption of this standard did not have a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting. There was nomaterial impact on our consolidated financial statements from the adoption of this standard.statements.
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-07, Compensation - Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Benefit Cost. The ASU requires the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost to be presented in the same income statement line item as other employee compensation costs. Other components of the net periodic benefit cost are to be presented separately, in an appropriately titled line item outside of any subtotal of operating income or disclosed in the



47

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


footnotes. The standard also limits the amount eligible for capitalization to the service cost component. We adopted this standard and prior period information has been recast to conform to the current period presentation.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, Clarifying the Definition of a Business,which clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities in evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as an acquisition or disposal of assets or a business. We adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 and there was no impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes: Intra-entity Transfers of Assets other than Inventory, which requires tax expense to be recognized from the sale of intra-entity assets, other than inventory, when the transfer occurs, even though the effects of the transaction are eliminated in consolidation. Under previous guidance, the tax effects of transfers were deferred until the transferred asset was sold or otherwise recovered through use. We adopted this standard and recognized a cumulative effect adjustment to reduce opening retained earnings by $3 million.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. This standard primarily affects the accounting for equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option, and the presentation and disclosure requirements for financial instruments. We adopted this standard and there was no impact on our consolidated financial statements.

New Accounting Pronouncements - Standards Not Yet Adopted
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which was subsequently amended by ASU No. 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases; and ASU No. 2018-11, Targeted Improvements.
We will adopt the new lease accounting standard on January 1, 2019, using the modified retrospective transition approach of applying the standard at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements. As a result, we will record a cumulative effect adjustment as of January 1, 2017, recast comparative period financial statements and provide disclosures required by the standard.
From a lessor perspective, the standard simplifies the accounting for lease modifications and aligns accounting of lease contracts with revenue recognition guidance. We will continue to classify leases as sales-type or operating, with classification affecting the pattern and classification of income recognition. We expect changes in the timing and classification of revenue related to contract modifications. We expect certain income and costs to be accelerated that were previously recognized over the life of the lease due to conclusions on lease and non-lease components. We do not expect that this standard will have a material impact on our results of operations or liquidity; and we do not expect the economics and overall profitability of our lease offerings to be materially impacted.
From a lessee perspective, the standard requires us to recognize right-of-use (ROU) assets and lease liabilities for our real estate and equipment operating leases and to provide new disclosures about our leasing activities. We will elect the short-term lease recognition exemption and will not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities for leases with a term less than 12 months. We will also elect the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for our lessee portfolio. Upon adoption, we expect to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities in the range of $175 million to $225 million. The impact of adopting the standard related to lessee accounting will not have a material impact on our results of operations or liquidity.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software. The ASU aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The standard is effective beginning January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We are currently assessing the impact this standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-08, Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities. The ASU shortens the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium, requiring the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. The standard will be adopted on January 1, 2019 on a modified retrospective basis. The implementation of this standard will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. The ASU sets forth a “currentcurrent expected credit loss” (CECL)loss model, which requires companies to measure expected credit losses for all financial instruments held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonably supportable forecasts. This replaces the existing incurred loss model and is applicable to the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost and applies to some off-balance sheet credit exposures. We have implemented internal controls and accounting policies to facilitate the preparation of financial information that will be required under the new standard. This standard is effective beginning January 1, 2020. We will adopt the standard using the modified retrospective transition approach with a cumulative effect adjustment at January 1, 2020 to retained earnings. We do not expect the cumulative effect adjustment, or the impact of this standard on an ongoing basis, will be material to our financial statements.
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The ASU simplifies the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles and also clarifies and amends existing guidance. This standard is effective beginning January 1, 2021, with early adoption permitted. We are currently assessing the impact this standard will have on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.statements.



PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers
Adoption of ASC 606
We recorded a net decrease to opening retained earnings of $9 million as of January 1, 2018 for the cumulative effect of adopting ASC 606. Significant components of this cumulative effect adjustment include:
The write-off of previously capitalized deferred marketing costs that did not meet the criteria for capitalization under ASC 606;
The capitalization of certain costs to obtain a contract, primarily sales commissions, that are permitted to be capitalized under ASC 606;
The establishment of deferred revenue related to the early renewal of software and data license contracts with terms beginning in 2018, as ASC 606 requires revenue recognition at the commencement of the license term;
The write-off of deferred revenues and related costs for certain software licenses bundled with a lease that are recognized at time of delivery under ASC 606; and
The write-off of advance billings related to certain software data products that are recognized upon delivery under ASC 606.

The impact on our consolidated financial statements as if they were presented under the prior guidance is as follows:
 Year ended December 31, 2018
 As reported Prior guidance Increase (decrease)
Income Statement     
Total revenue$3,522,380
 $3,483,757
 $38,623
Equipment sales$430,451
 $432,911
 $(2,460)
Software$340,855
 $297,976
 $42,879
Business services$1,561,522
 $1,563,318
 $(1,796)
      
Total costs and expenses$3,310,019
 $3,318,288
 $(8,269)
Cost of equipment sales$181,766
 $181,957
 $(191)
Cost of software$100,681
 $96,332
 $4,349
Selling, general and administrative$1,123,116
 $1,135,543
 $(12,427)
      
Income from continuing operations before taxes$212,361
 $165,469
 $46,892

The most significant impact to the Consolidated Statement of Income for the year December 31, 2018, was higher software revenue of $43 million primarily due to the acceleration of data subscription revenues which were previously recognized on a ratable basis and the renewal of software data licenses with a term beginning in 2018. Additionally, selling, general and administrative expenses were lower due to the deferral of certain sales commissions and lower amortization of deferred marketing costs.
PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

 December 31, 2018
 As reported Prior guidance Increase (decrease)
Balance Sheet     
Total assets$5,972,903
 $5,951,075
 $21,828
Accounts receivable, net$455,807
 $454,414
 $1,393
Other current assets and prepayments$99,332
 $90,659
 $8,673
Other assets$413,239
 $400,955
 $12,284
      
Total liabilities$5,733,431
 $5,737,751
 $(4,320)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities$1,401,635
 $1,396,650
 $4,985
Advance billings$237,529
 $252,472
 $(14,943)
Other noncurrent liabilities$474,862
 $477,208
 $(2,346)
      
Total stockholders' equity$239,472
 $213,325
 $26,147
Retained earnings$5,416,777
 $5,389,732
 $27,045
Accumulated other comprehensive loss$(948,426) $(947,528) $(898)

The most significant impacts to the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2018 were:
Higher other current assets and prepayments primarily due to contract assets that are recognized when data licenses are delivered in advance to the right to invoice. This was offset by lower prepaid costs related to software licenses and software data products, which are now recognized at time of delivery rather than ratably under previous guidance;
Higher other assets primarily due to contract assets that are recognized when data licenses are delivered in advance to the right to invoice;
Higher accounts payable and other accrued liabilities due to higher costs directly related to the higher data license revenue that is recorded at the time of delivery under ASC 606 rather than ratably under the previous guidance; and
Lower advance billings primarily due to our data license products for which revenue is recognized at time of delivery but invoicing occurs in future periods. Under previous guidance data subscriptions were billed in advance and recognized on a ratable basis over the contract term.
PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

Disaggregated Revenue
The following tables disaggregate our revenue by major source:source and timing of recognition:
Year ended December 31, 2018Year Ended December 31, 2019
Major products/service linesGlobal EcommercePresort ServicesNorth America MailingInternational MailingSoftware SolutionsTotal Revenue from sales and services (ASC 606)Revenue from leasing transactions and financingTotal Consolidated Revenue
Global EcommercePresort ServicesSendTech SolutionsRevenue from products and servicesRevenue from leasing transactions and financingTotal consolidated revenue
Revenue from products and services 
Business services$1,151,510
$529,588
$29,703
$1,710,801
$
$1,710,801
Support services

506,187
506,187

506,187
Financing



368,090
368,090
Equipment sales$
$
$59,589
$52,467
$
$112,056
$318,395
$430,451


80,562
80,562
271,542
352,104
Supplies

144,283
74,021

218,304

218,304


187,287
187,287

187,287
Software



340,855
340,855

340,855
Rentals

19,390
8,214

27,604
335,453
363,057




80,656
80,656
Subtotal1,151,510
529,588
803,739
2,484,837
$720,288
$3,205,125
  
Revenue from leasing transactions and financing 
Financing

64,279
11,508

75,787
238,991
314,778


368,090
368,090
 
Support services

208,855
84,558

293,413

293,413
Business services1,022,862
515,795
16,997
5,868

1,561,522

1,561,522
$1,022,862
$515,795
$513,393
$236,636
$340,855
$2,629,541
$892,839
$3,522,380
 
Revenue from sales and services (ASC 606)$1,022,862
$515,795
$513,393
$236,636
$340,855
$2,629,541
$
$2,629,541
Revenue from leasing transactions and financing

761,632
131,207


892,839
892,839
Equipment sales

271,542
271,542
 
Rentals

80,656
80,656
 
Total revenue$1,022,862
$515,795
$1,275,025
$367,843
$340,855
$2,629,541
$892,839
$3,522,380
$1,151,510
$529,588
$1,524,027
$3,205,125
 
   
Timing of revenue recognition (ASC 606) 
Timing of revenue recognition from products and servicesTiming of revenue recognition from products and services 
Products/services transferred at a point in time$
$
$203,872
$126,488
$134,360
$464,720
 $
$
$334,046
$334,046
 
Products/services transferred over time1,022,862
515,795
309,521
110,148
206,495
2,164,821
 1,151,510
529,588
469,693
2,150,791
 
Total revenue$1,022,862
$515,795
$513,393
$236,636
$340,855
$2,629,541
 
Total$1,151,510
$529,588
$803,739
$2,484,837
 


48

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

 Year Ended December 31, 2018
 Global EcommercePresort ServicesSendTech SolutionsRevenue from products and servicesRevenue from leasing transactions and financingTotal consolidated revenue
Revenue from products and services      
Business services$1,022,862
$515,795
$27,813
$1,566,470
$
$1,566,470
Support services

552,472
552,472

552,472
Financing



394,557
394,557
Equipment sales

88,616
88,616
307,036
395,652
Supplies

218,304
218,304

218,304
Rentals



84,067
84,067
Subtotal1,022,862
515,795
887,205
2,425,862
$785,660
$3,211,522
       
Revenue from leasing transactions and financing      
Financing

394,557
394,557
  
Equipment sales

307,036
307,036
  
Rentals

84,067
84,067
  
     Total revenue$1,022,862
$515,795
$1,672,865
$3,211,522
  
       
Timing of revenue recognition from products and services    
Products/services transferred at a point in time$
$
$386,844
$386,844
  
Products/services transferred over time1,022,862
515,795
500,361
2,039,018
  
      Total$1,022,862
$515,795
$887,205
$2,425,862
  

 Year Ended December 31, 2017
 Global EcommercePresort ServicesSendTech SolutionsRevenue from products and servicesRevenue from leasing transactions and financingTotal consolidated revenue
Revenue from products and services      
Business services$551,678
$497,901
$21,442
$1,071,021
$
$1,071,021
Support services564

580,910
581,474

581,474
Financing



406,395
406,395
Equipment sales

119,416
119,416
281,288
400,704
Supplies

231,412
231,412

231,412
Rentals



93,001
93,001
Subtotal552,242
497,901
953,180
2,003,323
$780,684
$2,784,007
       
Revenue from leasing transactions and financing      
Financing

406,395
406,395
  
Equipment sales

281,288
281,288
  
Rentals

93,001
93,001
  
     Total revenue$552,242
$497,901
$1,733,864
$2,784,007
  
       
Timing of revenue recognition from products and services    
Products/services transferred at a point in time$
$
$421,470
$421,470
  
Products/services transferred over time552,242
497,901
531,710
1,581,853
  
      Total$552,242
$497,901
$953,180
$2,003,323
  



49

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

Our performance obligations are as follows:
Business services includes providing mail processing services, cross-border solutions, shipping solutions and fulfillment, delivery and return services. Revenue is recognized over time as the services are provided. Contract terms for these services range from one to five years followed by annual renewal periods.
Support services includes providing maintenance, professional, meter and other subscription services for our mailing equipment. Contract terms range from one year to five years, depending on the term of the lease contract for the related equipment. Revenue for maintenance, subscription and meter services is recognized ratably over the contract period and revenue for professional services is recognized when services are provided.
Equipment sales and supplies: Our performance obligations generally include the sale of mailing equipment, excluding sales-type leases, and supplies.leases. We recognize revenue upon delivery for self-install equipment and supplies and upon acceptance or installation for other equipment. We provide a warranty that our equipment is free of defects and meets stated specifications. The warranty is not considered a separate performance obligation.
Software: Our performance obligations include the sale of software licenses, maintenance, data products and professional services. Revenue for licenses is generally recognized upon delivery or over time for those licenses that require critical updates over the term of the contract.
Rentals: Our performance obligations include the fees associated with postage refills for meters.
Financing: Our performance obligations include services under our equipment replacement program. The fees received for this program are recognized ratably over the contract term.
Support Services: Our performance obligations include providing maintenance and professional services for our North America and International mailing equipment. Contract terms range from one year to five years, depending on the term of the lease contract for the related equipment. MaintenanceSupplies revenue is recognized ratably over the contract period and revenue for professional services is recognized when services are provided.
Business Services: Our performance obligations primarily include mail processing services and ecommerce solutions. Revenue is recognized over time as the services are provided. The contract terms for these services vary, with the initial contracts in the range of one to five years followed by annual renewal periods.upon delivery.
Revenue from leasing transactions and financing includeincludes revenue from sales-type leases, operating leases, finance income and late fees that are not accounted for under ASC 606.fees.


PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

Contract Assets and Advance Billings from Contracts with Customers
Contract assets are recorded in other current assets and prepayments (current portion) and other assets (noncurrent portion) and advance billings are recorded in advance billings (current portion) and other noncurrent liabilities (noncurrent portion) in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The following table summarizes our contract assets and advanced billings balances:
 December 31, 2018 January 1, 2018 Total increase (decrease)
Contracts assets, current portion$16,115
 $5,075
 $11,040
Contracts assets, noncurrent portion$13,092
 $648
 $12,444
Advance billings, current portion$185,322
 $209,098
 $(23,776)
Advance billings, noncurrent portion$12,778
 $17,765
 $(4,987)
Contract Assets
We record contract assets when performance obligations are satisfied in advance of invoicing the customer when the right to consideration is conditional on the satisfaction of another performance obligation within a contract. The increase in contract assets is primarily due to an increase in multiple year data contracts where the license was delivered in 2018 but the right to invoice will occur in future periods.  
Advance Billings from Contracts with Customers
 Balance Sheet Location December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018 Increase/ (decrease)
Advance billings, currentAdvance billings $92,464
 $111,829
 $(19,365)
Advance billings, noncurrentOther noncurrent liabilities $1,245
 $1,985
 $(740)


Advance billings are recorded when cash payments are due in advance of our performance. Items in advance billings primarily relate to support services on equipment and software licenses, subscription services and certain software data products.mailing equipment. Revenue is recognized ratably over the contract term.
The net decrease in advance billings at December 31, 20182019 is primarily driven by revenuesdue to revenue recognized during the period whichin excess of advance billings. Revenue recognized during the period includes $190$112 million of advance billings at the beginning of the period, partially offset by advance billings forin the year.


Future Performance Obligations
Future performance obligations include revenue streams bundled with our leasing contracts, primarily maintenance, meter services and other subscription services. The transaction prices allocated to future performance obligations will be recognized as follows:
 2019 2020 2021-2023 Total
North America Mailing(1)
$144,989
 $110,930
 $133,738
 $389,657
International Mailing(1)
37,921
 24,552
 38,068
 100,541
Software Solutions(2)
66,185
 38,373
 22,170
 126,728
Total$249,095
 $173,855
 $193,976
 $616,926
 2020 2021 2022-2024 Total
SendTech Solutions$288,689
 $223,759
 $261,947
 $774,395
(1) Revenue streams bundled with our leasing contracts, primarily maintenance and other services.
(2) Multiple-year software maintenance contracts, certain software and data licenses and data updates.


The table above does not include revenue related to performance obligations for contracts with terms less than 12 months and expected consideration for those performance obligations where revenue is recognized based on the amount billable to the customer.



