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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
ý☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended: December 31, 20182019
or
¨☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from_______________________to_______________________
Commission file numbernumber: 001-33067
SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
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| New Jersey | | 22-2168890 |
| (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) | | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
40 Wantage Avenue
Branchville, New Jersey 07890
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
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40 Wantage Avenue, Branchville, New Jersey | |
| 973 | 07890948-3000 |
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) | | (ZipRegistrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code) |
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Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: | | (973) 948-3000 |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
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| Title of each class | | Trading Symbol | | Name of each exchange on which registered |
| Common Stock, par value $2 per share | | SIGI | | NASDAQ Global Select Market |
| | |
5.875% Senior Notes due February 9, 2043 | | New York Stock Exchange |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
ý☒ Yes ¨☐ No
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
¨☐ Yes ý☒ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.☒ Yes ☐ No
ý Yes ¨ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).☒ Yes ☐ No
ý Yes ¨ No
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.
ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
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Large accelerated filerx | ☒ | Accelerated filer ¨ | |
Non-accelerated filer ¨ | Smaller reporting company¨ | ☐ |
| | | Emerging growth company¨ | ☐ |
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
¨☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).☐ Yes ☒ No
¨ Yes ý No
The aggregate market value of the voting company common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the closing price on the NASDAQ Global Select Market, was $3,169,745,480$4,357,013,702 on June 30, 20182019. As of February 7, 2019,6, 2020, the registrant had outstanding 58,966,94059,670,192 shares of common stock.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for the 20192020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 1, 2019April 29, 2020 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report.
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| | SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC. | |
| | Table of Contents | |
| | | Page No. |
| PART I | | |
| Item 1. | | |
| Item 1A. | | |
| Item 1B. | | |
| Item 2. | | |
| Item 3. | | |
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| PART II | | |
| Item 5. | | |
| Item 6. | | |
| Item 7. | | |
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| Item 7A. | | |
| Item 8. | | |
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| | December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 20162017 | |
| | | |
| | December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 20162017 | |
| | | |
| | December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 20162017 | |
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| | December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 20162017 | |
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| Item 9. | | |
| Item 9A. | | |
| Item 9B. | | |
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| PART III | | |
| Item 10. | | |
| Item 11. | | |
| Item 12. | | |
| Item 13. | | |
| Item 14. | | |
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| PART IV | | |
| Item 15. | | |
PART I
Item 1. Business.
Overview
Selective Insurance Group, Inc. (referred to as the “Parent”(“Parent”) is a New Jersey holding company incorporated in 1977. Our main office is located in Branchville, New Jersey and theJersey. The Parent’s common stock is publicly traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “SIGI.” The Parent has ten insurance subsidiaries, nine of which are licensed by various state departments of insurance to write specific lines of property and casualty insurance business as admitted insurance carriers in, what is referred to as, the standard marketplace. The remaining subsidiary is authorized by various state insurance departments to write property and casualty insurance in the excess and surplus ("E&S") lines market as a non-admitted insurance carrier. Our ten insurance subsidiaries are collectively referred to as the “Insurance Subsidiaries.” The Parent and its subsidiaries are collectively referred to as "we," “us,” or “our” in this document.
In 2018,2019, we were ranked as the 35th41st largest property and casualty group in the United States ("U.S."), based on 20172018 net premiums written (“NPW”), in A.M. Best Company’s (“A.M. Best”) annual list of “Top 100200 U.S. Property/Casualty Writers.”
The property and casualty insurance market is highly competitive, with fragmented market share, particularly in standard commercial lines, and fouroperates through three main distribution methods: (i) sales through independent insurance agents; (ii) direct sales to personal and commercial customers; (iii) a combination of independent agent and direct sales; and (iv)(iii) sales through captive insurance agents that are contracted to work exclusively with one insurance company. In this highly competitive and regulated industry, we focus on salesacquire new business exclusively through independent insurance agents and have several strategic advantages as follows:
(i) The trueA franchise value we have built through our relationships with a small group of independent distribution partners that we refer to as our "ivy league" distribution partners, who collectively have significant market share in the statesmodel in which we operate and from whom we expectlimit our insurance agency appointments to gain increasing percentagesa small population of the business they write.best-in-class partners in exchange for a commitment to receive a higher share of their premium writings;
(ii) OurA unique field model in which our underwriting, claims, and safety management personnel are located in the same communities as our distribution partnersgeographic territories they serve. This field model is enhanced by sophisticated tools and customerstechnologies to inform underwriting, pricing, and benefit from sophisticated analytics, technology,claims decisions; and regional and home office support.
(iii) Our investment in technologies that help us enhance overallA commitment to deliver a superior omni-channel customer experience and position usby providing customers with multiple channels from which they can choose to increase retention rates and new business hit ratios over time. Our digital platform allows customers to interact with us in a 24x7 environment in the manner ofservice their choosing. Additionally, we have developed a 360-degree view of our customers, enhancing our ability to provide value-added services, such as proactive messaging in relation to product recalls, potential loss activity, or policy changes.accounts.
(iv) Our deployment of sophisticated underwriting and claims tools that enable our personnel to make better decisions faster, creating greater efficiencies and improving outcomes. Our underwriters receive real-time model driven underwriting and pricing guidance on every account, along with the tools to measure the impact of each decision on their overall portfolio.
Financial Strength Ratings play a significant role in insurance purchasing recommendations by our independent distribution partners andcontemplate financial strength ratings when recommending insurance carriers to customers, just as our customers contemplate these ratings in decision-making by our customers.their purchasing decisions. Distribution partners generally recommend higher rated carriers to limit their liability for error and omission claims, and customersclaims. Customers often have minimum insurer rating requirements in loans, mortgages, and other agreements securing real and personal property.
We are rated by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations ("NRSROs") that issue opinions on our financial strength, operating performance, strategic position, and ability to meet policyholder obligations. We believe that our ability to write insurance business is most influenced by our rating from A.M. Best. A downgrade from A.M. Best to a rating below “A-” could affect our ability to write new business with customers and/or distribution partners, some of whom are required (under various third-party agreements) to maintain insurance with a carrier that maintains a specified A.M. Best minimum rating. In the fourth quarter of 2019, A.M. Best reaffirmed our rating of "A (Excellent)," their third highest of 13 financial strength ratings, and upgraded our outlook to "positive" from "stable." The rating reflects A.M. Best's view on our strong balance sheet, sustained profitability, favorable business profile, and appropriate enterprise risk management. In addition, the positive outlook reflects A.M. Best's view of our improved profitability over the past five years on an absolute basis and relative to our peers. We have been rated "A" or higher by A.M. Best for the past 89 years.
Our Insurance Subsidiaries’ ratings by major rating agencyNRSRO are as follows:
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| | | | |
Rating AgencyNRSRO | | Financial Strength Rating | | Outlook |
| A.M. Best | | A | | StablePositive |
| Standard & Poor’s Global Ratings (“S&P”) | | A | | Stable |
| Moody’s Investors Services (“Moody’s”) | | A2 | | Stable |
| Fitch Ratings (“Fitch”) | | A+ | | Stable |
For further discussion on our ratings, please see the “Ratings” section of Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” of this Form 10-K.
These NRSROs also rate our long-term debt creditworthiness. Credit ratings indicate the ability of debt issuers to meet obligations in a timely manner and are important factors in our overall funding profile and ability to access certain types of liquidity. Our current senior credit ratings are as follows:
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| NRSRO | | Credit Rating | | Long-Term Credit Outlook |
| A.M. Best | | bbb+ | | Positive |
| S&P | | BBB | | Stable |
| Moody’s | | Baa2 | | Stable |
| Fitch | | BBB+ | | Stable |
Our S&P, Moody's, and Fitch financial strength and associated credit ratings affect our ability to access capital markets.
We have provided a glossary of terms as Exhibit 99.1 to this Form 10-K, which defines certain industry-specific and other terms that are used in this Form 10-K.
Segments
We classify our business into four reportable segments:
Standard Commercial Lines, which is comprised of property and casualty insurance products and services provided in the standard marketplace to commercial enterprises; typically businesses, non-profit organizations, and local government agencies. This business represents 79%represented approximately 80% of our total insurance operations’ NPW in 2019, 2018, and 2017, and is primarily sold in 27 states and the District of Columbia. The average premium per policyholder in 2019 is approximately $12,000.
Standard Personal Lines, which is comprised of property and casualty insurance products and services provided primarily to individuals acquiring coverage in the standard marketplace. This business represents 12%represented approximately 11% of our total insurance operations’ NPW in 2019, 2018, and 2017, and is sold in 15 states. The average premium per policyholder in 2019 is approximately $2,000. Standard Personal Lines includes flood insurance coverage. Wecoverage sold through the National Flood Insurance Program ("NFIP"). Based on 2018 direct premiums written ("DPW") as reported in the S&P Market Intelligence platform, we are the fifth largest writer of this coverage through the National Flood Insurance Program (“NFIP”) andNFIP. We write flood business in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
E&S Lines, which is comprised of property and casualty insurance products and services provided to customers who have not obtainedare unable to obtain coverage in the standard marketplace. We currently only write commercial lines E&S coverages. This business representsrepresented approximately 9% of our total insurance operations’ NPW in 2019, 2018, and 2017, and is sold in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The average premium per policyholder in 2019 is approximately $3,000.
Investments, which invests the premiums collected by our insurance operations and amounts generated through our capital management strategies, which include the issuance of debt and equity securities.
We derive substantially all of our income in three ways:
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| • | Underwriting income/loss from our insurance operations. Underwriting income/loss is comprised of revenues, which are the premiums earned on our insurance products and services, less expenses. Gross premiums are DPW plus premiums assumed from other insurers. NPW is equal to gross premiums less premiums ceded to reinsurers. NPW is recognized as revenue ratably over a policy’s term as net premiums earned (“NPE”). |
Underwriting income/loss from our insurance operations. Underwriting income/loss is comprised of revenues, which are the premiums earned on our insurance products and services, less expenses. Gross premiums are direct premium written ("DPW") plus premiums assumed from other insurers. NPW is equal to gross premiums less premium ceded to reinsurers. NPW is recognized as revenue ratably over a policy’s term as net premiums earned (“NPE”).
Expenses related to our insurance operations fall into three categories, which are depicted on our Consolidated Statements of Income: (i) "Loss and loss expense incurred," which includes losses associated with claims and all loss expenses incurred for adjusting claims; (ii) "Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs," which includes expenses related to the successful acquisition of insurance policies, such as commissions to our distribution partners and premium taxes, and are recognized ratably over a policy's term; and (iii) "Other insurance expenses," which includes acquisition expenses not captured above, as well as expenses incurred in maintaining policies and policyholder dividends.
Net investment income from the investment segment. We generate income from investing insurance premiums and amounts generated through our capital management strategies. Net investment income consists primarily of: (i) interest earned on fixed income investments and preferred stocks; (ii) dividends earned on equity securities; and (iii) other income primarily generated from our alternative investment portfolio.
Net realizedThe total of Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and unrealized gains and losses on investment securities from the investments segment. Realized gains and losses from the investment portfolios of the Insurance Subsidiaries and the Parent are typically the result of sales, calls, and redemptions. They also include write downs from other-than-temporary impairments (“OTTI”). Due to a change in accounting literature that became effective January 1, 2018, changes in unrealized gains and losses on our equity portfolio are now recognized inOther insurance expenses, offset by Other income through "Net unrealized losses on equity securities" on our Consolidated Statements of Income.
Income, represents total underwriting expenses. Other income primarily includes installment fees, which are fees charged to customers paying their premiums on an installment basis.
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| • | Net investment income from the investment segment. We generate income from investing insurance premiums and amounts generated through our capital management strategies. Net investment income consists primarily of (i) interest earned on fixed income investments and preferred stocks, (ii) dividends earned on equity securities, and (iii) other income primarily generated from our alternative investment portfolio. |
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| • | Net realized and unrealized gains and losses on investment securities from the investments segment. Realized gains and losses from the investment portfolios of the Insurance Subsidiaries and the Parent are typically the result of sales, calls, and redemptions. They also include write downs from other-than-temporary impairments (“OTTI”) and net unrealized gains and losses on public equities. |
Our income or loss is partially offset by:by (i) expenses of the Parent that include long-term incentive compensation to employees, interest on our debt obligations, and other general corporate expenses;expenses, and (ii) federal income taxes.
We use the combined ratio as the key measure in assessing the performance of our insurance operations. The combined ratio is calculated by adding:adding (i) the loss and loss expense ratio, which is the ratio of incurred loss and loss expense to NPE;NPE, (ii) the expense ratio, which is the ratio of underwriting expenses to NPE;NPE, and (iii) the dividend ratio, which is the ratio of policyholder
dividends to NPE. A combined ratio under 100% indicates an underwriting profit and a combined ratio over 100% indicates an underwriting loss. The combined ratio does not reflect investment income, federal income taxes, or Parent company income or expense. The loss and loss expense ratio is typically the largest contributor to our combined ratio and key drivers of this ratio include the amount of catastrophe and non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses incurred, as well as the impact of prior year casualty reserve development. The impact of these amounts on both the combined ratio and the loss and loss expense ratio is calculated by dividing the related incurred loss and loss expense amounts by net premiums earned during the period.
We principally use after-tax net investment income andas the key measure in assessing the financial performance of our investments segment. We also assess the performance of our investments segment based on total return, which we calculate by adding after-tax net realized and unrealized gains or losses as the key measures in assessing the performance offrom our investments segment.segment to after-tax net investment income. Our investment philosophy includes setting certain risk and return objectives for the fixed income, equity, and other investment portfolios. We generally review our performance by comparing our returns for each of these components of our portfolio to a weighted-average benchmark of comparable indices.
We also use return on equity ("ROE") and non-generally accepted accounting principles operating return on equityROE ("non-GAAP operating ROE") as an important measuremeasures of our overall financial performance. ROE is a measurement of profitability that is calculated by dividing net income by average stockholders' equity during the period. Non-GAAP operating ROE is similar to ROE, except that instead of net income, non-GAAP operating income is used in the calculation. Non-GAAP operating income differs from net income by the exclusion of: (i) after-tax net realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments; and (ii) after-tax debt retirement costs. We evaluate our segments, in part, based on their contribution to this company metric. Our non-GAAP operating ROE for 2018 was 12.5%, which exceeded our financial target of 12% for 2018. For 2019,2020, we have established a non-GAAP operating ROE target of 12%, which is an appropriate return for our shareholders11% based on (i) our current estimated weighted average cost of capital, (ii) the current interest rate environment, and (iii) property and casualty insurance market conditions. For further details regarding our 20182019 performance as it relates to return on equity, refer to "Financial Highlights of Results for Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 2016"2017" in Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." of this Form 10-K.
In addition to measuring and monitoring our results by segment using combined ratio and non-GAAP operating ROE metrics, we also monitor key operating leverage metrics, such as NPW to surplus and invested assets per dollar of stockholders’ equity.
Our strategy incorporates maintaining a higher than average operating leverage ratio, defined as the NPW to policyholders' surplus ratio, for our collective insurance segments of between 1.4 - 1.6x, compared to the U.S. standard commercial and personal lines industry average of approximately 0.7x. We offset this risk with specific actions to reduce volatility in our underwriting results by:
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| i. | writing more small-to-medium size accounts within our Standard Commercial Lines segment, that have an average premium per policyholder size of approximately $12,000, with about 87% of our casualty lines business within this segment, having limits of $1 million or less. This excludes policies written in our workers compensation line of business, which do not have statutory policy limits; |
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| ii. | maintaining disciplined planning and reserving practices, including ground-up reserve reviews for principally all lines of business quarterly; and |
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| iii. | purchasing significant levels of reinsurance protection, including a property catastrophe reinsurance program that limits the net after-tax impact of a 1 in 250 year catastrophe to 5% of our U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") equity and property and casualty excess of loss reinsurance agreements that limit the impact of individual property and casualty claims to $2 million per risk and per occurrence, respectively. |
For additional information regarding our reinsurance protection, refer to "Reinsurance" in Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." of this Form 10-K.
We also maintain higher than average investment leverage than the industry, measured as our invested assets per dollar of stockholders’ equity of $3.05 compared to the U.S. commercial and personal lines average invested assets to surplus of $2.08. As a result of this higher than average ratio compared to industry peers, we have adopted a conservative investment management philosophy with fixed income securities (excluding our high yield fixed income securities) representing more than 91% of our invested assets. These fixed income securities have a weighted average credit rating of "AA-" and an effective duration, including short-term investments, of 3.6 years. For additional information regarding the design and credit quality characteristics of our investment segment, refer to "Credit Risk" in Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk." and Note 5. "Investments" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of this Form 10-K.
Insurance Operations
Overview
We derive all of our insurance operations revenue from selling insurance products and servicespolicies to businesses and individuals in return for premium.insurance premiums. The majority of our sales are annual insurance policies. Our most significant cost associated with the sale of insurance policies is our loss and loss expense.expense for insured events covered under these policies.
To that end, we establish lossLoss and loss expense reserves that are one of our critical estimates ofand represent the ultimate amounts that we will need to pay in the future for claims and related expenses for insured losses that have already been incurred, but have not yet been settled.settled and for unreported insurance claims. Estimating reserves as of any given date requires the application of estimation techniques, involves a considerable degree of judgment, and is an inherently uncertain process. We regularly review our reserving techniques and the overall adequacy of our reserves.reserves through both internal and external actuarial reserve analyses. For a full discussion regarding our loss reserving process, see "Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates" in Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." of this Form 10-K.
As part of our risk management efforts associated with the sale of our products and services, we use reinsurance to protect our capital resources and insure us against losses on the risks we underwrite. We use two main reinsurance vehicles: (i) a reinsurance pooling agreement among our Insurance Subsidiaries in which each company shares in premiums and losses based on certain specified percentages; and (ii)enter into reinsurance contracts and arrangements with third parties that cover various policies that we issue to our customers. In addition, to protect our Insurance Subsidiaries, we maintain an internal reinsurance pooling agreement in which each company shares in premiums and losses based on certain specified percentages. For information regarding reinsurance treaties and agreements, see "Reinsurance" in Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." of this Form 10-K.
Insurance Operations Products and Services
The types of insurance we sell in our insurance operations fall into two broad categories:
Property insurance, which generally covers the financial consequences of accidental loss of an insured’s real and/or personal property. Property claims are generally reported and settled in a relatively short period of time.
Casualty insurance, which generally covers the financial consequences ofof: (i) employee injuries in the course of employment andemployment; (ii) bodily injury and/or property damage to a third party as a result of an insured’s negligent acts, omissions, or legal liabilities.liabilities; and (iii) the obligation to defend our insured(s). Casualty claims may take several years, and for some casualty claims even several decades, to be reported and settled.
We underwrite our businessOur insurance premiums originate primarily throughfrom underwriting traditional insurance.property and casualty insurance policies. The following table shows the principal types of policies we write:
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| Types of Policies | | Category of Insurance | Standard Commercial Lines | Standard Personal Lines | E&S Lines |
| Commercial Property (including Inland Marine) | | Property | X |
| X |
| Commercial Automobile | | Property/Casualty | X |
| X |
| General Liability (including Excess Liability/Umbrella) | | Casualty | X |
| X |
| Workers Compensation | | Casualty | X |
|
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| Businessowners' Policy | | Property/Casualty | X |
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| Bonds (Fidelity and Surety) | | Casualty | X |
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| Homeowners | | Property/Casualty |
| X |
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| Personal Automobile | | Property/Casualty |
| X |
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| Personal Umbrella | | Casualty |
| X |
|
Flood1 | | Property | X | X |
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1Flood insurance premiums and losses are 100% ceded to the Federal Government’sfederal government’s Write Your Own Program ("WYO") of the NFIP. The results of our Standard Personal Lines and Standard Commercial Lines flood operations are reported solely within our Standard Personal Lines segment results.
Product Development and Pricing
Our insurance policies are contracts with our insureds that specify the coverage provided to our insured, such as whatamounts we will pay to, or on behalf of, the insured upon a covered loss. We develop our coverages by:by (i) adopting forms created or filed by statistical rating agencies or other third parties, notably Insurance Services Office, Inc. (“ISO”), American Association of Insurance Services, Inc. ("AAIS"), and the National Council on Compensation Insurance, Inc. ("NCCI");, (ii) independently creating our own coverage forms;forms, or (iii) modifying third-party forms.
SinceAs our policies provide coverage for future events, we do not know what ourthe actual costs for a policy will beloss costs at the time we underwrite and issue it. Therefore, determiningDetermining the prices to charge for our coverages involves consideration of many variables. In certain cases, we adopt rating structures and loss costs filed by statistical rating agencies, such as ISO and NCCI. We supplement thisthese with detailed analyses of our own historical statistical data, factoring in loss trends and other expected impacts. We then loadTo develop our total rates, we add our own expense and profit provisions to these expected loss costs for our own expenses and profit provision.costs. In other cases, we develop rating structures and rates based uponon a combination of our own experience and competitorsaggregated market information. Generally, speaking, our approach iswe prefer to rely uponon our own experience to the full extentwhen we deem it statistically credible.
To supplement our rating structures, we have developed predictive models for many of our Standard Commercial and Standard Personal Lines. Predictive models analyze historical statistical data regardingabout our customers and their loss experience, to modeland additional risk characteristics that drive loss experience. These models rely upon more advanced statistical analysis and rigorous testing. We use the output of these models to group our policies, or potential policies, based uponon their expected loss potential. In other cases, we use these models to develop factors in our rating plan. These models'The predictive capabilities of these models are limited by the amount and quality of the available statistical data, so theywe may be supplementedsupplement them with competitiveother aggregated market information or underwriting judgment.
Customers and Customer Markets
We categorize our Standard Commercial Lines customers into the following strategic business units ("SBUs"):
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| | | Percentage of Standard Commercial Lines | | Description |
| Contractors | | 39%41% | | General contractors and trade contractors |
| Mercantile and Services | | 25% | | Focuses on retail, office, service businesses, restaurants, golf courses, and hotels |
| Community and Public Services | | 18%17% | | Focuses on public entities, social services, religious institutions, and schools |
| Manufacturing and Wholesale | | 17%16% | | Includes manufacturers, wholesalers, and distributors |
| Bonds | | 1% | | Includes fidelity and surety |
| Total Standard Commercial Lines | | 100% | | |
We do not categorize our Standard Personal LineLines customers or our E&S LineLines customers by SBU.
The following are general guidelines that can be used as indicators of the approximate size of our customers:
The average Standard Commercial Lines premium per customer is approximately $12,000.
The average Standard Personal Lines premium per customer is approximately $2,000.
The average E&S Lines premium per policy is approximately $3,000.
No one customer accounts for 10% or more of our insurance operations in the aggregate.
We manage volatility in our underwriting results, in part, by writing a book of business that predominantly includes a smaller limit profile than the industry as a whole. The table below illustrates the percentage of accounts with total insured value and exposure limits at and below $1 million for property and casualty insurance accounts, respectively:
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| | Property | Casualty |
| Standard Commercial Lines | 79% | 87%1 |
| Standard Personal Lines | 85% | 98% |
| E&S Lines | 97% | 98% |
1Standard Commercial Lines excludes policies written in our workers compensation line of business, which do not have statutory policy limits.
We also purchase significant levels of reinsurance protection, with participating reinsurers that have an average credit rating of "A" or better, that supports accounts that we write with larger exposure limits by limiting the impact of individual property and casualty losses to $2 million per risk and per occurrence, respectively.
Geographic Markets
We sell our insurance products and services in the following geographic markets:
Standard Commercial Lines products and services are primarily sold in 27 states located in the Eastern, Midwestern, and Southwestern regions of the United StatesU.S. and the District of Columbia.
Standard Personal Lines products and services are sold in 15 states located in the Eastern, Midwestern, and Southwestern regions of the United States,U.S., except for the flood portion of this segment, which is sold in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
E&S Lines products and services are sold in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
We support geographically diversified business from our corporate headquarters in Branchville, New Jersey, and our six regional branches (referred to as our “Regions”)., and our underwriting and claims service center in Richmond, Virginia. The table below lists our Regions and their principal office locations:
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| | |
| Region | | Office Location |
| Heartland | | Carmel,Indianapolis, Indiana |
| New Jersey | | Hamilton, New Jersey |
| Northeast | | Branchville, New Jersey |
| Mid-Atlantic | | Allentown, Pennsylvania and Hunt Valley, Maryland |
| Southern | | Charlotte, North Carolina |
| Southwest | | Scottsdale, Arizona |
In addition, our E&S Lines are supported by office locations in Horsham, Pennsylvania and Scottsdale, Arizona.
Distribution Channel
We sell our insurance products and services through the following types of independent distribution partners:
Standard Commercial Lines: independent retail agents;
Standard Personal Lines: independent retail agents; and
E&S Lines: wholesale general agents.
We generally pay our distribution partners commissions calculated as a percentage of DPW, and in some casesoften supplemented by amounts based on profitability or other considerationconsiderations for business placed with us. We seek to compensate them fairly and in a manner consistentconsistently with market practices. No one independent distribution partner is responsible for 10% or more of our combined insurance operations' premium. Our top 20 distribution partners generated approximately 30%34% of our NPWDPW in 2018.2019.
Our customers rely heavily on our distribution partners and some do not differentiate between their insurance agent and their insurance carrier, so developing brand recognition particularly with these types of customers can be difficult . We continue to evolve our service model, post policy-acquisition, with an increasing focus on the customer. Our goal is to provide our customers with 24/7 access to transactional capabilities and account information. Customers expect this level of access from us because of the technological and service improvements in retail and other consumer sectors. While many insurers offer such solutions in the personal lines space, we want to be a leader in digital and customer experience in all three segments of our insurance operations. As part of our digital strategy, we provide customers with a mobile application and a web-based portal that permit our customers on demand self-service access to basic account information, pay their bills electronically, and report claims. In addition, we are able to provide value-added services, such as proactive messaging in relation to product recalls, potential loss activity, or policy changes. These efforts will permit us to offer customers an improved shared experience with our independent distribution partners, and better position us to more directly demonstrate our value proposition to our customers and distribution partners.
Independent Retail Agents
According to a 2018 study by the Independent Insurance Agents & Brokers of America, independent retail insurance agents and brokers write approximately 84% of standard commercial lines insurance and 35% of standard personal lines insurance in the United States.U.S. We believeexpect that independent retail insurance agents, which comprise the bulk of our independent distribution partners, will remain a significant force in overall insurance industry premium production becausebecause: (i) they represent more than one insurance carrier
carrier; (ii) agency consolidation has resulted in increased buying power over insurance companies; and (iii) they provide a wider choice of commercial and personal lines insurance products and risk-based consultation to customers.
We currently have 1,320approximately 1,350 distribution partners selling our Standard Commercial Lines business, and 720770 of these distribution partners also sell our Standard Personal Lines business. These 1,3201,350 distribution partners sell our products and services through approximately 2,2002,300 office locations. We also have 6,000 retail agentsoffice locations selling our flood insurance products.
In our independently administered 20182019 survey, we received an overall satisfaction score of 8.78.8 out of 10 and a net promoter score of 74 from our standard market distribution partners. The net promoter score represents how likely our agents are to recommend us to a future or current customer. A net promoter score can range from as low as –100 (when every customer is a detractor) to as high as 100 (when every customer is a promoter). We believe this score highlightsthese scores highlight the professionalism and effectiveness of our employees, and the satisfaction of our independent distribution partners with our products, the ease of reporting claims,services, technologies, and the professionalism and effectiveness of our employees.customer experience.
Wholesale General Agents
Our distribution partners for our E&S Lines are 90 wholesale general agents with a combined 250270 office locations. We have granted limited binding authority to thethese wholesale general agents for business that meets our prescribed underwriting and pricing guidelines. Our wholesale general agents submit brokerage business to us for risk acceptability, terms and conditions, and pricing.
Marketing
Our primary marketing strategy is to:
Use an empowered field underwriting model to provide our Standard Commercial Lines retail distribution partners with resources within close geographic proximity to their businesses and our mutual customers. For further discussion on this model, see the “Field Model“Technology and Technology”Field Model” section below.
Develop close relationships with each distribution partner, particularly their principals and producers, by:by (i) soliciting their feedback on products and services;services, (ii) advising them concerning our product developments;developments, and (iii) providing education and development focusingfocused on producer recruitment, sales training, enhancing customer experience, online marketing, and distribution operations.
Develop annual goals with each distribution partner, and then carefully monitor annualthese goals regarding:regarding (i) types and mix of risks placed with us;us, (ii) new business and renewal retention expectations;expectations, (iii) customer service;service, (iv) pricing of their in-force book and changes in renewal prices;prices, and (v) profitability of business placed with us.
Develop brand recognition with our customers through our marketing efforts to be recognized as a proactive risk manager that provides the unique value-added products and services that customers seek, which includeseek. These unique products and services, along with our proactive communication and providing exceptional products and services thatfocus on a superior customer experience, help position us as a leader in the marketplace.
Technology and Field Model
We continue to evolve our technology and field model with an increasing focus on providing our customers with access to transactional capabilities and account information 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Customers expect this level of access because of the technological and service experiences they have in retail and other consumer sectors. While many insurers offer such solutions in personal lines, we strive to be a digital and customer experience leader in all three segments of our insurance operations.
As part of our digital strategy, we provide customers with a mobile application and a web-based portal that provides our customers with on-demand self-service access to account information, and the ability to electronically pay their bills and report claims. We also provide value-added services, such as proactive messaging about vehicle and product recalls, adverse weather activity, and claim status updates.
To further advance our initiative to be a leader in digital and customer experience, we recently opened an innovation lab at our corporate headquarters in Branchville, New Jersey, a facility that enables our efforts to identify and deploy improvements to our product, agency and customer experience, and operational efficiency. These efforts position us to offer customers an improved service experience, and better position us to demonstrate our long-term value proposition to our customers and distribution partners. For example, over the past year we introduced Selective® Drive to our customers. Selective® Drive is a
commercial vehicle fleet management tool that detects unsafe driving behaviors. In 2019, we were honored with a 2019 Innovation Award from Business Insurance acknowledging our leadership, ingenuity, and inventiveness for this new technology.
Technology
We leverage the use of technology in our business. We have made significant investments in information technology platforms, integrated systems, internet-basedand Internet-based applications, and have been using predictive modeling initiatives. models for underwriting in our Standard Commercial Lines for over 15 years.
We do thismake these investments to provide:
Our distribution partners and customers with access to accurate business information and the ability to process certain transactions with ease from their locations, seamlessly integrating those transactions into our systems;systems. During 2019, we were recognized as an "All-Star Carrier" by Insurance Business America (IBA) for superior performance in eight key categories, one of which was technology and automation. We were the sole carrier to receive a five-star rating in every category.
Our customer service representatives with a customer-centric view of our policyholders, as opposed to a traditional policy-centric view, which helps us to better serve our customers when coupled with providing them 24/7 access to transactional capabilities discussed above.
Our underwriters with targetedpredictive underwriting and pricing tools to enhance profitability while efficiently growing the business;business by automating retrieval of relevant public information on existing policyholders and potential customers.
Our workers compensation claims adjusters with predictive tools to indicate when claims are likely to escalate to better serve our customers;escalate.
Our Special Investigations Unit ("SIU") investigators access to our business intelligence systems to better identify claims with potential fraudulent activities;
Our claims recovery and subrogation departments with the ability to expand and enhance their models through the use of our business intelligence systems; and
Our customers with 24x7 access to transactional capabilities and information through a web-based customer portal and a customer mobile application.
We manage our information technology projects through an Enterprise Project Management Office (“EPMO”) governance model. The EPMO is supported by certified project managers who apply methodologies to:to (i) communicate project management standards;standards, (ii) provide project management training and tools;tools, (iii) manage projects;projects, (iv) review project status, the projected net present value of project benefits, if applicable, and external and internal costs;costs, and (v) provide non-technology project management consulting services to the rest of the organization. The EPMO, which includes senior management representatives from all major business areas, corporate functions, and information technology, meets regularly to review all major initiatives and receives reports on the status of other projects. We believe the EPMO is an important factor in the success of our technology implementation.
Our primary technology operations are located in Branchville, New Jersey and Glastonbury, Connecticut. We have agreements with multiple consulting, information technology, and service providers for supplemental staffing services. Collectively, these providers supply approximately 50%54% of our skilled technology capacity and are principally based in the U.S., although we do contract with some offshore service providers who are based, or utilize resources, outside the U.S.providers. We retain management oversight of all projects and ongoing information technology production operations. We believe we would be able to manage an efficient transition to new vendors without significant impact to our operations if we terminated an existing vendor.
Field Model
To support our independent distribution partners, we employ a unique field model for both underwriting and claims, with various employees usuallytypically working from home offices near our distribution partners. We believe that wepartners and customers. Our field employees build better and stronger relationships with our independent distribution partners because of thetheir close proximity of our field employees,to them, and the resulting direct interaction with our distribution partners and customers. At December 31, 2018,2019, we had approximately 2,2902,400 employees, of which 590650 worked in the field, 860930 worked in one of our regional offices, and the remainder worked in our corporate office.
Underwriting Process
Our underwriting process requires communication and interaction among:by segment is as follows:
Our Regions, which togetherStandard Commercial Lines corporate underwriting department, led by a Chief Underwriting Officer ("CUO"), establishes and monitors our underwriting guidelines and philosophy for each industry segment and line of business. The CUO delegates and oversees underwriting authority throughout the organization using formal letter of authority grants based on an individual's job grade and expertise by type of industry and line of business. Our corporate underwriting department also works in coordination with our corporate underwriting and actuarial departments, jointly establish and execute upon the followingactuaries to determine adequate pricing levels for all of our Standard Commercial Lines business: (i) annual premiumproducts.
Our regional underwriting operations, working under the authority granted by the CUO, handle the majority of individual underwriting and pricing goals; (ii) specific newdecisions. New business targetsis underwritten by distribution partner; and (iii) profit improvement plans as needed across our business segments, lines, states, and/or distribution partners;
Our corporate underwriting department, which develops our underwriting appetite, products, policy forms, pricing, and underwriting guidelines for our standard market business;
Our corporate actuaries who assist in the determination of rate and pricing levels, while monitoring pricing and profitability along with the Regions, corporate underwriting department, and business intelligence staff for our standard and E&S market business;
Our distribution partners, which include independent retail agents for our standard market business and wholesale general agents for our E&S market business, that provide front-line underwriting within our prescribed guidelines;
Our Agency Management Specialists (“AMSs”("AMSs"), who: (i) manageSmall Business Teams, and Large Account Underwriters. Renewal policies are underwritten in one of our Regions by underwriters, and within our underwriting service center ("USC"), who are assigned a specific group of agents. Our AMSs are also responsible for managing the overall growth and profitability of our business thatwith their assigned distribution partners write with us; and (ii) perform field underwriting for new Standard Commercial Lines business;group of agents.
Our field operations leadership, who have oversight of the AMS production team for Standard Commercial Lines, ensure that: (i) annual profit and growth plans are developed on a state by state basis; (ii) the achievement of these state plans are monitored at the state, AMS territory and account level; and (iii) individual agency plans are developed and monitored for achievement annually;
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• | Our Standard Commercial Lines small business teams that are responsible for handling: (i) new business in need of review that was submitted by our distribution partners through our automated underwriting platform, One & Done®; and (ii) other new small accounts and middle market accounts with low underwriting complexity;
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Our Safety Management Specialists (“SMSs”), who providemodel provides a wide range of front-line safety management services tofocused on improving the safety and risk management programs, loss experience, and retention of our Standard Commercial Lines insureds. We have 90 safety management specialists who work in the field supporting our customers, and help us make better underwriting decisions for new and renewal business by understanding our customers' exposures and recommending safety enhancements to reduce the risk from those exposures. Our service mark for these services is “Safety Management: Solutions for a safer workplace”SM. Safety management services we provide include (i) risk evaluation and on-site improvement surveys intended to evaluate potential exposures and provide solutions for mitigation, (ii) Internet-based safety management educational resources, including a large library of coverage-specific safety materials, videos and online courses, such as discussed more fully below;defensive driving and employee educational safety courses, (iii) thermographic infrared surveys aimed at identifying electrical hazards, and (iv) Occupational Safety and Health Administration construction and general industry certification training.
In addition to providing the above, the safety and well-being of our customers is a top priority, and over the past two years, we have embarked on initiatives to proactively service customers through the dissemination of notifications and alerts, to help them identify and mitigate loss occurrence, and provide them with tools and technologies that can reduce losses and improve their safety. Several examples of these notifications and alerts are as follows: (i) we provide vehicle recall notifications to our customers and distribution partners; (ii) we provide weather preparation notifications for large storms or hurricanes, including guides on structural improvements, roof and drainage maintenance, and measures to prevent plumbing from freezing or clogging; and (iii) we provide food and product recall notifications to specific customers with businesses tied to manufacturing, distribution, or food preparation that could impact their business.
Our regional underwriters, who manage our in-force policies for their assigned Standard Commercial Lines distribution partners, including, but not limited to, managing profitability and pricing levels within their portfolios by developing policy-specific pricing;
Our managers and underwriters, who are responsible for new business, renewal underwriting and service needs for our large Standard Commercial Lines accounts, including those written with alternative risk transfer techniques for our distribution partners;
Our premium auditors, who supplement the underwriting process by working with insureds to accurately audit exposures for certain Standard Commercial Lines policies that we write;
Our field technical coordinators, who are responsible for technology assistance and training to aid our employees and standard market distribution partners;
Our Personal Lines Marketing Specialists (“PLMSs”), who have primary responsibilityunderwriting operations are centralized and highly automated. A significant portion of our new and renewal business is underwritten and priced through an automated template based on a filed class plan. Any underwriting exceptions are approved by our underwriting team under the direction of our CUO for identifying new opportunities to grow our Standard Personal Lines; andLines.
The wholesale general agents that place our E&S Lines provide front-line underwriting in accordance with our prescribed guidelines. Our underwriters approve accounts written outside of our prescribed guidelines. Our E&S Lines territory managers who have primary responsibility for identifyingare focused on the generation of new opportunities to grow our E&S Lines.
We have an underwriting service center (“USC”) located in Richmond, Virginia. The USC assists our independent distribution partners by servicing certain Standard Commercial Lines and Personal Lines accounts. At the USC, manyall of our employees are licensed agents who respond to customer inquiries about insurance coverage, billing transactions, and other matters. For the convenience of using the USC and our handling of certain transactions, our distribution partners agree to receive a slightly lower than standard commission foron the premium associated with the USC.USC-serviced premium. As of December 31, 2018,2019, our USC was servicing Standard Commercial Lines NPW of $52.0$78.3 million, and Standard Personal Lines NPW of $28.9 million. The $80.9 million total serviced by the USCwhich represents 3% of our total NPW.
Our field model provides a wide range of front-line safety management services focused on improving a Standard Commercial Lines insured’s safety and risk management programs. During 2018, we introduced: (i) our Selective® Drive program to our commercial automobile policyholders. This product assists with logistics management and improved safety by tracking and scoring individual drivers based on driving attributes, including phone usage while the vehicle is in motion; and (ii) a web-based cybersecurity training program that is currently being piloted with our agents to help them better protect their agencies and better safeguard our data and systems. In addition, our service mark “Safety Management: Solutions for a safer workplace”SM includes: (i) risk evaluation and improvement surveys intended to evaluate potential exposures and provide solutions for mitigation; (ii) internet-based safety management educational resources, including a large library of coverage-specific safety materials, videos and online courses, such as defensive driving and employee educational safety courses; (iii) thermographic infrared surveys aimed at identifying electrical hazards; and (iv) Occupational Safety and Health Administration construction and general industry certification training. Risk improvement efforts for existing customers are designed to improve loss experience and policyholder retention through valuable ongoing consultative service. Our safety management goal is to work with our customers to identify, mitigate, and eliminate potential loss exposures.
Claims Management
Effective, fair, and timelyTimely claims managementprocessing ensuring that all coverage is provided is one of the most important services that we provide to our customers and distribution partners. It is also one of the critical factors in achieving underwriting profitability. We have structured our claims organization to emphasize:emphasize (i) cost-effective delivery of claims services and control of loss and loss expense; andexpense, (ii) maintenance of timely and adequate claims reserves.reserves, and (iii) claims handling by areas of expertise. In connection with our Standard Commercial Lines and Standard Personal Lines, we achieve better claim outcomes through a field model that locates claim representatives in close proximity to our customers and distribution partners.
In 2018, we introduced the Swift Claims Handling process ("SWIFT") where parties can opt-in to having low-severity automobile or property claims handled entirely through email. This accelerates the claims handling process and improves the customer experience. Over 4,000 individuals have opted into having their claims managed through SWIFT, with payment issuance often occurring These field-based adjusters, known as soon as 24 hours from submission.
We have a claims service center (“CSC”), co-located with the USC, in Richmond, Virginia. The CSC receives first notices of loss from our customers and claimants related to our Standard Commercial Lines and Standard Personal Lines and manages routine automobile and property claims with no injuries. The CSC is designed to help: (i) reduce the claims settlement time on first- and third-party automobile property damage claims; (ii) increase the use of body shops, glass repair shops, and car rental agencies that have contracted with us at discounted rates and specified service levels; (iii) handle and settle small property claims; and (iv) investigate and negotiate auto liability claims. The CSC, as appropriate, will assign claims to the appropriate regional claims office or other specialized area within our claims organization.
Claims Management Specialists (“CMSs”("CMS"), handle low severity property claims and non-complex liability claims, and manage the overall agency claims relationship.
CMSs are responsible for investigating and resolving the majority of our standard marketplace low severity commercial automobile bodily injury, general liability, and property losses with low severities. We also havelosses. Property Claims Specialists ("PCSs") to handle property claims with severities ranging from $10,000 to $100,000. TheyCMSs and PCSs also form the basis of our catastrophe response team.
Strategically located throughout our footprint, CMSs and PCSsthey are able to provide highly responsive customer and distribution partner service to quickly resolve claims within their authority.
Our E&S claims processing is consistent with our Standard Commercial Lines and Standard Personal Lines claims processing. E&S claims are handled in our standard lines regional offices, as well as in our Complex Claims and Litigation Unit ("CCU") discussed below, and are segregated by line of business (property and liability), litigation, and complexity.
Our Quality Assurance Unit conducts monthly file reviews on all of our operations to validate compliance with our quality claims handling standards. Complex and litigated claims oversight is handled by specialists within the CCU.
We have implementedutilize specialized claims handling as follows:
Liability claims with high severity or technically complex losses are handled by the CCU.Complex Claims and Litigation Unit ("CCU"). The CCU specialists are primarily field-based employees, and handle losses based on injury type or with expected severities greater than $250,000 in our Standard Commercial Lines and Standard Personal Lines, and severities greater than $100,000 in our E&S Lines.
Litigated matters not meeting the CCU criteria are handled within our litigation unit. Teams of litigation adjusters are aligned based uponby jurisdictional knowledge and technical experience, and are supervised by regional litigation managers. These claims are segregated from the CMSs to allow for focused management and application of specific technical expertise.
Workers compensation claims handling is centralized in Charlotte, North Carolina. Jurisdictionally trained and aligned medical-only and lost-time adjusters manage non-complex workers compensation claims within our footprint. Claims with high exposure and/or significant escalation risk are referred to the workers compensation strategic case management unit.
Low severity/high volumeLow-severity, high-volume property claims are handled by the CSC.claims service center ("CSC"). Certain complex claims that do not involve structural damage (i.e. employee dishonesty and equipment breakdown losses) are handled by a small group of specialists in the CSC.
The Large Loss Unit ("LLU") handles complex property claims, typically those in excess of $100,000.
All asbestos and environmentalWe centralize the following claims are referred to our specialized corporate Environmental Unit, which also handles other latent claims.
The Construction Defect Unit unit handles larger, complex construction defect claims.
All abuse and molestation claims have been centralized in one unit so as to applyalign the highest level of expertise possibleexpertise: (i) asbestos and environmental claims; (ii) construction defect claims; and (iii) other latent claims, including those related to this emerging risk within the industry.abuse and molestation.
This structure allows us to provide experienced adjusting to each claim category.
The SIU, whichCSC is co-located with the USC in Richmond, Virginia. The CSC receives first notices of loss from our customers and claimants about Standard Commercial Lines, Standard Personal Lines, and E&S Lines claims and manages routine, non-injury automobile and property claims. The CSC is designed to help (i) reduce the claims settlement time on first- and third-party automobile property damage claims, (ii) increase the use of body shops, glass repair shops, and car rental agencies that have contracted with us at discounted rates and specified service levels, (iii) handle and settle small property claims, and (iv) investigate and negotiate auto liability claims. The CSC, as appropriate, will assign claims to our Regions or other specialized areas.
We process our E&S Lines claims consistently with how we process our Standard Commercial Lines and Standard Personal Lines claims. E&S Lines claims are handled by our standard lines Regions and our CCU, and are segregated by line of business (property and liability), litigation, and complexity.
In 2018, we introduced an improved fast tracking claims handling process ("SWIFT"), wherein parties can opt to settle low-severity automobile or property claims entirely through e-mail. SWIFT improves the customer experience and accelerates the claims handling process. Over 4,000 individuals have opted to have their claims managed through SWIFT, with payment often issued as quickly 24 hours from submission.
The Special Investigative Unit ("SIU") supports all insurance operations and investigates potential insurance fraud and abuse, and furthers efforts byconsistent with direction from regulatory bodies and trade associations to curtail the cost of fraud, supports all insurance operations.associations. We have developed a proprietary SIU fraud detection model that identifies the potential fraud cases early on in the life of thea claim. The SIU adheres to uniform internal procedures to improve detection and take action on potentially fraudulent claims. It is our practice to notify the proper authorities of SIU findings, which we believe sends a clear message that we will not tolerate fraud against us or our customers. The SIU supervises anti-fraud training for all claims adjusters and AMSs.
Insurance Operations Competition
We face substantial competition in the insurance marketplace, including from public, private, and mutual insurance companies, which in some cases may have lower cost of capital than we do.us. Many of our competitors, like us, rely on partners for the
distribution of their products and services. Other insurance carriers either employ their own agents who only represent them, or use a combination of distribution partners, captive agents, and direct marketing. The following provides information on the competition facing
Within each of our insurance segments:
Standard Commercial Lines
The Standard Commercial Linessegments, the property and casualty insurance market is highly competitive, and market share is fragmented among many companies.companies, particularly in Standard Commercial Lines and E&S Lines. We compete with primarily two types of companies,regional and national insurers, mostly on the basis of price, coverage terms, claims service, customer experience, safety management services, ease of technology usage, and financial ratings:
Regional insurers, such as Acuity Insurance, American Family Insurance Group, Auto-Owners Insurance, Cincinnati Financial Corporation, Erie Indemnity Company, The Hanover Insurance Group, Inc., United Fire Group, Inc., and Westfield Insurance.
National insurers, such as Chubb Limited, The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc., Liberty Mutual Holding Company Inc., Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, The Progressive Corporation, The Travelers Companies, Inc., and Zurich Insurance Group, Ltd.
Standard Personal Lines
Our Standard Personal Lines face competition primarily from the regional and national carriers noted above, as well as companies such as State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company and Allstate Corporation.ratings. We also face increased competition from established direct-to-consumer insurers, such as The Government Employees Insurance Company (GEICO) and The Progressive Corporation, which offer personal auto coverage.
E&S Lines
Our E&S Lines face competition from the E&S subsidiaries of the regional and national carriers named above, as well as the following companies:
Nautilus Insurance Group, a member of W. R. Berkley Company;
Colony Specialty, a member of the Argo Group International Holding Ltd;
Western World Insurance Group, a member of the American International Group;
Century Insurance Group, a member of the Meadowbrook Insurance Group;
The Burlington Insurance Company, a member of IFG Companies;
Scottsdale Insurance Company, an affiliate of Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company;
United States Liability Insurance Group, a member of Berkshire Hathaway, Inc.;
Cincinnati Financial Corporation; and
Markel Corporation.
Other
Existingexisting competitors and new entrants to the industry that are developing new platforms that are leveraging digital technology to provide a lower cost "direct-to-the customer""direct-to-the-customer" and "pay-as-you-go" or "pay for use""pay-for-use" models. These new platformscompetitors may offer the potential foralso provide expanded customer service and an enhanced customer experience ease of understanding coverages, and streamlined claims processing. New competitors emerging under this digital platform include, but are not limited to, Lemonade, Next, and Metromile. Existing competitors leveraging new digital strategies to target small commercial customers directly include, Hiscox, The Progressive Corporation, Attune, a division of American International Group, and biBerk, a division of Berkshire Hathaway. Many of these new entrants have significant financial backing.beyond what traditional insurance platforms currently provide.
Insurance Regulation
Primary Oversight by the States in Which We Operate
Our insurance operations areInsurance is a heavily regulated.regulated industry, primarily at the state level by virtue of the McCarran-Ferguson Act. The primary public policy behind insurance regulation is the protection of policyholders and claimants against insurer insolvency and inappropriate business practices. Insurance regulation typically prioritizes policyholder and claimant protection over all other constituencies, including shareholders. By virtue of the McCarran-Ferguson Act, Congress has largely delegated insurance regulation to the various states. The primary market conduct and financial regulators of our Insurance Subsidiaries are the departments of insurance in the states in which they are organized and licensed. The types of insurance activities that are regulated by the states include:include the following:
Pricing
Related to our financial condition: Oversight of matters such as minimum capital, surplus, solvency standards, accounting methods, form and underwriting practices;content of statutory financial statements and other reports, loss and loss expense reserves, investments, reinsurance, dividend payments, other distributions to shareholders, security deposits, and periodic financial examinations.
Claims practices;
Exiting geographic markets and/Related to our property and casualty insurance business: Oversight of matters such as certificates of authority and other insurance company licenses, licensing and compensation of distribution partners, premium rates (which may not be excessive, inadequate, or canceling or non-renewing policies;
Assessments forunfairly discriminatory), policy forms, policy terminations, claims handling and practices, cybersecurity, data protection and customer privacy, reporting of statistical information regarding our premiums and losses, periodic market conduct examinations, unfair trade practices, participation in mandatory shared market mechanisms, such as assigned risk pools and reinsurance pools, participation in mandatory state guaranty funds, and second-injury funds and other mandatory assigned risks and reinsurance;mandated continuing workers compensation coverage post-termination of employment.
The types, quality and concentration
Related to our ownership of investments we make;
Minimum capital requirements for the Insurance Subsidiaries;
Dividends from our Insurance Subsidiaries toSubsidiaries: Oversight of insurance holding company system registration in every state where an insurance subsidiary is domiciled and reporting about developments that may materially affect the Parent; and
Privacy and data security.
For additional discussionoperations, management, or financial condition of the broad regulatory, administrative, and supervisory powers of the various departments of insurance, refer to the risk factor that discusses regulationinsurers, including change in Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” of this Form 10-K.control.
NAIC Financial Monitoring Tools
Our various state insurance regulators are members of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC"). The NAIC has codifiedestablished statutory accounting principles ("SAP") and other accounting reporting formats and drafts model insurance laws and regulations governing insurance companies. An NAIC model statute only becomes a law whenafter a state legislature enacts it is enacted in the various state legislatures or promulgated as a regulation by theafter a state insurance department.department promulgates it. The adoption of certain NAIC model laws and regulations, however, is a key aspect of the NAIC Financial Regulations Standards and Accreditation Program.Program under which one state insurance department recognizes the financial examinations and reviews of another.
NAIC Monitoring Tools
AmongThe following are among the NAIC's various financial monitoring tools that are material to the regulators in states in which our Insurance Subsidiaries are organized are the following:organized:
The Insurance Regulatory Information System ("IRIS"). IRIS identifies 13 industry financial ratios and specifies “usual values” for each ratio. Departure from the usual values on four or more of the financial ratios can lead to inquiries from individual state insurance departments about certain aspects of thean insurer's business. Our Insurance Subsidiaries have consistently met the majority of the IRIS ratio tests.
Risk-Based Capital. Risk-based capitalCapital ("RBC"). RBC is measured by four major areas of risk to which property and casualty insurers are exposed: (i) asset risk; (ii) credit risk; (iii) underwriting risk; and (iv) off-balance sheet risk. Insurers face a steadily increasing amount of regulatoryRegulators increase their scrutiny, up to and potentialincluding intervention, as theiran insurer's total adjusted capital declines below three times theirits "Authorized Control Level." Based on our 20182019 statutory financial statements which have been prepared in accordance with SAP, the total adjusted capital for each of our Insurance Subsidiaries substantially exceeded three times their Authorized Control Level.
Annual Financial Reporting Regulation (referred to as the "Model Audit Rule"). The Model Audit Rule, which is modeledbased closely on the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended ("Sarbanes-Oxley Act"), regulates:regulates (i) auditor independence;independence, (ii) corporate governance;governance, and (iii) internal control over financial reporting. As permitted under the Model Audit Rule, the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors (the “Board”) of the Parent also serves as the audit committee of each of our Insurance Subsidiaries.
Own Risk and Solvency Assessment ("ORSA"). ORSA requires insurersan insurer to maintain a framework for identifying, assessing, monitoring, managing, and reporting on the “material and relevant risks” associated with the insurers' (or insurance groups') current and future business plans. ORSA, which has been adopted by the state insurance regulators of our Insurance Subsidiaries have adopted, requires companiesan insurer to annually file an internal assessment of their solvency with insuranceits solvency.
While we underwrite risks only in the U.S., international regulatory developments, particularly related to the development of global capital standards and data privacy, may influence U.S. regulators annually. Although no specificin the development of domestic standards. In 2014, the International Association of Insurance Supervisors proposed Basic Capital Standards for Global Systemically Important Insurers as well as a uniform capital framework for internationally active insurers. In 2016, the European Union ("EU") enacted Solvency II, which established new insurer capital adequacy and risk management requirements intended to reduce the possibility of consumer loss or market disruption by European insurers. At present, however, the only capital adequacy standard the NAIC has adopted is currently articulatedRBC. In 2016, the EU adopted the General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR"), which took effect in ORSA,2018 and regulates data protection and privacy in the EU and the transfer of personal data outside the EU. GDPR gives individuals primary control over their personal data and attempts to simplify the regulatory environment for international businesses operating in the EU. While GDPR has no direct impact on U.S. companies like Selective that are not doing business in the EU, it is possible that such standard will be developedand future data privacy actions by EU regulators may influence U.S. regulators over time and may increase insurers' minimum capital requirements, which could adversely impact our growth and return on equity. time.
NRSROs
In addition to theAlthough not formal regulation above, we are subject to capital adequacy monitoring byregulators, rating agencies for example,also monitor our capital adequacy. Two that impact us are (i) A.M. Best's Capital Adequacy Ratio ("BCAR"), and (ii) S&P's capital model. BCAR, which was developed by A.M. Best, and S&P's capital modelBoth examine the strength of an insurer's balance sheet and compare available capital to estimated required capital at various probability or rating levels. The regulatoryBCAR and rating agency modelsthe S&P model differ from each other in their design. Although the results of eachNAIC financial monitoring tools, particularly RBC. While RBC, BCAR, and the S&P capital model all show similar direction as circumstances change, they react differently to changes in economic conditions, underwriting and investment portfolio mix, and capital, and arecapital. Rating agencies also subject to change as the rating agencies update and change their capital adequacy models and requirements over time. This modeltime more frequently than the NAIC financial monitoring tools. We analyze this divergence combined with updates and changes to the rating agencyin capital adequacy models over time, can complicate decisions around management ofas we manage our capital, risk profile, and growth objectives.
Federal Regulation
NotableWhile primarily regulated at the state level, we are subject to certain federal legislationlaws and administrative policies that affect the insurance industry are:regulations related to our business, including:
McCarran-Ferguson Act;
Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act ("TRIPRA");
Dodd-Frank Wall Street ReformNFIP, which is overseen by the Mitigation Division of the Federal Emergency Management Agency ("FEMA");
The Medicare, Medicaid, and Consumer ProtectionSCHIP Extension Act of 2007, which subjects our workers compensation business to Mandatory Medicare Secondary Payer Reporting;
The economic and trade sanctions of the Office of Foreign Assets Control (“Dodd-Frank Act”OFAC”); and
Various privacy laws that applyrelated to us because we havepossession of personal non-public information, including the:the following:
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| ◦ | Fair Credit Reporting Act; |
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| ◦ | Drivers Privacy Protection Act; and |
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| ◦ | Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. |
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank Act”), which govern, among other things, publicly-traded companies and require or permit national stock exchanges or associations, such as the NASDAQ Stock Market, where our securities are listed, to mandate certain governance practices of their listed companies.
Like all businesses, we are required to enforce the economic and trade sanctions of the Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”).
The Mitigation Division of the Federal Emergency Management Agency ("FEMA") oversees the NFIP's WYO, which was created by an act of Congress. Under the program, all losses are 100% reinsured by the Federal government and we receive an expense allowance for flood policies written and a servicing fee for flood claims administered . Congress sets the WYO's budgeting, rules, and rating parameters. The program has been extended several times since its 2018 expiration, and it currently expires on May 31, 2019. While short-term lapses impacting our ability to service NFIP policies may occur from time-to-time, we do not expect a long-term disruption to the program. We continue to participate in the public policy debate to achieve a long-term meaningful program extension.
In addition to enacting corporate governance reforms for publicly-traded companies, the Dodd-Frank Act, enacted in 2010 in
response to the financial markets crises in 2008 and 2009, the Dodd-Frank Act was enacted in 2010. This law provided for among other things,some oversight of the business of insurance by the following:
The establishment ofEstablishing the Federal Insurance Office (“FIO”) under the United StatesU.S. Department of the Treasury; and
Granting the Federal Reserve oversight of financial services firms designated as systemically important; andimportant.
Corporate governance reforms for publicly-traded companies.
The FIO, in coordination with the Federal Reserve, state regulators, and other regulatory bodies, havehas been developing models forexploring group capital standards,standards. We expect the NAIC to publish a draft group capital standard sometime in 2020. The FIO also (i) negotiated a covered agreement with the European UnionEU that, among other things, impacted reinsurance collateral requirements for foreign reinsurers, and have(ii) has been gathering insurance market data as required under the Dodd-Frank Act. We continue to monitor and be actively involved in the industry and public policy discussions around federal and international insurance regulatory developments to ensure that the state regulatory system established under the McCarran-Ferguson Act is maintained.
For additional information on the potential impact of the Dodd-Frank Act, refer to the risk factor related to this legislation within Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” of this Form 10-K.
International Regulation
We believe that development of global capital standards will influence the development of similar standards by domestic regulators. Notable international developments include the following:
In 2014, the International Association of Insurance Supervisors proposed Basic Capital Standards for Global Systemically Important Insurers as well as a uniform capital framework for internationally active insurers;regulation and
The European Union enacted Solvency II, which sets out new requirements on capital adequacy and risk management for insurers operating changes in Europe, which was implemented in 2016.
For additional information on the potential impact of international regulation on our business, refer to the risk factor related to regulation within Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” of this Form 10-K.
Investments Segment
Our Investments segment seeks to generate net investment income by investing the premiums we receive from our insurance operations and the amounts generated through our capital management strategies, which may include the issuance of debt and equity securities. Proceeds are used to satisfy obligations to our customers, our shareholders,Our investment portfolio primarily consists of fixed income securities, which primarily includes corporate securities, asset-backed securities, mortgage-backed securities, and our debt holders, among others.
Atstate and municipal obligations. As of December 31, 2018, our investment2019, approximately 19% of this portfolio consisted ofwas invested in non-fixed rate securities. Included in this 19% is a 12% allocation to floating rate securities that reset principally on the following:
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| Category of Investment | | |
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| ($ in millions, except invested assets per dollar of stockholders' equity) | | Carrying Value | | % of Investment Portfolio |
| Fixed income securities | | $ | 5,310.2 |
| | 89 |
| Equity securities | | 147.7 |
| | 2 |
| Short-term investments | | 323.9 |
| | 6 |
| Other investments, including alternatives | | 178.9 |
| | 3 |
| Total | | $ | 5,960.7 |
| | 100 |
| Invested assets per dollar of stockholders' equity | | $ | 3.33 |
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Our investment philosophy includes certain net investment income, total return, and risk objectives for our fixed income, equity, and other investment portfolios. Our investment strategies are managed by our internal investment management team, and are executed by relationships with multiple external investment advisers.
During 2018, we were able to increase our after-tax pretax book yield on our core fixed income portfolio by 47 basis points as we tactically positioned the investment portfolio to take advantage of rising rates without increasing credit risk or extending the duration of the portfolio. As an example, approximately 16% of the fixed-income portfolio is in floating rate securities, which reset principally on 90-day LIBOR. The book yield on these securities has benefited from the 111 basis point increase in 90-day LIBOR in 2018. Also, we actively managed the investment portfolio with an emphasis on a portion of our portfolio that we refer to as risk assets. Our risk assets include public equity, high-yield fixed income securities, and alternative investments. Our active management included trimming our exposure to public equities and high yield fixed-income securities to 7.2% on December 31, 2018, from 7.9% on December 31, 2017. Overall, we have been gradually diversifying our portfolio, and will work towards modestly increasing our risk asset allocation over time, up to approximately 10% of our invested assets, depending on market conditions.
For further information regarding our risks associated with the overall investment portfolio, see Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.” and Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” of this Form 10-K. For additional information about investments, see the section entitled, “Investments Segment,” in Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” and Note 5. "Investments" included in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” Note 5. of this Form 10-K.
Enterprise Risk Management
As a property and casualty holding company, our Insurance Subsidiaries are in the business of assuming risk. We categorize our major risks into the following fivesix broad categories:
Asset risk, which stems primarily from our investment portfolio and reinsurance recoverables and includes credit and market risk;
Underwriting risk, which is the risk that the insured losses are higher than our expectations, including:
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| ◦ | Losses from inadequate loss reserves; |
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| ◦ | Larger than expected non-catastrophe current accident year losses; and |
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| ◦ | Catastrophe losses that exceed our expectations or our reinsurance treaty limits. |
Liquidity risk, which is the risk we will be unable to meet contractual obligations as they become due because we are unable to liquidate assets or obtain adequate funding without incurring unacceptable losses;
Emerging risks,Pension risk, which are new and known but evolving risksis the risk that may have a significant impact onthe obligations under the Retirement Income Plan for Selective Insurance Company of America will exceed our financial strength, reputation,expectations due to underperformance of the invested assets supporting those obligations or long-term strategy, potentially including U.S. and global economic concerns; and
adverse changes in the assumptions used in the calculation of our pension liabilities;
Other risks, including a broad range of operational risks that can be difficult to quantify, such as talent, market conditions, economic, legal, regulatory, reputational, and strategic risks, as well as the riskrisks of fraud, human failure, andor failure of controls andor systems, including, for example, a rapidly-evolving cybersecurity risk; and
Emerging risks, which include risks in each of the five categories above, but are either new, rapidly evolving, cyber security risk.or increasing substantially compared to historical levels. For example, the increased frequency and intensity of severe wildfires, the exposures created by the legalization of cannabis, and the recent passage of reviver statutes for victims of abuse would all be considered emerging risks.
Our internal control framework operates with thea three lines of defense model. The first line of defense consists of individual functions that deliberately assume risks and own and manage that risk on a day-to-day and business operational basis. The second line of defense is responsible for risk oversight and also supports the first line to understand and manage risk. A dedicated risk team led by the Chief Risk Officer is responsible for this second line and reports to the Chief Financial Officer. The third line of defense is our Internal Audit team, whichwho with oversight from the audit committee of our Board, provides independent, objective assurance as to the assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of our internal control environment. ItInternal Audit also coordinates risk-based audits, and compliance reviews, and other specific initiatives to evaluate and address risk within targeted areas of our business.
We use Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”) as part of our governance and control process to take an entity-wide view of our major risks and their impact. Our ERM framework is designed to identify, measure, report, and monitor our major risks and develop appropriate responses to support successful execution of our business strategy.
strategies.
Our Board oversees our ERM process, while the Executive Risk Committee is responsible for the holistic evaluation, management, and supervision of our aggregated risk profile and determination of future risk management actions in support of overall risk appetite. In addition to the Board’s oversight of the ERM process, various committees of the Board oversee risks specific to their areas of supervision and report their activities and findings to the full Board. Management has formed an Executive Risk Committee that is responsible for the holistic monitoring and management of our risk profile. The Executive Risk Committee uses variousconsists of the Chief Executive Officer, his direct reports and key operational and financial leaders, including the Chief Risk Officer. The Executive Risk Committee relies on several management committees, such as the Emerging Risk Committee and the Underwriting Committee, for detailed analysis and management of specific major risks. The Chief Risk Officer reports on the Executive Risk Committee primarily consists ofCommittee's activities, analyses, and findings to the Chief Executive Officer,Board or the Presidentappropriate Board committee, and Chief Operating Officer, their direct reports and key operational leaders, each of whom is responsible for management ofprovides a quarterly update on certain risk in his or her respective area, and the Chief Risk Officer. metrics.
In addition to the various Board and management committees and the governance process over the ERM process, we believe that high-quality and effective ERM is best achieved when it is a shared cultural value throughout the organization. We consider ERM to be a key process that is the responsibility of every employee. We have developed and use tools and processes that we believe support a culture of risk management and create a robust framework of ERM within our organization. In addition, our compensation policies and practices, as well as our governance framework, including our Board's leadership structure, are designed to support our overall risk appetite and strategy. Our ERM processes and practices help us to identify potential events that may affect us, and quantify, evaluate, and manage the significant risks to which we are exposed, and provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of our objectives.face.
We rely on quantitative and qualitative tools to identify, prioritize, and manage our major risks, including proprietary and third-party computer modeling as well as various other analyses. The Executive Risk Committee meets at least quarterly and reviews and discusses various aspectstopics and the interrelation of Selective’sour major risks, including, but not limited to, capital modeling results, capital adequacy, risk metrics, emerging risks, and sensitivity analysis. Where necessary, we also utilize the services of subject matter experts, such as external actuaries, third-party risk modeling firms, and information technology security experts. Consistent with the requirements of state insurance regulators, our Insurance Subsidiaries annually file their ORSA report, which is an internal assessment of our Insurance Subsidiaries' solvency. The Chief Risk Officer develops the report in coordination with members of the Executive Risk Committee, and the report is provided to the Board. The Chief Risk Officer reports on the Executive Risk Committee's activities, analyses, and findings to the Board or the appropriate Board Committee, and provides a quarterly update on certain risk metrics.
We believe that our risk governance structure facilitates strong risk dialogue across all levels and disciplines of the organization and promotes robust risk management practices. All of our strategies and controls, however, have inherent limitations. We cannot be certain that an event or series of unanticipated events will not occur and result in losses greater than we expect and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity, financial condition, financial strength, and debt ratings. An investor should carefully consider the risks and all of the other information included in Item 1A. “Risk Factors.”, Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.", and Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of this Form 10-K.
Reports to Security Holders
We file with the SECU.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") all required disclosures, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, Proxy Statements, and any amendments to these reports that we file or furnish pursuant to Sections 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), which can be accessed on the SEC's website, www.SEC.gov. In addition, we provide access to these filed materials on our Internet website, www.Selective.com.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Any of the following risk factors could:could (i) significantly impact our business, liquidity, capital resources, results of operations, financial condition, and debt ratings;ratings, and (ii) cause our actual results to differ materially from historical or anticipated results. These non-exhaustiveAt this time, these are the significant risk factors which might affect, alter, or change our actions in executing our long-term capital strategy, including,strategy. These actions include, but are not limited to, contributing capital to any or all of the Insurance Subsidiaries, issuing additional debt and/or equity securities, repurchasing our equity securities, redeemingrepurchasing our fixed income securities,existing debt, or increasing or decreasing stockholders’ dividends.
Risks Related to our Insurance Operations
We are subject to losses from catastrophic events.
Our financial results are subject tocan be significantly negatively impacted by losses from natural and man-made catastrophes including, but not limited to:without limitation, hurricanes, tornadoes, windstorms, earthquakes, hail, terrorism, including cyber-attacks, explosions, severe winter weather, floods, and fires, some of
which may be related to climate changes.change, and terrorism, including cyber-attacks and explosions. The frequency and severity of these catastrophes are inherently unpredictable. One year may be relatively free of such events while another may have multiple events. In recent years, we havethe global insurance industry has seen an escalation in global insured industry losses from catastrophes, with 2017 being the most costly yearcatastrophes.
The United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on record and 2018 being the third most costly year on record, as reported by various statistical reporting agencies. Whether thisClimate Change (“IPCC”) is a short-term phenomenon, or is part of a longer-term trend driven byan international body responsible for assessing climate change other environmental factors,science. In 2018, the IPCC reported that human activities are estimated to have caused approximately 1.8°F of global warming above pre-industrial levels and developmentthat, if the trend continues at the current rate, it will reach 2.7°F above pre-industrial levels between 2030 and 2052. Climate change models project robust differences in areas more exposedglobal regional climate characteristics between 1.8°F and global warming of 2.7°F up to catastrophes, is subject3.6°F. These differences, whether attributable to debate. For further discussion regarding man-made catastrophes that relate to terrorism, seehuman activities or natural, include increases in (i) mean temperature in most land and ocean regions, (ii) hot extremes in most inhabited regions, (iii) heavy precipitation in several regions, and (iv) the risk factor directly below regarding the potential for significant losses from actsprobability of terrorism.
There is widespread interest among scientists, legislators, regulators,drought and precipitation deficits in some regions. These differences and increases can impact weather patterns and the public regarding the effect that greenhouse gas emissions may have on our environment, including climate change. If greenhouse gasses continue to impact our climate, it is possible that more devastating catastrophic events could occur.
The magnitude of catastrophe losses is determined by thefrequency and severity of the event and the total amount of insured exposures in the area affected by the event as determined by ISO's Property Claim Services unit. Most of the risks underwritten by ourcatastrophes.
Our insurance operations are concentrated geographicallyprimarily write risks in the Eastern, Midwestern, and MidwesternSouthwestern regions of the country. Hurricanes continue to beU.S., and our most significant catastrophic exposure, particularly incatastrophe exposures are (i) hurricanes impacting the Eastern states. However, tornadic activity in the Midwestern regions of the U.S., (ii) terrorism events, and (iii) severe convective storms, including tornadoes. Single storms could also adversely impact our financial results. Itresults, but it is also is possible that we could experience more than one severe catastrophic event in any given period.calendar year. We track our severe weather and catastrophe losses using definitions and information we obtain from ISO’s Property Claim Services unit, an internationally recognized expert on U.S. and U.S.-territory storm losses.
Certain factors can impact our estimationestimates of ultimate costs for catastrophes. SuchAmong these factors can include inabilityare the following:
Inability to access portions of the impacted areas following a catastrophic event, scarcityevent;
Scarcity of necessary labor and materials that delay repairs and increase our loss costs, regulatorycosts;
Regulatory uncertainties, including new or expanded interpretations of coverage, residualcoverage;
Residual market assessment-related increases in our catastrophe losses, latelosses;
Potential fraud and unscrupulous contractors inflating repair costs;
Higher loss adjustment expenses due to shortages of claims reporting, and escalationadjusters available to appraise damage;
Late claims reporting;
Escalation of business interruption costs due to infrastructure disruption. The occurrencedisruption; and
Whether the U.S. Secretary of Treasury certifies that a terrorist event is an act of terrorism under TRIPRA.
An increase in catastrophe losses could reduce our net income and stockholders’ equity and could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial strength, and debt ratings. In addition, if a catastrophe close tooccurs near the end of a reporting period, alsoit is possible we may limithave limited information available to estimate loss and loss expense reserves, which adds greater uncertainty. More detailed claims information may become available later, resulting in reserve changes in subsequent periods.
Our loss and loss expense reserves may not be adequate to cover actual losses and expenses.
We maintain reserves for our estimated liability for loss and loss expense associated with reported and unreported insurance claims. We base our estimates of loss and loss expense reserve amounts on known facts and circumstances, including our expectations of ultimate settlement and claim administration expenses, trends in claims severity and frequency, medical inflation trends, predictions of future events, and other subjective factors relating to our in-force insurance policies. There is no method for precisely estimating the availabilityultimate liability for the settlement of information forclaims.
Reserve estimates may be impacted by a variety of broad economic, political, social, and legal developments or trends, such as inflation, judicial tort decisions, and various state legislative initiatives. Because of our inability to predict the timing and impact of these economic, political, social, and legal developments or trends, and the inherent uncertainty in estimating loss and loss expense reserves, we cannot be certain that the reserves we establish are adequate or will be so in the future.
We regularly review our reserve adequacy and it is possible that more detailed information about claims may be available later resulting in changesincrease reserves if we believe they are inadequate or reduce them if we believe they are redundant. An increase in reserves (i) reduces net income and stockholders’ equity for the period in subsequent periods.which the reserves are increased, and (ii) could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial strength, and debt ratings. As we underwrite new business and renew existing business in future periods, we estimate future loss cost trends to help price our products to generate an adequate risk-adjusted return. To the extent our estimate of future loss cost trends proves to be understated, the pricing of our future new business and renewal business could be inadequate to meet estimated loss costs trends, which could result in our future loss and loss expense reserves being understated.
Although catastrophes
Three examples of how reserves might be affected by economic, political, social, or legal developments or trends:
If economic inflation is higher than our assumptions, our loss and loss expense reserves associated with our longer tail lines of business may prove to be insufficient. In particular, our workers compensation line of business is susceptible to this risk, given its extended payment pattern, and the current low medical inflationary environment compared to longer term medical inflation rates, which have historically been higher.
State legalization of marijuana for medical and recreational use may significantly impact future claims emergence if marijuana use drives higher claims frequencies or severities.
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| • | Several states have expanded or are exploring expanding the statute of limitations for civil actions alleging sexual abuse. By retroactively permitting claims for previously time-barred acts, these “reviver” laws may result in insurance claims that could significantly increase loss costs and require re-evaluation of previously-established reserves or the creation of new reserves. Since reviver statutes have been enacted, we have received notices of claims or potential claims for acts alleged to have occurred as far back as the 1950s. With no prior experience, we cannot estimate how many "reviver" claims notices we may receive. Most notices we have received are sent on behalf of claimants by attorneys unsure of what insurer or policy (if any) may have covered the alleged assailant or supervising entity and may not implicate insurance policies issued by us or a predecessor. For notices we have determined implicate an insured under a policy issued by us or a predecessor, we (i) have investigated or are investigating facts, (ii) have evaluated policy terms, and (iii) believe we have appropriate coverage defenses and reinsurance protections that have been considered in establishing our reserves. As coverage positions may be challenged through litigation or otherwise, we face litigation risks further discussed below in the Risk Factor entitled, “Incidental to our insurance operations, we are engaged in ordinary routine legal proceedings that, because litigation outcomes are inherently unpredictable, could impact our reputation and/or have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods.” |
For further discussion on our loss and loss expense reserves, please see the “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” section of Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” of this Form 10-K.
Our ability to reduce our risk exposure depends on the availability and cost of reinsurance.
We transfer a significant portion of our underwriting risk exposure - specifically a portion of our loss and loss expense - to reinsurance companies in exchange for a specified portion of premiums. Most of our reinsurance contracts have annual terms. The availability, amount, and cost of reinsurance depend on market conditions, including the capacity of the retrocessional reinsurance market. This may fluctuate significantly and not necessarily correlate to the loss experience of our specific book of business. In general, reinsurance expense can causebe considered in our rating of insurance premium for our customers. Any increase in our reinsurance expense that cannot be passed on to our policyholders through rate increases will reduce our earnings. If we are unable to obtain reinsurance in amounts or on terms that we expected, our reinsurance expenses could increase, we may assume increased risk for individual or aggregate losses, inand our ability to write future business could be adversely affected.
Catastrophes impact a variety of property and casualty insurance lines, most of our historical catastrophe-related claims have been frombut historically commercial property and homeowners coverages. In an effort tocoverages have accounted for most of our catastrophe-related claims. To limit our exposure to catastrophe losses, we purchase catastrophe reinsurance. Catastrophe reinsurance could prove inadequate if:to our exposures if (i) we purchase an inadequate amount of reinsurance because of deficiencies or inaccuracies in the various modeling software programs that we use to analyze the risk of the Insurance Subsidiaries’ risk result in an inadequate purchase of reinsurance by us;Subsidiaries, (ii) a major catastrophe loss exceeds the reinsurance limit or the reinsurers’ financial capacity;capacity of one or more of our reinsurers, (iii) the frequency of catastrophe losses results in our Insurance Subsidiaries exceeding the aggregate limits provided byunder the catastrophe reinsurance treaty. Even after consideringtreaty, or (iv) our reinsurance protection,counterparties (a) are unable to access their reinsurance markets, or retrocessions, (b) suffer significant financial losses, (c) are sold, (d) cease writing reinsurance business, or (e) are unable or unwilling to satisfy their contractual obligations to us. Even with the benefits of reinsurance, our exposure to catastrophe risks could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity, financial condition, financial strength, and debt ratings.
Our loss and loss expense reserves may not be adequate to cover actual losses and expenses.
We must maintain loss and loss expense reserves for our estimated liability for loss and loss expense associated with reported and unreported insurance claims. Our estimates of reserve amounts are based on known facts and circumstances, including our expectations of the ultimate settlement and claim administration expenses, trends in claims severity and frequency, including the impact of inflationary trends on medical costs, predictions of future events, and other subjective factors relating to our insurance policies in force. There is no method for precisely estimating the ultimate liability for settlement of claims. Estimates of reserve amounts may be further impacted by unexpected increases in loss costs related to economic or social inflation, developments in tort law, and various state legislative initiatives, including expansion of statutes of limitations and
revisions to claims settlement practices standards. For example, several states in our principal operating areas are exploring expansion of the statute of limitations for previously time-barred civil suits alleging sexual abuse of a minor. This type of retroactive legislation may significantly increase insurance industry loss costs and require re-evaluation of previously established reserves. In addition, state initiatives such as legalization of marijuana may have significant impact on future loss development, as usage of this drug becomes more pervasive. Therefore, we cannot be certain that the reserves we establish are adequate or will be adequate in the future. From time-to-time, we increase reserves if they are inadequate or reduce them if they are redundant. An increase in reserves: (i) reduces net income and stockholders’ equity for the period in which the reserves are increased; and (ii) could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity, financial condition, financial strength, and debt ratings.
We are subject to potentially significant losses from acts of terrorism.
As a Standard Commercial Lines and E&S Lines writer, weWe are required to participate in TRIPRA, which was extended by Congress to December 31, 2020.2027, for our Standard Commercial Lines and E&S Lines business. TRIPRA rescinded all previously approvedpreviously-approved coverage exclusions for terrorism and requires private insurers and the U.S. government to share the risk of loss on future acts of terrorism certified by the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. Under TRIPRA, each participating insurer is responsible for paying a significant deductible of specified losses before federal assistance is available. ThisOur deductible of $359 million is based on a percentage of theour prior year’s applicable
Standard Commercial Lines and E&S Lines premiums. In 2019, our deductible is $339 million. For losses above the deductible in 2020, the federal government will pay 81%80% of losses to an industry limit of $100 billion, and the insurer retains 19%20%. The federal share of losses will be reduced by 1% to 80% in 2020. Although TRIPRA’s provisions mitigateprovide some mitigation to our loss exposure to a large-scale terrorist attack, our deductible is substantial and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity, financial condition, financial strength, and debt ratings. Additionally, ifIf the U.S. Secretary of Treasury does not certify certain future terrorist events, it is possibleas was the case with the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing and the 2015 San Bernardino shootings, we could be required to pay terrorism-related covered losses without TRIPRA's risk-sharing benefits. For example, the U.S. Secretary of Treasury did not certify either the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing or the 2015 San Bernardino, California shootings as terrorism events.
Under TRIPRA, terrorism coverage is mandatory for all primary workers compensation policies. Additionally, insuredsTRIPRA also applies to cyber liability insurance policies reported under a Terrorism Risk Insurance Program-eligible line of insurance. Insureds with non-workers compensation commercial policies have the option to accept or decline our terrorism coverage or negotiate with us for other terms. In 2018, 89%2019, 87% of our Standard Commercial Lines non-workers compensation policyholders purchased terrorism coverage that included nuclear, biological, chemical, and radioactive ("NBCR") events.
Many of the states in which we write commercial property insurance mandate that we cover fire following an act of terrorism - regardless of whether the insured specifically purchasedopted to purchase terrorism coverage. Also, in addition to providing terrorism coverage for lines of business required and covered by TRIPRA, weWe also sometimes chooseelect to provide terrorism coverage for lines of business not included in TRIPRA, such as Commercial Automobile. Personal lines of business have never been covered under TRIPRA. Homeowners policies within ourwe offer in Standard Personal Lines exclude nuclear losses but do not exclude biological or chemical losses.
If future legislation changes or eliminates TRIPRA, our exposure to terrorism losses could increase materially. If that happens, the measures we might take to mitigate our risk could impact our ability to write future business, or increase our reinsurance expense. We currently plan to continue providing coverage to our customers that includes protection from terrorism events, without the benefit of a conditional exclusion that would specifically exclude this coverage if TRIPRA was non-renewed. Therefore, in the event that TRIPRA is changed or eliminated, our exposure to losses from terrorism events will increase materially, which would have the potential to significantly negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition. Our current reinsurance programs generally provide coverage for conventional acts of foreign and domestic terrorism, but afford no coverage is afforded tofor NBCR events.
Our ability to reduce our risk exposure depends on the availability and cost of reinsurance.
We transfer a portion of our underwriting risk exposure to reinsurance companies. Through our reinsurance arrangements, a specified portion of our loss and loss expense is assumed by the reinsurer in exchange for a specified portion of premiums. The availability, amount, and cost of reinsurance depend on market conditions, which may fluctuate significantly, and do not necessarily correlate to our specific book of business experience. Most of our reinsurance contracts renew annually and may be impacted by the market conditions at the time of the renewal. Any decrease in the amount of our reinsurance will increase our risk of loss. Any increase in the cost of reinsurance that cannot be passed on to our policyholders will reduce our earnings. If we are unable to obtain reinsurance in amounts that we expected or on acceptable terms, our ability to write future business could be adversely affected, our reinsurance expenses could increase, or we might assume more risk for losses on aggregate or individual losses than we currently do.
We are exposed to credit risk.
We are exposed tohave credit risk in several areas of our insurance operations, including from:
Our reinsurers, whowhich are obligated to make payments to us under our reinsurance agreements. DuringReinsurance credit risk can fluctuate over time, increasing during periods of high catastrophe loss activity, amounts recoverable from our reinsurers and the correlated credit risk can increase quickly and significantly, fluctuating over time. Our reinsurers also often rely onactivity. Reinsurers generally manage their large loss exposure through their own reinsurance programs, orknown as retrocessions, to manage their exposure to large losses. Any limitations on or the inability ofwhich we sometimes do not have full visibility. If our reinsurers to collectexperience any difficulty in collecting on their retrocession programs, or reinstatein reinstating retrocession coverage after a large loss, particularly given the relatively small sizeit could impede timely and full payment of the global reinsurer community, may impair their ability to pay our reinsurance claims. Accordingly,This means that we have direct and indirect counterparty credit risk from our reinsurers. We attempt to mitigate our direct and indirect counterparty credit risk from our reinsurers, by: (i) pursuing relationships with reinsurers rated “A-” or higher by A.M. Best; and/or (ii) obtaining collateral to secure reinsurance obligations.which operate in a relatively small global community.
Certain life insurance companies from which we have purchased annuities for our customers under structured claims settlement agreements, if they fail to fulfill their obligations to those customers for whom we have purchased annuities under structured settlement agreements.the annuity contracts.
Some of our distribution partners, who we allow to collect premiums due to us from our customers.
Some of our customers, who are responsible for payment of premiumsobligated to make premium and/or deductiblesdeductible payments directly to us.
The invested assets in our defined benefit plan, which partially fund our liability associated with this plan. To the extent that creditIf financial risk adversely impacts the valuation and performance of the invested assets in our defined benefit plan, the funded status of the defined benefit plan could be adverselynegatively impacted and if so, the plan's expense, of the plan and our obligations underobligation to fund it, could increase.
Our exposure to credit risk could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity, financial condition, financial strength, and debt ratings.
We depend on distribution partners.
We market and sell our insurance products through independent, non-employee distribution partners. Insurance law and regulation makes us responsible for the business practices and customer interactions of our distribution partners. Independent distribution partners have, and we expect will continue to have, a significant role in overall insurance industry. While our customers find advantages in using independent distribution partners, our reliance on independent distribution partners presents risks and challenges, including the following:
As independent distribution partners have access to products from multiple carriers and markets, we face competition in our distribution channel and must market our products and services to our distribution partners before they sell them to our mutual customers.
Our customers rely on our independent distribution partners, and some customers do not differentiate between their insurance agent and their insurance carrier. Developing brand recognition, particularly with these types of customers can be challenging and requires us to coordinate with our distribution partners.
Difficult
Growth in our market share is principally dependent on growth in the market share controlled by our distribution partners. Independent retail insurance agencies control 84% of standard commercial lines business and 35% of standard personal lines business in the U.S. Consequently, expansion of our Standard Personal Lines market opportunity could be more limited than our Standard Commercial Lines business. To address the discrepancy in agency control of Standard Personal Lines business, more competitors have focused on lower-cost "direct-to-the-customer" distribution models that emphasize digital ease and technological efficiencies. Continued advancements in "direct-to-the-customer" distribution models may impact the overall market share controlled by our independent distribution partners and make it more difficult for us to grow, or require us to establish relationships with more distribution partners.
Over the past several years, some publicly-traded and private equity-backed independent distribution partners have employed consolidation strategies to acquire other independent distribution partners and increase their market share ("Aggregators"). As more of our independent distribution partners become Aggregators, or are acquired by Aggregators, their influence and demands on our business could increase. It is possible that Aggregators could develop and implement strategies to consolidate their business with fewer insurance carriers and demand higher base and supplemental commissions. Aggregators accounted for approximately 28% of our DPW at December 31, 2019. Currently, no one distribution partner is responsible for 10% or more of our combined insurance operations' premium.
Our financial condition and results of operations are impacted by the success of our independent distribution partners in marketing and selling our products and services.
National and global economic conditions in global capital markets and the economy maycould materially adversely affect our revenuebusiness, results of operations, financial condition, and profitabilitygrowth.
Unfavorable economic developments could adversely affect our earnings if our customers have less need for insurance coverage, cancel existing insurance policies, modify coverage, or choose not to renew with us. An economic downturn could also lead to increased credit and harmpremium receivable risk, the failure of reinsurance counterparties and other financial institutions, limitations on our ability to issue new debt, reduced liquidity, and declines in the fair value of our financial strength. These and other economic factors could materially adversely affect our business, and these conditions may not improve in the near future.
General economic conditions in the U.S. and throughout the world and volatility in financial and insurance markets may materially affect our results of operations. Factors such as businessoperations, financial condition, and consumer confidence, unemployment levels, consumer spending, business investment, government spending, the volatility and strength of the capital markets, and inflation all affect the business and economic environment and, indirectly, the amount and profitability of our business.growth. During 2018, 32%2019, 31% of DPW in our Standard Commercial Lines business was based on payroll/sales of our underlying customers. An economic downturn in which our customers experience declines in revenue or employee count could adversely affect our audit and endorsement premium in our Standard Commercial Lines.
Unfavorable economic developments could adversely affect our earnings if our customers have less need for insurance coverage, cancel existing insurance policies, modify coverage, or choose not to renew with us. Challenging economic conditions may impair the ability of our customers to pay premiums as they come due. Adverse economic conditions may have a material effect on our results of operations, liquidity, financial condition, financial strength, and debt ratings.
A downgrade or a potential downgrade in our financial strength or credit ratings could result in a loss of business and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Any significant downgrade in our financial strength ratings could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity, financial condition, financial strength, and debt ratings. For additional information on our current financial strength ratings, refer to "Overview" in Item 1. "Business." of this Form 10-K.
A significant financial strength rating downgrade, particularly from A.M. Best, would affect our ability to write new or renewal business with customers, some of whom are required under various third partythird-party agreements to maintain insurance with a carrier with a specified minimum rating. Our $30 million line of credit ("Line of Credit") requires our Insurance Subsidiaries to maintain an A.M. Best rating of at least “A-” (one level below our current rating), so a downgrade could create a default leading to an acceleration of any outstanding principal. Such an event also could trigger default provisions under certain of our other debt instruments and negatively impact our ability to borrow in the future.