50

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


3. Segment Information
In January 2018, we revised our business reporting groups to reflect how we manage these groupsOur reportable segments are Global Ecommerce, Presort Services and clients served in each market. We formed the Commerce Services group to include ourSendTech Solutions. Global Ecommerce and Presort Services segments. Additionally, we classifiedcomprise the operating results of the Production Mail Business to discontinued operations and have recast prior year segment operating results to conform to the current year presentation.Commerce Services reporting group. The principal products and services of each reportable segment are as follows:
Commerce Services:
Global Ecommerce: Includes the worldwide revenue and related expenses from cross-border ecommerce transactionsproducts and services that facilitate domestic retail and ecommerce shipping solutions, including fulfillment and fulfillment, deliveryreturns, and return services.global cross-border ecommerce transactions.
Presort Services: Includes revenue and related expenses from sortation services that allow clients to qualify large volumes of First Class Mail, Marketing Mail and Bound and Packet Mail (Standard(Marketing Mail Flats and Bound Printed Matter) for postal worksharing discounts.
Small & Medium Business (SMB)SendTech Solutions:
North America Mailing: Includes the revenue and related expenses from sending technology solutions for physical mailing, digital mailing and shipping, solutions, financing, services, supplies and supplies for small and medium businessesother applications to efficiently create mail, evidence postage and help simplify and save on the sending, tracking and receiving of letters parcels and flats in the U.S. and Canada.
International Mailing: Includes the revenue and related expenses from mailing and shipping solutions, financing, services and supplies for small and medium businesses to efficiently create mail, evidence postage and help simplify and save on the sending, tracking and receiving of letters, parcels and flats in areas outside the U.S. and Canada.
Software Solutions:
Includes the worldwide revenue and related expenses from the licensing of customer engagement, customer information, location intelligence software, data solutions and related support services.packages.
Management usesmeasures segment profitability and performance using segment earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) to measure profitability and performance at the segment level and believes that it provides a useful measure of operating performance and underlying trends of the business. We determine segment. Segment EBIT is calculated by deducting from segment revenue the related costs and expenses attributable to the segment. Segment EBIT excludes interest, taxes, general corporate expenses, restructuring charges, asset impairment charges and other items not allocated to a particular business segment. Management believes that it provides investors a useful measure of operating performance and underlying trends of the business. Segment EBIT may not be indicative of our overall consolidated performance and therefore, should be read in conjunction with our consolidated results of operations. The following tables provide information about our reportable segments and reconciliation of segment EBIT to net income.
 Revenues
 Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
Global Ecommerce$1,151,510
 $1,022,862
 $552,242
Presort Services529,588
 515,795
 497,901
Commerce Services1,681,098
 1,538,657
 1,050,143
SendTech Solutions1,524,027
 1,672,865
 1,733,864
Total revenue$3,205,125
 $3,211,522
 $2,784,007
      
Geographic data:     
United States$2,745,928
 $2,679,300
 $2,262,249
Outside United States459,197
 532,222
 521,758
Total revenue$3,205,125
 $3,211,522
 $2,784,007



51

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)
 Revenues
 Years Ended December 31,
 2018 2017 2016
Global Ecommerce$1,022,862
 $552,242
 $339,320
Presort Services515,795
 497,901
 475,582
Commerce Services1,538,657
 1,050,143
 814,902
North America Mailing1,275,025
 1,357,405
 1,429,027
International Mailing367,843
 384,097
 412,244
SMB Solutions1,642,868
 1,741,502
 1,841,271
Software Solutions340,855
 331,627
 325,150
Total Revenue$3,522,380
 $3,123,272
 $2,981,323
      
Geographic data:     
United States$2,865,228
 $2,466,403
 $2,299,607
Outside United States657,152
 656,869
 681,716
Total$3,522,380
 $3,123,272
 $2,981,323


 EBIT
 Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
Global Ecommerce$(70,146) $(32,379) $(17,899)
Presort Services70,693
 73,768
 97,506
Commerce Services547
 41,389
 79,607
SendTech Solutions490,322
 558,959
 553,266
Total segment EBIT490,869
 600,348
 632,873
Reconciling items: 
    
Interest, net(155,558) (159,757) (164,162)
Unallocated corporate expenses(211,529) (185,919) (219,924)
Restructuring charges and asset impairments, net(69,606) (25,899) (44,849)
Pension settlement
 (31,329) 
Loss on Market Exits(17,683) 
 
Transaction costs(2,728) (1,359) (6,384)
Loss on extinguishment of debt(6,623) (7,964) (3,856)
Benefit (provision) for income taxes13,007
 (6,416) (13,659)
Income from continuing operations40,149
 181,705
 180,039
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax154,460
 60,106
 63,489
Net income$194,609
 $241,811
 $243,528

 Depreciation and amortization
 Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
Global Ecommerce$68,385
 $61,046
 $36,786
Presort Services29,440
 26,838
 26,541
Commerce Services97,825
 87,884
 63,327
SendTech Solutions39,758
 39,104
 39,359
Total for reportable segments137,583
 126,988
 102,686
Corporate21,559
 21,476
 24,104
Total depreciation and amortization$159,142
 $148,464
 $126,790

 Capital expenditures
 Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
Global Ecommerce$53,374
 $46,073
 $26,810
Presort Services27,394
 42,531
 20,860
Commerce Services80,768
 88,604
 47,670
SendTech Solutions32,276
 24,648
 40,445
Total for reportable segments113,044
 113,252
 88,115
Corporate24,209
 24,558
 30,132
Total capital expenditures$137,253
 $137,810
 $118,247


52

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

 Assets
 December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
Global Ecommerce$1,102,313
 $1,023,732
 $1,016,045
Presort Services524,817
 431,512
 387,701
Commerce Services1,627,130
 1,455,244
 1,403,746
SendTech Solutions2,152,734
 2,325,797
 2,454,094
Total for reportable segments3,779,864
 3,781,041
 3,857,840
Cash and cash equivalents924,442
 867,262
 1,009,021
Short-term investments115,879
 59,391
 48,988
Assets of discontinued operations17,229
 602,823
 923,012
Other corporate assets629,486
 627,902
 795,745
Consolidated assets$5,466,900
 $5,938,419
 $6,634,606

Identifiable long-lived assets:     
United States$399,234
 $424,706
 $389,944
Outside United States18,168
 20,023
 26,696
Total$417,402
 $444,729
 $416,640


4. Discontinued Operations
In December 2019, we completed the sale of the Software Solutions business, with the exception of the software business in Australia, which closed in January 2020, to an affiliate of Syncsort Incorporated for approximately $700 million, subject to certain adjustments.
The operating results of the Software Solutions business are now reported as discontinued operations. Discontinued operations also includes the Production Mail business that was sold in July 2018.
Selected financial information of discontinued operations is as follows:
 Year Ended December 31, 2019
 Software Solutions Production Mail Total
Revenue$272,565
 $
 $272,565
      
Earnings (loss) from discontinued operations$22,160
 $(663) $21,497
Gain (loss) on sale195,957
 (14,644) 181,313
Income (loss) from discontinued operations before taxes$218,117
 $(15,307) 202,810
Tax provision    48,350
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax    $154,460

 Year Ended December 31, 2018
 Software Solutions Production Mail Total
Revenue$340,855
 $211,542
 $552,397
      
Earnings from discontinued operations$49,587
 $18,952
 $68,539
Gain on sale
 60,611
 60,611
Income from discontinued operations before taxes$49,587
 $79,563
 129,150
Tax provision    69,044
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax    $60,106

53

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

 Year Ended December 31, 2017
 Software Solutions Production Mail Total
Revenue$331,624
 $426,676
 $758,300
      
Income from discontinued operations before taxes$34,386
 $61,074
 95,460
Tax provision    31,971
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax    $63,489


The major categories of assets and liabilities included in assets of discontinued operations and liabilities of discontinued operations are as follows:
 December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents$
 $1,965
Accounts and other receivables, net3,241
 85,399
Inventories
 855
Other current assets and prepayments2,550
 26,121
Property, plant and equipment, net152
 12,140
Rental property and equipment, net
 179
Goodwill (1)
9,562
 434,160
Intangible assets, net
 13,937
Operating lease assets
 4,234
Other assets1,724
 23,833
Assets of discontinued operations$17,229
 $602,823
    
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities$4,340
 $44,917
Current operating lease liabilities
 2,000
Advance billings5,373
 113,110
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities
 1,943
Other noncurrent liabilities
 12,828
Liabilities of discontinued operations$9,713
 $174,798

(1) Goodwill amount at December 31, 2018 is net of accumulated impairment charges of $148 million.

54

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


5. Earnings per Share (EPS)
The calculations of basic and diluted earnings per share are presented below. The sum of earnings per share amounts may not equal the totals due to rounding.
 Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
Numerator: 
  
  
Income from continuing operations$40,149
 $181,705
 $180,039
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax154,460
 60,106
 63,489
Net income (numerator for diluted EPS)194,609
 241,811
 243,528
Less: Preference stock dividend8
 32
 36
Income attributable to common stockholders (numerator for basic EPS)$194,601
 $241,779
 $243,492
Denominator: 
  
  
Weighted-average shares used in basic EPS176,251
 187,277
 186,332
Dilutive effect of common stock equivalents1,198
 1,105
 1,103
Weighted-average shares used in diluted EPS177,449
 188,382
 187,435
Basic earnings per share: 
  
  
Continuing operations$0.23
 $0.97
 $0.97
Discontinued operations0.88
 0.32
 0.34
Net income$1.10
 $1.29
 $1.31
Diluted earnings per share: 
  
  
Continuing operations$0.23
 $0.96
 $0.96
Discontinued operations0.87
 0.32
 0.34
Net income$1.10
 $1.28
 $1.30
      
Anti-dilutive options excluded from diluted earnings per share:15,751
 12,089
 10,267

 EBIT
 Years Ended December 31,
 2018 2017 2016
Global Ecommerce$(32,379) $(17,899) $3,043
Presort Services73,768
 97,506
 95,258
Commerce Services41,389
 79,607
 98,301
North America Mailing470,268
 498,571
 594,723
International Mailing63,820
 48,531
 45,408
SMB Solutions534,088
 547,102
 640,131
Software Solutions47,094
 33,818
 22,119
Total segment EBIT622,571
 660,527
 760,551
Reconciling items: 
    
Interest, net(159,757) (164,162) (144,211)
Unallocated corporate expenses(180,481) (214,072) (199,954)
Restructuring charges and asset impairments, net(27,077) (56,223) (60,295)
Goodwill impairment
 
 (148,181)
Pension settlement(31,329) 
 
Gain on sale of technology
 6,085
 
Transaction costs(3,602) (6,384) (6,121)
Other expense(7,964) (3,856) 
Income from continuing operations before income taxes212,361
 221,915
 201,789
Provision for income taxes12,383
 553
 106,975
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax23,687
 39,978
 17,036
Net income$223,665
 $261,340
 $111,850

6. Inventories
Inventories consisted of the following:
 December 31,
 2019 2018
Raw materials$13,514
 $8,229
Supplies and service parts21,840
 21,841
Finished products36,969
 36,692
    Inventory at FIFO cost, net72,323
 66,762
Excess of FIFO cost over LIFO cost(4,072) (4,483)
    Total inventory, net$68,251
 $62,279



55

 Depreciation and amortization
 Years Ended December 31,
 2018 2017 2016
Global Ecommerce$61,046
 $36,662
 $30,607
Presort Services26,838
 26,541
 27,929
Commerce Services87,884
 63,203
 58,536
North America Mailing68,250
 64,803
 60,066
International Mailing16,142
 18,562
 19,431
SMB Solutions84,392
 83,365
 79,497
Software Solutions9,540
 8,978
 14,621
Total for reportable segments181,816
 155,546
 152,654
Unallocated amounts21,477
 24,104
 21,411
Total depreciation and amortization$203,293
 $179,650

$174,065
PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

 Capital expenditures
 Years Ended December 31,
 2018 2017 2016
Global Ecommerce$46,117
 $26,810
 $15,647
Presort Services42,532
 20,860
 17,537
Commerce Services88,649
 47,670
 33,184
North America Mailing61,458
 69,131
 83,547
International Mailing10,701
 11,982
 3,163
SMB Solutions72,159
 81,113
 86,710
Software Solutions4,251
 9,181
 4,617
Total for reportable segments165,059
 137,964
 124,511
Unallocated amount26,385
 30,133
 34,721
Total capital expenditures$191,444
 $168,097
 $159,232
 Assets
 December 31,
 2018 2017 2016
Global Ecommerce$1,023,732
 $1,016,045
 $449,363
Presort Services431,512
 387,701
 373,443
Commerce Services1,455,244
 1,403,746
 822,806
North America Mailing1,859,355
 1,965,198
 2,073,344
International Mailing502,370
 550,306
 521,003
SMB Solutions2,361,725
 2,515,504
 2,594,347
Software Solutions593,050
 583,549
 569,414
Total for reportable segments4,410,019
 4,502,799
 3,986,567
Cash and cash equivalents867,262
 1,009,021
 764,522
Short-term investments59,391
 48,988
 38,448
Assets of discontinued operations4,854
 334,848
 317,333
Other corporate assets631,377
 791,764
 730,263
Consolidated assets$5,972,903
 $6,687,420
 $5,837,133
Identifiable long-lived assets:     
United States$543,118
 $501,251
 $436,795
Outside United States45,095
 56,208
 58,339
Total$588,213
 $557,459
 $495,134

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

4. Discontinued Operations
On July 2, 2018, we completed the sale of the Production Mail Business, other than in certain non-U.S. jurisdictions, to an affiliate of Platinum Equity, LLC, a leading global private equity firm. Subsequently during the last half of the year, we closed on the sale of most of the non-U.S. jurisdictions, and expect to close on the remaining non-U.S. jurisdictions in the first quarter of 2019, subject to local regulatory requirements. Cash proceeds from the sale were $340 million and net proceeds, after the payment of closing costs, transaction fees and taxes, were approximately $270 million.
In connection with the sale, we entered into Transition Services Agreements (TSAs) with the purchaser whereby we will perform certain support functions for periods of a year or less. These TSAs will not have a material effect on our financial performance.
Selected financial information of the Production Mail Business included in discontinued operations is as follows:
 Years Ended December 31,
 2018 2017 2016
Revenue$211,542
 $426,676
 $425,252
      
Earnings from discontinued operations$18,952
 $61,074
 $41,880
Gain on sale60,611
 
 
Income from discontinued operations before taxes79,563
 61,074
 41,880
Tax provision55,876
 21,096
 24,844
Income from discontinued operations$23,687
 $39,978
 $17,036

The gain on sale includes a $13 million non-cash pension settlement charge and $11 million of transaction costs.

The major categories of assets and liabilities of the Production Mail Business included in assets of discontinued operations and liabilities of discontinued operations are as follows:
 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017
Cash and cash equivalents$1,965
 $
Accounts receivable, net1,057
 97,402
Inventories849
 48,910
Other current assets and prepayments278
 3,365
Property, plant and equipment, net526
 5,541
Rental property and equipment, net179
 1,786
Goodwill
 177,799
Other assets
 45
Assets of discontinued operations$4,854
 $334,848
    
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities$662
 $36,592
Advance billings593
 30,607
Other current liabilities2,021
 
Other noncurrent liabilities
 5,609
Liabilities of discontinued operations$3,276
 $72,808

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

5. Earnings per Share
The calculations of basic and diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are presented below. The sum of earnings per share amounts may not equal the totals due to rounding.
 Years Ended December 31,
 2018 2017 2016
Numerator: 
  
  
Net income from continuing operations$199,978
 $221,362
 $75,769
Income from discontinued operations23,687
 39,978
 17,036
Net income (numerator for diluted EPS)223,665
 261,340
 92,805
Less: Preference stock dividend32
 36
 38
Income attributable to common stockholders (numerator for basic EPS)$223,633
 $261,304
 $92,767
Denominator: 
  
  
Weighted-average shares used in basic EPS187,277
 186,332
 187,945
Dilutive effect of common stock equivalents1,105
 1,103
 1,030
Weighted-average shares used in diluted EPS188,382
 187,435
 188,975
Basic earnings per share: 
  
  
Continuing operations$1.07
 $1.19
 $0.40
Discontinued operations0.13
 0.21
 0.09
Net income attributable to Pitney Bowes Inc.$1.19
 $1.40
 $0.49
Diluted earnings per share: 
  
  
Continuing operations$1.06
 $1.18
 $0.40
Discontinued operations0.13
 0.21
 0.09
Net income attributable to Pitney Bowes Inc.$1.19
 $1.39
 $0.49
      
Anti-dilutive options excluded from diluted earnings per share:12,089
 10,267
 8,126


6. Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined on the last-in, first-out (LIFO) basis for most U.S. inventories and the first-in, first-out (FIFO) basis for most non-U.S. inventories. Inventories at December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted of the following:
 December 31,
 2018 2017
Raw materials$8,231
 $11,767
Supplies and service parts21,841
 21,475
Finished products14,897
 13,261
    Inventory at FIFO cost, net44,969
 46,503
Excess of FIFO cost over LIFO cost(3,005) (5,734)
    Total inventory, net$41,964
 $40,769

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


7. Finance Assets and Lessor Operating Leases
Finance ReceivablesAssets
Finance receivables are comprised of sales-type lease receivables and unsecured revolving loan receivables. Sales-type lease receivables are generally due in monthly, quarterly or semi-annual installments over periods ranging from three to five years. Loan receivables arise primarily from financing services offered to our clients for postage and supplies. LoanMost loan receivables are generally due each month; however, customers may rollover outstanding balances. Interest is recognized on loan receivables is recognized using the effective interest method. Annualmethod and related annual fees are initially deferred and recognized ratably over the annual period covered. CustomerClient acquisition costs are expensed as incurred.
Finance receivables at December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted of the following:
 December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
 North America International Total North America International Total
Sales-type lease receivables 
  
  
      
Gross finance receivables$1,055,852
 $224,202
 $1,280,054
 $1,110,898
 $242,036
 $1,352,934
Unguaranteed residual values41,934
 11,789
 53,723
 52,637
 12,772
 65,409
Unearned income(319,281) (65,888) (385,169) (383,453) (55,113) (438,566)
Allowance for credit losses(10,920) (2,085) (13,005) (10,253) (2,355) (12,608)
Net investment in sales-type lease receivables767,585
 168,018
 935,603
 769,829
 197,340
 967,169
Loan receivables 
  
  
  
  
  
Loan receivables298,247
 27,926
 326,173
 300,319
 29,270
 329,589
Allowance for credit losses(5,906) (740) (6,646) (6,777) (837) (7,614)
Net investment in loan receivables292,341
 27,186
 319,527
 293,542
 28,433
 321,975
Net investment in finance receivables$1,059,926
 $195,204
 $1,255,130
 $1,063,371
 $225,773
 $1,289,144

 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017
 North America International Total North America International Total
Sales-type lease receivables 
  
  
      
Gross finance receivables$1,004,491
 $268,199
 $1,272,690
 $1,023,549
 $292,059
 $1,315,608
Unguaranteed residual values53,793
 12,772
 66,565
 74,093
 14,202
 88,295
Unearned income(211,683) (55,113) (266,796) (216,720) (62,325) (279,045)
Allowance for credit losses(10,253) (2,355) (12,608) (7,721) (2,794) (10,515)
Net investment in sales-type lease receivables836,348
 223,503
 1,059,851
 873,201
 241,142
 1,114,343
Loan receivables 
  
  
  
  
  
Loan receivables300,319
 29,270
 329,589
 339,373
 34,492
 373,865
Allowance for credit losses(6,777) (837) (7,614) (7,098) (1,020) (8,118)
Net investment in loan receivables293,542
 28,433
 321,975
 332,275
 33,472
 365,747
Net investment in finance receivables$1,129,890
 $251,936
 $1,381,826
 $1,205,476
 $274,614
 $1,480,090


Loans receivable are due within one year. Maturities of gross loan receivables and gross sales-type lease finance receivables at December 31, 20182019 were as follows:
 Sales-type Lease Receivables Loan Receivables
 North America International Total North America International Total
2020$422,688
 $88,282
 $510,970
 $265,091
 $27,926
 $293,017
2021300,669
 64,001
 364,670
 11,295
 