Nationally recognized statistical rating organizations ("NRSROs") also rate our long-term debt creditworthiness. Credit ratings indicate the ability of debt issuers to meet obligations in a timely manner and are important factors in our overall funding profile and ability to access certain types of liquidity. Our current senior credit ratings are as follows:
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NRSRO | | Credit Rating | | Long Term Credit Outlook |
A.M. Best | | bbb+ | | Stable |
S&P | | BBB | | Stable |
Moody’s | | Baa2 | | Stable |
Fitch | | BBB+ | | Stable |
DowngradesIn addition, downgrades in our credit ratings could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations in many ways, including makingmake it more expensive for us to access capital markets. We cannot predict the possible rating actions NRSROs might take that could adversely affect our business or our potential actions in response. Any significant downgrade in our financial strength and credit ratings could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity, financial condition, financial strength, and debt ratings. For additional information on our current financial strength and credit ratings, refer to "Overview" in Item 1. "Business." of this Form 10-K.
Markets for insurance products and services are highly competitive and subject to rapid technological change, and we may be unable to compete effectively.
We have manyoffer our insurance products and services in a highly competitive market characterized by aggressive price competition and resulting downward pressure on gross margins, frequent introduction of new products and services, evolving industry standards, continual improvement in product pricing based on performance characteristics, rapid adoption of technological advancements by competitors, and potential competitors.price sensitivity on the part of consumers and businesses. Our ability to compete successfully depends heavily on our ability to ensure a continuing and timely introduction of innovative new products and services to the marketplace through digital platforms.
Demand for insurance is influenced by prevailing general economic conditions. The supply of insurance is related to prevailing prices, insured loss levels, and industry capital levels that may fluctuate in response to changing rates of return on insurance industry investments. Pricing also is influenced by the operating performance of insurers, who may increase pricing to meet return on equity objectives. Consequently, the insurance industry historically has had cycles characterized by periods of intense price
We face substantial competition from excess underwriting capacity and periodsa wide range of favorable pricing driven by shortages of underwriting capacity and poor insurer operating performance. If competitors price business below technical levels, we might decide it is appropriate to reduce our profit margin to retain our best business.
We compete with regional, national, and direct-writer property and casualty insurance companies for customers, distribution partners, and employees. Some competitors areCompetitors include public, stock companies, some areprivate, and mutual companies, and some are reciprocal insurers.insurance companies. Many competitors are larger and may have lower operating costs, lower cost of capital, or the ability to absorb greater risk while maintaining their financial strength ratings. Other competitors, such as mutual or reciprocal companies, are cooperatively owned by insureds and do not have shareholders who evaluate return on equity performance. Consequently, some competitors may be able to price their products more competitively. These competitive pressures could result in increased pricing pressures on a number of our products and services, particularly as competitors seek to win market share, and may limit our ability to maintain or increase our profitability.
Because of its relatively low cost of entry, the Internet has emerged as a significant competitive new marketplace where existing and new competitors have platforms. Established insurance competitors, such as Chubb Limited and The Progressive Corporation, are beginning to explore broader offerings through this digital platform, while new insurance competitors, such as Lemonade and Next, continue to emerge, including, but are not limited to, Lemonade and Attune.emerge. Reinsurers also have entered certain primary property and casualty insurance markets to diversify their operations and compete with us. Because the Internet makes it easier to bundle products and services, it is also is possible that companies doingconducting business on the Internet could enter the insurance business in the future or form strategic alliances with insurers. Changes in competitors and competition, particularly on the Internet, could cause changes in the supply or demand for insurance and adversely affect our business.
We have less loss experience data than our larger competitors.
Insurers rely on access to reliable data about their customers and loss experience to build complex analytics and predictive models that assess risk profitability, reserve adequacy, adverse claim development potential, recovery opportunities, fraudulent activities, and customer buying habits. We expect the use of data science and analytics will continue to increase and become more complex and accurate, particularly with the use of larger amounts of relevant data. Some of our competitors, particularly larger national carriers,competitors have significantly larger volumes of data about the performance of the risks they have underwritten. It is possible that the loss experience from our insurance operations particularly the more limited experience data we have related to our E&S business acquired in 2011, may not be sufficiently large or granular in all circumstances to analyze and project our future costs as accurately as our larger competitors. To supplement our data, we use industry loss experience data from ISO, AAIS, and NCCI. While relevant, industry data may not correlate specifically to the performance of risks we have underwritten and may not be as predictive as if we had more data onfrom a larger book of our book ofown business. Because we use and rely on the aggregated industry loss data assembled by ISO, AAIS, NCCI and other similar rating bureaus under the anti-trust exemptions of the McCarran-Ferguson Act, we likely would be at a competitive disadvantage to larger insurers with more loss experience data on their book of business if Congress repealed the McCarran-Ferguson Act.
We depend on distribution partners.
We market and sell our insurance products through independent distribution partners who are not our employees. We believesubject to a variety of modeling risks that these independent partners will remain a significant force in overall insurance industry premium production because they provide insurance and risk management expertise and advice to customers, particularly small businesses and individuals, who otherwise do not have it or cannot afford either the time or expense to acquire it. We also believe that some commercial customers, particularly smaller commercial businesses, will continue to use independent distribution partners for the potential customer and business referrals independent distribution partners may provide. Independent distribution partners also generally provide customers with a wider choice of insurance products than those who represent or are employed by only one insurer. Our reliance on independent distribution partners, however, present challenges and risks, including the following:
The availability of products from multiple markets creates competition in our distribution channel and we must market our products and services to our distribution partners before they sell them to our mutual customers.
Growth in our market share is dependent, in part, on growth in the market share controlled by our distribution partners. Independent retail insurance agencies control 84% of Standard Commercial Lines business but only 35% of Standard Personal Lines business in the U.S. Consequently, our Standard Personal Lines market opportunity could be more limited. Over the last several years, more competitors are focused on lower cost "direct to customer" distribution models based on technological developments and efficiencies. Continued advancements in "direct to customer" distribution models may impact the overall market share controlled by our distribution partners and make it more difficult for us to grow or require us to establish relationships with more distribution partners.
There has been an increasing trend of consolidation among our independent distribution partners, particularly by private-equity-backed entities and publicly-traded insurance brokers ("aggregators"). As more of our independent distribution partners consolidate and become larger, their influence on our business and premium production can increase. For example, they could direct the business they produce to be consolidated with a smaller group of insurance carriers, which may or may not include us. With their increased size and control of meaningful amounts of business, they could also increase insurance carrier costs through requiring higher base and supplemental commissions to place business. Aggregators accounted for approximately 28% of our DPW at December 31, 2018. Currently, no one distribution partner is responsible for 10% or more of our combined insurance operations' premium.
Our financial condition and results of operations are tied to the successful marketing and sales efforts of our products by our independent distribution partners. In addition, under insurance laws and regulations and common law, we may have liability for the business practices of, or actions taken by, our independent distribution partners.
Expansion of our insurance offerings and geographic footprint may create additional risks
Part of our growth strategy includes measured geographic and product expansion. In 2017, we established a Southwest Region and began writing Standard Commercial Lines in Arizona. In 2018, we expanded our Standard Commercial Lines operations into Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah and, later in the year, began offering Standard Personal Lines products in Arizona and Utah. In our Northeast Region, we also expanded our Standard Commercial Lines business into New Hampshire in 2017. We expect to continue to diversify our book of business through geographic and product expansion. Although diversification of our business is beneficial to our competitive position and long-term results, it exposes us to increased and different risks, including catastrophic natural risks to which we previously only had limited exposure due to our narrower geographic footprint and risks related to insurance regulations in the expansion states. These new risks could have a material adverse effectimpact on our business results.
We rely on internally and third-party developed complex financial models, such as those that predict (i) underwriting results of operations, liquidity, financial condition, financial strength, and debt ratings.
We are heavily regulated and changes in regulation may reduce our profitability, increase our capital requirements, and/or limit our growth.
Our Insurance Subsidiaries are heavily regulated by extensive insurance laws and regulations that can change on short notice. At any given time, there may be various legislative and regulatory proposals in each of the 50 states and District of Columbia that, if enacted, may affect our Insurance Subsidiaries. The primary public policy behind insurance regulation is the protection of policyholders and claimants against insurer insolvency and inappropriate business practices. Insurance regulation typically prioritizes policyholder and claimant protection over all other constituencies, including shareholders. By virtue of the McCarran-Ferguson Act, our Insurance Subsidiaries are primarily regulated by the states in which they are domiciled and licensed. State insurance regulation is generally uniform throughout the U.S. because most states have enacted variations of model laws and regulations that permit their insurance department to be accredited by the NAIC and have their regulatory examinations and other work be given full faith and credit by other state regulators. Despite their general similarity, state insurance laws and regulations do vary by jurisdiction. The types of insurance activities regulated by the states include:
Pricing and underwriting practices;
Claims practices;
Exiting geographic markets and/or canceling or non-renewing policies;
Assessments for guaranty funds and second-injury funds and other mandatory assignedindividual risks and reinsurance;
The types, quality, and concentration of investments we make;
Dividendsour overall portfolio, (ii) claims fraud, (iii) impacts from our Insurance Subsidiaries to the Parent; and
The acquisition of 10% or more of the stock of a company such as Selective, which is an insurance holding company that owns insurance subsidiaries.
The broad regulatory, administrative, and supervisory powers of the various state departments of insurance include the following:
Related to our financial condition, review and approval of such matters as minimum capital and surplus requirements, standards of solvency, security deposits, methods of accounting, form and content of statutory financial statements, reserves for unpaid loss and loss expenses, reinsurance, payment of dividends and other distributions to shareholders, periodic financial examinations, and annual and other report filings.
Related to our general business, review and approval of such matters as certificates of authority and other insurance company licenses, licensing and compensation of distribution partners, premium rates (which may not be excessive, inadequate, or unfairly discriminatory), policy forms, policy terminations, reporting of statistical information regarding our premiums and losses, periodic market conduct examinations, unfair trade practices, participation in mandatory shared market mechanisms, such as assigned risk pools and reinsurance pools, participation in mandatory state guaranty funds, and mandated continuing workers compensation coverage post-termination of employment.
Related to our ownership of the Insurance Subsidiaries, we are required to register as an insurance holding company system in each state where an insurance subsidiary is domiciled and report information concerning all of our operations that may materially affect the operations, management, or financial condition of the insurers. As an insurance holding company, the appropriate state regulatory authority may: (i) examine our Insurance Subsidiaries or us at any time; (ii) require disclosure or prior approval of material transactions of any of the Insurance Subsidiaries with its affiliates; and (iii) require prior approval or notice of certain transactions, such as payment of dividends or distributions to us.
Although Congress has largely delegated insurance regulation to the various states by virtue of the McCarran-Ferguson Act, we also are subject to federal legislation and administrative policies related our insurance business, including TRIPRA, OFAC, various privacy laws, including the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Drivers Privacy Protection Act, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, and the policies of the Federal Trade Commission. By issuing workers compensation policies, we are subject to Mandatory Medicare Secondary Payer Reporting under the Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Extension Act of 2007. As a publicly traded company, we also are subject to Federal securities laws, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Act. If Congress were to enact laws affecting the oversight of insurer solvency and state regulators remained responsible for rate approval, it is possible that we could be subject to a conflicting and inconsistent regulatory framework that could impact our profitability and capital adequacy.
The European Union enacted Solvency II, which was implemented in 2016 and sets out new requirements for capital adequacy andcatastrophes, (iv) enterprise risk management for insurers operatingcapital scenarios, and (v) investment portfolio changes. We rely on these financial models to analyze historical loss costs and pricing, trends in Europe. The strengthened regime is intendedclaims severity and frequency, the occurrence of catastrophe losses, determining reinsurance attachment and exhaustion points, investment performance, portfolio risk, and our economic capital position. Flaws in these financial models, or in the assumptions made in them, could lead to reduce the possibility of consumer loss or market disruption in insurance. In 2014, the International Association of Insurance Supervisors proposed Basic Capital Standards for Global Systemically Important Insurers as well as a uniform capital framework for internationally
active insurers. Although Solvency II does not govern domestic American insurers, and weincreased losses. We believe that statistical models alone do not have international operations, we believeprovide a reliable method for monitoring and controlling risk, and are tools that development of global capital standards will influence the development of similar standards by domestic regulators. The NAIC requires insurers to maintain a framework for identifying, assessing, monitoring, managing, and reporting on the “material and relevant risks” associated with the insurer's (or insurance group's) current and future business plans. ORSA requires companies to file an internal assessment of their solvency with insurance regulators annually. Although no specific capital adequacy standard currently is articulated in ORSA, it is possible that such a standard could be developed over time that might increase minimum capital requirements for insurers and adversely impact our growth and return on equity.
We are subject to non-governmental regulators, such as the NASDAQ Stock Market and the New York Stock Exchange where we list our securities. To some degree, these regulators can overlap each other and have different interpretations and/or regulations on the same legal issues. Consequently, we have the risk that one regulator’s position or interpretation may conflict with that of another regulator on the same issue and that they may change over time.
We believe we are in compliance with all laws and regulations that have a material effect on our results of operations, but the cost of complying with various, potentially conflicting laws and regulations, and changes in those laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity, financial condition, financial strength, and debt ratings.
Class action litigation could affect our business practices and financial results.
Class action litigation has been filed from time-to-time against our industry, related to the following issues:
Urban homeowner insurance underwriting practices, including those related to architectural or structural features and attempts by federal regulators to expand the Federal Housing Administration's guidelines to determine unfair discrimination;
Credit scoring and predictive modeling pricing;
Cybersecurity breaches;
Investment disclosure;
Managed care practices;
Prompt and appropriate payment of personal injury protection claims;
Direct repair shop utilization practices;
The use of after-market replacement parts;
Flood insurance claim practices; and
Shareholder class action suits.
If we were named as a defendant in class action litigation, we could suffer reputational harm with our customers, other purchasers of insurance, shareholders, and the general public. Expensesdo not substitute for the related litigation defense could have a materially adverse effect on our operationsexperience or results.judgment of senior management.
Risks Related to Our Investments Segment
We are exposed to interest rate risk in our investment portfolio.
We are exposed to interest rate risk primarily related to the market price, and cash flow variability, associated with changes in interest rates. Recent economic data points to increased U.S. and global economic growth, continued low levels of unemployment, and signs of rising wages, which compounded with the potential for the pro-growth benefits of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 ("Tax Reform") and the potential for higher federal budget deficits, has recently led to rising U.S. interest rates. A rise in interest rates may decrease the fair value of our existing fixed incomeOur investments and declines in interest rates may result in an increase in the fair value of our existing fixed income investments. Our fixed income securities portfolio, which currently has an effective duration of 3.8 years, contains interest rate sensitive instruments that may be adversely affected by changes in interest rates resulting from governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions, and other factors beyond our control. A rise in interest rates would decrease the net unrealized gain position of the investment portfolio or create a net unrealized loss. This would be partially offset by our ability to earn higher rates of return on funds reinvested in new investments. Conversely, a decline in interest rates would increase the net unrealized gain position of the investment portfolio, partially offset by lower rates of return on new and reinvested cash in the portfolio. Changes in interest rates have an effect on the calculated duration of certain securities in the portfolio. We seek to mitigate our interest rate risk associated with holding fixed income investments by monitoring and maintaining the average duration of our portfolio with a view toward achieving an adequate after-tax return without subjecting the portfolio to an unreasonable level of interest rate risk. This may include investing in floating rate securities, which currently represent 16% of our fixed income portfolio, and other shorter duration securities that exhibit low effective duration and interest rate risk, but expose the portfolio to other risks, including the risk of a change in credit spreads, liquidity spreads, and other factors that may adversely impact the
value of the portfolio, including a decline in short-term interest rates, such as the 90-day London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"), which would result in lower yields and lower net investment income from our floating rate securities. Although we take measures to manage the economic risks of investing in a changing interest rate environment, we may not be able to mitigate the interest rate risk of our assets relative to our liabilities, particularly our loss reserves. In addition, our pension and post-retirement benefit obligations include a discount rate assumption, which is an important element of expense and/or liability measurement. Changes in the discount rate assumption could materially impact our pension and post-retirement life valuation.
Many of our floating rate securities are tied to the U.S. dollar-denominated LIBOR, which will be eliminated by the end of 2021. LIBOR is used to calculate interest rates for numerous types of debt obligations, including personal and commercial loans, interest rate swaps, and other derivative products, making it a primary metric in the global banking system. LIBOR is set every business day in numerous currencies and maturities, based on estimates submitted by major banks. In the wake of the financial crisis, several banks were discovered to have doctored estimates in order to manipulate LIBOR, promoting a push for submissions based on actual interbank loans. According to the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority ("FCA"), the interbank lending market slowed in recent years, resulting in a lack of data on which to base LIBOR estimates and therefore susceptible to further fraud. The FCA determined that, without an active market to support estimates, LIBOR should not be used as a benchmark rate. In anticipation of the elimination of LIBOR, the U.S. Federal Reserve established the Alternative Reference Rates Committee (ARRC) to select a replacement index for U.S. Dollar LIBOR. ARRC, comprised of a group of large domestic banks and regulators, voted to use a benchmark based on short-term loans backed by Treasury securities, known as repurchase agreements or "repo" trades. ARRC is expected to announce a transition plan for the new rate. We are unsure whether the elimination of LIBOR and the transition to a new rate will have any impact on the performance of our floating rate securities.
We are exposed to credit risk, interest rate fluctuation, and changes in value.
We depend on income from our investment portfolio.
portfolio for a significant portion of our revenue and earnings. Our investments can be negatively affected by liquidity, credit deterioration, financial results, market and economic conditions, political risk, sovereign risk, interest rate fluctuations, or other factors. The value of our investment portfolio is subject to credit risk from the issuers, and/or guarantors and insurers, of the securities we hold, and other counterparties in certain transactions. Defaults on any of our investments by any issuer, guarantor, insurer, or other counterpartiescounterparty could reduce our net investment income and net realized investment gains - or result in investment losses. We are subject to the risk that the issuers or guarantors of fixed income securities we own may default on principal and interest paymentspayment obligations. ChangesAdditionally, we are exposed to interest rate risk primarily related to the market price, and cash flow variability, associated with changes in interest rates.
As a result of these items, the financial market environmentvalue and general sentiment about the broad economy may impact the credit spreads demanded by fixed income investors and negatively impact the fair market valueliquidity of our fixed income securities. At December 31, 2018, our fixed incomecash, cash equivalents, and marketable and non-marketable securities portfolio represented approximately 89% of our total invested assets. Approximately 98% of these fixed income securities were investment grade and 2% were rated below investment grade, resulting in an average credit rating of AA- for our fixed income securities portfolio. Our fixed income portfolio spread duration, which reflects the portfolio's sensitivity to changes in credit spread, is currently 4.4 years. Over time, our exposure to below investment grade securities and other credit sensitive risk assets may fluctuate as we continue to diversify the portfolio and add or reduce risk commensurate with market conditions and our risk-taking capacity. Events adversely impacting issuers or guarantors of fixed income securities, such as a major economic downturn, acts of corporate malfeasance, widening credit spreads, budgetary deficits, and municipal bankruptcies spurred by, among other things, pension funding issues, could cause the value of our fixed income securities portfolio and our net income to decline and the default rate of our fixed income securities portfolio to increase.
Economic uncertainty could adversely affect the credit quality of fixed income issuers or guarantors, and a ratings downgrade in any of our holdings could cause the value of our fixed income securities portfolio and our net income to decrease. As our stockholders' equity is leveraged to our investment portfolio at 3.3:1, a reductionsubstantially. Future fluctuations in the value of our investment portfoliocash, cash equivalents, and marketable and non-marketable securities could result in significant losses and could have a material adverse effectimpact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and debt ratings. Levels of write-downs are impacted by our assessment of the impairment, including a review of the underlying collateral of our residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS"), commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS"), collateralized loan obligations ("CLOs"), and other asset-backed securities ("ABS"), including structured note obligations, and our intent and ability to hold securities that have declinedoperating results.
Significant future declines in investment value until recovery. If we reposition or realign portions of the portfolio and determine not to hold certain securities in an unrealized loss position to recovery, we will incur analso could require further OTTI charge.charges. For furthermore information regarding market interest rate, credit, and interest rateequity price risk, see Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.” of this Form 10-K.
Our statutory surplus may be materially affected by rating downgrades on investments held in our portfolio.
We are exposedhave securities tied to significant financial and capital markets risks, primarily related to interest rates, credit spreads, equity prices, and market value fluctuations in our alternative investment portfolio. We could experience a decline in both income and our investment portfolio asset values related to many different scenarios, including: (i) a decrease in market liquidity; (ii) fluctuations in interest rates; (iii) decreased dividend payment rates; (iv) negative market perceptionLIBOR, which is being eliminated by the end of credit risk with respect to types of securities in our portfolio; (v) a decline in the performance of the underlying collateral of our RMBS, CMBS, CLOs,2021.
and other ABS; (vi) reduced returns on our alternative investment portfolio; or (vii) general market conditions. A global decline in asset values will be more amplified in our financial condition, as our statutory surplus is leveraged at a 3.2:1 ratio to our investment portfolio.
Economic uncertainty could adversely affect the credit quality and ratings of securities in our portfolio. If the NAIC were to apply a more adverse class code on a security than was originally assigned, our statutory surplus could be adversely affected because securities with NAIC class codes three through six are carried at fair market value and securities with NAIC class codes of one or two are carried at amortized cost under statutory accounting rules. For those securities carried at fair market value, see the risk factor immediately following regarding the risks around the methodologies used in determining these valuations.
We value our investments using methodologies, estimations, and assumptions that are subject to differing interpretations. Changes in these interpretations could result in fluctuations in the valuations of our investments that may adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.
Fixed income, equity, and short-term investments, which are reported at fair value on our Consolidated Balance Sheet, represented the majority of our total cash and invested assets asAs of December 31, 2018. As accounting rules require, we have categorized these securities into a three-level hierarchy based on the priority of the inputs to the respective valuation technique:
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1. | The highest priority is given to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1). |
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2. | The next priority is to quoted prices in markets that are not active or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly, including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities or in markets that are not active and other inputs that can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities (Level 2). |
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3. | The lowest priority in the fair value hierarchy is to unobservable inputs supported by little or no market activity and that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the exit price, including assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (Level 3). |
An asset or liability’s classification within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of significant input to its valuation. We generally use an independent pricing service and broker quotes to price our investment securities. At December 31, 2018,2019, approximately 1%19% of our fixed income securities were priced with Level 1 inputsportfolio was comprised of investment securities that have a non-fixed rate. Included in this 19% is a 12% allocation to floating rate securities that are primarily tied to the U.S. dollar-denominated London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"), which will be eliminated by the end of 2021. LIBOR is used to calculate interest rates for numerous types of debt obligations, including personal and 98%commercial loans, interest rate swaps,
and other derivative products, making it a primary metric in the global banking system. The U.K. Financial Conduct Authority ("FCA") determined that LIBOR should no longer be used as a benchmark rate. In anticipation of the elimination of LIBOR, the U.S. Federal Reserve established the Alternative Reference Rates Committee ("ARRC") to select a replacement index for U.S. Dollar LIBOR. ARRC, comprised of a group of large domestic banks and regulators, voted to use a benchmark, known as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"). SOFR is based on short-term loans backed by Treasury securities, known as repurchase agreements or "repo" trades. ARRC announced a paced transition plan for this new rate, including specific steps and timelines designed to encourage adoption of SOFR. We are unclear whether the elimination of LIBOR and the transition to SOFR will have any material impact on the performance of our fixed income securities were priced with Level 2 inputs. However,floating rate investments.
We are subject to the types of risks inherent in investing in private limited partnerships.
Our other investments include investments in private limited partnerships that invest in various strategies, such as private equity, private credit, and real assets. As the primary assets and liabilities underlying the investments in these limited partnerships generally do not have quoted prices provided by independent pricing services and brokers can vary widely evenin active markets for the same security. Rapidly changing and unprecedented credit and equity market conditions could materially impactor similar assets, the valuation of securities as reported within our consolidated financial statements (“Financial Statements”)interests in these limited partnerships is subject to a higher level of subjectivity and unobservable inputs than substantially all of our other investments. Because these limited partnership investments are recorded under the period-to-period changes in valueequity method of accounting, any valuation decreases could vary significantly. Decreases in valuenegatively impact our results of operations. We currently expect to increase our allocation to these investments, which may result in an increaseadditional variability in non-cash OTTI charges, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity, financial condition, financial strength, and debt ratings.net investment income.
The determination of the amount of impairments taken on our investments is highly subjective and could materially impact our results of operations or our financial position.
The determination of the amount of impairments taken on our investments is based on our periodic evaluation and assessment of our investments and known and inherent risks associated with the various asset classes. Such evaluations and assessments are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available. Management updates its evaluations regularly and reflects changes in impairments when the evaluations are made. There can be no assurance that management has accurately assessed the level of impairments taken as reflected in our Financial Statements. Additional impairments may need to be taken in the future. It also is possible that interest rates, currently below historical averages, will increase. If they do, net unrealized gains may be reduced and net unrealized losses associated with declines in value strictly related to such interest rate movements may result. If that happens and we sell those impacted securities, we could experience realized losses or increased OTTI if we determine we do not have the ability and intent to hold those securities until they recover in value. Because our investment managers actively manage our fixed income securities portfolio, our OTTI also may fluctuate from period-to-period if the value of securities we may intend to sell despite being in an unrealized loss position increases. Historical impairment trends may not be indicative of future events. For further information about our evaluation and considerations for determining whether a security is other-than-temporarily impaired, please refer to “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” in Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” of this Form 10-K.
Risks Related to Evolving Laws, Regulation, and Public Policy Debates
We are subject to the types of risks inherent in investing in private limited partnerships.complex and changing laws, regulations, and public policy debates that expose us to regulatory scrutiny, potential liabilities, increased costs, reputational harm, and other adverse effects on our business.
Our operations are subject to complex and changing state and federal laws, regulations, and public policy debates on subjects, including, without limitation, the following:
Pricing and underwriting practices;
Claims practices;
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves;
Exiting geographic markets and/or canceling or non-renewing policies;
Assessments for guaranty funds and second-injury funds, and other mandatory assigned risks and reinsurance;
The types, quality, and concentration of investments include investments in private limited partnerships that invest in various strategies, such as private equity, private credit, and real assets. Since the primary assets or liabilities underlying the investments in these limited partnerships generally do not have quoted prices in active marketswe make;
Minimum capital requirements for the Insurance Subsidiaries;
Dividends from our Insurance Subsidiaries to the Parent;
Privacy and data security;
Tax;
Antitrust;
Consumer protection;
Advertising;
Sales;
Billing and e-commerce;
Intellectual property ownership and infringement;
Digital platforms;
Internet, telecommunications, and mobile communications;
Media and digital content;
Availability of third-party software applications and services;
Labor and employment;
Anti-money laundering; and
Environmental, health, and safety.
We continue to monitor and be actively involved in the industry and public policy discussions around changes in legislation and regulation on these issues. Changes to laws and regulations can adversely affect our business by increasing our costs, limiting our ability to offer a product or service to customers, requiring changes to our business practices, or otherwise making our products and services less attractive to customers.
If Congress were to enact a law that directly regulates insurance, particularly related to oversight of insurer solvency, and state regulators remained responsible for rate approval, it is possible that we could be subject to a conflicting and inconsistent regulatory framework that could impact our profitability and capital adequacy.
If the NAIC were to adopt a specific group capital adequacy standard, it is possible that minimum capital requirements for insurers could be increased and adversely impact our growth and return on equity.
We have implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations, but we can provide no assurance that our employees, contractors, or independent distribution partners will not violate such laws and regulations or our policies and procedures. To some degree, we have multiple regulators whose authority may overlap and may have different interpretations and/or regulations related to the same legal issues. This creates the risk that one regulator's position or similar assets,interpretation may conflict with that of another regulator on the valuationsame issue. The cost of complying with various, potentially conflicting laws and regulations, and changes in those laws and regulations, could have a material adverse effect on our interestsresults of operations, liquidity, financial condition, financial strength, and debt ratings.
Insurers are subject to intense regulatory, political, and media scrutiny. We are subject to government market conduct review and investigations, legal actions, and penalties. There can be no assurance that our business will not be materially adversely affected by the outcomes of such examinations, investigations, or media scrutiny in these limited partnershipsthe future. If we are found to have violated laws and regulations, it could materially adversely affect our reputation, financial condition, and operating results.
Our business is subject to a variety of state, federal, and other laws, rules, policies, and other obligations regarding data protection.
We are subject to federal, state, and international laws relating to the collection, use, retention, security, and transfer of personally identifiable information (“PII”). Federal laws include the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Drivers Privacy Protection Act, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, and the policies of the Federal Trade Commission. Several states, such as New York, Nevada, and California, have passed laws in this area, and other jurisdictions are considering imposing additional restrictions or creating new rights concerning PII. These laws continue to develop and may be inconsistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Complying with emerging and changing requirements may cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices. Noncompliance could result in significant reputational harm, penalties, and legal liability.
We make statements about our use and disclosure of PII through our privacy policy, information provided on our website, and other public statements. If we fail to comply with these public statements or with other federal, state, and international privacy-related and data protection laws and regulations, we could be subject to proceedings by governmental entities and others. Such proceedings could impact our reputation and result in penalties, including ongoing audit requirements, and significant legal liability.
Incidental to our insurance operations, we are engaged in ordinary routine legal proceedings that, because litigation outcomes are inherently unpredictable, could impact our reputation and/or have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods.
We are engaged in ordinary routine legal proceedings incidental to our insurance operations that include:
Defense of or indemnity for third-party suits brought against our insureds;
Defense of actions brought against us by our insureds who disagree with our coverage decisions, some of which allege bad faith claims handling and seek extra-contractual damages, punitive damages, or other penalties;
Actions we file, primarily for declaratory judgment, seeking confirmation that we have made appropriate coverage decisions under our insurance contracts;
Actions brought against us or competitors alleging improper business practices and sometimes seeking class status. Such actions historically have included issues and allegations, without limitation, related to (i) a higher levelunfairly discriminatory underwriting practices, including the impact of subjectivitycredit score usage, (ii) managed care practices, such as provider reimbursement, and unobservable inputs than substantially all(iii) automobile claims practices; and
Actions we file against third parties and other insurers for subrogation and recovery of other amounts we paid on behalf of our other investmentsinsureds.
From time-to-time, legal proceedings in which we are involved may receive attention from media based on their perceived newsworthiness and/or relationship to a variety of broad economic, political, social, and (ii) greater scrutiny and reconsideration from one reporting period to the next. Because these limited partnership investments are recorded under the equity method of accounting, any valuation decreaseslegal developments or trends. Such media stories could negatively impact our resultsreputation.
We expect that any potential ultimate liability for ordinary routine legal proceedings incidental to our insurance business, after consideration of operations. We currently expectprovisions made for estimated losses, will not be material to increase our allocation to these investments, which may resultconsolidated financial condition. Litigation outcomes, however, are inherently unpredictable even with meritorious defenses. The time a case is in additional variabilitylitigation also is unpredictable, as state court dockets are increasingly overcrowded. Generally, the longer a case is in our net investment income.
Changeslitigation the more expensive it can become. Because the amounts sought in tax law could adversely affect our investments results.
Changes in the tax laws and regulations of U.S. federal, state, and local governments may adversely impact us. Our investment portfolio benefits from tax exemptions and certain other tax law advantages, including those governing dividends received and tax-advantaged municipal bond interest. Future federal and/or state tax law changes could lessen or eliminate some or all of these favorable tax advantages, negatively impact the value ofactions are large or indeterminate, any adverse outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our investment portfolio, and materially and adversely impact our results of operations. It also is possible that the elimination of the state and local tax deduction (the "SALT deduction") for U.S. taxpayers filing Federal income tax returns could negatively impact the financial strength of issuers of state and local municipal securities in our portfolio, reduce the value of our investment portfolio, and materially and adversely impact our results of operations. The SALT deduction elimination and the reduction of mortgage interest deductibility to purchase money mortgages of $750,000 or less also could adversely impact the value or volatility of residential real estate markets, which would impact various classes of our investments, such as residential mortgage-backed securities and other asset classes backed by mortgages, or real estate. Ultimately, this could reduce the value of our investment portfolio, and materially and adversely impact our results of operations.
Uncertainty regarding domestic and international political developments and their impact on the economy could lead to investment losses, which may adversely affect ourconsolidated results of operations financial condition, liquidity, and debt ratings.or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods.
As a property and casualty insurance holding company, we depend on income from our investment portfolio for a significant portion of our revenue and earnings. Our investment portfolio is exposed to significant financial and capital market risks, both in the U.S. and abroad. Volatile changes in general market or economic conditions could lead to a decline in the market value of our portfolio as well as the performance of the underlying collateral of our RMBS, CMBS, CLOs, and other ABS. The current political climate has created more uncertainty about U.S. domestic and foreign policy that may elevate the volatility of the financial markets and adversely impact our investment portfolio.
Our notes payable and line of credit are subject to certain debt-to-capitalization restrictions and net worth covenants that a significant decline in investment value could impact. Significant future declines in investment value also could require further OTTI charges. Depending on future market conditions, such as an extreme prolonged market event like the global credit crisis, we could incur additional realized and unrealized losses in future periods that could adversely impact our results of operations, financial condition, debt and financial strength ratings, and our ability to access capital markets.
For more information regarding market interest rate, credit, and equity price risk, see Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.” of this Form 10-K.
Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure and Governance
We are a holding company and our ability to declare dividends to our shareholders, pay indebtedness, and enter into affiliate transactions may be limited because our Insurance Subsidiaries are regulated.
Restrictions on the ability of the Insurance Subsidiaries to pay dividends, make loans or advances to us,the Parent, or enter into transactions with affiliates may materially affect our ability to pay dividends on our common stock or repay our indebtedness.
As of December 31, 2018, the Parent had retained earnings of $1.9 billion. Of this amount, $1.7 billion was related to investments in our Insurance Subsidiaries. In 2019,2020, the Insurance Subsidiaries have the ability to provide for $210the Parent with $267 million in ordinary annual dividends to us in 2019 under applicable state regulation; but their ability to pay dividends or make loans or advances to us is subject to the approval or review of thetheir domiciliary state insurance regulators in the states where they are domiciled. The standards for review of such transactions are whether: (i) the terms and charges are fair and reasonable; and (ii) after the transaction, the Insurance Subsidiary's surplus for policyholders is reasonable in relation to its outstanding liabilities and financial needs. Although dividends and loans to us from our Insurance Subsidiaries historically have been approved, we can make no assurance that future dividends and loans will be approved.regulators. For additional details regarding dividend restrictions, see
Note 19.20. “Statutory Financial Information, Capital Requirements, and Restrictions on Dividends and Transfers of Funds” in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of this Form 10-K.
In addition to regulatory restrictions on the availability of dividends that our Insurance Subsidiaries can pay to the Parent, the maximum amount of dividends the Parent can pay to our shareholders is limited by certain New Jersey corporate law provisions that limit dividends if either: (i) the Parent would be unable to pay its debts as they became due in the usual course of business; or (ii) the Parent’s total assets would be less than its total liabilities. The Parent’s ability to pay dividends to shareholders is also are impacted by covenants in its Linecredit agreement (the “Line of Credit agreementCredit”) among the Parent, the lenders named therein (the “Lenders”), and the Bank of Montreal, Chicago Branch, as Administrative Agent, that obligate it to, among other things, to maintain a minimum consolidated net worth statutory surplus, and debt-to-capital ratio.a maximum ratio of debt to capitalization. For additional details about the Line of Credit’s financial covenants, see Note 10. “Indebtedness” in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Form 10-K.
Because we are a New Jersey corporation and an insurance holding company, and a New Jersey corporation, we may be less attractive to potential acquirers and the value of our common stock could be adversely affected.
Because weWe are an insurance holdinga New Jersey company that owns insurance subsidiaries, anyone who seeks to acquire 10% or moreand provisions of our stock must seek prior approval from the insurance regulators in the states in which the subsidiaries are organizedNew Jersey Shareholders’ Protection Act and file extensive information regarding their business operations and finances.
Provisions in our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation may discourage, delay, or prevent us from being acquired, including:
Supermajority shareholder voting requirements toacquired. A supermajority of our shareholders must approve (i) certain business combinations with interested shareholders, (as defined in the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation) unless certain other conditions are satisfied; and
Supermajority shareholder voting requirements to amend the foregoing provisions in our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation.
In additionor (ii) any amendment to the requirements inrelated provisions of our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation the New Jersey Shareholders’ Protection Act also prohibits us from engaging in certain business combinations with interested stockholders (as defined in the statute), in certain instances for a five-year period, and in other instances indefinitely, unless certain conditions are satisfied.met. These conditions may relate to, among other things, the interested stockholder’s acquisition of stock, the approval of the business combination by disinterested members of our Board of Directors and disinterested stockholders, and the price and payment of the consideration proposed in the business combination. Such conditions are inIn addition to those requirements set forthconsidering the effects of any action on our shareholders (including any offer or proposal to acquire the Parent) , our Board may consider, in determining the best interests of the Parent: (i) the long-term, as well as the short-term, interests of the Parent and our Amendedshareholders, including the possibility that these interests may best be served by the continued independence of the Parent; (ii) the effects of the action on the Parent's employees, suppliers, creditors, and Restated Certificatecustomers; and (iii) the effects of Incorporation.the action on the community in which the Parent operates.
These provisions of our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and New Jersey law could have the effect of depriving our stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium over our common stock’s prevailing market price in the event of a hostile takeover and may adversely affect the value of our common stock.
Because we own insurance subsidiaries, any party seeking to acquire 10% or more of our stock must seek prior approval from the domiciliary insurance regulators of the subsidiaries and file extensive information regarding their business operations and finances.
Risks Related to Evolving Legislation and Public Policy Debates
We face risks regarding our flood business because of uncertainties regarding the NFIP.
We are the fifth largest insurance group in the WYO arrangement of the NFIP, which is managed by the Mitigation Division of FEMA in the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Under the arrangement, we receive an expense allowance for policies written and a servicing fee for claims administered, and all losses are 100% reinsured by the Federal Government. The current expense allowance is 30.0% of DPW. The servicing fee is the combination of 0.9% of DPW and 1.5% of incurred losses.Our General Operations
As a WYO carrier, we are required to follow certain NFIP procedures in the administration of flood policies and claims. Some of these requirements may differ from our normal business practices and may present a reputational risk to our brand. While insurance companies are regulated by the states and the NFIP requires WYO carriers to be licensed in the states in which they operate, the NFIP is a federal program and WYO carriers are fiscal agents of the U.S. Government and must follow the NFIP's directives. Consequently, we have the risk that directives from the NFIP and a state regulator on the same issue may conflict.
The NFIP was authorized until May 31, 2019, as a short-term solution while Congress continues to debate a more comprehensive proposal. There continues to be significant public policy and political debate in Congress about an extension of the NFIP, appropriate compensation for the WYO carriers, and solutions for flood risk throughout the country. Effective October 2018, FEMA, on its own initiative, revised the arrangement by: (i) reducing the WYO’s expense allowance by 0.9 points, from 30.9% to 30.0%; and (ii) eliminating the provision allowing FEMA to increase a WYO’s expense allowance by one percentage point to cover additional incurred expenses.
Our flood business could be impacted by: (i) a lapse in program authorization; (ii) further changes to WYO carrier compensation; (iii) any mandate for primary insurance carriers to provide flood insurance; or (iv) private writers becoming more prevalent in the marketplace. The uncertainty created by the public policy debate and politics of flood insurance reform makes it difficult for us to predict the future of the NFIP and our continued participation in the program.
We are subject to riskattempted cyber-attacks and other cybersecurity risks.
Our business heavily relies on information technology and application systems that enacted legislation might significantly change insurance regulationmay be accessed from, or are connected to, the Internet. As a result, we may be impacted by a malicious cyber-attack. Our systems also contain proprietary and adversely impactsconfidential information, including PII, about our business, financial condition, and/operations, employees, agents, and customers and their employees and
property. A malicious cyber-attack on (i) our systems, (ii) our distribution partners or thetheir key operating systems, and (iii) any other of our third-party partners or vendors and their key operating systems may interrupt our ability to operate and impact our results of operations.
We cannot predict what federalhave implemented systems and state rulesprocesses intended to mitigate or legislation willsecure, through encryption and authentication technologies, our information technology systems and prevent unauthorized access to, or loss of, sensitive data. Our security measures may not be proposedsufficient for all eventualities, as cyber-attacks are continuing to evolve daily. We may be vulnerable to hacking, employee error, malfeasance, system error, faulty password management, or other irregularities. Any disruption or breach of our systems or data security could damage our reputation and adopted, or what impact, if any, such proposals or the cost of compliance with such proposals,result in monetary damages that are difficult to quantify, but could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity, financial condition, financial strength, and debt ratings.
In 2009, Congress passed the Dodd-Frank Act to address corporate governance To mitigate this risk, we have and control issues identified in the financial crises in 2008 and 2009 and the non-insurance subsidiaries of American International Group, Inc. One of the key Dodd-Frank Act provisions created the FIO as part of the U.S. Department of Treasury to advise the federal government on insurance issues. Another Dodd-Frank Act provision requires the Federal Reserve, through the Financial Services Oversight Council (“FSOC”), to supervise financial service firms designated as systemically important financial institutions ("SIFI"). We are not and do not expect to continue to (i) conduct employee education programs and tabletop exercises, and (ii) develop and invest in a variety of controls to prevent, detect, and appropriately react to cyber-attacks, including frequently testing our systems' security and access controls. We have insurance coverage for certain cybersecurity risks, including privacy breach incidents, that provides coverage up to $20 million above a $1 million deductible. Such coverage may be designated as a SIFI. Included among Dodd-Frank's corporate governance reforms for public companies were proxy access, say-on-pay, and other compensation and governance issues. A number of Dodd-Frank reform bills have been introduced, but it is uncertain whether any proposal will pass into law.
In general, the Trump Administration and the current Republican Senate majority favor less federal involvement in insurance. Legislative proposals, however, could involve the federal government directly in regulating the business of insurance. President Trump and the Republican Senate majority favor the repeal of the Affordable Care Act ("ACA"). Repeal of the ACA presents some legal and practical challenges. Some reform proposals include a provisioninsufficient to permit sales of insurance across state lines, which is not permitted under current federal law without approval of the respective state insurance regulators. Some ACA reforms call for the elimination of the anti-trust exemptions for health insurers under the McCarran-Ferguson Act ("MFA"). While we are not a health insurer, property and casualty insurers operate under anti-trust exemptions that permit the aggregationindemnify all losses or types of claims and other data in numbers actuarially and statistically sufficient to price insurance. If the MFA were repealed for the property and casualty industry, we would have to seek a business practices exemption from the Department of Justice to share information with other insurers. In the election of November 2018, the Republicans lost their majority in the House of Representatives. Given the Democratic House Majority, we do not expect ACA repeal to be advanced for the foreseeable future. The Democratic House, however, may advance public policy positions or legislation focused on consumer issues and/or disclosures that may impact the manner in which we conduct our insurance operations. We cannot predict the impact that such a public policy debate or legislative event could have on our product and services supplier relationships, results of operations, liquidity, financial condition, financial strength, and debt ratings.arise.
Legislative and regulatory proposals in various states sometimes seekOur long-term strategy to limit the ability of insurers to assess insurance risk, including limiting or prohibiting the use of certain factors or predictive measures in property and casualty underwriting such as insurance scores and marketplace considerations. There are also proposals from time-to-time to impose new or higher standards on claims settlement practices. These proposals, if enacted, could impact underwriting pricing, loss and loss expenses, and results of operations.
Legislative and regulatory proposals and public policy debates in various states and among legal experts also impact tort and insurance law, positively and negatively in relation to our business. For example, tort reform proposals may limit the amounts recoverable for certain torts or limit the statute of limitations on certain torts. Conversely, there are proposals to expand, in some cases retroactively, the statute of limitations for certain torts or misdeeds, such as sexual abuse and molestation. Further, legal expert groups like the American Law Institute ("ALI") traditionally have summarized and restated the common law in various areas. The ALI's Restatement of the Law, Liability, Insurance, expected to be published in 2019, differs from traditional restatements and offers concepts about insurance law that are not established in legal precedents. Dependingdeploy operational leverage is dependent on the proposal or initiative, if enacted or adopted, underwriting pricing, loss and loss expenses, and results of operations could be impacted positively or negatively.
Because some of our claims cannot be settled and are litigated, our loss and loss expenses may be impacted by our ability to promptly try cases. State court systems, in which many of our litigated claims cases reside, are subject to legislative funding, which is not always to the levels requested by the judicial branch. Consequently, some courts have overcrowded dockets, particularly with criminal, family, and small claims matters. According to the National Center for State Court's Court Statistic's Project, www.courtstatistics.org, tort cases, which represent the great majority of insurance claims cases, only represent between two and four percent of most state court dockets. Only one percent of those tort cases in which evidence is introduced - whether before a judge or a jury - wind up being tried to completion. Most cases settle and, with fewer cases being tried and
appealed, there are fewer reported judicial decisions that contribute to the common law. We are unsure as to the ultimate impact that crowded court dockets may have on our loss and loss expenses, and results of operations.
Risks Related to Our General Operations
The failuresuccess of our risk management strategies, and their failure could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
As an insurance provider, it is our business to take oninsurer, we assume risk from our customers. Our long-term strategy includes the use of above average operational leverage, which can be measured as the ratio of NPW to our equity or policyholderspolicyholders' surplus. We balance operational leverage risk with a number of risk management strategies within our insurance operations to achieve a balance of growth and profit, including purchasing significant amounts of reinsurance, a disciplined approach to reserving and a conservative investment philosophy, and to reducehelp mitigate our exposure.exposure to this risk. These strategies include, but are not limited to, the following:
Being disciplined in our underwriting practices;
Being prudent in our claims management practices, establishing adequate loss and loss expense reserves, and placing appropriate reliance on our claims analytics;
Continuing to develop and implement various underwriting tools and automated analytics to examine historical statistical data regarding our customers and their loss experience to: (i) classify such policies based on that information; (ii) apply that information to current and prospective accounts; and (iii) better predict account profitability;
Continuing to develop our customer experience platform as we grow in our understanding of customer segmentation;
Purchasing reinsurance and using catastrophe modeling;
Being disciplined in our monitoring of, and management over, our ERM framework; and
Being prudent in our financial planning process, which supports our underwriting strategies.
We also maintain a conservative approach to our investment portfolio management and employ risk management strategies that include, but are not limited to:
Being prudent in establishing our investment policy and appropriately diversifying our investments, which supports our liabilities and underwriting strategies;
Using models to analyze historical investment performance and predict future investment performance under a variety of scenarios using asset concentration, asset volatility, asset correlation, and systematic risk; and
Closely monitoring investment performance, general economic and financial conditions, and other relevant factors.
All of these strategies have inherent limitations. We cannot be certain that an event or series of unanticipated events will not occur and result in losses greater than we expect and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity, financial condition, financial strength, and debt ratings.
Operational risks, including human or systems failures, are inherent in our business.
Operational risks and losses can result from, among other things, fraud, errors, failure to document transactions properly or to obtain proper internal authorization, failure to comply with regulatory requirements, information technology failures, or external events.
Our predictive models for underwriting, claims, and catastrophe losses, as well as our business analytics and our information technology and application systems are critical to our business. We expect our information technology and application systems to remain an important part of our underwriting process and our ability to compete successfully. A major defect or failure in our internal controls or information technology and application systems could: (i) result in management distraction; (ii) harm our reputation, particularly if we experience a privacy breach; or (iii) increase our expenses. We believe appropriate controls and mitigation procedures are in place to prevent significant risk of a defect in our internal controls around our information technology and application systems, but internal controls provide only a reasonable, not absolute, assurance as to the absence of errors or irregularities and any ineffectiveness of such controls and procedures could have a significant and negative effect on our business.
Rapid development of new technologies may result in an unexpected impact on our business and the insurance industry overall.
Development of new technologies continues to impact all aspects of business and individuals’ lives at rapid speed. Often such developments are positive, gradually improving standards of living, the speed of communications, and fostering the development of more efficient processes. The rapid development of new technologies, however, also presents challenges and risks. Examples of such emerging risks include, but are not limited to:
Change in exposures and claims frequency and/or severity due to unanticipated consequences of new technologies and their use. For example, technologies have been developed and are being tested for autonomous self-driving
automobiles. It is unclear and we cannot predict the corresponding impact on automobile claims. It is possible that these technological developments will affect the profitability and demand for automobile insurance.
Changes in how insurance products are marketed and purchased due to the availability of new technologies and changes in customer expectations. For example, comparative rating technologies, which are widely used in personal lines insurance, facilitate the process of efficiently generating quotes from multiple insurance companies. This technology makes differentiation based upon factors other than pricing more difficult and has increased price comparisons, resulting in a higher level of quote activity with a lower percentage of quotes becoming new business written. These trends may continue to accelerate and may affect other lines of business, which could put pressure on our future profitability and growth.
New technologies may require the development of new insurance products without the support of sufficient historical claims data for us to continue to compete effectively for our distribution partners' business and customers.
We depend on key personnel.
To a large extent, our business' success depends on our ability to attract and retain key employees. Competition to attract and retain key personnel is intense. While we have employment agreements with certain key managers, all of our employees are at-will employees and we cannot ensure that we will be able to attract and retain key personnel. As of December 31, 2018, our workforce had an average age of approximately 47 and approximately 18% of our workforce was retirement eligible, which we define as including individuals who are 55 years of age and have 10 or more years of service.
We are subject to a variety of modeling risks, which could have a material adverse impact on our business results.
We rely on internally or third-party developed complex financial models, such as those that predict underwriting results on individual risks and our overall portfolio, claims fraud, impacts from catastrophes, enterprise risk management capital scenarios, and investment portfolio changes, to analyze historical loss costs and pricing, trends in claims severity and frequency, the occurrence of catastrophe losses, investment performance, and portfolio risk. Flaws in these financial models or in the assumptions made in them could lead to increased losses. We believe that statistical models alone do not provide a reliable method for monitoring and controlling risk and are tools that do not substitute for the experience or judgment of senior management.
We are subject to attempted cyber-attacks and other cybersecurity risks.
Our business heavily relies on various information technology and application systems that are connected to, or may be accessed from, the Internet and may be impacted by a malicious cyber-attack. Our systems also contain proprietary and confidential information, including personally identifiable information, about our operations, our employees, our agents, our customers, and their employees and property. A malicious cyber-attack on our systems or those of our vendors may interrupt our ability to operate and impact our results of operations. We have and expect to continue to: (i) implement employee education programs and tabletop exercises; and (ii) develop and invest in a variety of controls to prevent, detect, and appropriately react to cyber-attacks, including frequently testing our systems' security and access controls.
Cyber-attacks continue to become more complex and broad-ranging, and our internal controls provide only a reasonable, not absolute, assurance that we will be able to protect ourselves from significant cyber-attack incidents. By outsourcing certain business and administrative functions to third parties, we may be exposed to enhanced risk of data security breaches. Any breach of our systems or data security could damage our reputation and/or result in monetary damages that, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity, financial condition, financial strength, and debt ratings. Although we have not experienced a material cyber-attack breach, it is possible that one might occur. We have insurance coverage for certain cybersecurity risks, including privacy breach incidents, that provides protection up to $20 million above a deductible of $1 million. In addition, within our Standard Commercial Lines segment, we offer cyber-related insurance products for which we have mitigated the majority of the related risk through protection under our reinsurance treaties.
Given the increased number of identity thefts from cyber-attacks, federal and state policymakers have, and will likely continue to propose increased regulation of the protection of personally identifiable information and appropriate protocols after a related cybersecurity breach. The New York Department of Financial Services recently adopted a cyber protection and reporting regulation for financial services companies with which we are complying. The NAIC also has adopted a model regulation based on the New York regulation, which several states adopted in 2018, and we expect other states will consider adopting in 2019. California passed a broad-reaching new Consumer Privacy Act in 2018 that layers additional obligations and penalties on companies that collect a variety of personal information. Compliance with these regulations and efforts to address continually developing cybersecurity risks may result in a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity, financial condition, financial strength, and debt ratings.
Changes in tax law could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
We are subject to the tax laws and regulations of U.S. federal, state, and local governments, and their amendment could adversely impact us. For example, the U.S. tax code was recently amended to reduce the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective for the 2018 tax year. As a result, our deferred tax assets were reduced and we were required to recognize a reduction of a previously-recognized federal tax benefit in the fourth quarter of 2017 when enacted. Potential future tax rule changes may increase or decrease our actual tax expense and could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
If we experience difficulties with outsourcing relationships, our ability to conduct our business might be negatively impacted.
We currently outsource certain business and administrative functions to third parties for expediency, efficiency and economies of scale and this outsourcing may increase in the future. If we or our third-party partners falter in the development, implementation, or execution of our outsourcing strategies, we may experience operational difficulties, increased costs, and customer losses that may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. We have supplemental staffing service agreements with multiple consulting, information technology, and service providers that supply approximately 50% of our skilled technology capacity. These resources are principally based in the U.S., although some of the resources are foreign. The impact of the recently-enacted U.S. tax reform on the availability and cost of these services is still uncertain.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.
Item 2. Properties.
Our headquarters are located inoccupy a 315,000 square foot structurebuilding located on a 56 acre56-acre site zoned for office and professional use in Branchville, New Jersey.Jersey and is also the home to our newly-installed solar facility. The site is owned by a subsidiary whichthat also owns abutting property in Frankford, New Jersey. We lease all of our other facilities.facilities from unrelated parties. The principal office locations related toof our insurance operations are describedlisted in the “Geographic Markets” section of Item 1. “Business.” of this Form 10-K. Our Investments operations are principally located in leased space in Farmington, Connecticut. We believe our facilities provide adequate space for our present needs and that additional space, if needed, would be available on reasonable terms.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
In the ordinary course of conducting business,Incidental to our insurance operations, we are named as defendantsengaged in variousordinary routine legal proceedings. Most of these proceedings that, because litigation outcomes are claims litigation involving our Insurance Subsidiaries as either: (i) liability insurers defending or providing indemnity for third-party claims brought against our customers; or (ii) insurers defending first-party coverage claims brought against them. We account for such activity through the establishment of unpaid loss and loss expense reserves. We expect that any potential ultimate liability in such ordinary course claims litigation will not be material to our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows after consideration of provisions made for potential losses and costs of defense.
From time to time, our Insurance Subsidiaries also are named as defendants in other legal actions, some of which assert claims for substantial amounts. These actions include, among others, putative class actions seeking certification of a state or national class. Such putative class actions have alleged, for example, improper reimbursement of medical providers paid under workers compensation and personal and commercial automobile insurance policies. Similarly, our Insurance Subsidiaries are also named from time-to-time in individual actions seeking extra-contractual damages, punitive damages, or penalties, some of which allege bad faith in the handling of insurance claims. We believe that we have valid defenses to these cases. We expect that any potential ultimate liability in any such lawsuit will not be material to our consolidated financial condition, after consideration of provisions made for estimated losses. Nonetheless, given the inherent unpredictability of litigation and the large or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these actions, an adverse outcome in certain mattersinherently unpredictable, could possibly have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods.
For additional information regarding our legal risks, refer to Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” and Note 19. "Litigation" included in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of this Form 10-K. As of December 31, 2018,2019, we do not believe the Company or any of the Insurance Subsidiaries was a defendant in anyhave no material pending legal actionproceedings that could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
PART II
Item 5. Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
(a) Market Information
Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “SIGI.”
(b) Holders
We had 3,1223,067 stockholders of record as of February 7, 20196, 2020, according to the records maintained by our transfer agent.
(c) Dividends
Dividends on shares of our common stock are declared and paid at the discretion of the Board of Directors (the "Board") based on our results of operations, financial condition, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, and other relevant factors. We currently expect to continue to pay quarterly cash dividends on shares of our common stock in the future.
On October 25, 2018,30, 2019, the Board of Directors approved an 11%a 15% increase in our dividend to $0.20$0.23 per share. In addition, on January 31, 2019,30, 2020, the Board of Directors declared a $0.20$0.23 per share quarterly cash dividend on common stock that is payable March 1, 2019,2, 2020, to stockholders of record as of February 15, 2019.14, 2020.
(d) Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
The following table provides information about our common stock authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2018:2019:
| | | | | (a) | | (b) | | (c) | | (a) | | (b) | | (c) |
| Plan Category | | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights | | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights | | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) | | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights | | Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights | | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) |
| Equity compensation plans approved by security holders | | 126,735 |
| 1 | $ | 14.37 |
| | 5,666,732 |
| 2 | | 26,823 |
| 1 | $ | 16.71 |
| | 5,293,668 |
| 2 |
1Weighted average remaining contractual life of options is 0.80.3 years.
2Includes 429,181356,229 shares available for issuance under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan (2009); 1,776,3591,728,471 shares available for issuance under the Stock Purchase Plan for Independent Insurance Agencies; and 3,461,1923,208,968 shares for issuance under the Selective Insurance Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Stock Plan ("Stock Plan"). Future grants under the Stock Plan can be made, among other things, as stock options, restricted stock units, or restricted stock.
(e) Performance Graph
The following chart, produced by Research Data Group, Inc., depicts our performance for the period beginning December 31, 20132014 and ending December 31, 2018,2019, as measured by total stockholder return on our common stock compared with the total return of the NASDAQ Composite Index and a select group of peer companies comprised of NASDAQ-listed companies in SIC Code 6330-6339, Fire, Marine, and Casualty Insurance.
This performance graph is not incorporated into any other filing we have made with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and will not be incorporated into any future filing we may make with the SEC unless we so specifically
incorporate it by reference. This performance graph shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC unless we specifically request so or specifically incorporate it by reference in any filing we make with the SEC.
(f) Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
The following table provides information regarding our purchases of our common stock in the fourth quarter of 2018:
2019:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Period | | Total Number of Shares Purchased1 | | Average Price Paid Per Share | | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Programs | | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Announced Programs |
| October 1 – 31, 2018 | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| November 1 – 30, 2018 | | 2,085 |
| | $ | 63.83 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| December 1 – 31, 2018 | | 2 |
| | 66.33 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total | | 2,087 |
| | $ | 63.83 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Period | | Total Number of Shares Purchased1 | | Average Price Paid Per Share | | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Programs | | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Announced Programs |
| October 1 – 31, 2019 | | 1,057 |
| | 74.58 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| November 1 – 30, 2019 | | 23 |
| | $ | 64.57 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| December 1 – 31, 2019 | | 194 |
| | 63.93 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total | | 1,274 |
| | $ | 72.78 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
1These shares were purchased from employees in connection with the vesting of restricted stock units and option exercises.units. These repurchases were made to satisfy tax withholding obligations and/or option costs with respect to those employees.
Item 6. Selected Financial Data.
| | | Five-Year Financial Highlights | |
| (All presentations are in accordance with GAAP unless noted otherwise, number of weighted average shares and dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) | |
Five-Year Financial Highlights1 | | Five-Year Financial Highlights1 |
| (All presentations are in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP") unless noted otherwise; number of weighted average shares and dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) | | (All presentations are in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP") unless noted otherwise; number of weighted average shares and dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) |
| | | 2018 | | | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2019 | | | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Net premiums written | | $ | 2,514,286 |
| | | | 2,370,641 |
| | 2,237,288 |
| | 2,069,904 |
| | 1,885,280 |
| | $ | 2,679,424 |
| | | | 2,514,286 |
| | 2,370,641 |
| | 2,237,288 |
| | 2,069,904 |
|
| Net premiums earned | | 2,436,229 |
| | | | 2,291,027 |
| | 2,149,572 |
| | 1,989,909 |
| | 1,852,609 |
| | 2,597,171 |
| | | | 2,436,229 |
| | 2,291,027 |
| | 2,149,572 |
| | 1,989,909 |
|
| Net investment income earned | | 195,336 |
| | | | 161,882 |
| | 130,754 |
| | 121,316 |
| | 138,708 |
| | 222,543 |
| | | | 195,336 |
| | 161,882 |
| | 130,754 |
| | 121,316 |
|
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains1 | | (54,923 | ) | | | | 6,359 |
| | (4,937 | ) | | 13,171 |
| | 26,599 |
| |
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses)2 | | | 14,422 |
| | | | (54,923 | ) | | 6,359 |
| | (4,937 | ) | | 13,171 |
|
| Total revenues | | 2,586,080 |
| | | | 2,469,984 |
| | 2,284,270 |
| | 2,131,852 |
| | 2,034,861 |
| | 2,846,491 |
| | | | 2,586,080 |
| | 2,469,984 |
| | 2,284,270 |
| | 2,131,852 |
|
| Catastrophe losses | | 88,023 |
| | | | 67,299 |
| | 59,735 |
| | 59,055 |
| | 59,971 |
| | 81,001 |
| | | | 88,023 |
| | 67,299 |
| | 59,735 |
| | 59,055 |
|
| Underwriting income | | 121,173 |
| | 154,336 |
| | 151,933 |
| | 149,029 |
| | 78,143 |
| | 163,993 |
| | 121,173 |
| | 154,336 |
| | 151,933 |
| | 149,029 |
|
| Net income | | 178,939 |
| | | | 168,826 |
| | 158,495 |
| | 165,861 |
| | 141,827 |
| | 271,623 |
| | | | 178,939 |
| | 168,826 |
| | 158,495 |
| | 165,861 |
|
| Comprehensive income | | 105,832 |
| | | | 204,946 |
| | 151,970 |
| | 136,648 |
| | 136,764 |
| | 431,329 |
| | | | 105,832 |
| | 204,946 |
| | 151,970 |
| | 136,648 |
|
| Total assets | | 7,952,729 |
| | | | 7,686,431 |
| | 7,355,848 |
| | 6,904,433 |
| | 6,574,942 |
| | 8,797,150 |
| | | | 7,952,729 |
| | 7,686,431 |
| | 7,355,848 |
| | 6,904,433 |
|
| Short-term debt | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 60,000 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 60,000 |
|
| Long-term debt | | 439,540 |
| | | | 439,116 |
| | 438,667 |
| | 328,192 |
| | 372,689 |
| | 550,597 |
| | | | 439,540 |
| | 439,116 |
| | 438,667 |
| | 328,192 |
|
| Stockholders’ equity | | 1,791,802 |
| | | | 1,712,957 |
| | 1,531,370 |
| | 1,398,041 |
| | 1,275,586 |
| | 2,194,936 |
| | | | 1,791,802 |
| | 1,712,957 |
| | 1,531,370 |
| | 1,398,041 |
|
| Statutory premiums to surplus ratio | | 1.4 |
| | 1.4 |
| | 1.4 |
| | 1.5 |
| | 1.4 |
| | 1.4 |
| | x | | 1.4 |
| | 1.4 |
| | 1.4 |
| | 1.5 |
|
| Combined ratio | | 95.0 |
| | % | | 93.3 |
| | 92.9 |
| | 92.5 |
| | 95.8 |
| | 93.7 |
| | % | | 95.0 |
| | 93.3 |
| | 92.9 |
| | 92.5 |
|
| Impact of catastrophe losses on combined ratio | | 3.6 |
| | pts | | 2.9 |
| | 2.8 |
| | 3.0 |
| | 3.2 |
| | 3.1 |
| | pts | | 3.6 |
| | 2.9 |
| | 2.8 |
| | 3.0 |
|
| Invested assets per dollar of stockholders' equity | | $ | 3.33 |
| | 3.32 |
| | 3.50 |
| | 3.64 |
| | 3.77 |
| | $ | 3.05 |
| | 3.33 |
| | 3.32 |
| | 3.50 |
| | 3.64 |
|
| Yield on investments, after tax | | 2.8 |
| | % | | 2.1 |
| | 1.9 |
| | 1.9 |
| | 2.2 |
| | 2.9 |
| | % | | 2.8 |
| | 2.1 |
| | 1.9 |
| | 1.9 |
|
| Debt to capitalization ratio | | 19.7 |
| | | | 20.4 |
| | 22.3 |
| | 21.7 |
| | 22.6 |
| | 20.1 |
| | | | 19.7 |
| | 20.4 |
| | 22.3 |
| | 21.7 |
|
| Return on average equity | | 10.2 |
| | | | 10.4 |
| | 10.8 |
| | 12.4 |
| | 11.7 |
| | 13.6 |
| | | | 10.2 |
| | 10.4 |
| | 10.8 |
| | 12.4 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Non-GAAP operating income3 | | | $ | 264,418 |
| | 218,567 |
| | 184,898 |
| | 161,704 |
| | 157,300 |
|
Diluted non-GAAP operating income per share3 | | | 4.40 |
| | 3.66 |
| | 3.11 |
| | 2.75 |
| | 2.70 |
|
Non-GAAP operating ROE3 | | | 13.3 |
| | % | | 12.5 |
| | 11.4 |
| | 11.0 |
| | 11.8 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Per share data: | | | | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net income: | | | | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Basic | | $ | 3.04 |
| | | | 2.89 |
| | 2.74 |
| | 2.90 |
| | 2.52 |
| | $ | 4.57 |
| | | | 3.04 |
| | 2.89 |
| | 2.74 |
| | 2.90 |
|
| Diluted | | 3.00 |
| | | | 2.84 |
| | 2.70 |
| | 2.85 |
| | 2.47 |
| | 4.53 |
| | | | 3.00 |
| | 2.84 |
| | 2.70 |
| | 2.85 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Dividends to stockholders | | $ | 0.74 |
| | | | 0.66 |
| | 0.61 |
| | 0.57 |
| | 0.53 |
| | $ | 0.83 |
| | | | 0.74 |
| | 0.66 |
| | 0.61 |
| | 0.57 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Stockholders’ equity | | 30.40 |
| | | | 29.28 |
| | 26.42 |
| | 24.37 |
| | 22.54 |
| |
| Book value per share | | | 36.91 |
| | | | 30.40 |
| | 29.28 |
| | 26.42 |
| | 24.37 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Price range of common stock: | | | | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| High | | 67.17 |
| | | | 62.40 |
| | 44.00 |
| | 37.91 |
| | 27.65 |
| | 81.35 |
| | | | 67.17 |
| | 62.40 |
| | 44.00 |
| | 37.91 |
|
| Low | | 53.55 |
| | | | 38.50 |
| | 29.27 |
| | 25.49 |
| | 21.38 |
| | 58.06 |
| | | | 53.55 |
| | 38.50 |
| | 29.27 |
| | 25.49 |
|
| Close | | 60.94 |
| | | | 58.70 |
| | 43.05 |
| | 33.58 |
| | 27.17 |
| | 65.19 |
| | | | 60.94 |
| | 58.70 |
| | 43.05 |
| | 33.58 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Number of weighted average shares: | | | | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Basic | | 58,950 |
| | | | 58,458 |
| | 57,889 |
| | 57,212 |
| | 56,310 |
| | 59,421 |
| | | | 58,950 |
| | 58,458 |
| | 57,889 |
| | 57,212 |
|
| Diluted | | 59,713 |
| | | | 59,357 |
| | 58,747 |
| | 58,156 |
| | 57,351 |
| | 60,004 |
| | | | 59,713 |
| | 59,357 |
| | 58,747 |
| | 58,156 |
|
1Refer to the Glossary of Terms attached to this Form 10-K as Exhibit 99.1 for definitions of terms used in these financial highlights.
2Effective January 1, 2018, changes in unrealized gains and losses on our equity portfolio are recognized in income through "Net unrealized losses on equity securities" on our Consolidated Statements of Income, as a result of our adoption of the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.See Note 3. "Adoption
3Non-GAAP operating income is used as an important financial measure by us, analysts, and investors, because the realization of Accounting Pronouncements"net investment gains and losses on sales of securities in Item 8. "Financial Statementsany given period is largely discretionary as to timing. In addition, these net realized investment gains and Supplementary Data."losses, as well as OTTI that are charged to earnings, unrealized gains and losses on equity securities, the deferred tax asset charge that was recognized in 2017 in relation to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of this Form 10-K for additional information.2017 ("Tax Reform"), and debt retirement costs could distort the analysis of trends.
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Forward-looking Statements
Certain statements in this report, including information incorporated by reference, are “forward-looking statements” as that term is defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (“PSLRA”). The PSLRA provides a safe harbor under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Exchange Act for forward-looking statements. These statements relate to our intentions, beliefs, projections, estimations or forecasts of future events or future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause us or the industry’s actual results, levels of activity, or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. In some cases, forward-looking statements may be identified by use of the words such as “may,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “target,” “project,” “intend,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “pro forma,” “seek,” “likely,” or “continue” or other comparable terminology. These statements are only predictions, and we can give no assurance that such expectations will prove to be correct. We undertake no obligation, other than as may be required under the federal securities laws, to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.
Factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those we have projected, forecasted or estimated in forward-looking statements are discussed in further detail in Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” of this Form 10-K. These risk factors may not be exhaustive. We operate in a business environment that changes constantly, and new risk factors may emerge at any time. We can neither predict these new risk factors nor assess their impact, if any, on our businesses or the extent to which any new factor or combination of factors may cause actual results to differ materially from any forward-looking statements. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, it is possible that the forward-looking events discussed in this report might not occur.
Introduction
We classify our business into four reportable segments, which are as follows:
Standard Commercial Lines;
Standard Personal Lines;
E&S Lines; and
Investments.
For further details regarding these segments, refer to Note 1. "Organization" and Note 11. "Segment Information" included in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of this Form 10-K.
Our Standard Commercial Lines and Standard Personal Lines products and services are written through our nine insurance subsidiaries, some of which write flood business through the NFIP's WYO.federal government's National Flood Insurance Program's ("NFIP") Write Your Own Program ("WYO"). Our Excess and Surplus ("E&S&S") Lines products and services are written through one subsidiary, Mesa Underwriters Specialty Insurance Company ("MUSIC"). This subsidiary provides us with a nationally-authorized non-admitted platform to offer insurance products and services to customers who generally cannot obtain coverage in the standard marketplace.
Our ten insurance subsidiaries are collectively referred to as the "Insurance Subsidiaries."
In Management's Discussion and Analysis ("MD&A"), we will discuss and analyze the consolidated results of operations and financial condition, as well as known trends and uncertainties that may have a material impact in future periods, includingperiods. Within the MD&A, all prior year amounts for non-catastrophe property losses, and the related ratios, have been adjusted to include the related loss expenses, which is consistent with the current year presentation. The MD&A will discuss and analyze our 2019 results compared to our 2018 results. For discussion and analysis of our 2018 results compared to our 2017 results, refer to Item 7. "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.
In the MD&A, we will discuss and analyze the following:
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates;
Financial Highlights of Results for Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 2016;2017;
Results of Operations and Related Information by Segment;
Federal Income Taxes;
Financial Condition, Liquidity, and Capital Resources;
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements; and
Contractual Obligations, Contingent Liabilities, and Commitments; and
Ratings.Commitments.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
We have identified the policies and estimates described below as critical to our business operations and the understanding of the results of our operations. Our preparation of the consolidated financial statements ("Financial StatementsStatements") requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our Financial Statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. We can offer no assurance that actual results will be the same as those estimates, and it is possible they will differ materially. Those estimates that were most critical to the preparation of the Financial Statements involved the following: (i) reserves for loss and loss expense; (ii) pension and post-retirement benefit plan actuarial assumptions; (iii) investment valuation and other-than-temporary-impairments (“OTTI”); and (iv) reinsurance.
Reserves for Loss and Loss Expense
Significant periods of time can elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss to us, and our payment of that loss. To recognize liabilities for unpaid loss and loss expense, insurers establish reserves as balance sheet liabilities representing an estimate of amounts needed to pay reported and unreported net loss and loss expense. WeAt December 31, 2019, we had accrued $3.9recorded $4.1 billion of gross loss and loss expense reserves and $3.4$3.5 billion of net loss and loss expense reserves at December 31, 2018.reserves. At December 31, 2017,2018, these gross and net reserves were $3.8$3.9 billion and $3.2$3.4 billion, respectively. The Insurance Subsidiaries' liability duration was approximately 3.6 years at both December 31, 2018, down from 3.8 years at2019 and December 31, 2017.2018.
The following tables provide case and incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) reserves for loss and loss expenses, and reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss and loss expense as of December 31, 20182019 and 2017: 2018: | | | As of December 31, 2018 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, 2019 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Loss and Loss Expense Reserves | | | | | | Loss and Loss Expense Reserves | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | Case Reserves | | IBNR Reserves | | Total | | Reinsurance Recoverable on Unpaid Loss and Loss Expense | | Net Reserves | | Case Reserves | | IBNR Reserves | | Total | | Reinsurance Recoverable on Unpaid Loss and Loss Expense | | Net Reserves |
| General liability | | $ | 244,367 |
| | 1,152,770 |
| | 1,397,137 |
| | 181,102 |
| | 1,216,035 |
| | $ | 247,267 |
| | 1,269,643 |
| | 1,516,910 |
| | 195,830 |
| | 1,321,080 |
|
| Workers compensation | | 402,732 |
| | 742,726 |
| | 1,145,458 |
| | 220,683 |
| | 924,775 |
| | 372,104 |
| | 729,298 |
| | 1,101,402 |
| | 206,414 |
| | 894,988 |
|
| Commercial automobile | | 197,777 |
| | 363,234 |
| | 561,011 |
| | 15,641 |
| | 545,370 |
| | 216,358 |
| | 408,371 |
| | 624,729 |
| | 14,352 |
| | 610,377 |
|
| Businessowners' policies | | 31,631 |
| | 60,675 |
| | 92,306 |
| | 3,473 |
| | 88,833 |
| | 35,062 |
| | 57,929 |
| | 92,991 |
| | 3,012 |
| | 89,979 |
|
| Commercial property | | 63,651 |
| | 10,943 |
| | 74,594 |
| | 12,620 |
| | 61,974 |
| | 63,678 |
| | 17,083 |
| | 80,761 |
| | 26,526 |
| | 54,235 |
|
| Other | | 6,339 |
| | 6,686 |
| | 13,025 |
| | 2,909 |
| | 10,116 |
| | 14,213 |
| | 5,357 |
| | 19,570 |
| | 9,113 |
| | 10,457 |
|
| Total Standard Commercial Lines | | 946,497 |
| | 2,337,034 |
| | 3,283,531 |
| | 436,428 |
| | 2,847,103 |
| | 948,682 |
| | 2,487,681 |
| | 3,436,363 |
| | 455,247 |
| | 2,981,116 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Personal automobile | | 70,993 |
| | 75,081 |
| | 146,074 |
| | 45,572 |
| | 100,502 |
| | 68,605 |
| | 80,445 |
| | 149,050 |
| | 44,104 |
| | 104,946 |
|
| Homeowners | | 14,627 |
| | 20,109 |
| | 34,736 |
| | 1,346 |
| | 33,390 |
| | 13,616 |
| | 21,713 |
| | 35,329 |
| | 1,182 |
| | 34,147 |
|
| Other | | 14,569 |
| | 27,844 |
| | 42,413 |
| | 31,777 |
| | 10,636 |
| | 11,600 |
| | 28,221 |
| | 39,821 |
| | 28,993 |
| | 10,828 |
|
| Total Standard Personal Lines | | 100,189 |
| | 123,034 |
| | 223,223 |
| | 78,695 |
| | 144,528 |
| | 93,821 |
| | 130,379 |
| | 224,200 |
| | 74,279 |
| | 149,921 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
E&S casualty lines1 | | 66,867 |
| | 304,864 |
| | 371,731 |
| | 21,898 |
| | 349,833 |
| | 68,042 |
| | 328,301 |
| | 396,343 |
| | 14,319 |
| | 382,024 |
|
E&S property lines2 | | 8,053 |
| | 7,330 |
| | 15,383 |
| | 367 |
| | 15,016 |
| | 3,146 |
| | 7,111 |
| | 10,257 |
| | 317 |
| | 9,940 |
|
| Total E&S Lines | | 74,920 |
| | 312,194 |
| | 387,114 |
| | 22,265 |
| | 364,849 |
| | 71,188 |
| | 335,412 |
| | 406,600 |
| | 14,636 |
| | 391,964 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Total | | $ | 1,121,606 |
| | 2,772,262 |
| | 3,893,868 |
| | 537,388 |
| | 3,356,480 |
| | $ | 1,113,691 |
| | 2,953,472 |
| | 4,067,163 |
| | 544,162 |
| | 3,523,001 |
|
1Includes general liability (94% of net reserves) and commercial auto liability coverages (6% of net reserves).
2Includes commercial property (85% of net reserves) and commercial auto property coverages (15% of net reserves).
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2018 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Loss and Loss Expense Reserves | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | Case Reserves | | IBNR Reserves | | Total | | Reinsurance Recoverable on Unpaid Loss and Loss Expense | | Net Reserves |
| General liability | | $ | 244,367 |
| | 1,152,770 |
| | 1,397,137 |
| | 181,102 |
| | 1,216,035 |
|
| Workers compensation | | 402,732 |
| | 742,726 |
| | 1,145,458 |
| | 220,683 |
| | 924,775 |
|
| Commercial auto | | 197,777 |
| | 363,234 |
| | 561,011 |
| | 15,641 |
| | 545,370 |
|
| Businessowners' policies | | 31,631 |
| | 60,675 |
| | 92,306 |
| | 3,473 |
| | 88,833 |
|
| Commercial property | | 63,651 |
| | 10,943 |
| | 74,594 |
| | 12,620 |
| | 61,974 |
|
| Other | | 6,339 |
| | 6,686 |
| | 13,025 |
| | 2,909 |
| | 10,116 |
|
| Total Standard Commercial Lines | | 946,497 |
| | 2,337,034 |
| | 3,283,531 |
| | 436,428 |
| | 2,847,103 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Personal automobile | | 70,993 |
| | 75,081 |
| | 146,074 |
| | 45,572 |
| | 100,502 |
|
| Homeowners | | 14,627 |
| | 20,109 |
| | 34,736 |
| | 1,346 |
| | 33,390 |
|
| Other | | 14,569 |
| | 27,844 |
| | 42,413 |
| | 31,777 |
| | 10,636 |
|
| Total Standard Personal Lines | | 100,189 |
| | 123,034 |
| | 223,223 |
| | 78,695 |
| | 144,528 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
E&S casualty lines1 | | 66,867 |
| | 304,864 |
| | 371,731 |
| | 21,898 |
| | 349,833 |
|
E&S property lines2 | | 8,053 |
| | 7,330 |
| | 15,383 |
| | 367 |
| | 15,016 |
|
| E&S Lines | | 74,920 |
| | 312,194 |
| | 387,114 |
| | 22,265 |
| | 364,849 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Total | | $ | 1,121,606 |
| | 2,772,262 |
| | 3,893,868 |
| | 537,388 |
| | 3,356,480 |
|
1Includes general liability (95% of net reserves) and commercial auto liability coverages (5% of net reserves).
2Includes commercial property (88% of net reserves) and commercial auto property coverages (12% of net reserves).
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2017 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Loss and Loss Expense Reserves | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | Case Reserves | | IBNR Reserves | | Total | | Reinsurance Recoverable on Unpaid Loss and Loss Expense | | Net Reserves |
| General liability | | $ | 260,605 |
| | 1,046,261 |
| | 1,306,866 |
| | 175,276 |
| | 1,131,590 |
|
| Workers compensation | | 427,955 |
| | 756,609 |
| | 1,184,564 |
| | 218,024 |
| | 966,540 |
|
| Commercial auto | | 200,409 |
| | 291,681 |
| | 492,090 |
| | 16,745 |
| | 475,345 |
|
| Businessowners' policies | | 31,758 |
| | 58,522 |
| | 90,280 |
| | 3,926 |
| | 86,354 |
|
| Commercial property | | 64,192 |
| | 13,420 |
| | 77,612 |
| | 24,387 |
| | 53,225 |
|
| Other | | 5,018 |
| | 8,787 |
| | 13,805 |
| | 2,287 |
| | 11,518 |
|
| Total Standard Commercial Lines | | 989,937 |
| | 2,175,280 |
| | 3,165,217 |
| | 440,645 |
| | 2,724,572 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Personal automobile | | 76,895 |
| | 73,356 |
| | 150,251 |
| | 53,129 |
| | 97,122 |
|
| Homeowners | | 15,477 |
| | 18,763 |
| | 34,240 |
| | 999 |
| | 33,241 |
|
| Other | | 51,646 |
| | 27,029 |
| | 78,675 |
| | 69,333 |
| | 9,342 |
|
| Total Standard Personal Lines | | 144,018 |
| | 119,148 |
| | 263,166 |
| | 123,461 |
| | 139,705 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
E&S casualty lines1 | | 53,764 |
| | 273,607 |
| | 327,371 |
| | 21,360 |
| | 306,011 |
|
E&S property lines2 | | 6,586 |
| | 8,900 |
| | 15,486 |
| | 389 |
| | 15,097 |
|
| E&S Lines | | 60,350 |
| | 282,507 |
| | 342,857 |
| | 21,749 |
| | 321,108 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Total | | $ | 1,194,305 |
| | 2,576,935 |
| | 3,771,240 |
| | 585,855 |
| | 3,185,385 |
|
1Includes general liability (95% of net reserves) and commercial auto liability coverages (5% of net reserves).
2Includes commercial property (90% of net reserves) and commercial auto property coverages (10% of net reserves).
How reserves are established
EachReserves for loss and loss expense are comprised of both case reserves on individual claims and reserves for claims incurred but not reported ("IBNR"). Case reserves result from claims that have been reported to one or more of our Insurance Subsidiaries, and are estimated based on the facts and circumstances known at that time. IBNR reserves are established at more aggregated levels than case basis reserves, and include provisions for (i) claims not yet reported, (ii) claims that have been reported, but current case reserves are not sufficient, (iii) claims that will be reopened in the future, and (iv) anticipated salvage and subrogation received.
Initial loss and loss expense reserves are established as follows:
| |
| i. | At its inception, the current accident year’s reserves are recorded based upon the actuarial expectation for the ultimate loss and loss expense ratios. This approach reflects that, at inception, there is no actual loss data from which to project estimates. |
| |
| ii. | Prior accident years’ ultimate losses and loss expenses are held constant from the prior period. Similar to the current accident year, the associated IBNR provision is set equal to the ultimate loss and loss expense minus the amounts paid and reserved in case for reported claims. |
The recorded loss and loss expense reserves are evaluated each quarter to determine if any adjustments are appropriate. In assessing reserve levels, management’s primary tool is the quarterly reserve review conducted by our internal actuaries, prepare awhich results in comprehensive loss and loss expense reserve analysis.projections by line of business. This analysisreview applies standardgenerally accepted actuarial projection techniques to our own loss and loss expense experience, to produce updated ultimate loss and loss expense estimates. Our actuaries may also consider other non-standard approaches. The results of the reserve analysis results are then discussed with management to determine if any changes are required to the estimated ultimate loss and loss expense reserves. In addition to the actuarial loss and loss expense projections, management considers other information and factors, including internal impacts, such as changes to our underwriting and claims practices and external impacts, such as economic, legal, judicial, and social trends. Upon considering all ofperforming this information, management makes a decision about whether changes to the reserve estimates are appropriate.
The actuarial reserve analysis is the foundation of the quarterly reserve review, process. Using generally accepted actuarial reserving techniques, we project our estimate of ultimate loss and loss expense at each reporting date. Our IBNR reserve is the difference between the projected ultimate loss and loss expense incurred and the sum of: (i) case loss and loss expense reserves; and (ii) paid loss and loss expense. The actuarial techniques used in determining ultimate losses are part of a comprehensive reserving process that includes two primary components. The first component is a detailed quarterly reserve analysis performed by our internal actuarial staff. In completing this analysis, the actuaries must gather substantiallycreate “reserve cohorts” that aggregate similar data in sufficient volume to ensureincrease statistical credibility, of the data, while maintaining appropriate differentiation. This process defines the reserving segments,differentiation among reserve cohorts. Various reserve projection methodologies are applied to which various actuarial projectionthese reserve cohorts. These methods are applied. When applying these methods, the actuaries are required to makerequire numerous assumptions, such as the selection of loss and loss expense development factors and the weight to be applied to each individual projection method, among others. These methodsThe techniques applied include paid and incurred versions of the following methods:approaches: aggregate loss and loss expense development, Bornhuetter-Ferguson, Berquist-Sherman, and frequency/claims count and severity modeling (via a development approach). The second component of the analysis is the projection of the expected ultimatemethods. Ultimate loss and loss expense ratio for eachexpenses are selected from the
various methods, considering the strengths and weaknesses of the methods as they apply to the specific line and accident year. The selected reserves by line of business and accident year are aggregated in order to assess the overall reserve adequacy.
While these methods work effectively for prior accident years, they are less effective for the current accident year. This projectionyear, which often has limited actual reported data from which to project. Therefore, the current accident year’s estimate is part of our planning process wherein we review and update expectedheavily dependent upon the loss and loss expense ratios each quarter.that result from our detailed actuarial planning process. This reserve review includes actual versus expectedprocess uses historical experience, adjusted for pricing changes, loss and loss expense trend assumptions,trends, along with anticipated underwriting and updated prior periodclaims improvements, to estimate ultimate loss and loss expense ratios fromfor the most recent quarterly reserve analysis.current accident year. At the outset of the year, these estimates serve as the basis for establishing our reserves. As the year progresses, these projections are updated with actual price changes and updated loss trends to evaluate the original current accident year loss and loss expense ratios. Actual experience is also considered, including aggregate paid and incurred losses, and incurred claims counts and severities, are also considered relative to initial expectations.
In addition to the quarterly reserve analysis, a range of possible IBNR reserves is estimated annually and continually considered, among other factors, in establishing IBNR for each reporting period. Losswhen evaluating these loss and loss expense ratios. Where deemed appropriate, adjustments are made to the current accident year selected ultimate loss and loss expenses.
The result of the reserve review is a set of ultimate loss and loss expense estimates by line of business, including the current and prior accident years. While this serves as the primary basis for determining the recorded IBNR reserves, other internal and external factors are considered. Internal factors include (i) changes to our underwriting and claims practice, (ii) supplemental data regarding claims reporting and settlement trends, are also considered, which include, but are not limited(iii) exposure estimates for reported claims, along with recent development on those estimates with respect to claims frequencies and severities, individual large loss activity, asbestosclaims and environmental claim activity,the aggregate of all claims, (iv) the rate at which new large or complex claims are being reported, and other latent and continuous trigger(v) additional trends observed by claims activities. We also considerpersonnel or reported to them by defense counsel. External factors such as:considered include (i) industry loss experience; (ii) legislative enactments, (ii) judicial decisions, legal developments,(iii) social inflation and changes in political attitudes;heightened awareness of sources of liability, and (iii)(iv) trends in general economic conditions, including the effects of inflation. Based upon our quarterly reserve analysis, our annual reserve range, and other relevant factors and considerations,
After giving consideration to the items described above, management’s judgment is applied in determining any required IBNR isadjustments, which are then established and the ultimate net liability forrecorded.
Our loss and loss expense reserves are estimates of future events, the outcomes of which are not yet known. It is determined. Such an assessment requires considerable judgment givenpossible that it is frequently not possibleactual outcomes will differ materially from the provisions established. While this risk cannot be eliminated, we review our indicated reserves quarterly and make adjustments to determine whether a change in the data is an anomaly until sometime after the event. Even if a change is determined to be permanent, it is not always possible to reliably determine the extent of the change until sometime later. There is no precise method for subsequently evaluating the impact of any specific factorIBNR based on the adequacy of reserves because the eventual deficiency or redundancy is affected by many factors. Theinformation available at that time. These changes in theseour IBNR estimates resulting from the continuous review process and the differences between estimates and ultimate payments, are reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the period in which such estimates are changed. Any changes in the liability estimate may be material to the results of operations in future periods.
In addition to the process described above, we have an external consulting actuary perform an independent review of our internalreserves semi-annually. While we do not explicitly rely on the results of the external consulting actuary's semi-annual independent reviews, we do review statutory regulation requires usand discuss their findings and consider any insights and observations when establishing our reserves. While not required to have abe performed by an independent external actuary, our independent external actuary issues the annual statutory Statement of Actuarial Opinion issued annually onfor our statutory reserve adequacy. We engage an external consulting actuary to issue this opinion based on their independent review.Insurance Subsidiaries.
Range of reasonable reservesreserve estimates
We have estimated a range of reasonably possible reservesreserve estimates for net loss and loss expense claims to be $3,003of $3,156 million to $3,556$3,737 million at December 31, 2018, which compares to $2,899 million to $3,361 million at December 31, 2017. These ranges reflect2019 . This range reflects low and high reasonable reserve estimates which weredetermined by judgmentally adjusting the methods, factors and assumptions selected primarily by consideringwithin the internal reserve review. This approach produces a range of indications calculated using generally accepted actuarial techniques. Such techniques assume that past experience, adjusted for the effectsreasonable reserve estimates, as opposed to a distribution of current developments and anticipated trends, are an appropriate basis for predicting future events. Although these reflect ranges of reasonable estimates,all possible outcomes. Therefore, it is possible that the final outcomes may fall above or below these amounts. The ranges dorange does not include a provision for potential increases or decreases associated with asbestos, environmental, and certain other continuous exposure claims, and other latent exposures, as traditional actuarial techniques cannot be effectively applied to these exposures.applied.