 11,295
2022195,533
 42,421
 237,954
 9,778
 
 9,778
2023102,765
 22,042
 124,807
 4,649
 
 4,649
202433,309
 6,549
 39,858
 6,341
 
 6,341
Thereafter888
 907
 1,795
 1,093
 
 1,093
Total$1,055,852
 $224,202
 $1,280,054
 $298,247
 $27,926
 $326,173


56
 Sales-type Lease Receivables
 North America International Total
2019$469,288
 $108,481
 $577,769
2020254,781
 74,469
 329,250
2021163,481
 48,136
 211,617
202287,674
 26,968
 114,642
202329,086
 9,143
 38,229
Thereafter181
 1,002
 1,183
Total$1,004,491
 $268,199
 $1,272,690

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


Allowance for Credit Losses
Activity in the allowance for credit losses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was as follows:
 Sales-type Lease Receivables Loan Receivables  
 
North
America
 International 
North
America
 International Total
Balance at December 31, 2016$8,247
 $2,647
 $8,517
 $1,089
 $20,500
Amounts charged to expense7,544
 1,280
 6,273
 510
 15,607
Accounts written off(8,070) (1,133) (7,692) (579) (17,474)
Balance at December 31, 20177,721
 2,794
 7,098
 1,020
 18,633
Amounts charged to expense7,928
 1,315
 6,825
 532
 16,600
Accounts written off(5,396) (1,754) (7,146) (715) (15,011)
Balance at December 31, 201810,253
 2,355
 6,777
 837
 20,222
Amounts charged to expense5,672
 1,157
 4,746
 569
 12,144
Accounts written off(5,005) (1,427) (5,617) (666) (12,715)
Balance at December 31, 2019$10,920
 $2,085
 $5,906
 $740
 $19,651

 Sales-type Lease Receivables Loan Receivables  
 
North
America
 International 
North
America
 International Total
Balance at December 31, 2015$6,606
 $3,542
 $10,024
 $1,518
 $21,690
Amounts charged to expense5,136
 1,161
 6,238
 836
 13,371
Accounts written off(3,495) (2,056) (7,745) (1,265) (14,561)
Balance at December 31, 20168,247
 2,647
 8,517
 1,089
 20,500
Amounts charged to expense7,544
 1,280
 6,273
 510
 15,607
Accounts written off(8,070) (1,133) (7,692) (579) (17,474)
Balance at December 31, 20177,721
 2,794
 7,098
 1,020
 18,633
Amounts charged to expense7,928
 1,315
 6,825
 532
 16,600
Accounts written off(5,396) (1,754) (7,146) (715) (15,011)
Balance at December 31, 2018$10,253
 $2,355
 $6,777
 $837
 $20,222


Aging of Receivables
The aging of gross finance receivables at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was as follows:
Sales-type Lease Receivables Loan Receivables  December 31, 2019
North
America
 International 
North
America
 International TotalSales-type Lease Receivables Loan Receivables  
December 31, 2018 
  
  
  
  
North
America
 International 
North
America
 International Total
1 - 90 days$966,868
 $263,954
 $294,126
 $29,079
 $1,554,027
$1,032,912
 $220,819
 $294,001
 $27,697
 $1,575,429
> 90 days37,623
 4,245
 6,193
 191
 48,252
22,940
 3,383
 4,246
 229
 30,798
Total$1,004,491
 $268,199
 $300,319
 $29,270
 $1,602,279
$1,055,852
 $224,202
 $298,247
 $27,926
 $1,606,227
Past due amounts > 90 days 
  
  
  
  
 
  
  
  
  
Still accruing interest$7,159
 $1,202
 $1,769
 $72
 $10,202
$4,835
 $1,081
 $2,094
 $121
 $8,131
Not accruing interest30,464
 3,043
 4,424
 119
 38,050
18,105
 2,302
 2,152
 108
 22,667
Total$37,623
 $4,245
 $6,193
 $191
 $48,252
$22,940
 $3,383
 $4,246
 $229
 $30,798
 December 31, 2018
 Sales-type Lease Receivables Loan Receivables  
 
North
America
 International 
North
America
 International Total
1 - 90 days$1,069,290
 $238,114
 $294,126
 $29,079
 $1,630,609
> 90 days41,608
 3,922
 6,193
 191
 51,914
Total$1,110,898
 $242,036
 $300,319
 $29,270
 $1,682,523
Past due amounts > 90 days 
  
  
  
  
Still accruing interest$7,917
 $1,111
 $1,769
 $72
 $10,869
Not accruing interest33,691
 2,811
 4,424
 119
 41,045
Total$41,608
 $3,922
 $6,193
 $191
 $51,914
 Sales-type Lease Receivables Loan Receivables  
 
North
America
 International 
North
America
 International Total
December 31, 2017 
  
  
  
  
1 - 90 days$971,002
 $286,170
 $330,503
 $34,239
 $1,621,914
> 90 days52,547
 5,889
 8,870
 253
 67,559
Total$1,023,549
 $292,059
 $339,373
 $34,492
 $1,689,473
Past due amounts > 90 days 
  
  
  
  
Still accruing interest$10,807
 $1,738
 $
 $
 $12,545
Not accruing interest41,740
 4,151
 8,870
 253
 55,014
Total$52,547
 $5,889
 $8,870
 $253
 $67,559

Credit Quality
The extension of credit lines to new and existing clients uses a combination of an automated credit score, where available, and a detailed manual review of the client's financial condition and, when applicable, payment history. Once credit is granted, the payment performance of the client is managed through automated collections processes and is supplemented with direct follow up should an account become delinquent. We have robust automated collections and extensive portfolio management processes. The portfolio

57

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


management processes ensure that our global strategy is executed, collection resources are allocated appropriately and enhanced tools and processes are implemented as needed.
We use a third party to score the majority of the North America portfolio on a quarterly basis using a commercial credit score. We do not use a third party to score our International portfolio because the cost to do so is prohibitive, given that it is a localized process and there is no single credit score model that covers all countries.
The table below shows the North America portfolio at December 31, 2018 and 2017 by relative risk class (low, medium, high) based on the relative scores of the accounts within each class. The relative scores are determined based on a number of factors, including the company type, ownership structure, payment history and financial information. Some accounts are not scored; however, absence of a score is not indicative of the credit quality of the account. The degree of risk, as defined by the third party, refers to the relative risk that an account may become delinquent in the next 12 month period.
Low risk accounts are companies with very good credit scores and are considered to approximate the top 30% of all commercial borrowers.
Medium risk accounts are companies with average to good credit scores and are considered to approximate the middle 40% of all commercial borrowers.
High risk accounts are companies with poor credit scores, are delinquent or are at risk of becoming delinquent and are considered to approximate the bottom 30% of all commercial borrowers.
 December 31,
 2018 2017
Sales-type lease receivables 
  
Low$834,230
 $819,776
Medium118,945
 148,000
High19,981
 21,728
Not Scored31,335
 34,045
Total$1,004,491
 $1,023,549
Loan receivables 
  
Low$238,620
 $262,646
Medium43,952
 56,744
High5,947
 6,791
Not Scored11,800
 13,192
Total$300,319
 $339,373
Low risk accounts are companies with very good credit scores and are considered to approximate the top 30% of all commercial borrowers.
Medium risk accounts are companies with average to good credit scores and are considered to approximate the middle 40% of all commercial borrowers.
High risk accounts are companies with poor credit scores, are delinquent or are at risk of becoming delinquent and are considered to approximate the bottom 30% of all commercial borrowers.
 December 31,
 2019 2018
Sales-type lease receivables 
  
Low$837,386
 $922,414
Medium161,204
 131,650
High21,041
 22,110
Not Scored36,221
 34,724
Total$1,055,852
 $1,110,898
Loan receivables 
  
Low$216,295
 $238,620
Medium63,302
 43,952
High5,140
 5,947
Not Scored13,510
 11,800
Total$298,247
 $300,319


Lease Income
Lease income from sales-type leases was as follows:
 Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
Profit recognized at commencement (1)
$142,353
 $171,938
 $157,375
Interest income229,719
 245,751
 253,224
Total lease income from sales-type leases$372,072
 $417,689
 $410,599
(1) Lease contracts do not include variable lease payments.







58

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


Lessor Operating Leases
We also lease mailing equipment under operating leases with terms of one to five years. Maturities of these operating leases are as follows:
2020$33,903
202117,158
20227,836
20235,369
20241,072
Total$65,338


8. Fixed Assets
Fixed assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted of the following:
 December 31,
 2019 2018
Land$9,333
 $9,333
Machinery and equipment606,420
 559,419
Capitalized software410,171
 401,602
Buildings and improvements191,108
 186,048
 1,217,032
 1,156,402
Accumulated depreciation(840,855) (757,901)
Property, plant and equipment, net$376,177
 $398,501
    
Rental property and equipment$151,195
 $132,605
Accumulated depreciation(109,970) (86,377)
Rental property and equipment, net$41,225
 $46,228

 December 31,
 2018 2017
Land$9,333
 $9,333
Buildings and improvements198,025
 206,752
Capitalized software283,446
 224,754
Machinery and equipment718,557
 688,725
 1,209,361
 1,129,564
Accumulated depreciation(799,247) (756,061)
Property, plant and equipment, net$410,114
 $373,503
    
Rental property and equipment$371,908
 $386,039
Accumulated depreciation(193,809) (202,083)
Rental property and equipment, net$178,099
 $183,956
Depreciation expense was $159123 million, $146110 million and $13499 million for the years ended December 31, 20182019, 2018 and 2017, and 2016, respectively.

9. Acquisitions, Intangible Assets and Goodwill
Acquisitions
In October 2017, we acquired Newgistics for $471 million, net of cash acquired. The results of Newgistics are included in our consolidated operating results from the date of acquisition. Our consolidated revenue for the year ended December 31, 2017 includes $140 million from Newgistics. On a pro forma basis, had we acquired Newgistics on January 1, 2016,2017, revenue would have been $341 million and $481 million higher for the yearsyear ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.2017. The impact on earnings would not have been material.
Intangible assets
Intangible assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted of the following:








59
 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017
 
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
Carrying
Amount
 
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
Carrying
Amount
Customer relationships$480,837
 $(281,190) $199,647
 $504,716
 $(271,066) $233,650
Software & technology165,088
 (143,877) 21,211
 167,122
 (138,724) 28,398
Trademarks & other40,170
 (33,891) 6,279
 40,649
 (30,511) 10,138
Total intangible assets, net$686,095
 $(458,958) $227,137
 $712,487
 $(440,301) $272,186

Amortization expense was $44 million, $34 million and $40 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The future amortization expense for intangible assets at December 31, 2018 is as follows:
Year ended December 31, 
2019$40,059
202035,001
202130,479
202229,245
202326,100
Thereafter66,253
Total$227,137

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)



Intangible Assets
Intangible assets consisted of the following:
 December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
 
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
Carrying
Amount
 
Gross
Carrying
Amount
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net
Carrying
Amount
Customer relationships$265,665
 $(88,550) $177,115
 $338,320
 $(149,539) $188,781
Software & technology31,600
 (19,999) 11,601
 54,297
 (35,325) 18,972
Trademarks & other13,324
 (11,400) 1,924
 22,305
 (16,858) 5,447
Total intangible assets, net$310,589
 $(119,949) $190,640
 $414,922
 $(201,722) $213,200


Amortization expense was $36 million, $39 million and $28 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
The future amortization expense for intangible assets at December 31, 2019 is as follows:
2020$33,429
202129,972
202229,026
202326,188
202426,188
Thereafter45,837
Total$190,640

Actual amortization expense may differ from the amounts above due to, among other things, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, acquisitions, divestitures and impairment charges.


Goodwill
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reporting segment for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are shown in the tables below.
Goodwill before accumulated impairment Accumulated impairment December 31, 2017 Acquisitions 
Other (1)
 December 31, 2018December 31, 2018 Acquisitions/ dispositions 
Other (1)
 December 31, 2019
Global Ecommerce$602,461
 $
 $602,461
 $7,623
 $(653) $609,431
$609,431
 $
 $
 $609,431
Presort Services204,781
 
 204,781
 2,684
 
 207,465
207,465
 5,064
 
 212,529
Commerce Services807,242
 
 807,242
 10,307
 (653) 816,896
816,896
 5,064
 
 821,960
North America Mailing368,905
 
 368,905
 
 (657) 368,248
International Mailing158,203
 
 158,203
 
 (10,996) 147,207
SMB Solutions527,108
 
 527,108
 
 (11,653) 515,455
Software Solutions588,476
 (148,181)
440,295
 
 (6,135) 434,160
SendTech Solutions515,455
 (10,490) (2,746) 502,219
Total goodwill$1,922,826
 $(148,181) $1,774,645
 $10,307
 $(18,441) $1,766,511
$1,332,351
 $(5,426) $(2,746) $1,324,179
 December 31, 2017 Acquisitions 
Other (1)
 December 31, 2018
Global Ecommerce$602,461
 $7,623
 $(653) $609,431
Presort Services204,781
 2,684
 
 207,465
Commerce Services807,242
 10,307
 (653) 816,896
SendTech Solutions527,108
 
 (11,653) 515,455
Total goodwill$1,334,350
 $10,307
 $(12,306) $1,332,351

 Goodwill before accumulated impairment Accumulated impairment December 31, 2016 Acquisitions 
Other (1)
 December 31, 2017
Global Ecommerce$272,189
 $
 $272,189
 $330,272
 $
 $602,461
Presort Services196,890
 
 196,890
 7,891
 
 204,781
Commerce Services469,079
 
 469,079
 338,163
 
 807,242
North America Mailing354,000
 
 354,000
 
 14,905
 368,905
International Mailing145,566
 
 145,566
 
 12,637
 158,203
SMB Solutions499,566
 
 499,566
 
 27,542
 527,108
Software Solutions579,462
 (148,181) 431,281
 
 9,014
 440,295
Total goodwill$1,548,107
 $(148,181) $1,399,926
 $338,163
 $36,556
 $1,774,645


(1)Primarily represents foreign currency translation adjustments.



60

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

10. Fair Value Measurements and Derivative Instruments
We measure certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant rather than an entity-specific measure. An entity is required to classify certain assets and liabilities measured at fair value based on the following fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value:
Level 1
Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.
Level 2
Quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3
Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity, and may be derived from internally developed methodologies based on management's best estimates.estimate of fair value and that are significant to the fair value of the asset or liability.
Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment and may affect its placement within the fair value hierarchy. The following tables show, by level within the fair value hierarchy, our financial assets and liabilities that are accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 20182019 and 2017.2018.
 December 31, 2019
 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Assets: 
  
  
  
Investment securities 
  
  
  
Money market funds / commercial paper$161,441
 $240,364
 $
 $401,805
Equity securities
 21,979
 
 21,979
Commingled fixed income securities1,656
 18,404
 
 20,060
Government and related securities64,572
 17,478
 
 82,050
Corporate debt securities
 72,149
 
 72,149
Mortgage-backed / asset-backed securities
 66,339
 
 66,339
Derivatives     
 

Foreign exchange contracts
 3,256
 
 3,256
Total assets$227,669
 $439,969
 $
 $667,638
Liabilities: 
  
  
  
Derivatives 
  
  
  
Foreign exchange contracts$
 $(1,402) $
 $(1,402)
Total liabilities$
 $(1,402) $
 $(1,402)


61

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


 December 31, 2018
 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Assets: 
  
  
  
Investment securities 
  
  
  
Money market funds / commercial paper$220,756
 $391,891
 $
 $612,647
Equity securities
 19,133
 
 19,133
Commingled fixed income securities1,570
 20,141
 
 21,711
Government and related securities98,790
 9,787
 
 108,577
Corporate debt securities
 56,938
 
 56,938
Mortgage-backed / asset-backed securities
 98,334
 
 98,334
Derivatives 
  
  
 

Foreign exchange contracts
 2,031
 
 2,031
Total assets$321,116
 $598,255
 $
 $919,371
Liabilities: 
  
  
  
Derivatives 
  
  
  
Foreign exchange contracts$
 $(735) $
 $(735)
Total liabilities$
 $(735) $
 $(735)

 December 31, 2018
 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Assets: 
  
  
  
Investment securities 
  
  
  
Money market funds / commercial paper$220,756
 $391,891
 $
 $612,647
Equity securities
 19,133
 
 19,133
Commingled fixed income securities1,570
 20,141
 
 21,711
Government and related securities98,790
 9,787
 
 108,577
Corporate debt securities
 56,938
 
 56,938
Mortgage-backed / asset-backed securities
 98,334
 
 98,334
Derivatives     
 

Foreign exchange contracts
 2,031
 
 2,031
Total assets$321,116
 $598,255
 $
 $919,371
Liabilities: 
  
  
  
Derivatives 
  
  
  
Foreign exchange contracts$
 $(735) $
 $(735)
Total liabilities$
 $(735) $
 $(735)

 December 31, 2017
 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Assets: 
  
  
  
Investment securities 
  
  
  
Money market funds / commercial paper$143,349
 $542,568
 $
 $685,917
Equity securities
 40,717
 
 40,717
Commingled fixed income securities1,569
 4,516
 
 6,085
Government and related securities116,041
 18,587
 
 134,628
Corporate debt securities
 75,109
 
 75,109
Mortgage-backed / asset-backed securities
 158,202
 
 158,202
Derivatives 
  
  
 

Interest rate swap
 1,776
 
 1,776
Foreign exchange contracts
 122
 
 122
Total assets$260,959
 $841,597
 $
 $1,102,556
Liabilities: 
  
  
  
Derivatives 
  
  
  
Foreign exchange contracts$
 $(335) $
 $(335)
Total liabilities$
 $(335) $
 $(335)
PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


Investment Securities
The valuation of investment securities is based on the market approach using inputs that are observable, or can be corroborated by observable data, in an active marketplace. The following information relates to our classification into the fair value hierarchy:
Money Market Funds / Commercial Paper: Money market funds typically invest in government securities, certificates of deposit, commercial paper and other highly liquid, low risk securities. Money market funds are principally used for overnight deposits and are classified as Level 1 when unadjusted quoted prices in active markets are available and as Level 2 when they are not actively traded on an exchange. Direct investments in commercial paper are not listed on an exchange in an active market and are classified as Level 2.
Equity Securities: Equity securities are comprised of mutual funds investing in U.S. and foreign stocks. These mutual funds are classified as Level 2.
Commingled Fixed Income Securities: Commingled fixed income securities are comprised of mutual funds that invest in a variety of fixed income securities, including securities of the U.S. government and its agencies, corporate debt, mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities. Fair value is based on the value of the underlying investments owned by each fund, minus its liabilities, divided by the number of shares outstanding, as reported by the fund manager. These mutual funds are classified as Level 1 when unadjusted quoted prices in active markets are available and as Level 2 when they are not actively traded on an exchange.
Government and Related Securities: Debt securities are classified as Level 1 where active, high volume trades for identical securities exist. Valuation adjustments are not applied to these securities. Debt securities are classified as Level 2 where fair value is determined using quoted market prices for similar securities or benchmarking model derived prices to quoted market prices and trade data for identical or comparable securities.
Corporate Debt Securities: Corporate debt securities are valued using recently executed comparable transactions, market price quotations or bond spreads for the same maturity as the security. These securities are classified as Level 2.
Mortgage-Backed Securities / Asset-Backed Securities: These securities are valued based on external pricing indices or on external price/spread data. These securities are classified as Level 2.