Major developments related to loss and loss expense reserve estimates and uncertainty
The Insurance Subsidiaries are multi-state, multi-line property and casualty insurance companies and, as such, are subject to reserve uncertainty stemming from a variety of sources. These uncertainties are considered at each step in the process of establishing loss and loss expense reserves. As market conditions change, certain developments may occur that increase or decrease the amount of uncertainty. These developments include impacts within our own paid and reported loss and loss expense experience, as well as other internal and external factors that have not yet manifested within our data, but may do so in the future. All of these developments are considered when establishing loss and loss expense reserves, and in estimating the range of reasonable reserves.reserve estimates.
Changes in Reserve Estimates (Loss Development)
Each quarter a reserve review produces updated reserve estimates for the current and prior accident years, which in turn leads to changes in the recorded reserves, favorably,reserves; favorable or unfavorably.unfavorable. In 2018,2019, we experienced overall net favorable prior year loss development of $29.9$50.3 million, compared to $29.9 million in 2018 and $39.2 million in 2017, and $65.8 million in 2016.2017. The following table summarizes prior year development by line of business:
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| (Favorable)/Unfavorable Prior Year Loss and Loss Expense Development | | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| General liability | | $ | (9.5 | ) | | (48.3 | ) | | (45.0 | ) |
| Workers compensation | | (83.0 | ) | | (52.3 | ) | | (56.0 | ) |
| Commercial automobile | | 36.7 |
| | 35.6 |
| | 25.3 |
|
| Businessowners' policies | | (1.5 | ) | | 1.9 |
| | 1.8 |
|
| Commercial property | | 7.5 |
| | 8.7 |
| | 0.3 |
|
| Personal automobile | | 3.0 |
| | 6.7 |
| | 1.0 |
|
| Homeowners | | 9.8 |
| | 0.4 |
| | 1.7 |
|
| E&S casualty lines | | 12.0 |
| | 10.0 |
| | 6.0 |
|
| E&S property lines | | (4.8 | ) | | 0.1 |
| | 1.2 |
|
| Other | | (0.1 | ) | | (2.0 | ) | | (2.1 | ) |
| Total | | $ | (29.9 | ) | | (39.2 | ) | | (65.8 | ) |
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| (Favorable)/Unfavorable Prior Year Loss and Loss Expense Development | | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| General liability | | $ | (5.0 | ) | | (9.5 | ) | | (48.3 | ) |
| Commercial Automobile | | 0.7 |
| | 36.7 |
| | 35.6 |
|
| Workers compensation | | (68.0 | ) | | (83.0 | ) | | (52.3 | ) |
| Businessowners' policies | | 1.9 |
| | (1.5 | ) | | 1.9 |
|
| Commercial property | | 5.1 |
| | 7.5 |
| | 8.7 |
|
| Homeowners | | 7.5 |
| | 9.8 |
| | 0.4 |
|
| Personal automobile | | 4.4 |
| | 3.0 |
| | 6.7 |
|
| E&S casualty lines | | 2.0 |
| | 12.0 |
| | 10.0 |
|
| E&S property lines | | 1.0 |
| | (4.8 | ) | | 0.1 |
|
| Other | | 0.1 |
| | (0.1 | ) | | (2.0 | ) |
| Total | | $ | (50.3 | ) | | (29.9 | ) | | (39.2 | ) |
A detailed discussion of recent reserve developments,development by line of business follows.
Standard Market General Liability Line of Business
At December 31, 2018,2019, our general liability line of business had recorded reserves, net of reinsurance, of $1.2$1.3 billion, which represented 36%37% of our total net reserves. In 2019, this line experienced favorable development of $5.0 million, attributable to lower loss severities in accident years 2015 and 2016, partially offset by increases in the 2017 and 2018 accident years.
During 2018, this line experienced favorable development of $9.5 million, attributable to lower than expected loss expenses in accident years 2013 through 2017. The favorable loss expense emergence was partially offset by higher than expected loss emergence in accident years 2016 and 2017.
During 2017, this line experienced favorable development of $48.3 million, attributable to lower than expected frequencies and severities, mainly in accident years 2016 and prior.
By its nature, this line presents a diverse set of exposures, and can be influenced by a variety of factors. In recent years, the line has been favorably impacted by decreasing frequencies partially offset by modest severity trends.developments, including legislative enactments, judicial decisions, and social inflation. Potential increases in either economic or social inflation could impact the loss trends for this line of business. Sources of social inflation could include:include decreased public trust in business, non-profit, social service, religious organizations, government, and the press that lead to increases in our loss expenses and or loss experience from (a) an increased number of claimants who engage lawyers earlier in the claims process and (b) higher awards and verdicts in litigation.
We have exposure to abuse and molestation claims through insurance policies that we: (i) principally underwrite through our Community and Public Services ("CAPS") strategic business unit; and (ii) issue to schools, religious institutions, daycares, and other social services. Through 2017, our exposure to abuse and molestation risk had been increasing, reflective of the growth in our CAPS book. In 2018, we introduced more stringent underwriting eligibility guidelines and partnered with a third party to better assess exposure and introduce greater loss control measures. In 2019, we filed and approved significant rate increases for this exposure. These actions have limited our growth in this strategic business unit.
We also have exposure to abuse and molestation claims from recently enacted state legislationlaws that could extend the statute of limitationlimitations or permit windows to be opened for lawsuits alleging abuse and/or re-open the window forand molestation claims and lawsuits that were previously beyondbarred by statutes of limitations. It is possible, as a result, that we may receive claims decades after the statute of limitations;allegations occurred from coverages provided by predecessor companies that will require complex claims coverage determinations, potential litigation, and (ii) increased awareness ofthe need to collect from reinsurers under older reinsurance agreements.
To better understand our exposure to abuse and molestation, liability.we have instituted enhanced claims coding to identify and classify abuse and molestation claims. Our claims and actuarial departmentdepartments actively monitorsmonitor these trends within our reserve review data, and holds frequent discussions with claims to identify changes in frequency or severity and any potential shifts inemerging or shifting trends. While these trends.actions should help us better understand this rapidly evolving exposure, the ultimate impact of social, political, and legal trends remains highly uncertain, and as a result, our loss and loss expense reserves remain highly uncertain.
Standard Market Workers Compensation Line of Business
At December 31, 2018,2019, our workers compensation line of business recorded reserves, net of reinsurance, of $924.8$895 million, which represented 28%25% of our total net reserves. During 2019, this line experienced favorable development of $68.0 million, driven by accident years 2017 and prior. During 2018, this line experienced favorable development of $83.0 million, driven by accident years 2017 and prior. During 2017, this line experienced favorable development of $52.3 million driven by accident years 2016 and prior. During 2018,2019, this line again showed lower loss emergence than expected, due, in part, to: (i) lower medical inflation than originally anticipated; (ii) our proactive underwriting actions; and (iii) various significant claims initiatives that we have implemented. Because of the length of time that injured workers receive medical treatment, decreases in medical inflation can cause favorable loss development across an extended number of accident years.
While we believe the underwriting and claims operational changes are significant drivers ofimproved our improved lossunderwriting experience, there is always risk associated with change. Most notably, changes in operations, as well as potentially significant medical inflation, may inherently change paid and reported development patterns. While our reserve analyses incorporate methods that adjust for these changes, nevertheless there isremains a greater risk of fluctuation in the estimated reserves.
In addition to the uncertainties associated with our actuarial assumptions and methodologies, the workers compensation line of business can be impacted by a variety of issues, such as the following:
Unexpected changes in medical cost inflation - The industry is currently experiencing a period of lower claim cost inflation. Changes in our historical workers compensation medical costs, along with uncertainty regarding future medical inflation, creates the potential for additional variability in our reserves;
Changes in statutory workers compensation benefits - Benefit changes may be enacted that affect all outstanding claims, regardless of havingincluding claims that have occurred in the past. Depending upon the social and political climate, these changes may either increase or decrease associated claim costs;
Changes in utilization of the workers compensation system - These changes may be driven by economic, legislative, or other changes, such as increased use of pharmaceuticals, and more complex medical procedures, changes in the life expectancy of permanently-injured workers, and availability of health insurance, among others. Also, lower levels of unemployment may cause the hiring of less skilled workers who may experience higher loss frequencies.
Audit premium and endorsement premium may also introduce uncertainty into our reserves, as earned premiums are used as a basis to set initial reserves. Over recent years, this activity has been fairly consistent. Audit and endorsement activity resulted in additional DPW of $15.9 million in 2019 and $12.1 million in 2018 and $18.2 million in 2017.2018.
Standard Market Commercial Automobile Line of Business
At December 31, 2018,2019, our commercial automobile line of business had recorded reserves, net of reinsurance, of $545$610 million, which represented 16%17% of our total net reserves. In 2019, this line experienced no material prior year reserve development.
In 2018, this line experienced unfavorable prior year reserve development of $36.7 million, which was mainly driven by higher than expected severities in accident years 2015 through 2017.
In 2017, this line experienced unfavorable development of $35.6 million, which was mainly driven by: (i) higher than expected frequencies and severities in accident years 2015 and 2016; and (ii) higher than expected severities in accident years 2012 through 2014.
For both us and the industry, the commercial automobile line has experienced unfavorable trends in recent years. Increased frequencies are likely due to increased miles driven as a result of lower unemployment and lower gasoline prices, coupled with poor road quality, as well as an increase in distracted driving. We have seen rising severities on both bodily injury and property damage claims. On bodily injury claims, we have seen an increase in the average value of our paid loss settlements, which may be related to higher awards driven by aggressive attorney representation. Increasing property damage severities may be the result of the increasing complexity of vehicles and the technology they incorporate, which results in increased repair costs.
We are currently takingOver the last several years, we have taken actions to improve the profitability of this line of business, including:
Taking meaningful rate and underwriting actions on our renewal portfolio. We will continue to leverage our predictive modeling and analytical capabilities to provide more granular insights as to where best to focus our actions.
Aggressively managing new business pricing and hazard mix, co-underwriting selected higher hazard classes by the field and home office, providing better recognition of risk drivers, and improved pricing.
Reducing premium leakage by improving the quality of our rating information. This includes validating application information using third-party data and obtaining more detailed driver information.
Implementing new tools to score drivers to underwrite more effectively and align rate with exposure.
We also are investing in technologies that help us enhance the overall customer experience and improve our retention rates and hit ratios over time, such as our "Selective® Drive" program that was introduced to our commercial automobile policyholders in
the fourth quarter of 2018. This product assists with logistics management and improved safety by tracking and scoring individual drivers based on driving attributes, including phone usage while the vehicle is in motion.
Standard Market Personal Automobile Line of Business
At December 31, 2018,2019, our personal automobile line of business had recorded reserves, net of reinsurance, of $101$105 million, which represented 3% of our total net reserves. In 2019, this line experienced unfavorable prior year reserve development of $4.4 million, mainly attributable to higher loss severities in accident year 2018. In 2018, this line experienced unfavorable prior year reserve development of $3.0 million, which was mainly attributable to an increase in accident years 2016 and 2017. In 2017, this line experienced unfavorable development of $6.7 million, mainly attributable to an increase in accident years 2011 through 2016.
Some of the sames issues affecting the commercial automobile line are also affecting this line. Increased usagemiles driven and vehicle repair costs, poor road quality, coupled with social trends such as distracted driving, are likely causes of increased frequencies and rising severities. We continue to recalibrate our predictive models as well asand refine our underwriting and pricing approaches. While we believe these changes will ultimately lead to improved profitability and greater stability, they may impact paid and reported development patterns, thereby increasing the uncertainty in the reserves in the near-term.
E&S Casualty Lines of Business
At December 31, 2018,2019, our E&S casualty lines of business had recorded reserves, net of reinsurance, of $350$382 million, which represented 10%11% of our total net reserves. In 2019, this line experienced minimal unfavorable prior year reserve development . In 2018, this line experienced unfavorable prior year reserve development of $12.0 million, mostly associated with accident years 2015 and 2016. In 2017, this line experienced unfavorable development of $10.0 million, mostly associated with accident years 2014 and 2015. While we continue to build historical loss experience in this segment, our experience base is still significantly shorter than we have infor our Standard Commercial and Personal Lines segments. Therefore,segment, therefore, our reserve estimatesreserves for this line are subject to somewhathave greater uncertainty than the comparable Standard Commercial and Personal Line segments.uncertainty. In addition, by its nature, the composition of this book tends to undergo greater changes over time, which may impact development patterns.
Our E&S casualty lines results have improved over recent years. InOur E&S casualty lines underwriting operations have exited from several targeted classes of business that have historically produced volatile results, which include commercial auto liability, liquor liability, and snow removal.
Further support of these improved results, we have takenfor casualty improvements were attributable to the following actions related to E&S casualty claims:
Over the course of late 2015 and early 2016, our E&S casualty lines claims handling function was aligned with our standard operations claims function. E&S casualty lines claims were migrated from the business unit in Scottsdale, Arizona to the appropriate regional claims operation. Complex claims are referred to the corporate Complex Claims Unit ("CCU") for specialized handling.
Claims have been segregated into “litigated” versus “non-litigated.”and “non-litigated” categories. Separate claim handling teams have been created, with the required skill sets, to appropriately handle these two types of claims.
We implemented the following expense improvement initiatives regarding outside adjusters and legal counsel:
| |
| ◦ | Maximized use of staff counsel, increasing staff where necessary to support claims volume; |
| |
| ◦ | Utilized staff coverage attorney for coverage reviews; |
| |
| ◦ | Heightened focus on legal budgeting and expense management; |
| |
| ◦ | Required panel counsel firms to use our electronic legal billing and budgeting system to better manage budgets and expenses associated with litigation; and |
| |
| ◦ | Implemented a panel counsel review process. |
We believe that the actions above are leading toresulting in earlier identification of severe claims as well asand earlier claims resolutions with improved outcomes. However, changes in claims operations can result in changes to claims reserving and settlement patterns. Once claims initiatives are implemented, it takes time for patterns to stabilize, and in the near term, these operational changes increase the uncertainty in reserve estimates.
Other impacts creating additional loss and loss expense reserve uncertainty
Claims Initiative Impacts
Like all areas of our organization, our Claims Department is continually identifying areas for improvement and efficiency increasingto increase their value proposition to both our insureds and our organization. These improvements may lead to changes in claims practices that affect average case reserve levels and/orand claims settlement rates, which directly impact the data used to project ultimate loss and loss expense. While these changes increase the uncertainty in our estimates in the short-term,short term, we expect the longer-term benefit will be a more refined management of the claims process.
Some of the specific claims actions implemented over the past several years, in addition to those regarding E&S, as discussed above, are as follows:
Increased focus on reducing workers compensation medical costs through more favorable Preferred Provider Organization ("PPO") contracts and greater PPO penetration.
A more comprehensive approach for handling workers compensation claims, with an emphasis towards improving recovery times, allowing for earlier “return-to-work.” This involves elevated and proactive case management in the areas of medical, pharmaceutical, and physical therapy treatments.
The continued use of our CCU, to which all significant and complex liability claims are assigned. This unit has been staffed with personnel that have significant experience in handling and settling these types of claims.
The strategic realignment of our CMS model to handle property claims under $5,000.
The continued use of our Property Claims Specialists ("PCS") and our Property Large Loss Unit ("LLU"). Our PCSs handle claims between $5,000 and $100,000, while the LLU handles claims above $100,000. Both groups form the core of our catastrophe response team. During 2016, we began increasing the number of property claims specialists to respond to property claims with higher severity and/or complexity. This provides us with more staff to respond to claim volume, including the fluctuations that result from catastrophes, while ensuring we have the highest level of property expertise available to apply to our more complex claims.
Continued efforts in the areas of fraud investigation and salvage/subrogation recoveries. These efforts have been supported by predictive models that allow us to better focus our efforts.
Our internal reserve analyses incorporate certain actuarial projection methods whichthat make adjustments for changes in case reserve adequacy and claims settlement rates. These methods adjust our historical loss experience to the current level of case adequacy or settlement rate, which provides a more consistent basis for projecting future development patterns. These methods have their own assumptions and judgments associated with them, sotherefore, as with any projection method, they are not definitive in and of themselves. Furthermore, given that the expected benefits fromFurther, our various claims initiatives take time to fully manifest, we do not take full credit for the anticipated benefit in establishing our loss and loss expense reserves. These initiatives may prove more or less beneficial than currently reflected, which will affect development in future years. Our various projection methods provide an indication of these potential future impacts. These impacts would be greatest within our larger reserve lines of workers compensation, general liability, and commercial automobile liability, within the more recent accident years.
Economic Inflationary Impacts
United States ("U.S.") monetary policy and global economic conditions bring additional uncertainty in the long-termlong term given the length of time required for claim settlement and the impact of medical cost trends relating to longer-tail liability and workers compensation claims. Uncertainty regarding future inflation or deflation creates the potential for additional volatility in our reserves for these lines of business.
Sensitivity analysis: Potential impact on reserve uncertainty due to changes in key assumptions
Our process to establish reserves includes a variety of key assumptions, including, but not limited to, the following:
The selection of loss and loss expense development factors;
The weight to be applied to each individual actuarial projection method;
Projected future loss trends; and
Expected claim frequencies, severities, and ultimate loss and loss expense ratios for the current accident year.
The importance of any single assumption depends on several considerations, such as the line of business and the accident year. If the actual experience emerges differently than the assumptions used in the process to establish reserves, changes in our reserve estimate are possible and may be material to the results of operations in future periods. Set forth below are sensitivity tests that highlight potential impacts to loss and loss expense reserves under different scenarios, for the major casualty lines of business. These tests consider each assumption and line of business individually, without any consideration of correlation between lines of business and accident years. Therefore, the results in the tables below do not constitute an actuarial range. While the figures represent possible impacts from variations in key assumptions as identified by management, there is no assurance that the future emergence of our loss and loss expense experience will be consistent with either our current or alternative sets of assumptions.
While the sources of variability discussed above are generated by different internal and external trends and operational changes, they ultimately manifest themselves as changes in the expected loss and loss expense development patterns. These patterns are a key assumption in the reserving process. In addition to the expected development patterns, the expected loss and loss expense ratios are another key assumption in the reserving process. These expected ratios are developed through a rigorous process of projecting recent accident years' experience to an ultimate settlement basis, and then adjusting it to the current accident year's pricing and loss cost levels. Impact from changes in the underwriting portfolio and changes into claims handling practices are also quantified and reflected, where appropriate. As is the case with all estimates, the ultimate loss and loss expense ratios may differ from those currently estimated.
The sensitivities of loss and loss expense reserves to these key assumptions are illustrated below for the major casualty lines. The first table shows the estimated impacts from changes in expected reported loss and loss expense development patterns. It shows reserve impacts by line of business if the actual calendar year incurred amounts are greater or less than current expectations by the selected percentages. While the selected percentages by line are judgmental, they are based on the reserve range analysis as well asand the actual historical reserve development for the line of business. The second table shows the estimated impacts from changes to the expected loss and loss expense ratios for the current accident year. It shows reserve impacts by line of business if the expected loss and loss expense ratios for the current accident year are greater or less than current expectations by the selected percentages.
| | Reserve Impacts of Changes to Expected Loss and Loss Expense Reporting Patterns | | ($ in millions) | | Percentage Decrease/Increase | | (Decrease) to Future Calendar Year Reported | | Increase to Future Calendar Year Reported | | Percentage Decrease/Increase | | (Decrease) to Future Calendar Year Reported | | Increase to Future Calendar Year Reported |
| General liability | | 7 | % | $ | (85 | ) | | $ | 85 |
| | 10 | % | $ | (130 | ) | | $ | 130 |
|
| Workers compensation | | 10 | | (65 | ) | | 65 |
| | 12 | | (80 | ) | | 80 |
|
| Commercial automobile liability | | 12 | | (55 | ) | | 55 |
| | 10 | | (55 | ) | | 55 |
|
| Personal automobile liability | | 15 | | (10 | ) | | 10 |
| | 15 | | (10 | ) | | 10 |
|
| E&S casualty lines | | 10 | | (40 | ) | | 40 |
| | 10 | | (40 | ) | | 40 |
|
| | Reserve Impacts of Changes to Current Year Expected Ultimate Loss and Loss Expense Ratios | | ($ in millions) | | Percentage Decrease/Increase | | (Decrease) to Current Accident Year Expected Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Increase to Current Accident Year Expected Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Percentage Decrease/Increase | | (Decrease) to Current Accident Year Expected Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Increase to Current Accident Year Expected Loss and Loss Expense Ratio |
| General liability | | 10 | pts | $ | (60 | ) | | $ | 60 |
| | 10 | pts | $ | (65 | ) | | $ | 65 |
|
| Workers compensation | | 10 | | (35 | ) | | 35 |
| | 10 | | (30 | ) | | 30 |
|
| Commercial automobile liability | | 10 | | (35 | ) | | 35 |
| | 10 | | (40 | ) | | 40 |
|
| Personal automobile liability | | 10 | | (10 | ) | | 10 |
| | 10 | | (10 | ) | | 10 |
|
| E&S casualty lines | | 10 | | (20 | ) | | 20 |
| | 10 | | (20 | ) | | 20 |
|
Note that there is some overlap between the impacts in the two tables. For example, increases in the calendar year development would ultimately impact our view of the current accident year's loss and loss expense ratios. Nevertheless,However, these tables provide perspective into the sensitivity of each of these key assumptions. While the changes above represent outcomes based on reasonably likely changes to our underlying reserving assumptions, they do not represent a full range of possible outcomes. It is possible that our reserves could increase or decrease significantly more than or less than what is reflected in the tables above.
Asbestos and Environmental Reserves
Our general liability, excess liability, and homeowners reserves include exposure to asbestos and environmental claims. Our exposure to environmental liability is primarily due to: (i) landfill exposures from policies written prior to the absolute pollution endorsement in the mid 1980s; and (ii) underground storage tank leaks mainly from New Jersey homeowners policies. These environmental claims stem primarily from insured exposures in municipal government, small non-manufacturing commercial risks, and homeowners policies.
The total carriedrecorded net loss and loss expense reserves for these claims were $21.6 million as of December 31, 2019 and $22.8 million as of December 31, 2018 and $21.2 million as of December 31, 2017.2018. The emergence of these claims occurs over an extended period and is highly unpredictable. For example, within our Standard Commercial Lines book, certain landfill sites are included on the National Priorities List (“NPL”) by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (“USEPA”). Once on the NPL, the USEPA determines an appropriate remediation plan for these sites. A landfill can remain on the NPL for many years until final approval for the removal of the site is granted from the USEPA. The USEPA has the authority to re-open previously closedpreviously-closed sites and return them to the NPL. We currently have reserves for six customers related to three sites on the NPL.
“Environmental claims” are claims alleging bodily injury or property damage from pollution or other environmental contaminants other than asbestos. These claims include landfills and leaking underground storage tanks. Our landfill exposure lies largely in policies written for municipal governments, in their operation or maintenance of certain public lands. In addition to landfill exposures, in recent years, we have experienced a relatively consistent level of reported losses in the homeowners line of business related to claims for groundwater contamination from leaking underground heating oil storage tanks in New Jersey. In 2007, we instituted a fuel oil system exclusion on our New Jersey homeowners policies that limits our exposure to leaking underground storage tanks for certain customers. At that time, existing customers were offered a one-time opportunity to buy back oil tank liability coverage. The exclusion applies to all new homeowners policies in New Jersey. These customers are eligible for the buy-back option only if the tank meets specific eligibility criteria.
“Asbestos claims” are claims for bodily injury alleged to have occurred from exposure to asbestos-containing products. Our primary exposure arises from insuring various distributors of asbestos-containing products, such as electrical and plumbing materials. At December 31, 2018,2019, asbestos claims constituted 23% of our $21.6 million net asbestos and environmental reserves, compared to 27% of our $22.8 million net asbestos and environmental reserves compared to 30% of our $21.2 million net asbestos and environmental reserves at December 31, 2017.2018.
Our asbestos and environmental claims are handled in our centralized and specialized asbestos and environmental claim unit. Case reserves for these exposures are evaluated on a claim-by-claim basis. The ability to assess potential exposure often improves as a claim develops, including judicial determinations of coverage issues. As a result, reserves are adjusted accordingly.
Estimating IBNR reserves for asbestos and environmental claims is difficult because of the delayed and inconsistent reporting patterns associated with these claims. In addition, there are significant uncertainties associated with estimating critical assumptions, such as average clean-up costs, third-party costs, potentially responsible party shares, allocation of damages, litigation and coverage costs, and potential state and federal legislative changes. Normal historically-based actuarial approaches cannot be applied to asbestos and environmental claims because past loss history is not indicative of future potential loss emergence. In addition, while certain alternative models can be applied, such models can produce significantly different results with small changes in assumptions. As a result, we do not calculate an asbestos and environmental loss range.
Historically, our asbestos and environmental claims have been significantly lower in volume, with less volatility and uncertainty than many of our competitors in the Standard Commercial Lines industry. Prior to the introduction of the absolute pollution exclusion endorsement in the mid-1980's, we were primarily awrote Standard Personal Lines, carrier and therefore, do not have broadour exposure to asbestos and environmental claims. Additionally, we are the primary insurance carrier on the majority of these exposures, which provides more certainty in our reserve position compared to others in the insurance marketplace.claims has been limited.
Other Latent Exposures
In addition to asbestos and environmental reserves, we also have exposure to other latent orand continuous trigger exposures in our ongoing portfolio. Examples include construction defect claims and abuse and molestation coverage.coverage for which states have expanded the statute of limitations. We manage our exposure to these liabilities through our underwriting and claims practices. Similar to asbestos and environmental claims, these claims are handled by a dedicated claims unit. Nevertheless,The impact of social, political, and legal trends remains highly uncertain, and as a result, our loss and loss expense reserves on these claims bring greater uncertainty to our estimates, and are particularly susceptible to changes in our legal, social, and judicial environments.remain highly uncertain.
Pension and Post-retirement Benefit Plan Actuarial Assumptions
Our pension and post-retirement benefit obligations and related costs are calculated using actuarial methods, within the framework of U.S. GAAP.generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). Two key assumptions, the discount rate and the expected return on plan assets, are important
elements of expense and/orand liability measurement. We evaluate these key assumptions annually. Other assumptions involve demographic factors, such as retirement age and mortality.
The discount rate enables us to state expected future cash flows at their present value on the measurement date. The purpose of the discount rate is to determine the interest rates inherent in the priceprices at which pension benefits could be effectively settled. Our discount rate selection is based on high-quality, long-term corporate bonds. A higher discount rate reduces the present value of benefit obligations. Conversely, a lower discount rate increases the present value of benefit obligations. Our discount rate increased 68decreased 113 basis points, to 4.46%3.33%, as of December 31, 2018,2019, compared to 3.78%4.46% as of December 31, 2017.2018. The decrease was driven by a decrease in interest rates and a contraction of corporate credit spreads in 2019. For additional information regarding our discount rate selection, refer to Note 14. “Retirement Plans” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of this Form 10-K.
The expected long-term rate of return on the plan assets is determined by considering the current and expected asset allocation, as well as historical and expected returns on each plan asset class. A higher expected rate of return on pension plan assets would decrease pension expense. Our long-term expected return on plan assets increased 14decreased 70 basis points, to 6.50%5.80%, as of December 31, 20182019, compared to 6.36%6.50% as of December 31, 2017, reflecting a higher2018. The decrease was due to lower expected allocation to risk-seeking assetsreturns within our longer-dated fixed income securities portfolio, as interest rates and credit spreads declined significantly in the portfolio and a change to our investment funds.2019.
At December 31, 2018, our, Our pension and post-retirement benefit plan obligation was $350.0 million compared to $381.0$408.5 million at December 31, 2017. Plan assets were $331.7 million2019 and $363.7$350.0 million at December 31, 2018 and2018. Plan assets were $385.1 million at December 31, 2017, respectively.2019 and $331.7 million at December 31, 2018. Volatility in the marketplace, coupled with changes in the discount rate assumption, could materially impact our pension and post-retirement life valuation in the future. For additional information regarding our pension and post-retirement benefit plan obligations, see Note 14. “Retirement Plans” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of this Form 10-K.
Investment Valuation and OTTI
Investment Valuation
The fair value of our investment portfolio is defined under accounting guidance as the exit price or the amount that would be: (i) received to sell an asset; or (ii) paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. When determining an exit price we must, when available, rely uponon observable market data. The majority of securities in our equity portfolio have readily determinable fair values and, as such, are carriedrecorded at fair value with changes in unrealized gains or losses being recognized through income. Additionally, our available-for-sale ("AFS") fixed income securities portfolio is carriedrecorded at fair value and the related unrealized gains or losses are reflected in stockholders' equity, net of tax. For both our AFS and held-to-maturity ("HTM") fixed income securities portfolios, fair value is a key factor in the evaluation of a security for OTTI.
We have categorized our investment portfolio, based on the priority of the inputs to the valuation technique, into a three-level fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3).
The fair value of approximately 99% of our investment portfolio is classified as either Level 1 or Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. Fair value measurements in Level 1 represent quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. Fair value measurements in Level 2 represent prices determined using observable data from similar securities that have traded in the
marketplace, typically using matrix pricing. The fair value of our Level 2 securities are determined by external pricing services. We have evaluated the pricing methodology used for these Level 2 prices and have determined that the inputs used are observable. For additional information regarding the valuation techniques used, refer to item (e)(d) of Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" within Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of this Annual Report.
Less than 1% of our investment portfolio is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. Fair value measurements in Level 3 are based on unobservable market inputs because the related securities are not traded on a public market. For additional information regarding the valuation techniques used for our Level 3 securities, refer to item (e)(d) of Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" within Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of this Annual Report.
OTTI
Our investment portfolio is subject to market declines below amortized cost that may be other than temporary, and therefore, may result in the recognition of OTTI losses. Factors considered in the determination of whether or not a decline is other than temporary require significant judgment and include, but are not limited to, the financial condition of the issuer, the expected near-term and long-term prospects of the issuer, and our evaluation of the projected cash flow stream from the security. We also consider whether or not we have the intent to sell securities that are in an unrealized loss position. For additional information regarding our OTTI process and OTTI charges recorded, see item (d)(c) of Note 2. "Summary of Significant
Accounting Policies" and item (j) of Note 5. "Investments" within Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of this Annual Report, respectively.
Reinsurance
Reinsurance recoverables on paid and unpaid loss and loss expense represent estimates of the portion of such liabilities that will be recovered from reinsurers. Each reinsurance contract is analyzed to ensure that the transfer of risk exists to properly record the transactions in the Financial Statements. Amounts recovered from reinsurers are recognized as assets at the same time as, and in a manner consistent with, the paid and unpaid losses associated with the reinsured policies. An allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance is recorded based on an evaluation of balances due from reinsurers and other available information. ThisHowever, reinsurers often purchase and rely on their own retrocessional reinsurance programs to manage their capital position and improve their financial strength ratings. The details of these retrocessional reinsurance programs are not always adequately disclosed, which can make it difficult to assess the inherent counterparty credit risk and exposure of our reinsurers. Our allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance totaled $4.4 million at December 31, 2019 and $4.5 million at December 31, 2018 and $4.6 million at December 31, 2017.2018. We continually monitor developments that may impact recoverability from our reinsurers and have available to us contractually provided remedies if necessary. For further information regarding reinsurance, see the “Reinsurance” section below and Note 8. “Reinsurance” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of this Form 10-K.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Financial Highlights of Results for Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 20161 |
| | | | | | | 2018 vs. 2017 | | | | | | 2017 vs. 2016 | | |
| ($ in thousands, except per share amounts) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | | | | 2016 | | | |
| Revenues | | $ | 2,586,080 |
| | 2,469,984 |
| | 5 |
| | % | | $ | 2,284,270 |
| | 8 |
| | % |
| After-tax net investment income | | 160,481 |
| | 118,520 |
| | 35 |
| | | | 98,405 |
| | 20 |
| | |
| After-tax underwriting income | | 95,727 |
| | 100,318 |
| | (5 | ) | | | | 98,756 |
| | 2 |
| | |
| Net income before federal income tax | | 211,721 |
| | 261,968 |
| | (19 | ) | | | | 219,955 |
| | 19 |
| | |
| Net income | | 178,939 |
| | 168,826 |
| | 6 |
| | | | 158,495 |
| | 7 |
| | |
| Diluted net income per share | | $ | 3.00 |
| | 2.84 |
| | 6 |
| | | | $ | 2.70 |
| | 5 |
| | |
| Diluted weighted-average outstanding shares | | 59,713 |
| | 59,357 |
| | 1 |
| | | | 58,747 |
| | 1 |
| | |
| Combined ratio | | 95.0 |
| % | 93.3 |
| | 1.7 |
| | pts | | 92.9 |
| % | 0.4 |
| | pts |
| Invested assets per dollar of stockholders' equity | | $ | 3.33 |
| | 3.32 |
| | — |
| | % | | $ | 3.50 |
| | (5 | ) | | % |
| After-tax yield on investments | | 2.8 |
| % | 2.1 |
| | 0.7 |
| | pts | | 1.9 |
| % | 0.2 |
| | pts |
| Return on equity ("ROE") | | 10.2 |
| | 10.4 |
| | (0.2 | ) | | | | 10.8 |
| | (0.4 | ) | | |
| | | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | |
| | |
| | |
Non-GAAP operating income2 | | $ | 218,567 |
| | 184,898 |
| | 18 |
| | % | | $ | 161,704 |
| | 14 |
| | % |
Diluted non-GAAP operating income per share2 | | 3.66 |
| | 3.11 |
| | 18 |
| | | | 2.75 |
| | 13 |
| | |
Non-GAAP operating ROE2 | | 12.5 |
| % | 11.4 |
| | 1.1 |
| | pts | | 11.0 |
| % | 0.4 |
| | pts |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Financial Highlights of Results for Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 20171 |
| | | | | | | 2019 vs. 2018 | | | | | | 2018 vs. 2017 | | |
| ($ in thousands, except per share amounts) | | 2019 | | 2018 | | | | | 2017 | | | |
| Financial Data: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Revenues | | $ | 2,846,491 |
| | 2,586,080 |
| | 10 |
| | % | | $ | 2,469,984 |
| | 5 |
| | % |
| After-tax net investment income | | 181,161 |
| | 160,481 |
| | 13 |
| | | | 118,520 |
| | 35 |
| | |
| After-tax underwriting income | | 129,554 |
| | 95,727 |
| | 35 |
| | | | 100,318 |
| | (5 | ) | | |
| Net income before federal income tax | | 336,390 |
| | 211,721 |
| | 59 |
| | | | 261,968 |
| | (19 | ) | | |
| Net income | | 271,623 |
| | 178,939 |
| | 52 |
| | | | 168,826 |
| | 6 |
| | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Key Metrics: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Combined ratio | | 93.7 |
| % | 95.0 |
| | (1.3 | ) | | pts | | 93.3 |
| % | 1.7 |
| | pts |
| Invested assets per dollar of stockholders' equity | | $ | 3.05 |
| | 3.33 |
| | (8 | ) | | % | | $ | 3.32 |
| | — |
| | % |
| Return on equity ("ROE") | | 13.6 |
| % | 10.2 |
| | 3.4 |
| | pts | | 10.4 |
| | (0.2 | ) | | pts |
Statutory premiums to surplus ratio
| | 1.4 |
| x | 1.4 |
| | — |
| | | | 1.4 |
| | — |
| | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Per Share Amounts: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Diluted net income per share | | $ | 4.53 |
| | 3.00 |
| | 51 |
| | | | $ | 2.84 |
| | 6 |
| | |
| Book value per share | | 36.91 |
| | 30.40 |
| | 21 |
| | % | | 29.28 |
| | 4 |
| | % |
| Dividends declared per share to stockholders | | 0.83 |
| | 0.74 |
| | 12 |
| | | | 0.66 |
| | 12 |
| | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Non-GAAP Information: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Non-GAAP operating income2 | | $ | 264,418 |
| | 218,567 |
| | 21 |
| | % | | $ | 184,898 |
| | 18 |
| | % |
Diluted non-GAAP operating income per share2 | | 4.40 |
| | 3.66 |
| | 20 |
| | | | 3.11 |
| | 18 |
| | |
Non-GAAP operating ROE2 | | 13.3 |
| % | 12.5 |
| | 0.8 |
| | pts | | 11.4 |
| % | 1.1 |
| | pts |
1Refer to the Glossary of Terms attached to this Form 10-K as Exhibit 99.1 for definitions of terms used in this financial review.
2Non-GAAP operating income is used as an important financial measure by us, analysts, and investors, because the realization of net investment gains and losses on sales of securities in any given period is largely discretionary as to timing. In addition, these net realized investment gains and losses, as well as OTTI that are charged to earnings, unrealized gains and losses on equity securities, and the deferred tax asset charge that was recognized in 2017 in relation to the Tax Reform,Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 ("Tax Reform"), and debt retirement costs could distort the analysis of trends.
For the year, our combined ratio was 95.0% and our non-GAAP operating ROE of 12.5% exceeded our financial target of 12% for 2018. Industry-wide commercial property results have been volatile and commercial auto has been a consistently poor performer, which when coupled with ongoing pricing pressures within the workers compensation line, have led to an expected 2018 combined ratio of 99.4% for the U.S. property and casualty insurance industry, or an ROE of 7.2%, as reported by Conning, Inc. in their fourth quarter 2018 Property-Casualty Forecast and Analysis Report.
Reconciliations of net income, net income per diluted share, and ROE to non-GAAP operating income, non-GAAP operating income per diluted share, and non-GAAP operating ROE, respectively, are provided in the tables below:
| | | Reconciliation of net income to non-GAAP operating income | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Net income | | $ | 178,939 |
| | 168,826 |
| | 158,495 |
| | $ | 271,623 |
| | 178,939 |
| | 168,826 |
|
| Net realized and unrealized losses (gains), before tax | | 54,923 |
| | (6,359 | ) | | 4,937 |
| |
| Tax on net realized and unrealized losses (gains) | | (15,295 | ) | | 2,226 |
| | (1,728 | ) | |
| Net realized and unrealized losses (gains) | | 39,628 |
| | (4,133 | ) | | 3,209 |
| |
| Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses, before tax | | | (14,422 | ) | | 54,923 |
| | (6,359 | ) |
| Debt retirement costs, before tax | | | 4,175 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Tax on reconciling items | | | 3,042 |
| | (15,295 | ) | | 2,226 |
|
Tax Reform impact
| | — |
| | 20,205 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 20,205 |
|
| Non-GAAP operating income | | $ | 218,567 |
| | 184,898 |
| | 161,704 |
| | $ | 264,418 |
| | 218,567 |
| | 184,898 |
|
| | | Reconciliation of net income per diluted share to non-GAAP operating income per diluted share | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Net income per diluted share | | $ | 3.00 |
| | 2.84 |
| | 2.70 |
| | $ | 4.53 |
| | 3.00 |
| | 2.84 |
|
| Net realized and unrealized losses (gains), before tax | | 0.92 |
| | (0.11 | ) | | 0.08 |
| |
| Tax on net realized and unrealized losses (gains) | | (0.26 | ) | | 0.04 |
| | (0.03 | ) | |
| Net realized and unrealized losses (gains) | | 0.66 |
| | (0.07 | ) | | 0.05 |
| |
| Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses, before tax | | | (0.24 | ) | | 0.92 |
| | (0.11 | ) |
| Debt retirement costs, before tax | | | 0.07 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Tax on reconciling items | | | 0.04 |
| | (0.26 | ) | | 0.04 |
|
| Tax Reform impact | | — |
| | 0.34 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 0.34 |
|
| Non-GAAP operating income per diluted share | | $ | 3.66 |
| | 3.11 |
| | 2.75 |
| | $ | 4.40 |
| | 3.66 |
| | 3.11 |
|
| | | Reconciliation of ROE to non-GAAP operating ROE | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| ROE | | 10.2 | % | | 10.4 |
| | 10.8 |
| | 13.6 | % | | 10.2 |
| | 10.4 |
|
| Net realized and unrealized losses (gains), before tax | | 3.1 |
| | (0.4 | ) | | 0.3 |
| |
| Tax on net realized and unrealized losses (gains) | | (0.8 | ) | | 0.2 |
| | (0.1 | ) | |
| Net realized and unrealized losses (gains) | | 2.3 |
| | (0.2 | ) | | 0.2 |
| |
| Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses, before tax | | | (0.7 | ) | | 3.1 |
| | (0.4 | ) |
| Debt retirement costs, before tax | | | 0.2 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Tax on reconciling items | | | 0.2 |
| | (0.8 | ) | | 0.2 |
|
Tax Reform impact
| | — |
| | 1.2 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1.2 |
|
| Non-GAAP operating ROE | | 12.5 | % | | 11.4 |
| | 11.0 |
| | 13.3 | % | | 12.5 |
| | 11.4 |
|
The components of our ROE are as follows:
| | | ROE Components | | 2018 | | 2017 | | Change Points | | 2016 | | Change Points | | 2019 | | 2018 | | Change Points | | 2017 | | Change Points |
| Standard Commercial Lines Segment | | 4.9 | % | | 6.1 |
| | (1.2 | ) | | 6.4 |
| | (0.3 | ) | | 5.8 | % | | 4.9 |
| | 0.9 |
| | 6.1 |
| | (1.2 | ) |
| Standard Personal Lines Segment | | 0.6 |
| | 0.4 |
| | 0.2 |
| | 0.6 |
| | (0.2 | ) | | 0.3 |
| | 0.6 |
| | (0.3 | ) | | 0.4 |
| | 0.2 |
|
| E&S Lines Segment | | — |
| | (0.3 | ) | | 0.3 |
| | (0.3 | ) | | — |
| | 0.4 |
| | — |
| | 0.4 |
| | (0.3 | ) | | 0.3 |
|
| Total insurance operations | | 5.5 |
| | 6.2 |
| | (0.7 | ) | | 6.7 |
| | (0.5 | ) | | 6.5 |
| | 5.5 |
| | 1.0 |
| | 6.2 |
| | (0.7 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Investment income | | 9.2 |
| | 7.3 |
| | 1.9 |
| | 6.7 |
| | 0.6 |
| | 9.1 |
| | 9.2 |
| | (0.1 | ) | | 7.3 |
| | 1.9 |
|
| Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains | | (2.3 | ) | | 0.2 |
| | (2.5 | ) | | (0.2 | ) | | 0.4 |
| |
| Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | | | 0.5 |
| | (2.3 | ) | | 2.8 |
| | 0.2 |
| | (2.5 | ) |
| Total investments segment | | 6.9 |
| | 7.5 |
| | (0.6 | ) | | 6.5 |
| | 1.0 |
| | 9.6 |
| | 6.9 |
| | 2.7 |
| | 7.5 |
| | (0.6 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Debt retirement costs | | | (0.2 | ) | | — |
| | (0.2 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Tax Reform impact | | — |
| | (1.2 | ) | | 1.2 |
| | — |
| | (1.2 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (1.2 | ) | | 1.2 |
|
| Other | | (2.2 | ) | | (2.1 | ) | | (0.1 | ) | | (2.4 | ) | | 0.3 |
| | (2.3 | ) | | (2.2 | ) | | (0.1 | ) | | (2.1 | ) | | (0.1 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ROE | | 10.2 | % | | 10.4 |
| | (0.2 | ) | | 10.8 |
| | (0.4 | ) | | 13.6 | % | | 10.2 |
| | 3.4 |
| | 10.4 |
| | (0.2 | ) |
2018In 2019, we generated net income per diluted share of $4.53, compared to $3.00 in 2018. Non-GAAP operating income per diluted share was $4.40 for 2019, compared to $3.66 for 2018. The 2019 non-GAAP operating income per diluted share results were primarily impacted by (i) lower levels of non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses of $0.27 per diluted share, (ii) lower levels of catastrophe property losses of $0.17 per diluted share, (iii) higher levels of favorable prior year casualty reserve development of $0.21 per diluted share, and (iv) an increase in net investment income of $0.33 per diluted share. These improvements were partially offset by an increase in underwriting expenses of $0.21 per diluted share, mainly due to higher profit-based expenses to our employees and agents. In addition, net income per diluted share benefited from after-tax net realized and unrealized gains of $0.18 per diluted share in 2019, compared to $0.66 of after-tax net realized and unrealized losses per diluted share in 2018.
2019 marks the fifthour sixth consecutive year that we reportedof double-digit non-GAAP operating ROEs, placing us among a selectan elite group of insurance companies that have achieved this level of performance. This is a particularly impressive track recordOur non-GAAP operating ROE of 13.3% in the context of: (i) meaningful catastrophe losses over the past two-year period; (ii) a highly competitive commercial lines pricing environment;2019 was 130 basis points above our 2019 non-GAAP operating ROE target of 12%, and (iii) a continued low level80 basis points higher than our non-GAAP operating ROE in 2018. Despite exceeding our target, our 2019 non-GAAP operating ROE was negatively impacted by net unrealized after-tax gains of interest rates that negatively impacts net investment income from$169 million on our fixed income security portfolios.securities portfolio, which decreased our non-GAAP operating ROE by 60 basis points, and will lower our 2020 ROE by approximately 100 basis points.
We generated 21% growth in book value per share in 2019 compared to 2018. In 2019, the strong growth in book value per share was driven by net income and the after-tax net unrealized gains on our fixed income securities portfolio, partially offset by dividends paid to shareholders.
Insurance Operations
Our insurance operations'segments delivered profitable results in 2019, contributing to a combined ROE decreased 0.7 points, to 5.5%, in 2018 and 0.5 points, to 6.2%, in 2017the year of 6.5%. The 2019 ROE increased 1.0 point compared to the same prior year periods,2018, reflecting increasesa 1.3-point improvement in our combined ratio of 1.7 points and 0.4 points, respectively. These increases wereratio. The improvement was principally driven by higher(i) lower levels of both catastrophe and non-catastrophe property loss and loss expenses and catastrophe property losses, lowerand (ii) higher levels of favorable prior year casualty reserve development, and a higher than expected booked accident year casualty loss and loss expense ratio for 2018, thatdevelopment. These improvements were partially offset by improvementsa higher expense ratio of 0.6 points, which reflected a 0.5-point increase in profit-based expenses to our expense ratio.employees and compensation to our distribution partners.
The following table provides quantitative information for analyzing the combined ratio:
| | | All Lines | | | | |
| | 2018 vs. 2017 | | |
| | 2017 vs. 2016 | | | | | |
| | 2019 vs. 2018 | | |
| | 2018 vs. 2017 | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | |
| Insurance Operations Results: | | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Net premiums written ("NPW") | | $ | 2,514,286 |
| | 2,370,641 |
| | 6 |
| % | $ | 2,237,288 |
| | 6 |
| % | |
| NPW | | | $ | 2,679,424 |
| | 2,514,286 |
| | 7 |
| % | $ | 2,370,641 |
| | 6 |
| % |
| Net premiums earned ("NPE") | | 2,436,229 |
| | 2,291,027 |
| | 6 |
| | 2,149,572 |
| | 7 |
| | | 2,597,171 |
| | 2,436,229 |
| | 7 |
| | 2,291,027 |
| | 6 |
| |
| Less: | | | | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | | | | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Loss and loss expense incurred | | 1,498,134 |
| | 1,345,074 |
| | 11 |
| | 1,234,797 |
| | 9 |
| | | 1,551,491 |
| | 1,498,134 |
| | 4 |
| | 1,345,074 |
| | 11 |
| |
| Net underwriting expenses incurred | | 808,939 |
| | 786,983 |
| | 3 |
| | 759,194 |
| | 4 |
| | | 876,567 |
| | 808,939 |
| | 8 |
| | 786,983 |
| | 3 |
| |
| Dividends to policyholders | | 7,983 |
| | 4,634 |
| | 72 |
| | 3,648 |
| | 27 |
| | | 5,120 |
| | 7,983 |
| | (36 | ) | | 4,634 |
| | 72 |
| |
| Underwriting income | | $ | 121,173 |
| | 154,336 |
| | (21 | ) | % | $ | 151,933 |
| | 2 |
| % | | $ | 163,993 |
| | 121,173 |
| | 35 |
| % | $ | 154,336 |
| | (21 | ) | % |
| Combined Ratios: | | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Loss and loss expense ratio | | 61.5 |
| % | 58.7 |
| | 2.8 |
| pts | 57.4 |
| % | 1.3 |
| pts | | 59.7 |
| % | 61.5 |
| | (1.8 | ) | pts | 58.7 |
| % | 2.8 |
| pts |
| Underwriting expense ratio | | 33.2 |
| | 34.4 |
| | (1.2 | ) | | 35.3 |
| | (0.9 | ) | | | 33.8 |
| | 33.2 |
| | 0.6 |
| | 34.4 |
| | (1.2 | ) | |
| Dividends to policyholders ratio | | 0.3 |
| | 0.2 |
| | 0.1 |
| | 0.2 |
| | — |
| | | 0.2 |
| | 0.3 |
| | (0.1 | ) | | 0.2 |
| | 0.1 |
| |
| Combined ratio | | 95.0 |
| | 93.3 |
| | 1.7 |
| | 92.9 |
| | 0.4 |
| | | 93.7 |
| | 95.0 |
| | (1.3 | ) | | 93.3 |
| | 1.7 |
| |
Our 20182019 results continuecontinued to reflect our efforts to: (i) achieve meaningful overall renewal pure price increases at levels(3.6%) that are at or exceedwere in line with expected claim cost inflation;loss trend; (ii) generate new business; and (iii) improve the underlying profitability of our business through various underwriting and claims initiatives. OurWe continue to execute on our strategy for disciplined NPW growth, of 6%with 7% growth in 2018 and 20172019 compared to the same prior year periods,2018. The growth in 2019 was primarily due to strong retention and new business growth, mainly in our Standard Commercial Lines. Our growth in 2019 was aided by the net appointment of about 11080 retail agents, in both 2018 and 2017, excluding agency consolidations. Included in these net appointments were 52 agents appointed in our new states of Arizona, New Hampshire, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah, which contributed $25.7 million to our new business in 2018.
Loss and Loss Expenses
The loss and loss expense ratio increased 2.8decreased 1.8 points in 2018 and 1.3 points in 20172019, compared to the same prior year periods,period, driven by the following:
| | | ($ in millions) | Non-Catastrophe Property Losses | | Catastrophe Losses | | | Non-Catastrophe Property Loss and Loss Expenses | | Catastrophe Losses | | |
| For the year ended December 31, | Loss Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Total Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | (Favorable)/Unfavorable Change in Ratio | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Total Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | (Favorable)/Unfavorable Change in Ratio |
| 2019 | | $ | 410.5 |
| | 15.8 |
| pts | $ | 81.0 |
| | 3.1 |
| pts | 18.9 |
| (1.3 | ) |
| 2018 | $ | 361.5 |
| | 14.8 |
| pts | $ | 88.0 |
| | 3.6 |
| pts | 18.4 |
| 2.2 |
| 405.6 |
| | 16.6 |
| | 88.0 |
| | 3.6 |
| | 20.2 |
| 2.1 |
|
| 2017 | 303.7 |
| | 13.3 |
| | 67.3 |
| | 2.9 |
| | 16.2 |
| 0.4 |
| |
| 2016 | 279.2 |
| | 13.0 |
| | 59.7 |
| | 2.8 |
| | 15.8 |
| (0.5 | ) | |
| | | ($ in millions) | Favorable Prior Year Casualty Reserve Development | | | Favorable Prior Year Casualty Reserve Development | | |
| For the year ended December 31, | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | (Favorable)/Unfavorable Change in Ratio | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | (Favorable)/Unfavorable Change in Ratio |
| 2019 | | (61.0 | ) | | (2.3 | ) | pts | (0.6 | ) |
| 2018 | (41.5 | ) | | (1.7 | ) | pts | 0.4 |
| (41.5 | ) | | (1.7 | ) | | 0.4 |
|
| 2017 | (48.6 | ) | | (2.1 | ) | | 1.1 |
| |
| 2016 | (69.0 | ) | | (3.2 | ) | | 0.2 |
| |
Details of the prior year casualty reserve development were as follows: | | | (Favorable)/Unfavorable Prior Year Casualty Reserve Development | | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| General liability | $ | (9.5 | ) | | (48.3 | ) | | (45.0 | ) | $ | (5.0 | ) | | (9.5 | ) | | (48.3 | ) |
| Commercial automobile | 37.5 |
| | 36.0 |
| | 25.0 |
| 4.0 |
| | 37.5 |
| | 36.0 |
|
| Workers compensation | (83.0 | ) | | (52.3 | ) | | (56.0 | ) | (68.0 | ) | | (83.0 | ) | | (52.3 | ) |
| Businessowners' policies | (3.0 | ) | | — |
| | 0.5 |
| — |
| | (3.0 | ) | | — |
|
| Other | — |
| | (2.0 | ) | | (2.0 | ) | — |
| | — |
| | (2.0 | ) |
| Total Standard Commercial Lines | (58.0 | ) | | (66.6 | ) | | (77.5 | ) | (69.0 | ) | | (58.0 | ) | | (66.6 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Homeowners | 1.5 |
| | 1.0 |
| | 1.5 |
| — |
| | 1.5 |
| | 1.0 |
|
| Personal automobile | 3.0 |
| | 7.0 |
| | 1.0 |
| 6.0 |
| | 3.0 |
| | 7.0 |
|
| Total Standard Personal Lines | 4.5 |
| | 8.0 |
| | 2.5 |
| 6.0 |
| | 4.5 |
| | 8.0 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| E&S | 12.0 |
| | 10.0 |
| | 6.0 |
| 2.0 |
| | 12.0 |
| | 10.0 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Total (favorable) prior year casualty reserve development | $ | (41.5 | ) | | (48.6 | ) | | (69.0 | ) | $ | (61.0 | ) | | (41.5 | ) | | (48.6 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (Favorable) impact on loss ratio | (1.7 | ) | pts | (2.1 | ) | | (3.2 | ) | (2.3 | ) | pts | (1.7 | ) | | (2.1 | ) |
As illustrated in the table above, we have seen the most significant favorable prior year casualty reserve development in our
workers compensation and general liability lines of business and the most significant unfavorable prior year casualty reserve
development in our commercial automobile and E&S lines of business. The following provides some qualitative discussion
around the actions we have taken regarding these lines of business:
Workers Compensation
We continue to execute on various claims process enhancements and underwriting initiatives to improve our profitability on this line. During 2018, we experienced renewal pure price decreases of 0.2% in a market place that is demonstrating significant pricing pressure. Our workers compensation book of business, which represents approximately 16% of our Standard Commercial Lines business, continues to benefit from: (i) claims initiatives, such as reducing workers compensation medical costs through more favorable Preferred Provider Organization ("PPO") contracts and greater PPO penetration; and (ii) better outcomes driven by our workers compensation strategic case management unit, which handles claims with high exposure and/or significant escalation risk. In addition, this line has benefited in recent years from lower than anticipated medical inflation that has led to lower severity trends. Favorable prior year casualty reserve development in 2018 amounted to $83.0 million for the year, reflecting lower than expected severities in accident years 2017 and prior. For a full discussion of the claims initiatives we have deployed, refer to the “Reserves for Loss and Loss Expense” section within Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates in Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."
Commercial Automobile
Our commercial automobile line of business has been unprofitable for the past three years and remains a significant area of focus for us. Loss severities and frequencies have remained elevated, resulting in upward adjustments for the prior and current accident year casualty reserves. We have been taking a number of steps to address profitability in this line, including renewal pure price increases that averaged 7.3% in 2018, 6.7% in 2017, and 4.9% in 2016. We also continue to take a more conservative underwriting and pricing stance on higher hazard classes, resulting in a shift of business mix towards lower and medium hazard accounts. Longer-term, we also expect the introduction of Selective® Drive to improve the performance of accounts in that program. Our commercial automobile combined ratio was 115.7% for 2018, compared to the full-year expectation of 112% reported by Conning, Inc. On-going industry-wide profitability issues should drive pricing higher for this line of business in 2019.
E&S
Our E&S segment continues to perform below our target level and remains an area of focus for us as we continued to experience unfavorable development on the 2015 and 2016 accident years. We have been taking active steps over the past two years to address profitability in this segment, including implementing meaningful targeted price increases, exiting challenged business segments, and improving claims handling processes. We have begun to see improvement in profitability from these actions and plan to maintain our focus on this front as we have started to see a return to reasonable growth rates. Renewal pure price increases in E&S averaged 4.7% in 2018, with substantially higher price increases in targeted classes. While the relatively small size of the book could lead to some volatility, improved underwriting, pricing and claim outcomes have us on track to achieve our risk-adjusted profitability target for this segment by the end of 2019.
For additional qualitative discussions regarding reserve development, please refer to the insurance segment sections below in
"Results "Results of Operations and Related Information by Segment."
Underwriting Expenses
The increase in the loss and loss expense ratio in 2018 was partially offset by improvement in the underwriting expense ratio of of 1.2 points in 2018. The improvement was primarily driven by:
A 0.5-point decrease in employee-related expenses, reflecting reduced labor expenses associated with productivity gains from the growth of our business, coupled with lower pension and medical benefit costs; and
A 0.3-point decrease in profit-based compensation to our distribution partners, driven by the higher combined ratio, resulting in a reduced level of underwriting income.
The improvement in the underwriting expense ratio of 0.9 points in 2017 compared to 2016 was primarily due to:
A 0.7-point decrease in employee-related expenses, including 0.4 points from labor expenses and 0.3 points from pension expenses; and
A 0.5-point decrease in commissions to our distribution partners in 2017 due to lower supplemental commission
expense, as well as lower base commissions that were driven by targeted actions we took in late 2016 on our
homeowners book of business.
Investments Segment
Net investment income, after tax, grew 13% in 2019 compared to 2018, principally driven by: (i) strong cash flow from operations that was 18% of NPW; (ii) $106 million in net proceeds from our 5.375% Senior Notes issuance on March 1, 2019; and (iii) active portfolio management. Net investment income, after tax, contributed 9.29.1 percentage points to ROE in 20182019, compared to 7.39.2 points in 2017 and 6.7 points in 2016.2018.
The improvements in both periods were driven by: (i) a higher overall level of interest rates in 2018; (ii) active portfolio management; (iii) excellent operating cash flow that was 18% of NPW; (iv) improved alternative investment returns; and (v) in 2018 a lower Federal income tax rate. Our alternative investments generated $14 million in after-tax income in 2018, compared to $8 million in 2017. In addition, after-tax investment income benefited from higher reinvestment yields in 2018, including a 111 basis point increase in the 90-day London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"), which affected our floating rate securities that represented approximately 16% of our fixed income securities portfolio at year-end. The after-tax earned income yield on the portfolio averaged 2.8% during 2018, compared to 2.1% during 2017. After-tax new money yields averaged 2.9% in 2018, and the weighted average after-tax book yield on the fixed income securities portfolio was 3.0% at December 31, 2018. Invested assets per dollar of stockholders' equity was 3.33 at year-end, which was basically flat compared to 2017.
Net realized and unrealized gains and losses can fluctuate when comparingincreased ROE contributions year over year as they containby 0.5 points in 2019, compared to a reduction of 2.3 points in 2018. The improvement of 2.8 points was primarily driven by the sales of securities within our investment portfolio in 2019. In 2019, we sold a significant portion of our public equity securities, generating $24.8 million of realized gains, and losses on disposals that are discretionary ascompared to timing, as well as OTTI charges. Additionally, due to a change in accounting literature that became effective on January 1, 2018, fluctuations in the market valuesales of our equity portfolio are included in this line item. In 2018, this change in literature resulted in after-tax market valuation fluctuations of $29.4 million, or a 1.7-point decrease to ROE. Additionally, in 2018, we had higher trading volume driven by opportunistic sales, with net losses primarily in ourcertain fixed income securities portfolio as we reacted to volatility in the marketplace to increase our risk-adjusted yield.2018 that resulted in losses.
Other
Our interest and corporate expenses,On March 1, 2019, Selective issued 5.375% Senior Notes with an aggregate principal amount of $300 million, the proceeds of which are primarily comprisedwere used, in part, to redeem our 5.875% Senior Notes with an aggregate principal balance of stock compensation expense at the holding company level,$185 million that became callable in 2018. As a result of this redemption, we incurred after-tax debt retirement costs of $3.3 million, which reduced our ROE by 2.20.2 points in 2018, compared to 2.1 points in 2017 and 2.4 points in 2016. The lower corporate tax rate that was introduced with Tax Reform at the end of 2017 masked some of the improvement in the underlying pre-tax corporate expenses of $10.8 million. The decrease in the underlying corporate expenses were attributable to the following savings related to our long-term share based compensation program: (i) increases in our stock price that were of less magnitude than prior year increases; and (ii) structural changes we made to our long-term incentive program in early 2017.2019. These costs have been excluded from non-GAAP operating income.
Outlook
We ended 20182019 with record levels of GAAP equity, holding company cash and invested assets, statutory surplus, and strong financial results, which reflects our capital management and liquidity,disciplined execution within our underwriting and investment functions. In the first quarter of 2019, we feel extremely positive aboutexecuted our financial position. first institutional public debt offering with the issuance of $300 million aggregate principal amount of 5.375% Senior Notes.
For 2019,2020, we have established a non-GAAP operating ROE target of 12%, which is an appropriate return for our shareholders11% based on our current estimated weighted average cost of capital, the current interest rate environment, and property and casualty insurance market conditions. The reduction in our non-GAAP operating ROE target from 12% in 2019, to 11% in 2020, principally reflects a reduction in our weighted average cost of capital and the lower interest rate environment, which has put pressure on investment yields and increased our stockholders' equity.
Looking into 2019,ahead to 2020, there remain a number of areas that require our continued focus to maintain our financial position:
AchievingActively managing the investment portfolio to minimize the impact of lower interest rates on after-tax yields while managing credit, duration, and liquidity risk.
Continuing to achieve written renewal pure price increases that matchmeet or exceed estimatedexpected loss inflation trends.trend.
Delivering on our strategy for continued disciplined growth, which will be driven by the addition of new agents, greater share of wallet in our agents’ offices, and geographic expansion.expansion over the longer term. Our longer-term Standard Commercial Lines target is to attain a 3% market share in the states in which we operate, by appointing partner relationships approximating 25% of their markets and seeking an average share of wallet of 12% across the relationships. This goal represents an additional premium opportunity in excess of $2.3 billion$2.7 billion.
Identifying opportunities to enhance operational efficiencies, including optimizing compensation and commission structures, and evaluating process improvements by better leveraging technologies, automation and robotics, and thereby driving our expense ratio down over time.
In addition to maintaining our strong financial position in 2020 and beyond, we also continue to enhance our pre-expansion state footprint.
| |
• | Continuing to enhance our customer experience strategy including value-added technologies and services such as our “Selective®customer experience strategy, including by offering value-added technologies and services. During 2019, we made a number of enhancements to our self-service and digital service offerings, including (i) our “Selective® Drive” program, which was first introduced to our commercial automobile policyholders in the fourth quarter of 2018. This product assists with logistics management and improved safety by tracking and scoring individual drivers based on certain driving attributes, including phone usage while the vehicle is in motion.
|
Improving profitability in our commercial automobile linepolicyholders through our distribution partners in the fourth quarter of business, personal automobile line2018, (ii) proactive communications of businessproduct recalls, possible loss activity, policy changes, and E&S Lines.risk management activities, (iii) Security Mentor, a product provided to our customers to better understand and manage cybersecurity risks, (iv) technology usage to reduce claim cycle time, such as SWIFTClaim® fast tracking, and (v) other digital self-service capabilities for our customers. Our new marketing tagline, "Be Uniquely Insured," was rolled out in 2019, and speaks to our differentiated value proposition for our customers and distribution partners. Investing in and building out technologies that improve the customer experience journey remains a core focus for us.
Actively managing the investment portfolio to enhance after-tax yields while managing credit, duration, and liquidity risk.
Overall, we remain extremely pleased with our financial and strategic position heading into 2019.2020. We will maintain a steadfast focus on underwriting discipline as we execute on our various strategies to generate profitable growth. The investments we are making today in our franchise distribution model, sophisticated underwriting tools and technology, and overall customer experience in an omni-channel environment, will position us as a leader in the coming years.
Turning to 20192020 expectations, Conning, Inc. is currently forecasting a property and casualty industry combined ratio of 97.8%97.6%, including 44.5 points of catastrophe losses, with a return on equitynon-GAAP operating ROE of 7.6%6.5%. (Source: ©2020 Conning, Inc. Used with permission.)
Our guidance for 20192020 is based on our current view of the marketplace and incorporatesour more significant assumptions, including our pricing and loss trend expectations and estimates, underwriting improvements and claims initiatives, and our expected reinvestment yields, alternative investment income, portfolio asset allocation, and statutory tax rates. For 2020, we expect to generate the following:following results:
A GAAP combined ratio, excluding catastrophe losses, of 92.0%91.5%. This assumes no prior-year casualty reserve development;
Catastrophe losses of 3.5 points;
After-tax net investment income of $175$185 million, which includes $8$14 million after-tax net investment income from our alternative investments;
An overall effective tax rate of approximately 19%19.5%, which also includes an effective tax rate of 18%18.5% for net investment income, reflecting a tax rate of 5.25% for tax-advantaged municipal bonds, and a tax rate of 21% for all other items; and
Weighted average shares outstanding of 6060.5 million on a diluted basis.
Results of Operations and Related Information by Segment
Standard Commercial Lines Segment
| | | | | | | | | | 2018 vs. 2017 | | | | 2017 vs. 2016 | | | | | | | 2019 vs. 2018 | | | | 2018 vs. 2017 | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | | 2016 | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | | 2017 | |
| Insurance Segments Results: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| NPW | | $ | 1,975,683 |
| | 1,858,735 |
| | 6 |
| % | $ | 1,745,782 |
| | 6 |
| % | | $ | 2,137,071 |
| | 1,975,683 |
| | 8 |
| % | $ | 1,858,735 |
| | 6 |
| % |
| NPE | | 1,912,222 |
| | 1,788,499 |
| | 7 |
| | 1,665,483 |
| | 7 |
| | | 2,049,614 |
| | 1,912,222 |
| | 7 |
| | 1,788,499 |
| | 7 |
| |
| Less: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Loss and loss expense incurred | | 1,141,038 |
| | 1,008,150 |
| | 13 |
| | 913,506 |
| | 10 |
| | | 1,187,856 |
| | 1,141,038 |
| | 4 |
| | 1,008,150 |
| | 13 |
| |
| Net underwriting expenses incurred | | 654,097 |
| | 626,201 |
| | 4 |
| | 601,894 |
| | 4 |
| | | 710,648 |
| | 654,097 |
| | 9 |
| | 626,201 |
| | 4 |
| |
| Dividends to policyholders | | 7,983 |
| | 4,634 |
| | 72 |
| | 3,648 |
| | 27 |
| | | 5,120 |
| | 7,983 |
| | (36 | ) | | 4,634 |
| | 72 |
| |
| Underwriting income | | $ | 109,104 |
| | 149,514 |
| | (27 | ) | % | $ | 146,435 |
| | 2 |
| % | | $ | 145,990 |
| | 109,104 |
| | 34 |
| % | $ | 149,514 |
| | (27 | ) | % |
| Combined Ratios: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Loss and loss expense ratio | | 59.7 |
| % | 56.3 |
| | 3.4 |
| pts | 54.8 |
| % | 1.5 |
| pts | | 58.0 |
| % | 59.7 |
| | (1.7 | ) | pts | 56.3 |
| % | 3.4 |
| pts |
| Underwriting expense ratio | | 34.2 |
| | 35.0 |
| | (0.8 | ) | | 36.2 |
| | (1.2 | ) | | | 34.7 |
| | 34.2 |
| | 0.5 |
| | 35.0 |
| | (0.8 | ) | |
| Dividends to policyholders ratio | | 0.4 |
| | 0.3 |
| | 0.1 |
| | 0.2 |
| | 0.1 |
| | | 0.2 |
| | 0.4 |
| | (0.2 | ) | | 0.3 |
| | 0.1 |
| |
| Combined ratio | | 94.3 |
| | 91.6 |
| | 2.7 |
| | 91.2 |
| | 0.4 |
| | | 92.9 |
| | 94.3 |
| | (1.4 | ) | | 91.6 |
| | 2.7 |
| |
For the past three years,NPW growth in this segment of our business has reflected: (i) renewal pure price increases; (ii) new business growth; and (iii) stable retention. Quantitative information on these drivers is as follows: | | | | | For the Year Ended December 31, | | | For the Year Ended December 31, |
| ($ in millions) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | | 2019 | | 2018 |
| Retention | | 83 |
| % | 83 |
| | 83 |
| | | 83 |
| % | 83 |
|
| Renewal pure price increases on NPW | | 3.5 |
| | 2.9 |
| | 2.6 |
| | | 3.4 |
| | 3.5 |
|
| Direct new business | | $ | 381.2 |
| | 368.2 |
| | 357.6 |
| | | $ | 411.2 |
| | 381.2 |
|
IncreasesThe 1.7-point decrease in the loss and loss expense ratio over the three-year period were driven by: (i) higher weather and non-weather related property losses; and (ii) lower favorable prior year casualty reserve development, as displayed in the tables below. In addition, current year loss costs increased by 0.9 points in 2018 and 0.6 points in 2017,2019 compared to 2018 was driven by the same prior year periods. following:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | Non-Catastrophe Property Losses | | Catastrophe Losses | | |
| For the year ended December 31, | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Total Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | (Favorable)/Unfavorable Year-Over-Year Change |
| 2019 | $ | 283.6 |
| | 13.8 |
| pts | $ | 54.2 |
| | 2.6 |
| pts | 16.4 |
| | (1.3 | ) |
| 2018 | 273.9 |
| | 14.3 |
| | 64.3 |
| | 3.4 |
| | 17.7 |
| | 2.5 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | | |
| | | (Favorable) Prior Year Casualty Reserve Development | | | (Favorable)/Unfavorable Year-Over-Year Change |
| For the year ended December 31, | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | |
| 2019 | | $ | (69.0 | ) | | (3.4 | ) | | pts | (0.4 | ) |
| 2018 | | (58.0 | ) | | (3.0 | ) | | | 0.7 |
|
For quantitative information on the prior year development by line of business, see "Financial Highlights of Results for Years Ended December 2019, 2018, 2017, and 2016"2017" above and for qualitative information about the significant drivers of this development, see the line of business discussions below.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | Non-Catastrophe Property Losses | | Catastrophe Losses | | |
| For the year ended December 31, | Losses Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Total Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Unfavorable Year-Over-Year Change |
| 2018 | $ | 245.5 |
| | 12.8 |
| pts | $ | 64.3 |
| | 3.4 |
| pts | 16.2 |
| | 2.5 |
|
| 2017 | 204.9 |
| | 11.5 |
| | 40.0 |
| | 2.2 |
| | 13.7 |
| | 0.6 |
|
| 2016 | 182.4 |
| | 11.0 |
| | 35.0 |
| | 2.1 |
| | 13.1 |
| | 0.8 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | | |
| | | (Favorable) Prior Year Casualty Reserve Development | | | Unfavorable Year-Over-Year Change |
| For the year ended December 31, | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | |
| 2018 | | $ | (58.0 | ) | | (3.0 | ) | | pts | 0.7 |
|
| 2017 | | (66.6 | ) | | (3.7 | ) | | | 1.0 |
|
| 2016 | | (77.5 | ) | | (4.7 | ) | | | 0.6 |
|
Our underwriting expense ratio decreasedincreased by 0.80.5 points in 2018 and 1.2 points in 20172019 compared to the respective prior year periods. These expense improvements were2018, primarily driven by the following:
Decreasesan increase in employee-relatedprofit-based expenses of 0.4 points in 2018to our employees and 0.7 points in 2017, mainly attributable to lower pension, medical benefit, and labor costs;
Decreases in profit-based compensation to our distribution partners of 0.2 points in 2018 and 0.3 points in 2017.partners.
The following is a discussion of our most significant Standard Commercial Lines of business:
| | General Liability | | ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2018
vs. 2017 | | 2016 | | 2017
vs. 2016 | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2019
vs. 2018 | | 2017 | | 2018
vs. 2017 | |
| NPW | | $ | 639,720 |
| | 594,816 |
| | 8 |
| % | $ | 553,579 |
| | 7 |
| % | | $ | 699,262 |
| | 639,720 |
| | 9 |
| % | $ | 594,816 |
| | 8 |
| % |
| Direct new business | | 112,683 |
| | 110,069 |
| | 2 |
| | 105,961 |
| | 4 |
| | | 119,055 |
| | 112,683 |
| | 6 |
| | 110,069 |
| | 2 |
| |
| Retention | | 83 |
| % | 83 |
| | — |
| pts | 83 |
| % | — |
| pts | | 83 |
| % | 83 |
| | — |
| pts | 83 |
| % | — |
| pts |
| Renewal pure price increases | | 2.6 |
| | 2.6 |
| | — |
| | 1.8 |
| | 0.8 |
| | | 2.8 |
| | 2.6 |
| | 0.2 |
| | 2.6 |
| | — |
| |
| NPE | | $ | 616,187 |
| | 569,217 |
| | 8 |
| % | $ | 527,859 |
| | 8 |
| % | | $ | 669,895 |
| | 616,187 |
| | 9 |
| % | $ | 569,217 |
| | 8 |
| % |
| Underwriting income | | 70,268 |
| | 98,229 |
| | (28 | ) | | 79,120 |
| | 24 |
| | | 69,932 |
| | 70,268 |
| | — |
| | 98,229 |
| | (28 | ) | |
| Combined ratio | | 88.6 |
| | 82.7 |
| | 5.9 |
| | 85.0 |
| | (2.3 | ) | | | 89.6 |
| | 88.6 |
| | 1.0 |
| | 82.7 |
| | 5.9 |
| |
| % of total standard commercial NPW | | 32 |
| | 32 |
| | |
| | 32 |
| | |
| | | 33 |
| | 32 |
| | |
| | 32 |
| | |
| |
GrowthNPW growth in 2019 compared to 2018 and 2017 premium was primarily due to direct new business as outlined in the table above, coupled with strong retention and renewal pure price increases.
The combined ratio increased by 1.0 points in 2018 by 5.9 points,2019, driven principally by lower favorable prior year casualty reserve development compared to 2017, which increased the combined ratio by 7.0 points. This was partially offset by a lower underwriting expense ratio of 1.0 point, primarily attributable to the aforementioned items discussed in the overall Commercial Lines segment above.
The combined ratio decreased in 2017 compared to 2016 by 2.3 points driven by: (i) a decrease in supplemental commission to our distribution partners of 0.4 points; (ii) a decrease in pension expense of 0.3 points; and (iii) a decrease in current year loss costs of approximately 0.4 points.
The favorable prior year casualty reserve development for each year is 2018, asoutlined in the table below.
| | | ($ in millions) | | (Favorable)/Unfavorable Prior Year Casualty Reserve Development | | (Favorable)/Unfavorable Year-Over-Year Change | | (Favorable)/Unfavorable Prior Year Casualty Reserve Development | | Unfavorable Year-Over-Year Change |
| For the year ended December 31, | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | |
| 2019 | | | $ | (5.0 | ) | | (0.7 | ) | | pts | 0.8 |
|
| 2018 | | $ | (9.5 | ) | | (1.5 | ) | | pts | 7.0 |
| | (9.5 | ) | | (1.5 | ) | | 7.0 |
|
| 2017 | | (48.3 | ) | | (8.5 | ) | | — |
| |
| 2016 | | (45.0 | ) | | (8.5 | ) | | | 2.1 |
| |
TheWhile the impact of the favorable prior year casualty reserve development on this line in 2019 was as follows:
2018:relatively minor, in 2018 we had 1.5 points attributable to lower than expected loss adjustment expenses in accident years 2013 through 2017, partially offset by higher than expected loss emergence in accident years 2016 and 2017.
2017: 8.5 points attributableWhile this line experienced continued favorable prior year casualty reserve development in 2019, it is also exposed to decreases in accident years 2016the impacts of certain unfavorable recent trends, including social inflation and prior, driven by lower than expected frequenciesstate laws enacted that extend the statute of limitations or open windows for previously time-barred actions. As these trends evolve, we continue to adjust our underwriting, pricing, and severities.claims handling practices to better manage the risks these exposures present.
2016: 8.5 points attributable to accident years 2008 through 2013 and 2015. This was primarily driven by lower than anticipated claims severities.
| | Commercial Automobile | | | | | | | | 2018 vs. 2017 | | | | 2017 vs. 2016 | | | | | | | 2019 vs. 2018 | | | | 2018 vs. 2017 | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | |
| NPW | | $ | 518,942 |
| | 465,621 |
| | 11 |
| % | $ | 422,013 |
| | 10 |
| % | | $ | 590,011 |
| | 518,942 |
| | 14 |
| % | $ | 465,621 |
| | 11 |
| % |
| Direct new business | | 94,442 |
| | 78,869 |
| | 20 |
| | 77,255 |
| | 2 |
| | | 102,956 |
| | 94,442 |
| | 9 |
| | 78,869 |
| | 20 |
| |
| Retention | | 83 |
| % | 84 |
| | (1 | ) | pts | 84 |
| % | — |
| pts | | 83 |
| % | 83 |
| | — |
| pts | 84 |
| % | (1 | ) | pts |
| Renewal pure price increases | | 7.3 |
| | 6.7 |
| | 0.6 |
| | 4.9 |
| | 1.8 |
| | | 7.5 |
| | 7.3 |
| | 0.2 |
| | 6.7 |
| | 0.6 |
| |
| NPE | | $ | 493,093 |
| | 442,818 |
| | 11 |
| % | $ | 398,942 |
| | 11 |
| % | | $ | 554,256 |
| | 493,093 |
| | 12 |
| % | $ | 442,818 |
| | 11 |
| % |
| Underwriting loss | | (77,403 | ) | | (65,267 | ) | | (19 | ) | | (43,163 | ) | | (51 | ) | | | (43,797 | ) | | (77,403 | ) | | 43 |
| | (65,267 | ) | | (19 | ) | |
| Combined ratio | | 115.7 |
| | 114.7 |
| | 1.0 |
| | 110.8 |
| | 3.9 |
| | | 107.9 |
| | 115.7 |
| | (7.8 | ) | | 114.7 |
| | 1.0 |
| |
| % of total standard commercial NPW | | 26 |
| | 25 |
| | |
| | 24 |
| | |
| | | 28 |
| | 26 |
| | |
| | 25 |
| | |
| |
ForThe increases in NPW shown in the past three years, growth in this line of business has reflectedtable above reflect renewal pure price increases on this line, coupled with an increase in
new business as we continue to write commercial automobile policies as part of our overall customer accounts. The growth in
NPW of 14% in 2019 compared to 2018 reflects an 8% growth in vehicle counts and strong retention.
a 7.5% renewal pure price increase, reflecting our efforts to improve profitability on this line by actively implementing price increases in recent years.
The increases7.8-point decrease in the combined ratio of 1.0 points in 20182019 compared to 2017, and 3.9 points in 2017 compared to 2016, were2018 was primarily driven by the items in the tables below, as well as increases in current year loss costs of 3.0 points in 2018 and 4.4 points in 2017 compared to the prior years. These items were partially offset by mix improvement of the underlying coverages within this line that reduced our loss estimates by 1.1 points in 2018 and 0.9 points in 2017, coupled with decreases in the underwriting expense ratio of 0.8 points in 2018 and 1.3 points in 2017, the drivers of which are consistent with those discussed in overall Standard Commercial Lines above.below.
| | | ($ in millions) | Non-Catastrophe Property Losses | | Catastrophe Losses | | | Non-Catastrophe Property Losses | | Catastrophe Losses | | |
| For the year ended December 31, | Losses Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Total Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Unfavorable/(Favorable) Year-Over-Year Change | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Total Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | (Favorable)/Unfavorable Year-Over-Year Change |
| 2019 | | $ | 100.8 |
| | 18.2 |
| pts | $ | 2.1 |
| | 0.4 |
| pts | 18.6 |
| | (0.3 | ) |
| 2018 | $ | 84.3 |
| | 17.1 |
| pts | $ | 2.9 |
| | 0.6 |
| pts | 17.7 |
| | 1.2 |
| 90.1 |
| | 18.3 |
| | 2.9 |
| | 0.6 |
| | 18.9 |
| | 0.8 |
|
| 2017 | 71.3 |
| | 16.1 |
| | 1.8 |
| | 0.4 |
| | 16.5 |
| | 0.1 |
| |
| 2016 | 64.4 |
| | 16.1 |
| | 1.3 |
| | 0.3 |
| | 16.4 |
| | 1.0 |
| |
| | | ($ in millions) | | (Favorable)/Unfavorable Prior Year Casualty Reserve Development | | (Favorable)/Unfavorable Year-Over-Year Change | | (Favorable)/Unfavorable Prior Year Casualty Reserve Development | | (Favorable) Year-Over-Year Change |
| For the year ended December 31, | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | |
| 2019 | | | $ | 4.0 |
| | 0.7 |
| | pts | (6.9 | ) |
| 2018 | | $ | 37.5 |
| | 7.6 |
| | pts | (0.5 | ) | | 37.5 |
| | 7.6 |
| | (0.5 | ) |
| 2017 | | 36.0 |
| | 8.1 |
| | 1.8 |
| |
| 2016 | | 25.0 |
| | 6.3 |
| | | 5.5 |
| |
PriorWhile the prior year casualty reserve development in 2019 was as follows:
2018: Unfavorablerelatively minor, in 2018 we had unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development of 7.6 points, which was driven primarily by higher than expectedincreases in frequencies and severities in accident years 2015 through 2017.
2017: Unfavorable developmentThis line of 8.1 points, which was driven primarily by: (i)business remains an area of focus for both us and the industry, as profitability challenges continue to generate
combined ratios that are higher than expected frequenciesour risk-adjusted targeted combined ratio. To address profitability in this line, we have been actively implementing price increases, which averaged 7.5% in 2019. In addition to price increases, we have also been actively managing our new and severities in accident years 2015 and 2016; and (ii) higher than expected severities in accident years 2012renewal business, which we expect will have a positive impact on profitability through 2014.business mix improvement.
2016: Unfavorable development of 6.3 points, which was driven primarily by bodily injury liability for accident years 2014 and 2015. The unfavorable development in accident year 2014 was driven by higher than expected severity, whereas accident year 2015 was driven by higher than expected frequency and severity.
| | Workers Compensation | | | | | | | | 2018
vs. 2017 | | | | 2017
vs. 2016 | | | | | | | 2019
vs. 2018 | | | | 2018
vs. 2017 | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | |
| NPW | | $ | 316,647 |
| | 323,263 |
| | (2 | ) | % | $ | 319,807 |
| | 1 |
| % | | $ | 309,322 |
| | 316,647 |
| | (2 | ) | % | $ | 323,263 |
| | (2 | ) | % |
| Direct new business | | 60,089 |
| | 66,616 |
| | (10 | ) | | 67,102 |
| | (1 | ) | | | 60,139 |
| | 60,089 |
| | — |
| | 66,616 |
| | (10 | ) | |
| Retention | | 84 |
| % | 84 |
| | — |
| pts | 84 |
| % | — |
| pts | | 84 |
| % | 84 |
| | — |
| pts | 84 |
| % | — |
| pts |
| Renewal pure price (decreases) increases | | (0.2 | ) | | — |
| | (0.2 | ) | | 1.2 |
| | (1.2 | ) | | | (2.8 | ) | | (0.2 | ) | | (2.6 | ) | | — |
| | (0.2 | ) | |
| NPE | | $ | 317,616 |
| | 317,982 |
| | — |
| % | $ | 308,233 |
| | 3 |
| % | | $ | 311,370 |
| | 317,616 |
| | (2 | ) | % | $ | 317,982 |
| | — |
| % |
| Underwriting income | | 94,395 |
| | 61,693 |
| | 53 |
| | 56,118 |
| | 10 |
| | | 80,630 |
| | 94,395 |
| | (15 | ) | | 61,693 |
| | 53 |
| |
| Combined ratio | | 70.3 |
| | 80.6 |
| | (10.3 | ) | | 81.8 |
| | (1.2 | ) | | | 74.1 |
| | 70.3 |
| | 3.8 |
| | 80.6 |
| | (10.3 | ) | |
| % of total standard commercial NPW | | 16 |
| | 17 |
| | |
| | 18 |
| | | | | 14 |
| | 16 |
| | |
| | 17 |
| | | |
NPW decreased slightly in 2019 compared to 2018, driven by renewal pure price decreases, partially offset by an increase in policy counts and stable retention as shown in the table above.
The 10.3 point improvement3.8-point increase in the combined ratio in 20182019 compared to 20172018 was primarily attributable to higherlower favorable prior year reserve development of 9.74.3 points. ThisThe favorable reserve development for both periods was due to continued favorable medical severity trends impacting accident years 2017 and prior. Because ofDue to the length of time that injured workers receive medical treatment, decreases in medical inflation can cause favorable loss development across an extended number of accident years. In addition, the underwriting expense ratio improved by 0.7 points, consistent with the improvement in overall Standard Commercial Lines discussed above.
The 2017 combined ratio decrease compared to 2016 was attributable to the loss and loss expense ratio, which decreased 0.9 points in 2017, driven by lower current year loss costs, partially offset by lower favorable prior year development. Additionally, the expense ratio improved by 1.2 points, consistent with the improvement in overall Standard Commercial Lines discussed above.
The favorable prior year casualty reserve development for each year is outlined in the table below.
| | | ($ in millions) | | | | |
| | | (Favorable) Prior Year Casualty Reserve Development | | (Favorable)/Unfavorable Year-Over-Year Change | | (Favorable) Prior Year Casualty Reserve Development | | Unfavorable/ (Favorable) Year-Over-Year Change |
| For the year ended December 31, | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | |
| 2019 | | | $ | (68.0 | ) | | (21.8 | ) | | pts | 4.3 |
|
| 2018 | | $ | (83.0 | ) | | (26.1 | ) | | pts | (9.7 | ) | | (83.0 | ) | | (26.1 | ) | | (9.7 | ) |
| 2017 | | (52.3 | ) | | (16.4 | ) | | 1.8 |
| |
| 2016 | | (56.0 | ) | | (18.2 | ) | | | (5.4 | ) | |
While reported profitability on this line remains strong due to favorable emergence on prior year reserves, current accident year
margins do not support the continued negative pricing levels that are being set by the National Council on Compensation
In 2018,
Insurance and independent state rating bureaus. A reduction or reversal in the trend of favorable development resulted from an improvement in medical severity trends from accident years 2017frequencies and prior.severities has
the potential to significantly increase this line's combined ratio, which we are monitoring closely.
| | Commercial Property | | | | | | | | 2018 vs. 2017 | | | | 2017 vs. 2016 | | | | | | | 2019 vs. 2018 | | | | 2018 vs. 2017 | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | |
| NPW | | $ | 342,027 |
| | 322,343 |
| | 6 |
| % | $ | 308,140 |
| | 5 |
| % | | $ | 373,809 |
| | 342,027 |
| | 9 |
| % | $ | 322,343 |
| | 6 |
| % |
| Direct new business | | 76,391 |
| | 73,951 |
| | 3 |
| | 74,901 |
| | (1 | ) | | | 88,527 |
| | 76,391 |
| | 16 |
| | 73,951 |
| | 3 |
| |
| Retention | | 82 |
| % | 82 |
| | — |
| pts | 82 |
| % | — |
| pts | | 82 |
| % | 82 |
| | — |
| pts | 82 |
| % | — |
| pts |
| Renewal pure price increases | | 3.1 |
| | 1.7 |
| | 1.4 |
| | 2.4 |
| | (0.7 | ) | | | 3.3 |
| | 3.1 |
| | 0.2 |
| | 1.7 |
| | 1.4 |
| |
| NPE | | $ | 329,660 |
| | 311,932 |
| | 6 |
| % | $ | 293,438 |
| | 6 |
| % | | $ | 353,834 |
| | 329,660 |
| | 7 |
| % | $ | 311,932 |
| | 6 |
| % |
| Underwriting (loss) income | | (3,211 | ) | | 31,976 |
| | (110 | ) | | 42,270 |
| | (24 | ) | | |
| Underwriting income (loss) | | | 21,639 |
| | (3,211 | ) | | 774 |
| | 31,976 |
| | (110 | ) | |
| Combined ratio | | 101.0 |
| | 89.7 |
| | 11.3 |
| | 85.6 |
| | 4.1 |
| | | 93.9 |
| | 101.0 |
| | (7.1 | ) | | 89.7 |
| | 11.3 |
| |
| % of total standard commercial NPW | | 17 |
| | 17 |
| | |
| | 18 |
| | |
| | | 17 |
| | 17 |
| | |
| | 17 |
| | |
| |
The combined ratio increasesNPW growth in this line in 2019 compared to 2018 was primarily due to direct new business as outlined in the table above, werecoupled with strong retention and renewal pure price increases.