Money Market Funds / Commercial Paper: Money market funds typically invest62

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in government securities, certificates of deposit, commercial paper and other highly liquid, low risk securities. Money market funds are principally used for overnight deposits and are classified as Level 1 when unadjusted quoted prices in active markets are available and as Level 2 when they are not actively traded on an exchange. Direct investments in commercial paper are not listed on an exchange in an active market and are classified as Level 2.thousands, except per share amounts)
Equity Securities: Comprised of mutual funds investing in U.S. and foreign stocks. These mutual funds are classified as Level 2.
Commingled Fixed Income Securities: Comprised of mutual funds that invest in a variety of fixed income securities including securities of the U.S. government and its agencies, corporate debt, mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities. Fair value is based on the value of the underlying investments owned by each fund, minus its liabilities, divided by the number of shares outstanding, as reported by the fund manager. These mutual funds are classified as Level 2.
Government and related securities: Debt securities are classified as Level 1 where active, high volume trades for identical securities exist. Valuation adjustments are not applied to these securities. Debt securities valued using quoted market prices for similar securities or pricing models based on quoted market prices and trade data for comparable securities are classified as Level 2.
Corporate Debt Securities: Corporate debt securities are valued using recently executed transactions, market price quotations where observable, or bond spreads and are classified as Level 2. The spread data used are for the same maturity as the security.
Mortgage-Backed Securities / Asset-Backed Securities: These securities are valued based on external pricing indices or on external price/spread data when external index pricing is not observable. These securities are classified as Level 2.

Available-For-Sale Securities
Available-for-sale securities at December 31, 2018 and 2017, consisted of the following:
December 31, 2018December 31, 2019
Amortized cost Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Estimated fair valueAmortized cost Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Estimated fair value
Government and related securities$109,776
 $47
 $(1,336) $108,487
$80,732
 $1,358
 $(114) $81,976
Corporate debt securities58,714
 4
 (1,780) 56,938
70,426
 2,009
 (286) 72,149
Commingled fixed income securities1,637
 
 (67) 1,570
1,675
 
 (19) 1,656
Mortgage-backed / asset-backed securities100,186
 167
 (2,019) 98,334
65,679
 960
 (300) 66,339
Total$270,313
 $218
 $(5,202) $265,329
$218,512
 $4,327
 $(719) $222,120
 December 31, 2018
 Amortized cost Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Estimated fair value
Government and related securities$109,776
 $47
 $(1,336) $108,487
Corporate debt securities58,714
 4
 (1,780) 56,938
Commingled fixed income securities1,637
 
 (67) 1,570
Mortgage-backed / asset-backed securities100,186
 167
 (2,019) 98,334
Total$270,313
 $218
 $(5,202) $265,329

 December 31, 2017
 Amortized cost Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses Estimated fair value
Government and related securities$131,872
 $1,984
 $(1,090) $132,766
Corporate debt securities73,612
 1,724
 (227) 75,109
Commingled fixed income securities1,796
 
 (40) 1,756
Mortgage-backed / asset-backed securities158,496
 1,348
 (1,642) 158,202
Total$365,776
 $5,056
 $(2,999) $367,833







PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


Investment securities in a loss position at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:
 December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
 Fair Value Gross unrealized losses Fair Value Gross unrealized losses
Greater than 12 continuous months$9,227
 $136
 $177,331
 $4,355
Less than 12 continuous months52,521
 583
 48,318
 847
Total$61,748
 $719
 $225,649
 $5,202
 December 31, 2018 December 31, 2017
 Fair Value Gross unrealized losses Fair Value Gross unrealized losses
Greater than 12 continuous months$177,331
 $4,355
 $115,815
 $2,290
Less than 12 continuous months48,318
 847
 90,838
 709
Total$225,649
 $5,202
 $206,653
 $2,999

We have not recognized an other-than-temporary impairment on any of the investment securities in an unrealized loss position because we have the ability and intent to hold these securities until recovery of the unrealized losses and expect to receive the stated principal and interest at maturity.

At December 31, 20182019, scheduled maturities of available-for-sale securities were as follows:
 Amortized cost Estimated fair value
Within 1 year$35,393
 $35,495
After 1 year through 5 years49,647
 50,426
After 5 years through 10 years59,265
 60,345
After 10 years74,207
 75,854
Total$218,512
 $222,120
 Amortized cost Estimated fair value
Within 1 year$49,531
 $49,286
After 1 year through 5 years107,848
 106,586
After 5 years through 10 years35,531
 34,627
After 10 years77,403
 74,830
Total$270,313
 $265,329

The actual maturities may not coincide with scheduled maturities as certain securities contain early redemption features and/or allow for the prepayment of obligations with or without penalty.


Held-to-Maturity Securities
Held-to-maturity securities at December 31, 2019, include $383 million of time deposits scheduled to mature within six months. Due to the short-term nature of these investments, they are recorded at cost as it approximates fair value.



63

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

Derivative Instruments
Foreign Exchange Contracts
We enter into foreign exchange contracts to mitigate the currency risk associated with anticipated inventory purchases between affiliates and from third parties. These contracts are designated as cash flow hedges. The effective portion of the gain or loss on cash flow hedges is included in AOCI in the period that the change in fair value occurs and is reclassified to earnings in the period that the hedged item is recorded in earnings. At December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, outstanding contracts associated with these anticipated transactions had a notional amount of $8$7 million and $10$8 million, respectively. The valuation of foreign exchange derivatives is based on a market approach using observable market inputs, such as foreign currency spot and forward rates and yield curves.


Interest Rate Swaps
We had an interest rate swap with a notional amount of $300 million to mitigate the interest rate risk associated with $300 million of variable-rate term loans. This swap matured in September 2018. While outstanding, the swap was designated as a cash flow hedge and the effective portion of the gain or loss on the cash flow hedge was included in AOCI in the period that the change in fair value occurred and reclassified to earnings in the period that the hedged item was recorded in earnings.
PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

The fair value of our derivative instruments at December 31, 20182019 and 20172018 was as follows:
    December 31,
Designation of Derivatives Balance Sheet Location 2019 2018
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments    
  
Foreign exchange contracts Other current assets and prepayments $207
 $61
  Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (56) (104)
       
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments    
  
Foreign exchange contracts Other current assets and prepayments 3,049
 1,970
  Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (1,346) (631)
       
  Total derivative assets 3,256
 2,031
  Total derivative liabilities (1,402) (735)
  Total net derivative asset $1,854
 $1,296

    December 31,
Designation of Derivatives Balance Sheet Location 2018 2017
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments    
  
Foreign exchange contracts Other current assets and prepayments $61
 $57
  Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (104) (144)
       
Interest rate swap Other non-current assets 
 1,776
       
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments    
  
Foreign exchange contracts Other current assets and prepayments 1,970
 65
  Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (631) (191)
       
  Total derivative assets 2,031
 1,898
  Total derivative liabilities (735) (335)
  Total net derivative asset $1,296
 $1,563


The amounts included in AOCI at December 31, 20182019 will be recognized in earnings within the next 12 months. No amount of ineffectiveness was recorded in earnings for these designated cash flow hedges.


The following represents the results of cash flow hedging relationships for the years ended December 31, 20182019 and 2017:2018:
  Years Ended December 31,
  
Derivative Gain (Loss)
Recognized in AOCI
(Effective Portion)
 
Location of Gain (Loss)
(Effective Portion)
 
Gain (Loss) Reclassified
from AOCI to Earnings
(Effective Portion)
Derivative Instrument 2019 2018  2019 2018
Foreign exchange contracts $371
 $106
 Revenue $72
 $11
   
  
 Cost of sales 104
 51
Interest rate swap $
 $(1,776) Interest Expense 
 
   
  
   $176
 $62

  Years Ended December 31,
  
Derivative Gain (Loss)
Recognized in AOCI
(Effective Portion)
 
Location of Gain (Loss)
(Effective Portion)
 
Gain (Loss) Reclassified
from AOCI to Earnings
(Effective Portion)
Derivative Instrument 2018 2017  2018 2017
Foreign exchange contracts $106
 $(650) Revenue $11
 $(179)
   
  
 Cost of sales 51
 (32)
Interest rate swap $(1,776) $1,776
 Interest Expense 
 
   
  
   $62
 $(211)
We also enter into foreign exchange contracts to minimize the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on short-term intercompany loans and related interest that are denominated in a foreign currency. The revaluation of the intercompany loans and interest and the mark-to-market adjustment on the derivatives are both recorded in earnings. All outstanding contracts at December 31, 20182019 mature over the next three months.


The following represents the results of our non-designated derivative instruments for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:


64
    Years Ended December 31,
    
Derivative Gain (Loss)
Recognized in Earnings
Derivatives Instrument Location of Derivative Gain (Loss) 2018 2017
Foreign exchange contracts Selling, general and administrative expense $(33,453) $(2,203)

Credit-Risk-Related Contingent Features
Certain derivative instruments contain credit-risk-related contingent features that would require us to post collateral based on a combination of our long-term senior unsecured debt ratings and the net fair value of our derivatives. At December 31, 2018, we were not required to post any collateral.




PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


The following represents the mark-to-market adjustment on our non-designated derivative instruments for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018:
    Years Ended December 31,
    
Derivative Gain (Loss)
Recognized in Earnings
Derivatives Instrument Location of Derivative Gain (Loss) 2019 2018
Foreign exchange contracts Selling, general and administrative expense $5,154
 $(33,453)


Credit-Risk-Related Contingent Features
Certain derivative instruments contain credit-risk-related contingent features that could require us to post collateral based on our long-term senior unsecured debt ratings and the net fair value of our derivatives. At December 31, 2019, we were not required to post any collateral.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Our financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, investment securities, accounts receivable, loan receivables, derivative instruments, accounts payable and debt. The carrying value for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, loans receivable, and accounts payable approximate fair value. The fair value of our debt is estimated based on recently executed transactions and market price quotations. The inputs used to determine the fair value of our debt were classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The carrying value and estimated fair value of our debt at December 31, 20182019 and 20172018 was as follows:
 December 31,
 2019 2018
Carrying value$2,739,722
 $3,265,608
Fair value$2,572,794
 $3,003,678



65
 December 31,
 2018 2017
Carrying value$3,265,608
 $3,830,335
Fair value$3,003,678
 $3,718,986


11. Supplemental Balance Sheet Information
The following table shows selected balance sheet information at December 31, 2018 and 2017:
 December 31,
 2018 2017
Other assets:   
Long-term investments$311,417
 $435,612
Deferred marketing costs
 35,668
Contract assets and cost to obtain a contract42,287
 
Other59,535
 69,471
Total$413,239
 $540,751
    
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities:   
Accounts payable$285,592
 $284,857
Customer deposits700,397
 693,005
Employee related liabilities230,044
 251,545
Other185,602
 229,447
Total$1,401,635
 $1,458,854

12. Restructuring Charges and Asset Impairments
The table below shows the activity in our restructuring reserves for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:
 Severance and benefits costs 
Other exit
costs
 Total
Balance at December 31, 2016$28,234
 $281
 $28,515
Expenses, net50,114
 2,545
 52,659
Cash payments(36,197) (1,257) (37,454)
Balance at December 31, 201742,151
 1,569
 43,720
Expenses, net19,130
 6,507
 25,637
Cash payments(47,640) (5,334) (52,974)
Balance at December 31, 2018$13,641
 $2,742
 $16,383
The majority of the remaining restructuring reserves are expected to be paid over the next 12-24 months. Due to certain international labor laws and long-term lease agreements, some payments will extend beyond 24 months. We expect to fund these payments from cash flows from operations.

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


11. Supplemental Balance Sheet Information
The following table shows selected balance sheet information:
 December 31,
 2019 2018
Other assets:   
Long-term investments$288,963
 $311,417
Pension asset20,403
 14,502
Contract costs26,048
 20,420
Other65,042
 50,820
Total$400,456
 $397,159
    
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities:   
Accounts payable$282,125
 $280,936
Reserve account deposits591,118
 574,777
Customer deposits115,889
 125,574
Employee related liabilities219,995
 208,840
Other175,681
 158,000
Total$1,384,808
 $1,348,127
    
Other noncurrent liabilities:   
Pension liability$214,742
 $276,563
Postretirement medical benefits147,972
 149,463
Other37,804
 36,262
Total$400,518
 $462,288


12. Restructuring Charges and Asset Impairments
The table below shows the activity in our restructuring reserves:
 Severance and benefits costs 
Other exit
costs
 Total
Balance at December 31, 2017$42,151
 $1,569
 $43,720
Expenses, net18,426
 6,033
 24,459
Cash payments(46,936) (5,794) (52,730)
Balance at December 31, 201813,641
 1,808
 15,449
Expenses, net22,794
 911
 23,705
Cash payments(24,498) (2,650) (27,148)
Balance at December 31, 2019$11,937
 $69
 $12,006

The majority of the remaining restructuring reserves are expected to be paid over the next 12-24 months.

Asset impairmentimpairments
Asset impairment charges were $2$46 million, $1 million, and $4 million in 2019, 2018, and $152017, respectively. Asset impairment charges in 2019 primarily include $39 million due to the write-off of capitalized software costs related to the development of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system in 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.our international markets. 



66

13. Debt
   December 31,
 Interest rate 2018 2017
Notes due March 20185.60% $
 $250,000
Notes due March 20196.25% 
 300,000
Notes due September 20203.875% 300,000
 300,000
Notes due October 20213.875% 600,000
 600,000
Notes due May 20224.375% 400,000
 400,000
Notes due April 20234.95% 400,000
 400,000
Notes due March 20244.625% 500,000
 500,000
Notes due January 20375.25% 35,841
 35,841
Notes due March 20436.70% 425,000
 425,000
Term loansVariable 630,000
 650,000
Other debt  5,297
 5,476
Principal amount  3,296,138
 3,866,317
Less: unamortized costs, net  30,530
 35,982
Total debt  3,265,608
 3,830,335
Less: current portion long-term debt  199,535
 271,057
Long-term debt  $3,066,073
 $3,559,278

In 2018, Standard & Poor's lowered our corporate credit rating from BBB- to BB+ and as a result, the interest rate on certain notes and term loans increased 0.25%.
During 2018, we repaid the $250 million, 5.6% notes that matured in March 2018 and $20 million of principal on our term loans. We also redeemed the $300 million, 6.25% notes due March 2019 and recorded an $8 million loss on the early redemption. In 2017, we recorded a loss of $4 million on the early redemption of debt. Pursuant to an extension option, we extended the maturity of a $150 million term loan to August 2019.
Annual maturities of outstanding debt at December 31, 2018 are as follows:
2019$200,194
2020730,103
2021600,000
2022400,000
2023400,000
Thereafter965,841
Total$3,296,138
PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


13. Debt
   December 31,
 Interest rate 2019 2018
Notes due September 20204.125% 
 300,000
Notes due October 20214.125% 600,000
 600,000
Notes due May 20224.625% 400,000
 400,000
Notes due April 20235.20% 400,000
 400,000
Notes due March 20244.625% 500,000
 500,000
Notes due January 20375.25% 35,841
 35,841
Notes due March 20436.70% 425,000
 425,000
Term loansVariable 400,000
 630,000
Other debt  5,108
 5,297
Principal amount  2,765,949
 3,296,138
Less: unamortized costs, net  26,227
 30,530
Total debt  2,739,722
 3,265,608
Less: current portion long-term debt  20,108
 199,535
Long-term debt  $2,719,614
 $3,066,073

During 2019, we repaid all term loans outstanding at the beginning of the year and secured a new five-year $400 million secured term loan, scheduled to mature November 2024 (the 2024 Term Loan). The term loan bears interest at LIBOR plus 1.75% and resets monthly. Interest at December 31, 2019 was 3.55%. We also redeemed the $300 million September 2020 Notes. Finally, we replaced our $1 billion revolving credit facility scheduled to mature in January 2021 with a $500 million secured credit facility that expires in November 2024 (the Credit Facility). As of December 31, 2019 we had not drawn upon the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility contains financial covenants of which we were in compliance with at December 31, 2019. A $6 million loss was incurred on the early redemption of debt and is recorded in other expense.
Interest rates on certain notes are subject to adjustment based on changes in our credit ratings. In April 2019, Moody's lowered our corporate credit rating from Ba1 to Ba2. As a result, the interest rates on the May 2022 notes, September 2020 notes, October 2021 notes and April 2023 notes increased 0.25% during the year. In November 2019, Moody's and Standard and Poor's lowered the credit rating of our unsecured notes and the interest rates on the October 2021 notes, May 2022 notes and April 2023 notes will increase an additional 0.50% in the second quarter of 2020.

Annual maturities of outstanding debt at December 31, 2019 are as follows:
2020$20,108
2021620,000
2022430,000
2023440,000
2024795,000
Thereafter460,841
Total$2,765,949


In December 2019, we obtained commitments for a five-year $650 million term loan, and in February 2020, we obtained lender commitments for an additional $200 million. The combined commitment amount of $850 million is scheduled to mature January 2025 (the 2025 Term Loan). On February 10, 2020, we announced a cash tender offer to purchase up to $950 million aggregate principal amount of the October 2021 Notes, the May 2022 Notes, the April 2023 Notes and the March 2024 Notes (collectively, the Notes). On February 19, 2020, we funded the 2025 Term Loan and will use the net proceeds and the remaining proceeds from the sale of the Software Solutions business to redeem the Notes on or around February 24, 2020. The 2025 Term Loan bears interest at LIBOR plus 5.5% and resets monthly.