The 7.1-point decrease in the combined ratio in 2019 compared to 2018 was driven by lower weather and non-weather related property losses, as shown in the table below. The increasedhigher non-catastrophe property losses in 2018 were principally related to the January deep freeze in our footprint states, coupled with the relatively large number of fire losses during the year and continued increases in non-catastrophe loss severities. HigherThe higher catastrophe losses in 2018 includeincluded the impact of two hurricanes, Hurricane Florence and Hurricane Michael, and severe winter storms including Grayson and Riley that impacted our footprint states.
Quantitative information regarding property losses is as follows:
| | | ($ in millions) | Non-Catastrophe Property Losses | | Catastrophe Losses | | | | Unfavorable/(Favorable) Year-Over-Year Change | Non-Catastrophe Property Losses | | Catastrophe Losses | | | | (Favorable)/Unfavorable Year-Over-Year Change |
| For the year ended December 31, | Losses Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Total Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Total Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | |
| 2019 | | $ | 149.7 |
| | 42.3 | pts | $ | 44.9 |
| | 12.7 | pts | 55.0 |
| | (7.5 | ) |
| 2018 | $ | 136.7 |
| | 41.5 | pts | $ | 51.7 |
| | 15.7 | pts | 57.2 |
| | 11.1 |
| 154.3 |
| | 46.8 | | 51.7 |
| | 15.7 | | 62.5 |
| | 11.1 |
|
| 2017 | 109.5 |
| | 35.1 | | 34.2 |
| | 11.0 | | 46.1 |
| | 5.3 |
| |
| 2016 | 95.9 |
| | 32.7 | | 23.7 |
| | 8.1 | | 40.8 |
| | 2.1 |
| |
Standard Personal Lines Segment
| | | | | | | | | 2018 vs. 2017 | | | | 2017 vs. 2016 | | | | | | | 2019 vs. 2018 | | | | 2018 vs. 2017 | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | |
| Insurance Segments Results: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| NPW | | $ | 309,277 |
| | 296,775 |
| | 4 |
| % | $ | 281,822 |
| | 5 |
| % | | $ | 304,592 |
| | 309,277 |
| | (2 | ) | % | $ | 296,775 |
| | 4 |
| % |
| NPE | | 304,441 |
| | 289,701 |
| | 5 |
| | 280,607 |
| | 3 |
| | | 307,739 |
| | 304,441 |
| | 1 |
| | 289,701 |
| | 5 |
| |
| Less: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Loss and loss expense incurred | | 206,752 |
| | 189,294 |
| | 9 |
| | 177,749 |
| | 6 |
| | | 211,300 |
| | 206,752 |
| | 2 |
| | 189,294 |
| | 9 |
| |
| Net underwriting expenses incurred | | 84,925 |
| | 89,303 |
| | (5 | ) | | 90,439 |
| | (1 | ) | | | 88,179 |
| | 84,925 |
| | 4 |
| | 89,303 |
| | (5 | ) | |
| Underwriting income | | $ | 12,764 |
| | 11,104 |
| | 15 |
| % | $ | 12,419 |
| | (11 | ) | % | | $ | 8,260 |
| | 12,764 |
| | (35 | ) | % | $ | 11,104 |
| | 15 |
| % |
| Combined Ratios: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Loss and loss expense ratio | | 67.9 |
| % | 65.4 |
| | 2.5 |
| pts | 63.3 |
| % | 2.1 |
| pts | | 68.6 |
| % | 67.9 |
| | 0.7 |
| pts | 65.4 |
| % | 2.5 |
| pts |
| Underwriting expense ratio | | 27.9 |
| | 30.8 |
| | (2.9 | ) | | 32.3 |
| | (1.5 | ) | | | 28.7 |
| | 27.9 |
| | 0.8 |
| | 30.8 |
| | (2.9 | ) | |
| Combined ratio | | 95.8 |
| | 96.2 |
| | (0.4 | ) | | 95.6 |
| | 0.6 |
| | | 97.3 |
| | 95.8 |
| | 1.5 |
| | 96.2 |
| | (0.4 | ) | |
NPW declined in 2019 compared to 2018, reflecting the impact of a decrease in direct new business as a result of a competitive marketplace. Retention decreased in 2019 compared to 2018, as we continue to achieve renewal pure price increases on our personal automobile line of business in excess of loss trends, while the industry has seen softening in rate activity. Additionally, the deteriorating competitive position on our automobile business has led to lower new homeowners business, as we typically write policies at the account level, which include both automobile and homeowners coverage.
The increases in NPW reflected in the table above were driven by the following:
| | | ($ in millions) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | | 2019 | | 2018 |
| Retention | | 84 |
| % | 84 |
| | 82 |
| | | 83 |
| % | 84 |
|
| Renewal pure price increases on NPW | | 3.8 |
| | 3.0 |
| | 4.8 |
| | | 5.0 |
| | 3.8 |
|
| Direct new business premiums | | $ | 51.5 |
| | 50.9 |
| | 39.7 |
| | | $ | 40.7 |
| | 51.5 |
|
The loss and loss expense ratio increased 2.50.7 points in 20182019 compared to 2017, and 2.1 points in 2017 compared to 2016,2018, the primary drivesdrivers of which were as follows:
| | | ($ in millions) | Non-Catastrophe Property Losses | | Catastrophe Losses | | | Non-Catastrophe Property Losses | | Catastrophe Losses | | |
| For the year ended December 31, | Losses Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Total Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Unfavorable/(Favorable) Year-Over-Year Change | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Total Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Unfavorable Year-Over-Year Change |
| 2019 | | $ | 104.7 |
| | 34.0 |
| pts | $ | 21.1 |
| | 6.8 |
| pts | 40.8 |
| | 0.5 |
|
| 2018 | $ | 91.5 |
| | 30.1 |
| pts | $ | 17.5 |
| | 5.7 |
| pts | 35.8 |
| | 3.9 |
| 105.3 |
| | 34.6 |
| | 17.5 |
| | 5.7 |
| | 40.3 |
| | 3.6 |
|
| 2017 | 76.2 |
| | 26.3 |
| | 16.1 |
| | 5.6 |
| | 31.9 |
| | — |
| |
| 2016 | 71.2 |
| | 25.4 |
| | 18.2 |
| | 6.5 |
| | 31.9 |
| | (5.9 | ) | |
| | | ($ in millions) | | | | |
| | | (Favorable)/Unfavorable Prior Year Casualty Reserve Development | | (Favorable)/Unfavorable Year-Over-Year Change | | (Favorable)/Unfavorable Prior Year Casualty Reserve Development | | Unfavorable/ (Favorable) Year-Over-Year Change |
| For the year ended December 31, | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | |
| 2019 | | | $ | 6.0 |
| | 1.9 |
| | pts | 0.4 |
|
| 2018 | | $ | 4.5 |
| | 1.5 |
| | pts | (1.3 | ) | | 4.5 |
| | 1.5 |
| | (1.3 | ) |
| 2017 | | 8.0 |
| | 2.8 |
| | 1.9 |
| |
| 2016 | | 2.5 |
| | 0.9 |
| | | 1.6 |
| |
The unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development in all threeboth years primarily related to our personal automobile book of business.
The underwriting expense ratio decreased 2.9increased 0.8 points in 20182019 compared to 2017, reflecting: (i) a reduction2018, reflecting an increase in costs of 1.1 points associated with the internally developed software platform used in this segment of our business, which was fully amortized in the fourth quarter of 2017; (ii) a reduction in employee-relatedprofit-based expenses of 0.9 points; (iii) a reduction in profit-based
commission of 0.3 points; and (iv) a reduction in the cost of insurance scoring and motor vehicle reports used in the underwriting process of 0.3 points.
The underwriting expense ratio decreased 1.5 points in 2017 compared to 2016 reflecting: (i) targeted actions taken on our homeowners book of business that drove a 0.7 point decrease in direct commissions for this segment; (ii) a decrease in supplemental commissions to our employees and distribution partners, of 0.2 points; and (iii) a reduction in pension expense of 0.3 points.driven by our strong overall insurance segments' underwriting results.
E&S Lines Segment
| | | ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2018
vs. 2017 | | 2016 | | 2017
vs. 2016 | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2019
vs. 2018 | | 2017 | | 2018
vs. 2017 | |
| Insurance Segments Results: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | | |
| NPW | | $ | 229,326 |
| | 215,131 |
| | 7 |
| % | $ | 209,684 |
| | 3 |
| % | | $ | 237,761 |
| | 229,326 |
| | 4 |
| % | $ | 215,131 |
| | 7 |
| % |
| NPE | | 219,566 |
| | 212,827 |
| | 3 |
| | 203,482 |
| | 5 |
| | | 239,818 |
| | 219,566 |
| | 9 |
| | 212,827 |
| | 3 |
| |
| Less: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | | |
| Loss and loss expense incurred | | 150,344 |
| | 147,630 |
| | 2 |
| | 143,542 |
| | 3 |
| | | 152,335 |
| | 150,344 |
| | 1 |
| | 147,630 |
| | 2 |
| |
| Net underwriting expenses incurred | | 69,917 |
| | 71,479 |
| | (2 | ) | | 66,861 |
| | 7 |
| | | 77,740 |
| | 69,917 |
| | 11 |
| | 71,479 |
| | (2 | ) | |
| Underwriting loss | | $ | (695 | ) | | (6,282 | ) | | 89 |
| % | $ | (6,921 | ) | | 9 |
| % | |
| Underwriting income (loss) | | | $ | 9,743 |
| | (695 | ) | | 1,502 |
| % | $ | (6,282 | ) | | 89 |
| % |
| Combined Ratios: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | | |
| Loss and loss expense ratio | | 68.5 |
| % | 69.4 |
| | (0.9 | ) | pts | 70.5 |
| % | (1.1 | ) | pts | | 63.5 |
| % | 68.5 |
| | (5.0 | ) | pts | 69.4 |
| % | (0.9 | ) | pts |
| Underwriting expense ratio | | 31.8 |
| | 33.6 |
| | (1.8 | ) | | 32.9 |
| | 0.7 |
| | | 32.4 |
| | 31.8 |
| | 0.6 |
| | 33.6 |
| | (1.8 | ) | |
| Combined ratio | | 100.3 |
| | 103.0 |
| | (2.7 | ) | | 103.4 |
| | (0.4 | ) | | | 95.9 |
| | 100.3 |
| | (4.4 | ) | | 103.0 |
| | (2.7 | ) | |
While this segment experienced increasedOver the past two-year period, we have taken steps to exit certain underperforming classes of E&S Lines business that had produced volatile results in the past, while entering into a new distribution relationship in April 2018. The decision to exit certain underperforming classes negatively impacted our NPW growth in 2018,2019, but we continueexpect it to address profitability through targeted price increases, business mix shifts, and improvedhelp improve our underwriting standards and claims handling processes. We have sacrificed growth during 2017 and the first half of 2018 as we addressed underwriting profitability and exited some unprofitable classes. We have begun to see improvement in profitability from these actions and plan to maintain our focus on this front as we have started to see a return to reasonable growth rates.results. Renewal pure price increases in E&S Lines averaged 4.7%4.0% in 2018,2019, with substantially higher price increases in targeted classes. While the relatively small size of the book could lead to some volatility, improved underwriting, pricing, and claim outcomes have kept us on track to achieve our risk-adjusted profitability target for this segment by the end of 2019.segment.
Quantitative information is as follows:
| | | ($ in millions) | | 2018 | | 2017 | 2016 | | 2019 | | 2018 |
Overall renewal price increases1 | | 4.7 |
| % | 5.0 |
| 6.1 |
| |
| Overall renewal price increases | | | 4.0 |
| % | 4.7 |
|
| Direct new business premiums | | $ | 98.0 |
| | 90.5 |
| 100.0 |
| | $ | 96.8 |
| | 98.0 |
|
1The E&S casualty renewal price increases were 5.0%, 7.5%, and 9.1% in 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.
The loss and loss expense ratio improvement in 20182019 compared to 2017 is2018 was primarily attributable to a decrease in catastropheproperty losses and lower unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development. These were partially offset by increasesan increase in current year loss costs of 2.3 points.
Quantitative information regarding our property losses and prior year casualty reserve development are as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | Non-Catastrophe Property Losses | | Catastrophe Losses | | |
| For the year ended December 31, | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Total Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | (Favorable) Year-Over-Year Change |
| 2019 | $ | 22.2 |
| | 9.3 |
| pts | $ | 5.7 |
| | 2.4 |
| pts | 11.7 |
| | (3.1 | ) |
| 2018 | 26.4 |
| | 12.0 |
| | 6.2 |
| | 2.8 |
| | 14.8 |
| | (2.7 | ) |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | | Unfavorable Prior Year Casualty Reserve Development | | | (Favorable)/ Unfavorable Year-Over-Year Change |
| For the year ended December 31, | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | |
| 2019 | | $ | 2.0 |
| | 0.8 |
| | pts | (4.7 | ) |
| 2018 | | 12.0 |
| | 5.5 |
| | | 0.8 |
|
The unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development and non-catastrophe property losses.
The loss and loss expense ratio improvement in 2017 compared to 2016 is primarily attributable to a decrease in current year loss costs reflecting our underwriting and claims improvement initiatives, including generating earned rate that is sufficient to outpace loss costs.
Quantitative information pertaining to our property losses and prior year development are as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | Non-Catastrophe Property Losses | | Catastrophe Losses | | |
| For the year ended December 31, | Losses Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | Total Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | (Favorable)/Unfavorable Year-Over-Year Change |
| 2018 | $ | 24.5 |
| | 11.2 |
| pts | $ | 6.2 |
| | 2.8 |
| pts | 14.0 |
| | (1.9 | ) |
| 2017 | 22.6 |
| | 10.6 |
| | 11.2 |
| | 5.3 |
| | 15.9 |
| | 0.1 |
|
| 2016 | 25.6 |
| | 12.6 |
| | 6.5 |
| | 3.2 |
| | 15.8 |
| | 0.2 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | | Unfavorable Prior Year Casualty Reserve Development | | | Unfavorable/(Favorable) Year-Over-Year Change |
| For the year ended December 31, | | Loss and Loss Expense Incurred | | Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio | | |
| 2018 | | $ | 12.0 |
| | 5.5 |
| | pts | 0.8 |
|
| 2017 | | 10.0 |
| | 4.7 |
| | | 1.8 |
|
| 2016 | | 6.0 |
| | 2.9 |
| | | (6.4 | ) |
Unfavorablefor 2019 was relatively minor. In 2018, we had unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development for 2018that was driven by higher than expected frequencies and severities in accident years 2015 and 2016. Unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development for 2017 was driven by increases in claims severities in accident years 2014 and 2015.
The underwriting expense ratio improvement in 2018 compared to 2017 was primarily due to: (i) a decrease in labor-related expenses of 1.0 points; and (ii) a decrease in profit-based compensation to our distribution partners of 0.7 points. The0.6-point increase in the underwriting expense ratio in 20172019 compared to 20162018 was primarily due to a 0.8-pointan increase in the allocation of corporate servicesprofit-based compensation to this segment in 2017.our distribution partners.
Reinsurance
We use reinsurance to protect our capital resources and insure us against losses on property and casualty risks that we underwrite. We use two main reinsurance vehicles: (i) a reinsurance pooling agreement among our Insurance Subsidiaries through which each company agrees to share in premiums and losses based on certain specified percentages; and (ii) reinsurance contracts and arrangements with third parties that cover various policies that we issue to our customers.
Reinsurance Pooling Agreement
The primary purposes of the reinsurance pooling agreement among our Insurance Subsidiaries are the following:
Pool or share proportionately the underwriting profit and loss results of property and casualty insurance underwriting operations through reinsurance;
Prevent any of our Insurance Subsidiaries from suffering undue loss;
Reduce administration expenses; and
Permit all of the Insurance Subsidiaries to obtain a uniform rating from A.M. Best.Best Company ("A.M. Best").
The following illustrates the pooling percentages by Insurance Subsidiary as of December 31, 2018:2019:
|
| | |
| Insurance Subsidiary | | Pooling Percentage |
| Selective Insurance Company of America ("SICA") | | 32.0% |
| Selective Way Insurance Company ("SWIC") | | 21.0% |
| Selective Insurance Company of South Carolina ("SICSC") | | 9.0% |
| Selective Insurance Company of the Southeast ("SICSE") | | 7.0% |
| Selective Insurance Company of New York ("SICNY") | | 7.0% |
| Selective Casualty Insurance Company ("SCIC") | | 7.0% |
| Selective Auto Insurance Company of New Jersey ("SAICNJ") | | 6.0% |
| Mesa Underwriters Specialty Insurance Company ("MUSIC") | | 5.0% |
| Selective Insurance Company of New England ("SICNE") | | 3.0% |
| Selective Fire and Casualty Insurance Company ("SFCIC") | | 3.0% |
Reinsurance Treaties and Arrangements
By entering into reinsurance treaties and arrangements, we are able to increase our underwriting capacity and accept larger individual risks and a larger aggregation of risks without directly increasing our capital or surplus. Our reinsurance program principally consists of traditional reinsurance. Under our reinsurance treaties, the reinsurer generally assumes a portion of the losses we cede to them in exchange for a portion of the premium. Amounts not reinsured below an attachment point are known as retention. Reinsurance does not legally discharge us from liability under the terms and limits of our policies, but it does make our reinsurer liable to us for the amount of liability we cede to them. In addition, our reinsurers often rely on their own reinsurance programs, or retrocession, as part of managing their exposure to large losses. Given the relatively small size of the
global reinsurance community, the inability of our reinsurers to collect on their retrocession program may impair their ability to pay us for the amounts we cede to them. Accordingly, we have direct and indirect counterparty credit risk from our reinsurers. We attempt to mitigate this credit risk by: (i) pursuing relationships with reinsurers rated “A-” or higher by A.M. Best; and/or (ii) obtaining collateral to secure reinsurance obligations. Some of our reinsurance contracts include provisions that permit us to terminate or commute the reinsurance treaty if the reinsurer's financial condition or rating deteriorates or otherwise require our reinsurers to post collateral. We monitor the financial condition of our reinsurers and we review the quality of reinsurance recoverables and reserves for uncollectible reinsurance. For additional information regarding our counterparty credit risk with our reinsurers, see Note 8. "Reinsurance" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of this Form 10-K.
We have reinsurance contracts that separately cover our property and casualty insurance business. AvailableOur reinsurance protection can be segregated into the following key categories:
| |
| • | Property Reinsurance - includes our property excess of loss treaties purchased for protection against large individual property losses and our property catastrophe treaties purchased to provide protection for the overall property portfolio against severe catastrophic events. Facultative reinsurance is primarily used for property risks that are in excess of our treaty capacity. |
| |
| • | Casualty Reinsurance - purchased to provide protection for both individual large casualty losses and catastrophic casualty losses involving multiple claimants or customers. Facultative reinsurance may also be used for casualty risks that are in excess of our treaty capacity. |
Property Reinsurance - includes our property excess of loss treaties purchased for protection against large individual property losses and our property catastrophe treaties purchased to provide protection for the overall property portfolio against severe catastrophic events. Facultative reinsurance is used for property risks that are in excess of our treaty capacity.
| |
| • | Terrorism Reinsurance - in addition to protection built into our property and casualty reinsurance treaties, terrorism protection is available as a federal backstop related to terrorism losses as provided under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (“TRIPRA”). For further information regarding this legislation, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” of this Form 10-K. |
| |
| • | Flood Reinsurance - as a servicing carrier in the WYO, we receive a fee for writing flood business, for which the related premiums and losses are 100% ceded to the federal government. |
Casualty Reinsurance - purchased to provide protection for both individual large casualty losses and catastrophic casualty losses involving multiple claimants or customers. Facultative reinsurance is also used for casualty risks that are in excess of our treaty capacity.
Terrorism Reinsurance - in addition to protection built into our property and casualty reinsurance treaties, terrorism protection is available as a federal backstop related to terrorism losses as provided under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (“TRIPRA”). For further information regarding this legislation, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” of this Form 10-K.
Flood Reinsurance - as a servicing carrier in the WYO, we receive a fee for writing flood business, for which the related premiums and losses are 100% ceded to the federal government.
In addition to the above categories, as part of the acquisition of MUSIC in December 2011, we entered into several reinsurance agreements with Montpelier Re Insurance Ltd., which subsequently merged into Endurance Specialty Insurance Ltd in December 2015.2015 and purchased by Sompo Holdings Inc. in March 2017. Together, these agreements provide protection for losses on policies written prior to the acquisition and any development on reserves established by MUSIC as of the date of acquisition. The reinsurance recoverables under these treaties are collateralized.
Property Reinsurance
The property catastrophe treaty, which covers both our standard market and E&S business, was renewed effective January 2019.2020. We also renewed the separate catastrophe treaty of $35 million in excess of $5 million that covers events outside of our original 22-state footprint, in support of our growing E&S property book and geographic expansion into Arizona, New Hampshire, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico. Both treaties were renewed with substantially the same terms as the expiring treaty.treaties. Overall catastrophe ceded premium for 20192020 increased modestly primarily due to increases in reinsurer participation.expected underlying property premium. On a risk-adjusted basis, however, the expiring layers saw a reductionmodest rate increases, in rate.line with market conditions for loss-free accounts sharing our geographic footprint.
As our need for catastrophe reinsurance increases, weWe seek ways to minimize credit risk inherent in a reinsurance transaction by dealingtransacting with highly-rated reinsurance partners and purchasing collateralized reinsurance products, particularly for high severity,high-severity, low-probability events. The current reinsurance program includes $242 million in collateralized limit, primarily in the top layer of the catastrophe program.
We continue to assess our property catastrophe exposure aggregations, modeled results, and effects of growth on our property portfolio, and strive to manage our exposure to individual large events balanced against the cost of reinsurance protections.
Although we model various catastrophic perils, due to our geographic spread, the risk of hurricane continues to be the most significant natural catastrophe peril to which our portfolio is exposed. Below is a summary of the largest five actual hurricane losses that we experienced in the past 25 years:
| | | ($ in millions) | | Actual Gross Loss | | Net Loss2 | | Accident Year | | Actual Gross Loss | | Net Loss2 | | Accident Year |
| Hurricane Name | | |
| Superstorm Sandy | | 125.5 1 | | 45.6 | | 2012 | | 125.5 1 | | 45.6 | | 2012 |
| Hurricane Irene | | 44.9 | | 40.2 | | 2011 | | 44.9 | | 40.2 | | 2011 |
| Hurricane Hugo | | 26.4 | | 3.0 | | 1989 | | 26.4 | | 3.0 | | 1989 |
| Hurricane Isabel | | 25.1 | | 15.7 | | 2003 | | 25.1 | | 15.7 | | 2003 |
| Hurricane Florence | | 16.7 | | 16.7 | | 2018 | | 15.7 1 | | 13.8 | | 2018 |
1This amount represents reported and unreported gross losses estimated as of December 31, 2018.2019.
2Net loss does not include reinstatement premiums, taxes, or flood claims handling fees.
We use the results of the Risk Management Solutionsa third-party vendor model and AIR Worldwide modelsproprietary analysis in our review of exposure to hurricane risk. Each of these third party vendors provide two views of the modeled results as follows: (i)The third-party vendor model provides a long-term view that closely relates modeled event frequency to historical hurricane activity;activity and (ii) a medium-term view that adjusts historical frequenciesis adjusted to reflect expectationsassumptions for certain un-modeled costs, such as the impact of hurricane activity in the near future.loss expenses, residual market assessments, and automobile-related losses. We believe that modeled estimates provide a range of potential outcomes and we review multiple estimates for purposes of understanding our catastrophic risk. The following table provides modeled hurricane results based on a blended view of the four models for the Insurance Subsidiaries' combined property book as of July 2018:
| | | Occurrence Exceedence Probability | | Four-Model Blend | | Modeled Losses |
| ($ in thousands) | | Gross Losses1 | | Net Losses2 | | Net Losses as a Percent of Equity3 | | Gross Losses1 | | Net Losses2 | | Net Losses as a Percent of Equity3 | |
| 4.0% (1 in 25 year event) | | $147,275 | | 34,328 | | 2% | | $173,267 | | 29,276 | | 1 | % |
| 2.0% (1 in 50 year event) | | 263,861 | | 36,980 | | 2 | | 289,049 | | 30,336 | | 1 | |
| 1.0% (1 in 100 year event) | | 454,874 | | 43,478 | | 2 | | 464,576 | | 35,318 | | 2 | |
| 0.67% (1 in 150 year event) | | 611,398 | | 50,769 | | 3 | | 643,902 | | 52,087 | | 2 | |
| 0.5% (1 in 200 year event) | | 727,506 | | 58,026 | | 3 | | 747,583 | | 56,675 | | 3 | |
| 0.4% (1 in 250 year event) | | 815,992 | | 94,044 | | 5 | | 841,970 | | 103,698 | | 5 | |
| 0.2% (1 in 500 year event) | | 1,215,882 | | 402,226 | | 22 | | 1,227,158 | | 399,605 | | 18 | |
1IncludeGross losses include secondary uncertainty, demand and storm surge, and assumptions for certain un-modeled costs, such as the impact of loss expenses, residual market assessments, and automobile-related losses, which collectively increase our gross losses by an estimatedapproximately 13%.
2LossesNet losses are after a 21% Federal income tax benefit and include applicableafter-tax losses net of catastrophe reinsurance including reinstatement premiums.
3Equity as of December 31, 2018.2019.
Our current catastrophe reinsurance program exhausts at approximately 1 in 225217 year return period, or events with 0.4%0.5% probability, based on a multi-model view of hurricane risk. Our actual gross and net losses incurred from U.S. landfalling hurricanes will vary, perhaps materially, from our estimated modeled losses.
The property excess of loss treaty, which covers both our standard market and E&S business, was renewed on July 1, 20182019 with the top layer renewed on January 1, 2019.2020. The major terms of these treaties are consistent with the prior year.
The following is a summary of our property reinsurance treaties and arrangements covering our Insurance Subsidiaries:
|
| | | | |
| PROPERTY REINSURANCE ON INSURANCE PRODUCTS |
| Treaty Name | | Reinsurance Coverage | | Terrorism Coverage |
Property Catastrophe Excess of Loss
(covers all insurance operations) | | $735 million above $40 million retention treaty that responds on per occurrence basis in four layers: | | All nuclear, biological, chemical, and radioactive ("NBCR") losses are excluded regardless of whether or not they are certified under TRIPRA. Non-NBCR losses are covered to the same extent as non-terrorism losses. Please see Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” of this Form 10-K for discussion regarding TRIPRA. |
| | - 82% of losses in excess of $40 million up to
$100 million; | |
| | - 97% of losses in excess of $100 million up to
$225 million; | |
| | - 97% of losses in excess of $225 million up to
$475 million; and | |
| | - 90% of losses in excess of $475 million up
to $775 million. | |
| |
| |
| | - The treaty provides one reinstatement in each of the first three layers and no reinstatement in the fourth layer. The annual aggregate limit is $1.1 billion, net of the Insurance Subsidiaries' co-participation. | |
| | In addition, our $35 million above $5 million retention treaty that responds on per occurrence basis covers 85% of losses outside of our standard lines original 22-state footprint and has an annual aggregate limit of $30 million, net of the Insurance Subsidiaries' co-participation. This layer was purchased primarily to protect the growth of our E&S property book but also provides coverage for our Standard Lines expansion states. | |
Property Excess of Loss
(covers all insurance operations) | | $58 million above $2 million retention covering 100% in three layers. Losses other than TRIPRA certified losses are subject to the following reinstatements and annual aggregate limits: | | All NBCR losses are excluded regardless of whether or not they are certified under TRIPRA. For non-NBCR losses, the treaty distinguishes between acts committed on behalf of foreign persons or foreign interests ("Foreign Terrorism") and those that are not. The treaty provides annual aggregate limits for Foreign Terrorism (other than NBCR) acts of $24 million for the first layer and $60 million for the second layer and for the third layer approximately $35 million in annual aggregate limits.$40 million. Non-foreign terrorism losses (other than NBCR) are covered to the same extent as non-terrorism losses. |
- $8 million in excess of $2 million layer
provides unlimited reinstatements; |
- $30 million in excess of $10 million layer
provides three reinstatements, $120 million in
aggregate limits; and |
| | - $20 million in excess of $40 million layer
provides approximately $75three reinstatements, $80 million in aggregate
limits. | |
| Flood | | 100% reinsurance by the federal government’s WYO. | | None |
Casualty Reinsurance
The casualty excess of loss treaty, which covers both our standard market and E&S Lines business, was renewed on July 1, 20182019 and is effective through June 30, 2019,2020, with substantially the same terms as the expiring treaty.
The following is a summary of our casualty reinsurance treaties and arrangements covering our Insurance Subsidiaries: |
| | | | |
| CASUALTY REINSURANCE ON INSURANCE PRODUCTS |
| Treaty Name | | Reinsurance Coverage | | Terrorism Coverage |
Casualty Excess of Loss
(covers all insurance operations) | | There are six layers covering 100% of $88 million in excess of $2 million. Losses other than terrorism losses are subject to the following reinstatements and annual aggregate limits:following: | | All NBCR losses are excluded. All other losses stemming from the acts of terrorism are subject to the following reinstatements and annual aggregate limits:following: |
| | - $3 million in excess of $2 million layer
with $78
provides 27 reinstatements, $84 million annual aggregate
limit;
| | - $3 million in excess of $2 million layer with
$15 million net annual terrorism aggregate limit;
|
| | - $7 million in excess of $5 million layer
with $35
provides five reinstatements, $42 million annual aggregate
limit;
| | - $7 million in excess of $5 million layer with
$28 million net annual terrorism aggregate limit;
|
| | - $9 million in excess of $12 million layer
with $27
provides three reinstatements; $36 million annual
aggregate limit;
| | - $9 million in excess of $12 million layer with
$27 million net annual terrorism aggregate limit;
|
| | - $9 million in excess of $21 million layer
with
provides one reinstatement, $18 million annual aggregate
limit;
| | - $9 million in excess of $21 million layer with
$18 million net annual terrorism aggregate limit;
|
| | - $20 million in excess of $30 million layer
with
provides one reinstatement, $40 million annual aggregate
limit; and
| | - $20 million in excess of $30 million layer with
$40 million net annual terrorism aggregate limit; and
|
| | - $40 million in excess of $50 million layer
with
provides one reinstatement, $80 million annual aggregate
limit.
| | - $40 million in excess of $50 million layer with
$80 million net annual terrorism aggregate limit.
|
| | | | | |
Endurance Specialty Quota Share and Loss Development Cover
(covers E&S Lines) | | As part of the acquisition of MUSIC, we entered into several reinsurance agreements that together provide protection for losses on policies written prior to the acquisition and any development on reserves established by MUSIC as of the date of acquisition. The reinsurance recoverables under these treaties are 100% collateralized. Montpelier Re was acquired by Endurance Specialty on December 29, 2015. On March 28, 2017, Endurance Specialty was acquired by SOMPO Holdings, Inc. | | Provides full terrorism coverage including NBCR. |
We have other reinsurance treaties, that we do not consider core to our reinsurance program, such as our (i) Surety and Fidelity Excess of Loss Reinsurance Treaty, (ii) National Workers Compensation Reinsurance Pool Quota Share, which covers business assumed from the involuntary workers compensation pool, our(iii) Equipment Breakdown Coverage Reinsurance Treaty, (iv) Multi-line Quota Share, which covers additional personal lines coverages, and (iv) Cyber Liability Quota Share, which covers our Data Compromise Reinsurance Treaty.CyCurity® product.
We regularly reevaluateevaluate our overall reinsurance program and try to develop effective ways to manage the transfer of risk. Our analysis is based on a comprehensive process that includes periodic analysis of modeling results, review of our own loss experience, aggregation of exposures, exposure growth, diversification of risks, limits written, projected reinsurance costs, financial strength of reinsurers, and projected impact on earnings, equity, and statutory surplus. We strive to balance sometimes opposing considerations of reinsurer credit quality, price, terms, and our appetite for retaining a certain level of risk.
Investments Segment
The primary objective of the investment portfolio is to maximize after-tax net investment income and the overall total return of the portfolio, while maintaining a high credit quality core fixed income securities portfolio and managing our duration risk profile. The effective duration of the fixed income securities portfolio, including short-term investments, was 3.6 years as of December 31, 2018 was 3.8 years,2019, compared to the Insurance Subsidiaries’ liability duration of approximately 3.6 years. The effective duration of the fixed income securities portfolio, including short-term investments, is monitored and managed to maximize yield while managing interest rate risk at an acceptable level. We maintain a well-diversified portfolio across sectors, with credit quality and maturities that affords usprovide ample liquidity. Purchases and sales are made with the intent of maximizing investment returns in the current market environment while balancing capital preservation. Over time, we may seek to increase or decrease the duration and overall credit quality of the portfolio based on market conditions.
Our investment philosophy includes certain return and risk objectives for the fixed income, equity, and other investment portfolios. After-tax yield and income generation are key drivers to our investment strategy, which we believe will be obtained through active management of the portfolio.
Total Invested Assets
| | | ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | Change | | 2019 | | 2018 | | Change |
| Total invested assets | | $ | 5,960,651 |
| | 5,685,179 |
| | 5 | % | | $ | 6,688,654 |
| | 5,960,651 |
| | 12 | % |
| Invested assets per dollar of stockholders' equity | | 3.33 |
| | 3.32 |
| | 0.3 |
| | 3.05 |
| | 3.33 |
| | (8.4 | ) |
Unrealized gain – before tax1 | | 11,916 |
| | 124,679 |
| | (90 | ) | | 216,564 |
| | 11,916 |
| | 1,717 |
|
Unrealized gain – after tax1 | | 9,414 |
| | 80,575 |
| | (88 | ) | | 171,085 |
| | 9,414 |
| | 1,717 |
|
1Includes unrealized gain on fixed income securities and equity securities.
The 12% increase in invested assets at December 31, 20182019 compared to December 31, 20172018 was driven by (i) operating cash flow that was 18% of $455NPW; (ii) pre-tax net unrealized gains in our fixed income and equity securities portfolios of $205 million, of which approximately $60 million was useddue to fund shareholder dividends and capital expenditures in the aggregate. The remaining operating cash flow was partially offset by a reduction in interest rates and tightening corporate credit spreads; and (iii) net proceeds of $106 million from the issuance of our 5.375% Senior Notes. Despite the 12% growth in invested assets in 2019, our GAAP equity increased by 22% in 2019 due to strong profitability and the after-tax impact of net unrealized gains on our investment portfolio, primarily driven by the impact of rising interest rates onin our fixed income securities portfolio, duringwhich led to the reduction in invested assets per dollar of stockholders' equity to $3.05 at December 31, 2019 from $3.33 at December 31, 2018.
OurAt December 31, 2019, our fixed income securities and short-term investment portfolio in the aggregate, represented 95%96% of our total invested assets, compared to 95% at December 31, 2018, consistent with last year. In the aggregate, these2018. These portfolios maintained a weighted average credit rating of "AA-"AA-" as of both December 31, 2019 and 2018, with 97% and 2017, with 98% and 97% of the securities within the portfolio being investment grade quality, respectively. The sector composition and credit quality of our major asset categories within our fixed income securities portfolio did not significantly change from December 31, 2018. Additionally, as of December 31, 2019, approximately 19% of our fixed income securities portfolio was comprised of investment securities that have a non-fixed base interest rate. Included in this 19% is a 12% allocation to floating rate securities that are primarily tied to the U.S. dollar-denominated London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR").
For further details on the composition, credit quality, and the various risks to which our portfolio is subject, see Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.” of this Form 10-K.
Unrealized/Unrecognized Losses
HTM fixed income securities were in an unrealized/unrecognized loss position of $0.2 million at December 31, 2018. AFS fixed income securities that were in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2018 by contractual maturity are shown below. Mortgage-backed securities ("MBS") are included in the maturity tables using the estimated average life of each security. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Contractual Maturities | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | | | | | |
| AFS fixed income securities: | | Amortized Cost | | Fair Value | | Unrealized Loss |
| One year or less | | $ | 142,988 |
| | 142,368 |
| | (620 | ) |
| Due after one year through five years | | 1,197,396 |
| | 1,182,423 |
| | (14,973 | ) |
| Due after five years through ten years | | 1,021,110 |
| | 998,637 |
| | (22,473 | ) |
| Due after ten years | | 101,180 |
| | 94,179 |
| | (7,001 | ) |
| Total | | $ | 2,462,674 |
| | 2,417,607 |
| | (45,067 | ) |
We have reviewed securities in an unrealized/unrecognized loss position in accordance with our OTTI policy as discussed in Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of this Form 10-K. For qualitative information regarding our conclusions as to why these impairments are deemed temporary, see Note 5. “Investments” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of this Form 10-K.
Net Investment Income
The components of net investment income earned were as follows:
| | | ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2018
vs. 2017 | | 2016 | | 2017
vs. 2016 | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2019
vs. 2018 | | 2017 | | 2018
vs. 2017 | |
| Fixed income securities | | $ | 178,104 |
| | 153,230 |
| | 16 |
| % | 129,306 |
| | 19 |
| % | | $ | 203,255 |
| | 178,104 |
| | 14 |
| % | 153,230 |
| | 16 |
| % |
| Equity securities | | 7,764 |
| | 6,442 |
| | 21 |
| | 7,368 |
| | (13 | ) | | | 6,996 |
| | 7,764 |
| | (10 | ) | | 6,442 |
| | 21 |
| |
| Short-term investments | | 3,472 |
| | 1,526 |
| | 128 |
| | 686 |
| | 122 |
| | | 6,653 |
| | 3,472 |
| | 92 |
| | 1,526 |
| | 128 |
| |
| Other investments | | 17,799 |
| | 12,871 |
| | 38 |
| | 2,940 |
| | 338 |
| | | 18,778 |
| | 17,799 |
| | 6 |
| | 12,871 |
| | 38 |
| |
| Investment expenses | | (11,803 | ) | | (12,187 | ) | | 3 |
| | (9,546 | ) | | (28 | ) | | | (13,139 | ) | | (11,803 | ) | | (11 | ) | | (12,187 | ) | | 3 |
| |
| Net investment income earned – before tax | | 195,336 |
| | 161,882 |
| | 21 |
| | 130,754 |
| | 24 |
| | | 222,543 |
| | 195,336 |
| | 14 |
| | 161,882 |
| | 21 |
| |
| Net investment income tax expense | | 34,855 |
| | 43,362 |
| | (20 | ) | | 32,349 |
| | 34 |
| | | 41,382 |
| | 34,855 |
| | 19 |
| | 43,362 |
| | (20 | ) | |
| Net investment income earned – after tax | | $ | 160,481 |
| | 118,520 |
| | 35 |
| | 98,405 |
| | 20 |
| | | $ | 181,161 |
| | 160,481 |
| | 13 |
| | 118,520 |
| | 35 |
| |
| Effective tax rate | | 17.8 | % | | 26.8 |
| | (9.0 | ) | pts | 24.7 |
| | 2.1 |
| pts | | 18.6 | % | | 17.8 |
| | 0.8 |
| pts | 26.8 |
| | (9.0 | ) | pts |
| Annual after-tax yield on fixed income securities | | 2.8 |
| | 2.2 |
| | 0.6 |
| | 2.0 |
| | 0.2 |
| | | 2.9 |
| | 2.8 |
| | 0.1 |
| | 2.2 |
| | 0.6 |
| |
| Annual after-tax yield on investment portfolio | | 2.8 |
| | 2.1 |
| | 0.7 |
| | 1.9 |
| | 0.2 |
| | | 2.9 |
| | 2.8 |
| | 0.1 |
| | 2.1 |
| | 0.7 |
| |
Pre-tax net investment income increased $33.5 millionThe increase in 2018 compared to 2017, driven primarily by our fixed income securities portfolio, which benefited from improved new money reinvestment yields and repositioning of investment grade securities as a result of active investment management principally in our core fixed income securities portfolio. In addition, with approximately 16% of our fixed income securities portfolio invested in floating rate securities that reset based principally on the 90-day LIBOR, we have benefited from the 111-point rise in LIBOR during 2018. Strong returns on our alternative investments within our other investments portfolio also contributed to the higher pre-tax net investment income this yearof $27.2 million in 2019 compared to last.
In 2017, pre-tax net investment income increased $31.1 million compared to 2016, driven by higher yields on our core fixed income securities portfolio, coupled with a higher asset base from operating cash flows that were 16% of NPW. In addition, our alternative income portfolio generated higher returns in 2017 compared to 2016.
On an after-tax basis, the reduction in the effective tax rate in 2018, compared to 2017 was driven by Tax Reform, which among other items, lowered the statutory corporate tax rate to 21%primarily by: (i) cash flow from 35%. See the "Federal Income Taxes" discussion below for additional information regarding the impactoperations that was 18% of this legislation. In 2017 compared to 2016, the effective tax rate increased approximately 200 basis points, which was driven by a modest increase inNPW; (ii) $106 million of net proceeds from our allocation to taxable investment classes coupled with higher returns5.375% Senior Notes issuance on our alternative investment portfolio.March 1, 2019; and (iii) active portfolio management.
Realized and Unrealized Gains and Losses
Our general philosophy for sales of securities is to reduce our exposure to securities and sectors based on economic evaluations
and when the fundamentals for that security or sector have deteriorated, or to opportunistically trade out of securities to other
securities with better economic return characteristics. Net realized (losses)and unrealized gains and losses for the indicated periods were as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Net realized (losses) gains, excluding OTTI | | $ | (18,975 | ) | | 11,204 |
| | 3,562 |
|
| OTTI | | (6,579 | ) | | (4,845 | ) | | (8,499 | ) |
| Unrealized losses recognized in income on equity securities | | (29,369 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Total net realized (losses) gains | | $ | (54,923 | ) | | 6,359 |
| | (4,937 | ) |
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Net realized gains (losses), excluding OTTI | | $ | 26,715 |
| | (18,975 | ) | | 11,204 |
|
| Unrealized losses recognized in income on equity securities | | (8,649 | ) | | (29,369 | ) | | — |
|
| OTTI charges | | (3,644 | ) | | (6,579 | ) | | (4,845 | ) |
| Total net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | | $ | 14,422 |
| | (54,923 | ) | | 6,359 |
|
NetThe $69.3 million improvement in net realized losses were significantly higherand unrealized gains in 2019 compared to 2018 than in the prior years, as reflected in the table above,was primarily driven by the following:
A changesales of securities within our investment portfolio in accounting guidance that became effective on January 1, 2018 requiring that the fluctuation in the market value2019. In 2019, we sold a significant portion of our public equity securities, be recognized in earnings. These unrealized losses amountedgenerating $24.8 million of realized gains, compared to $29.4 million in 2018. For additional information regarding this change in accounting, see Note 3. "Adoptionsales of Accounting Pronouncements in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of this Form 10-K.
A higher trading volume driven by opportunistic sales, with net losses primarily in ourcertain fixed income securities portfolio as we reacted to volatility in the marketplace to increase our risk-adjusted yield.2018 that resulted in losses.
Net realized losses in 2017 were driven by a higher trading volume in our fixed income securities portfolio related to a more active external investment management approach compared to 2016 and opportunistic sales in our equity portfolio.
For additional information regarding our realized gains and losses, as well as our OTTI methodology, see Note 2. “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and Note 5. "Investments" in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of this Form 10-K.
Federal Income Taxes
The following table provides information regarding federal income taxes.
| | | ($ in millions) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Federal income tax expense | | $ | 32.8 |
| | 93.1 |
| | 61.5 |
| | $ | 64.8 |
| | 32.8 |
| | 93.1 |
|
Exclude: Tax Reform impact 1 | | — |
| | 20.2 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 20.2 |
|
| Federal income tax expense, excluding Tax Reform impact | | 32.8 |
| | 72.9 |
| | 61.5 |
| | 64.8 |
| | 32.8 |
| | 72.9 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Statutory Tax Rate | | 21.0 | % | | 35.0 |
| | 35.0 |
| | 21.0 | % | | 21.0 |
| | 35.0 |
|
| Effective tax rate | | 15.5 | % | | 35.6 |
| | 27.9 |
| | 19.3 | % | | 15.5 |
| | 35.6 |
|
| Effective tax rate without Tax Reform impact | | 15.5 |
| | 27.8 |
| | 27.9 |
| | 19.3 |
| | 15.5 |
| | 27.8 |
|
1Represents the deferred tax write off that was recognized in 2017 in relation to Tax Reform.
On December 22, 2017, Tax Reform was signed into law, which among other provisions, has reduced our statutory corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% beginning with our 2018 tax year. We revalued our deferred tax inventory as of December 31, 2017, which resulted in a $20.2 million charge to federal income tax expense as our net deferred tax assets have become less valuable given the decrease in the tax rate.
In general, our effective tax rate differs from the statutory tax rate primarily because of tax-advantaged interest and dividend income, as well as the impact of excess tax benefits on our stock-based compensation awards.awards, and executive compensation. Additionally, in 2018 we recognized tax rate benefits of approximately $3.8 million driven by capital losses that were carried back to prior tax years andthat were taxed at the 35% statutory tax rate. See Note 13. “Federal Income Taxes” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of this Form 10-K for further information regarding the following: (i) the implementation of Tax Reform; (ii) a reconciliation of our effective tax rate to the statutory rate of 21%; and (iii) details regarding our net deferred tax assets.
Financial Condition, Liquidity, and Capital Resources
Capital resources and liquidity reflect our ability to generate cash flows from business operations, borrow funds at competitive rates, and raise new capital to meet operating and growth needs.
Liquidity
We manage liquidity with a focus on generating sufficient cash flows to meet the short-term and long-term cash requirements of our business operations. Our cash and short-term investment position of $324 million at December 31, 2018 was comprised of $36 millionWe maintain liquidity at the Parent and $288 million at the Insurance Subsidiaries. Short-termparent primarily through (i) short-term investments that are generally maintained in "AAA"“AAA” rated money market funds approved by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners ("NAIC"(“NAIC”). The Parent maintains an investment portfolio containing, (ii) high-quality, highly-liquid government and corporate fixed income securities. This portfolio amounted to $110 million at December 31, 2018, compared to $90 million at December 31, 2017.securities; and (iii) a cash balance. In total, we had $146 million ofthe aggregate, cash and investments at the Parent at December 31, 2018 comparedamounted to $114$278 million at December 31, 2017. We expect2019 and $146 million at December 31, 2018.
The increase in 2019 was primarily due to continue to modestly increase the $106 million in net proceeds from our 5.375% Senior Notes offering on March 1, 2019, and increased dividends from our Insurance Subsidiaries.
The level of cash and invested assetsliquidity at the Parent over time, although there will be fluctuations in these cash and invested asset balances,may fluctuate based on various factors, including the amount and availability of dividends from our Insurance Subsidiaries, investment income, expenses, and other liquidity needs of the Parent.Parent, and asset allocation investment decisions. Our target is to maintain the cash and liquidity at the Parent toof at least two years of its expected annual needs, which is currently estimated at approximately $160 million.
Sources of Liquidity
Sources of cash for the Parent have historically consisted of dividends from the Insurance Subsidiaries, the investment portfolio discussed above, borrowings under lines of credit and loan agreements with certain Insurance Subsidiaries, and the issuance of stockequity and debt securities. We continue to monitor these sources, giving consideration to our long-term liquidity and capital preservation strategies.
Insurance Subsidiary Dividends
The Insurance Subsidiaries paid $100$110 million in dividends to the Parent in 2018.2019. As of December 31, 2018,2019, our allowable ordinary maximum dividend is $210$267 million for 2019.2020. Any dividends to the Parent are subject to the approval and/or review of the insurance regulators in the respective Insurance Subsidiaries' domiciliary states and are generally payable only from earned surplus as reported in the statutory annual statements of those subsidiaries as of the preceding December 31. Although past dividends have historically been met with regulatory approval, there is no assurance that future dividends that may be declared will be approved.
In addition to regulatory restrictions on the availability of dividends that our Insurance Subsidiaries can pay to the Parent, the maximum amount of dividends the Parent can pay our shareholders is limited by certain New Jersey corporate law provisions that limit dividends if either: (i) the Parent would be unable to pay its debts as they became due in the usual course of business; or (ii) the Parent’s total assets would be less than its total liabilities. The Parent’s ability to pay dividends to shareholders also are impacted by covenants in its LineCredit Agreement (the "Line of Credit agreementCredit") that obligate it, among other things, to maintain a minimum consolidated net worth statutory surplus, and debt-to-capital ratio.maximum ratio of consolidated debt to total capitalization.
For additional information regarding dividend restrictions, refer to Note 19.20. “Statutory Financial Information, Capital Requirements, and Restrictions on Dividends and Transfers of Funds” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of this Form 10-K and for additional details regarding financial covenants in the Line of Credit, see Note 10. “Indebtedness” in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of this Form 10-K.
The Insurance Subsidiaries generate liquidity through insurance float, which is created by collecting premiums and earning investment income before lossesclaims are paid. The period of the float can extend over many years. Our investment portfolio consists of maturity dates that continually provide a source of cash flow for claims payments in the ordinary course of business. As protection for the capital resources at the Insurance Subsidiaries, we purchase reinsurance coverage for any significantly large claims or catastrophes that may occur during the year.
Line of Credit
The Parent's lineOn December 20, 2019, the Parent entered into a Line of credit with Wells FargoCredit among the Parent, the lenders named therein (the “Lenders”), and the Bank National Association,of Montreal, Chicago Branch, as administrative agent, and Branch Banking and Trust Company (BB&T) (referredAdministrative Agent. Under the Line of Credit, the Lenders have agreed to as our "Line of Credit"), was renewed effective December 1, 2015provide the Parent with a borrowing capacity of $30$50 million revolving credit facility, which can be increased to $50$125 million with the approvalconsent of both lending partners. Thisthe Lenders. The Line of Credit expireswill mature on December 1, 202020, 2022 and has an interest rate, which varies and is based on, among other factors, the Parent'sParent’s debt ratings. This agreement replaced a prior credit agreement that the Parent terminated in conjunction with entering into the Line of Credit.
For additional information regarding the Line of Credit agreement and correspondingthe representations, warranties, and covenants contained in such agreement, and the prior credit agreement, refer to Note 10. “Indebtedness” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of this Form 10-K.
Several of our Insurance Subsidiaries are members of certain branches of the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB"), which provides those subsidiaries with additional access to short-term and/or long-term liquidity. Membership is as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | | |
| Branch | Insurance Subsidiary Member |
| Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis ("FHLBI") | SICSC1 |
SICSE1 |
| Federal Home Loan Bank of New York ("FHLBNY") | SICA |
| SICNY |
1These subsidiaries are jointly referred to as the "Indiana Subsidiaries" as they are domiciled in Indiana.
|
The Line of Credit permits aggregate borrowings from the FHLBI and the FHLBNY up to 10% of the respective member company’s admitted assets for the previous year. Additionally, as SICNY is domiciled in New York, this company's borrowings from the FHLBNY are limited to the lower of 5% of admitted assets for the most recently completed fiscal quarter or 10% of admitted assets for the previous year end.
All borrowings from both the FHLBI and the FHLBNY are required to be secured by investments pledged as collateral. For additional information regarding collateral outstanding, refer to Note 5. "Investments" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of this Form 10-K.
The following table provides information on the remaining capacity for Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB")FHLB borrowings based on these restrictions, as well as the amount of additional FHLB stock that would need to be purchased to allow these member companies to borrow their remaining capacity:
| | | ($ in millions) | Admitted Assets | | Borrowing Limitation | | Amount Borrowed | | Remaining Capacity | | Additional FHLB Stock Requirements | Admitted Assets | | Borrowing Limitation | | Amount Borrowed | | Remaining Capacity | | Additional FHLB Stock Requirements |
| As of December 31, 2018 | | |
| As of December 31, 2019 | | Admitted Assets | | Borrowing Limitation | | Amount Borrowed | | Remaining Capacity | | Additional FHLB Stock Requirements |
| SICSC | $ | 678.3 |
| | $ | 67.8 |
| | 32.0 |
| | 35.8 |
| | 1.6 |
| |
| SICSE | 534.3 |
| | 53.4 |
| | 28.0 |
| | 25.4 |
| | 1.1 |
| 571.0 |
| | 57.1 |
| | 28.0 |
| | 29.1 |
| | 1.3 |
|
| SICA | 2,539.7 |
| | 254.0 |
| | 50.0 |
| | 204.0 |
| | 9.2 |
| 2,696.3 |
| | 269.6 |
| | 50.0 |
| | 219.6 |
| | 9.9 |
|
| SICNY | 465.3 |
| | 23.3 |
| | — |
| | 23.3 |
| | 1.0 |
| 494.5 |
| | 24.7 |
| | — |
| | 24.7 |
| | 1.1 |
|
| Total | | | $ | 398.5 |
| | 110.0 |
| | 288.5 |
| | 12.9 |
| | | $ | 423.7 |
| | 110.0 |
| | 313.7 |
| | 14.0 |
|
Intercompany Loan Agreements
The Parent has lending agreements with the Indiana Subsidiaries that have been approved by the Indiana Department of Insurance, which provide additional liquidity to the Parent. Similar to the Line of Credit agreement, these lending agreements limit borrowings by the Parent from the Indiana Subsidiaries to 10% of the admitted assets of the respective Indiana Subsidiary. The following table provides information on the Parent’s borrowings and remaining borrowing capacity from the Indiana Subsidiaries:
| | | ($ in millions) | Admitted Assets as of December 31, 2018 | | Borrowing Limitation | | Amount Borrowed | | Remaining Capacity | Admitted Assets as of December 31, 2019 | | Borrowing Limitation | | Amount Borrowed | | Remaining Capacity |
| As of December 31, 2018 | | |
| As of December 31, 2019 | | Admitted Assets as of December 31, 2019 | | Borrowing Limitation | | Amount Borrowed | | Remaining Capacity |
| SICSC | $ | 678.3 |
| | $ | 67.8 |
| | 27.0 |
| | 40.8 |
| |
| SICSE | 534.3 |
| | 53.4 |
| | 18.0 |
| | 35.4 |
| 571.0 |
| | 57.1 |
| | 16.0 |
| | 41.1 |
|
| Total | | | $ | 121.2 |
| | 45.0 |
| | 76.2 |
| | | $ | 129.4 |
| | 40.0 |
| | 89.4 |
|
Short-term Borrowings
There were no balances outstanding under the Line of Credit at December 31, 20182019 or at any time during 2018.2019, or the prior credit agreement at any time during 2019. During 2018,2019, SICA borrowed an aggregate of $130$65 million from the FHLBNY, which was subject to the borrowing limitations outlined above. This amount has already matured and been repaid.
For additional information regarding other borrowings, see Note 10. "Indebtedness" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of this Form 10-K.
Capital Market Activities
In the first quarter of 2019, the Parent issued $300 million of 5.375% Senior Notes at a discount of $5.9 million which, when
coupled with debt issuance costs of approximately $3.3 million, resulted in net proceeds from the offering of $290.8 million.
The Parent used a portion of the proceeds to fully redeem the then outstanding $185 million aggregate principal amount of its
5.875% Senior Notes, with the remaining $106 million being used for general corporate purposes. For additional information
on these transactions, refer to Note 10. “Indebtedness” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of this Form 10-K. The Parent had no other private or public issuances of stock or debt instruments during 2018.2019.
Uses of Liquidity
The liquidity generated from the sources discussed above is used, among other things, to pay dividends to our shareholders. Dividends on shares of the Parent's common stock are declared and paid at the discretion of the Board of Directors based on our operating results, financial condition, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, and other relevant factors. In October 2018,2019, our Board of Directors approved an 11%15% increase in the quarterly cash dividend, to $0.20$0.23 from $0.18$0.20 per share.
Our ability to meet our interest and principal repayment obligations on our debt, as well as our ability to continue to pay dividends to our stockholders, is dependent on liquidity at the Parent coupled with the ability of the Insurance Subsidiaries to pay dividends, if necessary, and/or the availability of other sources of liquidity to the Parent. Our next two principal repayments, each in the amount of $25 million, are due in 2021, with the next following principal payment due in 2026. We have $185 million of Senior Notes due February 9, 2043 that became callable on February 8, 2018. We may elect to call these Senior Notes, in whole or in part, at any time. If we were to call and redeem these Senior Notes we would write-off the associated unamortized debt issuance costs. The balance of the unamortized debt issuance costs associated with our $185 million of Senior Notes was $4.2 million at December 31, 2018.
Restrictions on the ability of the Insurance Subsidiaries to declare and pay dividends, without alternative liquidity options, could materially affect our ability to service debt and pay dividends on common stock.
Capital Resources
Capital resources provide protection for policyholders, furnish the financial strength to support the business of underwriting insurance risks, and facilitate continued business growth. At December 31, 20182019, we had GAAP stockholders’ equity and statutoryof $2.2 billion, of which $169 million was the result of an increase in unrealized gains on our fixed income portfolio primarily associated with lower interest rates. Statutory surplus of $1.8 billion.was $1.9 billion at December 31, 2019. With total debt of $440$550.6 million, our debt-to-capital ratio was approximately 19.7%.20.1% at December 31, 2019.
Our cash requirements include, but are not limited to, principal and interest payments on various notes payable, dividends to stockholders, payment of claims, payment of commitments under limited partnership agreements and capital expenditures, as well as other operating expenses, which include commissions to our distribution partners, labor costs, premium taxes, general and administrative expenses, and income taxes. For further details regarding our cash requirements, refer to the section below entitled, “Contractual Obligations, Contingent Liabilities, and Commitments.”
We continually monitor our cash requirements and the amount of capital resources that we maintain at the holding company and operating subsidiary levels. As part of our long-term capital strategy, we strive to maintain capital metrics, relative to the macroeconomic environment, that support our targeted financial strength. Based on our analysis and market conditions, we may take a variety of actions, including, but not limited to, contributing capital to the Insurance Subsidiaries, in our insurance operations, issuing additional debt and/or equity securities, repurchasing shares of the Parent’s common stock, and increasing stockholders’ dividends.
Our capital management strategy is intended to protect the interests of the policyholders of the Insurance Subsidiaries and our stockholders, while enhancing our financial strength and underwriting capacity.
Book value per share increased to $36.91 as of December 31, 2019, from $30.40 as of December 31, 2018, from $29.28 as of December 31, 2017, primarily due to $3.00$4.53 in net income per share and $2.83 in unrealized gains on our fixed income securities portfolio, which was partially offset by $1.12 in unrealized losses on our investment portfolio and $0.74$0.83 in dividends to our shareholders.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
At December 31, 20182019 and December 31, 2017,2018, we did not have any material relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or for other contractually narrow or limited purposes. As such, we are not exposed to any material financing, liquidity, market, or credit risk that could arise if we had engaged in such relationships.
Contractual Obligations, Contingent Liabilities, and Commitments
Our contractual obligations include required payments under capitalfinance and operating leases, debt obligations, and reserves for loss and loss expenses. As discussed in the “Reserves for Loss and Loss Expense” section in the "Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates" section of this MD&A, we maintain case reserves and estimates of reserves for loss and loss expense IBNR, in accordance with industry practice. Using generally accepted actuarial reserving techniques, we project our estimate of ultimate loss and loss expense at each reporting date.
Given that the loss and loss expense reserves are estimates, as described in detail under the “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” section of this MD&A, the payment of actual loss and loss expense is generally not fixed as to amount or timing. Due to this uncertainty, financial accounting standards prohibit us from discounting these reserves to their present value. Additionally, estimated losses as of the financial statement date do not consider the impact of estimated losses from future business. Therefore, the projected settlement of the reserves for net loss and loss expense will differ, perhaps significantly, from actual future payments.
The projected paid amounts in the table below by year are estimates based on past experience, adjusted for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, and include considerable judgment. There is no precise method for evaluating the impact of any specific factor on the projected timing of when loss and loss expense reserves will be paid and as a result, the timing and amounts of the actual payments will be affected by many factors. Care must be taken to avoid misinterpretation by those unfamiliar with this information or familiar with other data commonly reported by the insurance industry.
Our future cash payments associated with contractual obligations pursuant to operating and capitalfinance leases, debt, interest on debt obligations, and loss and loss expense as of December 31, 20182019 are summarized below: | | | Contractual Obligations | | Payment Due by Period | | Payment Due by Period |
| | | | | Less than 1 year | | 1-3 years | | 3-5 years | | More than 5 years | | | | Less than 1 year | | 1-3 years | | 3-5 years | | More than 5 years |
| ($ in millions) | | Total | | | Total | |
| Operating leases | | $ | 36.4 |
| | 7.6 |
| | 12.4 |
| | 6.5 |
| | 9.9 |
| | $ | 34.0 |
| | 8.3 |
| | 10.8 |
| | 6.2 |
| | 8.7 |
|
| Capital leases | | 0.8 |
| | 0.7 |
| | 0.1 |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
| Finance leases | | | 0.8 |
| | 0.5 |
| | 0.3 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Notes payable | | 445.0 |
| | — |
| | 50.0 |
| | — |
| | 395.0 |
| | 560.0 |
| | — |
| | 50.0 |
| | — |
| | 510.0 |
|
| Interest on debt obligations | | 453.6 |
| | 23.8 |
| | 47.7 |
| | 46.6 |
| | 335.5 |
| | 651.5 |
| | 29.1 |
| | 57.1 |
| | 56.6 |
| | 508.7 |
|
| Subtotal | | 935.8 |
| | 32.1 |
| | 110.2 |
| | 53.1 |
| | 740.4 |
| | 1,246.3 |
| | 37.9 |
| | 118.2 |
| | 62.8 |
| | 1,027.4 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Gross loss and loss expense payments | | 3,893.9 |
| | 1,025.6 |
| | 1,222.5 |
| | 605.6 |
| | 1,040.2 |
| | 4,067.2 |
| | 1,084.5 |
| | 1,298.6 |
| | 619.8 |
| | 1,064.3 |
|
| Ceded loss and loss expense payments | | 537.4 |
| | 133.4 |
| | 130.0 |
| | 71.1 |
| | 202.9 |
| | (544.2 | ) | | (143.6 | ) | | (129.8 | ) | | (70.1 | ) | | (200.7 | ) |
| Net loss and loss expense payments | | 3,356.5 |
| | 892.2 |
| | 1,092.5 |
| | 534.5 |
| | 837.3 |
| | 3,523.0 |
| | 940.9 |
| | 1,168.8 |
| | 549.7 |
| | 863.6 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Total | | $ | 4,292.3 |
| | 924.3 |
| | 1,202.7 |
| | 587.6 |
| | 1,577.7 |
| | $ | 4,769.3 |
| | 978.8 |
| | 1,287.0 |
| | 612.5 |
| | 1,891.0 |
|
See the “Short-term Borrowings” section above for a discussion of our syndicated Line of Credit agreement.
CertainFor additional information regarding: (i) cross-default provisions associated with certain of our notes payable in the table above contain cross-default provisions, the details are which are included inabove; or (ii) our Line of Credit, see Note 10. "Indebtedness" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." in this Form 10-K.
At In addition to the above, at December 31, 20182019, we had certain contractual obligations that expire at various dates through 2036 that may require us to invest up to an additional $202.3 million in alternative and other investments. Additionally,amounts into our investment portfolio, which are as of December 31, 2018, we had the following contractual obligations: (i) $17.8 million to further invest in non-publicly traded common stock within our equity portfolio that expire in 2023; and (ii) $40.4 million to further invest in non-publicly traded collateralized loan obligations in our fixed income securities portfolio that expire in 2030. follows:
|
| | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | | Amount of Obligation | | Year of Expiration of Obligation |
| Alternative and other investments | | $ | 219.2 |
| | 2036 |
| Non-publicly traded collateralized loan obligations in our fixed income securities portfolio | | 35.4 |
| | 2030 |
| Non-publicly traded common stock within our equity portfolio | | 3.9 |
| | 2023 |
| Commercial mortgage loans | | 10.0 |
| | Less than 1 year |
| Privately-placed corporate securities | | 15.0 |
| | Less than 1 year |
| Total | | $ | 283.5 |
| | |
There is no certainty that any such additional investment will be required. We expect to have the capacity to repay and/or refinance these obligations as they come due.
We have issued no material guarantees on behalf of others and have no trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts accounted for at fair value. We have no material transactions with related parties other than those disclosed in Note 16. “Related Party Transactions” included in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of this Form 10-K.
Ratings
We are rated by major rating agencies that issue opinions on our financial strength, operating performance, strategic position, and ability to meet policyholder obligations. We believe that our ability to write insurance business is most influenced by our rating from A.M. Best. A downgrade from A.M. Best to a rating below “A-” is an event of default under our Line of Credit and could affect our ability to write new business with customers and/or distribution partners, some of whom are required (under various third-party agreements) to maintain insurance with a carrier that maintains a specified A.M. Best minimum rating. In the fourth quarter of 2018, A.M. Best reaffirmed our rating of "A (Excellent)," their third highest of 13 financial strength ratings, with a "stable" outlook. The rating reflects A.M. Best's view on our strong balance sheet, sustained profitability, favorable business profile, and appropriate enterprise risk management. We have been rated "A" or higher by A.M. Best for the past 88 years.
Ratings by other major rating agencies are as follows:
Moody's Investor Service ("Moody's") - Our "A2" financial strength rating with a "stable" outlook was reaffirmed in the first quarter of 2018 by Moody's. In taking this action, Moody's cited our solid risk-adjusted capitalization, strong asset quality, and underwriting profitability, as well as our good regional presence and established independent agency support.
Fitch Ratings ("Fitch") - Our "A+" Rating was reaffirmed in the second quarter of 2018 with a "stable" outlook by Fitch. In taking this action, Fitch cited our strong underwriting results, solid capitalization with growth in stockholders' equity, strong business profile, and stable interest coverage metrics.
S&P Global Ratings ("S&P") - Our "A" rating was reaffirmed in the fourth quarter of 2018 with a "stable" outlook by S&P. In taking this action, S&P cited our improved operating performance in standard lines supported by sophisticated underwriting tools, a strong network of independent agents, and strong capital adequacy.
Our S&P, Moody's, and Fitch financial strength and associated credit ratings affect our ability to access capital markets. The interest rate on our Line of Credit varies and is based on, among other factors, the Parent's debt ratings. There can be no assurance that our ratings will continue for any given period or that they will not be changed. It is possible that positive or negative ratings actions by one or more of the rating agencies may occur in the future.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Market Risk
The fair value of our assets and liabilities are subject to market risk, primarily interest rate, credit risk, equity price risk, and liquidity risk related to our investment portfolio, as well as fluctuations in the value of our alternative investment portfolio. The allocation of our portfolio was 89%91% fixed income securities, 2%1% equity securities, 6%4% short-term investments, and 3%4% other
investments as of December 31, 2018.2019. We do not directly hold derivativederivatives, commodities, or commodity investments. Foreignother investments are made on a limited basis, and all fixed income transactions are denominated in U.S.foreign currency. We have minimal foreign currency fluctuation risk.risk within our alternative investment portfolio. For a discussion of our investment objective and philosophy, see the "Investments Segment" section of Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." of this Form 10-K.
We manage our investment portfolio to mitigate risks associated with various financial market scenarios. We will, however, take prudent risk to enhance our overall long-term results while managing a conservative, well-diversified investment portfolio to support our underwriting activities.
Interest Rate Risk
Investment Portfolio
We invest in interest rate-sensitive securities, mainly fixed income securities. Our fixed income securities portfolio is comprised of primarily investment grade (investments receiving S&P or an equivalent rating of BBB- or above) corporate securities, U.S. government and agency securities, municipal obligations, CLOcollateralized loan obligations ("CLO") and other ABS,asset-backed securities ("ABS"), and MBS.mortgage-backed securities ("MBS"). As of December 31, 2019, approximately 19% of our fixed income securities portfolio was comprised of investment securities that have a non-fixed base interest rate. Included in this 19% is a 12% allocation to floating rate securities where the base rate is primarily tied to the U.S. dollar-denominated London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"). Our strategy to manage interest rate risk is to purchase intermediate-term fixed income investments that are attractively priced in relation to perceived credit risks.
Our exposure to interest rate risk relates primarily to the market price and cash flow variability associated with changes in interest rates. As our fixed income securities portfolio contains interest rate-sensitive instruments, it may be adversely affected by changes in interest rates resulting from governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions, and other factors beyond our control. A rise in interest rates will decrease the fair value of our existing fixed income investments and a decline in interest rates will result in an increase in the fair value of our existing fixed income investments. However, new and reinvested money used to purchase fixed income securities would benefit from rising interest rates and would be negatively impacted by falling interest rates.
We seek to mitigate our interest rate risk associated with holding fixed income investments by monitoring and managing the effective duration of our portfolio to maximize yield while managing interest rate risk at an acceptable level. The effective duration of the fixed income securities portfolio, including short term investments, at both December 31, 20182019 and December 31, 20172018 was 3.83.6 years, which is within our historical range. The Insurance Subsidiaries’ liability duration iswas approximately 3.6 years.years at December 31, 2019.
We use an interest rate sensitivity analysis to measure the potential loss or gain in future earnings, fair values, or cash flows of market sensitive fixed income securities. The sensitivity analysis hypothetically assumes an instant parallel 200 basis point shift in interest rates up and down in 100 basis point increments from the date of the Financial Statements. We use fair values to measure the potential loss. This analysis is not intended to provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in market interest rates and equity prices on our income or stockholders’ equity. Further, the calculations do not take into account: (i) any actions we may take in response to market fluctuations; and (ii) changes to credit spreads, liquidity spreads, and other risk factors that may also impact the value of the fixed income securities portfolio.
The following table presents the sensitivity analysis of interest rate risk as of December 31, 20182019: | | | | | | 2018 Interest Rate Shift in Basis Points | | | 2019 Interest Rate Shift in Basis Points |
| ($ in thousands) | | -200 | | -100 | | 0 | | 100 | | 200 | | -200 | | -100 | | 0 | | 100 | | 200 |
| Fixed income securities | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Fair value of fixed income securities portfolio | | $ | 5,770,718 |
| | 5,541,486 |
| | 5,311,417 |
| | 5,081,165 |
| | 4,850,756 |
| | $ | 6,527,669 |
| | 6,333,983 |
| | 6,117,595 |
| | 5,900,088 |
| | 5,682,254 |
|
| Fair value change | | 459,301 |
| | 230,069 |
| | |
| | (230,252 | ) | | (460,661 | ) | | 410,074 |
| | 216,388 |
| | |
| | (217,507 | ) | | (435,341 | ) |
| Fair value change from base (%) | | 8.65 | % | | 4.33 | % | | |
| | (4.34 | )% | | (8.67 | )% | | 6.7 | % | | 3.5 | % | | |
| | (3.6 | )% | | (7.1 | )% |
Pension and Post-Retirement Benefit Plan Obligation
Our pension and post-retirement benefit obligations and related costs are calculated using actuarial methods within the framework of U.S. GAAP. The discount rate assumption is an important element of expense and liability measurement. Changes in the discount rate assumption could materially impact our pension and post-retirement life valuation in the future.
For additional information regarding our discount rate selection, refer to Note 14. "Retirement Plans" in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of this Form 10-K.
Credit Risk
Our most significant credit risk is within our fixed income securities portfolio, which had an overall credit quality of “AA-” as of both December 31, 20182019 and December 31, 2017.2018. Exposure to non-investment grade bonds represented approximately 2%4% and 3%2% of the total fixed income securities portfolio at December 31, 20182019 and December 31, 2017,2018, respectively.
The following table summarizes the fair value, carry value, net unrealized/unrecognized gain (loss) balances, and the weighted average credit qualities of our fixed income securities at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
| | December 31, 2018
($ in millions) | | Fair Value | | Carry Value | |
Unrealized/ Unrecognized Gain (Loss) | | Weighted Average Credit Quality | |
December 31, 2019
($ in millions) | | | Fair Value | | Carry Value | |
Unrealized/ Unrecognized Gain (Loss) | | Weighted Average Credit Quality |
| U.S. government obligations | | $ | 121.3 |
| | 121.3 |
| | 1.2 |
| | AAA | | $ | 116.2 |
| | 116.2 |
| | 3.5 |
| | AAA |
| Foreign government obligations | | 23.1 |
| | 23.1 |
| | (0.1 | ) | | A | | 18.5 |
| | 18.5 |
| | 0.5 |
| | BBB+ |
| State and municipal obligations | | 1,156.4 |
| | 1,156.0 |
| | 17.4 |
| | AA- | |
| Obligations of states and political subdivisions | | | 1,235.0 |
| | 1,234.7 |
| | 62.2 |
| | AA- |
| Corporate securities | | 1,637.8 |
| | 1,637.0 |
| | (21.7 | ) | | BBB+ | | 1,964.6 |
| | 1,963.7 |
| | 81.5 |
| | BBB+ |
| CLO and Other ABS | | 717.4 |
| | 717.4 |
| | (2.8 | ) | | AA | | 793.0 |
| | 793.0 |
| | 2.5 |
| | AA- |
| CMBS | | 527.1 |
| | 527.1 |
| | (0.3 | ) | | AA+ | |
| RMBS | | 1,128.3 |
| | 1,128.3 |
| | 9.9 |
| | AAA | |
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS") | | | 538.3 |
| | 538.3 |
| | 23.6 |
| | AA+ |
| Residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS") | | | 1,452.0 |
| | 1,452.0 |
| | 43.0 |
| | AAA |
| Total fixed income portfolio | | $ | 5,311.4 |
| | 5,310.2 |
| | 3.6 |
| | AA- | | $ | 6,117.6 |
| | 6,116.4 |
| | 216.8 |
| | AA- |
| | December 31, 2017
($ in millions) | | Fair Value | | Carry Value | |
Unrealized/ Unrecognized Gain (Loss) | | Weighted Average Credit Quality | |
December 31, 2018
($ in millions) | | | Fair Value | | Carry Value | |
Unrealized/ Unrecognized Gain (Loss) | | Weighted Average Credit Quality |
| U.S. government obligations | | $ | 49.7 |
| | 49.7 |
| | 0.4 |
| | AAA | | $ | 121.3 |
| | 121.3 |
| | 1.2 |
| | AAA |
| Foreign government obligations | | 18.6 |
| | 18.6 |
| | 0.5 |
| | A | | 23.1 |
| | 23.1 |
| | (0.1 | ) | | A |
| State and municipal obligations | | 1,609.2 |
| | 1,608.2 |
| | 44.8 |
| | AA | |
| Obligations of states and political subdivisions | | | 1,156.4 |
| | 1,156.0 |
| | 17.4 |
| | AA- |
| Corporate securities | | 1,635.3 |
| | 1,634.4 |
| | 30.0 |
| | BBB+ | | 1,637.8 |
| | 1,637.0 |
| | (21.7 | ) | | BBB+ |
| CLO and Other ABS | | 795.5 |
| | 795.5 |
| | 6.3 |
| | AA | | 717.4 |
| | 717.4 |
| | (2.8 | ) | | AA |
| CMBS | | 383.4 |
| | 383.4 |
| | 0.7 |
| | AA+ | | 527.1 |
| | 527.1 |
| | (0.3 | ) | | AA+ |
| RMBS | | 714.9 |
| | 714.9 |
| | 5.1 |
| | AA+ | | 1,128.3 |
| | 1,128.3 |
| | 9.9 |
| | AAA |
| Total fixed income portfolio | | $ | 5,206.6 |
| | 5,204.7 |
| | 87.8 |
| | AA- | | $ | 5,311.4 |
| | 5,310.2 |
| | 3.6 |
| | AA- |
State and Municipal Obligations
The following table details the top 10 state exposures of the municipal bond portion of our fixed income securities portfolio at December 31, 2018:2019:
| | | State Exposures of Municipal Bonds | | General Obligation | | Special Revenue | | Fair Value | | Weighted Average Credit Quality | | General Obligation | Special Revenue | | Fair Value | | Weighted Average Credit Quality |
| ($ in thousands) | | State & Local | | % of Total | | | State & Local | | % of Total | |
| New York | | $ | 13,607 |
| | 105,576 |
| | 119,183 |
| | 10% | | AA- | | $ | 13,777 |
| | 139,403 |
| | 153,180 |
| | 13% | | AA- |
| California | | 37,563 |
| | 78,631 |
| | 116,194 |
| | 10% | | AA- | | 39,702 |
| | 83,882 |
| | 123,584 |
| | 10% | | AA- |
Texas1 | | 50,886 |
| | 38,331 |
| | 89,217 |
| | 8% | | AA | | 49,788 |
| | 42,212 |
| | 92,000 |
| | 7% | | AA |
| New Jersey | | — |
| | 71,721 |
| | 71,721 |
| | 6% | | A | | — |
| | 67,872 |
| | 67,872 |
| | 5% | | A |
| Washington | | 28,944 |
| | 33,441 |
| | 62,385 |
| | 5% | | AA | | 20,679 |
| | 31,324 |
| | 52,003 |
| | 4% | | AA |
| Florida | | | 3,175 |
| | 46,372 |
| | 49,547 |
| | 4% | | AA- |
| Pennsylvania | | — |
| | 44,223 |
| | 44,223 |
| | 4% | | AA- | | — |
| | 49,064 |
| | 49,064 |
| | 4% | | AA- |
| Florida | | 3,223 |
| | 40,131 |
| | 43,354 |
| | 4% | | AA- | |
| Massachusetts | | | 892 |
| | 46,693 |
| | 47,585 |
| | 4% | | AA |
| Arizona | | 5,552 |
| | 40,292 |
| | 45,844 |
| | 4% | | AA | | 5,545 |
| | 32,783 |
| | 38,328 |
| | 3% | | AA |
| Massachusetts | | 860 |
| | 45,239 |
| | 46,099 |
| | 4% | | AA | |
| Ohio | | 10,587 |
| | 27,990 |
| | 38,577 |
| | 3% | | AA- | |
| Colorado | | | 4,769 |
| | 30,946 |
| | 35,715 |
| | 3% | | A+ |
| Other | | 124,918 |
| | 287,133 |
| | 412,051 |
| | 36% | | AA- | | 112,428 |
| | 328,584 |
| | 441,012 |
| | 36% | | AA- |
| | | 276,140 |
| | 812,708 |
| | 1,088,848 |
| | 94% | | AA- | | 250,755 |
| | 899,135 |
| | 1,149,890 |
| | 93% | | AA- |
| Pre-refunded/escrowed to maturity bonds | | 31,946 |
| | 35,644 |
| | 67,590 |
| | 6% | | AAA | | 30,276 |
| | 54,845 |
| | 85,121 |
| | 7% | | AAA |
| Total | | $ | 308,086 |
| | 848,352 |
| | 1,156,438 |
| | 100% | | AA- | | $ | 281,031 |
| | 953,980 |
| | 1,235,011 |
| | 100% | | AA- |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| % of Total Municipal Portfolio | | 27 | % | | 73 | % | | 100 | % | | | 23 | % | | 77 | % | | 100 | % | |
1Of the $50.9$49.8 million in state and local Texas general obligation bonds, $18.3$19 million represents investments in Texas Permanent School Fund bonds, which are considered to have lower risk as a result of the bond guarantee programs that support these bonds.
Special revenue fixed income securities of municipalities (referred to as “special revenue bonds”) generally do not have the “full faith and credit” backing of the municipal or state governments, as do general obligation bonds, but special revenue bonds have a dedicated revenue stream for repayment. For our special revenue bonds, 73%70% of the dedicated revenue stream is comprised of the following: (i) essential services (58%(55%), which is comprised of transportation, water and sewer, and electric; and (ii) education (15%), which includes school districts and higher education, including state-wide university systems. As such, we believe our special revenue bond portfolio is appropriate for the current environment.
Corporate Securities
For investment-grade corporate bonds, we address the risk of an individual issuer's default by maintaining a diverse portfolio of holdings. The primary risk related to non-investment grade corporate bonds is credit risk. A weak financial profile can lead to rating downgrades from the credit rating agencies, which can put further downward pressure on bond prices. Valuations on these bonds are related more directly to underlying operating performance than to general interest rates. Our holdings of non-investment grade corporate bonds, which typically exhibit weaker credit profiles and are subject to more risk of credit loss, represent less than 2%3% of our overall investment portfolio.
The tables below provide details on our corporate bond holdings at December 31, 20182019 and December 31, 2017:2018:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2019 | | Fair
Value | | Carry
Value | |
Unrealized/
Unrecognized
Gain (Loss) | | Weighted Average
Credit
Quality |
| ($ in millions) | | | | |
| Investment grade | | $ | 1,775.9 |
| | 1,775.0 |
| | 79.8 |
| | A- |
| Non-investment grade | | 188.7 |
| | 188.7 |
| | 1.7 |
| | B+ |
| Total corporate securities | | $ | 1,964.6 |
| | 1,963.7 |
| | 81.5 |
| | BBB+ |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2018 | | Fair
Value | | Carry
Value | |
Unrealized/
Unrecognized
Gain (Loss) | | Weighted Average
Credit
Quality |
| ($ in millions) | | | | |
| Investment grade | | $ | 1,532.6 |
| | 1,531.8 |
| | (14.4 | ) | | A- |
| Non-investment grade | | 105.2 |
| | 105.2 |
| | (7.2 | ) | | B+ |
| Total corporate securities | | $ | 1,637.8 |
| | 1,637.0 |
| | (21.6 | ) | | BBB+ |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2017 | | Fair
Value | | Carry
Value | |
Unrealized/
Unrecognized
Gain (Loss) | | Weighted Average
Credit
Quality |
| ($ in millions) | | | | |
| Investment grade | | $ | 1,505.0 |
| | 1,504.1 |
| | 27.5 |
| | A- |
| Non-investment grade | | 130.3 |
| | 130.3 |
| | 2.5 |
| | B |
| Total corporate securities | | $ | 1,635.3 |
| | 1,634.4 |
| | 30.0 |
| | BBB+ |
CLO and Other ABS Portfolio
For CLO and other ABS, the primary risk is credit risk. We manage this risk by evaluating a number of factors, including the structuring of the deal, the credit quality of underlying loans or assets, the composition of the underlying portfolio, and the track record and capabilities of the portfolio manager. Key performance metrics, including over collateralization, interest coverage, and cash flows, are monitored on an on-going basis. We consider the overall credit environment, economic conditions, total projected return on the investment, and overall asset allocation of the portfolio in our decisions to purchase or sell CLO and other ABS. Other ABS includes structured note obligations and securities collateralized by loans and other financial assets, including, but not limited to, auto loans, credit card receivables, equipment leases, and student loans.
The tables below provide details on our CLO and other ABS holdings at December 31, 20182019 and December 31, 2017:2018:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2019 | | Fair
Value | | Carry
Value | |
Unrealized/
Unrecognized
Gain (Loss) | | Weighted Average
Credit
Quality |
| ($ in millions) | | | | |
| Investment grade: | | | | | | | | |
| CLO | | $ | 496.7 |
| | 496.7 |
| | (2.4 | ) | | AA |
| Other ABS | | 274.1 |
| | 274.1 |
| | 5.8 |
| | A+ |
| Total investment grade | | 770.8 |
| | 770.8 |
| | 3.4 |
| | AA |
| | | | | | | | | |
| Non-investment grade: | | | | | | | | |
| CLO | | 14.7 |
| | 14.7 |
| | (0.8 | ) | | B+ |
| Other ABS | | 7.5 |
| | 7.5 |
| | (0.1 | ) | | B+ |
| Total non-investment grade | | 22.2 |
| | 22.2 |
| | (0.9 | ) | | B+ |
| Total CLO and other ABS | | $ | 793.0 |
| | 793.0 |
| | 2.5 |
| | AA- |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2018 | | Fair
Value | | Carry
Value | |
Unrealized/
Unrecognized
Gain (Loss) | | Weighted Average
Credit
Quality |
| ($ in millions) | | | | |
| Investment grade: | | | | | | | | |
| CLO | | $ | 462.3 |
| | 462.3 |
| | (5.2 | ) | | AA+ |
| Other ABS | | 235.0 |
| | 235.0 |
| | 3.2 |
| | AA- |
| Total investment grade | | 697.3 |
| | 697.3 |
| | (2.0 | ) | | AA |
| | | | | | | | | |
| Non-investment grade: | | | | | | | | |
| CLO | | 15.5 |
| | 15.5 |
| | (0.8 | ) | | B+ |
| Other ABS | | 4.6 |
| | 4.6 |
| | — |
| | B+ |
| Total non-investment grade | | 20.1 |
| | 20.1 |
| | (0.8 | ) | | B+ |
| Total CLO and other ABS | | $ | 717.4 |
| | 717.4 |
| | (2.8 | ) | | AA |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2017 | | Fair
Value | | Carry
Value | |
Unrealized/
Unrecognized
Gain (Loss) | | Weighted Average
Credit
Quality |
| ($ in millions) | | | | |
| Investment grade: | | | | | | | | |
| CLO | | $ | 572.5 |
| | 572.5 |
| | 2.1 |
| | AA+ |
| Other ABS | | 202.2 |
| | 202.2 |
| | 2.9 |
| | AA- |
| Total investment grade | | 774.7 |
| | 774.7 |
| | 5.0 |
| | AA+ |
| | | | | | | | | |
| Non-investment grade: | | | | | | | | |
| CLO | | 20.8 |
| | 20.8 |
| | 1.3 |
| | BB- |
| Other ABS | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| Total non-investment grade | | 20.8 |
| | 20.8 |
| | 1.3 |
| | BB- |
| Total CLO and other ABS | | $ | 795.5 |
| | 795.5 |
| | 6.3 |
| | AA |
CMBS and RMBS Portfolios
To manage and mitigate exposure on our CMBS and RMBS portfolios, we perform analysis both at the time of purchase and as part of the ongoing portfolio evaluation. This analysis includes review of loan-to-value ratios, geographic spread of the assets securing the bond, delinquencies in payments for the underlying mortgages, gains/losses on sales, evaluations of projected cash flows, as well as other information that aids in determination of the health of the underlying assets. We consider the overall credit environment, economic conditions, total projected return on the investment, and overall asset allocation of the portfolio in our decisions to purchase or sell these securities.
Equity Price Risk
Our equity securities portfolio is exposed to risk arising from potential volatility in equity market prices. We attempt to minimize the exposure to equity price risk by maintaining a diversified portfolio and limiting concentrations in any one company or industry. The following table presents the hypothetical increases and decreases in 10% increments in market value of the equity portfolio as of December 31, 2018:2019:
| | | | | Change in Equity Values in Percent | | Change in Equity Values in Percent |
| ($ in thousands) | | (30)% | | (20)% | | (10)% | | 0% | | 10% | | 20% | | 30% | | (30)% | | (20)% | | (10)% | | 0% | | 10% | | 20% | | 30% |
| Fair value of AFS equity portfolio | | $ | 103,347 |
| | 118,111 |
| | 132,875 |
| | 147,639 |
| | 162,403 |
| | 177,167 |
| | 191,931 |
| | $ | 51,056 |
| | 58,349 |
| | 65,643 |
| | 72,937 |
| | 80,231 |
| | 87,525 |
| | 94,818 |
|
| Fair value change | | (44,292 | ) | | (29,528 | ) | | (14,764 | ) | | |
| | 14,764 |
| | 29,528 |
| | 44,292 |
| | (21,881 | ) | | (14,588 | ) | | (7,294 | ) | | |
| | 7,294 |
| | 14,588 |
| | 21,881 |
|
In addition to our equity securities, we invest in certain other investments that are also subject to price risk. Our other investments primarily include alternative investments in private limited partnerships that invest in various strategies such as private equity, energy/power generation, middle marketdirect lending, mezzanine debt,financing, distressed debt, infrastructure, and real estate. As of December 31, 2018,2019, other investments represented 3%4% of our total invested assets and 10% of our stockholders’ equity. These investments are subject to the risks arising from the fact that their valuation is inherently subjective. The general partner of each of these partnerships usually reports the change in the value of the interests in the partnership on a one quarter lag because of the nature of the underlying assets or liabilities. Since these partnerships' underlying investments consist primarily of assets or liabilities for which there are no quoted prices in active markets for the same or similar assets, the valuation of interests in these partnerships are subject to a higher level of subjectivity and unobservable inputs than substantially all of our other investments. Each of these general partners is required to determine the partnerships' value by the price obtainable for the sale of the interest at the time of determination. Valuations based on unobservable inputs are subject to greater scrutiny and reconsideration from one reporting period to the next, and therefore, may be subject to significant fluctuations, which could lead to significant decreases from one reporting period to the next. As we record our investments in these various partnerships under the equity method of accounting, any decreases in the valuation of these investments would negatively impact our results of operations. For additional information regarding these alternative investment strategies, see Note 5. “Investments” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of this Form 10-K.
In addition to the above, we have a defined benefit pension plan with $331.8$386.9 million in invested assets as of December 31, 2018,2019, of which approximately 43%59% was invested in assets subject to equity price risk. The value of these invested assets is an important element of expense and liability measurement for our pension plan. For additional information regarding the fair value of our pension assets, refer to Note 14. "Retirement Plans" in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of this Form 10-K.