67

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

14. Retirement Plans and Postretirement Medical Benefits
We provide certain retirement benefits to our U.S. employees hired prior to January 1, 2005 and to eligible employees outside the U.S. under various defined benefit retirement plans. Benefit accruals under most of our significant defined benefit plans have been frozen.
We also provide certain employer subsidized health care and employer provided life insurance benefits in the U.S. and Canada to eligible retirees and their dependents. Employees hired before January 1, 2005 in the U.S. and April 1, 2005 in Canada become eligible for retiree medical benefits after reaching age 55 and with the completion of the required service period. The cost of these benefits is recognized over the period the employee provides credited service to the company.


Retirement Plans
The benefit obligations and funded status of defined benefit pension plans are as follows:
United States ForeignUnited States Foreign
2018 2017 2018 20172019 2018 2019 2018
Accumulated benefit obligation$1,500,691
 $1,726,824
 $659,628
 $737,580
$1,612,551
 $1,500,691
 $745,658
 $659,628
             ��
Projected benefit obligation              
Benefit obligation - beginning of year$1,727,737
 $1,678,097
 $751,373
 $688,172
$1,501,140
 $1,727,737
 $662,644
 $751,373
Service cost92
 132
 2,159
 2,274
83
 92
 1,543
 2,159
Interest cost61,490
 68,611
 18,089
 18,836
63,171
 61,490
 17,853
 18,089
Plan participants' contributions
 
 7
 6

 
 6
 7
Actuarial (gain) loss(124,298) 92,789
 (41,995) 2,098
Actuarial loss (gain)160,390
 (124,298) 68,385
 (41,995)
Foreign currency changes
 
 (40,559) 64,236

 
 25,452
 (40,559)
Plan amendments
 
 9,009
 

 
 
 9,009
Settlement / curtailment(82,273) 
 (6,703) 
Settlements and curtailments(6,684) (82,273) (2,682) (6,703)
Benefits paid(81,608) (111,892) (28,736) (24,249)(105,046) (81,608) (26,259) (28,736)
Benefit obligation - end of year$1,501,140
 $1,727,737
 $662,644
 $751,373
$1,613,054
 $1,501,140
 $746,942
 $662,644
Fair value of plan assets              
Fair value of plan assets - beginning of year$1,557,907
 $1,464,082
 $632,710
 $547,290
$1,327,034
 $1,557,907
 $562,517
 $632,710
Actual return on plan assets(73,745) 199,749
 (17,043) 46,542
261,579
 (73,745) 98,006
 (17,043)
Company contributions6,753
 5,968
 10,939
 13,081
10,135
 6,753
 10,085
 10,939
Plan participants' contributions
 
 7
 6

 
 6
 7
Settlement(82,273) 
 
 
Settlements and curtailments(6,684) (82,273) (1,773) 
Foreign currency changes
 
 (35,360) 50,040

 
 25,726
 (35,360)
Benefits paid(81,608) (111,892) (28,736) (24,249)(105,046) (81,608) (26,259) (28,736)
Fair value of plan assets - end of year$1,327,034
 $1,557,907
 $562,517
 $632,710
$1,487,018
 $1,327,034
 $668,308
 $562,517
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets       
Noncurrent asset$383
 $277
 $20,020
 $14,225
Current liability(9,019) (10,975) (1,313) (1,197)
Noncurrent liability(117,401) (163,408) (97,341) (113,155)
Funded status$(126,037) $(174,106) $(78,634) $(100,127)








68
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets       
Noncurrent asset$277
 $392
 $14,225
 $19,139
Current liability(10,975) (8,362) (1,197) (1,188)
Noncurrent liability(163,408) (161,860) (113,155) (136,614)
Funded status$(174,106) $(169,830) $(100,127) $(118,663)

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)



Information provided in the table below is only for pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets at December 31, 20182019 and 2017:2018:
 United States Foreign
 2019 2018 2019 2018
Projected benefit obligation$1,612,745
 $1,500,680
 $615,288
 $540,798
Accumulated benefit obligation$1,612,241
 $1,500,231
 $614,293
 $538,666
Fair value of plan assets$1,486,325
 $1,326,296
 $516,634
 $426,446

 United States Foreign
 2018 2017 2018 2017
Projected benefit obligation$1,500,680
 $1,727,292
 $540,798
 $614,371
Accumulated benefit obligation$1,500,231
 $1,726,378
 $538,666
 $601,412
Fair value of plan assets$1,326,296
 $1,557,069
 $426,446
 $476,825
Pretax amounts recognized in AOCI consist of:       
 United States Foreign
 2019 2018 2019 2018
Net actuarial loss$772,850
 $809,836
 $315,319
 $318,474
Prior service (credit) cost(270) (330) 8,317
 8,496
Transition asset
 
 (11) (17)
Total$772,580
 $809,506
 $323,625
 $326,953
Pretax amounts recognized in AOCI consist of:       
 United States Foreign
 2018 2017 2018 2017
Net actuarial loss$809,836
 $835,265
 $318,474
 $321,914
Prior service credit(330) (391) 8,496
 (597)
Transition asset
 
 (17) (24)
Total$809,506
 $834,874
 $326,953
 $321,293


The components of net periodic benefit cost (income) for defined benefit pension plans were as follows:
 United States Foreign
 2019 2018 2017 2019 2018 2017
Service cost$83
 $92
 $132
 $1,543
 $2,159
 $2,274
Interest cost63,171
 61,490
 68,611
 17,853
 18,089
 18,836
Expected return on plan assets(92,726) (101,087) (97,656) (34,363) (35,687) (32,242)
Amortization of net transition asset
 
 
 (6) (7) (8)
Amortization of prior service (credit) cost(60) (60) (60) 243
 (71) (71)
Amortization of net actuarial loss26,146
 31,298
 28,954
 6,337
 7,264
 8,052
Special termination benefits
 
 
 
 208
 
Settlements and curtailments2,381
 44,665
 
 397
 (13) 
Net periodic benefit (income) cost$(1,005) $36,398
 $(19) $(7,996) $(8,058) $(3,159)

 United States Foreign
 2018 2017 2016 2018 2017 2016
Service cost$92
 $132
 $105
 $2,159
 $2,274
 $2,148
Interest cost61,490
 68,611
 73,699
 18,089
 18,836
 21,886
Expected return on plan assets(101,087) (97,656) (101,918) (35,687) (32,242) (32,615)
Amortization of net transition asset
 
 
 (7) (8) (8)
Amortization of prior service credit(60) (60) (60) (71) (71) (73)
Amortization of net actuarial loss31,298
 28,954
 27,220
 7,264
 8,052
 5,264
Special termination benefits
 
 
 208
 
 52
Settlement/Curtailment44,665
 
 2,109
 (13) 
 110
Net periodic benefit cost (income)$36,398
 $(19) $1,155
 $(8,058) $(3,159) $(3,236)


In connection with the disposition of the Production Mail Business and certain other actions, a pre-tax, non-cash pension settlement charge of $45 million for the U.S. pension plans was incurred in 2018. We recognized $32 million of this charge in other components of net pension and postretirement cost and the remaining $13 million in income from discontinued operations, net of tax.


Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations for defined benefit pension plans recognized in other comprehensive income were as follows:
 United States Foreign
 2019 2018 2019 2018
Net actuarial (gain) loss$(8,459) $50,534
 $3,643
 $3,824
Plan amendment
 
 
 9,009
Amortization of net actuarial loss(26,146) (31,298) (6,337) (7,264)
Amortization of prior service credit (cost)60
 60
 (243) 71
Net transition asset
 
 6
 7
Settlements and curtailments(2,381) (44,665) (397) 13
Total recognized in other comprehensive income$(36,926) $(25,369) $(3,328) $5,660




69
 United States Foreign
 2018 2017 2018 2017
Net actuarial loss (gain)$50,534
 $(9,304) $3,824
 $(12,202)
Plan amendment
 
 9,009
 
Amortization of net actuarial loss(31,298) (28,954) (7,264) (8,052)
Amortization of prior service credit60
 60
 71
 71
Net transition asset
 
 7
 8
Settlement/Curtailment(44,665) 
 13
 
Total recognized in other comprehensive income$(25,369) $(38,198) $5,660
 $(20,175)


PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


Weighted-average actuarial assumptions used to determine end of year benefit obligations and net periodic benefit cost for defined benefit pension plans include:
 2019 2018 2017
United States           
Used to determine benefit obligations           
     Discount rate3.34% 4.34% 3.69%
     Rate of compensation increaseN/A N/A N/A
            
Used to determine net periodic benefit cost           
     Discount rate4.34% 3.69% 4.20%
     Expected return on plan assets6.75% 7.00% 6.75%
     Rate of compensation increaseN/A N/A N/A
            
Foreign           
Used to determine benefit obligations           
     Discount rate0.65%-2.95% 0.75%-3.55% 0.65%-3.35%
     Rate of compensation increase1.50%-2.50% 1.50%-2.50% 1.50%-2.50%
            
Used to determine net periodic benefit cost           
     Discount rate0.75%-3.55% 0.65%-3.35% 0.70%-3.65%
     Expected return on plan assets4.25%-6.25% 3.75%-6.25% 3.75%-6.25%
     Rate of compensation increase1.50%-2.50% 1.50%-3.25% 1.50%-3.30%

 2018 2017 2016
United States           
Used to determine benefit obligations           
     Discount rate4.34% 3.69% 4.20%
     Rate of compensation increaseN/A N/A N/A
            
Used to determine net periodic benefit cost           
     Discount rate3.69% 4.20% 4.55%
     Expected return on plan assets7.00% 6.75% 7.00%
     Rate of compensation increaseN/A N/A N/A
            
Foreign           
Used to determine benefit obligations           
     Discount rate0.75%-3.55% 0.65%-3.35% 0.70%-3.65%
     Rate of compensation increase1.50%-2.50% 1.50%-2.50% 1.50%-2.50%
            
Used to determine net periodic benefit cost           
     Discount rate0.65%-3.35% 0.70%-3.65% 1.15%-3.95%
     Expected return on plan assets3.75%-6.25% 3.75%-6.25% 3.75%-6.51%
     Rate of compensation increase1.50%-3.25% 1.50%-3.30% 1.50%-3.50%


A discount rate is used to determine the present value of our future benefit obligations. The discount rate for our U.S. pension and postretirement medical benefit plans is determined by matching the expected cash flows associated with our benefit obligations to a pool of corporate long-term, high-quality fixed income debt instruments available as of the measurement date. The discount rate for our largest foreign plan, the U.K. Qualified Pension Plan (the U.K. Plan), is determined by using a model that discounts each year's estimated benefit payments by an applicable spot rate derived from a yield curve created from a large number of high quality corporate bonds. For our other smaller foreign pension plans, the discount rate is selected based on high-quality fixed income indices available in the country in which the plan is domiciled.
The expected return on plan assets is based on historical and expected rates of return for current and planned asset classes in the plans' investment portfolio after analyzing historical experience and future expectations of the returns and volatility of the various asset classes. The overall expected rate of return for the portfolio is based on the target asset allocation of our global pension plans, adjusted for historical and expected experience of active portfolio management results, when compared to the benchmark returns.
During 2019,2020, we estimate making contributions of $11$9 million to our U.S. pension plans and $1110 million to our foreign pension plans.


Investment Strategy and Asset Allocation - U.S. Pension Plans
The investment strategy of our U.S. pension plans is to maximize returns within reasonable and prudent levels of risk, to achieve and maintain full funding of the accumulated benefit obligation and the actuarial liabilities and to earn a nominalan expected rate of return of at least 6.75%. The fund has established areturn. Pension plan assets are invested in accordance with our strategic asset allocation policy to achieve these objectives. Pension plan assets are exposed to various risks, such as interest rate, market and credit risks. Investments are diversified across asset classes and within each class to reduce the risk of large losses and are periodically rebalanced. Derivatives, such as swaps, options, forwards and futures contracts may be used for market exposure, to alter risk/return characteristics and to manage foreign currency exposure. We do not have any significant concentrations of credit risk within the plan assets. Investment objectives and investment managers are reviewed periodically. Target and actual asset allocations for the U.S. pension plans were as follows:

70

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

Target and actual allocations for 2019, 2018 and 2017 for the U.S. pension plans were as follows:
 Target allocation Percent of Plan Assets at December 31,
 2020 2019 2018
Asset category     
Equities30% 30% 26%
Fixed income63% 63% 64%
Real estate5% 5% 7%
Private equity2% 2% 3%
Total100% 100% 100%

 Target allocation Percent of Plan Assets at December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
Asset category     
U.S. equities14% 13% 15%
Non-U.S. equities13% 13% 15%
Fixed income63% 64% 62%
Real estate5% 7% 6%
Private equity5% 3% 2%
Total100% 100% 100%


Investment Strategy and Asset Allocation - Foreign Pension Plans
Our foreign pension plan assets are managed by outside investment managers and monitored regularly by local trustees and our corporate personnel. Investment strategies vary by country and plan, with each strategy tailored to achieve the expected rate of return within an acceptable or appropriate risk level, of risk, depending upon the liability profile of plan participants, local funding requirements, investment markets and restrictions. The U.K. Plan represents 76%comprises 77% of the total foreign pension plan assets. The U.K. pension plan's investment strategy is to maximize returns within reasonable and prudent levels of risk, to achieve and maintain full funding of the accumulated benefit obligation and the actuarial liabilities and to earn a nominalan expected rate of return of at least 6.25%. The fund has established areturn. Plan assets are invested in accordance with our strategic asset allocation policy to achieve these objectives. Pension plan assets are exposed to various risks, such as interest rate, market and credit risks. Investments are diversified across asset classes and within each class to minimize the risk of large losses and are periodically rebalanced. Derivatives, such as swaps, options, forwards and futures contracts may be used for market exposure, to alter risk/return characteristics and to manage currency exposure. We do not have any significant concentrations of credit risk within the plan assets. Investment objectives and investment managers are reviewed periodically.

Target and actual asset allocations for the U.K. Plan for 2019, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:
 Target Allocation Percent of Plan Assets at December 31,
 2020 2019 2018
Asset category     
Equities30% 35% 38%
Fixed income50% 46% 41%
Real estate10% 9% 10%
Diversified growth10% 9% 10%
Cash% 1% 1%
Total100% 100% 100%

 Target Allocation Percent of Plan Assets at December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
Asset category     
U.K. equities10% 9% 10%
Non-U.K. equities30% 29% 29%
Fixed income40% 41% 41%
Real estate10% 10% 9%
Diversified growth10% 10% 9%
Cash% 1% 2%
Total100% 100% 100%


The target asset allocation used to manage the investment portfolios is based on the broad asset categories shown above. The plan asset categories presented in the fair value hierarchy are subsets of the broad asset categories.

The fair value of the U.K. plan assets was $516 million and $426 million and $477 million at December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, respectively, and the expected long-term weighted average rate of return on these plan assets was 6.25% in both 20182019 and 2017.2018.











71

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


Fair Value Measurements of Plan Assets
The following tables show the U.S. and foreign pension plans' assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017:assets:
United States Pension Plans
December 31, 2018December 31, 2019
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 TotalLevel 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Money market funds$3,498
 $5,759
 $
 $9,257
$
 $4,917
 $
 $4,917
Equity securities110,840
 109,864
 
 220,704

 265,832
 
 265,832
Commingled fixed income securities
 281,258
 
 281,258

 275,335
 
 275,335
Government and related securities258,535
 16,144
 
 274,679
292,506
 15,764
 
 308,270
Corporate debt securities
 435,285
 
 435,285

 528,425
 
 528,425
Mortgage-backed securities /asset-backed securities
 23,474
 
 23,474

 51,770
 
 51,770
Private equity
 
 32,750
 32,750

 
 23,608
 23,608
Real estate
 
 96,877
 96,877

 
 71,337
 71,337
Securities lending collateral
 117,603
 
 117,603

 106,886
 
 106,886
Total plan assets at fair value$372,873
 $989,387
 $129,627
 $1,491,887
$292,506
 $1,248,929
 $94,945
 $1,636,380
Securities lending payable      (117,603)      (106,886)
Cash      11,341
      9,409
Other      (58,591)      (51,885)
Fair value of plan assets
 

 

 $1,327,034

 

 

 $1,487,018


 December 31, 2018
 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Money market funds$3,498
 $5,759
 $
 $9,257
Equity securities110,840
 109,864
 
 220,704
Commingled fixed income securities
 281,258
 
 281,258
Government and related securities258,535
 16,144
 
 274,679
Corporate debt securities
 435,285
 
 435,285
Mortgage-backed securities /asset-backed securities
 23,474
 
 23,474
Private equity
 
 32,750
 32,750
Real estate
 
 96,877
 96,877
Securities lending collateral
 117,603
 
 117,603
Total plan assets at fair value$372,873
 $989,387
 $129,627
 $1,491,887
Securities lending payable      (117,603)
Cash      11,341
Other      (58,591)
Fair value of plan assets
 

 

 $1,327,034













72
 December 31, 2017
 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Money market funds$8,810
 $9,350
 $
 $18,160
Equity securities152,815
 150,043
 
 302,858
Commingled fixed income securities
 377,078
 
 377,078
Government and related securities295,404
 20,473
 
 315,877
Corporate debt securities
 418,908
 
 418,908
Mortgage-backed securities /asset-backed securities
 19,223
 
 19,223
Private equity
 
 38,362
 38,362
Real estate
 
 91,352
 91,352
Securities lending collateral
 152,179
 
 152,179
Total plan assets at fair value$457,029
 $1,147,254
 $129,714
 $1,733,997
Securities lending payable      (152,179)
Cash      5,186
Other      (29,097)
Fair value of plan assets
 

 

 $1,557,907












PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)



Foreign Plans
December 31, 2018December 31, 2019
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 TotalLevel 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Money market funds$
 $11,172
 $
 $11,172
$
 $8,734
 $
 $8,734
Equity securities
 194,914
 
 194,914

 222,554
 
 222,554
Commingled fixed income securities
 198,902
 
 198,902

 264,131
 
 264,131
Government and related securities
 40,055
 
 40,055

 43,405
 
 43,405
Corporate debt securities
 29,996
 
 29,996

 34,528
 
 34,528
Real estate
 
 42,143
 42,143

 
 45,335
 45,335
Diversified growth funds
 
 40,766
 40,766

 
 47,621
 47,621
Total plan assets at fair value$
 $475,039
 $82,909
 $557,948
$
 $573,352
 $92,956
 $666,308
Cash      3,903
      1,516
Other      666
      484
Fair value of plan assets
 

 

 $562,517

 

 

 $668,308


 December 31, 2018
 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Money market funds$
 $11,172
 $
 $11,172
Equity securities
 194,914
 
 194,914
Commingled fixed income securities
 198,902
 
 198,902
Government and related securities
 40,055
 
 40,055
Corporate debt securities
 29,996
 
 29,996
Real estate
 
 42,143
 42,143
Diversified growth funds
 
 40,766
 40,766
Total plan assets at fair value$
 $475,039
 $82,909
 $557,948
Cash      3,903
Other      666
Fair value of plan assets
 

 

 $562,517

 December 31, 2017
 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
Money market funds$
 $13,375
 $
 $13,375
Equity securities
 226,032
 
 226,032
Commingled fixed income securities
 213,844
 
 213,844
Government and related securities
 66,115
 
 66,115
Corporate debt securities
 24,889
 
 24,889
Real estate
 
 41,601
 41,601
Diversified growth funds
 
 44,024
 44,024
Total plan assets at fair value$
 $544,255
 $85,625
 $629,880
Cash      2,203
Other      627
Fair value of plan assets
 

 

 $632,710


The following information relates to our classification of investments into the fair value hierarchy:
Money Market Funds: typically invest in government securities, certificates of deposit, commercial paper and other highly liquid, low risk securities. Money market funds are principally used for overnight deposits.
Equity Securities: include U.S. and foreign stocks, American Depository Receipts, preferred stock and commingled funds. There are no shares of our common stock included in the plan assets of our pension plans.
Commingled Fixed Income Securities: mutual funds that invest in fixed income securities of the U.S. government and its agencies, corporate debt, mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities. Fair value is based on the market value of the underlying investments owned by each fund, minus its liabilities, divided by the number of shares outstanding as reported by the fund manager.
Government and Related Securities: include treasury notes and bonds, foreign government issues, U.S. government sponsored agency debt and commingled funds. Municipal debt securities include general obligation securities and revenue-backed securities. Fair value is based on benchmarking model derived prices to quoted market prices and trade data for identical comparable securities.
Corporate Debt Securities: comprised of both investment grade debt and high-yield debt. Fair value is determined using recently executed transactions, market price quotations where observable, or bond spreads.
Mortgage-Backed Securities / Asset-Backed Securities: mortgage-backed securities (MBS) are comprised of agency-backed MBS, non-agency MBS, collateralized mortgage obligations, commercial MBS and commingled funds. Asset-backed securities (ABS) are primarily comprised of credit card receivables, auto loan receivables, student loan receivables and Small Business Administration loans. These securities are valued based on external pricing indices, external price/spread data or broker quotes.
Money Market Funds: Money market funds typically invest in government securities, certificates of deposit, commercial paper of companies and other highly liquid, low risk securities. Money market funds are principally used for overnight deposits.