Liquidity Risk
As a property and casualty insurer, our liquidity needs are generally met through the cash flow provided by our on-going operations, as premium collections and investment income generated from our portfolio provide a significant flow of cash to support policyholder lossclaims and other payment obligations. Additionally, we purchase substantial reinsurance at low retention levels to mitigate exposure to significant loss events and we have access to various borrowing facilities if the need to raise capital were to arise. See the "Financial Condition, Liquidity, and Capital Resources" section in Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Form 10-K for additional information regarding our available borrowing capacity. In addition to this, we monitor our investment portfolio's liquidity profile to ensure it meets our operational liquidity needs. The liquidity characteristics of our portfolio are illustrated below:
|
| | | |
| Asset Category | Percentage of Invested Assets | |
| Highly-liquid assets | 7574 |
| % |
Generally liquid assets, may become less liquid with market stress1 | 22 |
| |
Generally illiquid assets2 | 34 |
| |
| Total | 100 |
| % |
1These exposures are concentrated within CMBS, CLOs,CLO and other ABS.
2These exposures include our alternative investments and other non-traded securities.
Indebtedness
(a) Long-Term Debt
As of December 31, 2018,2019, we had outstanding long-term debt of $439.5$550.6 million that matures as shown in the following table:
| | | | | | | 2018 | | | | 2019 |
| ($ in thousands) | | Year of Maturity | | Carrying Amount | | Fair Value | | Year of Maturity | | Carrying Amount | | Fair Value |
| Financial liabilities | | | | |
| | |
| | | | |
| | |
|
| Long-term debt | | | | |
| | |
| | | | |
| | |
|
| 1.61% Borrowings from FHLBNY | | 2021 | | $ | 25,000 |
| | 24,218 |
| | 2021 | | $ | 25,000 |
| | 24,901 |
|
| 1.56% Borrowings from FHLBNY | | 2021 | | 25,000 |
| | 24,162 |
| | 2021 | | 25,000 |
| | 24,875 |
|
| 3.03% Borrowings from FHLBI | | 2026 | | 60,000 |
| | 58,905 |
| | 2026 | | 60,000 |
| | 63,002 |
|
| 7.25% Senior Notes | | 2034 | | 49,907 |
| | 57,032 |
| | 2034 | | 49,910 |
| | 66,365 |
|
| 6.70% Senior Notes | | 2035 | | 99,462 |
| | 107,075 |
| | 2035 | | 99,480 |
| | 123,104 |
|
| 5.875% Senior Notes | | 2043 | | 185,000 |
| | 177,230 |
| |
| 5.375% Senior Notes | | | 2049 | | 294,157 |
| | 357,025 |
|
| Subtotal | | | | 444,369 |
| | 448,622 |
| | | | 553,547 |
| | 659,272 |
|
| Unamortized debt issuance costs | | (4,829 | ) | | | | (3,687 | ) | | |
| Finance lease obligations | | | 737 |
| | |
| Total notes payable | | $ | 439,540 |
| | | | $ | 550,597 |
| | |
The weighted average effective interest rate for our outstanding long-term debt was 5.3%5.2% at December 31, 2018.2019. Our debt is not exposed to material changes in interest rates because the interest rates are fixed.
Refer to Note 10. "Indebtedness", within in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of this Form 10-K for discussioninformation on our debt covenant provisions.
(b) Short-Term Debt
Our LineOn December 20, 2019, the Parent entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Line of Credit with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and Branch Banking and Trust Company (BB&T), was renewed effective December 1, 2015 withCredit”) under which the Parent has access to a borrowing capacity of $30$50 million revolving credit facility, which can be increased to $50$125 million with the approvalconsent of both lending partners.
Thethe Lenders. This Line of Credit provides the Parent withwill mature on December 20, 2022 and has an additional source of short-term liquidity. The interest rate, on our Line of Creditwhich varies and is based on, among other factors, the Parent’s debt ratings. The Line of Credit expires on December 1, 2020. There were no balances outstanding under this Line of Credit or the previous credit facility at December 31, 20182019, or at any time during 2018.2019.
Refer to Note 10. "Indebtedness" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of this Form 10-K for additional information on our Line of Credit.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Selective Insurance Group, Inc.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Selective Insurance Group, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2018,2019, and the related notes and financial statement schedules I to V (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018,2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018,2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 15, 2019,12, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgment. The communication of critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Evaluation of the estimate of reserve for loss and loss expense
As discussed in Notes 2 and 9 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company estimates the reserve for loss and loss expense (reserves) through an internal reserve analysis that relies upon generally accepted actuarial techniques supplemented with other internal and external information. The Company develops reserve estimates by line of business and, as experience emerges and other information develops, the reserve estimates are assessed in aggregate and adjusted as necessary. As of December 31, 2019, the Company recorded a liability of $4.07 billion for reserves.
We identified the evaluation of the estimate of reserves for loss and loss expense as a critical audit matter. The process to evaluate the Company’s estimate of reserves involved a high degree of auditor judgment due to the inherent uncertainties in adjusting past experience for current developments and anticipated trends for predicting future events. These uncertainties may be affected by a number of considerations, including internal factors such as changes to underwriting and claim practices, and external factors such as economic conditions, legislative enactments, judicial decisions, and social trends. Evaluating the impact of all of these factors required specialized skills and auditor judgment.
The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following. We tested, with the involvement of actuarial professionals when appropriate, certain internal controls related to the Company’s actuarial analyses and determination of the Company’s best estimate of recorded reserves. We also involved actuarial professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:
Evaluating the Company’s actuarial techniques by comparing them to generally accepted actuarial techniques;
Developing an independent estimate of reserves for certain lines of business using generally accepted actuarial techniques;
For other lines of business, assessing the Company's internal actuarial analysis by inspecting the assumptions and actuarial techniques used;
Developing an independent consolidated range of reserves based on generally accepted actuarial techniques and comparing to the Company's recorded reserves; and
•Assessing any movement of the Company’s recorded reserves within the independent consolidated range of reserves.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company's auditor since 1964.
New York, New York
February 15, 201912, 2020
|
| | | | | | | |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | | |
| | |
|
| December 31, | | |
| | |
|
| ($ in thousands, except share amounts) | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| ASSETS | | |
| | |
|
| Investments: | | |
| | |
|
Fixed income securities, held-to-maturity – at carrying value
(fair value: $38,317 – 2018; $44,100 – 2017) | | $ | 37,110 |
| | 42,129 |
|
Fixed income securities, available-for-sale – at fair value
(amortized cost: $5,270,798 – 2018; $5,076,716 – 2017) | | 5,273,100 |
| | 5,162,522 |
|
Equity securities – at fair value
(cost: $138,114 – 2018; $143,811 – 2017) | | 147,639 |
| | 182,705 |
|
| Short-term investments (at cost which approximates fair value) | | 323,864 |
| | 165,555 |
|
| Other investments | | 178,938 |
| | 132,268 |
|
| Total investments (Notes 5 and 7) | | 5,960,651 |
| | 5,685,179 |
|
| Cash | | 505 |
| | 534 |
|
| Restricted cash | | 16,414 |
| | 44,176 |
|
| Interest and dividends due or accrued | | 41,620 |
| | 40,897 |
|
Premiums receivable, net of allowance for uncollectible
accounts of: $9,400 – 2018; $10,000 – 2017 | | 770,518 |
| | 747,029 |
|
Reinsurance recoverable, net of allowance for uncollectible
accounts of: $4,500 – 2018; $4,600 – 2017 (Note 8) | | 549,172 |
| | 594,832 |
|
| Prepaid reinsurance premiums (Note 8) | | 157,723 |
| | 153,493 |
|
| Current federal income tax (Note 13) | | — |
| | 3,243 |
|
| Deferred federal income tax (Note 13) | | 53,540 |
| | 31,990 |
|
Property and equipment – at cost, net of accumulated
depreciation and amortization of: $211,657 – 2018; $213,227 – 2017 | | 65,248 |
| | 63,959 |
|
| Deferred policy acquisition costs (Note 2) | | 252,612 |
| | 235,055 |
|
| Goodwill (Note 11) | | 7,849 |
| | 7,849 |
|
| Other assets | | 76,877 |
| | 78,195 |
|
| Total assets | | $ | 7,952,729 |
| | 7,686,431 |
|
| | | | | |
| LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | | |
| | |
|
| Liabilities: | | |
| | |
|
| Reserve for loss and loss expense (Note 9) | | $ | 3,893,868 |
| | 3,771,240 |
|
| Unearned premiums | | 1,431,932 |
| | 1,349,644 |
|
| Long-term debt (Note 10) | | 439,540 |
| | 439,116 |
|
| Current federal income tax (Note 13) | | 1,302 |
| | — |
|
| Accrued salaries and benefits | | 116,706 |
| | 131,850 |
|
| Other liabilities | | 277,579 |
| | 281,624 |
|
| Total liabilities | | $ | 6,160,927 |
| | 5,973,474 |
|
| | | | | |
| Stockholders’ Equity: | | | | |
|
| Preferred stock of $0 par value per share: | | |
| | |
|
| Authorized shares 5,000,000; no shares issued or outstanding | | $ | — |
| | — |
|
| Common stock of $2 par value per share: | | | | |
| Authorized shares 360,000,000 | | | | |
| Issued: 102,848,394 – 2018; 102,284,564 – 2017 | | 205,697 |
| | 204,569 |
|
| Additional paid-in capital | | 390,315 |
| | 367,717 |
|
| Retained earnings | | 1,858,414 |
| | 1,698,613 |
|
| Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income (Note 6) | | (77,956 | ) | | 20,170 |
|
| Treasury stock – at cost (shares: 43,899,840 – 2018; 43,789,442 – 2017) | | (584,668 | ) | | (578,112 | ) |
| Total stockholders’ equity | | 1,791,802 |
| | 1,712,957 |
|
| Commitments and contingencies (Notes 17 and 18) | |
|
| |
|
|
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | | $ | 7,952,729 |
| | 7,686,431 |
|
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Consolidated Statements of Income | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| December 31, | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| ($ in thousands, except per share amounts) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Revenues: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net premiums earned | | $ | 2,436,229 |
| | 2,291,027 |
| | 2,149,572 |
|
| Net investment income earned | | 195,336 |
| | 161,882 |
| | 130,754 |
|
| Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net realized investment (losses) gains on disposals | | (18,975 | ) | | 11,204 |
| | 3,562 |
|
| Other-than-temporary impairments | | (6,579 | ) | | (4,809 | ) | | (8,509 | ) |
| Other-than-temporary impairments on fixed income securities recognized in other comprehensive income | | — |
| | (36 | ) | | 10 |
|
| Net unrealized losses on equity securities | | (29,369 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Total net realized and unrealized (losses) gains | | (54,923 | ) | | 6,359 |
| | (4,937 | ) |
| Other income | | 9,438 |
| | 10,716 |
| | 8,881 |
|
| Total revenues | | 2,586,080 |
| | 2,469,984 |
| | 2,284,270 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Expenses: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Loss and loss expense incurred | | 1,498,134 |
| | 1,345,074 |
| | 1,234,797 |
|
| Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | | 495,042 |
| | 469,236 |
| | 450,328 |
|
| Other insurance expenses | | 331,318 |
| | 333,097 |
| | 321,395 |
|
| Interest expense | | 24,419 |
| | 24,354 |
| | 22,771 |
|
| Corporate expenses | | 25,446 |
| | 36,255 |
| | 35,024 |
|
| Total expenses | | 2,374,359 |
| | 2,208,016 |
| | 2,064,315 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Income before federal income tax | | 211,721 |
| | 261,968 |
| | 219,955 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Federal income tax expense: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Current | | 35,012 |
| | 62,184 |
| | 48,581 |
|
| Deferred | | (2,230 | ) | | 30,958 |
| | 12,879 |
|
| Total federal income tax expense | | 32,782 |
| | 93,142 |
| | 61,460 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Net income | | $ | 178,939 |
| | 168,826 |
| | 158,495 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Earnings per share: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Basic net income | | $ | 3.04 |
| | 2.89 |
| | 2.74 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Diluted net income | | $ | 3.00 |
| | 2.84 |
| | 2.70 |
|
| | | | | | | |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | | |
| | |
|
| December 31, | | |
| | |
|
| ($ in thousands, except share amounts) | | 2019 | | 2018 |
| ASSETS | | |
| | |
|
| Investments: | | |
| | |
|
Fixed income securities, held-to-maturity – at carrying value
(fair value: $21,975 – 2019; $38,317 – 2018) | | $ | 20,800 |
| | 37,110 |
|
Fixed income securities, available-for-sale – at fair value
(amortized cost: $5,879,986 – 2019; $5,270,798 – 2018) | | 6,095,620 |
| | 5,273,100 |
|
Equity securities – at fair value
(cost: $72,061 – 2019; $138,114 – 2018) | | 72,937 |
| | 147,639 |
|
| Short-term investments (at cost which approximates fair value) | | 282,490 |
| | 323,864 |
|
| Other investments | | 216,807 |
| | 178,938 |
|
| Total investments (Notes 5 and 7) | | 6,688,654 |
| | 5,960,651 |
|
| Cash | | 300 |
| | 505 |
|
| Restricted cash | | 7,675 |
| | 16,414 |
|
| Interest and dividends due or accrued | | 44,846 |
| | 41,620 |
|
Premiums receivable, net of allowance for uncollectible
accounts of: $6,400 – 2019; $9,400 – 2018 | | 823,901 |
| | 770,518 |
|
Reinsurance recoverable, net of allowance for uncollectible
accounts of: $4,400 – 2019; $4,500 – 2018 (Note 8) | | 573,235 |
| | 549,172 |
|
| Prepaid reinsurance premiums (Note 8) | | 166,705 |
| | 157,723 |
|
| Deferred federal income tax (Note 13) | | 6,776 |
| | 53,540 |
|
Property and equipment – at cost, net of accumulated
depreciation and amortization of: $227,566 – 2019; $211,657 – 2018 | | 77,409 |
| | 65,248 |
|
| Deferred policy acquisition costs (Note 2) | | 271,186 |
| | 252,612 |
|
| Goodwill (Note 11) | | 7,849 |
| | 7,849 |
|
| Other assets | | 128,614 |
| | 76,877 |
|
| Total assets | | $ | 8,797,150 |
| | 7,952,729 |
|
| | | | | |
| LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | | |
| | |
|
| Liabilities: | | |
| | |
|
| Reserve for loss and loss expense (Note 9) | | $ | 4,067,163 |
| | 3,893,868 |
|
| Unearned premiums | | 1,523,167 |
| | 1,431,932 |
|
| Long-term debt (Note 10) | | 550,597 |
| | 439,540 |
|
| Current federal income tax | | 2,987 |
| | 1,302 |
|
| Accrued salaries and benefits | | 126,753 |
| | 116,706 |
|
| Other liabilities | | 331,547 |
| | 277,579 |
|
| Total liabilities | | $ | 6,602,214 |
| | 6,160,927 |
|
| | | | | |
| Stockholders’ Equity: | | | | |
|
| Preferred stock of $0 par value per share: | | |
| | |
|
| Authorized shares 5,000,000; no shares issued or outstanding | | $ | — |
| | — |
|
| Common stock of $2 par value per share: | | | | |
| Authorized shares 360,000,000 | | | | |
| Issued: 103,484,159 – 2019; 102,848,394 – 2018 | | 206,968 |
| | 205,697 |
|
| Additional paid-in capital | | 418,521 |
| | 390,315 |
|
| Retained earnings | | 2,080,529 |
| | 1,858,414 |
|
| Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (Note 6) | | 81,750 |
| | (77,956 | ) |
| Treasury stock – at cost (shares: 44,023,006 – 2019; 43,899,840 – 2018) | | (592,832 | ) | | (584,668 | ) |
| Total stockholders’ equity | | 2,194,936 |
| | 1,791,802 |
|
| Commitments and contingencies (Notes 17 and 18) | |
|
| |
|
|
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | | $ | 8,797,150 |
| | 7,952,729 |
|
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | | | | | | |
| December 31, | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Net income | | $ | 178,939 |
| | 168,826 |
| | 158,495 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax: | | | | | | |
| Unrealized (losses) gains on investment securities: | | | | | | |
| Unrealized holding (losses) gains arising during year | | (97,284 | ) | | 43,015 |
| | (5,977 | ) |
| Non-credit portion of other-than-temporary impairments recognized in other comprehensive income | | — |
| | 23 |
| | (6 | ) |
| Amounts reclassified into net income: | | | | | | |
| Held-to-maturity securities | | 87 |
| | (116 | ) | | (92 | ) |
| Non-credit other-than-temporary impairments | | — |
| | 68 |
| | 138 |
|
| Realized losses (gains) on available for sale securities | | 31,316 |
| | (4,537 | ) | | 3,064 |
|
| Total unrealized (losses) gains on investment securities | | (65,881 | ) | | 38,453 |
| | (2,873 | ) |
| | | | |
| | |
| Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans: | | | | | | |
| Net actuarial loss | | (8,906 | ) | | (3,700 | ) | | (7,852 | ) |
| Amounts reclassified into net income: | | | | | | |
| Net actuarial loss | | 1,680 |
| | 1,367 |
| | 4,200 |
|
| Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans | | (7,226 | ) | | (2,333 | ) | | (3,652 | ) |
| Other comprehensive (loss) income | | (73,107 | ) | | 36,120 |
| | (6,525 | ) |
| Comprehensive income | | $ | 105,832 |
| | 204,946 |
| | 151,970 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Consolidated Statements of Income | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| December 31, | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| ($ in thousands, except per share amounts) | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Revenues: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net premiums earned | | $ | 2,597,171 |
| | 2,436,229 |
| | 2,291,027 |
|
| Net investment income earned | | 222,543 |
| | 195,336 |
| | 161,882 |
|
| Net realized and unrealized gains (losses): | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net realized investment gains (losses) on disposals | | 26,715 |
| | (18,975 | ) | | 11,204 |
|
| Net unrealized losses on equity securities | | (8,649 | ) | | (29,369 | ) | | — |
|
| Other-than-temporary impairments | | (3,644 | ) | | (6,579 | ) | | (4,809 | ) |
Other-than-temporary impairments on fixed income securities recognized in other comprehensive income | | — |
| | — |
| | (36 | ) |
| Total net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | | 14,422 |
| | (54,923 | ) | | 6,359 |
|
| Other income | | 12,355 |
| | 9,438 |
| | 10,716 |
|
| Total revenues | | 2,846,491 |
| | 2,586,080 |
| | 2,469,984 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Expenses: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Loss and loss expense incurred | | 1,551,491 |
| | 1,498,134 |
| | 1,345,074 |
|
| Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | | 535,973 |
| | 495,042 |
| | 469,236 |
|
| Other insurance expenses | | 358,069 |
| | 331,318 |
| | 333,097 |
|
| Interest expense | | 33,668 |
| | 24,419 |
| | 24,354 |
|
| Corporate expenses | | 30,900 |
| | 25,446 |
| | 36,255 |
|
| Total expenses | | 2,510,101 |
| | 2,374,359 |
| | 2,208,016 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Income before federal income tax | | 336,390 |
| | 211,721 |
| | 261,968 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Federal income tax expense: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Current | | 60,640 |
| | 35,012 |
| | 62,184 |
|
| Deferred | | 4,127 |
| | (2,230 | ) | | 30,958 |
|
| Total federal income tax expense | | 64,767 |
| | 32,782 |
| | 93,142 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Net income | | $ | 271,623 |
| | 178,939 |
| | 168,826 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Earnings per share: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Basic net income | | $ | 4.57 |
| | 3.04 |
| | 2.89 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Diluted net income | | $ | 4.53 |
| | 3.00 |
| | 2.84 |
|
| | | | | | | |
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| December 31, | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| ($ in thousands, except share amounts) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Common stock: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Beginning of year | | $ | 204,569 |
| | 203,241 |
| | 201,723 |
|
Dividend reinvestment plan
(shares: 23,493 – 2018; 28,607 – 2017; 38,741 – 2016) | | 47 |
| | 57 |
| | 77 |
|
Stock purchase and compensation plans
(shares: 540,337 – 2018; 635,521 – 2017; 720,323 – 2016) | | 1,081 |
| | 1,271 |
| | 1,441 |
|
| End of year | | 205,697 |
| | 204,569 |
| | 203,241 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Additional paid-in capital: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Beginning of year | | 367,717 |
| | 347,295 |
| | 326,656 |
|
| Dividend reinvestment plan | | 1,379 |
| | 1,395 |
| | 1,389 |
|
| Stock purchase and compensation plans | | 21,219 |
| | 19,027 |
| | 19,250 |
|
| End of year | | 390,315 |
| | 367,717 |
| | 347,295 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Retained earnings: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Beginning of year, as previously reported | | 1,698,613 |
| | 1,568,881 |
| | 1,446,192 |
|
| Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of equity security guidance, net of tax | | 30,726 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of stranded deferred tax guidance | | (5,707 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Balance at beginning of year, as adjusted | | 1,723,632 |
| | 1,568,881 |
| | 1,446,192 |
|
| Net income | | 178,939 |
| | 168,826 |
| | 158,495 |
|
Dividends to stockholders
($0.74 per share – 2018; $0.66 per share – 2017; $0.61 per share – 2016) | | (44,157 | ) | | (39,094 | ) | | (35,806 | ) |
| End of year | | 1,858,414 |
| | 1,698,613 |
| | 1,568,881 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Beginning of year, as previously reported | | 20,170 |
| | (15,950 | ) | | (9,425 | ) |
| Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of equity security guidance, net of tax | | (30,726 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of stranded deferred tax guidance | | 5,707 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Balance at beginning of year, as adjusted | | (4,849 | ) | | (15,950 | ) | | (9,425 | ) |
| Other comprehensive (loss) income | | (73,107 | ) | | 36,120 |
| | (6,525 | ) |
| End of year | | (77,956 | ) | | 20,170 |
| | (15,950 | ) |
| | | | | | | |
| Treasury stock: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Beginning of year | | (578,112 | ) | | (572,097 | ) | | (567,105 | ) |
Acquisition of treasury stock
(shares: 110,398 – 2018; 136,205 – 2017; 152,595 – 2016) | | (6,556 | ) | | (6,015 | ) | | (4,992 | ) |
| End of year | | (584,668 | ) | | (578,112 | ) | | (572,097 | ) |
| Total stockholders’ equity | | $ | 1,791,802 |
| | 1,712,957 |
| | 1,531,370 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | | | | | | |
| December 31, | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Net income | | $ | 271,623 |
| | 178,939 |
| | 168,826 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: | | | | | | |
| Unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities: | | | | | | |
| Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during year | | 168,021 |
| | (97,284 | ) | | 43,015 |
|
| Non-credit portion of other-than-temporary impairments recognized in other comprehensive income | | — |
| | — |
| | 23 |
|
| Amounts reclassified into net income: | | | | | | |
| Held-to-maturity securities | | (46 | ) | | 87 |
| | (116 | ) |
| Non-credit other-than-temporary impairments | | — |
| | — |
| | 68 |
|
| Realized losses (gains) on disposals of available-for-sale securities | | 530 |
| | 31,316 |
| | (4,537 | ) |
| Total unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities | | 168,505 |
| | (65,881 | ) | | 38,453 |
|
| | | | |
| | |
| Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans: | | | | | | |
| Net actuarial loss | | (10,898 | ) | | (8,906 | ) | | (3,700 | ) |
| Amounts reclassified into net income: | | | | | | |
| Net actuarial loss | | 2,099 |
| | 1,680 |
| | 1,367 |
|
| Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans | | (8,799 | ) | | (7,226 | ) | | (2,333 | ) |
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | | 159,706 |
| | (73,107 | ) | | 36,120 |
|
| Comprehensive income | | $ | 431,329 |
| | 105,832 |
| | 204,946 |
|
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| December 31, | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| ($ in thousands, except share and per share amounts) | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Common stock: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Beginning of year | | $ | 205,697 |
| | 204,569 |
| | 203,241 |
|
| Dividend reinvestment plan | | 44 |
| | 47 |
| | 57 |
|
| Stock purchase and compensation plans | | 1,227 |
| | 1,081 |
| | 1,271 |
|
| End of year | | 206,968 |
| | 205,697 |
| | 204,569 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Additional paid-in capital: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Beginning of year | | 390,315 |
| | 367,717 |
| | 347,295 |
|
| Dividend reinvestment plan | | 1,510 |
| | 1,379 |
| | 1,395 |
|
| Stock purchase and compensation plans | | 26,696 |
| | 21,219 |
| | 19,027 |
|
| End of year | | 418,521 |
| | 390,315 |
| | 367,717 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Retained earnings: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Beginning of year, as previously reported | | 1,858,414 |
| | 1,698,613 |
| | 1,568,881 |
|
| Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of equity security guidance, net of tax | | — |
| | 30,726 |
| | — |
|
| Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of stranded deferred tax guidance | | — |
| | (5,707 | ) | | — |
|
| Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of lease guidance, net of tax (Note 3) | | 342 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Balance at beginning of year, as adjusted | | 1,858,756 |
| | 1,723,632 |
| | 1,568,881 |
|
| Net income | | 271,623 |
| | 178,939 |
| | 168,826 |
|
| Dividends to stockholders | | (49,850 | ) | | (44,157 | ) | | (39,094 | ) |
| End of year | | 2,080,529 |
| | 1,858,414 |
| | 1,698,613 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss): | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Beginning of year, as previously reported | | (77,956 | ) | | 20,170 |
| | (15,950 | ) |
| Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of equity security guidance, net of tax | | — |
| | (30,726 | ) | | — |
|
| Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of stranded deferred tax guidance | | — |
| | 5,707 |
| | — |
|
| Balance at beginning of year, as adjusted | | (77,956 | ) | | (4,849 | ) | | (15,950 | ) |
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | | 159,706 |
| | (73,107 | ) | | 36,120 |
|
| End of year | | 81,750 |
| | (77,956 | ) | | 20,170 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Treasury stock: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Beginning of year | | (584,668 | ) | | (578,112 | ) | | (572,097 | ) |
| Acquisition of treasury stock | | (8,164 | ) | | (6,556 | ) | | (6,015 | ) |
| End of year | | (592,832 | ) | | (584,668 | ) | | (578,112 | ) |
| Total stockholders’ equity | | $ | 2,194,936 |
| | 1,791,802 |
| | 1,712,957 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Dividends declared per share to stockholders | | $ | 0.83 |
| | 0.74 |
| | 0.66 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Common Stock, shares outstanding: | | | | | | |
| Beginning of year | | 58,948,554 |
| | 58,495,122 |
| | 57,967,199 |
|
| Dividend reinvestment plan | | 22,087 |
| | 23,493 |
| | 28,607 |
|
| Stock purchase and compensation plan | | 613,678 |
| | 540,337 |
| | 635,521 |
|
| Acquisition of treasury stock | | (123,166 | ) | | (110,398 | ) | | (136,205 | ) |
| End of year | | 59,461,153 |
| | 58,948,554 |
| | 58,495,122 |
|
Selective Insurance Group, Inc. also has authorized, but not issued, 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, without par value, of which 300,000 shares have been designated Series A junior preferred stock, without par value.
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
| | | Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| December 31, | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Operating Activities | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net income | | $ | 178,939 |
| | 168,826 |
| | 158,495 |
| | $ | 271,623 |
| | 178,939 |
| | 168,826 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: | | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Depreciation and amortization | | 44,874 |
| | 52,100 |
| | 61,671 |
| | 55,205 |
| | 44,874 |
| | 52,100 |
|
| Stock-based compensation expense | | 14,507 |
| | 12,089 |
| | 10,449 |
| | 19,077 |
| | 14,507 |
| | 12,089 |
|
| Undistributed (gains) losses of equity method investments | | (8,341 | ) | | (5,362 | ) | | 318 |
| |
| Undistributed gains of equity method investments | | | (12,773 | ) | | (8,341 | ) | | (5,362 | ) |
| Distributions in excess of current year income of equity method investments | | 2,924 |
| | 552 |
| | — |
| | 2,807 |
| | 2,924 |
| | 552 |
|
| Net realized and unrealized losses (gains) | | 54,923 |
| | (6,359 | ) | | 4,937 |
| |
| Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses | | | (14,422 | ) | | 54,923 |
| | (6,359 | ) |
| Loss on disposal of fixed assets | | 63 |
| | 998 |
| | — |
| | 42 |
| | 63 |
| | 998 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Changes in assets and liabilities: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Increase in reserves for loss and loss expense, net of reinsurance recoverables | | 168,288 |
| | 106,226 |
| | 114,422 |
| | 149,232 |
| | 168,288 |
| | 106,226 |
|
| Increase in unearned premiums, net of prepaid reinsurance | | 78,058 |
| | 79,614 |
| | 87,716 |
| | 82,253 |
| | 78,058 |
| | 79,614 |
|
| Decrease in net federal income taxes | | 2,428 |
| | 30,918 |
| | 11,150 |
| | 7,721 |
| | 2,428 |
| | 30,918 |
|
| Increase in premiums receivable | | (23,489 | ) | | (65,418 | ) | | (66,447 | ) | | (53,383 | ) | | (23,489 | ) | | (65,418 | ) |
| Increase in deferred policy acquisition costs | | (17,557 | ) | | (12,491 | ) | | (9,405 | ) | | (18,574 | ) | | (17,557 | ) | | (12,491 | ) |
| Increase in interest and dividends due or accrued | | (540 | ) | | (1,088 | ) | | (1,473 | ) | | (3,226 | ) | | (540 | ) | | (1,088 | ) |
| Decrease in accrued salaries and benefits | | (26,418 | ) | | (5,714 | ) | | (46,536 | ) | | (3,748 | ) | | (26,418 | ) | | (5,714 | ) |
| Increase in other assets | | (372 | ) | | (2,643 | ) | | (4,979 | ) | | (39,337 | ) | | (372 | ) | | (2,643 | ) |
| (Decrease) increase in other liabilities | | (13,343 | ) | | 27,297 |
| | 9,191 |
| |
| Increase (decrease) in other liabilities | | | 34,998 |
| | (13,343 | ) | | 27,297 |
|
| Net cash provided by operating activities | | 454,944 |
| | 379,545 |
| | 329,509 |
| | 477,495 |
| | 454,944 |
| | 379,545 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Investing Activities | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Purchase of fixed income securities, held-to-maturity | | (7,150 | ) | | — |
| | (4,235 | ) | | — |
| | (7,150 | ) | | — |
|
| Purchase of fixed income securities, available-for-sale | | (2,918,203 | ) | | (2,130,362 | ) | | (1,982,023 | ) | | (1,856,125 | ) | | (2,918,203 | ) | | (2,130,362 | ) |
| Purchase of equity securities | | (94,344 | ) | | (61,931 | ) | | (35,490 | ) | | (46,397 | ) | | (94,344 | ) | | (61,931 | ) |
| Purchase of other investments | | (68,578 | ) | | (55,830 | ) | | (66,164 | ) | | (64,908 | ) | | (68,578 | ) | | (55,830 | ) |
| Purchase of short-term investments | | (4,259,734 | ) | | (4,280,553 | ) | | (3,499,380 | ) | | (6,087,909 | ) | | (4,259,734 | ) | | (4,280,553 | ) |
| Sale of fixed income securities, available-for-sale | | 2,030,664 |
| | 1,197,920 |
| | 926,470 |
| | 594,743 |
| | 2,030,664 |
| | 1,197,920 |
|
| Sale of short-term investments | | 4,101,530 |
| | 4,338,318 |
| | 3,470,022 |
| | 6,129,885 |
| | 4,101,530 |
| | 4,338,318 |
|
| Redemption and maturities of fixed income securities, held-to-maturity | | 12,106 |
| | 58,832 |
| | 102,868 |
| | 16,149 |
| | 12,106 |
| | 58,832 |
|
| Redemption and maturities of fixed income securities, available-for-sale | | 638,916 |
| | 555,216 |
| | 641,524 |
| | 626,686 |
| | 638,916 |
| | 555,216 |
|
| Sale of equity securities | | 113,339 |
| | 37,960 |
| | 119,617 |
| | 137,294 |
| | 113,339 |
| | 37,960 |
|
| Sale of other investments | | 3,497 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 17,964 |
| | 3,497 |
| | — |
|
| Distributions from other investments | | 28,379 |
| | 21,843 |
| | 24,202 |
| | 19,972 |
| | 28,379 |
| | 21,843 |
|
| Fixed asset disposals | | | 9 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Purchase of property and equipment | | (16,110 | ) | | (14,071 | ) | | (18,147 | ) | | (30,986 | ) | | (16,110 | ) | | (14,071 | ) |
| Net cash used in investing activities | | (435,688 | ) | | (332,658 | ) | | (320,736 | ) | | (543,623 | ) | | (435,688 | ) | | (332,658 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Financing Activities | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Dividends to stockholders | | (42,097 | ) | | (37,045 | ) | | (33,758 | ) | | (47,675 | ) | | (42,097 | ) | | (37,045 | ) |
| Acquisition of treasury stock | | (6,556 | ) | | (6,015 | ) | | (4,992 | ) | | (8,164 | ) | | (6,556 | ) | | (6,015 | ) |
| Net proceeds from stock purchase and compensation plans | | 7,252 |
| | 7,599 |
| | 7,811 |
| | 8,243 |
| | 7,252 |
| | 7,599 |
|
| Proceeds from borrowings | | 130,000 |
| | 84,000 |
| | 165,000 |
| | 355,757 |
| | 130,000 |
| | 84,000 |
|
| Repayment of borrowings | | (130,000 | ) | | (84,000 | ) | | (115,000 | ) | | (250,000 | ) | | (130,000 | ) | | (84,000 | ) |
| Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements | | — |
| | — |
| | 1,819 |
| |
| Repayment of capital lease obligations | | (5,646 | ) | | (4,121 | ) | | (5,002 | ) | |
| Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | | (47,047 | ) | | (39,582 | ) | | 15,878 |
| |
| Repayment of finance lease obligations | | | (977 | ) | | (5,646 | ) | | (4,121 | ) |
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | | | 57,184 |
| | (47,047 | ) | | (39,582 | ) |
| Net (decrease) increase in cash and restricted cash | | (27,791 | ) | | 7,305 |
| | 24,651 |
| | (8,944 | ) | | (27,791 | ) | | 7,305 |
|
| Cash and restricted cash, beginning of year | | 44,710 |
| | 37,405 |
| | 12,754 |
| | 16,919 |
| | 44,710 |
| | 37,405 |
|
| Cash and restricted cash, end of year | | $ | 16,919 |
| | 44,710 |
| | 37,405 |
| | $ | 7,975 |
| | 16,919 |
| | 44,710 |
|
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1. Organization
Selective Insurance Group, Inc., through its subsidiaries, (collectively referred to as “we,” “us,” or “our”) offers standard commercial, standard personal, and excess and surplus ("E&S") lines property and casualty insurance products. Selective Insurance Group, Inc. (referred to as the “Parent”) was incorporated in New Jersey in 1977 and its corporate headquarters is located in Branchville, New Jersey. The Parent’s common stock is publicly traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “SIGI.” We have provided a glossary of terms as Exhibit 99.1 to this Form 10-K, which defines certain industry-specific and other terms that are used in this Form 10-K.
We classify our business into four reportable segments, which are as follows:
Standard Commercial Lines - comprised of insurance products and services provided in the standard marketplace to commercial enterprises, which are typically businesses, non-profit organizations, and local government agencies.
Standard Personal Lines - comprised of insurance products and services, including flood insurance coverage, provided primarily to individuals acquiring coverage in the standard marketplace.
E&S Lines - comprised of insurance products and services provided to customers who have not obtained coverage in the standard marketplace.
Investments - invests the premiums collected by our insurance operations, as well as amounts generated through our capital management strategies, which may include the issuance of debt and equity securities.
Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
(a) Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements (“Financial Statements”) include the accounts of the Parent and its subsidiaries, and have been prepared in conformity with: (i) United States ("U.S.") generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"); and (ii) the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.
(b) Use of Estimates
The preparation of our Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported financial statement balances, as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
(c) Reclassifications
Certain amounts in our prior years' Financial Statements and related notes have been reclassified to conform to the
2018 presentation. Specifically, we reclassified restricted cash balances related to our participation in the National Flood Insurance Program ("NFIP") from other assets in our consolidated balance sheet into a separate line item on the face of that statement. Additionally, refer to Note 3. "Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements" below for a discussion of the retroactive restatements that are included in these financial statements in relation to the adoption of new accounting pronouncements for the treatment of restricted cash and distributions from equity method investments on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.
(d) Investments
Portfolio Composition and Presentation in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
Our investment portfolio is primarily comprised of fixed income securities, which represent approximately 89% of our invested assets.securities. We also hold equity securities, short-term investments, and other investments. A description of our portfolio holdings, and the related presentation in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, is provided below.
Fixed Income Portfolio
We hold the following types of securities in our fixed income securities portfolio:
U.S. government and government agencies;agency obligations;
Foreign government obligations;
State and municipal obligations, including special revenue and general obligation bonds;
Corporate securities, which may include investment grade and below investment grade bonds, bank loan investments, redeemable preferred stock, and non-redeemable preferred stock with certain debt-like characteristics;
Collateralized loan obligations ("CLOs") and other asset-backed securities ("ABS");
Residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS"); and
Commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS").
We have designated approximately 99%substantially all of our fixed income securities portfolio as available-for-sale ("AFS"), with the remaining 1%remainder being designated as held-to-maturity ("HTM"), as we have the ability and positive intent to hold these securities to maturity. Our AFS securities are reported at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets, with unrealized gains or losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI"), net of tax. HTM securities are carriedrecorded at either: (i) amortized cost; or (ii) market value at the date of transfer into the HTM category, adjusted for subsequent amortization. After-tax
unrealized gains and losses on securities that were transferred into an HTM designation from an AFS designation, are also included in AOCI.
The amortized cost of fixed income securities is adjusted for the amortization of premiums and the accretion of discounts over the expected life of the security using the effective yield method. Callable debt securities held at a premium are amortized to the earliest call date. Premiums and discounts arising from the purchase of RMBS, CMBS, CLOsCLO and other ABS are amortized over the expected life of the security based on future principal payments, giving additional consideration to prepayments. These prepayments are estimated based on historical and projected cash flows. Prepayment assumptions are reviewed quarterly and adjusted to reflect actual prepayments and changes in expectations. Future amortization of any premium and/or discount is adjusted to reflect the revised assumptions.
Other Portfolio Holdings
Equity securities may include common and non-redeemable preferred stocks. Equity securities with readily determinable fair values are carriedrecorded at fair value. Certain equityEquity securities without readily determinable fair values are carriedrecorded at net asset value ("NAV") as a practical expedient.
Short-term investments may include certain money market instruments, savings accounts, commercial paper, and debt issuesfixed income securities purchased with a maturity of less than one year. We also enter into reverse repurchase agreements that are included in short-term investments. These loansrepurchase agreements are fully collateralized with high quality, readily marketableby high-quality, readily-marketable instruments at a minimum of 102% ofthat support the loan principal.principal amount. At maturity, we receive principal and interest income on these agreements. All short-termShort-term investments are carriedgenerally recorded at cost, which approximates fair value.
Other investments may include alternative investments, which principally include limited partnership investments in private equity, private credit, real estate, and other securities.infrastructure investment funds, Federal Home Loan Bank stock (“FHLB stock”), and tax credit investments. Alternative investments are accounted for using the equity method, with income typically recognized on a one-quarter lag. Other securities are primarily comprised of tax credit investments and equity securities without readily determinable fair values that are not carried at NAV as a practical expedient. These equity securities are carriedThe FHLB stock is recorded at cost. Accounting for our tax credit investments is dependent on the type of credit we have purchased, as follows:
Federal low income housing tax credits are accounted for under the proportional amortization method; and
All other tax credits in our investment portfolio are accounted for using the equity method.
For federal tax credits accounted for under the equity method, we use the deferral method for recognizing the benefit of the tax credit with the related deferred revenue being recognized in our Consolidated Income Statement as a component of "Federal income tax expense" proportionately over the life of the investment.
We categorize distributions from our investments accounted for using the equity method on our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows using the cumulative earnings approach. Under this approach, distributions received are classified as cash flows from operating activities until such time that the cumulative distributions exceed cumulative earnings for the investment. When such an excess occurs, the current period distribution up to this excess amount is considered a return of investment and is classified as a cash flow from investing activities.
We evaluate the alternative investments and tax credit investments included in our other investments portfolio to determine whether those investments are variable interest entities ("VIEs") and if so, whether consolidation is required. A VIE is an entity that either has equity investors that lack certain essential characteristics of a controlling financial interest or lack sufficient funds to finance its own activities without financial support provided by other entities. We consider several significant factors in determining if our investments are VIEs and if we are the primary beneficiary, including whether we have: (i) the power to direct activities of the VIE; (ii) the ability to remove the decision maker of the VIE; (iii) the ability to participate in making decisions that are significant to the VIE; and (iv) the obligation to absorb losses and the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. We have reviewed our alternative and tax credit investments and have concluded that they are VIEs, but that we are not the primary beneficiary and therefore, consolidation is not required.
Presentation in the Consolidated Statements of Income
Net investment income earned on our Consolidated Statements of Income includeincludes the following:
Interest income, as well as amortization and accretion, on fixed income securities;
Dividend income on equity securities;
Interest income on our short-term investments; and
Income recognized on our alternative and other investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting, except for federal tax credits, as discussed below.
Income related to federal tax credits (either low income housing tax credits or other federal credits) is recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Income as a component of “Federal income tax expense” proportionately over the life of the investment.
Net realized and unrealized gains and losses on our Consolidated Statements of Income include the following:
Realized gaingains and losses on the disposal of investment securities, which are determined on the basis of the cost of the specific investments sold;
Changes in unrealized gains or losses on our equity securities that are recorded at fair value; and
Other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") charges that are credit related or related to our intent to sell; andsell.
Changes in unrealized gains or losses on our equity securities that are carried at fair value.
On a quarterly basis, we review our investment portfolio for impairments that are other than temporary. The following provides information on this analysis for our fixed income securities and short-term investments, and our other investments.
OTTI Charges on Fixed Income Securities and Short-Term Investments
We review our fixed income securities and short-term investments that are in an unrealized loss position to determine: (i) if we have the intent to sell the security; (ii) if it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery; (iii) if the decline is other than interest-rate related; and (iv) if the decline is other than temporary. Broad changes in the overall market or interest rate environment generally will not lead to a write down. If we determine that we have either the intent or requirement to sell the security, we write down its amortized cost to its fair value through an OTTI charge to earnings. If we do not have either the intent or requirement to sell the security, our evaluation for OTTI may include, but is not limited to, evaluation of the following factors:
Whether the decline appears to be issuer or industry specific;
The degree to which the issuer is current or in arrears in making principal and interest payments on the fixed income security;
The issuer’s current financial condition and ability to make future scheduled principal and interest payments on a timely basis;
Evaluation of projected cash flows;
Buy/hold/sell recommendations published by outside investment advisors and analysts; and
Relevant rating history, analysis, and guidance provided by rating agencies and analysts.
To determine if an impairment is other than temporary, we perform assessments that may include, but are not limited to, a discounted cash flow analysis ("DCF") to determine the security's present value of future cash flows. This analysis is also performed on all previously-impaired debt securities that continue to be held by us and all RMBS, CMBS, CLOs and ABS that were not of high credit quality at the date of purchase. Any shortfall in the expected present value of the future cash flows, based on the DCF, from the amortized cost basis of a security is considered a “credit impairment,” with the remaining decline in fair value of a security considered a “non-credit impairment.” Credit impairments are charged to earnings as a component of realized losses, while non-credit impairments are recorded to other comprehensive income ("OCI") as a component of unrealized losses.
The discount rate we useused in a DCF is one of the following:
The current yield in effect at the reporting date to accrete the beneficial interest for RMBS, CMBS, CLO and other ABS that were not of high credit quality at acquisition;
The effective interest rate in effect as of the reporting date for non-fixed rate securities; and
The effective interest rate implicit in the security at the date of acquisition for those RMBS, CMBS, CLOs and other ABS that were not of high credit quality at acquisition. For all other securities, we use a discount rate that equals the current yield, excluding the impact of previous OTTI charges, used to accrete the beneficial interest. securities.
DCFs may include, but are not necessarily limited to: (i) generating cash flows for each tranche considering tranche-specific data, market data, and other pertinent information, such as the historical performance of the underlying collateral, including net operating income generated by underlying properties, conditional default rate assumptions, loan loss severity assumptions, consensus projections, prepayment projections, and actual pool and collateral information; (ii) identifying applicable benchmark yields; and (iii) applying market-based tranche specific spreads to determine an appropriate yield by incorporating collateral performance, tranche-level attributes, trades, bids, and offers.
Non-redeemable preferred stocks that are classified as fixed income securities are evaluated using the OTTI method described above unless the security is below investment grade. In this situation, we would determine: (i) if we do not intend to hold the security to its forecasted recovery; or (ii) if the decline is other than temporary, which includes declines driven by market volatility for which we cannot assert recovery in the near term. If we determine either that we do not intend to hold the security, or the decline is other than temporary, we write down the security's cost to its fair value through an OTTI charge to earnings.
OTTI Charges on Other Investments
Our evaluation for OTTI of an alternative investment may include, but is not limited to, conversations with the management of the alternative investment concerning the following:
The current investment strategy;
Changes made or future changes to be made to the investment strategy;
Emerging issues that may affect the success of the strategy; and
The appropriateness of the valuation methodology used regarding the underlying investments.
Our evaluation for OTTI of our other investments (tax credits and equity securities without a readily determinable fair value for which NAV is not used as a practical expedient)FHLB stock) include a qualitative assessment of impairment indicators, which include, but are not limited to, the following:
An adverse development of the expected receipt of remaining tax credits and other tax benefits; and
A significant deterioration in the earnings performance, credit ratings, asset quality,financial condition or business prospectsliquidity of the investee;Federal Home Loan Bank.
A significant adverse change in the regulatory, economic, or technological environment of the investee;
A significant adverse change in the general market condition of either the geographical area or the industry in which the investee operates;
A bona fide offer to purchase, or an offer by the investee to sell, or a completed auction process for the same or similar investment for an amount less than the carrying amount of that investment; and
Factors that raise significant concerns about the investee's ability to continue as a going concern, such as negative cash flows from operations, working capital deficiencies, or noncompliance with statutory capital requirements or debt covenants.
If there is a decline in the fair value of an alternative or other investment that we do not intend to hold, or if we determine the decline is other than temporary, we write down the carrycarrying value of the investment through an OTTI charge to earnings.
(e)(d) Fair Values of Financial Instruments
Assets
The fair values of our investments are generated using various valuation techniques and are placed into the fair value hierarchy considering the following: (i) the highest priority is given to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1); (ii) the next highest priority is given to quoted prices in markets that are not active or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly, including quoted prices for similar assets in markets that are not active and other inputs that can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets (Level 2); and (iii) the lowest priority is given to unobservable inputs supported by little or no market activity and that reflect our assumptions about the exit price, including assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset (Level 3). An asset’s classification within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of significant input to its valuation. Transfers between levels in the fair value hierarchy are recognized at the end of the reporting period.
The techniques used to value our financial assets are as follows:
Level 1 Pricing
|
| |
| Security Type | Methodology |
| Equity Securities; U.S. Treasury Notes | Equity and U.S. Treasury Note prices are received from an independent pricing service that are based on observable market transactions. We validate these prices against a second external pricing service, and if established market value comparison thresholds are breached, further analysis is performed to determine the price to be used. |
| Short-Term Investments | Short-term investments are carriedgenerally recorded at cost, which approximates fair value. Given the liquid nature of our short-term investments, we generally validate their fair value by way of active trades within approximately one week of the financial statement close. |
Level 2 Pricing
We utilize a market approach for our Level 2 securities, using primarily matrix pricing models prepared by external pricing services. Matrix pricing models use mathematical techniques to value debt securities by relying on the securities' relationship to other benchmark quoted securities, and not relying exclusively on quoted prices for specific securities, as the specific securities are not always frequently traded. As a matter of policy, we consistently use one pricing service as our primary source and secondary pricing services if prices are not available from the primary pricing service. Fixed income securities portfolio pricing is reviewed for reasonableness in the following ways: (i) comparing our pricing to other third-party pricing services as well as benchmark indexed pricing; (ii) comparing fair value fluctuations between months for reasonableness; and (iii)
reviewing stale prices. If further analysis is needed, a challenge is sent to the pricing service for review and confirmation of the price.
Further information on our Level 2 asset pricing is included in the following table:
|
| |
| Security Type | Methodology |
| Corporate Securities including preferred stocks classified as Fixed Income Securities, and U.S. Government and Government Agencies | Evaluations include obtaining relevant trade data, benchmark quotes and spreads, and incorporating this information into either spread-based or price-based evaluations as determined by the observed market data. Spread-based evaluations include: (i) creating a range of spreads for relevant maturities of each issuer based on the new issue market, secondary trading, and dealer quotes; and (ii) incorporating option adjusted spreads for issues that have early redemption features. Based on the findings in (i) and (ii) above, final spreads are derived and added to benchmark curves. Price-based evaluations include matching each issue to its best-known market maker and contacting firms that transact in these securities.
|
Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions
| Evaluations are based on yield curves that are developed based on factors such as: (i) benchmarks to issues with interest rates near prevailing market rates; (ii) established trading spreads over widely-accepted market benchmarks; (iii) yields on new issues; and (iv) market information from third-party sources such as reportable trades, broker-dealers, or issuers.
|
RMBS, CMBS, CLOsCLO and other ABS
| Evaluations are based on a DCF, including: (i) generating cash flows for each tranche considering tranche-specific data, market data, and other pertinent information, such as historical performance of the underlying collateral, including net operating income generated by the underlying properties, conditional default rate assumptions, loan loss severity assumptions, consensus projections, prepayment projections, and actual pool and loan level collateral information; (ii) identifying applicable benchmark yields; and (iii) applying market-based tranche-specific spreads to determine an appropriate yield by incorporating collateral performance, tranche-level attributes, trades, bids, and offers. |
Foreign Government
| Evaluations are performed using a DCF model and by incorporating observed market yields of benchmarks as inputs, adjusting for varied maturities. |
Level 3 Pricing
Less than 1% of our portfolio cannot be priced using our primary or secondary pricing service. At times, we may use valuations performed by the issuer or non-binding broker quotes to determine the fair value of these securities. We internally review these fair value measurements for reasonableness. This review typically includes an analysis of price fluctuations between months with variances over established thresholds being analyzed further.
Liabilities
The techniques used to value our notes payable are as follows:
Level 1 Pricing
|
| |
| Security Type | Methodology |
| 5.875% Senior Notes | Based on the quoted market prices. |
Level 2 Pricing
|
| |
| Security Type | Methodology |
7.25% Senior Notes; 6.70% Senior Notes; 5.375% Senior Notes | Based on matrix pricing models prepared by external pricing services. |
| Borrowings from Federal Home Loan Banks | Evaluations are performed using a DCF model based on current borrowing rates provided by the Federal Home Loan Banks that are consistent with the remaining term of the borrowing. |
(f)(e) Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts
We estimate an allowance for uncollectible accounts on our premiums receivable. This allowance is based on historical write-off percentages adjusted for the effects of current and anticipated trends. An account is charged off when we believe it is probable that we will not collect a receivable. In making this determination, we consider information obtained from our efforts to collect amounts due directly or through collection agencies.
(g)(f) Share-Based Compensation
Share-based compensation consists of all share-based payment transactions in which an entity acquires goods or services by issuing (or offering to issue) its shares, share units, share options, or other equity instruments. The cost resulting from all share-based payment transactions are recognized in the Financial Statements based on the fair value of both equity and liability awards. The fair value is measured at grant date for equity awards, whereas the fair value for liability awards are remeasured at each reporting period. The fair value of both equity and liability awards is recognized over the requisite service period. The
requisite service period is typically the lesser of the vesting period or the period of time from the grant date to the date of retirement eligibility. The expense recognized for share-based awards, which, in some cases, contain performance criteria, is based on the number of shares or units expected to be issued at the end of the performance period. We repurchase the Parent’s stock from our employees in connection with tax withholding obligations, as permitted under our stock-based compensation plans. This activity is disclosed in our Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity.
(h)
(g) Reinsurance
Reinsurance recoverable represents estimates of amounts that will be recovered from reinsurers under our various treaties. Generally, amounts recoverable from reinsurers are recognized as assets at the same time and in a manner consistent with the paid and unpaid losses associated with the reinsured policies. We require collateral to secure all, or a portion of, reinsurance recoverables primarily from our reinsurance carriers that are not authorized, otherwise approved, or certified to do business in one or more of our ten insurance subsidiaries' domiciliary states. Our ten insurance subsidiaries are collectively referred to as the "Insurance Subsidiaries." This collateral is typically in the form of a letter of credit or cash. An allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance is recorded based on an evaluation of balances due from reinsurers and other available information, such as each reinsurer's credit rating from A.M. Best Company ("A.M. Best") or Standard & Poor's Rating Services ("S&P"). We charge off reinsurance recoverables on paid losses when it becomes probable that we will not collect the balance.
(i)(h) Property and Equipment
Property and equipment used in operations, including certain costs incurred to develop or obtain computer software for internal use, are capitalized and carriedrecorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The following estimated useful lives can be considered as general guidelines:
|
| | |
| Asset Category | | Years |
| Computer hardware | | 3 |
| Computer software | | 3 to 5 |
| Internally developed software | | 5 to 10 |
| Software licenses | | 3 to 5 |
| Furniture and fixtures | | 10 |
| Buildings and improvements | | 5 to 40 |
We recorded depreciation expense of $18.7 million, $19.5 million, and $17.8 million for 2019, 2018, and $17.4 million for 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.
(j)(i) Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs
Deferred policy acquisition costs are limited to costs directly related to the successful acquisition of insurance contracts. Costs meeting this definition typically include, among other things, sales commissions paid to our distribution partners, premium taxes, and the portion of employee salaries and benefits directly related to time spent on acquired contracts. These costs are deferred and amortized over the life of the contracts.
Accounting guidance requires a premium deficiency analysis to be performed at the level an entity acquires, services, and measures the profitability of its insurance contracts. We currently perform three premium deficiency analyses for our insurance operations, consistent with our reportable segments of Standard Commercial Lines, Standard Personal Lines, and E&S Lines. A combined ratio of over 100% does not necessarily indicate a premium deficiency, as any year's combined ratio includes a portion of underwriting expenses that are expensed at policy inception and therefore are not covered by the remaining unearned premium. In addition, investment income is not contemplated in the combined ratio calculation.
There were no premium deficiencies for any of the reported years, as the sum of the anticipated loss and loss expense, unamortized acquisition costs, policyholder dividends, and other expenses for each segment did not exceed that segment’s related unearned premium and anticipated investment income. The investment yields assumed in the premium deficiency assessment for each reporting period, which were based on our actual average investment yield before tax as of the September 30 calculation date, were 3.5% for 2019, 3.3% for 2018, and 2.9% for 2017, and 2.4% for 2016.2017.
(k)(j) Goodwill
Goodwill results from business acquisitions where the cost of assets and liabilities acquired exceeds the fair value of those assets and liabilities. A quantitative goodwill impairment analysis is performed if our quarterly qualitative analysis indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Goodwill is allocated to the reporting units for purposes of these analyses. Based on our analysis at December 31, 2018,2019, goodwill was not impaired.
(l)(k) Reserve for Loss and Loss Expense
Reserves for loss and loss expense are comprised of both case reserves on individual claims and reserves for claims incurred but not reported ("IBNR"). Case reserves result from claims that have been reported to one or more of our Insurance Subsidiaries, and are estimated at the amount of the expected ultimate payment. IBNR reserves are established at more aggregated levels than case basis reserves, and include: (i) reserves on IBNR claims; and (ii) provisions for future emergence
on known or reopened claims. IBNR reserves are established based on the results of the Insurance Subsidiaries’ internal reserve analysis, supplemented with other internal and external information.
The internal reserve analysisreview is performed quarterly, and relies upon generally accepted actuarial techniques. Such techniques assume that past experience, adjusted for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, are an appropriate basis for predicting future events. Our analyses rely upon historical paid and case loss and loss expense experience organized by line of business, accident year, and maturity (i.e., “triangles”). StandardGenerally accepted actuarial projection methodstechniques are applied to this history, producing a set of estimated ultimate loss and loss expenses. Ultimate loss and loss expenses are selected from the various methods, considering the strengths and weaknesses of the methods as they apply to the specific line and accident year.
Certain types of exposures do not lend themselves to standardgenerally accepted actuarial methods.techniques. Examples of these are:
Certain property catastrophe events may be low in frequency and high in severity. These events may affect many insureds simultaneously. Due to the unique nature of these events, ultimate liabilities are estimated for each event, based on surveys of our portfolio of exposures, in conjunction with individual claims estimates. While generally short-tailed, the liabilities associated with these events are subject to a higher degree of uncertainty. We maintain significant reinsurance protection that greatly limits the impact that these extreme events have on net loss and loss expenses.
Some insured events may span multiple years and trigger multiple policies, as in the case of asbestos, environmental, and environmentalabuse and molestation claims, where the injury is deemed to occur over an extended period of time. These types of losses often do not lend themselves to traditional actuarial methods. Where we deem appropriate, our experience may be analyzed without differentiating by accident year, using alternative methods and metrics. In these cases, the associated selected ultimate loss and loss expenses are then allocated to the applicable accident years for reporting.
Another example of non-standard methodsexposures that do not lend themselves to generally accepted actuarial techniques relate to loss expenses that cannot be attributed to a specific claim (referred to as “unallocated loss expenses”). These expenses are first allocated to line of business, and alternative projection methods are then applied to estimate expenses by calendar year, which are then allocated back to the applicable accident years for reporting.
The selected ultimate loss and loss expenses are translated into indicated IBNR reserves, which are then compared to the recorded IBNR reserves.reserves, which are assessed in aggregate. Management's judgment is applied in determining any required adjustments to IBNR and the resulting adjustments are then recorded and assigned or allocated to accident year using the results of the actuarial analysis.
While the reserve analysisreview is the primary basis for determining the recorded IBNR reserves, other internal and external factors are considered. Internal factors include:include (i) changes to our underwriting and claims practice, (ii) supplemental data regarding claims reporting and settlement trends; (ii)trends, (iii) exposure estimates for reported claims, along with recent development on those estimates with respect to individual large claims and the aggregate of all claims; (iii)claims, (iv) the rate at which new large or complex claims are being reported;reported, and (iv)(v) additional trends observed by claims personnel or reported to them by defense counsel. External factors considered include:include (i) legislative enactments;enactments, (ii) judicial decisions;decisions, (iii) legal developments in the determination of liability and the imposition of damages; (iv) social inflation and heightened awareness of sources of liability;liability, and (v)(iv) trends in general economic conditions, including the effects of inflation.
Loss reserves are estimates, and as such, we also consider a range of possible loss and loss expense reserve estimates. This range is determined at the beginning of each year, using prior year-end data, and reflects the fact that there is no single precise method for estimating the required reserves, due to the many factors that may influence the amounts ultimately paid. Considering the reserve range along with all of the items described above, as well as current market conditions, IBNR estimates are then established and recorded.
The combination of the IBNR estimates along with the case reserve estimates on individual claims results in our total reserves for loss and loss expense. These reserves are expected to be sufficient for settling loss and loss expense obligations under our policies on unpaid claims, including changes in the volume of business written, claims frequency and severity, the mix of business, claims processing, and other items that management expects to affect our ultimate settlement of loss and loss expense. However, the ultimate claim settlements may be higher or lower than reserves established. As our experience emerges and
other information develops, we revise our reserve estimates accordingly. The changes in these estimates, resulting from the continuous review process and the differences between estimates and ultimate payments, are reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the period in which such estimates are changed. The associated impacts may be material to the results of operations in future periods.
We do not discount to present value that portion of our loss and loss expense reserves expected to be paid in future periods.
Our loss and loss expense reserves implicitly include anticipated recoveries for salvage and subrogation claims.
Claims are counted at the occurrence, line of business, and policy level. For example, if a single occurrence (e.g. an auto accident) leads to a claim under an auto and an associated umbrella policy, they are each counted separately. Conversely, multiple claimants under the same occurrence/line/policy would contribute only a single count. The claim counts provided are on a reported basis. A claim is considered reported when a reserve is established or a payment is made. Therefore, claims closed without payment are included in the count as long as there was an associated case reserve at some point in its life cycle.
We also write a small amount of assumed reinsurance. Currently, this business is limited to our share of certain involuntary pools. As the associated claims are not processed by us, they are not captured within our claims system. Therefore, the claim counts reported exclude this business.
(m)(l) Revenue Recognition
The Insurance Subsidiaries' net premiums written (“NPW”) include direct insurance policy writings, plus reinsurance assumed and estimates of premiums earned but unbilled on the workers compensation and general liability lines of business, less reinsurance ceded. The estimated premium on the workers compensation and general liability lines is referred to as audit premium. We estimate this premium, as it is anticipated to be either billed or returned on policies subsequent to expiration based on exposure levels (i.e. payroll or sales). Audit premium is based on historical trends adjusted for the uncertainty of future economic conditions. Economic instability could ultimately impact our estimates and assumptions, and changes in our estimate may be material to the results of operations in future periods. Premiums written are recognized as revenue over the period that coverage is provided using the semi-monthly pro-rata method. Unearned premiums and prepaid reinsurance premiums represent that portion of premiums written that are applicable to the unexpired terms of policies in force.
(n)(m) Dividends to Policyholders
We establish reserves for dividends to policyholders on certain policies, most significantly workers compensation policies. These dividends are based on the policyholders' loss experience. Dividend reserves are established based on past experience, adjusted for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends. The expense for these dividends is recognized over a period that begins at policy inception and ends with the payment of the dividend. We report these dividends within "Other insurance expenses" on the Consolidated Statements of Income. We do not issue policies that entitle the policyholder to participate in the earnings or surplus of our Insurance Subsidiaries.
(o)(n) Federal Income Tax
We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Current federal income taxes are recognized for the estimated taxes payable or refundable on tax returns for the current year. Deferred federal income taxes arise from the recognition of temporary differences between financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. We consider all evidence, both positive and negative, with respect to our federal tax loss carryback availability, expected levels of pre-tax financial statement income, and federal taxable income, when evaluating whether the temporary differences will be realized. In projecting future taxable income, we begin with budgeted pre-tax income adjusted for estimated non-taxable items. The assumptions about future taxable income require significant judgment and are consistent with the plans and estimates we use to manage our businesses. A valuation allowance is established when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. A liability for uncertain tax positions is recorded when it is more likely than not that a tax position will not be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. The effect of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period of enactment. If we were to be levied interest and penalties by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”), the interest would be recognized as “Interest expense” and the penalties would be recognized as either “Other insurance expenses” or "Corporate expenses" on the Consolidated Statements of Income depending on the nature of what caused the occurrence of such an item.
(p)(o) Leases
We have various operating leases for office space, equipment, and fleet vehicles. RentalIn addition, we have various finance leases for computer hardware.
We determine if an arrangement is a lease on the commencement date of the contract. Lease assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The lease asset and liability are measured by the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term. Our fleet vehicle leases include a residual value guarantee; however, it is not probable of being owed. Therefore, there is no impact to the lease liability or lease asset. To measure the present value, the discount rate available in the contract is used. If the discount rate is not readily determinable, our incremental borrowing rate is used. The lease asset is then adjusted to exclude lease incentives. We recognize variable lease payments in the periods in which the obligations for those payments are incurred. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease at which time it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for suchis calculated using the straight-line method. In addition, we have adopted accounting policy
elections to: (i) aggregate lease and non-lease components into a single lease component; and (ii) expense short-term leases is recorded on a straight-line basis over the lease term. If a lease has a fixed and determinable escalation clause, or periods of rent holidays, the difference between rental expense and rent paid is included in "Other liabilities" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
In addition, we have various capital leases for computer hardware and software. These leases are accounted for as an acquisition of an asset with a corresponding obligation. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset or the lease term.
(q)(p) Pension
Our pension and post-retirement life benefit obligations and related costs are calculated using actuarial methods, within the framework of GAAP. Our pension benefit obligation is determined as the actuarial present value of the vested benefits to which the employee is currently entitled, based on the average life expectancy of the employee. Our funding policy provides that payments to our pension trust shall be equal to the minimum funding requirements of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), plus additional amounts that the Board of Directors of Selective Insurance Company of America (“SICA”) may approve from time to time.
Two key assumptions, the discount rate and the expected return on plan assets, are important elements of expense and/or liability measurement. We evaluate these key assumptions annually unless facts indicate that a more frequent review is required. The discount rate enables us to state expected future cash flows at their present value on the measurement date. The purpose of the discount rate is to determine the interest rates inherent in the price at which pension benefits could be effectively settled. Our discount rate selection is based on high-quality, long-term corporate bonds. To determine the expected long-term rate of return on the plan assets, we consider the current and expected asset allocation, as well as historical and expected returns on each plan asset class. Other assumptions involve demographic factors such as retirement age and mortality.
Note 3. Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements
In January 2016, theThe Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-01,
Financial Instruments - Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU
2016-01”). ASU 2016-01 provides guidance to improve certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and
disclosure of financial instruments. Specifically the guidance: (i) requires equity securities held in our investment portfolio to
be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings; (ii) simplifies the impairment assessment of equity
investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment; (iii)
eliminates the requirement to disclose the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to
be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost; (iv) requires the use of the exit price notion when measuring
the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes; and (v) clarifies that the need for a valuation allowance on a
deferred tax asset related to an available-for-sale ("AFS") security should be evaluated with other deferred tax assets.
We adopted ASU 2016-01 in the first quarter of 2018 and recognized a $30.7 million cumulative-effect adjustment to the
opening balances of accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") and retained earnings, which represents the after-tax
net unrealized gain on our equity portfolio as of December 31, 2017. Additionally, beginning in the first quarter of 2018,
changes in unrealized gains or losses on this portfolio are no longer recorded to AOCI, but are instead recognized in income
through "Net unrealized losses on equity securities" on our Consolidated Statements of Income. See Note 5. "Investments" below for information regarding unrealized equity losses recognized in income for 2018.
There were two accounting updates that we adopted with a retrospective transition in the first quarter of 2018 that related to our
statements of cash flows. These accounting updates impacted our categorization of distributions from equity method investees
(ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments ("ASU 2016-15")) and
the presentation of restricted cash (ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows: Restricted Cash ("ASU 2016-18")). These ASUs
are discussed below and the discussions are followed with a table presenting the impact of the prior period restatements.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15. As mentioned above, this ASU adds guidance on the categorization of
distributions from equity method investees within the statement of cash flows. In accordance with this guidance, we made an
accounting policy election to classify these distributions using the cumulative earnings approach. This election resulted in a
restatement to operating and investing cash flows as outlined in the table below. ASU 2016-15 also added or clarified guidance
on the cash flow classification of certain cash receipts and payments, including, but not limited to: (i) debt prepayment or debt
extinguishment costs; (ii) proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, including bank-owned life
insurance policies; and (iii) separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. The updated
guidance for these topics did not result in any restatements to our statement of cash flows.
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18. ASU 2016-18 requires restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents to be
included with cash and cash equivalents in the reconciliation of beginning and ending cash on the statements of cash flows.
This update also requires a reconciliation of the statement of the cash flows to the balance sheet if the balance sheet includes
more than one line item containing cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash. We have restricted cash related to our
participation in the NFIP, which we had previously reported as part of "Other assets" on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Beginning in the first quarter of 2018, we are reporting restricted cash in its own line item on the Consolidated Balance Sheets
to aid in the reconciliation of the amounts presented on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. We have also restated
prior year balances on the Consolidated Balance Sheets to conform to the current year presentation.
The adoption of this guidance resulted in a restatement of operating cash flows in 2017 and 2016 to remove the impact of
the change in restricted cash from operating activities and include the restricted cash balance in the reconciliation of beginning
and ending cash balances on the Statements of Cash Flows. In addition, we have included the required reconciliation in Note 4.
"Statements of Cash Flows" below.
ASU 2016-15 and ASU 2016-18 resulted in the following line item restatements within operating and investing cash flows on
the Statements of Cash Flows:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | December 31, 2017 | December 31, 2016 |
| ($ in thousands) | | Prior to Adoption | | After Adoption | Prior to Adoption | | After Adoption |
| Undistributed (gains) losses of equity method investments | | $ | (6,393 | ) | | (5,362 | ) | $ | (2,316 | ) | | 318 |
|
| Distributions in excess of current year income of equity method investments | | — |
| | 552 |
| — |
| | — |
|
| (Increase) decrease in other assets | | (9,872 | ) | | (2,643 | ) | (30,071 | ) | | (4,979 | ) |
| Net cash provided by operating activities | | 370,733 |
| | 379,545 |
| 301,783 |
| | 329,509 |
|
| | | | | | | | |
| Distributions from other investments | | 23,426 |
| | 21,843 |
| 26,837 |
| | 24,202 |
|
| Net cash used in investing activities | | (331,075 | ) | | (332,658 | ) | (318,101 | ) | | (320,736 | ) |
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other: Simplifying the Test for Goodwill
Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”). ASU 2017-04 eliminates the second step of the two part goodwill impairment test, which
required entities to determine the fair value of individual assets and liabilities of a reporting unit to measure the goodwill
impairment. Under the new guidance, a goodwill impairment is calculated as the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying
value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. An entity still has the option to perform the
qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary. The amendments in this
update are to be applied on a prospective basis for annual or interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after
December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates
after January 1, 2017. We adopted ASU 2017-04 in the first quarter of 2018 and it had no impact on us.
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-07, Compensation-Retirement Benefits: Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost ("ASU 2017-07"). ASU 2017-07 requires that an employer report a pension plan's service cost in the same line item or line items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by pertinent employees during the period. ASU 2017-07 also requires that other components of net benefit cost be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component. If a separate line item or items are not used, the line item or items used in the income statement to present the other components of net benefit cost must be disclosed. ASU 2017-07 was effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted at the beginning of an annual period. We adopted ASU 2017-07 in the first quarter of 2018, but it had no impact on us as our pension plan was frozen as of March 2016 and we have therefore ceased accruing additional service fee costs since that time.
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income ("ASU 2018-02").
ASU 2018-02 allows a one-time reclassification from AOCI to retained earnings for the stranded tax assets that were created in
AOCI from the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 ("Tax Reform"). We adopted ASU 2018-02 in the first quarter
of 2018 and recognized a $5.7 million cumulative-effect adjustment for the deferred tax charge to income in the fourth quarter
of 2017 that was associated with net unrealized gains on our investment portfolio and pension plan resulting from the
enactment of Tax Reform.
Pronouncements to be effective in the future
The FASB has issued new leasing guidance through ASU 2016-02, Leases, which was issued in February 2016, as well as
additional implementation guidance that was issued in 2018 and 2019 (collectively referred to as "ASU 2016-02"). ASU 2016-02
requires all lessees to recognize assets and liabilities on their balance sheets for the rights and obligations created by leases with
terms longer than 12 months. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, an accounting policy election is allowed to recognize
lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Under the new lease guidance, we expect an increase in assets and
liabilities as we will recognize operating leases for office space, fleet vehicles, and equipment on our Consolidated Balance Sheets for the first time.
ASU 2016-02 allows for certain practical expedients, accounting policy elections, and a transition method election. We currently plan to adoptadopted practical expedients related to reassessing: (i) whether our existing contracts are,
or contain, leases; (ii) lease classification for existing leases; and (iii) initial direct costs for existing leases. Additionally, we plan to adoptadopted accounting policy elections to: (i) aggregate lease and non-lease components of a contract into a single lease component; and (ii) expense short-term leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We will be adoptingadopted ASU 2016-02 effective January 1, 2019 with a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as of that date. We do not anticipate2019. See Note 17. "Leases" in this Form 10-K for additional information regarding our leases and the impact of this guidance on our financial condition and results of operations.
In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to beNonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting ("ASU 2018-07"). The amendments in ASU 2018-07 expand the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. We adopted ASU 2018-07 in the first quarter of 2019 and it did not have a material toimpact on our financial condition or results of operations,operations.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement: Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure
Requirementsfor Fair Value Measurement (“ASU 2018-13”). ASU 2018-13 modifies the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The modifications removed the following disclosure requirements: (i) the amount of, and reasons for, transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; (ii) the policy for timing of transfers between levels; and (iii) the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. This ASU added the following disclosure requirements: (i) the changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income ("OCI") for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period; and (ii) the range and weighted average of significant observable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. We elected to early adopt the provisions related to removed disclosures in the fourth quarter of 2019 and will adopt the remaining disclosure requirements in the first quarter of 2020 as operating lease right-of-use assetspermitted under ASU 2018-13. As the requirements of this literature are disclosure only, ASU 2018-13 has no impact our financial condition or results of operations.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General: Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans (“ASU 2018-14”). ASU 2018-14 modifies the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. These modifications include: (i) removing the requirement to disclose the amount in accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") expected to be approximately $21 million at transition withrecognized as components of net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year; and (ii) adding the requirement to disclose an explanation of the reasons for significant gains or losses related lease liabilitiesto changes in the benefit obligation for the period. We elected to early adopt this update in the fourth quarter of approximately $20 million. The differential2019. As the requirements of $1 million will be recognized, on an after-tax basis, as a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balancethis literature are disclosure only, ASU 2018-14 does not have impact our financial condition or results of 2019 retained earnings. Financing lease right-of-use assets and the related lease liabilities are expectedoperations.
Pronouncements to be approximately $1 million as of January 1, 2019.effective in the future
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13,, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses(“ASU, as well as additional implementation guidance issued in 2018 and 2019 (collectively referred to as “ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 will change that changes the way entities recognize impairment of financial assets by requiringassets. The new guidance requires immediate recognition of estimated credit losses expected to occur over the remaining life of many financial assets including, among others, HTM debt securities, trade receivables, and reinsurance recoverables. This ASU will not impactthrough the impairment accounting model for AFS debt securities. ASU 2016-13 requiresestablishment of a valuation allowance to be calculated on these financial assets and that they be presented on the financial statements net of the valuation allowance. The valuation allowance is a measurement of expected losses that is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. This methodology is referred to asAdditionally, ASU 2016-03 requires the current expected credit loss model. ASU 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. presentation of the impacted financial assets on the consolidated balance sheet net of the valuation allowance.
We are currently evaluating the impact ofwill adopt this guidance on our financial conditionJanuary 1, 2020 and results of operations.
In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to
Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting ("ASU 2018-07"). The amendments in ASU 2018-07 expand the scope of
Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from non-employees. ASU 2018-07 is
effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is
permitted. The adoption of this guidanceit will not have abe material impact onto our financial condition or results of operations.
In August 2018, We will apply a modified retrospective approach for the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement: Disclosure Framework - Changesadoption and we anticipate recording a cumulative-effect adjustment to the Disclosure
Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (“ASU 2018-13”). ASU 2018-13 modifies the disclosure requirements for fair value
measurements. The modifications removed the following disclosure requirements: (i) the amountopening balance of and reasons for, transfers
between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; (ii) the policy for timing of transfers between levels; and (iii) the
valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. This ASU added the following disclosure requirements: (i) the
changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income ("OCI") for recurring Level 3
fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period; and (ii) the range and weighted average of significant
observable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. This update2020 retained earnings, which is effective for annual and interim periods
beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. As the requirements of this literature are disclosure only,
ASU 2018-13 will not impact our financial condition or results of operations.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General:
Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans (“ASU 2018-14”). ASU 2018-14
modifies the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. These
modifications include: (i) removing the requirement to disclose the amount in AOCI expected to be recognizedmaterial. Also, as components
of net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year; and (ii) adding the requirement to disclose an explanation of the reasons
for significant gains or losses related to changesprescribed in the benefit obligation for the period. This update is effective for fiscal years
ending after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. As the requirements of this literature, are disclosure only, ASU
2018-14we will not impactadjust the amortized cost basis of any securities for which we had previously recorded an OTTI charge. The cumulative-effect adjustment to increase retained earnings represents the net adjustment required to establish valuation allowances on our financial condition or results of operations.held-to-maturity ("HTM") debt securities and to re-estimate valuation allowances on our trade receivables and reinsurance recoverables under ASU 2016-13.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software: Customer’s
Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract (“ASU
2018-15”). ASU 2018-15 aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that
is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use
software. We will adopt this guidance on January 1, 2020 and we do not expect that it will have a material impact to our financial condition or results of operations.
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes - Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”). Among other items, the amendments in ASU 2019-12 simplify the accounting treatment of tax law changes and year-to-date losses in interim periods. An entity generally recognizes the effects of a change in tax law in the period of enactment; however, there is an exception for tax laws with delayed effective dates. Under current guidance, an entity may not adjust its annual effective tax rate for a tax law change until the period in which the law is effective. This updateexception was removed under ASU 2019-12, thereby providing that all effects of a tax law change are recognized in the period of enactment, including adjustment of the estimated annual effective tax rate. Regarding year-to-date losses in interim periods, an entity is required to estimate its annual effective tax rate for the full fiscal year at the end of each interim period and use that rate to calculate its income taxes on a year-to-date basis. However, current guidance provides an exception that when a loss in an interim period exceeds the anticipate loss for the year, the income tax benefit is limited to the amount that would be recognized if the year-to-date loss were the anticipated loss for the full year. ASU 2019-12 removes this exception and provides that in this situation, an entity would compute its income tax benefit at each interim period based on its estimated annual effective tax rate. ASU 2019-12 is effective for annual and interim periodsfiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early2020, including interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption
is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our financial condition orand results of operations.
Note 4. Statements of Cash Flows
Supplemental cash flow information for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 20162017 is as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Cash paid during the period for: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Interest | | $ | 25,089 |
| | 23,992 |
| | 23,905 |
|
| Federal income tax | | 55,825 |
| | 29,193 |
| | 62,000 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: | | | | | | |
Operating cash flows from operating leases1 | | 8,138 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Operating cash flows from financing leases | | 16 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Financing cash flows from finance leases | | 977 |
| | 5,646 |
| | 4,121 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Non-cash items: | | | | | | |
Corporate actions related to fixed income securities, AFS2 | | 61,369 |
| | 52,277 |
| | 22,511 |
|
Corporate actions related to equity securities2 | | 14,250 |
| | 944 |
| | 4,725 |
|
| Assets acquired under finance lease arrangements | | 824 |
| | 4,119 |
| | 278 |
|
Assets acquired under operating lease arrangements1 | | 13,808 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Non-cash purchase of property and equipment | | 89 |
| | 291 |
| | — |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Cash paid during the period for: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Interest | | $ | 23,992 |
| | 23,905 |
| | 22,098 |
|
| Federal income tax | | 29,193 |
| | 62,000 |
| | 46,405 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Non-cash items: | | | | | | |
Corporate actions related to fixed income securities, AFS1 | | 52,277 |
| | 22,511 |
| | 23,579 |
|
Corporate actions related to equity securities1 | | 944 |
| | 4,725 |
| | 3,263 |
|
| Assets acquired under capital lease arrangements | | 4,119 |
| | 278 |
| | 3,151 |
|
| Non-cash purchase of property and equipment | | 291 |
| | — |
| | 78 |
|
1Upon adoption of ASU 2016-02, effective January 1, 2019, we are required to disclose cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities, as well as supplemental non-cash information on operating lease liabilities arising from obtaining operating lease assets.
2Examples of corporate actions include exchanges, non-cash acquisitions, and stock-splits.
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheets that equate to the amount reported in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:
|
| | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | December 31, 2019 | | December 31, 2018 |
| Cash | | $ | 300 |
| | 505 |
|
| Restricted cash | | 7,675 |
| | 16,414 |
|
| Total cash and restricted cash shown in the Statements of Cash Flows | | $ | 7,975 |
| | 16,919 |
|
|
| | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | December 31, 2018 | | December 31, 2017 |
| Cash | | $ | 505 |
| | 534 |
|
| Restricted cash | | 16,414 |
| | 44,176 |
|
| Total cash and restricted cash shown in the Statements of Cash Flows | | $ | 16,919 |
| | 44,710 |
|
Amounts included in restricted cash represent cash received from the NFIP,National Flood Insurance Program ("NFIP"), which is restricted to pay flood claims under the Write Your Own Program.
Note 5. Investments
(a) Net unrealized gains on investments included in OCI by asset class were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 20162017:
| | | ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| AFS securities: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Fixed income securities | | $ | 2,302 |
| | 85,806 |
| | 38,781 |
| | $ | 215,634 |
| | 2,302 |
| | 85,806 |
|
| Equity securities | | — |
| | 38,894 |
| | 25,864 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 38,894 |
|
| Total AFS securities | | 2,302 |
| | 124,700 |
| | 64,645 |
| | 215,634 |
| | 2,302 |
| | 124,700 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| HTM securities: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Fixed income securities | | 89 |
| | (21 | ) | | 159 |
| | 31 |
| | 89 |
| | (21 | ) |
| Total HTM securities | | 89 |
| | (21 | ) | | 159 |
| | 31 |
| | 89 |
| | (21 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Short-term securities | | | 23 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| | | | | | | | |
| Total net unrealized gains | | 2,391 |
| | 124,679 |
| | 64,804 |
| | 215,688 |
| | 2,391 |
| | 124,679 |
|
| Deferred income tax | | (502 | ) | | (44,103 | ) | | (22,681 | ) | | (45,294 | ) | | (502 | ) | | (44,103 | ) |
| Net unrealized gains, net of deferred income tax | | 1,889 |
| | 80,576 |
| | 42,123 |
| | 170,394 |
| | 1,889 |
| | 80,576 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cumulative effect adjustment due to accounting change for equity unrealized1 | | 30,726 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 30,726 |
| | — |
|
Cumulative effect adjustment due to accounting changes due to accounting change for stranded tax assets1 | | (17,920 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (17,920 | ) | | — |
|
| Increase (decrease) in net unrealized gains in OCI, net of deferred income tax | | $ | (65,881 | ) | | 38,453 |
| | (2,873 | ) | | $ | 168,505 |
| | (65,881 | ) | | 38,453 |
|
Reform. See Note 3. "AdoptionCuts and Jobs Act of Accounting Pronouncements" above for additional information.2017 ("Tax Reform").
(b) Information regarding our HTM fixed income securities as of December 31, 20182019 and December 31, 20172018 was as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2019 | | | | Net | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Unrealized | | | | Unrecognized | | Unrecognized | | |
| | | Amortized | | Gains | | Carrying | | Holding | | Holding | | Fair |
| ($ in thousands) | | Cost | | (Losses) | | Value | | Gains | | Losses | | Value |
| Obligations of state and political subdivisions | | $ | 4,573 |
| | 7 |
| | 4,580 |
| | 342 |
| | (1 | ) | | 4,921 |
|
| Corporate securities | | 16,196 |
| | 24 |
| | 16,220 |
| | 834 |
| | — |
| | 17,054 |
|
| Total HTM fixed income securities | | $ | 20,769 |
| | 31 |
| | 20,800 |
| | 1,176 |
| | (1 | ) | | 21,975 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2018 | | | | Net | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Unrealized | | | | Unrecognized | | Unrecognized | | |
| | | Amortized | | Gains | | Carrying | | Holding | | Holding | | Fair |
| ($ in thousands) | | Cost | | (Losses) | | Value | | Gains | | Losses | | Value |
| Obligations of state and political subdivisions | | $ | 17,431 |
| | 39 |
| | 17,470 |
| | 504 |
| | (5 | ) | | 17,969 |
|
| Corporate securities | | 19,590 |
| | 50 |
| | 19,640 |
| | 855 |
| | (147 | ) | | 20,348 |
|
| Total HTM fixed income securities | | $ | 37,021 |
| | 89 |
| | 37,110 |
| | 1,359 |
| | (152 | ) | | 38,317 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2018 | | | | Net | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Unrealized | | | | Unrecognized | | Unrecognized | | |
| | | Amortized | | Gains | | Carrying | | Holding | | Holding | | Fair |
| ($ in thousands) | | Cost | | (Losses) | | Value | | Gains | | Losses | | Value |
| Obligations of state and political subdivisions | | 17,431 |
| | 39 |
| | 17,470 |
| | 504 |
| | (5 | ) | | 17,969 |
|
| Corporate securities | | 19,590 |
| | 50 |
| | 19,640 |
| | 855 |
| | (147 | ) | | 20,348 |
|
| Total HTM fixed income securities | | $ | 37,021 |
| | 89 |
| | 37,110 |
| | 1,359 |
| | (152 | ) | | 38,317 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2017 | | | | Net | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Unrealized | | | | Unrecognized | | Unrecognized | | |
| | | Amortized | | Gains | | Carrying | | Holding | | Holding | | Fair |
| ($ in thousands) | | Cost | | (Losses) | | Value | | Gains | | Losses | | Value |
| Obligations of state and political subdivisions | | 25,154 |
| | 84 |
| | 25,238 |
| | 1,023 |
| | — |
| | 26,261 |
|
| Corporate securities | | 16,996 |
| | (105 | ) | | 16,891 |
| | 1,003 |
| | (55 | ) | | 17,839 |
|
| Total HTM fixed income securities | | $ | 42,150 |
| | (21 | ) | | 42,129 |
| | 2,026 |
| | (55 | ) | | 44,100 |
|
Unrecognized holding gains and losses of HTM securities are not reflected in the Financial Statements, as they represent fair value fluctuations from the date a security is designated as HTM through the date of the balance sheet.
(c) Information regarding our AFS securities as of December 31, 20182019 and December 31, 20172018 were as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2019 | | | | | | | | |
| | | Cost/ | | | | | | |
| | | Amortized | | Unrealized | | Unrealized | | Fair |
| ($ in thousands) | | Cost | | Gains | | Losses | | Value |
| AFS fixed income securities: | | | | | | | | |
| U.S. government and government agencies | | $ | 112,680 |
| | 3,506 |
| | — |
| | 116,186 |
|
| Foreign government | | 18,011 |
| | 533 |
| | (2 | ) | | 18,542 |
|
| Obligations of states and political subdivisions | | 1,168,185 |
| | 62,175 |
| | (270 | ) | | 1,230,090 |
|
| Corporate securities | | 1,866,881 |
| | 81,906 |
| | (1,310 | ) | | 1,947,477 |
|
| CLO and other ABS | | 790,517 |
| | 7,929 |
| | (5,434 | ) | | 793,012 |
|
| CMBS | | 514,709 |
| | 23,902 |
| | (267 | ) | | 538,344 |
|
| RMBS | | 1,409,003 |
| | 43,421 |
| | (455 | ) | | 1,451,969 |
|
| Total AFS fixed income securities | | $ | 5,879,986 |
| | 223,372 |
| | (7,738 | ) | | 6,095,620 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2018 | | | | | | | | |
| | | Cost/ | | | | | | |
| | | Amortized | | Unrealized | | Unrealized | | Fair |
| ($ in thousands) | | Cost | | Gains | | Losses | | Value |
| AFS fixed income securities: | | | | | | | | |
| U.S. government and government agencies | | $ | 120,092 |
| | 1,810 |
| | (592 | ) | | 121,310 |
|
| Foreign government | | 23,202 |
| | 36 |
| | (107 | ) | | 23,131 |
|
| Obligations of states and political subdivisions | | 1,121,615 |
| | 19,485 |
| | (2,631 | ) | | 1,138,469 |
|
| Corporate securities | | 1,639,852 |
| | 5,521 |
| | (27,965 | ) | | 1,617,408 |
|
| CLO and other ABS | | 720,193 |
| | 4,112 |
| | (6,943 | ) | | 717,362 |
|
| CMBS | | 527,409 |
| | 3,417 |
| | (3,748 | ) | | 527,078 |
|
| RMBS | | 1,118,435 |
| | 12,988 |
| | (3,081 | ) | | 1,128,342 |
|
| Total AFS fixed income securities | | $ | 5,270,798 |
| | 47,369 |
| | (45,067 | ) | | 5,273,100 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2018 | | | | | | | | |
| | | Cost/ | | | | | | |
| | | Amortized | | Unrealized | | Unrealized | | Fair |
| ($ in thousands) | | Cost | | Gains | | Losses | | Value |
| AFS fixed income securities: | | | | | | | | |
| U.S. government and government agencies | | $ | 120,092 |
| | 1,810 |
| | (592 | ) | | 121,310 |
|
| Foreign government | | 23,202 |
| | 36 |
| | (107 | ) | | 23,131 |
|
| Obligations of states and political subdivisions | | 1,121,615 |
| | 19,485 |
| | (2,631 | ) | | 1,138,469 |
|
| Corporate securities | | 1,639,852 |
| | 5,521 |
| | (27,965 | ) | | 1,617,408 |
|
| CLO and other ABS | | 720,193 |
| | 4,112 |
| | (6,943 | ) | | 717,362 |
|
| CMBS | | 527,409 |
| | 3,417 |
| | (3,748 | ) | | 527,078 |
|
| RMBS | | 1,118,435 |
| | 12,988 |
| | (3,081 | ) | | 1,128,342 |
|
| Total AFS fixed income securities | | $ | 5,270,798 |
| | 47,369 |
| | (45,067 | ) | | 5,273,100 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2017 | | | | | | | | |
| | | Cost/ | | | | | | |
| | | Amortized | | Unrealized | | Unrealized | | Fair |
| ($ in thousands) | | Cost | | Gains | | Losses | | Value |
| AFS fixed income securities: | | | | | | | | |
| U.S. government and government agencies | | $ | 49,326 |
| | 647 |
| | (233 | ) | | 49,740 |
|
| Foreign government | | 18,040 |
| | 526 |
| | (11 | ) | | 18,555 |
|
| Obligations of states and political subdivisions | | 1,539,307 |
| | 44,245 |
| | (582 | ) | | 1,582,970 |
|
| Corporate securities | | 1,588,339 |
| | 30,891 |
| | (1,762 | ) | | 1,617,468 |
|
| CLO and other ABS | | 789,152 |
| | 6,508 |
| | (202 | ) | | 795,458 |
|
| CMBS | | 382,727 |
| | 1,563 |
| | (841 | ) | | 383,449 |
|
| RMBS | | 709,825 |
| | 6,487 |
| | (1,430 | ) | | 714,882 |
|
| Total AFS fixed income securities | | 5,076,716 |
| | 90,867 |
| | (5,061 | ) | | 5,162,522 |
|
| AFS equity securities: | | | | | | | | |
| Common stock | | 129,696 |
| | 38,287 |
| | (226 | ) | | 167,757 |
|
| Preferred stock | | 14,115 |
| | 904 |
| | (71 | ) | | 14,948 |
|
| Total AFS equity securities | | 143,811 |
| | 39,191 |
| | (297 | ) | | 182,705 |
|
| Total AFS securities | | $ | 5,220,527 |
| | 130,058 |
| | (5,358 | ) | | 5,345,227 |
|
Unrealized gains and losses of AFS securities represent fair value fluctuations from the later of: (i) the date a security is designated as AFS; or (ii) the date that an OTTI charge is recognized on an AFS security, through the date of the balance sheet. These unrealized gains and losses are recorded in AOCI on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of the first quarter of 2018, equity securities are no longer required to be included in the table above under new accounting guidance that provides that unrealized gains and losses on equity securities should no longer be recognized in AOCI, but instead recognized though income. Refer to Note 3. "Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements" for additional information regarding the adoption of ASU 2016-01.
(d) The severity of impairment on the securities in an unrealized/unrecognized loss position averaged approximately 2%1% of amortized cost at December 31, 20182019 and approximately 1%2% at December 31, 2017.2018. Quantitative information regarding unrealized losses on our AFS portfolio is provided below. Our HTM portfolio had $0.2less than $0.1 million in unrealized/unrecognized losses at December 31, 20182019 and $0.1$0.2 million in unrealized/unrecognized losses at December 31, 2017.2018.
| | | December 31, 2018 | | Less than 12 months | | 12 months or longer | | Total | |
| December 31, 2019 | | | Less than 12 months | | 12 months or longer | | Total |
| ($ in thousands) | | Fair Value | | Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | | Unrealized Losses | | Fair
Value | | Unrealized
Losses | | Fair Value | | Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | | Unrealized Losses | | Fair
Value | | Unrealized
Losses |
| AFS fixed income securities: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | |
| U.S. government and government agencies | | $ | 6,693 |
|
| (174 | ) |
| 23,163 |
|
| (418 | ) | | 29,856 |
| | (592 | ) | |
| Foreign government | | 12,208 |
| | (93 | ) | | 1,482 |
| | (14 | ) | | 13,690 |
| | (107 | ) | | 1,416 |
| | (2 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | 1,416 |
| | (2 | ) |
| Obligations of states and political subdivisions | | 196,798 |
| | (2,074 | ) | | 42,821 |
| | (557 | ) | | 239,619 |
| | (2,631 | ) | | 35,838 |
| | (270 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | 35,838 |
| | (270 | ) |
| Corporate securities | | 1,041,952 |
| | (23,649 | ) | | 78,953 |
| | (4,316 | ) | | 1,120,905 |
| | (27,965 | ) | | 84,832 |
| | (480 | ) | | 20,182 |
| | (830 | ) | | 105,014 |
| | (1,310 | ) |
| CLO and other ABS | | 516,106 |
| | (6,750 | ) | | 16,800 |
| | (193 | ) | | 532,906 |
| | (6,943 | ) | | 205,191 |
| | (1,938 | ) | | 204,385 |
| | (3,496 | ) | | 409,576 |
| | (5,434 | ) |
| CMBS | | 229,338 |
| | (2,548 | ) | | 66,294 |
| | (1,200 | ) | | 295,632 |
| | (3,748 | ) | | 62,893 |
| | (264 | ) | | 828 |
| | (3 | ) | | 63,721 |
| | (267 | ) |
| RMBS | | 139,338 |
| | (1,660 | ) | | 45,661 |
| | (1,421 | ) | | 184,999 |
| | (3,081 | ) | | 126,089 |
| | (425 | ) | | 5,375 |
| | (30 | ) | | 131,464 |
| | (455 | ) |
| Total AFS fixed income securities | | $ | 2,142,433 |
| | (36,948 | ) | | 275,174 |
| | (8,119 | ) | | 2,417,607 |
| | (45,067 | ) | | $ | 516,259 |
| | (3,379 | ) | | 230,770 |
| | (4,359 | ) | | 747,029 |
| | (7,738 | ) |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2018 | | Less than 12 months | | 12 months or longer | | Total |
| ($ in thousands) | | Fair Value | | Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | | Unrealized Losses | | Fair
Value | | Unrealized
Losses |
| AFS fixed income securities: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | |
| U.S. government and government agencies | | $ | 6,693 |
| | (174 | ) | | 23,163 |
| | (418 | ) | | 29,856 |
| | (592 | ) |
| Foreign government | | 12,208 |
| | (93 | ) | | 1,482 |
| | (14 | ) | | 13,690 |
| | (107 | ) |
| Obligations of states and political subdivisions | | 196,798 |
| | (2,074 | ) | | 42,821 |
| | (557 | ) | | 239,619 |
| | (2,631 | ) |
| Corporate securities | | 1,041,952 |
| | (23,649 | ) | | 78,953 |
| | (4,316 | ) | | 1,120,905 |
| | (27,965 | ) |
| CLO and other ABS | | 516,106 |
| | (6,750 | ) | | 16,800 |
| | (193 | ) | | 532,906 |
| | (6,943 | ) |
| CMBS | | 229,338 |
| | (2,548 | ) | | 66,294 |
| | (1,200 | ) | | 295,632 |
| | (3,748 | ) |
| RMBS | | 139,338 |
| | (1,660 | ) | | 45,661 |
| | (1,421 | ) | | 184,999 |
| | (3,081 | ) |
| Total AFS fixed income securities | | $ | 2,142,433 |
| | (36,948 | ) | | 275,174 |
| | (8,119 | ) | | 2,417,607 |
| | (45,067 | ) |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2017 | | Less than 12 months | | 12 months or longer | | Total |
| ($ in thousands) | | Fair Value | | Unrealized Losses | | Fair Value | | Unrealized Losses | | Fair
Value | | Unrealized
Losses |
| AFS fixed income securities: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | | | |
| U.S. government and government agencies | | $ | 23,516 |
| | (233 | ) | | 250 |
| | — |
| | 23,766 |
| | (233 | ) |
| Foreign government | | 1,481 |
| | (11 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | 1,481 |
| | (11 | ) |
| Obligations of states and political subdivisions | | 107,514 |
| | (422 | ) | | 14,139 |
| | (160 | ) | | 121,653 |
| | (582 | ) |
| Corporate securities | | 238,326 |
| | (1,744 | ) | | 3,228 |
| | (18 | ) | | 241,554 |
| | (1,762 | ) |
| CLO and other ABS | | 74,977 |
| | (196 | ) | | 1,655 |
| | (6 | ) | | 76,632 |
| | (202 | ) |
| CMBS | | 154,267 |
| | (773 | ) | | 5,214 |
| | (68 | ) | | 159,481 |
| | (841 | ) |
| RMBS | | 269,485 |
| | (1,285 | ) | | 11,200 |
| | (145 | ) | | 280,685 |
| | (1,430 | ) |
| Total AFS fixed income securities | | 869,566 |
| | (4,664 | ) | | 35,686 |
| | (397 | ) | | 905,252 |
| | (5,061 | ) |
| AFS equity securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Common stock | | 4,727 |
| | (226 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | 4,727 |
| | (226 | ) |
| Preferred stock | | 3,833 |
| | (71 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | 3,833 |
| | (71 | ) |
| Total AFS equity securities | | 8,560 |
| | (297 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | 8,560 |
| | (297 | ) |
| Total AFS securities | | $ | 878,126 |
| | (4,961 | ) | | 35,686 |
| | (397 | ) | | 913,812 |
| | (5,358 | ) |
The increase$37.3 million decrease in the less than 12 months unrealized loss position was due to higherreflected: (i) lower interest rates, with a 60-basis90-basis point increasedecrease in the 2-year U.S. Treasury Note yields and a 28-point basis increase77-basis point decrease in the 10-year U.S. Treasury Note yields during 2018.2019; and (ii) tightening option adjusted corporate credit spreads with a 60-basis point decrease in the Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Corporate Bond Index during 2019. We do not currently intend to sell any of the securities in the tables above, nor will we be required to sell any of these securities. Considering these factors and our review of these securities under our OTTI policy as described in Note 2,“Summary2. “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of this Form 10-K, we have concluded that they are temporarily impaired as we believe: (i) they will mature at par value; (ii) they have not incurred a credit impairment; and (iii) future values of these securities will fluctuate with changes in interest rates. This conclusion reflects our current judgment as to the financial position and future prospects of the entity that issued the investment security and underlying collateral.
(e) Fixed income securities at December 31, 20182019, by contractual maturity are shown below. Mortgage-backed securities are included in the maturity tables using the estimated average life of each security. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
Listed below are the contractual maturities of fixed income securities at December 31, 20182019:
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | AFS | | HTM |
| ($ in thousands) | | Fair Value | | Carrying Value | | Fair Value |
| Due in one year or less | | $ | 394,027 |
| | 1,211 |
| | 1,229 |
|
| Due after one year through five years | | 3,001,602 |
| | 13,856 |
| | 14,820 |
|
| Due after five years through 10 years | | 2,531,172 |
| | 5,733 |
| | 5,926 |
|
| Due after 10 years | | 168,819 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total fixed income securities | | $ | 6,095,620 |
| | 20,800 |
| | 21,975 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | AFS | | HTM |
| ($ in thousands) | | Fair Value | | Carrying Value | | Fair Value |
| Due in one year or less | | $ | 188,309 |
| | 13,502 |
| | 13,693 |
|
| Due after one year through five years | | 2,040,395 |
| | 17,308 |
| | 18,260 |
|
| Due after five years through 10 years | | 2,863,528 |
| | 6,300 |
| | 6,364 |
|
| Due after 10 years | | 180,868 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total fixed income securities | | $ | 5,273,100 |
| | 37,110 |
| | 38,317 |
|
(f) The following table summarizes our other investment portfolio by strategy:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Other Investments | | December 31, 2019 | | December 31, 2018 |
| ($ in thousands) | | Carrying Value | | Remaining Commitment | | Maximum Exposure to Loss1 | | Carrying Value | | Remaining
Commitment | | Maximum
Exposure to Loss1 |
| Alternative Investments | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | |
|
| Private equity | | $ | 118,352 |
| | 93,138 |
| | 211,490 |
| | 84,352 |
| | 93,688 |
| | 178,040 |
|
| Private credit | | 42,532 |
| | 105,340 |
| | 147,872 |
| | 41,682 |
| | 81,453 |
| | 123,135 |
|
| Real assets | | 23,256 |
| | 20,741 |
| | 43,997 |
| | 27,862 |
| | 27,129 |
| | 54,991 |
|
| Total alternative investments | | 184,140 |
| | 219,219 |
| | 403,359 |
| | 153,896 |
| | 202,270 |
| | 356,166 |
|
Other securities2 | | 32,667 |
| | — |
| | 32,667 |
| | 25,042 |
| | — |
| | 25,042 |
|
| Total other investments | | $ | 216,807 |
| | 219,219 |
| | 436,026 |
| | 178,938 |
| | 202,270 |
| | 381,208 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Other Investments | | December 31, 2018 | | December 31, 2017 |
| ($ in thousands) | | Carrying Value | | Remaining Commitment | | Maximum Exposure to Loss1 | | Carrying Value | | Remaining
Commitment | | Maximum
Exposure to Loss1 |
| Alternative Investments | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | |
|
| Private equity | | $ | 84,352 |
| | 93,688 |
| | 178,040 |
| | 52,251 |
| | 99,026 |
| | 151,277 |
|
| Private credit | | 41,682 |
| | 81,453 |
| | 123,135 |
| | 37,743 |
| | 94,959 |
| | 132,702 |
|
| Real assets | | 27,862 |
| | 27,129 |
| | 54,991 |
| | 25,379 |
| | 27,014 |
| | 52,393 |
|
| Total alternative investments | | 153,896 |
| | 202,270 |
| | 356,166 |
| | 115,373 |
| | 220,999 |
| | 336,372 |
|
Other securities2 | | 25,042 |
| | — |
| | 25,042 |
| | 16,895 |
| | — |
| | 16,895 |
|
| Total other investments | | $ | 178,938 |
| | 202,270 |
| | 381,208 |
| | 132,268 |
| | 220,999 |
| | 353,267 |
|
1The maximum exposure to loss includes both the carrying value of these investments and the related unfunded commitments. In addition, tax credits that have been previously recognized in Other securities are subject to the risk of recapture, which we do not consider significant.
2Other securities primarily consists of tax credit investments.
We have reviewed various investments included in the table above and have concluded that they are VIEs, but that we are not the primary beneficiary and therefore, consolidation is not required. We do not have a future obligation to fund losses or debts
on behalf of these investments; however, we are contractually committed to make additional investments up to the remaining commitment outlined above. We have not provided any non-contractual financial support at any time during 20182019 or 2017.2018.
The following is a description of our alternative investment strategies:
Our private equity strategy includes the following:
| |
| • | Primary Private Equity: This strategy makes private equity investments, primarily in established large and middle market companies across diverse industries globally, with an emphasis on North America. |
| |
| • | Secondary Private Equity: This strategy purchases seasoned private equity funds from investors desiring liquidity prior to normal fund termination. Investments are made across all sectors of the private equity market, including leveraged buyouts ("LBO"), venture capital, distressed securities, mezzanine financing, real estate, and infrastructure. |
Primary Private Equity: This strategy makes private equity investments, primarily in established large and middle market companies across diverse industries globally.
| |
| • | Venture Capital: In general, these investments are made principally by investing in equity securities of privately-held corporations, for long-term capital appreciation. This strategy makes private equity investments in growth equity and buyout partnerships. |
Secondary Private Equity: This strategy purchases seasoned private equity funds from investors desiring liquidity prior to normal fund termination. Investments are made across all sectors of the private equity market, including leveraged buyouts ("LBO"), venture capital, distressed securities, mezzanine financing, real estate, and infrastructure.
Venture Capital: In general, these investments are made principally by investing in equity securities of privately-held corporations, for long-term capital appreciation. This strategy makes private equity investments in growth equity and buyout partnerships.
Our private credit strategy includes the following:
| |
| • | Direct Lending: This strategy provides privately negotiated loans to U.S. middle market companies. Typically, these are floating rate, senior secured loans diversified across industries. Loans are made to companies that may or may not have private equity sponsors to finance LBOs, recapitalizations, and acquisitions. |
| |
| • | Mezzanine Financing: This strategy provides privately-negotiated fixed income securities, generally with an equity component, to LBO firms and private and publicly-traded large, mid, and small-cap companies to finance LBOs, recapitalizations, and acquisitions. |
Middle Market Lending: This strategy provides privately negotiated loans to U.S. middle market companies. Typically, these are floating rate, senior secured loans diversified across industries. Loans can be made to private equity sponsor-backed companies or non-sponsored companies to finance LBOs, recapitalizations, and acquisitions.
| |
| • | Opportunistic and Distressed Debt: This strategy makes investments in debt and equity securities of companies that are experiencing financial distress, operational issues, or dislocated pricing of publicly-traded securities. Investments include buying indebtedness of bankrupt or financially-troubled companies, small balance loan portfolios, special situations and capital structure arbitrage trades, commercial real estate mortgages, and similar non-U.S. securities and debt obligations. |
Mezzanine Financing: This strategy provides privately negotiated fixed income securities, generally with an equity component, to LBO firms and private and publicly traded large, mid, and small-cap companies to finance LBOs, recapitalizations, and acquisitions.
Distressed Debt: This strategy makes direct and indirect investments in debt and equity securities of companies that are experiencing financial and/or operational distress. Investments include buying indebtedness of bankrupt or financially troubled companies, small balance loan portfolios, special situations and capital structure arbitrage trades, commercial real estate mortgages, and similar non-U.S. securities and debt obligations.
Our real assets strategy includes the following:
| |
| • | Infrastructure: This strategy invests in the equity or debt of cash flow generating assets, diversified across a variety of industries, including transportation, energy infrastructure, renewable power, such as wind and solar, social infrastructure, power generation, water, telecom, and other regulated entities principally located in North America and Western Europe. |
| |
| • | Real Estate: This strategy invests in real estate in North America, Europe, and Asia via direct property ownership, joint ventures, mortgages, and investments in equity and debt instruments. |
Energy & Power Generation: This strategy makes energy and power generation investments in cash flow generating infrastructure assets. Energy investments are made in a variety of industries including oil, natural gas, and coal. These investments are diversified across the energy supply chain and include assets in the exploration and production, pipeline, and refining sectors. Power generation includes investments in: (i) conventional power, such as natural gas and oil; (ii) renewable power, such as wind and solar; and (iii) electric transmission and distribution.
Real Estate: This strategy invests in real estate in North America, Europe, and Asia via direct property ownership, joint ventures, mortgages, and investments in equity and debt instruments.
Our alternative investment strategies generallymay employ low or moderate levels of leverage and may use hedging to reduce foreign exchange or interest rate volatility. At this time, our alternative investment strategies do not include hedge funds. We typically cannot redeem our investments with the general partners of these investments; however, occasionally these partnerships can be traded on the secondary market. Once liquidation is triggered by clauses within the limited partnership agreements or at the funds’ stated end date, we will receive our final allocation of capital and any earned appreciation of the underlying investments, assuming we have not divested ourselves of our partnership interests prior to that time. We currently receive distributions from these alternative investments through the realization of the underlying investments or income generated in the limited partnerships.
The following tables set forth summarized financial information for our other investments portfolio, including the portion not owned by us. The investments are carriedrecorded under the equity method of accounting. The last line in the income statement information table below reflects our share of the aggregate income, which is the portion included in our Financial Statements. As the majority of these investments report results to us on a one quarter lag, the summarized financial statement information is as of, and for the 12-month period ended, September 30:
|
| | | | | | | |
| Balance Sheet Information | | | | |
| December 31, | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | | 2019 | | 2018 |
| Investments | | $ | 43,857 |
| | 28,292 |
|
| Total assets | | 45,432 |
| | 30,377 |
|
| Total liabilities | | 5,670 |
| | 4,532 |
|
| Total partners’ capital | | 39,762 |
| | 25,845 |
|
|
| | | | | | | |
| Balance Sheet Information | | | | |
| September 30, | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Investments | | $ | 28,292 |
| | 21,046 |
|
| Total assets | | 30,377 |
| | 22,357 |
|
| Total liabilities | | 4,532 |
| | 4,767 |
|
| Total partners’ capital | | 25,845 |
| | 17,590 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Income Statement Information | | | | | | |
| 12 months ended September 30, | | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Net investment (loss) income | | $ | (8 | ) | | 134 |
| | (143 | ) |
| Realized gains | | 695 |
| | 1,981 |
| | 325 |
|
| Net change in unrealized appreciation | | 5,543 |
| | 1,303 |
| | 2,894 |
|
| Net income before tax | | $ | 6,230 |
| | 3,418 |
| | 3,076 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Insurance Subsidiaries' alternative investments income before tax | | 17.9 |
| | 17.6 |
| | 12.7 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Income Statement Information | | | | | | |
| 12 months ended September 30, | | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Net investment income (loss) | | $ | 134 |
| | (143 | ) | | (44 | ) |
| Realized gains | | 1,981 |
| | 325 |
| | 1,374 |
|
| Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) | | 1,303 |
| | 2,894 |
| | (719 | ) |
| Net income | | $ | 3,418 |
| | 3,076 |
| | 611 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Insurance Subsidiaries' alternative investments income (loss) | | 17.6 |
| | 12.7 |
| | 3.1 |
|
(g) We did not have exposure to any credit concentration risk of a single issuer greater than 10% of our stockholders' equity, other than certain U.S. government agencies, as of December 31, 20182019 or December 31, 2017.2018.
(h) We have pledged certain AFS fixed income securities as collateral related to our relationships with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis ("FHLBI") and the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York ("FHLBNY"). In addition, certain securities were on deposit with various state and regulatory agencies at December 31, 20182019 to comply with insurance laws. We retain all rights regarding all securities pledged as collateral.
The following table summarizes the market value of these securities at December 31, 2018:2019:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | | FHLBI Collateral | | FHLBNY Collateral | | State and Regulatory Deposits | | Total |
| U.S. government and government agencies | | $ | — |
| | — |
| | 22.8 |
| | 22.8 |
|
| Obligations of states and political subdivisions | | — |
| | — |
| | 4.0 |
| | 4.0 |
|
| Corporate securities | | — |
| | — |
| | 0.3 |
| | 0.3 |
|
| CMBS | | 7.2 |
| | 17.9 |
| | — |
| | 25.1 |
|
| RMBS | | 59.0 |
| | 77.6 |
| | — |
| | 136.6 |
|
| Total pledged as collateral | | $ | 66.2 |
| | 95.5 |
| | 27.1 |
| | 188.8 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | | FHLBI Collateral | | FHLBNY Collateral | | State and Regulatory Deposits | | Total |
| U.S. government and government agencies | | $ | — |
| | — |
| | 22.5 |
| | 22.5 |
|
| Obligations of states and political subdivisions | | — |
| | — |
| | 3.9 |
| | 3.9 |
|
| Corporate securities | | — |
| | — |
| | 0.3 |
| | 0.3 |
|
| CMBS | | 7.2 |
| | 18.1 |
| | — |
| | 25.3 |
|
| RMBS | | 58.0 |
| | 45.5 |
| | — |
| | 103.5 |
|
| Total pledged as collateral | | $ | 65.2 |
| | 63.6 |
| | 26.7 |
| | 155.5 |
|
(i) The components of pre-tax net investment income earned were as follows: |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Fixed income securities | | $ | 203,255 |
| | 178,104 |
| | 153,230 |
|
| Equity securities | | 6,996 |
| | 7,764 |
| | 6,442 |
|
| Short-term investments | | 6,653 |
| | 3,472 |
| | 1,526 |
|
| Other investments | | 18,778 |
| | 17,799 |
| | 12,871 |
|
| Investment expenses | | (13,139 | ) | | (11,803 | ) | | (12,187 | ) |
| Net investment income earned | | $ | 222,543 |
| | 195,336 |
| | 161,882 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Fixed income securities | | $ | 178,104 |
| | 153,230 |
| | 129,306 |
|
| Equity securities | | 7,764 |
| | 6,442 |
| | 7,368 |
|
| Short-term investments | | 3,472 |
| | 1,526 |
| | 686 |
|
| Other investments | | 17,799 |
| | 12,871 |
| | 2,940 |
|
| Investment expenses | | (11,803 | ) | | (12,187 | ) | | (9,546 | ) |
| Net investment income earned | | $ | 195,336 |
| | 161,882 |
| | 130,754 |
|
(j) The following tables summarize OTTI by asset type for the periods indicated:
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| 2019 | | | | | | Recognized in Earnings |
| ($ in thousands) | | Gross | | Included in OCI | |
| AFS fixed income securities: | | | | | | |
| Obligations of states and political subdivisions | | 66 |
| | — |
| | 66 |
|
| Corporate securities | | $ | 2,529 |
| | — |
| | 2,529 |
|
| Total AFS fixed income securities | | 2,595 |
| | — |
| | 2,595 |
|
| Other investments | | 1,049 |
| | — |
| | 1,049 |
|
| Total OTTI losses | | $ | 3,644 |
| | — |
| | 3,644 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| 2018 | | | | | | Recognized in Earnings |
| ($ in thousands) | | Gross | | Included in OCI | |
| AFS fixed income securities: | | | | | | |
| Corporate securities | | $ | 1,783 |
| | — |
| | 1,783 |
|
| RMBS | | 2,903 |
| | — |
| | 2,903 |
|
| Total AFS fixed income securities | | 4,686 |
| | — |
| | 4,686 |
|
| Other investments | | 1,893 |
| | — |
| | 1,893 |
|
| Total OTTI losses | | $ | 6,579 |
| | — |
| | 6,579 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| 2017 | | | | | | Recognized in Earnings |
| ($ in thousands) | | Gross | | Included in OCI | |
| AFS fixed income securities: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| U.S. government and government agencies | | $ | 36 |
| | — |
| | 36 |
|
| Obligations of states and political subdivisons | | 612 |
| | — |
| | 612 |
|
| Corporate securities | | 587 |
| | — |
| | 587 |
|
CLO and other ABS
| | 96 |
| | — |
| | 96 |
|
| CMBS | | 670 |
| | — |
| | 670 |
|
| RMBS | | 1,183 |
| | (36 | ) | | 1,219 |
|
| Total AFS fixed income securities | | 3,184 |
| | (36 | ) | | 3,220 |
|
| AFS equity securities: | | | | | | |
| Common stock | | 1,435 |
| | — |
| | 1,435 |
|
| Total AFS equity securities | | 1,435 |
| | — |
| | 1,435 |
|
| Other investments | | 190 |
| | — |
| | 190 |
|
| Total OTTI losses | | $ | 4,809 |
| | (36 | ) | | 4,845 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| 2016 | | | | | | Recognized in Earnings |
| ($ in thousands) | | Gross | | Included in OCI | |
| AFS fixed income securities: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Obligations of states and political subdivisons | | $ | 2,797 |
| | — |
| | 2,797 |
|
| CLO and other ABS | | 19 |
| | — |
| | 19 |
|
| Corporate securities | | 1,880 |
| | — |
| | 1,880 |
|
| CMBS | | 220 |
| | — |
| | 220 |
|
| RMBS | | 275 |
| | 10 |
| | 265 |
|
| Total AFS fixed income securities | | 5,191 |
| | 10 |
| | 5,181 |
|
| AFS equity securities: | | | | | | |
| Common stock | | 3,316 |
| | — |
| | 3,316 |
|
| Preferred stock | | 2 |
| | — |
| | 2 |
|
| Total AFS equity securities | | 3,318 |
| | — |
| | 3,318 |
|
| Total OTTI losses | | $ | 8,509 |
| | 10 |
| | 8,499 |
|
(k) Net realized and unrealized gains and losses included the following:
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Net realized gains (losses) on the disposals of securities: | | | | | | |
| Fixed income securities | | $ | 1,910 |
| | (34,953 | ) | | 6,944 |
|
| Equity securities | | 24,844 |
| | 18,695 |
| | 4,629 |
|
| Short-term investments | | (16 | ) | | (3 | ) | | (4 | ) |
| Other investments | | (23 | ) | | (2,714 | ) | | (365 | ) |
| Net realized gains (losses) on the disposal of securities | | 26,715 |
| | (18,975 | ) | | 11,204 |
|
| OTTI charges | | (3,644 | ) | | (6,579 | ) | | (4,845 | ) |
| Net realized gains (losses) | | 23,071 |
| | (25,554 | ) | | 6,359 |
|
| Unrealized (losses) recognized in income on equity securities | | (8,649 | ) | | (29,369 | ) | | — |
|
| Total net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) | | $ | 14,422 |
| | (54,923 | ) | | 6,359 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Net realized (losses) gains on the disposals of securities: | | | | | | |
| Fixed income securities | | $ | (34,953 | ) | | 6,944 |
| | (3,668 | ) |
| Equity securities | | 18,695 |
| | 4,629 |
| | 7,244 |
|
| Short-term investments | | (3 | ) | | (4 | ) | | (13 | ) |
| Other investments | | (2,714 | ) | | (365 | ) | | (1 | ) |
| Net realized (losses) gains on the disposal of securities | | (18,975 | ) | | 11,204 |
| | 3,562 |
|
| OTTI charges | | (6,579 | ) | | (4,845 | ) | | (8,499 | ) |
| Net realized (losses) gains | | (25,554 | ) | | 6,359 |
| | (4,937 | ) |
Unrealized (losses) recognized in income on equity securities1 | | (29,369 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Total net realized and unrealized investment (losses) gains | | $ | (54,923 | ) | | 6,359 |
| | (4,937 | ) |
1Includes unrealized holding gains
Unrealized (losses) of: (i) $(3.1) millionrecognized in income on equity securities, remainingas reflected in our portfolio as of December 31, 2018; and (ii) $(26.3) million on equity securities sold in 2018.the table above, include the following:
|
| | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2019 | | 2018 |
| Unrealized gains (losses) recognized in income on equity securities: | | | | |
| On securities remaining in our portfolio at December 31, 2019 | | 1,219 |
| | (3,098 | ) |
| On securities sold in each respective period | | (9,868 | ) | | (26,271 | ) |
| Total unrealized (losses) recognized in income on equity securities | | $ | (8,649 | ) | | (29,369 | ) |
The components of net realized gains (losses) gains on disposals were as follows: |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| HTM fixed income securities | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Gains | | $ | 1 |
| | 2 |
| | 44 |
|
| Losses | | (15 | ) | | — |
| | (1 | ) |
| AFS fixed income securities | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Gains | | 6,899 |
| | 5,460 |
| | 10,193 |
|
| Losses | | (4,975 | ) | | (40,415 | ) | | (3,292 | ) |
| Equity securities | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Gains | | 24,980 |
| | 23,203 |
| | 5,829 |
|
| Losses | | (136 | ) | | (4,508 | ) | | (1,200 | ) |
| Short-term investments | | | | | | |
| Gains | | 24 |
| | 7 |
| | 2 |
|
| Losses | | (40 | ) | | (10 | ) | | (6 | ) |
| Other investments | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Gains | | 6 |
| | — |
| | 494 |
|
| Losses | | (29 | ) | | (2,714 | ) | | (859 | ) |
| Total net realized investment gains (losses) | | $ | 26,715 |
| | (18,975 | ) | | 11,204 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| HTM fixed income securities | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Gains | | $ | 2 |
| | 44 |
| | 3 |
|
| Losses | | — |
| | (1 | ) | | (1 | ) |
| AFS fixed income securities | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Gains | | 5,460 |
| | 10,193 |
| | 7,741 |
|
| Losses | | (40,415 | ) | | (3,292 | ) | | (11,411 | ) |
| Equity securities | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Gains | | 23,203 |
| | 5,829 |
| | 8,108 |
|
| Losses | | (4,508 | ) | | (1,200 | ) | | (864 | ) |
| Short-term investments | | | | | | |
| Gains | | 7 |
| | 2 |
| | — |
|
| Losses | | (10 | ) | | (6 | ) | | (13 | ) |
| Other investments | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Gains | | — |
| | 494 |
| | 3 |
|
| Losses | | (2,714 | ) | | (859 | ) | | (4 | ) |
| Total net realized investment (losses) gains | | $ | (18,975 | ) | | 11,204 |
| | 3,562 |
|
Realized gains and losses on the sale of investments are determined on the basis of the cost of the specific investments sold. Proceeds from the sale of AFS fixed income securities were $594.7 million, $2,030.7 million, $1,197.9 million, and $926.5$1,197.9 million in 2019, 2018, 2017, and 20162017, respectively. Proceeds from sale of equity securities were $137.3 million, $113.3 million, and $38.0 million in 2019, 2018, and $119.6 million in 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.
Net realized gains (losses) gains in the table above were driven by the following:
2019: Opportunistic sales in our equity portfolio.
2018: Higher trading volume driven by opportunistic sales in both our fixed income securities and equity portfolios.
2017: Higher trading volume in our fixed income securities portfolio related to a more active external investment management approach and opportunistic sales in our equity portfolio.
2016: A repositioning of our equity portfolio, partially offset by net losses in our AFS fixed income portfolio related to the change in our strategy to more actively manage this portfolio.
Note 6. Comprehensive Income
(a) The components of comprehensive income, both gross and net of tax, for 20182019, 20172018, and 20162017 were as follows:
| | | 2018 | | | | | | | |
| 2019 | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | Gross | | Tax | | Net | | Gross | | Tax | | Net |
| Net income | | $ | 211,721 |
| | 32,782 |
| | 178,939 |
| | $ | 336,390 |
| | 64,767 |
| | 271,623 |
|
| Components of OCI: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Unrealized (losses) gains on investment securities: | | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Unrealized holding losses during the year | | (123,145 | ) | | (25,861 | ) | | (97,284 | ) | |
Unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities: | | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Unrealized holding gains during the year | | | 212,683 |
| | 44,662 |
| | 168,021 |
|
| Amounts reclassified into net income: | | | | | |
|
| | | | | |
|
|
| HTM securities | | 110 |
| | 23 |
| | 87 |
| | (58 | ) | | (12 | ) | | (46 | ) |
| Realized losses on AFS securities | | 39,641 |
| | 8,325 |
| | 31,316 |
| |
| Net unrealized losses | | (83,394 | ) | | (17,513 | ) | | (65,881 | ) | |
| Realized losses on disposals and OTTI of AFS securities | | | 671 |
| | 141 |
| | 530 |
|
| Total unrealized gains on investment securities | | | 213,296 |
| | 44,791 |
| | 168,505 |
|
| Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net actuarial loss | | (11,273 | ) | | (2,367 | ) | | (8,906 | ) | | (13,795 | ) | | (2,897 | ) | | (10,898 | ) |
| Amounts reclassified into net income: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net actuarial loss | | 2,127 |
| | 447 |
| | 1,680 |
| | 2,657 |
| | 558 |
| | 2,099 |
|
| Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans | | (9,146 | ) | | (1,920 | ) | | (7,226 | ) | |
| Other comprehensive loss | | (92,540 | ) | | (19,433 | ) | | (73,107 | ) | |
| Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans | | | (11,138 | ) | | (2,339 | ) | | (8,799 | ) |
| Other comprehensive income | | | 202,158 |
| | 42,452 |
| | 159,706 |
|
| Comprehensive income | | $ | 119,181 |
| | 13,349 |
| | 105,832 |
| | $ | 538,548 |
| | 107,219 |
| | 431,329 |
|
| | | 2017 | | | | | | | |
| 2018 | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | Gross | | Tax | | Net | | Gross | | Tax | | Net |
| Net income | | $ | 261,968 |
| | 93,142 |
| | 168,826 |
| | $ | 211,721 |
| | 32,782 |
| | 178,939 |
|
| Components of OCI: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities: | | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Unrealized holding gains during the year | | 66,894 |
| | 23,879 |
| | 43,015 |
| |
| Non-credit portion of OTTI recognized in OCI | | 36 |
| | 13 |
| | 23 |
| |
Unrealized (losses) gains on investment securities: | | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Unrealized holding losses during the year | | | (123,145 | ) | | (25,861 | ) | | (97,284 | ) |
| Amounts reclassified into net income: | | | | | |
|
| | | | | |
|
|
| HTM securities | | (179 | ) | | (63 | ) | | (116 | ) | | 110 |
| | 23 |
| | 87 |
|
| Non-credit OTTI | | 104 |
| | 36 |
| | 68 |
| |
| Realized gains on AFS securities | | (6,979 | ) | | (2,442 | ) | | (4,537 | ) | |
| Net unrealized gains | | 59,876 |
| | 21,423 |
| | 38,453 |
| |
| Realized losses on disposals and OTTI of AFS securities | | | 39,641 |
| | 8,325 |
| | 31,316 |
|
| Total unrealized losses on investment securities | | | (83,394 | ) | | (17,513 | ) | | (65,881 | ) |
| Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net actuarial loss | | (4,684 | ) | | (984 | ) | | (3,700 | ) | | (11,273 | ) | | (2,367 | ) | | (8,906 | ) |
| Amounts reclassified into net income: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net actuarial loss | | 2,102 |
| | 735 |
| | 1,367 |
| | 2,127 |
| | 447 |
| | 1,680 |
|
| Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans | | (2,582 | ) | | (249 | ) | | (2,333 | ) | |
| Other comprehensive income | | 57,294 |
| | 21,174 |
|
| 36,120 |
| |
| Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans | | | (9,146 | ) | | (1,920 | ) | | (7,226 | ) |
| Other comprehensive loss | | | (92,540 | ) | | (19,433 | ) |
| (73,107 | ) |
| Comprehensive income | | $ | 319,262 |
| | 114,316 |
| | 204,946 |
| | $ | 119,181 |
| | 13,349 |
| | 105,832 |
|
| | | 2016 | | | | | | | |
| 2017 | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | Gross | | Tax | | Net | | Gross | | Tax | | Net |
| Net income | | $ | 219,955 |
| | 61,460 |
| | 158,495 |
| | $ | 261,968 |
| | 93,142 |
| | 168,826 |
|
| Components of OCI: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Unrealized (losses) gains on investment securities: | | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Unrealized holding losses during the year | | (9,195 | ) | | (3,218 | ) | | (5,977 | ) | |
Unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities: | | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Unrealized holding gains during the year | | | 66,894 |
| | 23,879 |
| | 43,015 |
|
| Non-credit portion of OTTI recognized in OCI | | (10 | ) | | (4 | ) | | (6 | ) | | 36 |
| | 13 |
| | 23 |
|
| Amounts reclassified into net income: | | | | | |
|
| | | | | |
|
|
| HTM securities | | (141 | ) | | (49 | ) | | (92 | ) | | (179 | ) | | (63 | ) | | (116 | ) |
| Non-credit OTTI | | 213 |
| | 75 |
| | 138 |
| | 104 |
| | 36 |
| | 68 |
|
| Realized losses on AFS securities | | 4,713 |
| | 1,649 |
| | 3,064 |
| |
| Net unrealized losses | | (4,420 | ) | | (1,547 | ) | | (2,873 | ) | |
| Realized gains on disposals and OTTI of AFS securities | | | (6,979 | ) | | (2,442 | ) | | (4,537 | ) |
| Total unrealized gains on investment securities | | | 59,876 |
| | 21,423 |
| | 38,453 |
|
| Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net actuarial loss | | (12,079 | ) | | (4,227 | ) | | (7,852 | ) | | (4,684 | ) | | (984 | ) | | (3,700 | ) |
| Amounts reclassified into net income: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net actuarial loss | | 6,462 |
| | 2,262 |
| | 4,200 |
| | 2,102 |
| | 735 |
| | 1,367 |
|
| Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans | | (5,617 | ) | | (1,965 | ) | | (3,652 | ) | |
| Other comprehensive loss | | (10,037 | ) | | (3,512 | ) | | (6,525 | ) | |
| Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans | | | (2,582 | ) | | (249 | ) | | (2,333 | ) |
| Other comprehensive income | | | 57,294 |
| | 21,174 |
| | 36,120 |
|
| Comprehensive income | | $ | 209,918 |
| | 57,948 |
| | 151,970 |
| | $ | 319,262 |
| | 114,316 |
| | 204,946 |
|
(b) The balances of, and changes in, each component of AOCI (net of taxes) as of December 31, 20182019 and 20172018 were as follows:
| | | | | Net Unrealized (Loss) Gain on Investment Securities | | Defined Benefit Pension and Post-retirement Plans | | | | Net Unrealized (Losses) Gains on Investment Securities | | Defined Benefit Pension and Post-retirement Plans | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | OTTI Related | | HTM Related | | All Other | | Investments Subtotal | | Total AOCI | | OTTI Related | | HTM Related | | All Other | | Investments Subtotal | | Total AOCI |
| Balance, December 31, 2016 | | $ | (150 | ) | | 102 |
| | 42,170 |
| | 42,122 |
| | (58,072 | ) | | (15,950 | ) | |
| OCI before reclassifications | | 23 |
| | — |
| | 43,015 |
| | 43,038 |
| | (3,700 | ) | | 39,338 |
| |
| Amounts reclassified from AOCI | | 68 |
| | (116 | ) | | (4,537 | ) | | (4,585 | ) | | 1,367 |
| | (3,218 | ) | |
| Net current period OCI | | 91 |
| | (116 | ) | | 38,478 |
| | 38,453 |
| | (2,333 | ) | | 36,120 |
| |
| Balance, December 31, 2017 | | (59 | ) | | (14 | ) | | 80,648 |
| | 80,575 |
| | (60,405 | ) |
| 20,170 |
| | $ | (59 | ) | | (14 | ) | | 80,648 |
| | 80,575 |
| | (60,405 | ) | | 20,170 |
|
Cumulative effect adjustments1
| | (12 | ) | | (2 | ) | | (12,792 | ) | | (12,806 | ) | | (12,213 | ) | | (25,019 | ) | | (12 | ) | | (2 | ) | | (12,792 | ) | | (12,806 | ) | | (12,213 | ) | | (25,019 | ) |
Balance: December 31, 2017 as adjusted
| | $ | (71 | ) | | (16 | ) | | 67,856 |
| | 67,769 |
| | (72,618 | ) | | (4,849 | ) | |
| Balance: December 31, 2017, as adjusted | | | (71 | ) | | (16 | ) | | 67,856 |
| | 67,769 |
| | (72,618 | ) | | (4,849 | ) |
| OCI before reclassifications | | — |
| | — |
| | (97,284 | ) | | (97,284 | ) | | (8,906 | ) | | (106,190 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (97,284 | ) | | (97,284 | ) | | (8,906 | ) | | (106,190 | ) |
| Amounts reclassified from AOCI | | — |
| | 87 |
| | 31,316 |
| | 31,403 |
| | 1,680 |
| | 33,083 |
| | — |
| | 87 |
| | 31,316 |
| | 31,403 |
| | 1,680 |
| | 33,083 |
|
| Net current period OCI | | — |
| | 87 |
| | (65,968 | ) | | (65,881 | ) | | (7,226 | ) | | (73,107 | ) | | — |
| | 87 |
| | (65,968 | ) | | (65,881 | ) | | (7,226 | ) | | (73,107 | ) |
| Balance, December 31, 2018 | | $ | (71 | ) | | 71 |
| | 1,888 |
| | 1,888 |
| | (79,844 | ) | | (77,956 | ) | | (71 | ) | | 71 |
| | 1,888 |
| | 1,888 |
| | (79,844 | ) |
| (77,956 | ) |
| OCI before reclassifications | | | — |
| | — |
| | 168,021 |
| | 168,021 |
| | (10,898 | ) | | 157,123 |
|
| Amounts reclassified from AOCI | | | — |
| | (46 | ) | | 530 |
| | 484 |
| | 2,099 |
| | 2,583 |
|
| Net current period OCI | | | — |
| | (46 | ) | | 168,551 |
| | 168,505 |
| | (8,799 | ) | | 159,706 |
|
| Balance, December 31, 2019 | | | $ | (71 | ) | | 25 |
| | 170,439 |
| | 170,393 |
| | (88,643 | ) | | 81,750 |
|
1 Upon adoption of ASU 2016-01 and ASU 2018-02 in the first quarter of 2018, we recognized a $25.0 million cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of AOCI, which represents the after-tax net unrealized gain on our equity portfolio as of December 31, 2017 and the one-time reclassification from AOCI to retained earnings for the stranded tax assets that were created in AOCI from the enactment of Tax Reform. See Note 3. "Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements" above for additional information.
The reclassifications out of AOCI are as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | Year ended December 31, 2019 | | Year ended December 31, 2018 | | Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Income |
| HTM related | | | | | | |
| Unrealized (gains) losses on HTM disposals | | $ | (46 | ) | | 137 |
| | Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) |
| Amortization of net unrealized gains on HTM securities | | (12 | ) | | (27 | ) | | Net investment income earned |
| | | (58 | ) | | 110 |
| | Income before federal income tax |
| | | 12 |
| | (23 | ) | | Total federal income tax expense |
| | | (46 | ) | | 87 |
| | Net income |
| Realized losses (gains) on AFS | | | | | | |
| Realized losses on AFS disposals and OTTI | | 671 |
| | 39,641 |
| | Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) |
| | | 671 |
| | 39,641 |
| | Income before federal income tax |
| | | (141 | ) | | (8,325 | ) | | Total federal income tax expense |
| | | 530 |
| | 31,316 |
| | Net income |
| Defined benefit pension and post-retirement life plans | | | | | | |
| Net actuarial loss | | 582 |
| | 450 |
| | Loss and loss expense incurred |
| | | 2,075 |
| | 1,677 |
| | Other insurance expenses |
| Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement life | | 2,657 |
| | 2,127 |
| | Income before federal income tax |
| | | (558 | ) | | (447 | ) | | Total federal income tax expense |
| | | 2,099 |
| | 1,680 |
| | Net income |
| | | | | | | |
| Total reclassifications for the period | | $ | 2,583 |
| | 33,083 |
| | Net income |
|
| | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | Year ended December 31, 2018 | | Year ended December 31, 2017 | | Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Income |
| OTTI related | | | | | | |
Non-credit OTTI on disposed securities | | $ | — |
| | 104 |
| | Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains |
| | | — |
| | 104 |
| | Income before federal income tax |
| | | — |
| | (36 | ) | | Total federal income tax expense |
| | | — |
| | 68 |
| | Net income |
| HTM related | | | | | | |
| Unrealized losses on HTM disposals | | 137 |
| | 32 |
| | Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains
|
| Amortization of net unrealized gains on HTM securities | | (27 | ) | | (211 | ) | | Net investment income earned |
| | | 110 |
| | (179 | ) | | Income before federal income tax |
| | | (23 | ) | | 63 |
| | Total federal income tax expense |
| | | 87 |
| | (116 | ) | | Net income |
| Realized losses (gains) on AFS | | | | | | |
| Realized losses (gains) on AFS disposals | | 39,641 |
| | (6,979 | ) | | Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains
|
| | | 39,641 |
| | (6,979 | ) | | Income before federal income tax |
| | | (8,325 | ) | | 2,442 |
| | Total federal income tax expense |
| | | 31,316 |
| | (4,537 | ) | | Net income |
| Defined benefit pension and post-retirement life plans | | | | | | |
| Net actuarial loss | | 450 |
| | 450 |
| | Loss and loss expense incurred |
| | | 1,677 |
| | 1,652 |
| | Other insurance expenses |
| Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement life | | 2,127 |
| | 2,102 |
| | Income before federal income tax |
| | | (447 | ) | | (735 | ) | | Total federal income tax expense |
| | | 1,680 |
| | 1,367 |
| | Net income |
| | | | | | | |
| Total reclassifications for the period | | $ | 33,083 |
| | (3,218 | ) | | Net income |
Note 7. Fair Value Measurements
The financial assets in our investment portfolio are primarily measured at fair value as disclosed on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table presents the carrying amounts and estimated fair values of our financial instrumentsliabilities as of December 31, 20182019 and 20172018:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | December 31, 2019 | | December 31, 2018 |
| ($ in thousands) | | Carrying Amount | | Fair Value | | Carrying Amount | | Fair Value |
| Financial Liabilities | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Long-term debt: | | | | | | | | |
| 7.25% Senior Notes | | $ | 49,910 |
| | 66,365 |
| | 49,907 |
| | 57,032 |
|
| 6.70% Senior Notes | | 99,480 |
| | 123,104 |
| | 99,462 |
| | 107,075 |
|
| 5.875% Senior Notes | | — |
| | — |
| | 185,000 |
| | 177,230 |
|
| 5.375% Senior Notes | | 294,157 |
| | 357,025 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| 1.61% Borrowings from FHLBNY | | 25,000 |
| | 24,901 |
| | 25,000 |
| | 24,218 |
|
| 1.56% Borrowings from FHLBNY | | 25,000 |
| | 24,875 |
| | 25,000 |
| | 24,162 |
|
| 3.03% Borrowings from FHLBI | | 60,000 |
| | 63,002 |
| | 60,000 |
| | 58,905 |
|
| Subtotal long-term debt | | 553,547 |
| | 659,272 |
| | 444,369 |
| | 448,622 |
|
| Unamortized debt issuance costs | | (3,687 | ) | | | | (4,829 | ) | | |
| Finance lease obligations | | 737 |
| | | | — |
| | |
| Total long-term debt | | $ | 550,597 |
| |
|
| | 439,540 |
| |
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | December 31, 2018 | | December 31, 2017 |
| ($ in thousands) | | Carrying Amount | | Fair Value | | Carrying Amount | | Fair Value |
| Financial Assets | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Fixed income securities: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| HTM | | $ | 37,110 |
| | 38,317 |
| | 42,129 |
| | 44,100 |
|
| AFS | | 5,273,100 |
| | 5,273,100 |
| | 5,162,522 |
| | 5,162,522 |
|
| Equity securities | | 147,639 |
| | 147,639 |
| | 182,705 |
| | 182,705 |
|
| Short-term investments | | 323,864 |
| | 323,864 |
| | 165,555 |
| | 165,555 |
|
| | | | | | | | | |
| Long-term debt: | | | | | | | | |
| 7.25% Senior Notes | | 49,907 |
| | 57,032 |
| | 49,904 |
| | 61,391 |
|
| 6.70% Senior Notes | | 99,462 |
| | 107,075 |
| | 99,446 |
| | 116,597 |
|
| 5.875% Senior Notes | | 185,000 |
| | 177,230 |
| | 185,000 |
| | 186,332 |
|
| 1.61% Borrowings from FHLBNY | | 25,000 |
| | 24,218 |
| | 25,000 |
| | 24,270 |
|
| 1.56% Borrowings from FHLBNY | | 25,000 |
| | 24,162 |
| | 25,000 |
| | 24,210 |
|
| 3.03% Borrowings from FHLBI | | 60,000 |
| | 58,905 |
| | 60,000 |
| | 60,334 |
|
| Subtotal long-term debt | | 444,369 |
| | 448,622 |
| | 444,350 |
| | 473,134 |
|
| Unamortized debt issuance costs | | (4,829 | ) | | | | (5,234 | ) | | |
| Total long-term debt | | $ | 439,540 |
| |
|
| | 439,116 |
| |
|
|
For discussion regarding the fair value techniques of our financial instruments, refer to Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in this Form 10-K.
The following tables provide quantitative disclosures of our financial assets that were measured and recorded at fair value at December 31, 20182019 and 20172018:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2019 | | | | Fair Value Measurements Using |
| ($ in thousands) | | Assets Measured at Fair Value | | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/ Liabilities (Level 1) | | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
| Description | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Measured on a recurring basis: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| AFS fixed income securities: | | | | | | | | |
| U.S. government and government agencies | | $ | 116,186 |
| | 41,083 |
| | 75,103 |
| | — |
|
| Foreign government | | 18,542 |
| | — |
| | 18,542 |
| | — |
|
| Obligations of states and political subdivisions | | 1,230,090 |
| | — |
| | 1,230,090 |
| | — |
|
| Corporate securities | | 1,947,477 |
| | — |
| | 1,930,426 |
| | 17,051 |
|
| CLO and other ABS | | 793,012 |
|
| 3,635 |
| | 772,343 |
| | 17,034 |
|
| CMBS | | 538,344 |
|
| — |
| | 538,344 |
| | — |
|
| RMBS | | 1,451,969 |
|
| — |
| | 1,451,969 |
| | — |
|
| Total AFS fixed income securities | | 6,095,620 |
|
| 44,718 |
| | 6,016,817 |
| | 34,085 |
|
| Equity securities: | | | | | | | | |
Common stock1 | | 69,900 |
| | 32,145 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Preferred stock | | 3,037 |
| | 3,037 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total equity securities | | 72,937 |
| | 35,182 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Short-term investments | | 282,490 |
| | 265,306 |
| | 17,184 |
| | — |
|
| Total assets measured at fair value | | $ | 6,451,047 |
| | 345,206 |
| | 6,034,001 |
| | 34,085 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2018 | | | | Fair Value Measurements Using |
| ($ in thousands) | | Assets Measured at Fair Value | | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/ Liabilities (Level 1)1 | | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)1 | | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
| Description | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Measured on a recurring basis: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| AFS fixed income securities: | | | | | | | | |
| U.S. government and government agencies | | $ | 121,310 |
| | 78,381 |
| | 42,929 |
| | — |
|
| Foreign government | | 23,131 |
| | — |
| | 23,131 |
| | — |
|
| Obligations of states and political subdivisions | | 1,138,469 |
| | — |
| | 1,138,469 |
| | — |
|
| Corporate securities | | 1,617,408 |
| | — |
| | 1,617,408 |
| | — |
|
| CLO and other ABS | | 717,362 |
| | — |
| | 709,953 |
| | 7,409 |
|
| CMBS | | 527,078 |
| | — |
| | 527,078 |
| | — |
|
| RMBS | | 1,128,342 |
| | — |
| | 1,128,342 |
| | — |
|
| Total AFS fixed income securities | | 5,273,100 |
| | 78,381 |
| | 5,187,310 |
| | 7,409 |
|
| Equity securities: | | | | | | | | |
Common stock2 | | 144,727 |
| | 107,397 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Preferred stock | | 2,912 |
| | 2,912 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total equity securities | | 147,639 |
| | 110,309 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Short-term investments | | 323,864 |
| | 321,370 |
| | 2,494 |
| | — |
|
| Total assets measured at fair value | | $ | 5,744,603 |
| | 510,060 |
| | 5,189,804 |
| | 7,409 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2018 | | | | Fair Value Measurements Using |
| ($ in thousands) | | Assets Measured at Fair Value | | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/ Liabilities (Level 1) | | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
| Description | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Measured on a recurring basis: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| AFS fixed income securities: | | | | | | | | |
| U.S. government and government agencies | | $ | 121,310 |
| | 78,381 |
| | 42,929 |
| | — |
|
| Foreign government | | 23,131 |
| | — |
| | 23,131 |
| | — |
|
| Obligations of states and political subdivisions | | 1,138,469 |
| | — |
| | 1,138,469 |
| | — |
|
| Corporate securities | | 1,617,408 |
| | — |
| | 1,617,408 |
| | — |
|
| CLO and other ABS | | 717,362 |
| | — |
| | 709,953 |
| | 7,409 |
|
| CMBS | | 527,078 |
| | — |
| | 527,078 |
| | — |
|
| RMBS | | 1,128,342 |
| | — |
| | 1,128,342 |
| | — |
|
| Total AFS fixed income securities | | 5,273,100 |
| | 78,381 |
| | 5,187,310 |
| | 7,409 |
|
| Equity securities: | | | | | | | | |
Common stock1 | | 144,727 |
| | 107,397 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Preferred stock | | 2,912 |
| | 2,912 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total equity securities | | 147,639 |
| | 110,309 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Short-term investments | | 323,864 |
| | 321,370 |
| | 2,494 |
| | — |
|
| Total assets measured at fair value | | $ | 5,744,603 |
| | 510,060 |
| | 5,189,804 |
| | 7,409 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2017 | | | | Fair Value Measurements Using |
| ($ in thousands) | | Assets Measured at Fair Value | | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/ Liabilities (Level 1)1 | | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)1 | | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
| Description | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Measured on a recurring basis: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| AFS fixed income securities: | | | | | | | | |
| U.S. government and government agencies | | $ | 49,740 |
| | 24,652 |
| | 25,088 |
| | — |
|
| Foreign government | | 18,555 |
| | — |
| | 18,555 |
| | — |
|
| Obligations of states and political subdivisions | | 1,582,970 |
| | — |
| | 1,582,970 |
| | — |
|
| Corporate securities | | 1,617,468 |
| | — |
| | 1,617,468 |
| | — |
|
| CLO and other ABS | | 795,458 |
| | — |
| | 795,458 |
| | — |
|
| CMBS | | 383,449 |
| | — |
| | 376,895 |
| | 6,554 |
|
| RMBS | | 714,882 |
| | — |
| | 714,882 |
| | — |
|
| Total AFS fixed income securities | | 5,162,522 |
| | 24,652 |
| | 5,131,316 |
| | 6,554 |
|
| AFS equity securities: | | | | | | | | |
| Common stock | | 167,757 |
| | 138,640 |
| | — |
| | 5,398 |
|
| Preferred stock | | 14,948 |
| | 14,948 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total AFS equity securities | | 182,705 |
| | 153,588 |
| | — |
| | 5,398 |
|
| Total AFS securities | | 5,345,227 |
| | 178,240 |
| | 5,131,316 |
| | 11,952 |
|
| Short-term investments | | 165,555 |
| | 165,555 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total assets measured at fair value | | $ | 5,510,782 |
| | 343,795 |
| | 5,131,316 |
| | 11,952 |
|
1There were no transfers of securities between Level 1 and Level 2.
2In accordance with ASU 2015-07, investments amounting to $37.3$37.8 million and $23.7$37.3 million at December 31, 20182019 and December 31, 2017,2018, respectively, were measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its practical expedient) and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to total assets measured at fair value.
The following table provides a summary of the changes in the fair value of securities measured using Level 3 inputs and related quantitative information during 2018:2019: |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| 2019 | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | Corporate Securities | | CLO and Other ABS | | Total |
| Fair value, December 31, 2018 | | $ | — |
| | 7,409 |
| | 7,409 |
|
| Total net (losses) gains for the period included in: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| OCI | | (118 | ) | | (261 | ) | | (379 | ) |
| Net income | | — |
| | 245 |
| | 245 |
|
| Purchases | | — |
| | 21,282 |
| | 21,282 |
|
| Sales | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Issuances | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Settlements | | — |
| | (279 | ) | | (279 | ) |
| Transfers into Level 3 | | 17,169 |
| | 18,853 |
| | 36,022 |
|
| Transfers out of Level 3 | | — |
| | (30,215 | ) | | (30,215 | ) |
| Fair value, December 31, 2019 | | $ | 17,051 |
| | 17,034 |
| | 34,085 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2018 | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | CMBS | | CLO and Other ABS | | Common Stock | | Total |
| Fair value, December 31, 2017 | | $ | 6,554 |
| | — |
| | 5,398 |
| | 11,952 |
|
| Total net (losses) gains for the period included in: | | | | |
| | | | |
|
| OCI | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Net income | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Purchases | | — |
| | 7,409 |
| | — |
| | 7,409 |
|
| Sales | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Issuances | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Settlements | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Transfers into Level 3 | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Transfers out of Level 3 | | (6,554 | ) | | — |
| | (5,398 | ) | | (11,952 | ) |
| Fair value, December 31, 2018 | | $ | — |
| | 7,409 |
| | — |
| | 7,409 |
|
The following tables provide quantitative information regarding our financial assets and liabilities that were not measured, but were disclosed at fair value at December 31, 20182019 and 2017:2018:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2019 | | | | Fair Value Measurements Using |
| ($ in thousands) | | Assets/Liabilities Disclosed at Fair Value | | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/Liabilities (Level 1) | | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
| Financial Assets | | | | | | | | |
| HTM: | | | | | | | | |
| Obligations of states and political subdivisions | | $ | 4,921 |
| | — |
| | 4,921 |
| | — |
|
| Corporate securities | | 17,054 |
| | — |
| | 17,054 |
| | — |
|
| Total HTM fixed income securities | | $ | 21,975 |
| | — |
| | 21,975 |
| | — |
|
| Financial Liabilities | | | | | | | | |
| Long-term debt: | | | | | | | | |
| 7.25% Senior Notes | | $ | 66,365 |
| | — |
| | 66,365 |
| | — |
|
| 6.70% Senior Notes | | 123,104 |
| | — |
| | 123,104 |
| | — |
|
| 5.375% Senior Notes | | 357,025 |
| | — |
| | 357,025 |
| | — |
|
| 1.61% Borrowings from FHLBNY | | 24,901 |
| | — |
| | 24,901 |
| | — |
|
| 1.56% Borrowings from FHLBNY | | 24,875 |
| | — |
| | 24,875 |
| | — |
|
| 3.03% Borrowings from FHLBI | | 63,002 |
| | — |
| | 63,002 |
| | — |
|
| Total long-term debt | | $ | 659,272 |
| | — |
| | 659,272 |
| | — |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2018 | | | | Fair Value Measurements Using |
| ($ in thousands) | | Assets/Liabilities Disclosed at Fair Value | | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/Liabilities (Level 1) | | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
| Financial Assets | | | | | | | | |
| HTM: | | | | | | | | |
| Obligations of states and political subdivisions | | $ | 17,969 |
| | — |
| | 17,969 |
| | — |
|
| Corporate securities | | 20,348 |
| | — |
| | 20,348 |
| | — |
|
| Total HTM fixed income securities | | $ | 38,317 |
| | — |
| | 38,317 |
| | — |
|
| Financial Liabilities | | | | | | | | |
| Long-term debt: | | | | | | | | |
| 7.25% Senior Notes | | $ | 57,032 |
| | — |
| | 57,032 |
| | — |
|
| 6.70% Senior Notes | | 107,075 |
| | — |
| | 107,075 |
| | — |
|
| 5.875% Senior Notes | | 177,230 |
| | 177,230 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| 1.61% Borrowings from FHLBNY | | 24,218 |
| | — |
| | 24,218 |
| | — |
|
| 1.56% Borrowings from FHLBNY | | 24,162 |
| | — |
| | 24,162 |
| | — |
|
| 3.03% Borrowings from FHLBI | | 58,905 |
| | — |
| | 58,905 |
| | — |
|
| Total long-term debt | | $ | 448,622 |
| | 177,230 |
| | 271,392 |
| | — |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2017 | | | | Fair Value Measurements Using |
| ($ in thousands) | | Assets/Liabilities Disclosed at Fair Value | | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/Liabilities (Level 1) | | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
| Financial Assets | | | | | | | | |
| HTM: | | | | | | | | |
| Obligations of states and political subdivisions | | $ | 26,261 |
| | — |
| | 26,261 |
| | — |
|
| Corporate securities | | 17,839 |
| | — |
| | 12,306 |
| | 5,533 |
|
| Total HTM fixed income securities | | $ | 44,100 |
| | — |
| | 38,567 |
| | 5,533 |
|
| Financial Liabilities | | | | | | | | |
| Long-term debt: | | | | | | | | |
| 7.25% Senior Notes | | $ | 61,391 |
| | — |
| | 61,391 |
| | — |
|
| 6.70% Senior Notes | | 116,597 |
| | — |
| | 116,597 |
| | — |
|
| 5.875% Senior Notes | | 186,332 |
| | 186,332 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| 1.61% Borrowings from FHLBNY | | 24,270 |
| | — |
| | 24,270 |
| | — |
|
| 1.56% Borrowings from FHLBNY | | 24,210 |
| | — |
| | 24,210 |
| | — |
|
| 3.03% Borrowings from FHLBI | | 60,334 |
| | — |
| | 60,334 |
| | — |
|
| Total long-term debt | | $ | 473,134 |
| | 186,332 |
| | 286,802 |
| | — |
|
Note 8. Reinsurance
Our Financial Statements reflect the effects of assumed and ceded reinsurance transactions. Assumed reinsurance refers to the acceptance of certain insurance risks that other insurance entities have underwritten. Ceded reinsurance involves transferring certain insurance risks (along with the related written and earned premiums) that we have underwritten to other insurance companies that agree to share these risks. The primary purpose of ceded reinsurance is to protect the Insurance Subsidiaries from potential losses in excess of the amount that we are prepared to accept. Our major treaties covering property, property catastrophe, and casualty business are excess of loss contracts. In addition, we have an intercompany quota share pooling arrangement and other minor reinsurance treaties.
As a Standard Commercial Lines and E&S Lines writer, we are subject to the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act ("TRIPRA"), which was extended by Congress to December 31, 2020.2027. TRIPRA requires private insurers and the United StatesU. S. government to share the risk of loss on future acts of terrorism certified by the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. Under TRIPRA, each participating insurer is responsible for paying a deductible of specified losses before federal
assistance is available. This deductible is based on a percentage of the prior year’s applicable Standard Commercial Lines and E&S Lines premiums. In 2019,2020, our deductible, before tax, is approximately $339$359 million. For losses above the deductible, the federal government will pay 81%80% of losses to an industry limit of $100 billion, and the insurer retains 19%20%. The federal share of losses will be reduced to 80% in 2020.
The Insurance Subsidiaries remain liable to policyholders to the extent that any reinsurer becomes unable to meet their contractual obligations. In addition to this direct counterparty credit risk, we have indirect counterparty credit risk as our reinsurers often enter into their own reinsurance programs, or retrocessions, as part of managing their exposure to large losses. We evaluate and monitor the financial condition of our reinsurers under voluntary reinsurance arrangements to minimize our exposure to significant losses from reinsurer insolvencies. On an ongoing basis, we review amounts outstanding, length of collection period, changes in reinsurer credit ratings, and other relevant factors to determine collectability of reinsurance recoverables. The allowance for uncollectible reinsurance recoverables was $4.4 million at December 31, 2019 and $4.5 million at December 31, 2018 and $4.6 million at December 31, 2017.
The following table represents our total reinsurance balances segregated by reinsurer to illustrate our concentration of risk throughout our reinsurance portfolio:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | As of December 31, 2019 | | As of December 31, 2018 |
| ($ in thousands) | | Reinsurance Balances | | % of Reinsurance Balance | | Reinsurance Balances | | % of Reinsurance Balance |
| Total reinsurance recoverables | | $ | 573,235 |
| | |
| | $ | 549,172 |
| | |
|
| Total prepaid reinsurance premiums | | 166,705 |
| | |
| | 157,723 |
| | |
|
| Total reinsurance balance | | 739,940 |
| | |
| | 706,895 |
| | |
|
| | | | | | | | | |
Federal and state pools1: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| NFIP | | 175,472 |
| | 24 | % | | 170,453 |
| | 24 | % |
| New Jersey Unsatisfied Claim Judgment Fund | | 53,732 |
| | 6 |
| | 55,167 |
| | 7 |
|
| Other | | 2,449 |
| | 1 |
| | 3,602 |
| | 1 |
|
| Total federal and state pools | | 231,653 |
| | 31 |
| | 229,222 |
| | 32 |
|
| Remaining reinsurance balance | | $ | 508,287 |
| | 69 |
| | $ | 477,673 |
| | 68 |
|
| | | | | | | | | |
| Munich Re Group (A.M. Best rated "A+") | | $ | 119,748 |
| | 16 |
| | $ | 112,841 |
| | 16 |
|
| Hannover Ruckversicherungs AG (A.M. Best rated "A+") | | 107,474 |
| | 15 |
| | 101,835 |
| | 14 |
|
| AXIS Reinsurance Company (A.M. Best rated "A+") | | 73,009 |
| | 10 |
| | 69,102 |
| | 10 |
|
| Swiss Re Group (A.M. Best rated "A+") | | 37,190 |
| | 5 |
| | 37,519 |
| | 5 |
|
| Transatlantic Reinsurance Company (A.M. Best rated “A+”) | | 21,824 |
| | 3 |
| | 17,686 |
| | 3 |
|
| All other reinsurers | | 149,042 |
| | 20 |
| | 138,690 |
| | 20 |
|
| Total reinsurers | | 508,287 |
| | 69 | % | | 477,673 |
| | 68 | % |
Less: collateral2 | | (110,549 | ) | | | | (112,201 | ) | | |
| Reinsurers, net of collateral | | $ | 397,738 |
| | | | $ | 365,472 |
| | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | As of December 31, 2018 | | As of December 31, 2017 |
| ($ in thousands) | | Reinsurance Balances | | % of Reinsurance Balance | | Reinsurance Balances | | % of Reinsurance Balance |
| Total reinsurance recoverables | | $ | 549,172 |
| | |
| | $ | 594,832 |
| | |
|
| Total prepaid reinsurance premiums | | 157,723 |
| | |
| | 153,493 |
| | |
|
| Total reinsurance balance | | 706,895 |
| | |
| | 748,325 |
| | |
|
| | | | | | | | | |
Federal and state pools1: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| NFIP | | 170,453 |
| | 24 | % | | 204,161 |
| | 27 | % |
| New Jersey Unsatisfied Claim Judgment Fund | | 55,167 |
| | 7 |
| | 62,947 |
| | 9 |
|
| Other | | 3,602 |
| | 1 |
| | 3,634 |
| | — |
|
| Total federal and state pools | | 229,222 |
| | 32 |
| | 270,742 |
| | 36 |
|
| Remaining reinsurance balance | | $ | 477,673 |
| | 68 |
| | $ | 477,583 |
| | 64 |
|
| | | | | | | | | |
| Munich Re Group (A.M. Best rated "A+") | | $ | 112,841 |
| | 16 |
| | $ | 117,460 |
| | 16 |
|
| Hannover Ruckversicherungs AG (A.M. Best rated "A+") | | 101,835 |
| | 14 |
| | 101,652 |
| | 14 |
|
| AXIS Reinsurance Company (A.M. Best rated "A+") | | 69,102 |
| | 10 |
| | 62,396 |
| | 8 |
|
| Swiss Re Group (A.M. Best rated "A+") | | 37,519 |
| | 5 |
| | 40,772 |
| | 5 |
|
| Transatlantic Reinsurance Company (A.M. Best rated “A+”) | | 17,686 |
| | 3 |
| | 13,237 |
| | 2 |
|
| Endurance Specialty Ins. LTD. (A.M. Best rated “A+”) | | 15,163 |
| | 2 |
| | 18,469 |
| | 2 |
|
| Partner Reinsurance Company of the U.S. (A.M. Best rated “A”) | | 12,261 |
| | 2 |
| | 16,925 |
| | 2 |
|
| All other reinsurers | | 111,266 |
| | 16 |
| | 106,672 |
| | 15 |
|
| Total reinsurers | | 477,673 |
| | 68 | % | | 477,583 |
| | 64 | % |
Less: collateral2 | | (112,201 | ) | | | | (122,413 | ) | | |
| Reinsurers, net of collateral | | $ | 365,472 |
| | | | $ | 355,170 |
| | |
1Considered to have minimal risk of default.
2Includes letters of credit, trust funds, and funds held against reinsurance recoverables.
Under our reinsurance arrangements, which are prospective in nature, reinsurance premiums ceded are recorded as prepaid reinsurance and amortized over the remaining contract period in proportion to the reinsurance protection provided, or recorded periodically, as per the terms of the contract, in a direct relationship to the gross premium recording. Reinsurance recoveries are recognized as gross losses are incurred.
The following table contains a listing of direct, assumed, and ceded reinsurance amounts for premiums written, premiums earned, and loss and loss expense incurred:
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Premiums written: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Direct | | $ | 3,084,451 |
| | 2,890,633 |
| | 2,733,459 |
|
| Assumed | | 24,339 |
| | 26,250 |
| | 26,685 |
|
| Ceded | | (429,366 | ) | | (402,597 | ) | | (389,503 | ) |
| Net | | $ | 2,679,424 |
| | 2,514,286 |
| | 2,370,641 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Premiums earned: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Direct | | $ | 2,993,157 |
| | 2,808,764 |
| | 2,647,488 |
|
| Assumed | | 24,399 |
| | 25,831 |
| | 25,831 |
|
| Ceded | | (420,385 | ) | | (398,366 | ) | | (382,292 | ) |
| Net | | $ | 2,597,171 |
| | 2,436,229 |
| | 2,291,027 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Loss and loss expense incurred: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Direct | | $ | 1,714,880 |
| | 1,706,951 |
| | 1,570,678 |
|
| Assumed | | 22,879 |
| | 21,469 |
| | 17,588 |
|
| Ceded | | (186,268 | ) | | (230,286 | ) | | (243,192 | ) |
| Net | | $ | 1,551,491 |
| | 1,498,134 |
| | 1,345,074 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Premiums written: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Direct | | $ | 2,890,633 |
| | 2,733,459 |
| | 2,577,259 |
|
| Assumed | | 26,250 |
| | 26,685 |
| | 28,779 |
|
| Ceded | | (402,597 | ) | | (389,503 | ) | | (368,750 | ) |
| Net | | $ | 2,514,286 |
| | 2,370,641 |
| | 2,237,288 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Premiums earned: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Direct | | $ | 2,808,764 |
| | 2,647,488 |
| | 2,484,715 |
|
| Assumed | | 25,831 |
| | 25,831 |
| | 28,214 |
|
| Ceded | | (398,366 | ) | | (382,292 | ) | | (363,357 | ) |
| Net | | $ | 2,436,229 |
| | 2,291,027 |
| | 2,149,572 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Loss and loss expense incurred: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Direct | | $ | 1,706,951 |
| | 1,570,678 |
| | 1,560,356 |
|
| Assumed | | 21,469 |
| | 17,588 |
| | 22,708 |
|
| Ceded | | (230,286 | ) | | (243,192 | ) | | (348,267 | ) |
| Net | | $ | 1,498,134 |
| | 1,345,074 |
| | 1,234,797 |
|
The ceded premiums and losses related to our participation in the NFIP, under which 100% of our flood premiums, and loss and loss expense are ceded to the NFIP, are as follows:
| | | Ceded to NFIP ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Ceded premiums written | | $ | (248,053 | ) | | (241,345 | ) | | (232,245 | ) | | $ | (266,925 | ) | | (248,053 | ) | | (241,345 | ) |
| Ceded premiums earned | | (244,238 | ) | | (235,088 | ) | | (227,882 | ) | | (259,119 | ) | | (244,238 | ) | | (235,088 | ) |
| Ceded loss and loss expense incurred | | (144,967 | ) | | (160,922 | ) | | (239,891 | ) | | (71,676 | ) | | (144,967 | ) | | (160,922 | ) |
Note 9. Reserve for Loss and Loss Expense
(a) The table below provides a roll forward of reserves for loss and loss expense for beginning and ending reserve balances:
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Gross reserves for loss and loss expense, at beginning of year | | $ | 3,893,868 |
| | 3,771,240 |
| | 3,691,719 |
|
| Less: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss and loss expense, at beginning of year | | 537,388 |
| | 585,855 |
| | 611,200 |
|
| Net reserves for loss and loss expense, at beginning of year | | 3,356,480 |
| | 3,185,385 |
| | 3,080,519 |
|
| Incurred loss and loss expense for claims occurring in the: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Current year | | 1,601,780 |
| | 1,527,997 |
| | 1,384,266 |
|
| Prior years | | (50,289 | ) | | (29,863 | ) | | (39,192 | ) |
| Total incurred loss and loss expense | | 1,551,491 |
| | 1,498,134 |
| | 1,345,074 |
|
| Paid loss and loss expense for claims occurring in the: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Current year | | 579,527 |
| | 573,718 |
| | 497,486 |
|
| Prior years | | 805,443 |
| | 753,321 |
| | 742,722 |
|
| Total paid loss and loss expense | | 1,384,970 |
| | 1,327,039 |
| | 1,240,208 |
|
| Net reserves for loss and loss expense, at end of year | | 3,523,001 |
| | 3,356,480 |
| | 3,185,385 |
|
| Add: Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss and loss expense, at end of year | | 544,162 |
| | 537,388 |
| | 585,855 |
|
| Gross reserves for loss and loss expense at end of year | | $ | 4,067,163 |
| | 3,893,868 |
| | 3,771,240 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Gross reserves for loss and loss expense, at beginning of year | | $ | 3,771,240 |
| | 3,691,719 |
| | 3,517,728 |
|
| Less: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss and loss expense, at beginning of year | | 585,855 |
| | 611,200 |
| | 551,019 |
|
| Net reserves for loss and loss expense, at beginning of year | | 3,185,385 |
| | 3,080,519 |
| | 2,966,709 |
|
| Incurred loss and loss expense for claims occurring in the: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Current year | | 1,527,997 |
| | 1,384,266 |
| | 1,300,565 |
|
| Prior years | | (29,863 | ) | | (39,192 | ) | | (65,768 | ) |
| Total incurred loss and loss expense | | 1,498,134 |
| | 1,345,074 |
| | 1,234,797 |
|
| Paid loss and loss expense for claims occurring in the: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Current year | | 573,718 |
| | 497,486 |
| | 450,811 |
|
| Prior years | | 753,321 |
| | 742,722 |
| | 670,176 |
|
| Total paid loss and loss expense | | 1,327,039 |
| | 1,240,208 |
| | 1,120,987 |
|
| Net reserves for loss and loss expense, at end of year | | 3,356,480 |
| | 3,185,385 |
| | 3,080,519 |
|
| Add: Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss and loss expense, at end of year | | 537,388 |
| | 585,855 |
| | 611,200 |
|
| Gross reserves for loss and loss expense at end of year | | $ | 3,893,868 |
| | 3,771,240 |
| | 3,691,719 |
|
Our net loss and loss expense reserves increased by $171.1$166.5 million in 20182019, $171.1 million in 2018, and $104.9 million in 2017, and $113.8 million in 2016. The loss and loss expense reserves are net of anticipated recoveries for salvage and subrogation claims, which amounted to $67.7$76.7 million for 20182019, $67.7 million for 2018, and $64.8 million for 2017, and $64.9 million for 2016. The increase in net loss and loss expense reserves in 20182019 was primarily driven by increases in: (i) current year loss costs on our commercial automobile line of business; and (ii)in exposure due to premium growth. This increase was partially offset by favorable prior year loss development, largely driven by the workers compensation and general liability linesline of business.
In 2018,2019, we experienced overall net favorable prior year loss development of $29.9$50.3 million, compared to $29.9 million in 2018 and $39.2 million in 2017 and $65.8 million in 2016.2017. The following table summarizes the prior year reserve development by line of business:
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| (Favorable)/Unfavorable Prior Year Development | | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| General Liability | | $ | (5.0 | ) | | (9.5 | ) | | (48.3 | ) |
| Commercial Automobile | | 0.7 |
| | 36.7 |
| | 35.6 |
|
| Workers Compensation | | (68.0 | ) | | (83.0 | ) | | (52.3 | ) |
| Businessowners' Policies | | 1.9 |
| | (1.5 | ) | | 1.9 |
|
| Commercial Property | | 5.1 |
| | 7.5 |
| | 8.7 |
|
| Homeowners | | 7.5 |
| | 9.8 |
| | 0.4 |
|
| Personal Automobile | | 4.4 |
| | 3.0 |
| | 6.7 |
|
| E&S Casualty Lines | | 2.0 |
| | 12.0 |
| | 10.0 |
|
| E&S Property Lines | | 1.0 |
| | (4.8 | ) | | 0.1 |
|
| Other | | 0.1 |
| | (0.1 | ) | | (2.0 | ) |
| Total | | $ | (50.3 | ) | | (29.9 | ) | | (39.2 | ) |
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| (Favorable)/Unfavorable Prior Year Development | | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| General Liability | | $ | (9.5 | ) | | (48.3 | ) | | (45.0 | ) |
| Commercial Automobile | | 36.7 |
| | 35.6 |
| | 25.3 |
|
| Workers Compensation | | (83.0 | ) | | (52.3 | ) | | (56.0 | ) |
| Businessowners' Policies | | (1.5 | ) | | 1.9 |
| | 1.8 |
|
| Commercial Property | | 7.5 |
| | 8.7 |
| | 0.3 |
|
| Homeowners | | 9.8 |
| | 0.4 |
| | 1.7 |
|
| Personal Automobile | | 3.0 |
| | 6.7 |
| | 1.0 |
|
| E&S Casualty Lines | | 12.0 |
| | 10.0 |
| | 6.0 |
|
| E&S Property Lines | | (4.8 | ) | | 0.1 |
| | 1.2 |
|
| Other | | (0.1 | ) | | (2.0 | ) | | (2.1 | ) |
| Total | | $ | (29.9 | ) | | (39.2 | ) | | (65.8 | ) |
The Insurance Subsidiaries had $29.9$50.3 million of favorable prior accident year reserve development during 2018,2019, which included $41.5$61.0 million of net favorable casualty reserve development and $11.6$10.7 million of unfavorable property reserve development. The net favorable casualty reserve development was largely driven by the workers compensation and general liability lines of business. Partially offsetting this net favorable development was $37.5 million of unfavorable casualty development in the commercial auto line of business. In addition, our E&S casualty lines experienced unfavorable development of $12.0 million in 2018.
The majority of the 2018 net favorable development was attributable to our workers compensation line of business, which was impacted by continued favorable medical trends in accident years 2017 and prior.
The Insurance Subsidiaries had $29.9 million of favorable prior accident year reserve development during 2018, which included $41.5 million of net favorable casualty reserve development and $11.6 million of unfavorable property reserve development. The net favorable casualty reserve development was largely driven by the workers compensation line of business, reflecting continued
favorable medical trends in accident years 2017 and prior. Partially offsetting this net favorable reserve development was adverse$37.5 million of unfavorable casualty reserve development in the commercial automobileauto line of business, driven by increases in frequencies and severities in accident years 2015 through 2017. In addition, our E&S casualty lines experienced unfavorable reserve development of $12.0 million in 2018.
The Insurance Subsidiaries had $39.2 million of favorable prior accident year reserve development during 2017, which included $48.6 million of net favorable casualty development and $9.4 million of unfavorable property development.2017. The net favorable casualty reserve development was largely driven by the workers compensation and general liability lines of business including products liabilityin accident years 2014 and excess liability.prior. Partially offsetting this net favorable reserve development was $36.0 million of unfavorable casualty reserve development in the commercial autoautomobile line of business, which was primarily driven by: (i) higher than expected frequencies and severities in accident years 2015 and 2016, and (ii) higher than expected severities inby accident years 2012 through 2014.2016. In addition, our E&S casualty lines experienced unfavorable reserve development of $10.0 million in 2017.
The majority of the 2017, net favorable development was attributableprimarily related to accident years 2014 and prior, driven by the general liability and workers compensation lines of business. This net favorable development was partially offset by unfavorable development in accident years 2015 and 2016 attributable2016.
(b) We have exposure to abuse and molestation claims within our commercial auto and E&S casualty lines of business. The unfavorable development in our commercial autogeneral liability line of business was driven primarilythrough insurance policies that we issue to schools, religious institutions, daycares, and other social services. We also have exposure to abuse and molestation claims from recently enacted state laws that extend the statute of limitations or permit windows to be opened for abuse and molestation claims and lawsuits that were previously barred by bodily injury liability for accident years 2012 through 2016, drivenstatutes of limitations. The emergence of these claims is slow and highly unpredictable. There are significant uncertainties in estimating our exposure to abuse and molestation claims (for both case and IBNR reserves) resulting from (i) lack of relevant historical data, (ii) the delayed and inconsistent reporting patterns associated with these claims, (iii) the obligation of an insurer to defend a claim, (iv) the extent to which a party can prove the existence of coverage, and (v) uncertainty as to the number and identity of claimants. It is possible, as a result, that we may receive claims decades after the allegations occurred from coverages provided by higher thanus, including predecessor companies, that will require complex claims coverage determinations, potential litigation, and the need to collect from reinsurers under older reinsurance agreements. We do not discount to present value that portion of our loss and loss expense reserves expected frequency and severity.to be paid in future periods.
The Insurance Subsidiaries had $65.8 million of favorable prior accident year development during 2016, which included $69.0 million of net favorable casualty development and $3.2 million of unfavorable property development. The net favorable casualty reserve development was largely driven by the workers compensation and general liability lines of business, including products liability and excess liability. Partially offsetting this net favorable development was $25 million of unfavorable casualty development in the commercial automobile line of business. In addition, our E&S casualty lines experienced unfavorable development of $6.0 million in 2016.
The majority of the 2016 net favorable development was attributable to accident years 2013 and prior, driven by the workers compensation and general liability lines of business. This net favorable development was partially offset by unfavorable development in accident years 2014 and 2015 attributable to our commercial auto and E&S casualty lines of business. The unfavorable development in our commercial auto line of business was driven primarily by bodily injury liability for accident years 2014 and 2015. The unfavorable development in accident year 2014 was driven by higher than expected severity, whereas accident year 2015 was driven by higher than expected frequency and severity.
(b)(c) Reserves established for liability insurance include exposure to asbestos and environmental claims. These claims have arisen primarily from insured exposures in municipal government, small non-manufacturing commercial risk, and homeowners policies.
The emergence of these claims is slow and highly unpredictable. There are significant uncertainties in estimating our exposure to asbestos and environmental claims (for both case and IBNR reserves) resulting from lack of relevant historical data, the delayed and inconsistent reporting patterns associated with these claims, and uncertainty as to the number and identity of claimants and complex legal and coverage issues. Legal issues that arise in asbestos and environmental cases include federal or state venue, choice of law, causation, admissibility of evidence, allocation of damages and contribution among joint defendants, successor and predecessor liability, and whether direct action against insurers can be maintained. Coverage issues that arise in asbestos and environmental cases include the interpretation and application of policy exclusions, the determination and calculation of policy limits, the determination of the ultimate amount of a loss, the extent to which a loss is covered by a policy, if at all, the obligation of an insurer to defend a claim, and the extent to which a party can prove the existence of coverage. Courts have reached different and sometimes inconsistent conclusions on these legal and coverage issues. We do not discount to present value that portion of our loss and loss expense reserves expected to be paid in future periods.
The following table details our loss and loss expense reserves for various asbestos and environmental claims:
|
| | | | | | | |
| | | 2019 |
| ($ in millions) | | Gross | | Net |
| Asbestos | | $ | 6.3 |
| | 5.1 |
|
| Landfill sites | | 12.1 |
| | 7.3 |
|
| Underground storage tanks | | 10.3 |
| | 9.2 |
|
| Total | | $ | 28.7 |
| | 21.6 |
|
|
| | | | | | | |
| | | 2018 |
| ($ in millions) | | Gross | | Net |
| Asbestos | | $ | 7.3 |
| | 6.1 |
|
| Landfill sites | | 12.2 |
| | 7.4 |
|
| Underground storage tanks | | 10.5 |
| | 9.3 |
|
| Total | | $ | 30.0 |
| | 22.8 |
|
Reserves for asbestos and environmental claims are highly uncertain. There are significant uncertainties associated with estimating critical assumptions, such as average clean-up costs, third-party costs, potentially responsible party shares, allocation of damages, litigation and coverage costs, and potential state and federal legislative changes. Estimating IBNR is challenging because of the delayed and inconsistent reporting patterns associated with these claims. Traditional actuarial approaches cannot be applied because past loss history is not necessarily indicative of future behavior. While certain alternative projection models can be applied, such models can produce significantly different results with small changes in assumptions. As a result, reserves for asbestos and environmental require a high degree of judgment. Because of the significant uncertainty in the estimate, we do not calculate an asbestos and environmental loss range.
Historically, our asbestos and environmental claims have been significantly lower in volume than many other standard commercial lines carriers since, prior to the introduction of the absolute pollution exclusion endorsement in the mid-1980’s, we were primarily awrote Standard Personal Lines, carrier and therefore, do not have broadour exposure to asbestos and environmental claims.claims has been limited.