Equity Securities: Equity securities include U.S. and foreign stocks, American Depository Receipts, preferred stock and commingled funds. There are no shares of our common stock included in the plan assets of our pension plans.73
Commingled Fixed Income Securities: Mutual funds that invest in fixed income securities of the U.S. government and its agencies, corporate debt, mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities. Fair value is based on the market value of the underlying investments owned by each fund, minus its liabilities, divided by the number of shares outstanding as reported by the fund manager.
Government and Related Securities: Government and related securities include treasury notes and bonds, foreign government issues, U.S. government sponsored agency debt and commingled funds. Municipal debt securities include general obligation securities and revenue-backed securities. Fair value is based on benchmarking model derived prices to quotes market prices and trade data for identical comparable securities.
Corporate Debt Securities: Investments are comprised of both investment grade debt and high-yield debt. The fair value of corporate debt securities is determined using recently executed transactions, market price quotations where observable, or bond spreads.
Mortgage-Backed Securities / Asset-Backed Securities: Mortgage-backed securities (MBS) are comprised of agency-backed MBS, non-agency MBS, collateralized mortgage obligations, commercial MBS and commingled funds. These securities are valued based

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


Private Equity: comprised of units in fund-of-funds investment vehicles. Fund-of-funds consist of various private equity investments and are used in an effort to gain greater diversification. Investments are valued in accordance with the most appropriate valuation techniques.
Real Estate: include units in open-ended commingled real estate funds. Investments are valued in accordance with the most appropriate valuation techniques.
Diversified Growth Funds: comprised of units in commingled diversified growth funds. Investments are valued based on the net asset value (NAV) per unit as reported by the fund manager.
Securities Lending Fund: represents a commingled fund through our custodian's securities lending program. The U.S. pension plan lends securities that are held within the plan to other banks and/or brokers, and receives collateral, typically cash. This collateral is invested in a short-term fixed income securities commingled fund. This amount invested in the fund is offset by a corresponding liability reflected in the U.S. pension plan's net assets available for benefits.
on external pricing indices- external price/spread data or broker quotes. Asset-backed securities (ABS) are primarily comprised of credit card receivables, auto loan receivables, student loan receivables and Small Business Administration loans.
Private Equity: Investments are comprised of units in fund-of-funds investment vehicles. Fund-of-funds consist of various private equity investments and are used in an effort to gain greater diversification. The investments are valued in accordance with the most appropriate valuation techniques.
Real Estate: Investments include units in open-ended commingled real estate funds. Properties that comprise these funds are valued in accordance with the most appropriate valuation techniques.
Diversified Growth Funds: Investments are comprised of units in commingled diversified growth funds. These investments are valued based on the net asset value (NAV) per unit as reported by the fund manager.
Securities Lending Fund: Investment represents a commingled fund through our custodian's securities lending program. The U.S. pension plan lends securities that are held within the plan to other banks and/or brokers, and receives collateral, typically cash. This collateral is invested in a short-term fixed income securities commingled fund. This amount invested in the fund is offset by a corresponding liability reflected in the U.S. pension plan's net assets available for benefits.

Level 3 Gains and Losses
The following table summarizes the changes in the fair value of Level 3 assets for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:assets:
United States Pension Plans
 Private equity Real estate Total
Balance at December 31, 2017$38,362
 $91,352
 $129,714
Realized gains8,264
 1,001
 9,265
Unrealized (losses) gains(1,409) 4,462
 3,053
Net purchases, sales and settlements(12,467) 62
 (12,405)
Balance at December 31, 201832,750
 96,877
 129,627
Realized gains5,625
 14,876
 20,501
Unrealized losses(5,288) (12,517) (17,805)
Net purchases, sales and settlements(9,479) (27,899) (37,378)
Balance at December 31, 2019$23,608
 $71,337
 $94,945

 MBS & ABS Private equity Real estate Total
Balance at December 31, 2016$1,236
 $49,637
 $87,852
 $138,725
Realized gains25
 9,226
 980
 10,231
Unrealized gains (losses)49
 (2,334) 2,397
 112
Net purchases, sales and settlements(1,310) (18,167) 123
 (19,354)
Balance at December 31, 2017
 38,362
 91,352
 129,714
Realized gains
 8,264
 1,001
 9,265
Unrealized (losses) gains
 (1,409) 4,462
 3,053
Net purchases, sales and settlements
 (12,467) 62
 (12,405)
Balance at December 31, 2018$
 $32,750
 $96,877
 $129,627


Foreign Pension Plans
 Real estate Diversified growth funds Total
Balance at December 31, 2017$41,601
 $44,024
 $85,625
Unrealized gains (losses)1,317
 (4,948) (3,631)
Net purchases, sales and settlements1,653
 4,090
 5,743
Foreign currency(2,428) (2,400) (4,828)
Balance at December 31, 201842,143
 40,766
 82,909
Unrealized (losses) gains(799) 4,954
 4,155
Net purchases, sales and settlements1,618
 107
 1,725
Other687
 
 687
Foreign currency1,686
 1,794
 3,480
Balance at December 31, 2019$45,335
 $47,621
 $92,956


74
 Real estate Diversified growth funds Total
Balance at December 31, 2016$34,483
 $36,779
 $71,262
Unrealized gains2,159
 3,551
 5,710
Net purchases, sales and settlements1,481
 
 1,481
Foreign currency3,478
 3,694
 7,172
Balance at December 31, 201741,601
 44,024
 85,625
Unrealized gains (losses)1,317
 (4,948) (3,631)
Net purchases, sales and settlements1,653
 4,090
 5,743
Foreign currency(2,428) (2,400) (4,828)
Balance at December 31, 2018$42,143
 $40,766
 $82,909

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


Nonpension Postretirement Benefits
The benefit obligation and funded status for nonpension postretirement benefit plans are as follows:
2018 20172019 2018
Benefit obligation      
Benefit obligation - beginning of year$188,841
 $189,772
$166,476
 $188,841
Service cost1,405
 1,727
967
 1,405
Interest cost6,640
 7,100
6,584
 6,640
Plan participants' contributions3,200
 3,820
3,003
 3,200
Actuarial (gain) loss(11,304) 5,134
Actuarial loss (gain)6,930
 (11,304)
Foreign currency changes(1,178) 1,066
674
 (1,177)
Curtailment(533) 

 (533)
Benefits paid(20,596) (19,778)(20,530) (20,596)
Benefit obligation - end of year (1)
$166,475
 $188,841
$164,104
 $166,476
Fair value of plan assets      
Fair value of plan assets - beginning of year$
 $
$
 $
Company contribution17,396
 15,958
17,527
 17,396
Plan participants' contributions3,200
 3,820
3,003
 3,200
Benefits paid(20,596) (19,778)(20,530) (20,596)
Fair value of plan assets - end of year$
 $
$
 $
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets      
Current liability$(17,013) $(17,712)$(16,132) $(17,013)
Non-current liability(149,463) (171,129)(147,972) (149,463)
Funded status$(166,476) $(188,841)$(164,104) $(166,476)
(1)The benefit obligation for U.S. nonpension postretirement plans was $154$150 million and $172$154 million at December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, respectively.


Pretax amounts recognized in AOCI consist of:
 2019 2018
Net actuarial loss$33,272
 $28,368
Prior service cost502
 823
Total$33,774
 $29,191

 2018 2017
Net actuarial loss$28,368
 $43,160
Prior service cost823
 1,466
Total$29,191
 $44,626


The components of net periodic benefit cost for nonpension postretirement benefit plans were as follows:
 2019 2018 2017
Service cost$967
 $1,405
 $1,727
Interest cost6,584
 6,640
 7,100
Amortization of prior service cost321
 304
 297
Amortization of net actuarial loss2,026
 3,048
 3,600
Curtailment
 246
 
Net periodic benefit cost$9,898
 $11,643
 $12,724






75
 2018 2017 2016
Service cost$1,405
 $1,727
 $2,046
Interest cost6,640
 7,100
 7,969
Amortization of prior service cost304
 297
 297
Amortization of net actuarial loss3,048
 3,600
 3,615
Curtailment246
 
 
Net periodic benefit cost$11,643
 $12,724
 $13,927





PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligation for nonpension postretirement benefit plans recognized in other comprehensive income were as follows:
 2019 2018
Net actuarial loss (gain)$6,931
 $(11,837)
Curtailment
 (246)
Amortization of net actuarial loss(2,026) (3,048)
Amortization of prior service cost(321) (304)
Total recognized in other comprehensive income$4,584
 $(15,435)

 2018 2017
Net actuarial (gain) loss$(11,837) $5,134
Curtailment(246) 
Amortization of net actuarial loss(3,048) (3,600)
Amortization of prior service cost(304) (297)
Total recognized in other comprehensive income$(15,435) $1,237


The weighted-average discount rates used to determine end of year benefit obligation and net periodic pension cost include:
 2019 2018 2017
Discount rate used to determine benefit obligation     
U.S.3.20% 4.20% 3.55%
Canada3.00% 3.60% 3.35%
      
Discount rate used to determine net period benefit cost     
U.S.4.20% 3.55% 3.90%
Canada3.60% 3.35% 3.65%

 2018 2017 2016
Discount rate used to determine benefit obligation     
U.S.4.20% 3.55% 3.90%
Canada3.60% 3.35% 3.65%
      
Discount rate used to determine net period benefit cost     
U.S.3.55% 3.90% 4.20%
Canada3.35% 3.65% 3.95%


The assumed health care cost trend rate used in measuring the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation for the U.S. plan was 7.0%6.5% for 20182019 and 7.0% for 2017.2018. The assumed health care trend rate is 6.5%7.0% for 20192020 and will gradually decline to 5.0% by the year 20252028 and remain at that level thereafter. Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant effect on the amounts reported for the health care plans.


Estimated Future Benefit Payments
The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, are expected to be paid.
 Pension Benefits Nonpension Benefits
2020$131,577
 $16,129
2021125,439
 15,480
2022124,142
 14,756
2023124,559
 13,592
2024121,767
 12,500
Thereafter600,327
 53,101
 $1,227,811
 $125,558

 Pension Benefits Nonpension Benefits
Years ending December 31,   
2019$137,312
 $17,040
2020131,672
 16,376
2021129,641
 15,783
2022128,972
 14,737
2023128,774
 13,706
Thereafter627,369
 59,518
 $1,283,740
 $137,160


Savings Plans
We offer voluntary defined contribution plans to our U.S. employees designed to help them accumulate additional savings for retirement. We provide a core contribution to all employees, regardless if they participate in the plan, and match a portion of each participating employees' contribution, based on eligible pay. Total contributions to our defined contribution plans were $3128 million in both 20182019 and 2017.$31 million in 2018.



76

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


15. Income Taxes
Income from continuing operations before taxes consisted of the following:
 Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
U.S.$910
 $109,393
 $135,636
International26,232
 78,728
 58,062
Total$27,142
 $188,121
 $193,698

 Years Ended December 31,
 2018 2017 2016
U.S.$114,982
 $140,574
 $126,856
International97,379
 81,341
 74,933
Total$212,361
 $221,915
 $201,789


The (benefit) provision for income taxes from continuing operations consisted of the following:
 Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
U.S. Federal:     
Current$(18,789) $(56,743) $25,774
Deferred11,577
 61,514
 (23,863)
 (7,212) 4,771
 1,911
U.S. State and Local:     
Current(9,142) (12,214) (3,022)
Deferred8,043
 866
 13,426
 (1,099) (11,348) 10,404
International:     
Current9,993
 11,308
 (7,679)
Deferred(14,689) 1,685
 9,023
 (4,696) 12,993
 1,344
      
Total current(17,938) (57,649) 15,073
Total deferred4,931
 64,065
 (1,414)
Total (benefit) provision for income taxes$(13,007) $6,416
 $13,659
      
Effective tax rate(47.9)% 3.4% 7.1%

 Years Ended December 31,
 2018 2017 2016
U.S. Federal:     
Current$(50,333) $31,691
 $76,117
Deferred56,715
 (49,812) (1,979)
 6,382
 (18,121) 74,138
U.S. State and Local:     
Current(10,489) (2,330) 6,377
Deferred(911) 15,316
 4,682
 (11,400) 12,986
 11,059
International:     
Current16,224
 (3,418) 21,014
Deferred1,177
 9,106
 764
 17,401
 5,688
 21,778
      
Total current(44,598) 25,943
 103,508
Total deferred56,981
 (25,390) 3,467
Total provision for income taxes$12,383
 $553
 $106,975
      
Effective tax rate5.8% 0.2% 53.0%

On December 22, 2017,The effective tax rate for 2019 includes benefits of $23 million from the release of a foreign valuation allowance and $9 million from the resolution of certain tax examinations. The effective tax rate for 2019 also includes a tax of $3 million on the $18 million book loss from Market Exits, primarily due to nondeductible basis differences. The effective tax rate for 2018 includes tax benefits of $37 million related to true-ups from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the Act) was signed into law making significant changes to the Internal Revenue Code. Changes included, but were not limited to, a federal corporate income tax rate decrease from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018, the transition of U.S. international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a territorial system by creating a minimum tax on earnings of foreign subsidiaries, and a one-time transition tax on the mandatory deemed repatriation of post-1986 cumulative foreign earnings. As of December 31, 2017, in accordance with the Act, we recorded a net provisional one-time non-cash benefit of $39 million, which was comprised of a provisional $130 million benefit from the remeasurement of net U.S. deferred tax liabilities arising from a lower U.S. tax rate, offset by a provisional $91 million charge related primarily to the U.S. tax on unremitted post-1986 earnings of our foreign subsidiaries. Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (SAB 118) was issued to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant did not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Act. December 22, 2018 marked the end of the measurement period for purposes of SAB 118. As such, we have completed the analysis based on legislative updates relating to the Act currently available which resulted in an adjustment to the provisional tax recorded of $37 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, which is comprised of a $13 million benefit related to the remeasurement of certain deferred tax assets and liabilities and a $24 million decrease in the U.S. tax on unremitted post-1986 earnings of our foreign subsidiaries.
In addition to the adjustment to the provisional tax benefits, the effective tax rate for 2018 includes a benefit of $17 million from the resolution of certain tax examinations. The effective tax rate for 2017 includes provisional tax benefits of $39 million from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and tax benefits of $30 million from the resolution of certain tax examinations. The effective tax rate for 2016 includes tax benefits of $15 million from the resolution of tax examinations, a $58 million charge associated with the goodwill impairment charge and a $6 million charge for a valuation allowance on tax attribute carryovers.














77

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


A reconciliation of income taxes computed at the federal statutory rate and our provision for income taxes consist of the following:
 Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
Federal statutory provision$5,700
 $39,505
 $67,794
State and local income taxes (1)
(868) 1,292
 3,739
Impact of foreign operations taxed at rates other than the U.S. statutory rate (2)
(18,541) (2,483) (12,054)
Accrual/release of uncertain tax amounts related to foreign operations191
 (4,595) (17,919)
U.S. tax impacts of foreign income in the U.S.5,587
 5,854
 1,750
Tax incentives/credits/exempt income(5,437) 3,526
 (14,587)
Unrealized stock compensation benefits2,176
 1,941
 3,778
Remeasurement of U.S. deferred taxes
 (13,121) (108,176)
U.S. tax on unremitted earnings
 (23,711) 90,916
Other, net (3)
(1,815) (1,792) (1,582)
(Benefit) provision for income taxes$(13,007) $6,416
 $13,659

(1)
Includes release of tax uncertainties of $(3) million, $(9) million and $(3) million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
(2)
Includes foreign valuation allowance release of $23 million and $3 million tax on Market Exits for the year ended December 31, 2019.
(3)
Includes $1 million benefit related to interest for the year ended December 31, 2019.
 Years Ended December 31,
 2018 2017 2016
Federal statutory provision$44,596
 $77,671
 $70,627
State and local income taxes (1)
1,251
 5,418
 7,188
Impact of foreign operations taxed at rates other than the U.S. statutory rate(1,988) (15,859) (9,236)
Accrual/release of uncertain tax amounts related to foreign operations(4,595) (17,919) (7,482)
U.S. tax impacts of foreign income in the U.S.7,683
 2,778
 2,929
Tax exempt income/reimbursement
 
 (935)
Tax incentives/credits/exempt income2,026
 (14,329) (9,020)
Goodwill impairments
 
 50,003
Remeasurement of U.S. deferred taxes(13,121) (129,960) 
U.S. tax on unremitted earnings(23,711) 90,916
 
Other, net242
 1,837
 2,901
Provision for income taxes$12,383
 $553
 $106,975
(1) Includes release of tax uncertainties of $(9) million, $(3) million and $(3) million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.


Deferred tax liabilities and assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted of the following:
 December 31,
 2019 2018
Deferred tax liabilities:   
Depreciation$(69,222) $(71,757)
Deferred profit (for tax purposes) on sale to finance subsidiary(30,791) (41,951)
Lease revenue and related depreciation(174,083) (149,176)
Intangible assets(88,024) (98,707)
Other(24,941) (34,425)
Gross deferred tax liabilities(387,061) (396,016)
    
Deferred tax assets:   
Nonpension postretirement benefits41,015
 42,422
Pension43,763
 60,063
Inventory and equipment capitalization2,735
 6,042
Restructuring charges2,944
 5,064
Long-term incentives12,929
 11,517
Net operating loss82,673
 106,029
Tax credit carry forwards64,430
 64,148
Tax uncertainties gross-up6,577
 6,692
Other38,247
 46,623
Gross deferred tax assets295,313
 348,600
Less: Valuation allowance(110,781) (142,496)
Net deferred tax assets184,532
 206,104
Total deferred taxes, net$(202,529) $(189,912)



78
 December 31,
 2018 2017
Deferred tax liabilities:   
Depreciation$(102,726) $(77,415)
Deferred profit (for tax purposes) on sale to finance subsidiary(41,951) (60,340)
Lease revenue and related depreciation(166,544) (133,908)
Intangible assets(98,707) (106,488)
Other(33,353) (22,468)
Gross deferred tax liabilities(443,281) (400,619)
    
Deferred tax assets:   
Nonpension postretirement benefits42,422
 48,387
Pension60,063
 66,270
Inventory and equipment capitalization7,216
 11,380
Restructuring charges5,064
 12,476
Long-term incentives11,517
 11,544
Net operating loss106,029
 108,006
Tax credit carry forwards64,148
 82,285
Tax uncertainties gross-up6,692
 9,920
Other46,885
 36,936
Gross deferred tax assets350,036
 387,204
Less: Valuation allowance(142,496) (178,156)
Net deferred tax assets207,540
 209,048
Total deferred taxes, net$(235,741) $(191,571)


PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


A valuation allowance is recognized to reduce the total deferred tax assets to an amount that will more-likely-than-not be realized. The valuation allowance relates primarily to certain foreign, state and local net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards that arewill more-likely-than-not to expire unutilized.
We have net operating loss carryforwards of $258162 million as of December 31, 20182019, of which $211$145 million can be carried forward indefinitely and the remainder expire over the next 1520 years. In addition, we have tax credit carryforwards of $64 million, of which $50$52 million can be carried forward indefinitely and the remainder expire over the next 5 to 1513 years.
As of December 31, 2018,2019, we assert that we are no longer permanently reinvested in $724$421 million of post-1986 earnings generated from non-U.S. subsidiaries, which were subject to the deemed repatriation toll charge under the Act. We continue to be permanently reinvested in our remaining undistributed earnings of $301$261 million as well as other outside basis differences. While a determination of the full liability that would be incurred if these earnings were repatriated is not practical, we have estimated the withholding taxes would be approximately $13$3 million.


Uncertain Tax Positions
A reconciliation of the amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
 2019 2018 2017
Balance at beginning of year$71,458
 $89,767
 $124,728
Increases from prior period positions510
 88
 528
Decreases from prior period positions(9,711) (15,145) (31,470)
Increases from current period positions5,052
 6,001
 5,951
Decreases relating to settlements with tax authorities(2,626) (4,844) (6,953)
Reductions from lapse of applicable statute of limitations(4,381) (4,409) (3,017)
Balance at end of year$60,302
 $71,458
 $89,767

 2018 2017 2016
Balance at beginning of year$89,767
 $124,728
 $139,249
Increases from prior period positions88
 528
 
Decreases from prior period positions(15,145) (31,470) (21,207)
Increases from current period positions6,001
 5,951
 10,867
Decreases relating to settlements with tax authorities(4,844) (6,953) (1,791)
Reductions from lapse of applicable statute of limitations(4,409) (3,017) (2,390)
Balance at end of year$71,458
 $89,767
 $124,728
The amount of the unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 20182019, 20172018 and 20162017 that would affect the effective tax rate if recognized was $54 million, $65 million, and $74 million and $104 million, respectively.
On a regular basis, we conclude tax return examinations, statutes of limitations expire, and court decisions interpret tax law. We regularly assess tax uncertainties in light of these developments. As a result, it is reasonably possible that the amount of our unrecognized tax benefits will decrease in the next 12 months, and we expect this change could be up to 30%15% of our unrecognized tax benefits. We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in our provision for income taxes. We recognized interest and penalties of less than $(1) million, $(4)$(1) million and less than $1$(4) million related to uncertain tax positions in ourthe provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 2017 and 20162017 respectively. We had $3 million and $4 million accrued for the payment of interest and penalties at December 31, 20182019 and 2017.2018, respectively.


Other Tax Matters
As is the case with other large corporations, our tax returns are examined each year by tax authorities in the U.S. and other global taxing jurisdictions in which we have operations. The IRS examinations of our consolidated U.S. income tax returns for tax years prior to 20152017 are closed to audit; however, various post-2011 U.S. state and local tax returns are still subject to examination. In Canada, the examination of our tax filings prior to 20142015 are closed to audit. Other significant jurisdictions include France (closed through 2014), Germany (closed through 2012)2016) and the U.K. (except(closed through 2016, except for an item under appeal, closed through 2016)appeal). We also have other less significant tax filings currently subject to examination.
We regularly assess the likelihood of tax adjustments in each of the tax jurisdictions in which we have operations and account for the related financial statement implications. We believe we have established tax reserves that are appropriate given the possibility of tax adjustments. However, determining the appropriate level of tax reserves requires judgment regarding the uncertain application of tax law and the possibility of tax adjustments. Future changes in tax reserve requirements could have a material impact, positive or negative, on our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

79

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


16. Commitments and Contingencies
In the ordinary course of business, we are routinely defendants in, or party to, a number of pending and threatened legal actions. These may involve litigation by or against us relating to, among other things, contractual rights under vendor, insurance or other contracts; intellectual property or patent rights; equipment, service, payment or other disputes with clients; or disputes with employees. Some of these actions may be brought as a purported class action on behalf of a purported class of employees, clients or others. In management's opinion, it is not reasonably possible that the potential liability, if any, that may result from these actions, either individually or collectively, will have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. However, as litigation is inherently unpredictable, there can be no assurances in this regard.

In August 2018, the Company, certain of its directors, officers and several banks who served as underwriters, were named as defendants in City of Livonia Retiree Health and Disability Benefits Plan v. Pitney Bowes Inc. et al., a putative class action lawsuit filed in Connecticut state court. The complaint asserts claims under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, on behalf of those who purchased notes issued by the Company in connection with a September 13, 2017 offering, alleging, among other things, that the Company failed to make certain disclosures relating to components of its third quarter 2017 performance at the time of the notes offering. The complaint seeks compensatory damages and other relief. On October 24, 2019, the court granted the defendants' motions to strike the complaint for failure to state a claim, and the time for plaintiff to appeal or amend the complaint has expired.
In addition, in December 2018 and then in February 2018,2019, certain of the Company’s officers and directors were named as defendants in two virtually identical derivative actions purportedly brought on behalf of the Company, Clem v. Lautenbach et al. and Devolin v. Lautenbach et al. These two actions, both filed by the same counsel in Connecticut state court, allege, among other things, breaches of fiduciary duty relating to these same disclosures, and seek compensatory damages and other relief derivatively for the benefit of the Company. Although litigation outcomesDefendants have moved to dismiss these actions; given that the defendants have prevailed in the Livonia action, plaintiffs in these cases have conceded that these cases should be dismissed.
On October 12, 2019, we were affected by a ransomware attack that temporarily disrupted customer access to some services. Our financial information was not affected and there is no evidence that any sensitive or confidential company, client, consumer or employee data was improperly accessed or extracted from our network. The backup data storage systems for virtually all our client, employee and other business data were also not affected. Our financial results were impacted by this attack, primarily as a result of business interruption, incremental costs related to the attack and costs to enhance our cybersecurity protections, and our financial results may be impacted in the future. We have insurance related to this event and expect a portion of any profit impact, including the profit associated with any loss of revenue, to ultimately be covered by insurance. We are inherently unpredictable,working closely with our carriers; however, we believe these matters are without merit and intendcurrently not able to defend them vigorously. A reasonablereasonably estimate of the amount of any possible loss or range of loss cannot be made at this time.

proceeds we will receive.
17. LeasesLeased Assets and Liabilities
We lease office spacereal estate and equipment under operating and finance lease agreements with varying terms. Certainagreements. Our leases require ushave terms of up to pay15 years, and may include an option to extend the lease for up to 5 years. At lease commencement, a lease liability and corresponding right-of-use asset is recognized. Lease liabilities represent the present value of future lease payments over the expected lease term, including options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain those options will be exercised. Lease payments include all fixed payments and variable payments tied to an index. Variable payments excluded from the right-of-use asset and lease liability primarily include common area maintenance charges, property taxes, insurance and routine maintenancemileage. The present value of our lease liability is determined using our incremental borrowing rate at lease inception. Information regarding operating and include renewal options and escalation clauses. Rent expense was $53 million, $46 million and $45 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operatingfinancing leases at December 31, 2018 wereare as follows:
Leases Balance Sheet Location December 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
Assets      
Operating Operating lease assets $200,752
 $152,554
Finance Property, plant and equipment, net 10,443
 10,683
Total leased assets   $211,195
 $163,237
       
Liabilities      
Operating Current operating lease liabilities $36,060
 $35,208
  Noncurrent operating lease liabilities 177,711
 125,294
Finance Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 2,879
 2,708
  Other noncurrent liabilities 7,927
 7,054
Total lease liabilities   $224,577
 $170,264


80
Years ending December 31, 
2019$48,182
202041,366
202134,665
202226,616
202317,988
Thereafter62,668
Total minimum lease payments$231,485


PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


 Years Ended December 31,
Lease Cost2019 2018 2017
Operating lease expense$48,503
 $43,727
 $41,676
Finance lease expense     
Amortization of leased assets3,372
 2,697
 2,295
Interest on lease liabilities700
 527
 465
Variable lease expense23,188
 21,864
 20,838
Sublease income(1,948) (1,735) (736)
Total expense$73,815
 $67,080
 $64,538

Operating lease expense includes immaterial amounts related to leases with terms of 12 months or less.
Future Lease PaymentsOperating Leases Finance Leases Total
2020$47,632
 $3,525
 $51,157
202142,244
 3,133
 45,377
202233,945
 2,560
 36,505
202327,122
 1,899
 29,021
202423,165
 1,042
 24,207
Thereafter97,867
 277
 98,144
Total271,975
 12,436
 284,411
Less: present value discount58,204
 1,630
 59,834
Lease liability$213,771
 $10,806
 $224,577

At December 31, 2019, there were 0 operating leases signed but not yet commenced.

Lease Term and Discount RateDecember 31, 2019 December 31, 2018
Weighted-average remaining lease term   
Operating leases7.7 years 7.2 years
Finance leases3.9 years 4.1 years
Weighted-average discount rate   
Operating leases6.1% 4.5%
Finance leases6.8% 6.2%

 Years Ended December 31,
Cash Flow Information2019 2018 2017
Operating cash outflows - operating leases$44,252
 $40,599
 $39,192
Operating cash outflows - finance leases$700
 $527
 $465
Financing cash outflows - finance leases$3,096
 $2,564
 $2,185
      
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations     
Operating leases$87,160
 $36,260
 $33,788
Finance leases$4,072
 $5,715
 $3,325


81

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)

18. Stockholders' Equity
Preferred and Preference Stock
We have two classes of preferred stock issued and outstanding, the 4% Preferred Stock (the Preferred Stock) and the $2.12 Preference Stock (the Preference Stock). The Preferred Stock is entitled to cumulative dividends of $2 per year and can be converted into 24.24 shares of common stock, subject to adjustment, in certain events. The Preferred Stock is redeemable at our option at a price of $50 per share, plus dividends accrued through the redemption date. We are authorized to issue 600,000 shares of Preferred Stock. There were 12 shares of Preferred Stock outstanding at both December 31, 2018 and 2017. There are no unpaid dividends in arrears.

The Preference Stock is entitled to cumulative dividends of $2.12 per year and can be converted into 16.53 shares of common stock, subject to adjustment, in certain events. The Preference Stock is redeemable at our option at a price of $28 per share. We are authorized to issue 5,000,000 shares of Preference Stock. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were 14,635 shares and 16,301 shares outstanding, respectively. There are no unpaid dividends in arrears.

Common and Treasury Stock
The following table summarizes the changes in shares of Common Stock outstanding and Treasury Stock:
 Common Stock Outstanding Treasury Stock
Balance at December 31, 2016185,668,718
 137,669,194
Issuance of common stock881,480
 (881,480)
Conversions to common stock53,540
 (53,540)
Balance at December 31, 2017186,603,738
 136,734,174
Issuance of common stock1,043,809
 (1,043,809)
Conversions to common stock27,535
 (27,535)
Balance at December 31, 2018187,675,082
 135,662,830
Repurchases of common stock(18,595,315) 18,595,315
Issuance of common stock1,276,797
 (1,276,797)
Conversions to common stock92,379
 (92,379)
Balance at December 31, 2019170,448,943
 152,888,969

 Common Stock Outstanding Treasury Stock
Balance at December 31, 2015195,521,208
 127,816,704
Repurchases of common stock(10,633,235) 10,633,235
Issuance of common stock767,060
 (767,060)
Conversions to common stock13,685
 (13,685)
Balance at December 31, 2016185,668,718
 137,669,194
Issuance of common stock881,480
 (881,480)
Conversions to common stock53,540
 (53,540)
Balance at December 31, 2017186,603,738
 136,734,174
Issuance of common stock1,043,809
 (1,043,809)
Conversions to common stock27,535
 (27,535)
Balance at December 31, 2018187,675,082
 135,662,830


Preferred and Preference Stock
In June 2019, we redeemed all outstanding shares of the 4% Convertible Cumulative Preferred Stock and the $2.12 Convertible Preference Stock.

At December 31, 20182019, 33,572,74437,116,835 shares were reserved for issuance under our stock plans and dividend reinvestment program and the conversion of Preferred Stock and Preference Stock.program.


82

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


19. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)Loss
Reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016loss were as follows:
Amounts Reclassified from AOCI (a)Amounts Reclassified from AOCI (a)
Years Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2018 2017 20162019 2018 2017
Gain (loss) on cash flow hedges          
Revenue$11
 $(179) $68
$72
 $11
 $(179)
Cost of sales51
 (32) (222)104
 51
 (32)
Interest expense(1,183) (2,028) (2,028)
 (1,183) (2,028)
Loss on extinguishment of debt(1,267) 
 

 (1,267) 
Total before tax(2,388) (2,239) (2,182)176
 (2,388) (2,239)
Tax benefit(941) (872) (850)
Tax provision (benefit)44
 (941) (872)
Net of tax$(1,447) $(1,367) $(1,332)$132
 $(1,447) $(1,367)
          
Gain (loss) on available for sale securities          
Interest income$3,244
 $(520) $(1,126)
Tax (benefit) provision821
 (201) (433)
Interest income (expense)$1,079
 $3,244
 $(520)
Tax provision (benefit)270
 821
 (201)
Net of tax$2,423
 $(319) $(693)$809
 $2,423
 $(319)
          
Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans (b)          
Transition asset$7
 $8
 $8
$6
 $7
 $8
Prior service costs(173) (166) (164)(504) (173) (166)
Actuarial losses(41,610) (40,606) (38,370)(34,509) (41,610) (40,606)
Settlement(44,898) 
 
(2,778) (44,898) 
Total before tax(86,674) (40,764) (38,526)(37,785) (86,674) (40,764)
Tax benefit(21,675) (13,936) (14,430)(9,497) (21,675) (13,936)
Net of tax$(64,999) $(26,828) $(24,096)$(28,288) $(64,999) $(26,828)
(a)     Amounts in parentheses indicate reductions to income and increases to other comprehensive income.
(b)Reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to other components of net pension and postretirement cost. These amounts are included in net periodic costs for defined benefit pension plans and nonpension postretirement benefit plans (see Note 14 for additional details).

83

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:
 Cash flow hedges Available-for-sale securities Pension and postretirement benefit plans Foreign currency adjustments Total
Balance January 1, 2016$(3,912) $536
 $(738,768) $(146,491) $(888,635)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (a)1,095
 (1,109) (73,141) (4,464) (77,619)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (a), (b)1,332
 693
 24,096
 
 26,121
Net other comprehensive income (loss)2,427
 (416) (49,045) (4,464) (51,498)
Balance at December 31, 2016(1,485) 120
 (787,813) (150,955) (940,133)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (a)(288) 1,158
 12,185
 106,391
 119,446
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (a), (b)1,367
 319
 26,828
 
 28,514
Net other comprehensive income (loss)1,079
 1,477
 39,013
 106,391
 147,960
Balance at December 31, 2017(406) 1,597
 (748,800) (44,564) (792,173)
Cumulative effect of accounting change(87) 344
 (116,490) 
 (116,233)
Restated balance at December 31, 2017(493) 1,941
 (865,290) (44,564) (908,406)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (a)(763) (2,579) (46,170) (54,531) (104,043)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (a), (b)1,447
 (2,423) 64,999
 
 64,023
Net other comprehensive income (loss)684
 (5,002) 18,829
 (54,531) (40,020)
Balance at December 31, 2018$191
 $(3,061) $(846,461) $(99,095) $(948,426)
 Cash flow hedges Available-for-sale securities Pension and postretirement benefit plans Foreign currency adjustments Total
Balance January 1, 2017$(1,485) $120
 $(787,813) $(150,955) $(940,133)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications (a)(288) 1,158
 12,185
 103,624
 116,679
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss (a), (b)1,367
 319
 26,828
 
 28,514
Net other comprehensive income (loss)1,079
 1,477
 39,013
 103,624
 145,193
Balance at December 31, 2017(406) 1,597
 (748,800) (47,331) (794,940)
Cumulative effect of accounting change(87) 344
 (116,490) 
 (116,233)
Restated balance at December 31, 2017(493) 1,941
 (865,290) (47,331) (911,173)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications (a)(763) (2,579) (46,170) (52,299) (101,811)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss (a), (b)1,447
 (2,423) 64,999
 
 64,023
Net other comprehensive income (loss)684
 (5,002) 18,829
 (52,299) (37,788)
Balance at December 31, 2018191
 (3,061) (846,461) (99,630) (948,961)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications (a)278
 6,719
 (845) 75,319
 81,471
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss (a), (b)(132) (809) 28,288
 
 27,347
Net other comprehensive loss146
 5,910
 27,443
 75,319
 108,818
Balance at December 31, 2019$337
 $2,849
 $(819,018) $(24,311) $(840,143)
(a)     Amounts are net of tax. Amounts in parentheses indicate debits to AOCI.
(b)     See table above for additional details of these reclassifications.