The following table provides a roll forward of gross and net asbestos and environmental incurred loss and loss expense and related reserves thereon:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| ($ in thousands) | | Gross | | Net | | Gross | | Net | | Gross | | Net |
| Asbestos | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Reserves for loss and loss expense at beginning of year | | $ | 7,328 |
| | 6,097 |
| | 7,577 |
| | 6,346 |
| | 7,847 |
| | 6,615 |
|
| Incurred loss and loss expense | | (375 | ) | | (375 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Less: loss and loss expense paid | | (665 | ) | | (665 | ) | | (249 | ) | | (249 | ) | | (270 | ) | | (269 | ) |
| Reserves for loss and loss expense at the end of year | | $ | 6,288 |
| | 5,057 |
| | 7,328 |
| | 6,097 |
| | 7,577 |
| | 6,346 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Environmental | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Reserves for loss and loss expense at beginning of year | | $ | 22,692 |
| | 16,686 |
| | 20,838 |
| | 14,866 |
| | 22,115 |
| | 16,101 |
|
| Incurred loss and loss expense | | 723 |
| | 609 |
| | 3,059 |
| | 2,877 |
| | 126 |
| | — |
|
| Less: loss and loss expense paid | | (1,002 | ) | | (763 | ) | | (1,205 | ) | | (1,057 | ) | | (1,403 | ) | | (1,235 | ) |
| Reserves for loss and loss expense at the end of year | | $ | 22,413 |
| | 16,532 |
| | 22,692 |
| | 16,686 |
| | 20,838 |
| | 14,866 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Total Asbestos and Environmental Claims | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Reserves for loss and loss expense at beginning of year | | $ | 30,020 |
| | 22,783 |
| | 28,415 |
| | 21,212 |
| | 29,962 |
| | 22,716 |
|
| Incurred loss and loss expense | | 348 |
| | 234 |
| | 3,059 |
| | 2,877 |
| | 126 |
| | — |
|
| Less: loss and loss expense paid | | (1,667 | ) | | (1,428 | ) | | (1,454 | ) | | (1,306 | ) | | (1,673 | ) | | (1,504 | ) |
| Reserves for loss and loss expense at the end of year | | $ | 28,701 |
| | 21,589 |
| | 30,020 |
| | 22,783 |
| | 28,415 |
| | 21,212 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| ($ in thousands) | | Gross | | Net | | Gross | | Net | | Gross | | Net |
| Asbestos | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Reserves for loss and loss expense at beginning of year | | $ | 7,577 |
| | 6,346 |
| | 7,847 |
| | 6,615 |
| | 8,024 |
| | 6,793 |
|
| Incurred loss and loss expense | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 77 |
| | 77 |
|
| Less: loss and loss expense paid | | (249 | ) | | (249 | ) | | (270 | ) | | (269 | ) | | (254 | ) | | (255 | ) |
| Reserves for loss and loss expense at the end of year | | $ | 7,328 |
| | 6,097 |
| | 7,577 |
| | 6,346 |
| | 7,847 |
| | 6,615 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Environmental | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Reserves for loss and loss expense at beginning of year | | $ | 20,838 |
| | 14,866 |
| | 22,115 |
| | 16,101 |
| | 22,387 |
| | 16,368 |
|
| Incurred loss and loss expense | | 3,059 |
| | 2,877 |
| | 126 |
| | — |
| | 1,406 |
| | 1,303 |
|
| Less: loss and loss expense paid | | (1,205 | ) | | (1,057 | ) | | (1,403 | ) | | (1,235 | ) | | (1,678 | ) | | (1,570 | ) |
| Reserves for loss and loss expense at the end of year | | $ | 22,692 |
| | 16,686 |
| | 20,838 |
| | 14,866 |
| | 22,115 |
| | 16,101 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Total Asbestos and Environmental Claims | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Reserves for loss and loss expense at beginning of year | | $ | 28,415 |
| | 21,212 |
| | 29,962 |
| | 22,716 |
| | 30,411 |
| | 23,161 |
|
| Incurred loss and loss expense | | 3,059 |
| | 2,877 |
| | 126 |
| | — |
| | 1,483 |
| | 1,380 |
|
| Less: loss and loss expense paid | | (1,454 | ) | | (1,306 | ) | | (1,673 | ) | | (1,504 | ) | | (1,932 | ) | | (1,825 | ) |
| Reserves for loss and loss expense at the end of year | | $ | 30,020 |
| | 22,783 |
| | 28,415 |
| | 21,212 |
| | 29,962 |
| | 22,716 |
|
(c)(d) The following is information about incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2018,2019, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency and the total ofassociated IBNR liabilities. During the experience period, we implemented a series of claims-related initiatives and claims management changes. These initiatives focused on claims handling and reserving, medical claims costs, and loss expenses. As a result of these initiatives, several historical patterns have changed and may no longer be appropriate to use as the sole basis for projections.
| | All Lines (in thousands, except for claim counts) | All Lines (in thousands, except for claim counts) | | | All Lines (in thousands, except for claim counts) | | |
| Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | As of
December 31, 2018 | Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | As of
December 31, 2019 |
| Accident Year | Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims | Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
| 2009 | $ | 920,143 |
| 941,972 |
| 916,691 |
| 883,590 |
| 870,057 |
| 869,927 |
| 857,960 |
| 853,401 |
| 848,413 |
| 846,017 |
| | 34,771 |
| 85,707 | |
| 2010 | | 950,114 |
| 973,742 |
| 977,959 |
| 956,600 |
| 943,118 |
| 922,404 |
| 915,131 |
| 907,074 |
| 904,561 |
| | 42,224 |
| 94,400 | $ | 950,114 |
| 973,742 |
| 977,959 |
| 956,600 |
| 943,118 |
| 922,404 |
| 915,131 |
| 907,074 |
| 904,561 |
| 902,258 |
| | 38,152 |
| 94,526 |
| 2011 | | | 1,042,576 |
| 1,061,667 |
| 1,062,233 |
| 1,056,107 |
| 1,033,518 |
| 1,023,726 |
| 1,019,351 |
| 1,013,115 |
| | 50,251 |
| 104,677 | | 1,042,576 |
| 1,061,667 |
| 1,062,233 |
| 1,056,107 |
| 1,033,518 |
| 1,023,726 |
| 1,019,351 |
| 1,013,115 |
| 1,013,175 |
| | 44,453 |
| 104,861 |
| 2012 | | | 1,065,437 |
| 1,071,290 |
| 1,020,655 |
| 998,028 |
| 973,089 |
| 973,644 |
| 973,411 |
| | 66,071 |
| 103,949 | | | 1,065,437 |
| 1,071,290 |
| 1,020,655 |
| 998,028 |
| 973,089 |
| 973,644 |
| 973,411 |
| 968,536 |
| | 50,942 |
| 104,148 |
| 2013 | | | 1,044,142 |
| 1,062,045 |
| 1,047,230 |
| 1,021,007 |
| 1,002,316 |
| 987,763 |
| | 86,250 |
| 91,084 | | | 1,044,142 |
| 1,062,045 |
| 1,047,230 |
| 1,021,007 |
| 1,002,316 |
| 987,763 |
| 984,858 |
| | 72,970 |
| 91,326 |
| 2014 | | | 1,107,513 |
| 1,133,798 |
| 1,146,990 |
| 1,124,014 |
| 1,104,218 |
| | 117,760 |
| 94,774 | | | 1,107,513 |
| 1,133,798 |
| 1,146,990 |
| 1,124,014 |
| 1,104,218 |
| 1,100,208 |
| | 83,392 |
| 95,081 |
| 2015 | | | 1,114,081 |
| 1,130,513 |
| 1,144,830 |
| 1,138,313 |
| | 175,271 |
| 93,673 | | | 1,114,081 |
| 1,130,513 |
| 1,144,830 |
| 1,138,313 |
| 1,119,441 |
| | 111,657 |
| 94,128 |
| 2016 | | | 1,188,608 |
| 1,203,634 |
| 1,227,142 |
| | 319,825 |
| 93,724 | | | 1,188,608 |
| 1,203,634 |
| 1,227,142 |
| 1,199,734 |
| | 205,126 |
| 94,579 |
| 2017 | | | 1,270,110 |
| 1,313,372 |
| | 471,978 |
| 96,426 | | | 1,270,110 |
| 1,313,372 |
| 1,313,585 |
| | 336,155 |
| 98,014 |
| 2018 | | | 1,413,800 |
| | 677,444 |
| 96,408 | | | 1,413,800 |
| 1,461,603 |
| | 501,519 |
| 104,187 |
| 2019 | | | | 1,483,945 |
| | 759,853 |
| 93,947 |
| | | | Total |
| 10,921,712 |
| | | | | | Total |
| 11,547,343 |
| | | |
| | All Lines (in thousands) | All Lines (in thousands) | All Lines (in thousands) |
Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | Accident Year | Unaudited | | Unaudited | |
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
| 2009 | $ | 277,275 |
| 442,417 |
| 540,982 |
| 634,902 |
| 695,249 |
| 736,100 |
| 760,589 |
| 775,885 |
| 784,713 |
| 791,281 |
| |
| 2010 | | 328,826 |
| 509,910 |
| 625,229 |
| 704,895 |
| 773,536 |
| 803,773 |
| 823,770 |
| 835,532 |
| 846,386 |
| $ | 328,826 |
| 509,910 |
| 625,229 |
| 704,895 |
| 773,536 |
| 803,773 |
| 823,770 |
| 835,532 |
| 846,386 |
| 851,633 |
|
| 2011 | | | 391,944 |
| 585,867 |
| 692,730 |
| 782,655 |
| 852,202 |
| 901,801 |
| 924,111 |
| 940,626 |
| | 391,944 |
| 585,867 |
| 692,730 |
| 782,655 |
| 852,202 |
| 901,801 |
| 924,111 |
| 940,626 |
| 950,836 |
|
| 2012 | | | 378,067 |
| 555,819 |
| 651,544 |
| 743,742 |
| 810,135 |
| 856,195 |
| 879,372 |
| | | 378,067 |
| 555,819 |
| 651,544 |
| 743,742 |
| 810,135 |
| 856,195 |
| 879,372 |
| 898,269 |
|
| 2013 | | | 335,956 |
| 518,872 |
| 644,475 |
| 748,758 |
| 833,823 |
| 872,331 |
| | | 335,956 |
| 518,872 |
| 644,475 |
| 748,758 |
| 833,823 |
| 872,331 |
| 891,841 |
|
| 2014 | | | 405,898 |
| 614,075 |
| 736,154 |
| 855,959 |
| 936,425 |
| | | 405,898 |
| 614,075 |
| 736,154 |
| 855,959 |
| 936,425 |
| 981,868 |
|
| 2015 | | | 376,641 |
| 581,203 |
| 725,385 |
| 845,868 |
| | | 376,641 |
| 581,203 |
| 725,385 |
| 845,868 |
| 929,222 |
|
| 2016 | | | 387,272 |
| 617,958 |
| 764,331 |
| | | 387,272 |
| 617,958 |
| 764,331 |
| 892,390 |
|
| 2017 | | | 433,440 |
| 678,453 |
| | | 433,440 |
| 678,453 |
| 829,134 |
|
| 2018 | | | 511,271 |
| | | 511,271 |
| 779,466 |
|
| 2019 | | | | 510,091 |
|
| | | | Total |
| 8,066,344 |
| | | Total |
| 8,514,750 |
|
| | | | All outstanding liabilities before 2009, net of reinsurance | | 361,631 |
| | | All outstanding liabilities before 2010, net of reinsurance | | 360,119 |
|
| | | | Liabilities for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | | 3,216,999 |
| | | Liabilities for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | | 3,392,713 |
|
| | General Liability (in thousands, except for claim counts) | General Liability (in thousands, except for claim counts) | | | General Liability (in thousands, except for claim counts) | | |
| Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | As of
December 31, 2018 | Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | As of
December 31, 2019 |
| Accident Year | Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims | Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
| 2009 | $ | 237,913 |
| 241,625 |
| 233,530 |
| 223,146 |
| 212,947 |
| 211,243 |
| 206,387 |
| 205,741 |
| 201,568 |
| 203,176 |
| | 15,951 |
| 13,873 | |
| 2010 |
| 215,208 |
| 228,680 |
| 242,499 |
| 237,154 |
| 222,328 |
| 211,619 |
| 208,968 |
| 202,394 |
| 206,146 |
| | 18,634 |
| 12,696 | $ | 215,208 |
| 228,680 |
| 242,499 |
| 237,154 |
| 222,328 |
| 211,619 |
| 208,968 |
| 202,394 |
| 206,146 |
| 205,322 |
| | 17,542 |
| 12,705 |
| 2011 |
|
| 227,769 |
| 228,720 |
| 239,480 |
| 230,785 |
| 217,256 |
| 211,196 |
| 212,011 |
| 211,500 |
| | 20,973 |
| 11,614 |
| 227,769 |
| 228,720 |
| 239,480 |
| 230,785 |
| 217,256 |
| 211,196 |
| 212,011 |
| 211,500 |
| 213,485 |
| | 19,913 |
| 11,649 |
| 2012 |
|
| 238,979 |
| 245,561 |
| 215,083 |
| 194,144 |
| 175,305 |
| 175,268 |
| 180,659 |
| | 25,251 |
| 9,960 |
|
| 238,979 |
| 245,561 |
| 215,083 |
| 194,144 |
| 175,305 |
| 175,268 |
| 180,659 |
| 182,085 |
| | 21,005 |
| 9,994 |
| 2013 |
|
| 250,609 |
| 251,421 |
| 239,776 |
| 225,709 |
| 210,785 |
| 203,831 |
| | 35,971 |
| 10,326 |
|
| 250,609 |
| 251,421 |
| 239,776 |
| 225,709 |
| 210,785 |
| 203,831 |
| 202,697 |
| | 28,857 |
| 10,378 |
| 2014 |
|
| 244,312 |
| 249,946 |
| 257,132 |
| 239,333 |
| 234,082 |
| | 57,041 |
| 10,513 |
|
| 244,312 |
| 249,946 |
| 257,132 |
| 239,333 |
| 234,082 |
| 237,125 |
| | 42,388 |
| 10,586 |
| 2015 |
|
| 254,720 |
| 245,710 |
| 246,990 |
| 233,249 |
| | 84,861 |
| 10,253 |
|
| 254,720 |
| 245,710 |
| 246,990 |
| 233,249 |
| 219,204 |
| | 55,244 |
| 10,381 |
| 2016 |
|
| 277,214 |
| 272,048 |
| 277,986 |
| | 142,991 |
| 10,213 |
|
| 277,214 |
| 272,048 |
| 277,986 |
| 263,245 |
| | 98,385 |
| 10,526 |
| 2017 |
|
| 293,747 |
| 293,128 |
| | 202,925 |
| 10,032 |
|
| 293,747 |
| 293,128 |
| 301,384 |
| | 161,114 |
| 10,706 |
| 2018 |
|
| 317,934 |
| | 270,267 |
| 8,741 |
|
| 317,934 |
| 336,326 |
| | 223,228 |
| 10,656 |
| 2019 | |
|
| 347,150 |
| | 296,257 |
| 8,626 |
| | | | Total |
| 2,361,691 |
| | | | | | Total |
| 2,508,023 |
| | | |
| | General Liability (in thousands) | General Liability (in thousands) | General Liability (in thousands) |
Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | Accident Year | Unaudited | | Unaudited | |
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
| 2009 | $ | 14,346 |
| 37,143 |
| 64,970 |
| 103,213 |
| 130,554 |
| 151,920 |
| 166,767 |
| 176,316 |
| 180,621 |
| 183,263 |
| |
| 2010 |
| 15,726 |
| 46,201 |
| 80,018 |
| 113,050 |
| 143,360 |
| 161,487 |
| 172,394 |
| 178,179 |
| 183,988 |
| $ | 15,726 |
| 46,201 |
| 80,018 |
| 113,050 |
| 143,360 |
| 161,487 |
| 172,394 |
| 178,179 |
| 183,988 |
| 185,962 |
|
| 2011 |
|
| 13,924 |
| 42,692 |
| 73,643 |
| 102,978 |
| 135,377 |
| 159,768 |
| 170,525 |
| 181,856 |
|
| 13,924 |
| 42,692 |
| 73,643 |
| 102,978 |
| 135,377 |
| 159,768 |
| 170,525 |
| 181,856 |
| 187,276 |
|
| 2012 |
|
| 13,030 |
| 35,241 |
| 56,580 |
| 89,008 |
| 109,448 |
| 130,866 |
| 144,451 |
|
|
| 13,030 |
| 35,241 |
| 56,580 |
| 89,008 |
| 109,448 |
| 130,866 |
| 144,451 |
| 156,186 |
|
| 2013 |
|
| 12,789 |
| 35,113 |
| 72,127 |
| 104,587 |
| 139,114 |
| 153,628 |
|
|
| 12,789 |
| 35,113 |
| 72,127 |
| 104,587 |
| 139,114 |
| 153,628 |
| 163,764 |
|
| 2014 |
|
| 14,901 |
| 46,825 |
| 79,972 |
| 121,969 |
| 154,957 |
|
|
| 14,901 |
| 46,825 |
| 79,972 |
| 121,969 |
| 154,957 |
| 179,192 |
|
| 2015 |
|
| 14,665 |
| 39,978 |
| 78,668 |
| 116,804 |
|
|
| 14,665 |
| 39,978 |
| 78,668 |
| 116,804 |
| 144,216 |
|
| 2016 |
|
| 15,684 |
| 46,549 |
| 89,431 |
|
|
| 15,684 |
| 46,549 |
| 89,431 |
| 133,757 |
|
| 2017 |
|
| 17,366 |
| 49,470 |
|
|
| 17,366 |
| 49,470 |
| 92,355 |
|
| 2018 |
|
| 19,531 |
|
|
| 19,531 |
| 60,784 |
|
| 2019 | |
|
| 18,097 |
|
| | | | Total |
| 1,277,379 |
| | | Total |
| 1,321,589 |
|
| | | | All outstanding liabilities before 2009, net of reinsurance | | 90,918 |
| | | All outstanding liabilities before 2010, net of reinsurance | | 93,982 |
|
| | | | Liabilities for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | | 1,175,230 |
| | | Liabilities for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | | 1,280,416 |
|
| | Workers Compensation (in thousands, except for claim counts) | Workers Compensation (in thousands, except for claim counts) | | | Workers Compensation (in thousands, except for claim counts) | | |
| Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | As of
December 31, 2018 | Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | As of
December 31, 2019 |
| Accident Year | Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims | Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
| 2009 | $ | 197,504 |
| 215,946 |
| 213,036 |
| 210,109 |
| 210,756 |
| 216,992 |
| 212,536 |
| 208,611 |
| 208,142 |
| 205,125 |
| | 18,242 |
| 12,218 | |
| 2010 |
| 198,371 |
| 214,469 |
| 212,815 |
| 211,030 |
| 214,916 |
| 212,448 |
| 208,155 |
| 204,423 |
| 199,539 |
| | 22,614 |
| 12,185 | $ | 198,371 |
| 214,469 |
| 212,815 |
| 211,030 |
| 214,916 |
| 212,448 |
| 208,155 |
| 204,423 |
| 199,539 |
| 197,095 |
| | 19,514 |
| 12,192 |
| 2011 |
|
| 205,238 |
| 218,973 |
| 214,743 |
| 215,114 |
| 210,591 |
| 205,708 |
| 200,674 |
| 194,821 |
| | 26,226 |
| 11,850 |
| 205,238 |
| 218,973 |
| 214,743 |
| 215,114 |
| 210,591 |
| 205,708 |
| 200,674 |
| 194,821 |
| 192,863 |
| | 22,717 |
| 11,860 |
| 2012 |
|
| 203,864 |
| 208,036 |
| 199,360 |
| 195,197 |
| 188,596 |
| 187,359 |
| 183,314 |
| | 30,444 |
| 11,613 |
|
| 203,864 |
| 208,036 |
| 199,360 |
| 195,197 |
| 188,596 |
| 187,359 |
| 183,314 |
| 178,774 |
| | 24,605 |
| 11,618 |
| 2013 |
|
| 199,794 |
| 194,318 |
| 187,658 |
| 173,160 |
| 166,662 |
| 162,787 |
| | 30,648 |
| 11,372 |
|
| 199,794 |
| 194,318 |
| 187,658 |
| 173,160 |
| 166,662 |
| 162,787 |
| 159,767 |
| | 26,260 |
| 11,375 |
| 2014 |
|
| 199,346 |
| 187,065 |
| 182,579 |
| 172,515 |
| 164,420 |
| | 33,422 |
| 10,488 |
|
| 199,346 |
| 187,065 |
| 182,579 |
| 172,515 |
| 164,420 |
| 160,646 |
| | 28,320 |
| 10,495 |
| 2015 |
|
| 193,729 |
| 194,639 |
| 183,604 |
| 179,642 |
| | 34,940 |
| 10,544 |
|
| 193,729 |
| 194,639 |
| 183,604 |
| 179,642 |
| 176,242 |
| | 27,927 |
| 10,549 |
| 2016 |
|
| 196,774 |
| 184,946 |
| 176,248 |
| | 56,258 |
| 10,553 |
|
| 196,774 |
| 184,946 |
| 176,248 |
| 166,009 |
| | 41,146 |
| 10,572 |
| 2017 |
|
| 195,202 |
| 184,306 |
| | 72,213 |
| 10,745 |
|
| 195,202 |
| 184,306 |
| 175,853 |
| | 53,654 |
| 10,793 |
| 2018 |
|
| 193,894 |
| | 98,015 |
| 10,553 |
|
| 193,894 |
| 193,818 |
| | 74,399 |
| 11,078 |
| 2019 | |
|
| 188,625 |
| | 100,336 |
| 9,805 |
| | | | Total |
| 1,844,096 |
| | | | | | Total |
| 1,789,692 |
| | | |
| | Workers Compensation (in thousands) | Workers Compensation (in thousands) | Workers Compensation (in thousands) |
Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | Accident Year | Unaudited | | Unaudited | |
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
| 2009 | $ | 37,885 |
| 87,299 |
| 117,019 |
| 133,116 |
| 145,417 |
| 154,726 |
| 160,529 |
| 164,336 |
| 167,894 |
| 171,205 |
| |
| 2010 |
| 46,795 |
| 93,281 |
| 122,442 |
| 137,184 |
| 149,086 |
| 153,795 |
| 158,078 |
| 162,796 |
| 165,526 |
| $ | 46,795 |
| 93,281 |
| 122,442 |
| 137,184 |
| 149,086 |
| 153,795 |
| 158,078 |
| 162,796 |
| 165,526 |
| 167,478 |
|
| 2011 |
|
| 42,941 |
| 90,836 |
| 118,847 |
| 134,646 |
| 139,232 |
| 149,269 |
| 154,320 |
| 158,535 |
|
| 42,941 |
| 90,836 |
| 118,847 |
| 134,646 |
| 139,232 |
| 149,269 |
| 154,320 |
| 158,535 |
| 161,696 |
|
| 2012 |
|
| 40,911 |
| 86,909 |
| 108,211 |
| 122,755 |
| 132,052 |
| 139,477 |
| 143,281 |
|
|
| 40,911 |
| 86,909 |
| 108,211 |
| 122,755 |
| 132,052 |
| 139,477 |
| 143,281 |
| 146,739 |
|
| 2013 |
|
| 36,829 |
| 74,568 |
| 96,376 |
| 109,739 |
| 118,669 |
| 124,130 |
|
|
| 36,829 |
| 74,568 |
| 96,376 |
| 109,739 |
| 118,669 |
| 124,130 |
| 126,822 |
|
| 2014 |
|
| 35,924 |
| 78,944 |
| 100,876 |
| 113,626 |
| 119,392 |
|
|
| 35,924 |
| 78,944 |
| 100,876 |
| 113,626 |
| 119,392 |
| 124,077 |
|
| 2015 |
|
| 33,857 |
| 77,320 |
| 98,195 |
| 112,601 |
|
|
| 33,857 |
| 77,320 |
| 98,195 |
| 112,601 |
| 120,097 |
|
| 2016 |
|
| 34,525 |
| 78,531 |
| 98,037 |
|
|
| 34,525 |
| 78,531 |
| 98,037 |
| 109,166 |
|
| 2017 |
|
| 40,375 |
| 82,216 |
|
|
| 40,375 |
| 82,216 |
| 100,645 |
|
| 2018 |
|
| 41,122 |
|
|
| 41,122 |
| 84,780 |
|
| 2019 | |
|
| 37,826 |
|
| | | | Total |
| 1,216,045 |
| | | Total |
| 1,179,326 |
|
| | | | All outstanding liabilities before 2009, net of reinsurance | | 245,831 |
| | | All outstanding liabilities before 2010, net of reinsurance | | 240,140 |
|
| | | | Liabilities for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | | 873,882 |
| | | Liabilities for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | | 850,505 |
|
| | Commercial Automobile (in thousands, except for claim counts) | Commercial Automobile (in thousands, except for claim counts) | | | Commercial Automobile (in thousands, except for claim counts) | | |
| Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | As of
December 31, 2018 | Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | As of
December 31, 2019 |
| Accident Year | Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims | Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
| 2009 | $ | 199,541 |
| 191,079 |
| 182,724 |
| 169,858 |
| 166,682 |
| 162,911 |
| 161,251 |
| 161,923 |
| 161,300 |
| 161,057 |
| | 574 |
| 24,749 | |
| 2010 |
| 187,562 |
| 189,305 |
| 187,778 |
| 181,923 |
| 179,854 |
| 172,969 |
| 173,157 |
| 173,471 |
| 173,080 |
| | 762 |
| 25,406 | $ | 187,562 |
| 189,305 |
| 187,778 |
| 181,923 |
| 179,854 |
| 172,969 |
| 173,157 |
| 173,471 |
| 173,080 |
| 172,995 |
| | 682 |
| 25,512 |
| 2011 |
|
| 174,006 |
| 183,044 |
| 182,325 |
| 178,421 |
| 172,617 |
| 174,882 |
| 174,514 |
| 173,507 |
| | 1,633 |
| 25,398 |
| 174,006 |
| 183,044 |
| 182,325 |
| 178,421 |
| 172,617 |
| 174,882 |
| 174,514 |
| 173,507 |
| 173,401 |
| | 899 |
| 25,524 |
| 2012 |
|
| 179,551 |
| 191,947 |
| 183,527 |
| 184,289 |
| 184,367 |
| 186,128 |
| 184,633 |
| | 2,259 |
| 24,025 |
|
| 179,551 |
| 191,947 |
| 183,527 |
| 184,289 |
| 184,367 |
| 186,128 |
| 184,633 |
| 185,357 |
| | 1,920 |
| 24,160 |
| 2013 |
|
| 188,289 |
| 205,282 |
| 209,197 |
| 207,994 |
| 210,410 |
| 207,975 |
| | 3,756 |
| 25,556 |
|
| 188,289 |
| 205,282 |
| 209,197 |
| 207,994 |
| 210,410 |
| 207,975 |
| 209,602 |
| | 2,928 |
| 25,722 |
| 2014 |
|
| 200,534 |
| 212,725 |
| 216,824 |
| 219,925 |
| 218,172 |
| | 8,718 |
| 27,528 |
|
| 200,534 |
| 212,725 |
| 216,824 |
| 219,925 |
| 218,172 |
| 217,334 |
| | 4,831 |
| 27,714 |
| 2015 |
|
| 220,994 |
| 240,958 |
| 253,074 |
| 259,495 |
| | 19,192 |
| 29,092 |
|
| 220,994 |
| 240,958 |
| 253,074 |
| 259,495 |
| 260,565 |
| | 7,966 |
| 29,340 |
| 2016 |
|
| 255,187 |
| 274,367 |
| 285,302 |
| | 46,407 |
| 30,855 |
|
| 255,187 |
| 274,367 |
| 285,302 |
| 285,304 |
| | 21,279 |
| 31,167 |
| 2017 |
|
| 301,274 |
| 329,389 |
| | 98,125 |
| 32,122 |
|
| 301,274 |
| 329,389 |
| 324,291 |
| | 57,165 |
| 32,474 |
| 2018 |
|
| 347,908 |
| | 164,906 |
| 32,895 |
|
| 347,908 |
| 352,487 |
| | 109,922 |
| 35,034 |
| 2019 | |
|
| 385,212 |
| | 183,477 |
| 33,438 |
| | | | Total |
| 2,340,518 |
| | | | | | Total |
| 2,566,548 |
| | | |
| | Commercial Automobile (in thousands) | Commercial Automobile (in thousands) | Commercial Automobile (in thousands) |
Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | Accident Year | Unaudited | | Unaudited | |
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
| 2009 | $ | 63,126 |
| 94,406 |
| 113,697 |
| 137,564 |
| 149,949 |
| 155,560 |
| 158,303 |
| 159,723 |
| 160,013 |
| 160,456 |
| |
| 2010 |
| 68,098 |
| 99,254 |
| 128,015 |
| 146,913 |
| 163,513 |
| 167,227 |
| 169,100 |
| 169,793 |
| 171,693 |
| $ | 68,098 |
| 99,254 |
| 128,015 |
| 146,913 |
| 163,513 |
| 167,227 |
| 169,100 |
| 169,793 |
| 171,693 |
| 171,941 |
|
| 2011 |
|
| 69,849 |
| 99,196 |
| 121,576 |
| 142,507 |
| 157,291 |
| 166,082 |
| 170,000 |
| 170,913 |
|
| 69,849 |
| 99,196 |
| 121,576 |
| 142,507 |
| 157,291 |
| 166,082 |
| 170,000 |
| 170,913 |
| 172,365 |
|
| 2012 |
|
| 73,316 |
| 105,371 |
| 127,235 |
| 148,669 |
| 168,114 |
| 176,656 |
| 179,501 |
|
|
| 73,316 |
| 105,371 |
| 127,235 |
| 148,669 |
| 168,114 |
| 176,656 |
| 179,501 |
| 181,353 |
|
| 2013 |
|
| 76,469 |
| 109,893 |
| 140,015 |
| 169,850 |
| 189,626 |
| 200,750 |
|
|
| 76,469 |
| 109,893 |
| 140,015 |
| 169,850 |
| 189,626 |
| 200,750 |
| 202,622 |
|
| 2014 |
|
| 80,810 |
| 117,169 |
| 148,884 |
| 180,701 |
| 202,821 |
|
|
| 80,810 |
| 117,169 |
| 148,884 |
| 180,701 |
| 202,821 |
| 209,655 |
|
| 2015 |
|
| 91,347 |
| 132,260 |
| 175,866 |
| 211,515 |
|
|
| 91,347 |
| 132,260 |
| 175,866 |
| 211,515 |
| 238,142 |
|
| 2016 |
|
| 106,022 |
| 155,720 |
| 200,701 |
|
|
| 106,022 |
| 155,720 |
| 200,701 |
| 233,939 |
|
| 2017 |
|
| 117,287 |
| 178,823 |
|
|
| 117,287 |
| 178,823 |
| 220,422 |
|
| 2018 |
|
| 134,867 |
|
|
| 134,867 |
| 193,788 |
|
| 2019 | |
|
| 149,538 |
|
| | | | Total |
| 1,812,040 |
| | | Total |
| 1,973,765 |
|
| | | | All outstanding liabilities before 2009, net of reinsurance | | 3,842 |
| | | All outstanding liabilities before 2010, net of reinsurance | | 3,904 |
|
| | | | Liabilities for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | | 532,320 |
| | | Liabilities for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | | 596,686 |
|
| | Businessowners' Policies (in thousands, except for claim counts) | Businessowners' Policies (in thousands, except for claim counts) | | | Businessowners' Policies (in thousands, except for claim counts) | | |
| Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | As of
December 31, 2018 | Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | As of
December 31, 2019 |
| Accident Year | Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims | Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
| 2009 | $ | 48,535 |
| 51,762 |
| 46,645 |
| 43,828 |
| 43,553 |
| 44,938 |
| 44,299 |
| 44,273 |
| 43,933 |
| 44,028 |
| | 323 |
| 3,474 | |
| 2010 |
| 53,669 |
| 49,285 |
| 42,408 |
| 39,915 |
| 40,899 |
| 40,581 |
| 41,239 |
| 41,197 |
| 40,920 |
| | 381 |
| 3,918 | $ | 53,669 |
| 49,285 |
| 42,408 |
| 39,915 |
| 40,899 |
| 40,581 |
| 41,239 |
| 41,197 |
| 40,920 |
| 41,156 |
| | 333 |
| 3,920 |
| 2011 |
|
| 54,469 |
| 57,083 |
| 51,047 |
| 58,242 |
| 59,256 |
| 58,966 |
| 58,456 |
| 58,735 |
| | 1,140 |
| 4,959 |
| 54,469 |
| 57,083 |
| 51,047 |
| 58,242 |
| 59,256 |
| 58,966 |
| 58,456 |
| 58,735 |
| 58,948 |
| | 362 |
| 4,960 |
| 2012 |
|
| 54,342 |
| 48,029 |
| 46,303 |
| 44,172 |
| 44,077 |
| 43,747 |
| 43,418 |
| | 430 |
| 5,542 |
|
| 54,342 |
| 48,029 |
| 46,303 |
| 44,172 |
| 44,077 |
| 43,747 |
| 43,418 |
| 43,717 |
| | 703 |
| 5,543 |
| 2013 |
|
| 49,617 |
| 42,618 |
| 41,005 |
| 40,624 |
| 41,369 |
| 39,709 |
| | 1,404 |
| 3,482 |
|
| 49,617 |
| 42,618 |
| 41,005 |
| 40,624 |
| 41,369 |
| 39,709 |
| 39,699 |
| | 803 |
| 3,482 |
| 2014 |
|
| 55,962 |
| 60,949 |
| 62,548 |
| 59,806 |
| 58,517 |
| | 2,959 |
| 4,062 |
|
| 55,962 |
| 60,949 |
| 62,548 |
| 59,806 |
| 58,517 |
| 58,093 |
| | 1,390 |
| 4,064 |
| 2015 |
|
| 52,871 |
| 53,768 |
| 57,245 |
| 55,925 |
| | 6,215 |
| 3,952 |
|
| 52,871 |
| 53,768 |
| 57,245 |
| 55,925 |
| 54,454 |
| | 3,235 |
| 3,959 |
| 2016 |
|
| 52,335 |
| 53,792 |
| 54,993 |
| | 9,272 |
| 3,823 |
|
| 52,335 |
| 53,792 |
| 54,993 |
| 53,835 |
| | 4,245 |
| 3,843 |
| 2017 |
|
| 46,624 |
| 48,698 |
| | 13,087 |
| 3,808 |
|
| 46,624 |
| 48,698 |
| 51,524 |
| | 10,252 |
| 3,864 |
| 2018 |
|
| 55,024 |
| | 16,177 |
| 3,823 |
|
| 55,024 |
| 57,202 |
| | 12,432 |
| 4,159 |
| 2019 | |
|
| 53,531 |
| | 15,068 |
| 3,210 |
| | | | Total |
| 499,967 |
| | | | | | Total |
| 512,159 |
| | | |
| | Businessowners' Policies (in thousands) | Businessowners' Policies (in thousands) | Businessowners' Policies (in thousands) |
Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | Accident Year | Unaudited | | Unaudited | |
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
| 2009 | $ | 18,915 |
| 29,612 |
| 32,689 |
| 36,073 |
| 40,052 |
| 42,895 |
| 43,358 |
| 43,448 |
| 43,547 |
| 43,596 |
| |
| 2010 |
| 20,821 |
| 28,131 |
| 31,027 |
| 34,705 |
| 37,819 |
| 38,900 |
| 40,279 |
| 40,395 |
| 40,439 |
| $ | 20,821 |
| 28,131 |
| 31,027 |
| 34,705 |
| 37,819 |
| 38,900 |
| 40,279 |
| 40,395 |
| 40,439 |
| 40,823 |
|
| 2011 |
|
| 27,884 |
| 37,362 |
| 41,011 |
| 46,444 |
| 52,114 |
| 55,856 |
| 57,045 |
| 57,365 |
|
| 27,884 |
| 37,362 |
| 41,011 |
| 46,444 |
| 52,114 |
| 55,856 |
| 57,045 |
| 57,365 |
| 57,380 |
|
| 2012 |
|
| 22,199 |
| 31,833 |
| 35,089 |
| 37,215 |
| 38,766 |
| 40,627 |
| 41,326 |
|
|
| 22,199 |
| 31,833 |
| 35,089 |
| 37,215 |
| 38,766 |
| 40,627 |
| 41,326 |
| 41,356 |
|
| 2013 |
|
| 17,412 |
| 26,592 |
| 30,845 |
| 34,760 |
| 37,993 |
| 38,464 |
|
|
| 17,412 |
| 26,592 |
| 30,845 |
| 34,760 |
| 37,993 |
| 38,464 |
| 39,085 |
|
| 2014 |
|
| 28,914 |
| 40,584 |
| 44,911 |
| 49,460 |
| 52,940 |
|
|
| 28,914 |
| 40,584 |
| 44,911 |
| 49,460 |
| 52,940 |
| 55,458 |
|
| 2015 |
|
| 24,189 |
| 36,014 |
| 42,710 |
| 46,571 |
|
|
| 24,189 |
| 36,014 |
| 42,710 |
| 46,571 |
| 49,073 |
|
| 2016 |
|
| 24,655 |
| 36,848 |
| 39,973 |
|
|
| 24,655 |
| 36,848 |
| 39,973 |
| 45,308 |
|
| 2017 |
|
| 21,865 |
| 31,337 |
|
|
| 21,865 |
| 31,337 |
| 36,950 |
|
| 2018 |
|
| 29,995 |
|
|
| 29,995 |
| 39,791 |
|
| 2019 | |
|
| 27,718 |
|
| | | | Total |
| 422,006 |
| | | Total |
| 432,942 |
|
| | | | All outstanding liabilities before 2009, net of reinsurance | | 7,783 |
| | | All outstanding liabilities before 2010, net of reinsurance | | 7,530 |
|
| | | | Liabilities for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | | 85,744 |
| | | Liabilities for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | | 86,747 |
|
| | Commercial Property (in thousands, except for claim counts) | Commercial Property (in thousands, except for claim counts) | | | Commercial Property (in thousands, except for claim counts) | | |
| Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | As of
December 31, 2018 | Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | As of
December 31, 2019 |
| Accident Year | Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims | Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
| 2009 | $ | 82,619 |
| 82,124 |
| 82,025 |
| 82,014 |
| 80,774 |
| 80,455 |
| 80,558 |
| 80,545 |
| 80,416 |
| 80,410 |
| | 2 |
| 7,009 | |
| 2010 |
| 105,647 |
| 96,851 |
| 97,386 |
| 96,127 |
| 95,530 |
| 95,363 |
| 95,178 |
| 95,155 |
| 95,142 |
| | 4 |
| 7,668 | $ | 105,647 |
| 96,851 |
| 97,386 |
| 96,127 |
| 95,530 |
| 95,363 |
| 95,178 |
| 95,155 |
| 95,142 |
| 95,338 |
| | 4 |
| 7,669 |
| 2011 |
|
| 136,954 |
| 131,667 |
| 130,942 |
| 131,282 |
| 131,353 |
| 131,113 |
| 131,049 |
| 131,009 |
| | 6 |
| 9,038 |
| 136,954 |
| 131,667 |
| 130,942 |
| 131,282 |
| 131,353 |
| 131,113 |
| 131,049 |
| 131,009 |
| 131,002 |
| | 7 |
| 9,038 |
| 2012 |
|
| 118,464 |
| 114,224 |
| 115,375 |
| 116,658 |
| 117,102 |
| 117,170 |
| 117,225 |
| | 21 |
| 8,515 |
|
| 118,464 |
| 114,224 |
| 115,375 |
| 116,658 |
| 117,102 |
| 117,170 |
| 117,225 |
| 117,220 |
| | 10 |
| 8,517 |
| 2013 |
|
| 88,101 |
| 90,639 |
| 90,103 |
| 90,005 |
| 90,436 |
| 90,278 |
| | 28 |
| 5,713 |
|
| 88,101 |
| 90,639 |
| 90,103 |
| 90,005 |
| 90,436 |
| 90,278 |
| 90,218 |
| | 18 |
| 5,713 |
| 2014 |
|
| 141,192 |
| 136,249 |
| 136,820 |
| 138,751 |
| 138,155 |
| | 57 |
| 6,514 |
|
| 141,192 |
| 136,249 |
| 136,820 |
| 138,751 |
| 138,155 |
| 136,212 |
| | 33 |
| 6,515 |
| 2015 |
|
| 110,270 |
| 109,513 |
| 111,750 |
| 111,566 |
| | 77 |
| 6,401 |
|
| 110,270 |
| 109,513 |
| 111,750 |
| 111,566 |
| 112,496 |
| | 56 |
| 6,404 |
| 2016 |
|
| 121,927 |
| 126,185 |
| 125,937 |
| | 405 |
| 6,727 |
|
| 121,927 |
| 126,185 |
| 125,937 |
| 124,487 |
| | (96 | ) | 6,739 |
| 2017 |
|
| 138,773 |
| 149,106 |
| | (76 | ) | 6,850 |
|
| 138,773 |
| 149,106 |
| 149,044 |
| | (884 | ) | 6,886 |
| 2018 |
|
| 183,177 |
| | 7,052 |
| 7,695 |
|
| 183,177 |
| 190,834 |
| | (329 | ) | 8,240 |
| 2019 | |
|
| 173,826 |
| | 15,732 |
| 6,722 |
| | | | Total |
| 1,222,005 |
| | | | | | Total |
| 1,320,677 |
| | | |
| | Commercial Property (in thousands) | Commercial Property (in thousands) | Commercial Property (in thousands) |
Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | Accident Year | Unaudited | | Unaudited | |
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
| 2009 | $ | 59,933 |
| 78,695 |
| 80,433 |
| 80,894 |
| 80,251 |
| 80,352 |
| 80,529 |
| 80,509 |
| 80,405 |
| 80,393 |
| |
| 2010 |
| 69,543 |
| 91,918 |
| 94,602 |
| 95,111 |
| 95,270 |
| 95,147 |
| 95,156 |
| 95,150 |
| 95,138 |
| $ | 69,543 |
| 91,918 |
| 94,602 |
| 95,111 |
| 95,270 |
| 95,147 |
| 95,156 |
| 95,150 |
| 95,138 |
| 95,334 |
|
| 2011 |
|
| 94,538 |
| 127,580 |
| 129,579 |
| 130,681 |
| 131,060 |
| 131,115 |
| 131,089 |
| 131,100 |
|
| 94,538 |
| 127,580 |
| 129,579 |
| 130,681 |
| 131,060 |
| 131,115 |
| 131,089 |
| 131,100 |
| 131,092 |
|
| 2012 |
|
| 81,528 |
| 108,834 |
| 111,503 |
| 114,699 |
| 116,291 |
| 116,625 |
| 116,671 |
|
|
| 81,528 |
| 108,834 |
| 111,503 |
| 114,699 |
| 116,291 |
| 116,625 |
| 116,671 |
| 116,674 |
|
| 2013 |
|
| 60,244 |
| 87,874 |
| 90,446 |
| 90,350 |
| 90,840 |
| 90,696 |
|
|
| 60,244 |
| 87,874 |
| 90,446 |
| 90,350 |
| 90,840 |
| 90,696 |
| 90,646 |
|
| 2014 |
|
| 101,131 |
| 132,909 |
| 136,634 |
| 137,883 |
| 137,418 |
|
|
| 101,131 |
| 132,909 |
| 136,634 |
| 137,883 |
| 137,418 |
| 136,008 |
|
| 2015 |
|
| 79,048 |
| 106,182 |
| 109,829 |
| 110,994 |
|
|
| 79,048 |
| 106,182 |
| 109,829 |
| 110,994 |
| 110,969 |
|
| 2016 |
|
| 83,966 |
| 118,789 |
| 122,930 |
|
|
| 83,966 |
| 118,789 |
| 122,930 |
| 123,828 |
|
| 2017 |
|
| 99,047 |
| 142,338 |
|
|
| 99,047 |
| 142,338 |
| 148,589 |
|
| 2018 |
|
| 135,416 |
|
|
| 135,416 |
| 184,813 |
|
| 2019 | |
|
| 130,891 |
|
| | | | Total |
| 1,163,094 |
| | | Total |
| 1,268,844 |
|
| | | | All outstanding liabilities before 2009, net of reinsurance | | 69 |
| | | All outstanding liabilities before 2010, net of reinsurance | | 237 |
|
| | | | Liabilities for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | | 58,980 |
| | | Liabilities for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | | 52,071 |
|
| | Personal Automobile (in thousands, except for claim counts) | Personal Automobile (in thousands, except for claim counts) | | | Personal Automobile (in thousands, except for claim counts) | | |
| Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | As of
December 31, 2018 | Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | As of
December 31, 2019 |
| Accident Year | Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims | Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
| 2009 | $ | 93,808 |
| 103,319 |
| 105,033 |
| 103,908 |
| 104,734 |
| 103,866 |
| 103,393 |
| 103,412 |
| 103,348 |
| 103,303 |
| | 146 |
| 17,346 | |
| 2010 |
| 103,340 |
| 110,075 |
| 112,346 |
| 109,515 |
| 107,490 |
| 107,405 |
| 107,224 |
| 107,054 |
| 106,887 |
| | 160 |
| 20,822 | $ | 103,340 |
| 110,075 |
| 112,346 |
| 109,515 |
| 107,490 |
| 107,405 |
| 107,224 |
| 107,054 |
| 106,887 |
| 106,785 |
| | 64 |
| 20,823 |
| 2011 |
|
| 113,232 |
| 116,164 |
| 113,686 |
| 112,993 |
| 114,241 |
| 113,830 |
| 113,988 |
| 113,921 |
| | 194 |
| 22,700 |
| 113,232 |
| 116,164 |
| 113,686 |
| 112,993 |
| 114,241 |
| 113,830 |
| 113,988 |
| 113,921 |
| 114,056 |
| | 121 |
| 22,700 |
| 2012 |
|
| 113,771 |
| 114,921 |
| 109,832 |
| 109,324 |
| 110,294 |
| 110,300 |
| 109,795 |
| | 205 |
| 22,332 |
|
| 113,771 |
| 114,921 |
| 109,832 |
| 109,324 |
| 110,294 |
| 110,300 |
| 109,795 |
| 109,701 |
| | 155 |
| 22,332 |
| 2013 |
|
| 108,417 |
| 109,620 |
| 106,225 |
| 106,703 |
| 107,759 |
| 107,680 |
| | 288 |
| 22,373 |
|
| 108,417 |
| 109,620 |
| 106,225 |
| 106,703 |
| 107,759 |
| 107,680 |
| 107,916 |
| | 348 |
| 22,375 |
| 2014 |
|
| 102,250 |
| 109,325 |
| 106,757 |
| 107,452 |
| 106,821 |
| | 774 |
| 22,504 |
|
| 102,250 |
| 109,325 |
| 106,757 |
| 107,452 |
| 106,821 |
| 107,104 |
| | 307 |
| 22,506 |
| 2015 |
|
| 96,387 |
| 99,698 |
| 100,214 |
| 99,570 |
| | 2,572 |
| 20,860 |
|
| 96,387 |
| 99,698 |
| 100,214 |
| 99,570 |
| 98,718 |
| | 742 |
| 20,863 |
| 2016 |
|
| 92,727 |
| 98,032 |
| 100,202 |
| | 6,252 |
| 19,803 |
|
| 92,727 |
| 98,032 |
| 100,202 |
| 101,140 |
| | 2,565 |
| 19,819 |
| 2017 |
|
| 101,880 |
| 105,139 |
| | 13,162 |
| 20,679 |
|
| 101,880 |
| 105,139 |
| 103,653 |
| | 6,342 |
| 20,725 |
| 2018 |
|
| 111,594 |
| | 23,506 |
| 21,748 |
|
| 111,594 |
| 113,569 |
| | 14,259 |
| 22,621 |
| 2019 | |
|
| 114,043 |
| | 25,832 |
| 21,988 |
| | | | Total |
| 1,064,912 |
| | | | | | Total |
| 1,076,685 |
| | | |
| | Personal Automobile (in thousands) | Personal Automobile (in thousands) | Personal Automobile (in thousands) |
Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | Accident Year | Unaudited | | Unaudited | |
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
| 2009 | $ | 51,039 |
| 71,911 |
| 86,431 |
| 96,229 |
| 100,566 |
| 102,187 |
| 102,322 |
| 102,437 |
| 103,009 |
| 103,010 |
| |
| 2010 |
| 58,786 |
| 82,490 |
| 95,300 |
| 101,540 |
| 104,061 |
| 105,849 |
| 106,453 |
| 106,733 |
| 106,722 |
| $ | 58,786 |
| 82,490 |
| 95,300 |
| 101,540 |
| 104,061 |
| 105,849 |
| 106,453 |
| 106,733 |
| 106,722 |
| 106,716 |
|
| 2011 |
|
| 61,323 |
| 82,102 |
| 93,878 |
| 105,068 |
| 111,085 |
| 112,732 |
| 113,551 |
| 113,664 |
|
| 61,323 |
| 82,102 |
| 93,878 |
| 105,068 |
| 111,085 |
| 112,732 |
| 113,551 |
| 113,664 |
| 113,856 |
|
| 2012 |
|
| 63,704 |
| 82,729 |
| 94,842 |
| 102,977 |
| 107,890 |
| 109,355 |
| 109,447 |
|
|
| 63,704 |
| 82,729 |
| 94,842 |
| 102,977 |
| 107,890 |
| 109,355 |
| 109,447 |
| 109,482 |
|
| 2013 |
|
| 61,384 |
| 80,861 |
| 92,637 |
| 100,528 |
| 105,131 |
| 106,679 |
|
|
| 61,384 |
| 80,861 |
| 92,637 |
| 100,528 |
| 105,131 |
| 106,679 |
| 106,876 |
|
| 2014 |
|
| 62,519 |
| 83,739 |
| 92,589 |
| 99,173 |
| 104,055 |
|
|
| 62,519 |
| 83,739 |
| 92,589 |
| 99,173 |
| 104,055 |
| 105,709 |
|
| 2015 |
|
| 58,725 |
| 76,470 |
| 87,163 |
| 92,102 |
|
|
| 58,725 |
| 76,470 |
| 87,163 |
| 92,102 |
| 95,997 |
|
| 2016 |
|
| 57,961 |
| 76,823 |
| 86,752 |
|
|
| 57,961 |
| 76,823 |
| 86,752 |
| 94,372 |
|
| 2017 |
|
| 62,854 |
| 82,730 |
|
|
| 62,854 |
| 82,730 |
| 91,479 |
|
| 2018 |
|
| 69,721 |
|
|
| 69,721 |
| 89,628 |
|
| 2019 | |
|
| 69,699 |
|
| | | | Total |
| 974,882 |
| | | Total |
| 983,814 |
|
| | | | All outstanding liabilities before 2009, net of reinsurance | | 6,040 |
| | | All outstanding liabilities before 2010, net of reinsurance | | 7,462 |
|
| | | | Liabilities for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | | 96,070 |
| | | Liabilities for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | | 100,331 |
|
| | Homeowners (in thousands, except for claim counts) | Homeowners (in thousands, except for claim counts) | | | Homeowners (in thousands, except for claim counts) | | |
| Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | As of
December 31, 2018 | Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | As of
December 31, 2019 |
| Accident Year | Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims | Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
| 2009 | $ | 47,636 |
| 44,511 |
| 42,609 |
| 40,313 |
| 61,927 |
| 40,400 |
| 40,465 |
| 40,457 |
| 40,451 |
| 40,500 |
| | 70 |
| 5,634 | |
| 2010 |
| 68,373 |
| 67,525 |
| 63,285 |
| 97,761 |
| 62,462 |
| 62,402 |
| 62,339 |
| 62,392 |
| 62,402 |
| | 83 |
| 9,132 | $ | 68,373 |
| 67,525 |
| 63,285 |
| 61,927 |
| 62,462 |
| 62,402 |
| 62,339 |
| 62,392 |
| 62,402 |
| 62,380 |
| | 48 |
| 9,132 |
| 2011 |
|
| 103,804 |
| 98,211 |
| 82,744 |
| 94,167 |
| 94,543 |
| 94,183 |
| 94,378 |
| 94,587 |
| | 131 |
| 15,109 |
| 103,804 |
| 98,211 |
| 97,761 |
| 94,167 |
| 94,543 |
| 94,183 |
| 94,378 |
| 94,587 |
| 94,572 |
| | 82 |
| 15,111 |
| 2012 |
|
| 87,260 |
| 82,745 |
| 86,560 |
| 86,667 |
| 86,271 |
| 86,330 |
| 86,483 |
| | 237 |
| 16,939 |
|
| 87,260 |
| 82,744 |
| 86,560 |
| 86,667 |
| 86,271 |
| 86,330 |
| 86,483 |
| 86,567 |
| | 94 |
| 16,941 |
| 2013 |
|
| 73,670 |
| 72,528 |
| 71,494 |
| 72,145 |
| 71,714 |
| 72,148 |
| | 331 |
| 7,747 |
|
| 73,670 |
| 72,528 |
| 71,494 |
| 72,145 |
| 71,714 |
| 72,148 |
| 72,318 |
| | 420 |
| 7,749 |
| 2014 |
|
| 80,111 |
| 82,461 |
| 83,637 |
| 83,844 |
| 83,539 |
| | 411 |
| 8,770 |
|
| 80,111 |
| 82,461 |
| 83,637 |
| 83,844 |
| 83,539 |
| 83,824 |
| | 682 |
| 8,773 |
| 2015 |
|
| 76,637 |
| 76,400 |
| 76,559 |
| 74,723 |
| | 1,172 |
| 7,744 |
|
| 76,637 |
| 76,400 |
| 76,559 |
| 74,723 |
| 74,978 |
| | 660 |
| 7,746 |
| 2016 |
|
| 60,105 |
| 60,931 |
| 62,391 |
| | 1,837 |
| 6,869 |
|
| 60,105 |
| 60,931 |
| 62,391 |
| 61,723 |
| | 1,221 |
| 6,885 |
| 2017 |
|
| 59,167 |
| 67,978 |
| | 1,969 |
| 7,299 |
|
| 59,167 |
| 67,978 |
| 70,365 |
| | 2,500 |
| 7,370 |
| 2018 |
|
| 62,961 |
| | 6,660 |
| 7,062 |
|
| 62,961 |
| 68,526 |
| | 2,366 |
| 7,554 |
| 2019 | |
|
| 64,306 |
| | 6,299 |
| 6,468 |
| | | | Total |
| 707,712 |
| | | | | | Total |
| 739,559 |
| | | |
| | Homeowners (in thousands) | Homeowners (in thousands) | Homeowners (in thousands) |
Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | Accident Year | Unaudited | | Unaudited | |
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
| 2009 | $ | 28,299 |
| 36,965 |
| 38,078 |
| 39,342 |
| 39,731 |
| 39,819 |
| 39,907 |
| 40,189 |
| 40,269 |
| 40,403 |
| |
| 2010 |
| 43,699 |
| 58,638 |
| 60,295 |
| 61,106 |
| 62,155 |
| 62,227 |
| 62,241 |
| 62,272 |
| 62,283 |
| $ | 43,699 |
| 58,638 |
| 60,295 |
| 61,106 |
| 62,155 |
| 62,227 |
| 62,241 |
| 62,272 |
| 62,283 |
| 62,329 |
|
| 2011 |
|
| 71,668 |
| 89,963 |
| 91,718 |
| 92,185 |
| 93,312 |
| 93,720 |
| 94,007 |
| 94,412 |
|
| 71,668 |
| 89,963 |
| 91,718 |
| 92,185 |
| 93,312 |
| 93,720 |
| 94,007 |
| 94,412 |
| 94,458 |
|
| 2012 |
|
| 69,056 |
| 79,584 |
| 82,720 |
| 84,250 |
| 85,196 |
| 85,562 |
| 85,642 |
|
|
| 69,056 |
| 79,584 |
| 82,720 |
| 84,250 |
| 85,196 |
| 85,562 |
| 85,642 |
| 85,897 |
|
| 2013 |
|
| 50,664 |
| 65,528 |
| 67,838 |
| 69,775 |
| 71,776 |
| 72,197 |
|
|
| 50,664 |
| 65,528 |
| 67,838 |
| 69,775 |
| 71,776 |
| 72,197 |
| 72,433 |
|
| 2014 |
|
| 61,561 |
| 76,007 |
| 79,751 |
| 81,664 |
| 82,583 |
|
|
| 61,561 |
| 76,007 |
| 79,751 |
| 81,664 |
| 82,583 |
| 82,836 |
|
| 2015 |
|
| 52,589 |
| 70,078 |
| 72,202 |
| 72,927 |
|
|
| 52,589 |
| 70,078 |
| 72,202 |
| 72,927 |
| 74,079 |
|
| 2016 |
|
| 42,252 |
| 57,333 |
| 59,546 |
|
|
| 42,252 |
| 57,333 |
| 59,546 |
| 60,082 |
|
| 2017 |
|
| 45,466 |
| 63,290 |
|
|
| 45,466 |
| 63,290 |
| 67,193 |
|
| 2018 |
|
| 49,430 |
|
|
| 49,430 |
| 64,137 |
|
| 2019 | |
|
| 49,680 |
|
| | | | Total |
| 682,713 |
| | | Total |
| 713,124 |
|
| | | | All outstanding liabilities before 2009, net of reinsurance | | 6,107 |
| | | All outstanding liabilities before 2010, net of reinsurance | | 5,316 |
|
| | | | Liabilities for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | | 31,106 |
| | | Liabilities for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | | 31,752 |
|
| | E&S Casualty Lines (in thousands, except for claim counts) | E&S Casualty Lines (in thousands, except for claim counts) | | | | E&S Casualty Lines (in thousands, except for claim counts) | | | |
| Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | As of
December 31, 2018 | Incurred Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance | | As of
December 31, 2019 |
| Accident Year | Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims | | Unaudited | | | IBNR | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
| 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
| 2009 | $ | 885 |
| 1,053 |
| 938 |
| 728 |
| 710 |
| 96 |
| 737 |
| 739 |
| | — |
| 274 | |
| 2010 | 3,294 |
| 4,106 |
| 3,369 |
| 4,299 |
| 3,831 |
| 3,055 |
| 4,932 |
| 5,168 |
| | — |
| 813 | $ | 3,294 |
| $ | 4,106 |
| 3,369 |
| 4,299 |
| 3,831 |
| 3,055 |
| 4,932 |
| 5,168 |
| 5,534 |
| | — |
| 815 |
| 2011 | 8,127 |
| 7,102 |
| 9,853 |
| 12,207 |
| 10,273 |
| 9,652 |
| 10,228 |
| 12,119 |
| | 276 |
| 1,321 | 8,127 |
| 7,102 |
| 9,853 |
| 12,207 |
| 10,273 |
| 9,652 |
| 10,228 |
| 12,119 |
| 11,554 |
| | 177 |
| 1,332 |
| 2012 |
|
| 42,367 |
| 42,621 |
| 43,175 |
| 46,149 |
| 46,165 |
| 45,988 |
| 46,444 |
| | 6,417 |
| 2,022 | | 42,367 |
| 42,621 |
| 43,175 |
| 46,149 |
| 46,165 |
| 45,988 |
| 46,444 |
| 44,622 |
| | 2,474 |
| 2,045 |
| 2013 |
|
|
|
| 55,468 |
| 60,309 |
| 67,099 |
| 69,112 |
| 67,647 |
| 68,972 |
| | 14,175 |
| 2,266 | |
|
| 55,468 |
| 60,309 |
| 67,099 |
| 69,112 |
| 67,647 |
| 68,972 |
| 68,451 |
| | 13,816 |
| 2,280 |
| 2014 |
|
|
|
|
|
| 55,316 |
| 63,505 |
| 69,929 |
| 71,719 |
| 71,206 |
| | 14,097 |
| 2,040 | |
|
|
|
| 55,316 |
| 63,505 |
| 69,929 |
| 71,719 |
| 71,206 |
| 71,153 |
| | 5,559 |
| 2,071 |
| 2015 |
|
|
|
| 75,498 |
| 76,432 |
| 82,404 |
| 90,488 |
| | 24,516 |
| 2,746 | |
|
|
|
|
|
| 75,498 |
| 76,432 |
| 82,404 |
| 90,488 |
| 90,355 |
| | 15,752 |
| 2,799 |
| 2016 |
|
|
|
| 94,451 |
| 96,416 |
| 104,655 |
| | 52,151 |
| 2,732 | |
|
|
|
| 94,451 |
| 96,416 |
| 104,655 |
| 105,120 |
| | 35,987 |
| 2,859 |
| 2017 |
|
|
|
| 91,438 |
| 95,783 |
| | 66,321 |
| 2,353 | |
|
|
|
| 91,438 |
| 95,783 |
| 99,866 |
| | 47,074 |
| 2,614 |
| 2018 |
|
|
|
| 98,324 |
| | 82,486 |
| 1,734 | |
|
|
|
| 98,324 |
| 103,004 |
| | 62,754 |
| 2,392 |
| 2019 | | |
|
|
|
| 117,087 |
| | 103,146 |
| 1,679 |
| | | | Total |
| 593,898 |
| | | | | | Total |
| 716,746 |
| | | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
E&S Casualty Lines (in thousands) | |
| Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
Accident Year | | Unaudited | |
| 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
| 2010 | $ | — |
| $ | 1,218 |
| 2,570 |
| 3,574 |
| 4,078 |
| 4,513 |
| 4,610 |
| 4,908 |
| 5,362 |
|
| 2011 | — |
| 806 |
| 3,200 |
| 6,445 |
| 9,954 |
| 9,912 |
| 10,256 |
| 9,819 |
| 9,604 |
|
| 2012 | | 3,722 |
| 7,914 |
| 16,430 |
| 25,064 |
| 32,343 |
| 36,278 |
| 38,298 |
| 39,832 |
|
| 2013 | |
|
| 2,715 |
| 9,470 |
| 21,980 |
| 35,200 |
| 46,108 |
| 51,142 |
| 54,974 |
|
| 2014 | |
|
|
|
| 2,353 |
| 12,234 |
| 25,571 |
| 43,877 |
| 53,780 |
| 60,092 |
|
| 2015 | |
|
|
|
|
|
| 3,036 |
| 13,057 |
| 29,389 |
| 50,712 |
| 64,529 |
|
| 2016 | |
|
|
|
|
| 3,720 |
| 16,195 |
| 33,950 |
| 56,581 |
|
| 2017 | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 5,057 |
| 14,672 |
| 34,179 |
|
| 2018 | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 5,509 |
| 21,337 |
|
| 2019 | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 4,422 |
|
| | | | | | | | | Total |
| 350,912 |
|
| | | | | All outstanding liabilities before 2010, net of reinsurance | | 109 |
|
| | | | | Liabilities for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | | 365,943 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
E&S Casualty Lines (in thousands) | |
| Cumulative Paid Loss and Allocated Loss Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
Accident Year | Unaudited | |
| 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
| 2009 | $ | — |
| 198 |
| 431 |
| 605 |
| 626 |
| 709 |
| 737 |
| 739 |
|
| 2010 | — |
| 1,218 |
| 2,570 |
| 3,574 |
| 4,078 |
| 4,513 |
| 4,610 |
| 4,908 |
|
| 2011 | — |
| 806 |
| 3,200 |
| 6,445 |
| 9,954 |
| 9,912 |
| 10,256 |
| 9,819 |
|
| 2012 |
|
| 3,722 |
| 7,914 |
| 16,430 |
| 25,064 |
| 32,343 |
| 36,278 |
| 38,298 |
|
| 2013 |
|
|
|
| 2,715 |
| 9,470 |
| 21,980 |
| 35,200 |
| 46,108 |
| 51,142 |
|
| 2014 |
|
|
|
|
|
| 2,353 |
| 12,234 |
| 25,571 |
| 43,877 |
| 53,780 |
|
| 2015 |
|
|
|
|
| 3,036 |
| 13,057 |
| 29,389 |
| 50,712 |
|
| 2016 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 3,720 |
| 16,195 |
| 33,950 |
|
| 2017 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 5,057 |
| 14,672 |
|
| 2018 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 5,509 |
|
| | | | | | | | Total |
| 263,529 |
|
| | | | All outstanding liabilities before 2009, net of reinsurance | | 98 |
|
| | | | Liabilities for loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | | 330,467 |
|
In 2011, the Parent purchased Mesa Underwriters Specialty Insurance Company ("MUSIC"), a wholly-owned E&S Lines subsidiary of Montpelier Re Holdings, Ltd. Under the terms of the purchase agreement, the Parent acquired net loss and loss reserves amounting to approximately $15 million. All development on this acquired business was fully reinsured as of the acquisition date.
(d)(e) The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the liability for loss and loss expenses in the consolidated statement of financial position is as follows:
|
| | | |
| (in thousands) | December 31, 2019 |
| Net outstanding liabilities: | |
| Standard Commercial Lines | |
| General liability | $ | 1,280,416 |
|
| Workers compensation | 850,505 |
|
| Commercial automobile | 596,686 |
|
| Businessowners' policies | 86,747 |
|
| Commercial property | 52,071 |
|
| Other Standard Commercial Lines | 9,399 |
|
| Total Standard Commercial Lines net outstanding liabilities | 2,875,824 |
|
| | |
| Standard Personal Lines | |
| Personal automobile | 100,331 |
|
| Homeowners | 31,752 |
|
| Other Standard Personal Lines | 10,664 |
|
| Total Standard Personal Lines net outstanding liabilities | 142,747 |
|
| | |
| E&S Lines | |
| Casualty lines | 365,943 |
|
| Property lines | 8,199 |
|
| Total E&S Lines net outstanding liabilities | 374,142 |
|
| | |
| Total liabilities for unpaid loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | 3,392,713 |
|
| | |
| Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims: | |
| Standard Commercial Lines | |
| General liability | 195,830 |
|
| Workers compensation | 206,414 |
|
| Commercial automobile | 14,352 |
|
| Businessowners' policies | 3,012 |
|
| Commercial property | 26,526 |
|
| Other Standard Commercial Lines | 9,113 |
|
| Total Standard Commercial Lines reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss | 455,247 |
|
| | |
| Standard Personal Lines | |
| Personal automobile | 44,104 |
|
| Homeowners | 1,182 |
|
| Other Standard Personal Lines | 28,993 |
|
| Total Standard Personal Lines reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss | 74,279 |
|
| | |
| E&S Lines | |
| Casualty lines | 14,319 |
|
| Property lines | 317 |
|
| Total E&S Lines reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss | 14,636 |
|
| | |
| Total reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss | 544,162 |
|
| | |
| Unallocated loss expenses | 130,288 |
|
| | |
| Total gross liability for unpaid loss and loss expenses | $ | 4,067,163 |
|
|
| | | |
| (in thousands) | December 31, 2018 |
| Net outstanding liabilities: | |
| Standard Commercial Lines | |
| General liability | $ | 1,175,230 |
|
| Workers compensation | 873,882 |
|
| Commercial automobile | 532,320 |
|
| Businessowners' policies | 85,744 |
|
| Commercial property | 58,980 |
|
| Other Standard Commercial Lines | 9,122 |
|
| Total Standard Commercial Lines net outstanding liabilities | 2,735,278 |
|
| | |
| Standard Personal Lines | |
| Personal automobile | 96,070 |
|
| Homeowners | 31,106 |
|
| Other Standard Personal Lines | 10,474 |
|
| Total Standard Personal Lines net outstanding liabilities | 137,650 |
|
| | |
| E&S Lines | |
| Casualty lines | 330,467 |
|
| Property lines | 13,604 |
|
| Total E&S Lines net outstanding liabilities | 344,071 |
|
| | |
| Total liabilities for unpaid loss and loss expenses, net of reinsurance | 3,216,999 |
|
| | |
| Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims: | |
| Standard Commercial Lines | |
| General liability | 181,102 |
|
| Workers compensation | 220,683 |
|
| Commercial automobile | 15,641 |
|
| Businessowners' policies | 3,473 |
|
| Commercial property | 12,620 |
|
| Other Standard Commercial Lines | 2,909 |
|
| Total Standard Commercial Lines reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss | 436,428 |
|
| | |
| Standard Personal Lines | |
| Personal automobile | 45,572 |
|
| Homeowners | 1,346 |
|
| Other Standard Personal Lines | 31,777 |
|
| Total Standard Personal Lines reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss | 78,695 |
|
| | |
| E&S Lines | |
| Casualty lines | 21,898 |
|
| Property lines | 367 |
|
| Total E&S Lines reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss | 22,265 |
|
| | |
| Total reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss | 537,388 |
|
| | |
| Unallocated loss expenses | 139,481 |
|
| | |
| Total gross liability for unpaid loss and loss expenses | $ | 3,893,868 |
|
(e)(f) The table below reflects the historical average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age. For example, the general liability line of business averages payout of 6.5%6.3% of its ultimate losses in the first year, 12.2%12.5% in the second year, and so forth. The following is supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2018:2019:
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance |
| Years | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| General liability | 6.3% | 12.5 | 15.5 | 17.0 | 14.2 | 9.8 | 5.6 | 4.9 | 2.8 | 1.9 |
| Workers compensation | 21.9 | 24.9 | 13.2 | 8.2 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 1.1 |
| Commercial automobile | 37.8 | 17.0 | 14.4 | 12.9 | 9.8 | 4.1 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.1 |
| Businessowners’ policies | 47.9 | 19.5 | 8.2 | 8.8 | 6.6 | 3.9 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
| Commercial property | 70.6 | 25.4 | 2.8 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.1 | — | — | — | — |
| Personal automobile | 58.2 | 18.4 | 9.9 | 6.8 | 4.2 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Homeowners | 72.2 | 20.3 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| E&S Lines - casualty | 4.9 | 12.2 | 18.1 | 22.6 | 14.9 | 9.4 | 6.4 | 3.5 | 2.0 | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance |
| Years | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| General liability | 6.5% | 12.2 | 15.3 | 17.0 | 14.5 | 9.8 | 6.3 | 4.8 | 2.7 | 1.1 |
| Workers compensation | 21.2 | 24.3 | 13.2 | 8.3 | 5.4 | 3.9 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 1.4 | 1.1 |
| Commercial automobile | 37.9 | 17.3 | 14.5 | 13.1 | 9.5 | 4.0 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.4 |
| Businessowners’ policies | 47.3 | 19.9 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 7.4 | 4.3 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.1 |
| Commercial property | 70.7 | 25.2 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | — | — | — | — |
| Personal automobile | 57.1 | 18.5 | 10.5 | 7.2 | 4.3 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | — |
| Homeowners | 72.3 | 20.3 | 3.1 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| E&S Lines - casualty | 5.0 | 11.4 | 17.1 | 21.4 | 15.4 | 8.6 | 5.4 | | | |
Note 10. Indebtedness
The table below provides a summary of our outstanding debt at December 31, 20182019 and 2017:2018:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Outstanding Debt | | | | | | | | | | 2019 | | Carry Value |
| | | Issuance Date | | Maturity Date | | Interest Rate | | Original Amount | | Unamortized Issuance Costs | Debt Discount | | December 31, 2019 | | December 31, 2018 |
| ($ in thousands) | | | | | | | |
| Description | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Long term | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Issuance: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (1) Senior Notes | | 3/1/2019 | | 3/1/2049 | | 5.375 | % | | $ | 300,000 |
| | (3,147 | ) | (5,843 | ) | | 291,010 |
| | — |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Redemption: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (1) Senior Notes | | 2/8/2013 | | 2/9/2043 | | 5.875 | % | | 185,000 |
| | — |
| — |
| | — |
| | 180,771 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Other Outstanding: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (2) FHLBI | | 12/16/2016 | | 12/16/2026 | | 3.03 | % | | 60,000 |
| | — |
| — |
| | 60,000 |
| | 60,000 |
|
| (3) FHLBNY | | 8/15/2016 | | 8/16/2021 | | 1.56 | % | | 25,000 |
| | — |
| — |
| | 25,000 |
| | 25,000 |
|
| (3) FHLBNY | | 7/21/2016 | | 7/21/2021 | | 1.61 | % | | 25,000 |
| | — |
| — |
| | 25,000 |
| | 25,000 |
|
| (4) Senior Notes | | 11/3/2005 | | 11/1/2035 | | 6.70 | % | | 100,000 |
| | (355 | ) | (520 | ) | | 99,125 |
| | 99,069 |
|
| (5) Senior Notes | | 11/16/2004 | | 11/15/2034 | | 7.25 | % | | 50,000 |
| | (185 | ) | (90 | ) | | 49,725 |
| | 49,700 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Finance lease obligations1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 737 |
| | — |
|
| Total long-term debt | | | | | | | | | | (3,687 | ) | (6,453 | ) | | 550,597 |
| | 439,540 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Outstanding Debt1 | | | | | | | | | | 2018 | | Carry Value |
| ($ in thousands) | | Issuance Date | | Maturity Date | | Interest Rate | | Original Amount | | Debt Discount and Unamortized Issuance Costs | | December 31, 2018 | | December 31, 2017 |
| Description | | | | | | | |
| Long-term: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (1) FHLBI | | 12/16/2016 | | 12/16/2026 | | 3.03 | % | | $ | 60,000 |
| | — |
| | 60,000 |
| | 60,000 |
|
| (2) FHLBNY | | 8/15/2016 | | 8/16/2021 | | 1.56 | % | | 25,000 |
| | — |
| | 25,000 |
| | 25,000 |
|
| (2) FHLBNY | | 7/21/2016 | | 7/21/2021 | | 1.61 | % | | 25,000 |
| | — |
| | 25,000 |
| | 25,000 |
|
| (3) Senior Notes | | 2/8/2013 | | 2/9/2043 | | 5.875 | % | | 185,000 |
| | (4,229 | ) | | 180,771 |
| | 180,430 |
|
| (4) Senior Notes | | 11/3/2005 | | 11/1/2035 | | 6.70 | % | | 100,000 |
| | (931 | ) | | 99,069 |
| | 99,011 |
|
| (5) Senior Notes | | 11/16/2004 | | 11/15/2034 | | 7.25 | % | | 50,000 |
| | (300 | ) | | 49,700 |
| | 49,675 |
|
| Total long-term debt | |
| |
| |
|
| | $ | 445,000 |
| | (5,460 | ) | | 439,540 |
| | 439,116 |
|
1 Beginning on January 1, 2019, finance lease obligations will also be included in our outstanding debt balance uponConcurrent with the adoption of the new lease accounting standard. For further information, refer toASU 2016-02 discussed in Note 3. "Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements, above." finance lease obligations are now captured in Long-term debt on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Short-term Debt Activity
SICA borrowed: (i) $75 millionShort-term debt activity included the following in 2019:
On March 7, 2019, Selective Insurance Company of America ("SICA") borrowed short-term funds of $50 million from the FHLBNY on February 27, 2018 at an interest rate of 1.75%, which2.64%. This borrowing was repaid on March 20, 2018; and (ii) $55 million in28, 2019.
On August 5, 2019, SICA borrowed short-term funds of $15 million from the FHLBNY on March 28, 2018 at an interest rate of 1.98%, which2.29%. This borrowing was repaid on April 18, 2018.August 12, 2019.
The Parent's lineOn December 20, 2019, the Parent entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Line of credit with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and Branch Banking and Trust Company (BB&T) (referred to as our "Line of Credit"Credit”) among the Parent, the lenders named therein (the “Lenders”), was renewed effective December 1, 2015,and Bank of Montreal, Chicago Branch, as Administrative Agent. Under the Line of Credit, the Lenders have agreed to provide the Parent with a borrowing capacity of $30$50 million revolving credit facility, which can be increased to $50$125 million with the approvalconsent of both lending partners. Ourthe Lenders. The Line of Credit expireswill mature on December 1, 2020,20, 2022 and has an interest rate, which varies and is based on, among other factors, the Parent’s debt ratings. There were no balances outstanding under ourThe Parent, as borrower, was a party to a Credit Agreement, dated December 1, 2015, for a $30 million revolving credit facility, which could be increased to $50 million with the consent of the lenders, with the lenders named therein, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent (“Wells Fargo”), which was scheduled to mature on December 1, 2020 (the “Prior Credit Agreement”). In anticipation of entering into the Line of Credit, atthe Parent exercised termination rights under the Prior Credit Agreement by sending a termination letter to
Wells Fargo on December 31, 2018 or at any time during 2018.20, 2019. The effective date of the termination of the Prior Credit Agreement was December 30, 2019.
Our Line of Credit agreement contains representations, warranties, and covenants that are customary for credit facilities of this type, including, without limitation, financial covenants under which we are obligated to maintain a minimum consolidated net worth, minimum combined statutory surplus,a maximum ratio of consolidated debt to total capitalization, and covenants limiting our ability to: (i) merge or liquidate; (ii) incur debt or liens; (iii) dispose of assets; (iv) make investments and acquisitions; and (v) engage in transactions with affiliates.
The table below outlines information regarding certain of the covenants in the Line of Credit:
|
| | | | |
| | | Required as of | | Actual as of |
| | | December 31, 20182019 | | December 31, 20182019 |
Consolidated net worth1 | | Not less than $1.3$1.4 billion | | $1.82.1 billion |
Statutory surplus | | Not less than $750 million | | $1.8 billion |
Debt-to-capitalizationDebt to total capitalization ratio1
| | Not to exceed 35% | | 19.7% |
A.M. Best financial strength rating | | Minimum of A- | | A20.7% |
1Calculated in accordance with the Line of Credit agreement.Credit.
In addition to the above requirements, the Line of Credit agreement contains a cross-default provision that provides that the Line of Credit will be in default if we fail to comply with any condition, covenant, or agreement (including payment of principal and interest when due on any debt with an aggregate principal amount of at least $20 million), which causes or permits the acceleration of principal. Additionally, the Line of Credit limits borrowings from the FHLBI and the FHLBNY to 10% of the respective member company's admitted assets for the previous year.
Long-term Debt Activity
(1) In the first quarter of 2019, we issued $300 million of 5.375% Senior Notes due 2049 at a discount of $5.9 million which, when coupled with debt issuance costs of approximately $3.3 million, resulted in net proceeds from the offering of $290.8 million. The 5.375% Senior Notes will pay interest on March 1 and September 1 of each year. The first payment was made on September 1, 2019. A portion of the proceeds from this debt issuance was used to fully redeem the $185 million aggregate principal amount of our 5.875% Senior Notes due 2043, with the remaining $106 million being used for general corporate purposes. The 5.875% Senior Notes had pre-tax debt retirement costs of $4.2 million, or $3.3 million after tax, which was recorded in Interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income in the first quarter of 2019. There are no financial debt covenants to which we are required to comply in regards to the 5.375% Senior Notes.
(2) In the first quarter of 2009, Selective Insurance Company of South Carolina ("SICSC") and Selective Insurance Company of the Southeast ("SICSE"), which are collectively referred to as the "Indiana Subsidiaries" as they are domiciled in Indiana, joined, and invested in, the FHLBI, which provides them with access to additional liquidity. The Indiana Subsidiaries’ aggregate investment in the FHLBI was $2.8 million at December 31, 20182019 and December 31, 2017.2018. Our investment provides us the ability to borrow approximately 20 times the total amount of the FHLBI common stock purchased with additional collateral, at comparatively low borrowing rates. The proceeds from the FHLBI borrowing on December 16, 2016 of $60 million were used to repay a $45 million borrowing from the FHLBI that was outstanding at the time, with the remaining $15 million used for general corporate purposes. All borrowings from the FHLBI require security. There are no financial debt covenants to which we are required to comply with in regards to these borrowings. For information on investments that are pledged as collateral for these borrowings, see Note 5. "Investments" above.
(2)(3) In the fourth quarter of 2015, SICA and Selective Insurance Company of New York ("SICNY") joined, and invested in, the FHLBNY, which provides them with access to additional liquidity. The aggregate investment for both subsidiaries was $3.1 million at December 31, 2019 and $2.7 million at December 31, 2018 and $2.6 million at December 31, 2017.2018. Our investment provides us the ability to borrow approximately 20 times the total amount of the FHLBNY common stock purchased with additional collateral, at comparatively low borrowing rates. In 2016, SICA borrowed the following amounts from the FHLBNY: (i) $25 million in August 2016 at an interest rate of 1.56%, which is due on August 16, 2021; and (ii) $25 million from the FHLBNYin July 2016 at an interest rate of 1.61%, which is due on July 21, 2021.
All borrowings from the FHLBNY require security. There are no financial debt covenants to which we are required to comply with in regards to these borrowings. For information on investments that are pledged as collateral for these borrowings, see Note 5. "Investments" above.
(3) In February 2013, we issued $185 million of 5.875% Senior Notes due 2043. The notes became callable by us on February 8, 2018, at a price equal to 100% of their principal outstanding amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption. A portion of the proceeds from this debt issuance was used to fully redeem the $100 million aggregate principal amount of our 7.5% Junior Subordinated Notes due 2066 that were outstanding at the time. Of the remaining net proceeds, $57.1 million was used to make capital contributions to the Insurance Subsidiaries, while the balance was used for general corporate purposes. There are no financial debt covenants to which we are required to comply in regards to these Senior Notes.
(4) In November 2005, we issued $100 million of 6.70% Senior Notes due 2035. These notes were issued at a discount of $0.7 million resulting in an effective yield of 6.754%. Net proceeds of approximately $50 million were used to fund an irrevocable trust that subsequently funded certain payment obligations in respect of our outstanding debt. The remainder of the proceeds was used for general corporate purposes. The agreements covering these notes contain a standard default cross-acceleration provision that provides the 6.70% Senior Notes will enter a state of default upon the failure to pay principal when due or upon
any event or condition that results in an acceleration of principal of any other debt instrument in excess of $10 million that we have outstanding concurrently with the 6.70% Senior Notes. There are no financial debt covenants to which we are required to comply in regards to these notes.
(5) In November 2004, we issued $50 million of 7.25% Senior Notes due 2034. These notes were issued at a discount of $0.1 million, resulting in an effective yield of 7.27%. We contributed $25 million of the bond proceeds to the Insurance Subsidiaries as capital. The remainder of the proceeds was used for general corporate purposes. The agreements covering these notes contain a standard default cross-acceleration provision that provides the 7.25% Senior Notes will enter a state of default upon
the failure to pay principal when due or upon any event or condition that results in an acceleration of principal of any other debt instrument in excess of $10 million that we have outstanding concurrently with the 7.25% Senior Notes. There are no financial debt covenants to which we are required to comply in regards to these notes.
Note 11. Segment Information
The disaggregated results of our four4 reportable segments are used by senior management to manage our operations. These reportable segments are evaluated as follows:
Our Standard Commercial Lines, Standard Personal Lines, and E&S Lines are evaluated based on before and after-tax underwriting results (net premiums earned, incurred loss and loss expense, policyholders dividends, policy acquisition costs, and other underwriting expenses), return on equity ("ROE") contribution, and combined ratios.
Our Investments segment is evaluated based on after-tax net investment income and its ROE contribution, as well ascontribution. Also included in our Investment segment results are after-tax net realized and unrealized gains and losses.losses, which are not included in non-GAAP operating income.
In computing the results of each segment, we do not make adjustments for interest expense or corporate expenses. We do not maintain separate investment portfolios for the segments and therefore, do not allocate assets to the segments.
Our combined insurance operations are subject to certain geographic concentrations, particularly in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regionsEastern region of the country. In 20182019, approximately 19% of NPW were related to insurance policies written in New Jersey.
We had a goodwill balance of $7.8 million at both December 31, 20182019 and 20172018 on our Consolidated Balance Sheet that relates to our Standard Commercial Lines reporting unit.
The following summaries present revenues (net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments in the case of the Investments segment) and pre-tax income for the individual segments:
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Revenue by Segment | | Years ended December 31, |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Standard Commercial Lines: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net premiums earned: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Commercial automobile | | $ | 554,256 |
| | 493,093 |
| | 442,818 |
|
| Workers compensation | | 311,370 |
| | 317,616 |
| | 317,982 |
|
| General liability | | 669,895 |
| | 616,187 |
| | 569,217 |
|
| Commercial property | | 353,834 |
| | 329,660 |
| | 311,932 |
|
| Businessowners’ policies | | 105,252 |
| | 103,412 |
| | 100,266 |
|
| Bonds | | 35,726 |
| | 33,991 |
| | 29,086 |
|
| Other | | 19,281 |
| | 18,263 |
| | 17,198 |
|
| Miscellaneous income | | 10,889 |
| | 8,180 |
| | 9,488 |
|
| Total Standard Commercial Lines revenue | | 2,060,503 |
| | 1,920,402 |
| | 1,797,987 |
|
| Standard Personal Lines: | | | | | | |
| Net premiums earned: | | | | | | |
| Personal automobile | | 172,606 |
| | 168,250 |
| | 153,147 |
|
| Homeowners | | 127,543 |
| | 128,961 |
| | 129,699 |
|
| Other | | 7,590 |
| | 7,230 |
| | 6,855 |
|
| Miscellaneous income | | 1,466 |
| | 1,257 |
| | 1,228 |
|
| Total Standard Personal Lines revenue | | 309,205 |
| | 305,698 |
| | 290,929 |
|
| E&S Lines: | | | | | | |
| Net premiums earned: | | | | | | |
| Casualty lines | | 182,864 |
| | 164,313 |
| | 157,366 |
|
| Property lines | | 56,954 |
| | 55,253 |
| | 55,461 |
|
| Miscellaneous income | | — |
| | 1 |
| | — |
|
| Total E&S Lines revenue | | 239,818 |
| | 219,567 |
| | 212,827 |
|
| Investments: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net investment income | | 222,543 |
| | 195,336 |
| | 161,882 |
|
| Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) | | 14,422 |
| | (54,923 | ) | | 6,359 |
|
| Total Investments revenues | | 236,965 |
| | 140,413 |
| | 168,241 |
|
| Total revenues | | $ | 2,846,491 |
| | 2,586,080 |
| | 2,469,984 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Revenue by Segment | | Years ended December 31, |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Standard Commercial Lines: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net premiums earned: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Commercial automobile | | $ | 493,093 |
| | 442,818 |
| | 398,942 |
|
| Workers compensation | | 317,616 |
| | 317,982 |
| | 308,233 |
|
| General liability | | 616,187 |
| | 569,217 |
| | 527,859 |
|
| Commercial property | | 329,660 |
| | 311,932 |
| | 293,438 |
|
| Businessowners’ policies | | 103,412 |
| | 100,266 |
| | 97,754 |
|
| Bonds | | 33,991 |
| | 29,086 |
| | 23,227 |
|
| Other | | 18,263 |
| | 17,198 |
| | 16,030 |
|
| Miscellaneous income | | 8,180 |
| | 9,488 |
| | 7,782 |
|
| Total Standard Commercial Lines revenue | | 1,920,402 |
| | 1,797,987 |
| | 1,673,265 |
|
| Standard Personal Lines: | | | | | | |
| Net premiums earned: | | | | | | |
| Personal automobile | | 168,250 |
| | 153,147 |
| | 142,876 |
|
| Homeowners | | 128,961 |
| | 129,699 |
| | 130,973 |
|
| Other | | 7,230 |
| | 6,855 |
| | 6,758 |
|
| Miscellaneous income | | 1,257 |
| | 1,228 |
| | 1,098 |
|
| Total Standard Personal Lines revenue | | 305,698 |
| | 290,929 |
| | 281,705 |
|
| E&S Lines: | | | | | | |
| Net premiums earned: | | | | | | |
| Casualty lines | | 164,313 |
| | 157,366 |
| | 151,638 |
|
| Property lines | | 55,253 |
| | 55,461 |
| | 51,844 |
|
| Miscellaneous income | | 1 |
| | — |
| | 1 |
|
| Total E&S Lines revenue | | 219,567 |
| | 212,827 |
| | 203,483 |
|
| Investments: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net investment income | | 195,336 |
| | 161,882 |
| | 130,754 |
|
| Net realized and unrealized investment (losses) gains | | (54,923 | ) | | 6,359 |
| | (4,937 | ) |
| Total Investments revenues | | 140,413 |
| | 168,241 |
| | 125,817 |
|
| Total revenues | | $ | 2,586,080 |
| | 2,469,984 |
| | 2,284,270 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Income Before and After Federal Income Tax | | Years ended December 31, |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Standard Commercial Lines: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Underwriting gain, before federal income tax | | $ | 145,990 |
| | 109,104 |
| | 149,514 |
|
| Underwriting gain, after federal income tax | | 115,332 |
| | 86,192 |
| | 97,184 |
|
| Combined ratio | | 92.9 | % | | 94.3 | % | | 91.6 | % |
| ROE contribution | | 5.8 | % | | 4.9 |
| | 6.1 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Standard Personal Lines: | | | | | | |
| Underwriting gain, before federal income tax | | 8,260 |
| | 12,764 |
| | 11,104 |
|
| Underwriting gain, after federal income tax | | 6,525 |
| | 10,084 |
| | 7,217 |
|
| Combined ratio | | 97.3 | % | | 95.8 | % | | 96.2 | % |
| ROE contribution | | 0.3 | % | | 0.6 |
| | 0.4 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| E&S Lines: | | | | | | |
| Underwriting gain (loss), before federal income tax | | 9,743 |
| | (695 | ) | | (6,282 | ) |
| Underwriting gain (loss), after federal income tax | | 7,697 |
| | (549 | ) | | (4,083 | ) |
| Combined ratio | | 95.9 | % | | 100.3 | % | | 103.0 | % |
| ROE contribution | | 0.4 | % | | — |
| | (0.3 | ) |
| | | | | | | |
| Investments: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net investment income | | $ | 222,543 |
| | 195,336 |
| | 161,882 |
|
| Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) | | 14,422 |
| | (54,923 | ) | | 6,359 |
|
| Total investment segment income, before federal income tax | | 236,965 |
| | 140,413 |
| | 168,241 |
|
| Tax on investment segment income | | 45,301 |
| | 19,560 |
| | 45,588 |
|
| Total investment segment income, after federal income tax | | $ | 191,664 |
| | 120,853 |
| | 122,653 |
|
| ROE contribution of after-tax net investment income | | 9.6 | % | | 6.9 |
| | 7.5 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Income Before and After Federal Income Tax | | Years ended December 31, |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Standard Commercial Lines: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Underwriting gain, before federal income tax | | $ | 109,104 |
| | 149,514 |
| | 146,435 |
|
| Underwriting gain, after federal income tax | | 86,192 |
| | 97,184 |
| | 95,183 |
|
| Combined ratio | | 94.3 | % | | 91.6 | % | | 91.2 | % |
| ROE contribution | | 4.9 | % | | 6.1 |
| | 6.4 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Standard Personal Lines: | | | | | | |
| Underwriting gain, before federal income tax | | 12,764 |
| | 11,104 |
| | 12,419 |
|
| Underwriting gain, after federal income tax | | 10,084 |
| | 7,217 |
| | 8,072 |
|
| Combined ratio | | 95.8 | % | | 96.2 | % | | 95.6 | % |
| ROE contribution | | 0.6 | % | | 0.4 |
| | 0.6 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| E&S Lines: | | | | | | |
| Underwriting loss, before federal income tax | | (695 | ) | | (6,282 | ) | | (6,921 | ) |
| Underwriting loss, after federal income tax | | (549 | ) | | (4,083 | ) | | (4,499 | ) |
| Combined ratio | | 100.3 | % | | 103.0 | % | | 103.4 | % |
| ROE contribution | | — | % | | (0.3 | ) | | (0.3 | ) |
| | | | | | | |
| Investments: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net investment income | | $ | 195,336 |
| | 161,882 |
| | 130,754 |
|
| Net realized and unrealized investment (losses) gains | | (54,923 | ) | | 6,359 |
| | (4,937 | ) |
| Total investment income, before federal income tax | | 140,413 |
| | 168,241 |
| | 125,817 |
|
| Tax on investment income | | 19,560 |
| | 45,588 |
| | 30,621 |
|
| Total investment income, after federal income tax | | $ | 120,853 |
| | 122,653 |
| | 95,196 |
|
| ROE contribution of after-tax net investment income | | 6.9 | % | | 7.5 |
| | 6.5 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Reconciliation of Segment Results to Income Before Federal Income Tax | | Years ended December 31, |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Underwriting gain (loss) | | | | | | |
| Standard Commercial Lines | | $ | 145,990 |
| | 109,104 |
| | 149,514 |
|
| Standard Personal Lines | | 8,260 |
| | 12,764 |
| | 11,104 |
|
| E&S Lines | | 9,743 |
| | (695 | ) | | (6,282 | ) |
| Investment income | | 236,965 |
| | 140,413 |
| | 168,241 |
|
| Total all segments | | 400,958 |
| | 261,586 |
| | 322,577 |
|
| Interest expense | | (33,668 | ) | | (24,419 | ) | | (24,354 | ) |
| Corporate expenses | | (30,900 | ) | | (25,446 | ) | | (36,255 | ) |
| Income, before federal income tax | | $ | 336,390 |
| | 211,721 |
| | 261,968 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Reconciliation of Segment Results to Income Before Federal Income Tax | | Years ended December 31, |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Underwriting gain (loss) | | | | | | |
| Standard Commercial Lines | | $ | 109,104 |
| | 149,514 |
| | 146,435 |
|
| Standard Personal Lines | | 12,764 |
| | 11,104 |
| | 12,419 |
|
| E&S Lines | | (695 | ) | | (6,282 | ) | | (6,921 | ) |
| Investment income | | 140,413 |
| | 168,241 |
| | 125,817 |
|
| Total all segments | | 261,586 |
| | 322,577 |
| | 277,750 |
|
| Interest expense | | (24,419 | ) | | (24,354 | ) | | (22,771 | ) |
| Corporate expenses | | (25,446 | ) | | (36,255 | ) | | (35,024 | ) |
| Income, before federal income tax | | $ | 211,721 |
| | 261,968 |
| | 219,955 |
|
Note 12. Earnings per Share
The following table provides a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of basic and diluted earnings per share ("EPS"):
| | | 2018 | | Income | | Shares | | Per Share | |
| 2019 | | | Income | | Shares | | Per Share |
| ($ in thousands, except per share amounts) | | (Numerator) | | (Denominator) | | Amount | | (Numerator) | | (Denominator) | | Amount |
| Basic EPS: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net income available to common stockholders | | $ | 178,939 |
| | 58,950 |
| | $ | 3.04 |
| | $ | 271,623 |
| | 59,421 |
| | $ | 4.57 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Effect of dilutive securities: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Stock compensation plans | | — |
| | 763 |
| | |
| | — |
| | 583 |
| | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Diluted EPS: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net income available to common stockholders | | $ | 178,939 |
| | 59,713 |
| | $ | 3.00 |
| | $ | 271,623 |
| | 60,004 |
| | $ | 4.53 |
|
| | | 2017 | | Income | | Shares | | Per Share | |
| 2018 | | | Income | | Shares | | Per Share |
| ($ in thousands, except per share amounts) | | (Numerator) | | (Denominator) | | Amount | | (Numerator) | | (Denominator) | | Amount |
| Basic EPS: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net income available to common stockholders | | $ | 168,826 |
| | 58,458 |
| | $ | 2.89 |
| | $ | 178,939 |
| | 58,950 |
| | $ | 3.04 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Effect of dilutive securities: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Stock compensation plans | | — |
| | 899 |
| | |
| | — |
| | 763 |
| | |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Diluted EPS: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net income available to common stockholders | | $ | 168,826 |
| | 59,357 |
| | $ | 2.84 |
| | $ | 178,939 |
| | 59,713 |
| | $ | 3.00 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2017 | | Income | | Shares | | Per Share |
| ($ in thousands, except per share amounts) | | (Numerator) | | (Denominator) | | Amount |
| Basic EPS: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net income available to common stockholders | | $ | 168,826 |
| | 58,458 |
| | $ | 2.89 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Effect of dilutive securities: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Stock compensation plans | | — |
| | 899 |
| | |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Diluted EPS: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net income available to common stockholders | | $ | 168,826 |
| | 59,357 |
| | $ | 2.84 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2016 | | Income | | Shares | | Per Share |
| ($ in thousands, except per share amounts) | | (Numerator) | | (Denominator) | | Amount |
| Basic EPS: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net income available to common stockholders | | $ | 158,495 |
| | 57,889 |
| | $ | 2.74 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Effect of dilutive securities: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Stock compensation plans | | — |
| | 858 |
| | |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Diluted EPS: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net income available to common stockholders | | $ | 158,495 |
| | 58,747 |
| | $ | 2.70 |
|
Note 13. Federal Income Taxes
(a) On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 ("Tax Reform")Reform was signed into law, which among other implications, reduced our statutory corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% beginning with our 2018 tax year. We revalued our deferred tax inventory at December 31, 2017 to reflect this reduction, which resulted in a $20.2 million charge to income as illustrated in the rate table below.