20. Stock-Based Compensation Plans
We have a long-term incentive program whereby eligible employees may be granted restricted stock units, non-qualified stock options and performance stock units. The Executive Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors administers these plans. We settle stock awards with treasury shares. At December 31, 20182019, there were 14,411,74216,668,426 shares available for future grants under our long-term incentive program.


Restricted Stock Units
Restricted stock units (RSUs) entitle the holder to shares of common stock as the units vest, typically over a three-year service period. The following table summarizes information about RSUs during 2018 and 2017:RSUs:
 2019 2018
 Shares Weighted average grant date fair value Shares Weighted average grant date fair value
Outstanding - beginning of the year3,228,339
 $13.33
 2,651,053
 $14.16
Granted3,113,886
 6.56
 1,754,098
 12.36
Vested(1,360,219) 11.90
 (963,010) 11.41
Forfeited(501,159) 8.71
 (213,802) 13.26
Outstanding - end of the year4,480,847
 $9.51
 3,228,339
 $13.33

 2018 2017
 Shares Weighted average grant date fair value Shares Weighted average grant date fair value
Outstanding - beginning of the year2,651,053
 $14.16
 1,609,459
 $17.50
Granted1,754,098
 12.36
 1,995,473
 13.24
Vested(963,010) 11.41
 (784,295) 19.42
Forfeited(213,802) 13.26
 (169,584) 14.76
Outstanding - end of the year3,228,339
 $13.33
 2,651,053
 $14.16


The fair value of RSUs is determined based on the stock price on the grant date less the present value of expected dividends. At December 31, 2018,2019, there was $15$13 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to RSUs that is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.71.6 years. The intrinsic value of RSUs outstanding at December 31, 20182019 was $18 million. The intrinsic value of RSUs vested during 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $16 million, $17 million and $26 million, respectively. The fair value of RSUs vested during 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $18 million, $18 million and $14 million, respectively. During 2017, we granted 1,995,473 RSUs at a weighted average fair value of $13.24.

84

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


vested duringIn 2019 and 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $17 million, $26 million and $14 million, respectively. The fair value of RSUs vested during 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $18 million, $14 million and $21 million, respectively. During 2016, we granted 826,546155,709 and 131,420 RSUs, at a weighted average fair value of $17.20.
Non-employee directors receive restricted stock units which are convertible into shares of common stockrespectively, to non-employee directors. These RSUs vest one year from date of grant. In 2018 and 2017, we granted 131,420 and 63,090 restricted stock units, respectively, to non-employee directors.the grant date.


Performance Stock Units
Performance stock units (PSUs) are stock awards where the number of shares ultimately received by the employee is conditional upon the attainment of certain performance targets as well as total shareholder return relative to peer companies. PSUs vest at the end of a three-year service period and the actual number of shares awarded may range from 0% to 200% of the target award. However, the final determination of the number of shares to be issued is made by our Board of Directors, who may reduce, but not increase, the ultimate number of shares to be awarded (negative discretion). PSUs are accounted for as variable awards until the end of the service period when the grant date is established.


The following table summarizes share information about PSUs during 2018:PSUs:
 2019 2018
 Shares Weighted average grant date fair value Shares Weighted average grant date fair value
Outstanding - beginning of the year1,653,004
 $13.08
 1,145,025
 $13.43
Granted1,368,182
 6.60
 733,148
 12.64
Vested
 
 (91,493) 12.21
Forfeited(242,824) 9.65
 (133,676) 14.26
Outstanding - end of the year2,778,362
 $10.09
 1,653,004
 $13.08

 2018 2017
 Shares Weighted average grant date fair value Shares Weighted average grant date fair value
Outstanding - beginning of the year1,145,025
 $13.43
 379,898
 $25.01
Granted733,148
 12.64
 1,073,934
 10.51
Vested(91,493) 12.21
 (258,688) 13.17
Forfeited(133,676) 14.26
 (50,119) 26.10
Outstanding - end of the year1,653,004
 $13.08
 1,145,025
 $13.43


Share-based compensation expense for PSUs is recognized ratably over the service period based on the number shares expected to be awarded and the fair value of an award. The fair value of PSUs is determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model. Due to the variability of these awards, significant fluctuations in share-based compensation expense for PSUs recognized from one period to the next are possible.


Stock Options
Stock options are granted at an exercise price equal to or greater than the stock price of our common stock on the grant date. Options vest ratably over three years and expire ten years from the grant date. At December 31, 20182019, there was $43 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options that is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.71.4 years. The intrinsic value of options outstanding and options exercisable at December 31, 20182019 was not significant. There were no0 stock option exercises in 2019, 2018 2017 or 2016.2017.


The following table summarizes information about stock option activity during 2018 and 2017:activity:
 2019 2018
 Shares Per share weighted average exercise prices Shares Per share weighted average exercise prices
Options outstanding - beginning of the year13,593,156
 $15.30
 10,495,039
 $21.67
Granted869,297
 6.57
 4,932,467
 8.47
Canceled(533,921) 11.06
 (258,509) 13.09
Expired(1,105,848) 24.75
 (1,575,841) 36.86
Options outstanding - end of the year12,822,684
 $14.08
 13,593,156
 $15.30
Options exercisable - end of the year7,288,614
 $18.49
 6,824,433
 $20.23







85
 2018 2017
 Shares Per share weighted average exercise prices Shares Per share weighted average exercise prices
Options outstanding - beginning of the year10,495,039
 $21.67
 9,122,762
 $27.13
Granted4,932,467
 8.47
 2,553,510
 13.16
Canceled(258,509) 13.09
 (63,517) 20.34
Expired(1,575,841) 36.86
 (1,117,716) 46.88
Options outstanding - end of the year13,593,156
 $15.30
 10,495,039
 $21.67
Options exercisable - end of the year6,824,433
 $20.23
 6,690,250
 $25.57




PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)



The following table provides additional information about stock options outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 20182019:
  Options Outstanding Options Exercisable
Range of per share exercise prices Shares Per share weighted-average exercise price Weighted-average remaining contractual life Shares Per share weighted-average exercise price Weighted-average remaining contractual life
$4.32 - $8.55 3,855,770
 $6.18
 9.0 years 
 $
 
$12.64 - $19.45 6,001,756
 14.36
 6.6 years 4,323,456
 14.86
 6.2 years
$21.54 - $26.07 2,965,158
 23.77
 1.6 years 2,965,158
 23.77
 1.6 years
  12,822,684
 $14.08
 6.2 years 7,288,614
 $18.49
 4.3 years

  Options Outstanding Options Exercisable
Range of per share exercise prices Shares Per share weighted-average exercise price Weighted-average remaining contractual life Shares Per share weighted-average exercise price Weighted-average remaining contractual life
$5.99 - $13.11 4,537,267
 $8.02
 9.7 years 
 $
 
$13.16 - $17.71 4,903,330
 14.72
 7.3 years 2,879,149
 15.21
 6.8 years
$19.45 - $26.07 4,152,559
 23.94
 2.0 years 3,945,284
 23.90
 1.7 years
  13,593,156
 $15.30
 6.5 years 6,824,433
 $20.23
 3.9 years


The fair value of stock options is determined using a Black-Scholes valuation model. The determination of fair valuemodel and requires assumptions be made regarding the expected stock price volatility, risk-free interest rate, life of the award and dividend yield. The expected stock price volatility is based on historical price changes of our stock. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasuries with a term equal to the expected life of the award. The expected life of the award and expected dividend yield are based on historical experience.


The followfollowing table lists the weighted average of assumptions used to calculate the fair value of stock options granted during 2018 and 2017:granted:
 Years Ended December 31,
 2019 2018 2017
Expected dividend yield3.0% 9.9% 5.7%
Expected stock price volatility41.5% 37.8% 29.7%
Risk-free interest rate2.5% 2.8% 2.3%
Expected life5 years
 7 years
 7 years
Weighted-average fair value per option granted$1.98 $1.26 $2.00
Fair value of options granted$1,722 $6,229 $5,107

 Years Ended December 31,
 2018 2017 2016
Expected dividend yield9.9% 5.7% 4.5%
Expected stock price volatility37.8% 29.7% 29.0%
Risk-free interest rate2.8% 2.3% 1.6%
Expected life7 years
 7 years
 7 years
Weighted-average fair value per option granted$1.26 $2.00 $2.85
Fair value of options granted$6,229 $5,107 $5,013


Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP)
We maintain a non-compensatory Employee Stock Purchase PlanESPP that enables substantially all U.S. and Canadian employees to purchase shares of our common stock at an offering price of 95% of the average market price on the offering date. At no time will the exercise price be less than the lowest price permitted under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code. Employees purchased 218,424258,838 shares and 150,629218,424 shares in 20182019 and 2017,2018, respectively. We have reserved 2,552,0042,293,166 common shares for future purchase under the ESPP.
 

86

21. Subsequent Event
In January 2019, we sold the direct operations and moved to a dealer model in six smaller markets within International Mailing. Proceeds from the sale were not material.

PITNEY BOWES INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Tabular amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)


22.21. Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited)
 
First
Quarter
 Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Total
2018         
Revenue$880,948
 $861,436
 $832,856
 $947,140
 $3,522,380
Cost of revenues463,861
 455,816
 446,753
 526,519
 1,892,949
Operating expenses355,798
 352,156
 340,974
 368,142
 1,417,070
Income from continuing operations before income taxes61,289
 53,464
 45,129
 52,479
 212,361
Provision (benefit) for income taxes16,263
 6,458
 (1,976) (8,362) 12,383
Income from continuing operations45,026
 47,006
 47,105
 60,841
 199,978
Income (loss) from discontinued operations8,487
 1,208
 29,848
 (15,856) 23,687
Net income - Pitney Bowes Inc.$53,513
 $48,214
 $76,953
 $44,985
 $223,665
          
Basic earnings (loss) per share (1)
         
Continuing operations$0.24
 $0.25
 $0.25
 $0.32
 $1.07
Discontinued operations0.05
 0.01
 0.16
 (0.08) 0.13
Net income - Pitney Bowes Inc.$0.29
 $0.26
 $0.41
 $0.24
 $1.19
Diluted earnings (loss) per share (1)
         
Continuing operations$0.24
 $0.25
 $0.25
 $0.32
 $1.06
Discontinued operations0.05
 0.01
 0.16
 (0.08) 0.13
Net income - Pitney Bowes Inc.$0.28
 $0.26
 $0.41
 $0.24
 $1.19
Beginning in the third quarter of 2019, Software Solutions was presented as a discontinued operation. Accordingly, amounts previously reported for the first and second quarters of 2019 and 2018 have been recast from what was previously reported in our quarterly filings on Form 10-Q.
 
First
Quarter
 Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Total
2019         
Revenue$795,084
 $788,573
 $790,125
 $831,343
 $3,205,125
Cost of revenue467,187
 468,227
 467,805
 518,920
 1,922,139
Operating expenses322,620
 287,312
 341,870
 304,042
 1,255,844
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes5,277
 33,034
 (19,550) 8,381
 27,142
Provision (benefit) for income taxes7,820
 3,724
 (24,895) 344
 (13,007)
(Loss) income from continuing operations(2,543) 29,310
 5,345
 8,037
 40,149
(Loss) income from discontinued operations(116) (5,613) (8,470) 168,659
 154,460
Net (loss) income$(2,659) $23,697
 $(3,125) $176,696
 $194,609
Basic (loss) earnings per share (1)
         
Continuing operations$(0.01) $0.17
 $0.03
 $0.05
 $0.23
Discontinued operations
 (0.03) (0.05) 0.99
 0.88
Net income$(0.01) $0.13
 $(0.02) $1.04
 $1.10
Diluted (loss) earnings per share (1)
         
Continuing operations$(0.01) $0.16
 $0.03
 $0.05
 $0.23
Discontinued operations
 (0.03) (0.05) 0.98
 0.87
Net income$(0.01) $0.13
 $(0.02) $1.03
 $1.10

First
Quarter
 Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Total
First
Quarter
 Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Total
2017         
2018         
Revenue$743,180
 $730,413
 $733,273
 $916,406
 $3,123,272
$820,289
 $773,538
 $760,281
 $857,414
 $3,211,522
Cost of revenues310,367
 319,904
 328,172
 474,317
 1,432,760
444,032
 426,818
 419,311
 500,113
 1,790,274
Operating expenses348,307
 368,258
 348,836
 403,196
 1,468,597
310,300
 308,077
 295,782
 318,968
 1,233,127
Income from continuing operations before income taxes84,506
 42,251
 56,265
 38,893
 221,915
65,957
 38,643
 45,188
 38,333
 188,121
Provision (benefit) for income taxes27,082
 790
 10,828
 (38,147) 553
17,498
 2,205
 (2,468) (10,819) 6,416
Income from continuing operations57,424
 41,461
 45,437
 77,040
 221,362
48,459
 36,438
 47,656
 49,152
 181,705
Income from discontinued operations7,709
 7,440
 11,921
 12,908
 39,978
11,511
 15,157
 32,621
 817
 60,106
Net income - Pitney Bowes Inc.$65,133
 $48,901
 $57,358
 $89,948
 $261,340
         
Net income$59,970
 $51,595
 $80,277
 $49,969
 $241,811
Basic earnings per share (1):
                  
Continuing operations$0.31
 $0.22
 $0.24
 $0.41
 $1.19
$0.26
 $0.19
 $0.25
 $0.26
 $0.97
Discontinued operations0.04
 0.04
 0.06
 0.07
 0.21
0.06
 0.08
 0.17
 
 0.32
Net income - Pitney Bowes Inc.$0.35
 $0.26
 $0.31
 $0.48
 $1.40
Net income$0.32
 $0.28
 $0.43
 $0.27
 $1.29
Diluted earnings per share (1):
                  
Continuing operations$0.31
 $0.22
 $0.24
 $0.41
 $1.18
$0.26
 $0.19
 $0.25
 $0.26
 $0.96
Discontinued operations0.04
 0.04
 0.06
 0.07
 0.21
0.06
 0.08
 0.17
 
 0.32
Net income - Pitney Bowes Inc.$0.35
 $0.26
 $0.31
 $0.48
 $1.39
Net income$0.32
 $0.27
 $0.43
 $0.26
 $1.28



(1) The sum of earnings per share amounts may not equal the totals due to rounding.



87

PITNEY BOWES INC.
SCHEDULE II - VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS AND RESERVES
(Dollars in thousands)


Description Balance at beginning of year Additions charged to expense Deductions Balance at end of year
         
Allowance for doubtful accounts
2019 $17,443
 $16,345
 $(15,958) $17,830
2018 $14,319
 $9,770
 $(6,646) $17,443
2017 $13,506
 $7,426
 $(6,613) $14,319
         
Valuation allowance for deferred tax asset
2019 $142,496
 $5,324
 $(37,038) $110,782
2018 $178,156
 $3,682
 $(39,342) $142,496
2017 $127,095
 $53,782
 $(2,721) $178,156

Description Balance at beginning of year Additions charged to expense Deductions Balance at end of year
         
Allowance for doubtful accounts
2018 $14,786
 $9,720
 $(6,889) $17,617
2017 $13,999
 $8,081
 $(7,294) $14,786
2016 $11,541
 $7,179
 $(4,721) $13,999
         
Valuation allowance for deferred tax asset
2018 $178,156
 $3,682
 $(39,342) $142,496
2017 $127,095
 $53,782
 $(2,721) $178,156
2016 $132,624
 $6,523
 $(12,052) $127,095





SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Date:February 20, 2019PITNEY BOWES INC.
Registrant

By: /s/ Marc B. Lautenbach
Marc B. Lautenbach
President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
88
SignatureTitleDate
/s/ Marc B. Lautenbach
Marc B. Lautenbach
President and Chief Executive Officer - DirectorFebruary 20, 2019
/s/ Stanley J. Sutula III
Stanley J. Sutula III
Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)February 20, 2019
/s/ Joseph R. Catapano
Joseph R. Catapano
Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)February 20, 2019
/s/ Michael I. Roth
Michael I. Roth
Non-Executive Chairman - DirectorFebruary 20, 2019
/s/ Linda G. Alvarado
Linda G. Alvarado
DirectorFebruary 20, 2019
/s/ Anne M. Busquet
Anne M. Busquet
DirectorFebruary 20, 2019
/s/ Robert M. Dutkowsky
Robert M. Dutkowsky
DirectorFebruary 20, 2019
/s/ Roger Fradin
Roger Fradin
DirectorFebruary 20, 2019
/s/ Anne Sutherland Fuchs
Anne Sutherland Fuchs
DirectorFebruary 20, 2019
/s/ Mary J. Steele Guilfoile
Mary J. Steele Guilfoile
DirectorFebruary 20, 2019
/s/ S. Douglas Hutcheson
S. Douglas Hutcheson
DirectorFebruary 20, 2019
/s/ Eduardo R. Menascé
Eduardo R. Menascé
DirectorFebruary 20, 2019
/s/ Linda S. Sanford
Linda S. Sanford
DirectorFebruary 20, 2019
/s/ David L. Shedlarz
David L. Shedlarz
DirectorFebruary 20, 2019
/s/ David B. Snow, Jr.
David B. Snow, Jr.
DirectorFebruary 20, 2019

91