As of December 31, 2017, our accounting for the impact of Tax Reform on our deferred tax assets and liabilities was complete, with the exception of amounts related to loss reserve discounting. Prior to Tax Reform, we had elected to use our own loss reserve payment patterns for determining the factors to be used for calculating our discounted loss reserves for federal income tax purposes. Under Tax Reform, this election was eliminated and we are now required to utilizeuse discount factors based on industry experience and a corporate bond yield curve, which the IRSInternal Revenue Service ("IRS") had not finalized as of December 31, 2017. Considering this, at December 31, 2017, we calculated a pre-tax decrease to our discounted loss reserves of $35 million by utilizingusing the industry experience approach under the tax law that existed prior to Tax Reform. This increased the deferred tax asset related to loss reserves by $7.5 million. A Tax Reform transition rule allows this change in accounting method to be amortized into expense over an eight-year period beginning in 2018. As a result, we established an offsetting deferred tax liability of $7.5 million as of December 31, 2017.
In the fourth quarter of 2018, the IRS published the loss reserve discount factors to be used for calculating the beginning and ending 2018 discounted loss reserves under the industry experience approach. Based on these factors, we calculated a pre-tax decrease to our discounted loss reserves of $125 million, which resulted in a deferred tax asset of $26.3 million, an increase from the $7.5 million estimate described above. The $26.3 million adjustment iswas being taken into income over eight years, beginning with 2018, at approximately $3.3 million per year.
In June 2019, the IRS published the final loss reserve discount factors to be used for calculating the beginning and ending 2018 discounted loss reserves under the industry experience approach. Based on these factors, we calculated a revised pre-tax decrease to our discounted loss reserves of $109.5 million, which resulted in a deferred tax asset of $23.0 million, a decrease from the $26.3 million estimate described above. The $23.0 million will be taken into income over eight years, beginning with the 2018 tax year, at approximately $2.9 million per year.
(b) A reconciliation of federal income tax on income at the corporate rate to the effective tax rate is as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Tax at statutory rate (21% in 2019 and 2018 and 35% in 2017) | | $ | 70,642 |
| | 44,461 |
| | 91,689 |
|
| Tax-advantaged interest | | (4,909 | ) | | (5,518 | ) | | (11,510 | ) |
| Dividends received deduction | | (443 | ) | | (647 | ) | | (1,961 | ) |
| Executive compensation | | 2,985 |
| | 2,279 |
| | — |
|
| Stock-based compensation | | (3,253 | ) | | (3,093 | ) | | (4,281 | ) |
| Tax Reform deferred tax write off | | — |
| | — |
| | 20,205 |
|
Other 1 | | (255 | ) | | (4,700 | ) | | (1,000 | ) |
| Federal income tax expense | | $ | 64,767 |
| | 32,782 |
| | 93,142 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Tax at statutory rate (21% in 2018 and 35% in 2017 and 2016) | | $ | 44,461 |
| | 91,689 |
| | 76,984 |
|
| Tax-advantaged interest | | (5,518 | ) | | (11,510 | ) | | (12,126 | ) |
| Dividends received deduction | | (647 | ) | | (1,961 | ) | | (1,114 | ) |
| Executive compensation | | 2,279 |
| | — |
| | 121 |
|
| Stock-based compensation | | (3,093 | ) | | (4,281 | ) | | — |
|
| Tax Reform deferred tax write off | | — |
| | 20,205 |
| | — |
|
Other 1 | | (4,700 | ) | | (1,000 | ) | | (2,405 | ) |
| Federal income tax expense from continuing operations | | $ | 32,782 |
| | 93,142 |
| | 61,460 |
|
12018 includes approximately $3.8 million of capital loss carry back items to prior tax years at the previous 35% statutory tax rate.
In addition to the impact of Tax Reform discussed above, our statutory tax rate reconciliation for 2018 and 2017 benefited from accounting literature implemented in 2017 that requires the tax effects of share-based compensation to be recognized in the income tax provision. Prior to 2017, these amounts were recorded in additional paid-in capital.
(c) The tax effects of the significant temporary differences that gave rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:
|
| | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2019 | | 2018 |
| Deferred tax assets: | | |
| | |
|
| Net loss reserve discounting | | $ | 48,193 |
| | 43,285 |
|
| Net unearned premiums | | 57,004 |
| | 53,556 |
|
| Employee benefits | | 10,646 |
| | 8,862 |
|
| Long-term incentive compensation plans | | 5,727 |
| | 9,095 |
|
| Temporary investment write-downs | | 1,059 |
| | 1,155 |
|
| Other | | 6,478 |
| | 5,744 |
|
| Total deferred tax assets | | 129,107 |
| | 121,697 |
|
| Deferred tax liabilities: | | |
| | |
|
| Deferred policy acquisition costs | | 56,949 |
| | 53,049 |
|
| Unrealized gains on investment securities | | 45,294 |
| | 502 |
|
| Other investment-related items, net | | 7,576 |
| | 4,904 |
|
| Accelerated depreciation and amortization | | 12,512 |
| | 9,702 |
|
| Total deferred tax liabilities | | 122,331 |
| | 68,157 |
|
| Net deferred federal income tax asset | | $ | 6,776 |
| | 53,540 |
|
|
| | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Deferred tax assets: | | |
| | |
|
| Net loss reserve discounting | | $ | 43,285 |
| | 38,771 |
|
| Net unearned premiums | | 53,556 |
| | 50,267 |
|
| Employee benefits | | 8,862 |
| | 8,606 |
|
| Long-term incentive compensation plans | | 9,095 |
| | 12,221 |
|
| Temporary investment write-downs | | 1,155 |
| | 1,044 |
|
| Net operating loss | | — |
| | 54 |
|
| Other | | 5,744 |
| | 5,784 |
|
| Total deferred tax assets | | 121,697 |
| | 116,747 |
|
| Deferred tax liabilities: | | |
| | |
|
| Deferred policy acquisition costs | | 53,049 |
| | 47,484 |
|
| Unrealized gains on investment securities | | 502 |
| | 26,183 |
|
| Other investment-related items, net | | 4,904 |
| | 2,500 |
|
| Accelerated depreciation and amortization | | 9,702 |
| | 8,590 |
|
| Total deferred tax liabilities | | 68,157 |
| | 84,757 |
|
| Net deferred federal income tax asset | | $ | 53,540 |
| | 31,990 |
|
Net deferred income tax assets increaseddecreased by $21.6$46.8 million in 2018,2019, primarily driven by an $18.6a $44.8 million decreaseincrease in gross deferred tax liabilities as risingreduced interest rates have reducedincreased unrealized gains on our fixed income securities portfolio.
After considering all evidence, both positive and negative, with respect to our federal tax loss carryback availability, expected levels of pre-tax financial statement income, and federal taxable income, we believe it is more likely than not that the existing deductible temporary differences will reverse during periods in which we generate net federal taxable income or have adequate federal carryback availability. As a result, we had no valuation allowance recognized for federal deferred tax assets at December 31, 20182019 or 20172018. We do not have unrecognized tax expense or benefit as of December 31, 2019.
We have analyzed our tax positions in all open tax years, which as of December 31, 20182019 were 20152016 through 2017, and we2018. The 2018 tax year is currently under audit. We do not expect any material adjustments to arise out of the 2018 audit.
We believe our tax positions will more likely than not be sustained upon examination, including related appeals or litigation. In the event we had a tax position that did not meet the more likely than not criteria, any tax, interest, and penalties incurred related to such a position would be reflected in "Total federal income tax expense" on our Consolidated Statements of Income. We are not currently under a federal income tax audit for any tax year.
Note 14. Retirement Plans
(a) Selective Insurance Retirement Savings Plan (“Retirement Savings Plan”)
SICA offers a voluntary defined contribution 401(k) plan that is available to most of our employees and is a tax-qualified retirement plan subject to ERISA. Expense recorded for this plan was $17.0 million in 2019, and $15.8 million in both 2018 and 2017, and $15.0 million in 2016.2017.
(b) Deferred Compensation Plan
SICA offers a non-qualified deferred compensation plan, the Selective Insurance Company of America Deferred Compensation Plan ("Deferred Compensation Plan") to a group of management or highly compensated employees as a method of recognizing and retaining such employees. The Deferred Compensation Plan provides these employees the opportunity to elect to defer receipt of specified portions of compensation and to have such deferred amounts deemed to be invested in specified investment options. In addition to the employee deferrals, SICA may choose to make matching contributions to some or all of the participants in this plan to the extent the participant did not receive the maximum matching or non-elective contributions permissible under the Retirement Savings Plan due to limitations under the Internal Revenue Code or the Retirement Savings Plan. Expense recorded for these contributions was $0.3 million in 2019, $0.4 million in 2018, and $0.2 million in 2017, and $0.3 million in 2016.2017.
(c) Retirement Income Plan and Retirement Life Plan
SICA maintains a defined benefit pension plan, the Retirement Income Plan for Selective Insurance Company of America (the "Pension Plan"). This qualified, noncontributory plan is closed to new entrants and existing participants ceased accruing benefits after March 31, 2016.
In addition to the Pension Plan, SICA also sponsors the Supplemental Excess Retirement Plan (the "Excess Plan") and a life insurance benefit plan (the "Retirement Life Plan"). Both of these plans are closed to new entrants and participants in the Excess Plan ceased accruing benefits after March 31, 2016. The Retirement Life Plan does not accrue benefits and this plan applies only to retirees who terminated employment with SICA on or before March 31, 2009. These are both unfunded plans with benefit obligations as of December 31, 20182019 and December 31, 20172018 of $9.5$10.9 million and $10.1$9.5 million, respectively, for the Excess Plan and $5.8$6.6 million and $6.4$5.8 million, respectively, for the Retirement Life Plan. Expense recorded for the Excess Plan was $0.4 million in botheach of 2019, 2018, and 2017, and $0.5 million in 2016.2017. Expense recorded for the Retirement Life Plan was $0.3 million in each of 2019, 2018, 2017, and 2016.2017.
The following tables provide details on the Pension Plan for 20182019 and 2017:2018:
|
| | | | | | | |
| December 31, | | Pension Plan |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2019 | | 2018 |
| Change in Benefit Obligation: | | |
| | |
|
| Benefit obligation, beginning of year | | $ | 334,679 |
| | 364,411 |
|
| Interest cost | | 13,506 |
| | 12,428 |
|
| Actuarial losses (gains) | | 54,478 |
| | (31,738 | ) |
| Benefits paid | | (11,642 | ) | | (10,422 | ) |
| Benefit obligation, end of year | | $ | 391,021 |
| | 334,679 |
|
| | | | | |
| Change in Fair Value of Assets: | | |
| | |
|
| Fair value of assets, beginning of year | | $ | 331,680 |
| | 363,673 |
|
| Actual return on plan assets, net of expenses | | 63,949 |
| | (21,571 | ) |
| Contributions by the employer to funded plans | | 1,100 |
| | — |
|
| Benefits paid | | (11,642 | ) | | (10,422 | ) |
| Fair value of assets, end of year | | $ | 385,087 |
| | 331,680 |
|
| | | | | |
| Funded status | | $ | (5,934 | ) | | (2,999 | ) |
|
| | | | | | | |
| December 31, | | Pension Plan |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Change in Benefit Obligation: | | |
| | |
|
| Benefit obligation, beginning of year | | $ | 364,411 |
| | 330,588 |
|
| Service cost | | — |
| | — |
|
| Interest cost | | 12,428 |
| | 12,490 |
|
| Actuarial (gains) losses | | (31,738 | ) | | 31,158 |
|
| Benefits paid | | (10,422 | ) | | (9,825 | ) |
| Benefit obligation, end of year | | $ | 334,679 |
| | 364,411 |
|
| | | | | |
| Change in Fair Value of Assets: | | |
| | |
|
| Fair value of assets, beginning of year | | $ | 363,673 |
| | 316,515 |
|
| Actual return on plan assets, net of expenses | | (21,571 | ) | | 46,983 |
|
| Contributions by the employer to funded plans | | — |
| | 10,000 |
|
| Benefits paid | | (10,422 | ) | | (9,825 | ) |
| Fair value of assets, end of year | | $ | 331,680 |
| | 363,673 |
|
| | | | | |
| Funded status | | $ | (2,999 | ) | | (738 | ) |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Amounts Recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet: | | |
| | |
|
| Liabilities | | $ | (5,934 | ) | | (2,999 | ) |
| Net pension liability, end of year | | $ | (5,934 | ) | | (2,999 | ) |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Amounts Recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet: | | |
| | |
|
| Liabilities | | $ | (2,999 | ) | | (738 | ) |
| Net pension liability, end of year | | $ | (2,999 | ) | | (738 | ) |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Amounts Recognized in AOCI: | | |
| | |
|
| Net actuarial loss | | $ | 107,125 |
| | 98,057 |
|
| Total | | $ | 107,125 |
| | 98,057 |
|
|
| | | | | | | |
| Amounts Recognized in AOCI: | | |
| | |
|
| Net actuarial loss | | $ | 98,057 |
| | 87,438 |
|
| Total | | $ | 98,057 |
| | 87,438 |
|
|
| | | | | | | |
| Other Information as of December 31: | | |
| | |
|
| Accumulated benefit obligation | | $ | 391,021 |
| | 334,679 |
|
|
| | | | | | | |
| Other Information as of December 31: | | |
| | |
|
| Accumulated benefit obligation | | $ | 334,679 |
| | 364,411 |
|
|
| | | | | |
| Weighted-Average Liability Assumptions as of December 31: | | |
| | |
| Discount rate | | 3.33 | % | | 4.46 |
|
| | | | | |
| Weighted-Average Liability Assumptions as of December 31: | | |
| | |
| Discount rate | | 4.46 | % | | 3.78 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Pension Plan |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost and Other Amounts Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Benefit): | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Interest cost | | $ | 13,506 |
| | 12,428 |
| | 12,490 |
|
| Expected return on plan assets | | (21,114 | ) | | (22,767 | ) | | (19,419 | ) |
| Amortization of unrecognized actuarial loss | | 2,575 |
| | 1,981 |
| | 2,001 |
|
Total net periodic pension cost (benefit)1 | | $ | (5,033 | ) | | (8,358 | ) | | (4,928 | ) |
| | | | | | | |
| Other Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Obligations Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net actuarial loss (gain) | | $ | 11,643 |
| | 12,600 |
| | 3,594 |
|
| Reversal of amortization of net actuarial loss | | (2,575 | ) | | (1,981 | ) | | (2,001 | ) |
| Total recognized in other comprehensive income | | $ | 9,068 |
| | 10,619 |
| | 1,593 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive income | | $ | 4,035 |
| | 2,261 |
| | (3,335 | ) |
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Pension Plan |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Components of Net Periodic Benefit Cost and Other Amounts Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Net Periodic Benefit Cost: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Service cost | | $ | — |
| | — |
| | 1,647 |
|
| Interest cost | | 12,428 |
| | 12,490 |
| | 12,336 |
|
| Expected return on plan assets | | (22,767 | ) | | (19,419 | ) | | (17,309 | ) |
| Amortization of unrecognized actuarial loss | | 1,981 |
| | 2,001 |
| | 6,299 |
|
| Total net periodic cost | | $ | (8,358 | ) | | (4,928 | ) | | 2,973 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Other Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Obligations Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net actuarial loss (gain) | | $ | 12,600 |
| | 3,594 |
| | 11,316 |
|
| Reversal of amortization of net actuarial loss | | (1,981 | ) | | (2,001 | ) | | (6,299 | ) |
| Total recognized in other comprehensive income | | $ | 10,619 |
| | 1,593 |
| | 5,017 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive income | | $ | 2,261 |
| | (3,335 | ) | | 7,990 |
|
1The estimated net actuarial loss for the Pension Plan that will be amortized from AOCI intocomponents of net periodic benefitpension cost during(benefit) are included within "Loss and loss expense incurred" and "Other insurance expenses" on the 2019 fiscal year is $2.6 million.
Consolidated Statements of Income.
|
| | | | | | | |
| | | Pension Plan |
| | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Weighted-Average Expense Assumptions for the years ended December 31: | | |
| | | | |
| Discount rate | | 4.46 | % | | 3.78 | | 4.41 |
| Expected return on plan assets | | 6.50 |
| | 6.36 | | 6.24 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| | | Pension Plan |
| | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Weighted-Average Expense Assumptions for the years ended December 31: | | |
| | | | |
| Discount rate | | 3.78 | % | | 4.41 | | 4.69 |
| Expected return on plan assets | | 6.36 |
| | 6.24 | | 6.37 |
Rate of compensation increase1 | | — |
| | — | | — |
1This assumption was 4.00% through March 31, 2016, the date after which benefits ceased accruing for all participants of the Pension Plan.
Our latest measurement date was December 31, 20182019, at which time we increaseddecreased our expected return on plan assets to 6.50%5.80%, reflecting a higherdue to lower expected allocation to risk-seeking assets in the portfolio.returns within our longer-dated fixed income portfolio, as interest rates and credit spreads declined significantly year-over-year.
When determining the most appropriate discount rate to be used in the valuation, we consider, among other factors, our expected payout patterns of the Pension Plan's obligations as well as our investment strategy, and we ultimately select the rate that we believe best represents our estimate of the inherent interest rate at which our pension and post-retirement life benefits can be effectively settled. The approach we utilize discounts the individual expected cash flows using the applicable spot rates derived from the yield curve over the projected cash flow period. Our discount rate decreased 113 basis points, to 3.33%, as of December 31, 2019, compared to 4.46% as of December 31, 2018, which resulted in a significant increase in the actuarial loss driving the increase in the benefit obligation for the period. The weighted average discount rate used to determine 20192020 interest cost is 4.12%2.95%.
Pension Plan Assets
Assets of the Pension Plan are invested to adequately support the liability associated with the Pension Plan's defined benefit obligation. Our return objective is to exceed the returns of the plan's policy benchmark, which is the return the plan would have earned if the assets were invested according to the target asset class weightings and earned index returns shown below. In 2019,2020, we will continue to phase in adjustments to the asset allocation to steadily close the gap between the duration of the assets and the duration of the liabilities, provided certain improved funding targets are achieved. Over time, the target and actual asset allocations may change based on the funded status of the Pension Plan and market return expectations.
The Pension Plan’s target ranges, as well as the actual weighted average asset allocation by strategy, at December 31 were as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | 2019 | | 2018 |
| | | Target Percentage | | Actual Percentage | | Actual Percentage |
Return seeking assets1 | | 15%-70% |
| | 59 | % | | 43 | % |
| Liability hedging assets | | 35%-75% |
| | 38 | % | | 38 | % |
| Short-term investments | | - |
| | 3 | % | | 19 | % |
| Total | | 100 | % | | 100 | % | | 100 | % |
|
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| | | Target Percentage2 | | Actual Percentage | | Actual Percentage |
Return seeking assets1 | | 15%-70% |
| | 43 | % | | 58 | % |
| Liability hedging assets | | 35%-75% |
| | 38 | % | | 40 | % |
Short-term investments3 | | 0%-2% |
| | 19 | % | | 2 | % |
| Total | | 100 | % | | 100 | % | | 100 | % |
1Includes limited partnerships.
2Target percent allocations may change over time based on the funded status of the plan and market return expectations.
3The actual percentage of assets allocated to short-term investments is higher than our target as of December 31, 2018 due to portfolio rebalancing initiatives that are expected to be completed during 2019. As part of this rebalancing initiative, $49 million, or 15%, of plan assets were redeployed into risk seeking assets in January 2019. Excluding the impact of this redeployment, our short-term investments represented 5% of plan assets at December 31, 2018.
The use of derivative instruments is permitted under certain circumstances for the Pension Plan portfolio, but may not be used for unrelated speculative purposes or to create exposures that are not permitted in the Pension Plan's investment guidelines. Within the liability hedging assets, derivatives may be used to mitigate interest rate risk and reduce the interest duration mismatch between assets and liabilities of the Pension Plan to help insulate the funded status of the plan. We currently invest in a U.S. Treasury overlay derivative strategy, within the funds in our liability hedging assets, to manage the interest rate duration mismatch between the assets and liabilities of the Pension Plan. Considering the impact of this derivative overlay, the liability hedging assets provide for an approximate 50%57% hedge against the projected benefit obligation.
The Pension Plan had no investments in the Parent’s common stock as of December 31, 20182019 or 20172018. For information regarding investments in funds of our related parties, refer to Note 16. "Related Party Transactions" below.
The techniques used to determine the fair value of the Pension Plan's invested assets that appear on the following page are as follows:
The investments in the global equityequities and liability hedging funds areinclude collective investment funds and fund of funds that utilize a market approach wherein the published prices in the active market for identical assets are used. These investments are traded at their net asset value per share. There are no restrictions as to the redemption of these investments nor do we have any contractual obligations for further investment. These investments are classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.
The investments in private limited partnerships and other private equity securities are valued utilizing net asset value as a practical expedient for fair value. These investments are not classified in the fair value hierarchy.
Short-term investments are carriedrecorded at cost, which approximates fair value. Given that these investments are listed on active exchanges, coupled with their liquid nature, these investments are classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.
The deposit administration contract is carriedrecorded at cost, which approximates fair value. Given the liquid nature of the underlying investments in overnight cash deposits and other short-term duration products, we have determined that a correlation exists between the deposit administration contract and other short-term investments, such as money market funds. As such, this investment is classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
For discussion regarding the levels within the fair value hierarchy, see Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies."
In addition, refer to Note 5. "Investments" for discussion regarding the limited partnership investment strategies, excluding the middle marketsecondary private equity and direct lending strategy,strategies as these investments are currently not part of the Pension Plan.Plan's investment portfolio.
The Pension Plan invests in hedge funds, as part of its overall private asset strategy, with diversified exposure to a number of underlying systematic strategies that include arbitrage, macro-oriented, and equity-related strategies. These positions are expected to improve the risk-adjusted return of the portfolio given their lower volatility profile than public equities, with returns that are generally uncorrelated to traditional asset classes over a complete market cycle.
The following tables provide quantitative disclosures of the Pension Plan’s invested assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
|
|
|
| | December 31, 2018 | | | | Fair Value Measurements at 12/31/18 Using | |
| December 31, 2019 | | | | | Fair Value Measurements at 12/31/19 Using |
| ($ in thousands) | | Assets Measured at Fair Value At 12/31/18 | | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/ Liabilities (Level 1) | | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | | Assets Measured at Fair Value At 12/31/19 | | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/ Liabilities (Level 1) | | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
| Description | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Return seeking assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Global equity | | $ | 113,409 |
| | 113,409 |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
Private assets1: | | |
| | | | | | | |
| Limited partnerships (at net asset value): | | | | | | | | | |
| Equities: | | | | | | | | | |
| Global Equity | | | $ | 113,212 |
| | 113,212 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Diversified Credit | | | 59,009 |
| | 59,009 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Real Assets | | | 57,414 |
| | 57,414 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total Equities | | | 229,635 |
| | 229,635 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
Limited partnerships (at net asset value)1: | | | | | | | | | |
| Real assets | | 16,818 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 228 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Private equity | | 878 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 583 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Private credit | | 262 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 43 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Hedge fund | | 7,889 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
| Total limited partnerships | | 25,847 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 854 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Other private assets | | 3,780 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
| Total private assets | | 29,627 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
| Total return seeking assets | | 143,036 |
| | 113,409 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 230,489 |
| | 229,635 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Liability hedging assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Fixed income | | 106,000 |
| | 106,000 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 114,395 |
| | 114,395 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| U.S. Treasury overlay | | 18,528 |
| | 18,528 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 30,997 |
| | 30,997 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total liability hedging assets | | 124,528 |
| | 124,528 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 145,392 |
| | 145,392 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash and short-term investments: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Short-term investments | | 62,788 |
| | 62,788 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 8,824 |
| | 8,824 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Deposit administration contracts | | 1,482 |
| | — |
| | 1,482 |
| | — |
| | 2,215 |
| | — |
| | 2,215 |
| | — |
|
| Total cash and short-term investments | | 64,270 |
| | 62,788 |
| | 1,482 |
| | — |
| | 11,039 |
| | 8,824 |
| | 2,215 |
| | — |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Total invested assets | | $ | 331,834 |
| | 300,725 |
| | 1,482 |
| | — |
| | $ | 386,920 |
| | 383,851 |
| | 2,215 |
| | — |
|
| | | December 31, 2017 | | | | Fair Value Measurements at 12/31/17 Using | |
| December 31, 2018 | | | | | Fair Value Measurements at 12/31/18 Using |
| ($ in thousands) | | Assets Measured at Fair Value At 12/31/17 | | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/ Liabilities (Level 1) | | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | | Assets Measured at Fair Value At 12/31/18 | | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/ Liabilities (Level 1) | | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
| Description | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Return seeking assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Long-duration fixed income: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Global asset allocation fund | | $ | 41,309 |
| | 41,309 |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
| Global equity: | | | | | | | | | |
| Non-U.S. equity | | 67,989 |
| | 67,989 |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
| U.S. equity | | 66,353 |
| | 66,353 |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
| Total global equity | | 134,342 |
| | 134,342 |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
Private assets (limited partnerships, at net asset value)1: | | |
| | | | | | | |
| Global Equity | | | $ | 113,409 |
| | 113,409 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
Private assets1: | | | | | | | | | |
| Limited partnerships (at net asset value): | | | |
| | | | | | |
| Real assets | | 16,305 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 16,818 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Private equity | | 1,096 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 878 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Private credit | | 460 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 262 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Hedge fund | | 15,192 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 7,889 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total limited partnerships | | 33,053 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 25,847 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Other private assets | | 980 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 980 |
| | 3,780 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total private assets | | 34,033 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 980 |
| | 29,627 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total return seeking assets | | 209,684 |
| | 175,651 |
| | — |
| | 980 |
| | 143,036 |
| | 113,409 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Liability hedging assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Long-duration fixed income: | | | | | | | | | |
| Extended duration fixed income | | 146,837 |
| | 146,837 |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
| Fixed income | | | 106,000 |
| | 106,000 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| U.S. Treasury overlay | | | 18,528 |
| | 18,528 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total liability hedging assets | | 146,837 |
| | 146,837 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 124,528 |
| | 124,528 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash and short-term investments: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Short-term investments | | 4,939 |
| | 4,939 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 62,788 |
| | 62,788 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Deposit administration contracts | | 1,615 |
| | — |
| | 1,615 |
| | — |
| | 1,482 |
| | — |
| | 1,482 |
| | — |
|
| Total cash and short-term investments | | 6,554 |
| | 4,939 |
| | 1,615 |
| | — |
| | 64,270 |
| | 62,788 |
| | 1,482 |
| | — |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Total invested assets | | $ | 363,075 |
| | 327,427 |
|
| 1,615 |
| | 980 |
| | $ | 331,834 |
| | 300,725 |
|
| 1,482 |
| | — |
|
1In accordance with ASU 2015-07, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its practical expedient) have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to total Pension Plan invested assets.
Contributions
We presently do not anticipate contributing to the Pension Plan in 20192020, as we have no minimum required contribution amounts.
Benefit Payments
|
| | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | Pension Plan |
| Benefits Expected to be Paid in Future | | |
|
| Fiscal Years: | | |
|
| 2020 | | $ | 14,968 |
|
| 2021 | | 14,947 |
|
| 2022 | | 16,115 |
|
| 2023 | | 17,144 |
|
| 2024 | | 18,146 |
|
| 2025-2029 | | 103,669 |
|
|
| | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | Pension Plan |
| Benefits Expected to be Paid in Future | | |
|
| Fiscal Years: | | |
|
| 2019 | | $ | 13,920 |
|
| 2020 | | 13,869 |
|
| 2021 | | 15,026 |
|
| 2022 | | 16,159 |
|
| 2023 | | 17,134 |
|
| 2024-2028 | | 99,197 |
|
Note 15. Share-Based Payments
Active Plans
As of December 31, 20182019, the following four plans were available for the issuance of share-based payment awards:
The 2014 Omnibus Stock Plan, As Amended and Restated Effective as of May 2, 2018 (the "Stock Plan");
The Cash Incentive Plan, As Amended and Restated as of May 1, 2014 (the "Cash Plan");
The Employee Stock Purchase Plan (2009) ("ESPP"); and
The Amended and Restated Stock Purchase Plan for Independent Insurance Agencies (2010), Amended and Restated as of February 1, 2017 (the "Agent Plan").
The following table provides information regarding the approval of these plans:
|
| |
| Plan | Approvals |
| Stock Plan | Approved effective as of May 1, 2014 by stockholders on April 23, 2014. Most recently amended and restated plan was approved effective May 2, 2018 by stockholders on May 2, 2018. |
| Cash Plan | Approved effective April 1, 2005 by stockholders on April 27, 2005.
Most recently amended and restated plan was approved effective May 1, 2014 by stockholders on April 23, 2014. |
| ESPP | Approved by stockholders on April 29, 2009 effective July 1, 2009. |
| Agent Plan | Approved by stockholders on April 26, 2006.
Most recently amended and restated plan was approved on December 13, 2016 by the Parent's Board of Directors' Salary and Employee Benefits Committee. The amendment was effective February 1, 2017. |
The types of awards that can be issued under each of these plans are as follows:
|
| |
| Plan | Types of Share-Based Payments Issued |
| Stock Plan | Qualified and nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights ("SARs"), restricted stock, restricted stock units ("RSUs"), stock grants, and other awards valued in whole or in part by reference to the Parent's common stock. The maximum exercise period for an option grant under this plan is 10 years from the date of the grant. Dividend equivalent units ("DEUs") are earned during the vesting period on RSU grants. The DEUs are reinvested in the Parent's common stock at fair value on each dividend payment date. The requisite service period for grants to employees under this plan is the lesser of: (i) the stated vested date, which is typically three years from issuance; or (ii) the date the employee becomes eligible to retire. |
| Cash Plan | Cash incentive units (“CIUs”). The initial dollar value of each CIU will be adjusted to reflect the percentage increase or decrease in the total shareholder return on the Parent's common stock over a specified performance period. In addition, for certain grants, the number of CIUs granted will be increased or decreased to reflect our performance on specified performance indicators as compared to targeted peer companies. The requisite service period for grants under this plan is the lesser of: (i) the stated vested date, which is typically three years from issuance; or (ii) the date the employee becomes eligible to retire. |
| ESPP | Enables employees to purchase shares of the Parent’s common stock. The purchase price is the lower of: (i) 85% of the closing market price at the time the option is granted; or (ii) 85% of the closing price at the time the option is exercised. Shares are generally issued on June 30 and December 31 of each year. |
| Agent Plan | Quarterly offerings to purchase the Parent's common stock at a 10% discount with a one year restricted period during which the shares purchased cannot be sold or transferred. Only our independent retail insurance agencies and wholesale general agencies, and certain eligible persons associated with the agencies, are eligible to participate in this plan. |
Shares authorized and available for issuance as of December 31, 20182019 are as follows:
|
| | | | | | |
| As of December 31, 2019 | Authorized | Available for Issuance | Awards Outstanding |
| Stock Plan | 4,750,000 |
| 3,208,968 |
| 760,639 |
|
| ESPP | 1,500,000 |
| 356,229 |
| — |
|
| Agent Plan | 3,000,000 |
| 1,728,471 |
| — |
|
|
| | | | | | |
| As of December 31, 2018 | Authorized | Available for Issuance | Awards Outstanding |
| Stock Plan | 4,750,000 |
| 3,461,192 |
| 864,478 |
|
| ESPP | 1,500,000 |
| 429,181 |
| — |
|
| Agent Plan | 3,000,000 |
| 1,776,359 |
| — |
|
Retired Plans
The following plans are closed for the issuance of new awards, although awards outstanding continue in effect according to the terms of the applicable award agreements:
| | | December 31, 2018 | Types of Share-Based Payments Issued | Reserve Shares | Awards Outstanding1 | |
| December 31, 2019 | Types of Share-Based Payments Issued | Reserve Shares | Awards Outstanding1 |
| Plan | Types of Share-Based Payments Issued | Reserve Shares | Awards Outstanding1 |
| 2005 Omnibus Stock Plan ("2005 Stock Plan") | Qualified and nonqualified stock options, SARs, restricted stock, RSUs, phantom stock, stock bonuses, and other awards in such amounts and with such terms and conditions as it determined, subject to the provisions of the 2005 Stock Plan. The maximum exercise period for an option grant under this plan is 10 years from the date of the grant. DEUs are earned during the vesting period on RSU grants. The DEUs are reinvested in the Parent's common stock at fair value on each dividend payment date. | 1,985,129 |
| 59,729 |
|
| Parent's Stock Compensation Plan for Non-employee Directors ("Directors Stock Compensation Plan") | Directors could elect to receive a portion of their annual compensation in shares of the Parent's common stock. | 65,770 |
| 65,770 |
| Directors could elect to receive a portion of their annual compensation in shares of the Parent's common stock. | 44,468 |
| 44,468 |
|
1Awards outstanding under the 2005 Stock Plan consisted of 47,26832,906 shares deferred by our non-employee directors and 126,73526,823 stock options.
RSU Transactions
A summary of the RSU transactions under our share-based payment plans is as follows:
|
| | | | | | | |
| | | Number
of Shares | | Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value |
| Unvested RSU awards at December 31, 2018 | | 846,305 |
| | $ | 44.00 |
|
| Granted in 2019 | | 265,680 |
| | 63.60 |
|
| Vested in 2019 | | (337,525 | ) | | 36.08 |
|
| Forfeited in 2019 | | (27,735 | ) | | 51.89 |
|
| Unvested RSU awards at December 31, 2019 | | 746,725 |
| | $ | 53.48 |
|
|
| | | | | | | |
| | | Number
of Shares | | Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value |
| Unvested RSU awards at December 31, 2017 | | 865,587 |
| | $ | 33.66 |
|
| Granted in 2018 | | 303,550 |
| | 55.96 |
|
| Vested in 2018 | | (303,606 | ) | | 26.57 |
|
| Forfeited in 2018 | | (19,226 | ) | | 42.62 |
|
| Unvested RSU awards at December 31, 2018 | | 846,305 |
| | $ | 44.00 |
|
As of December 31, 2018,2019, total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested RSU awards granted under our Stock Plan was $11.0$8.9 million. That expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years. The total intrinsic value of RSUs vested was $22.0 million for 2019, $18.0 million for 2018, and $16.0 million for 2017, and $12.6 million for 2016.2017. In connection with vested RSUs, the total value of the DEUs that vested was $0.8 million in 2019 and 2018, and $0.9 million in 2017, and $0.7 million in 2016.2017.
Option Transactions
A summary of the stock option transactions under our 2005 Stock Plan is as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Number
of Shares | | Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price | | Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life in Years | | Aggregate
Intrinsic Value
($ in thousands) |
| Outstanding at December 31, 2018 | | 126,735 |
| | $ | 14.37 |
| | | | |
|
| Granted in 2019 | | — |
| | — |
| | | | |
|
| Exercised in 2019 | | (99,912 | ) | | 13.74 |
| | | | |
|
| Forfeited or expired in 2019 | | — |
| | — |
| | | | |
|
| Outstanding at December 31, 2019 | | 26,823 |
| | $ | 16.71 |
| | 0.33 | | $ | 1,300 |
|
| Exercisable at December 31, 2019 | | 26,823 |
| | $ | 16.71 |
| | 0.33 | | $ | 1,300 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Number
of Shares | | Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price | | Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life in Years | | Aggregate
Intrinsic Value
($ in thousands) |
| Outstanding at December 31, 2017 | | 229,864 |
| | $ | 15.38 |
| | | | |
|
| Granted in 2018 | | — |
| | — |
| | | | |
|
| Exercised in 2018 | | (103,129 | ) | | 16.62 |
| | | | |
|
| Forfeited or expired in 2018 | | — |
| | — |
| | | | |
|
| Outstanding at December 31, 2018 | | 126,735 |
| | $ | 14.37 |
| | 0.80 | | $ | 5,903 |
|
| Exercisable at December 31, 2018 | | 126,735 |
| | $ | 14.37 |
| | 0.80 | | $ | 5,903 |
|
The total intrinsic value of options exercised was $5.2 million in 2019, $4.5 million in 2018, and $4.0 million in 2017, and $2.3 million in 2016.
CIU Transactions
The liability recorded in connection with our Cash Plan was $21.68.6 million at December 31, 20182019 and $37.0$21.6 million at December 31, 2018. The decrease of $13 million in the liability recorded is primarily due to the structural changes we made to our Cash Plan in early 2017. The remaining cost associated with the CIUs is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.81.1 years. The CIU payments made were $18.4 million in 2019, $20.2 million in 2018, and $14.2 million in 2017, and $14.3 million in 2016.
ESPP and Agent Plan Transactions
A summary of ESPP and Agent Plan share issuances is as follows:
|
| | | | | | |
| | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
| ESPP Issuances | 72,952 |
| 70,448 |
| 75,093 |
|
| Agent Plan Issuances | 47,888 |
| 41,134 |
| 49,794 |
|
|
| | | | | | |
| | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 |
| ESPP Issuances | 70,448 |
| 75,093 |
| 88,432 |
|
| Agent Plan Issuances | 41,134 |
| 49,794 |
| 69,867 |
|
Fair Value Measurements
The grant date fair value of RSUs is based on the market price of our common stock on the grant date, adjusted for the present value of our expected dividend payments. The expense recognized for share-based awards is based on the number of shares or units expected to be issued at the end of the performance period and the grant date fair value.
The grant date fair value of each option award is estimated using the Black Scholes option valuation model ("Black Scholes"). The following are the significant assumptions used in applying Black Scholes: (i) the risk-free interest rate, which is the implied yield currently available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with an equal remaining term; (ii) the expected term, which is based on historical experience of similar awards; (iii) the dividend yield, which is determined by dividing the expected per share dividend during the coming year by the grant date stock price; and (iv) the expected volatility, which is based on the
volatility of the Parent's stock price over a historical period comparable to the expected term. In applying Black Scholes, we use the weighted average assumptions illustrated in the following table:
|
| | | | | | | |
| | | ESPP |
| | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Risk-free interest rate | | 2.33 | % | | 1.88 | | 1.07 |
| Expected term | | 6 months |
| | 6 months | | 6 months |
| Dividend yield | | 1.2 | % | | 1.3 | | 1.3 |
| Expected volatility | | 26 | % | | 18 | | 24 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| | | ESPP |
| | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Risk-free interest rate | | 1.88 | % | | 1.07 | | 0.47 |
| Expected term | | 6 months |
| | 6 months | | 6 months |
| Dividend yield | | 1.3 | % | | 1.3 | | 1.7 |
| Expected volatility | | 18 | % | | 24 | | 31 |
The weighted-average fair value of options and stock per share, including RSUs granted forunder the Parent's stock plans, during 20182019, 20172018, and 20162017 was as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| RSUs | | $ | 63.60 |
| | 55.96 |
| | 42.66 |
|
| ESPP: | | |
| | |
| | |
| Six month option | | 4.32 |
| | 2.67 |
| | 2.73 |
|
| Discount of grant date market value | | 9.99 |
| | 8.50 |
| | 7.06 |
|
| Total ESPP | | 14.31 |
| | 11.17 |
| | 9.79 |
|
| Agent Plan: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Discount of grant date market value | | 7.00 |
| | 5.99 |
| | 5.04 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| RSUs | | $ | 55.96 |
| | 42.66 |
| | 32.53 |
|
| ESPP: | | |
| | |
| | |
| Six month option | | 2.67 |
| | 2.73 |
| | 2.63 |
|
| Discount of grant date market value | | 8.50 |
| | 7.06 |
| | 5.23 |
|
| Total ESPP | | 11.17 |
| | 9.79 |
| | 7.86 |
|
| Agent Plan: | | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Discount of grant date market value | | 5.99 |
| | 5.04 |
| | 3.79 |
|
The fair value of the CIU liability is remeasured at each reporting period through the settlement date of the awards, which is three years from the date of grant based on an amount expected to be paid. A Monte Carlo simulation is performed to approximate the projected fair value of the CIUs that, in accordance with the CIU agreements established under the Cash Plan, is adjusted to reflect our performance on specified indicators as compared to targeted peer companies.
Expense Recognition
The following table provides share-based compensation expense in 2019, 2018, 2017, and 2016:2017:
|
| | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Share-based compensation expense, pre-tax | $ | 24.5 |
| | 19.3 |
| | 31.2 |
|
| Income tax benefit, including the benefit related to stock grants that vested during the year | (8.2 | ) | | (7.0 | ) | | (15.0 | ) |
| Share-based compensation expense, after-tax | $ | 16.3 |
| | 12.3 |
| | 16.2 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Share-based compensation expense, pre-tax | $ | 19.3 |
| | 31.2 |
| | 30.3 |
|
| Income tax benefit, including the benefit related to stock grants that have vested during the year | (7.0 | ) | | (15.0 | ) | | (10.3 | ) |
| Share-based compensation expense, after-tax | $ | 12.3 |
| | 16.2 |
| | 20.0 |
|
Note 16. Related Party Transactions
William M. Rue, a Director of the Parent, is Chairman of, and owns more than 10% of the equity of, Chas. E. Rue & Son, Inc., t/a Rue Insurance, a general independent retail insurance agency ("Rue Insurance"). Rue Insurance is an appointed distribution partner of the Insurance Subsidiaries on terms and conditions similar to those of our other distribution partners, which includes the right to participate in the Agent Plan. Mr. Rue’s son is President, and an employee, of Rue Insurance, and owns more than 10% of the equity of Rue Insurance. Mr. Rue’s daughter is an employee of Rue Insurance. Our relationship with Rue Insurance has existed since 1928.
Rue Insurance placed insurance policies with the Insurance Subsidiaries for its customers and itself. Direct premiums written associated with these policies were $11.0 million in 2019, $10.1 million in 2018, and $11.1 million in 2017, and $10.4 million in 2016. In return, the Insurance Subsidiaries paid standard market commissions, including supplemental commissions, to Rue Insurance of $2.0 million in 2019, $2.1 million in 2018, and $2.3 million in 2017, and $2.1 million in 2016. Amounts due to Rue Insurance at December 31, 20182019 and December 31, 20172018 were $0.4$0.3 million and $0.6$0.4 million, respectively. All contracts and transactions with Rue Insurance were consummated in the ordinary course of business on an arm's-length basis.
In 2005, we established a private foundation, now named The Selective Insurance Group Foundation (the "Foundation"), under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. The Board of Directors of the Foundation is comprised of some of the Parent's officers. We made $0.5$1.3 million of contributions to the Foundation in 2018. We made2019, $0.5 million in 2018, and no contributions to the Foundation in 2017 and 2016, respectively..
BlackRock, Inc., a leading publicly tradedpublicly-traded investment management firm (“BlackRock”), has purchased our common shares in the ordinary course of its investment business and has previously filed Schedules 13G/A with the SEC. On January 31, 2019,February 4, 2020, BlackRock filed a Schedule 13G/A reporting beneficial ownership as of December 31, 2018,2019, of 14.2%11.7% of our common stock.
In connection with purchasing our common shares, BlackRock filed the necessary filings with insurance regulatory authorities. On the basis of those filings, BlackRock is deemed not to be a controlling person for the purposes of applicable insurance law.
We are required to disclose related party information for our transactions with BlackRock. BlackRock is highly regulated, serves its clients as a fiduciary, and has a diverse platform of active (alpha) and index (beta) investment strategies across asset classes that enables it to tailor investment outcomes and asset allocation solutions for clients. BlackRock also offers the BlackRock Solutions® investment and risk management technology platform, Aladdin®, risk analytics, advisory, and technology services and solutions to a broad base of institutional and wealth management investors. We incurred expenses related to BlackRock for services rendered of $2.2 million in 2019, and $2.0 million in both 2018 and 2017, and $0.4 million in 2016.2017. Amounts payable for such services at December 31, 20182019 and December 31, 2017,2018, were $1.1 million and $1.0 million, and $0.5 million, respectively.
As part of our overall investment diversification, we invest in various BlackRock funds from time to time. The market valueThese funds accounted for less than 1% of these investments were $0.8 millionour invested assets at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, and $0.5are predominately reflected in Equity securities on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. During 2019, with regard to BlackRock funds, we (i) purchased $21.7 million, at both December 31, 2017(ii) sold $59.5 million, (iii) recognized a $5.7 million net realized and December 31, 2016.unrealized gain, and (iv) recorded $0.8 million in income. During 2018, we purchased $41.4 million in securities and recognized net realized and unrealized losses of $3.6 million. There were no material transactions related to these holdings in 2018 and 2017. During 2016, we sold $77.6 million of these investments, which resulted in a $1.1 million gain on our investment portfolio. In addition, we recorded $2.3 million of investment income on these funds in 2016. There were no amounts payable on the settlement of these investment transactions at December 31, 2019, December 31, 2018, or December 31, 2017.
Our Pension PlanPlan's investment portfolio contained investments in BlackRock funds of $144.2 million at December 31, 2019 and $131.9 million at December 31, 20182018. During 2019, with regard to BlackRock funds, the Pension Plan (i) purchased $19.7 million, (ii) sold $44.1 million, and $134.3 million at December 31, 2017. We(iii) recorded a net investment loss on theseincome of $36.7 million. In 2018, with regard to BlackRock funds, the Pension Plan (i) purchased $132.5 million, (ii) sold $125.6 million, and (iii) recorded net investment income of $9.3 million. In 2017, with regard to BlackRock funds, the Pension Plan (i) purchased $10.0 million, in 2018,(ii) sold $4.1 million, and (iii) recorded net investment income of $25.2 million in 2017, and net investment income of $8.5 million in 2016.million. In addition, our Deferred Compensation Plan and Retirement Savings Plan may offer our employees the option to invest in various BlackRock funds. All contracts and transactions with BlackRock were consummated in the ordinary course of business on an arm's-length basis.
TheAs of December 31, 2019, the Vanguard Group ("Vanguard"), held 9.4% of our common stock. Vanguard is one of the world's largest investment management companies, offersoffering low cost mutual funds, and exchange-trade funds ("ETFs"), as well asand other investment related services. On January 10, 2019, Vanguard filed a Schedule 13G/A reporting beneficial ownership as of December 31, 2018, of 10.1% of our common stock. In connection with purchasing our common shares in the prior year, Vanguard filed the necessary filings with insurance regulatory authorities. On the basis of those filings,authorities to disclaim control and we do not expect Vanguard to be deemed a controlling person for the purposes of applicableby any insurance law.regulator.
We are required to disclose related party information for our transactions with Vanguard. As part of our overall investment diversification, we may invest in various Vanguard funds from time to time. As of December 31, 2019, we had no investments in Vanguard funds, and our investment in these funds at December 31, 2018 was less than 1% of invested assets at that time and was recorded within Equity securities on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. During 2019, we sold $11.8 million of a Vanguard ETF, recorded dividend income of $0.2 million and recorded capital gains of $1.3 million from such ETF, with no amounts receivable on the settlement of this transaction at December 31, 2019. During 2018, we purchased $11.5 million inof a Vanguard ETF and recorded dividend income of $0.4 million from such ETF, with no amounts payable on the settlement of this transaction at December 31, 2018. The market value of this fund in our investment portfolio at December 31, 2018 was $10.5 million. There wereWe had no transactions with Vanguard in 2017 and 2016.2017.
Our Pension PlanPlan's investment portfolio contained no investments in Vanguard funds at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Our Pension Plan's investment portfolio contained investments in Vanguard funds of $86.3 million at December 31,in 2017. The Pension Plan had no transactions with Vanguard in 2019. During 2018 and 2017, but no investment in thesethe Pension Plan purchased $8.4 million and $5.2 million of Vanguard funds, existed at December 31, 2018. Werespectively. In 2018, the Pension Plan sold $85.4 million of Vanguard funds. The Pension Plan recorded a net investment loss on theseVanguard funds of $5.5 million in 2018, and net investment income of $9.1 million in 2017, and net investment income of $5.4 million in 2016.2017. In addition, our Deferred Compensation Plan and Retirement Savings Plan may offer our employees the option to invest in various Vanguard funds. All transactions with Vanguard are consummated in the ordinary course of business on an arm's-length basis.
NOTE 17. Leases
We have various operating leases for office space, equipment, and fleet vehicles. In addition, we have various finance leases for computer hardware. Such lease agreements, which expire at various dates through 2030, are generally renewed or replaced by similar leases.
Upon adoption of ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019, we recorded operating lease right-of-use assets of $20.7 million with related lease liabilities of $21.0 million. The differential of $0.3 million was recognized, on an after-tax basis, as a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as of January 1, 2019. Financing lease right-of-use assets and the related lease liabilities were $0.9 million as of January 1, 2019. See Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" and Note 3. "Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements" in this Form 10-K for additional information regarding our accounting policy on leases and ASU 2016-02, respectively.
The components of lease expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 were as follows:
|
| | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2019 |
| Operating lease cost, included in Other insurance expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income | | $ | 8,808 |
|
| Finance lease cost: | | |
| Amortization of assets, included in Other insurance expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income | | 984 |
|
| Interest on lease liabilities, included in Interest expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income | | 16 |
|
| Total finance lease cost | | 1,000 |
|
| | | |
| Variable lease cost, included in Other insurance expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income | | 48 |
|
| | | |
| Short-term lease cost, included in Other insurance expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income | | $ | 2,165 |
|
The following table provides supplemental information regarding our operating and finance leases.
|
| | | |
| | December 31, 2019 |
| Weighted-average remaining lease term | | | |
| Operating leases | | 6 | years |
| Finance leases | | 2 | |
| Weighted-average discount rate | | | |
| Operating leases | | 3.4 | % |
Finance leases1 | | 2.1 | |
1Prior to adoption of ASU 2016-02, our historical capital lease liabilities and assets were measured using an un-discounted cash flow stream due to immateriality of the capital lease population.
Operating and finance lease asset and liability balances are included within the following line items on the Consolidated Balance Sheets:
|
| | | |
| ($ in thousands) | December 31, 2019 |
| Operating leases | |
| Other assets | $ | 26,535 |
|
| Other liabilities | 27,506 |
|
| Finance leases | |
| Property and equipment - at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization | 731 |
|
| Long-term debt | $ | 737 |
|
At December 31, 2019, the maturities of our lease liabilities were as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | Finance Leases | Operating Leases | Total |
| Year ended December 31, | | | | |
| 2020 | | $ | 451 |
| 8,244 |
| 8,695 |
|
| 2021 | | 248 |
| 6,168 |
| 6,416 |
|
| 2022 | | 54 |
| 4,590 |
| 4,644 |
|
| 2023 | | — |
| 3,329 |
| 3,329 |
|
| 2024 | | — |
| 2,920 |
| 2,920 |
|
| Thereafter | | — |
| 8,638 |
| 8,638 |
|
| Total lease payments | | 753 |
| 33,889 |
| 34,642 |
|
| Less: imputed interest | | 16 |
| 2,995 |
| 3,011 |
|
| Less: leases that have not yet commenced | | — |
| 3,388 |
| 3,388 |
|
| Total lease liabilities | | $ | 737 |
| 27,506 |
| 28,243 |
|
At December 31, 2018, the maturities of our lease liabilities for capital and operating leases were as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | Capital Leases | Operating Leases | Total |
| 2019 | | $ | 728 |
| 7,762 |
| 8,490 |
|
| 2020 | | 141 |
| 7,355 |
| 7,496 |
|
| 2021 | | 22 |
| 5,083 |
| 5,105 |
|
| 2022 | | — |
| 3,641 |
| 3,641 |
|
| 2023 | | — |
| 2,900 |
| 2,900 |
|
| Thereafter | | — |
| 9,698 |
| 9,698 |
|
| Total minimum payment required | | $ | 891 |
| 36,439 |
| 37,330 |
|
Refer to Note. 4 "Statements of Cash Flows" in this Form 10-K for supplemental cash and non-cash transactions included in the measurement of operating and finance lease liabilities.
Note 17.18. Commitments and Contingencies
(a) We purchase annuities from life insurance companies to fulfill obligations under claim settlements that provide for periodic future payments to claimants. As of December 31, 20182019, we had purchased such annuities with a present value of $21.025.5 million for settlement of claims on a structured basis for which we are contingently liable. To our knowledge, there are no material defaults from any of the issuers of such annuities.
(b) We have various operating leases for office space, equipment, and fleet vehicles. Such lease agreements, which expire at various times, are generally renewed or replaced by similar leases. Rental expense under these leases amounted to $10.4 million in 2018, $10.8 million in 2017, and $12.3 million in 2016. We also lease computer hardware and software under capital lease agreements expiring at various dates through 2022. See item (p)As of Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in this Form 10-K for information on our accounting policy regarding leases.
In addition, certain of these leases are non-cancelable, and liability for payment will continue even though the leased asset may no longer be in use. At December 31, 2018, the total future minimum rental2019, we have made commitments under non-cancelable leases were as follows:
|
| | | | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | | Capital Leases | Operating Leases | Total |
| 2019 | | $ | 0.7 |
| 7.8 |
| 8.5 |
|
| 2020 | | 0.1 |
| 7.4 |
| 7.5 |
|
| 2021 | | — |
| 5.1 |
| 5.1 |
|
| 2022 | | — |
| 3.6 |
| 3.6 |
|
| 2023 | | — |
| 2.9 |
| 2.9 |
|
| After 2023 | | — |
| 9.7 |
| 9.7 |
|
| Total minimum payment required | | $ | 0.8 |
| 36.5 |
| 37.3 |
|
(c) As of December 31, 2018, we had contractual obligations that expire at various dates through 2036may require us to invest up to an additional $202.3 million in alternative and other investments. amounts into our investment portfolio, which are as follows:
|
| | | | | | |
| ($ in millions) | | Amount of Obligation | | Year of Expiration of Obligation |
| Alternative and other investments | | $ | 219.2 |
| | 2036 |
| Non-publicly traded collateralized loan obligations in our fixed income securities portfolio | | 35.4 |
| | 2030 |
| Non-publicly traded common stock within our equity portfolio | | 3.9 |
| | 2023 |
| Commercial mortgage loans | | 10.0 |
| | Less than 1 year |
| Privately-placed corporate securities | | 15.0 |
| | Less than 1 year |
| Total | | $ | 283.5 |
| | |
There is no certainty that any such additional investment will be required. For additional information regarding these investments, see item (f) of Note 5. "Investments" in this Form 10-K. In addition, as of December 31, 2018, we had the following contractual obligations: (i) $17.8 million to further invest in non-publicly traded common stock within our equity portfolio that expire in 2023; and (ii) $40.4 million to further invest in non-publicly traded CLOs in our fixed income securities portfolio that expire through 2030. We expect to have the capacity to repay and/or refinance these obligations as they becomecome due.
Note 18.19. Litigation
As of December 31, 2019, we do not believe we are involved in any legal action that could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
In the ordinary course of conducting business, we are named as defendantsparties in various legal proceedings.actions. Most of these proceedings are claims litigation involving our Insurance Subsidiaries as either: (i) liability insurers defending or providing indemnity for third-party claims brought against our customers; or (ii) insurers defending first-party coverage claims brought against them.them; or (iii) liability insurers seeking declaratory judgment on our insurance coverage obligations. We account for such activity through the establishment of unpaid loss and loss expense reserves. WeIn ordinary course claims litigation, we expect that any potential ultimate liability, in such ordinary course claims litigationafter consideration of provisions made for potential losses and costs of defense, will not be material to our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows after consideration of provisions made for potential losses and costs of defense.flows.
From time to time, our Insurance Subsidiaries also are named as defendants in other legal actions, some of which assert claims for substantial amounts. ThesePlaintiffs may style these actions include, among others,as putative class actions seekingand seek judicial certification of a state or national class. Such putative class actions have alleged, for example,allegations involving our business practices, such as improper reimbursement of medical providers paid under workers compensation and personal and commercial automobile insurance policies.policies or improper reimbursement for automobile parts. Similarly, our Insurance Subsidiaries are alsocan be named from time-to-time in individual actions seeking extra-contractual damages, punitive damages, or penalties, some of which allegeoften alleging bad faith in the handling of insurance claims. We believe that we have valid defenses to these cases. Weallegations and we account for such activity through the establishment of unpaid loss and loss expense reserves. In these other legal actions, we expect that any potential ultimate liability, in any such lawsuitafter consideration of provisions made for estimated losses, will not be material to our consolidated financial condition, after consideration of provisions made for estimated losses.condition. Nonetheless, givenlitigation outcomes are inherently unpredictable and, because the inherent unpredictability of litigation and the large or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these actions anare large or indeterminate, it is possible that any adverse outcome in certain mattersoutcomes could possibly have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods.
As of December 31, 2018, we do not believe the Company was involved in any legal action that could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
Note 19.20. Statutory Financial Information, Capital Requirements, and Restrictions on Dividends and Transfers of Funds
(a) Statutory Financial Information
The Insurance Subsidiaries prepare their statutory financial statements in accordance with accounting principles prescribed or permitted by the various state insurance departments of domicile. Prescribed statutory accounting principles include state laws, regulations, and general administrative rules, as well as a variety of publications of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC"). Permitted statutory accounting principles encompass all accounting principles that are not prescribed; such principles differ from state to state, may differ from company to company within a state and may change in the future. The Insurance Subsidiaries do not utilize any permitted statutory accounting principles that affect the determination of statutory surplus, statutory net income, or risk-based capital (“RBC”). As of December 31, 20182019, the various state insurance departments of domicile have adopted the March 20182019 version of the NAIC Accounting Practices and Procedures manual in its entirety, as a component of prescribed or permitted practices.
The following table provides statutory data for each of our Insurance Subsidiaries:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | State of Domicile | | Unassigned Surplus | | Statutory Surplus | | Statutory Net Income |
| ($ in millions) | | | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| SICA | | New Jersey | | $ | 525.9 |
| | 478.6 |
| | 680.1 |
| | 632.8 |
| | 113.9 |
| | 78.0 |
| | 84.6 |
|
| Selective Way Insurance Company ("SWIC") | | New Jersey | | 339.2 |
| | 300.2 |
| | 388.2 |
| | 349.3 |
| | 59.2 |
| | 47.5 |
| | 43.6 |
|
| SICSC | | Indiana | | 132.6 |
| | 119.4 |
| | 163.8 |
| | 150.7 |
| | 23.9 |
| | 16.5 |
| | 17.9 |
|
| SICSE | | Indiana | | 103.1 |
| | 92.2 |
| | 128.7 |
| | 117.7 |
| | 18.5 |
| | 12.9 |
| | 14.7 |
|
| SICNY | | New York | | 99.4 |
| | 86.5 |
| | 127.1 |
| | 114.2 |
| | 17.0 |
| | 12.0 |
| | 13.4 |
|
| Selective Insurance Company of New England ("SICNE") | | New Jersey | | 25.3 |
| | 19.9 |
| | 55.4 |
| | 50.0 |
| | 7.8 |
| | 5.6 |
| | 6.3 |
|
| Selective Auto Insurance Company of New Jersey ("SAICNJ") | | New Jersey | | 62.5 |
| | 50.3 |
| | 105.4 |
| | 93.2 |
| | 14.9 |
| | 9.9 |
| | 11.4 |
|
| MUSIC | | New Jersey | | 27.1 |
| | 23.0 |
| | 95.6 |
| | 91.5 |
| | 13.2 |
| | 9.4 |
| | 10.3 |
|
| Selective Casualty Insurance Company ("SCIC") | | New Jersey | | 58.2 |
| | 44.9 |
| | 132.7 |
| | 119.3 |
| | 16.8 |
| | 13.3 |
| | 13.4 |
|
| Selective Fire and Casualty Insurance Company ("SFCIC") | | New Jersey | | 23.5 |
| | 17.8 |
| | 55.4 |
| | 49.7 |
| | 7.5 |
| | 5.5 |
| | 5.6 |
|
| Total | | | | $ | 1,396.8 |
| | 1,232.8 |
| | 1,932.4 |
| | 1,768.4 |
| | 292.7 |
| | 210.6 |
| | 221.2 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | State of Domicile | | Unassigned Surplus | | Statutory Surplus | | Statutory Net Income |
| ($ in millions) | | | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| SICA | | New Jersey | | $ | 478.6 |
| | 455.5 |
| | 632.8 |
| | 609.7 |
| | 78.0 |
| | 84.6 |
| | 72.2 |
|
| Selective Way Insurance Company ("SWIC") | | New Jersey | | 300.2 |
| | 276.1 |
| | 349.3 |
| | 325.1 |
| | 47.5 |
| | 43.6 |
| | 41.2 |
|
| SICSC | | Indiana | | 119.4 |
| | 112.9 |
| | 150.7 |
| | 144.1 |
| | 16.5 |
| | 17.9 |
| | 17.4 |
|
| SICSE | | Indiana | | 92.2 |
| | 86.2 |
| | 117.7 |
| | 111.8 |
| | 12.9 |
| | 14.7 |
| | 13.4 |
|
| SICNY | | New York | | 86.5 |
| | 78.8 |
| | 114.2 |
| | 106.5 |
| | 12.0 |
| | 13.4 |
| | 12.9 |
|
| Selective Insurance Company of New England ("SICNE") | | New Jersey | | 19.9 |
| | 16.1 |
| | 50.0 |
| | 46.3 |
| | 5.6 |
| | 6.3 |
| | 5.9 |
|
| Selective Auto Insurance Company of New Jersey ("SAICNJ") | | New Jersey | | 50.3 |
| | 42.1 |
| | 93.2 |
| | 84.9 |
| | 9.9 |
| | 11.4 |
| | 11.5 |
|
| MUSIC | | New Jersey | | 23.0 |
| | 21.4 |
| | 91.5 |
| | 89.9 |
| | 9.4 |
| | 10.3 |
| | 9.7 |
|
| Selective Casualty Insurance Company ("SCIC") | | New Jersey | | 44.9 |
| | 34.5 |
| | 119.3 |
| | 109.0 |
| | 13.3 |
| | 13.4 |
| | 12.6 |
|
| Selective Fire and Casualty Insurance Company ("SFCIC") | | New Jersey | | 17.8 |
| | 13.7 |
| | 49.7 |
| | 45.6 |
| | 5.5 |
| | 5.6 |
| | 5.5 |
|
| Total | | | | $ | 1,232.8 |
| | 1,137.3 |
| | 1,768.4 |
| | 1,672.9 |
| | 210.6 |
| | 221.2 |
| | 202.3 |
|
(b) Capital Requirements
The Insurance Subsidiaries are required to maintain certain minimum amounts of statutory surplus to satisfy the requirements of their various state insurance departments of domicile. RBC requirements for property and casualty insurance companies are designed to assess capital adequacy and to raise the level of protection that statutory surplus provides for policyholders. The Insurance Subsidiaries' combined total adjusted capital exceeded the authorized control level RBC, as defined by the NAIC based on their 20182019 statutory financial statements. In addition to statutory capital requirements, we are impacted by various rating agency requirements related to certain rating levels. These required capital levels may be more than statutory requirements.
(c) Restrictions on Dividends and Transfers of Funds
Our ability to declare and pay dividends on the Parent's common stock is dependent on liquidity at the Parent coupled with the ability of the Insurance Subsidiaries to declare and pay dividends, if necessary, and/or the availability of other sources of liquidity to the Parent.
In addition to regulatory restrictions on the availability of dividends that our Insurance Subsidiaries can pay to the Parent, the maximum amount of dividends the Parent can pay our shareholders is limited by certain New Jersey corporate law provisions that limit dividends if either: (i) the Parent would be unable to pay its debts as they became due in the usual course of business; or (ii) the Parent’s total assets would be less than its total liabilities. The Parent’s ability to pay dividends to shareholders also are impacted by covenants in its Line of Credit agreement that obligate it, among other things, to maintain a minimum consolidated net worth statutory surplus, and debt-to-capital ratio.a maximum ratio of consolidated debt to total capitalization.
As of December 31, 20182019, the Parent had an aggregate of $146.0278.0 million in investments and cash available to fund future dividends and interest payments. These amounts are not subject to any regulatory restrictions other than the standard state insolvency restrictions noted above, whereas our consolidated retained earnings of $1.92.1 billion is predominately restricted due
to the regulation associated with our Insurance Subsidiaries. In 2019,2020, the Insurance Subsidiaries have the ability to provide for $210.0266.7 million in annual dividends to the Parent; however, as regulated entities, these dividends are subject to certain restrictions, which are further discussed below. The Parent also has available to it other potential sources of liquidity, such as:
(i) borrowings from our Indiana Subsidiaries; (ii) debt issuances; (iii) common stock issuances; and (iv) borrowings under our Line of Credit. Borrowings from our Indiana Subsidiaries are governed by approved intercompany lending agreements with the Parent that provide for additional capacity of $70.589.4 million as of December 31, 2018,2019, based on restrictions in these agreements that limit borrowings to 10% of the admitted assets of the Indiana Subsidiaries. For additional restrictions on the Parent's debt, see Note 10. "Indebtedness" in this Form 10-K.
Insurance Subsidiaries Dividend Restrictions
As noted above, the restriction on our net assets and retained earnings is predominantly driven by our Insurance Subsidiaries' ability to pay dividends to the Parent under applicable laws and regulations. Under the insurance laws of the domiciliary states of the Insurance Subsidiaries, New Jersey, Indiana, and New York, an insurer can potentially make an ordinary dividend payment if its statutory surplus following such dividend is reasonable in relation to its outstanding liabilities, is adequate to its financial needs, and the dividend does not exceed the insurer's unassigned surplus. In general, New Jersey defines an ordinary dividend as a dividend whose fair market value, together with other dividends made within the preceding 12 months, is less than the greater of 10% of the insurer's statutory surplus as of the precedingDecember 31, or the insurer's net income (excluding capital gains) for the 12-month period ending on the preceding December 31.31. Indiana's ordinary dividend calculation is consistent with New Jersey's, except that it does not exclude capital gains from net income. In general, New York defines an ordinary dividend as a dividend whose fair market value, together with other dividends made within the preceding 12 months, is less than the lesser of 10% of the insurer's statutory surplus, or 100% of adjusted net investment income.
New Jersey and Indiana require notice of the declaration of any ordinary dividend distribution. During the notice period, the relevant state regulatory authority may disallow all or part of the proposed dividend if it determines that the dividend is not appropriate given the above considerations. New York does not require notice of ordinary dividends. Dividend payments exceeding ordinary dividends are referred to as extraordinary dividends and require review and approval by the applicable domiciliary insurance regulatory authority prior to payment.
The table below provides the following information: (i) quantitative data regarding all Insurance Subsidiaries' dividends paid to the Parent in 20182019 for debt service, shareholder dividends, and general operating purposes; and (ii) the maximum ordinary dividends that can be paid to the Parent by the Insurance Subsidiaries in 2019,2020, based on the 20182019 statutory financial statements.
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Dividends | | | | Twelve Months ended December 31, 2019 | | 2020 |
| ($ in millions) | | State of Domicile | | Ordinary Dividends Paid | | Maximum Ordinary Dividends |
| SICA | | New Jersey | | $ | 55.5 |
| | $ | 98.4 |
|
| SWIC | | New Jersey | | 19.0 |
| | 53.7 |
|
| SICSC | | Indiana | | 9.5 |
| | 23.9 |
|
| SICSE | | Indiana | | 6.7 |
| | 18.6 |
|
| SICNY | | New York | | 3.3 |
| | 12.7 |
|
| SICNE | | New Jersey | | 2.0 |
| | 7.6 |
|
| SAICNJ | | New Jersey | | 1.5 |
| | 14.7 |
|
| MUSIC | | New Jersey | | 8.0 |
| | 12.9 |
|
| SCIC | | New Jersey | | 3.0 |
| | 16.8 |
|
| SFCIC | | New Jersey | | 1.5 |
| | 7.4 |
|
| Total | | | | $ | 110.0 |
| | $ | 266.7 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Dividends | | | | Twelve Months ended December 31, 2018 | | 2019 |
| ($ in millions) | | State of Domicile | | Ordinary Dividends Paid | | Maximum Ordinary Dividends |
| SICA | | New Jersey | | $ | 43.0 |
| | $ | 78.0 |
|
| SWIC | | New Jersey | | 19.0 |
| | 47.5 |
|
| SICSC | | Indiana | | 10.0 |
| | 16.5 |
|
| SICSE | | Indiana | | 7.5 |
| | 12.9 |
|
| SICNY | | New York | | 4.5 |
| | 11.4 |
|
| SICNE | | New Jersey | | 2.0 |
| | 5.6 |
|
| SAICNJ | | New Jersey | | 2.5 |
| | 9.9 |
|
| MUSIC | | New Jersey | | 7.1 |
| | 9.4 |
|
| SCIC | | New Jersey | | 3.0 |
| | 13.3 |
|
| SFCIC | | New Jersey | | 1.5 |
| | 5.5 |
|
| Total | | | | $ | 100.1 |
| | $ | 210.0 |
|
Note 20.21. Quarterly Financial Information
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | First Quarter | | Second Quarter | | Third Quarter | | Fourth Quarter |
| (unaudited, $ in thousands, except per share data) | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2019 | | 2018 |
| Net premiums earned | | $ | 632,573 |
| | 591,828 |
| | 642,619 |
| | 604,836 |
| | 653,620 |
| | 614,277 |
| | 668,359 |
| | 625,288 |
|
| Net investment income earned | | 50,618 |
| | 43,231 |
| | 58,505 |
| | 45,553 |
| | 55,826 |
| | 52,443 |
| | 57,594 |
| | 54,109 |
|
| Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) | | 13,451 |
| | (10,549 | ) | | 4,027 |
| | (1,652 | ) | | (2,183 | ) | | (4,787 | ) | | (873 | ) | | (37,935 | ) |
| Other income | | 2,320 |
| | 2,179 |
| | 3,053 |
| | 3,179 |
| | 3,162 |
| | 2,538 |
| | 3,820 |
| | 1,542 |
|
| Total revenues | | 698,962 |
| | 626,689 |
| | 708,204 |
| | 651,916 |
| | 710,425 |
| | 664,471 |
| | 728,900 |
| | 643,004 |
|
| Income before federal income taxes | | 73,694 |
| | 19,931 |
| | 90,225 |
| | 72,525 |
| | 71,178 |
| | 67,130 |
| | 101,293 |
| | 52,135 |
|
| Net income | | 61,348 |
| | 18,925 |
| | 72,266 |
| | 58,819 |
| | 56,150 |
| | 55,435 |
| | 81,859 |
| | 45,760 |
|
| Net income per share: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Basic | | 1.04 |
| | 0.32 |
| | 1.22 |
| | 1.00 |
| | 0.94 |
| | 0.94 |
| | 1.38 |
| | 0.77 |
|
| Diluted | | 1.02 |
| | 0.32 |
| | 1.21 |
| | 0.99 |
| | 0.93 |
| | 0.93 |
| | 1.36 |
| | 0.76 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | First Quarter | | Second Quarter | | Third Quarter | | Fourth Quarter1 |
| (unaudited, $ in thousands, except per share data) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Net premiums earned | | $ | 591,828 |
| | 560,854 |
| | 604,836 |
| | 568,030 |
| | 614,277 |
| | 572,055 |
| | 625,288 |
| | 590,088 |
|
| Net investment income earned | | 43,231 |
| | 37,419 |
| | 45,553 |
| | 41,430 |
| | 52,443 |
| | 40,446 |
| | 54,109 |
| | 42,587 |
|
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains2 | | (10,549 | ) | | (1,045 | ) | | (1,652 | ) | | 1,734 |
| | (4,787 | ) | | 6,798 |
| | (37,935 | ) | | (1,128 | ) |
| Other income | | 2,179 |
| | 3,241 |
| | 3,179 |
| | 3,291 |
| | 2,538 |
| | 1,994 |
| | 1,542 |
| | 2,190 |
|
| Total revenues | | 626,689 |
| | 600,469 |
| | 651,916 |
| | 614,485 |
| | 664,471 |
| | 621,293 |
| | 643,004 |
| | 633,737 |
|
| Income before federal income taxes | | 19,931 |
| | 67,574 |
| | 72,525 |
| | 58,929 |
| | 67,130 |
| | 67,315 |
| | 52,135 |
| | 68,150 |
|
| Net income | | 18,925 |
| | 50,440 |
| | 58,819 |
| | 41,426 |
| | 55,435 |
| | 46,718 |
| | 45,760 |
| | 30,242 |
|
| Net income per share: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Basic | | 0.32 |
| | 0.87 |
| | 1.00 |
| | 0.71 |
| | 0.94 |
| | 0.80 |
| | 0.77 |
| | 0.52 |
|
| Diluted | | 0.32 |
| | 0.85 |
| | 0.99 |
| | 0.70 |
| | 0.93 |
| | 0.79 |
| | 0.76 |
| | 0.51 |
|
1Results for the fourth quarter of 2017 include the impact of the $20.2 million write off of deferred tax assets required with the implementation of Tax Reform. See Note 13. "Federal Income Taxes" above for additional information.
2Effective January 1, 2018, changes in unrealized gains and losses on our equity portfolio are recognized in income through "Net unrealized losses on equity securities" on our Consolidated Statements of Income, as a result of our adoption of ASU 2016-01. See Note 3. "Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements" above.
The addition of all quarters may not agree to annual amounts on the Financial Statements due to rounding.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act")) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, our disclosure controls and procedures are: (i) effective in recording, processing, summarizing, and reporting information on a timely basis that we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act; and (ii) effective in ensuring that information that we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, a company's principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the Board, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:
Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company;
Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and
Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 20182019. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework ("COSO Framework") in 2013.
Based on this assessment, our management believes that, as of December 31, 20182019, our internal control over financial reporting is effective.
No changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) occurred during the fourth quarter of 20182019 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Attestation Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Our independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG, LLP, has issued their attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting which is set forth below.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Selective Insurance Group, Inc.:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Selective Insurance Group, Inc. and subsidiaries’ (the "Company") internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018,2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018,2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States)
("PCAOB"), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 20182019 and 2017,2018, the related consolidated
statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year
period ended December 31, 2018,2019, and the related notes and financial statement schedules I to V (collectively, the "consolidated
financial statements"), and our report dated February 15, 201912, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated
financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its
assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s
Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal
control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are
required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the
audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all
material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control
over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating
effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we
considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Overover Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the
reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally
accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures
that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and
dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit
preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and
expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the
company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or
disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also,
projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate
because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
New York, New York
February 15, 201912, 2020
Item 9B. Other Information.
ThereIn connection with the appointment of John J. Marchioni as President and Chief Executive Officer of Selective Insurance Group, Inc. (the "Parent”), effective February 1, 2020, Selective Insurance Company of America (“SICA”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Parent, entered into a new Employment Agreement (the “Employment Agreement”) with Mr. Marchioni (the “Executive”) on February 10, 2020 (the “Agreement Date”), effective as of February 1, 2020. As of the Agreement Date, Mr. Marchioni’s previous employment agreement with SICA terminated.
The following table summarizes the principal provisions of the Employment Agreement. Defined terms used in this table, but not defined in this Form 10-K, have the meanings given to them in the Employment Agreement.
|
| |
| Term | Initial three year term ends on February 1, 2023, automatically renewed for additional one year periods unless terminated by either party with written notice. |
| Compensation | Base salary of $925,000 as of February 1, 2020. |
| Benefits | Eligible to participate in incentive compensation plan, stock plan, 401(k) plan, defined benefit pension plan and any other stock option, stock appreciation right, stock bonus, pension, group insurance, retirement, profit sharing, medical, disability, life insurance, relocation plan or policy, or any other plan, program, policy or arrangement of the Parent or SICA intended to benefit SICA’s employees generally. |
| Vacation and Reimbursements | Vacation time and reimbursements for ordinary travel and entertainment expenses in accordance with SICA’s policies. |
| Perquisites | Suitable offices, secretarial and other services, and other perquisites to which other executives of SICA are generally entitled. |
Severance and Benefits on Termination without Change in Control | • For Cause or Resignation by Executive other than for Good Reason: Salary and benefits accrued through termination date. • Death or Disability: Two times: (i) Executive’s salary; plus (ii) average of three most recent annual cash incentive payments; provided that any such severance payments be reduced by life or disability insurance payments under policies with respect to which SICA paid premiums, paid in 12 equal installments. • Without Cause by SICA, Relocation of Office over 50 Miles (without Executive’s consent), Resignation for Good Reason by Executive: - Two times: (i) Executive’s salary; plus (ii) average of three most recent annual cash incentive payments, paid in 12 equal installments. - Medical, dental, vision, disability, and life insurance coverage in effect for Executive and dependents until the earlier of 24 months following termination or commencement of equivalent benefits from a new employer. • Stock Awards: Except for termination for Cause or resignation by the Executive other than Good Reason, immediate vesting and possible extended exercise period, as applicable, for any previously granted stock options, stock appreciation rights, cash incentive units, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and stock bonuses. |
| Severance and Benefits on Termination after Change in Control | For termination without Cause or resignation for Good Reason by Executive within two years following a Change in Control, Executive is entitled to: • Severance payment equal to the product of 2.99 and the greater of: (i) Executive’s salary plus target annual cash incentive payment; or (ii) Executive’s salary plus the average of Executive’s annual cash incentive payments for the three calendar years prior to the calendar year in which the termination occurs, paid in lump sum. • Medical, dental, vision, disability, and life insurance coverage in effect for Executive and dependents until the earlier of period of 36 months following termination or commencement of equivalent benefits from a new employer. • Stock awards, same as above, except that the initial number of cash incentive units is increased by 150%. |
| Release; Confidentiality and Non-Solicitation | • Receipt of severance payments and benefits conditioned upon: - Entry into release of claims; and - No disclosure of confidential or proprietary information or solicitation of employees to leave the Parent or its subsidiaries for a period of two years following the termination of the Employment Agreement. |
This summary table description of the Employment Agreement is no other information that was requiredqualified in its entirety by reference to be disclosed inthe full text of the Employment Agreement, a report on Form 8-K during the fourth quartercopy of 2018 that we did not report.which is filed herewith as Exhibit 10.32.
PART III
Because we will file a Proxy Statement within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ending December 31, 20182019, this Annual Report on Form 10-K omits certain information required by Part III and incorporates by reference certain information included in the Proxy Statement.
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
Information about our executive officers, Directors, and all other matters required to be disclosed in Item 10. "Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance." appears under the "Executive Officers" and "Information About Proposal 1 -
Election of Directors" sections of the Proxy Statement. These portions of the Proxy Statement are hereby incorporated by reference.
Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance
Information about compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act appears under "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance" in the "Information About Proposal 1 - Election of Directors" section of the Proxy Statement and is hereby incorporated by reference.
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
Information about compensation of our named executive officers appears under "Executive Compensation" in the "Information About Proposal 1 - Election of Directors" section of the Proxy Statement and is hereby incorporated by reference. Information about compensation of the Board appears under "Director Compensation" in the "Information About Proposal 1 - Election of Directors" section of the Proxy Statement and is hereby incorporated by reference.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
Information about security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management appears under "Security Ownership of Management and Certain Beneficial Owners" in the "Information About Proposal 1 - Election of Directors" section of the Proxy Statement and is hereby incorporated by reference.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
Information about certain relationships and related transactions, and director independence appears under “Transactions with Related Persons” in the "Information About Proposal 1 - Election of Directors" section of the Proxy Statement and is hereby incorporated by reference.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.
Information about the fees and services of our principal accountants appears under "Audit Committee Report" and "Fees of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm" in the "Information About Proposal 43 - Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm" section of the Proxy Statement and is hereby incorporated by reference.
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.
(a) The following documents are filed as part of this report:
(1) Financial Statements:
The Financial Statements listed below are included in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."
|
| |
| | Form 10-K |
| | Page |
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 20182019 and 20172018 | |
| | |
Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 20162017 | |
| | |
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 20162017 | |
| | |
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 20162017 | |
| | |
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 20162017 | |
| | |
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 20162017 | |
(2) Financial Statement Schedules:
The financial statement schedules, with Independent Auditors' Report thereon, required to be filed are listed below by page number as filed in this report. All other schedules are omitted as the information required is inapplicable, immaterial, or the information is presented in the Financial Statements or related notes.
|
| | |
| | | Form 10-K |
| | | Page |
| Schedule I | Summary of Investments – Other than Investments in Related Parties at December 31, 20182019 | |
| | | |
| Schedule II | Condensed Financial Information of Registrant at December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 and for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 20162017 | |
| | | |
| Schedule III | Supplementary Insurance Information for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 20162017 | |
| | | |
| Schedule IV | Reinsurance for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 20162017 | |
| | | |
| Schedule V | Allowance for Uncollectible Premiums and Other Receivables for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 20162017 | |
(3) Exhibits:
The exhibits required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are listed in the Exhibit Index, which is incorporated by reference and immediately precedes the exhibits filed with or incorporated by reference in this Form 10-K.
SCHEDULE I
SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC. AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES
SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS - OTHER THAN INVESTMENTS IN RELATED PARTIES
December 31, 20182019
| | | Types of investment | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | Amortized Cost or Cost | | Fair Value | | Carrying Amount | | Amortized Cost or Cost | | Fair Value | | Carrying Amount |
| Fixed income securities: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Held-to-maturity: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Obligations of states and political subdivisions | | $ | 17,431 |
| | 17,969 |
| | 17,470 |
| | $ | 4,573 |
| | 4,921 |
| | 4,580 |
|
| Public utilities | | 4,707 |
| | 5,264 |
| | 4,818 |
| | 3,608 |
| | 3,967 |
| | 3,673 |
|
| All other corporate securities | | 14,883 |
| | 15,084 |
| | 14,822 |
| | 12,588 |
| | 13,087 |
| | 12,547 |
|
| Total fixed income securities, held-to-maturity | | 37,021 |
| | 38,317 |
| | 37,110 |
| | 20,769 |
| | 21,975 |
| | 20,800 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Available-for-sale: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| U.S. government and government agencies | | 120,092 |
| | 121,310 |
| | 121,310 |
| | 112,680 |
| | 116,186 |
| | 116,186 |
|
| Foreign government | | 23,202 |
| | 23,131 |
| | 23,131 |
| | 18,011 |
| | 18,542 |
| | 18,542 |
|
| Obligations of states and political subdivisions | | 1,121,615 |
| | 1,138,469 |
| | 1,138,469 |
| | 1,168,185 |
| | 1,230,090 |
| | 1,230,090 |
|
| Public utilities | | 28,464 |
| | 28,393 |
| | 28,393 |
| | 35,679 |
| | 37,084 |
| | 37,084 |
|
| All other corporate securities | | 1,611,388 |
| | 1,589,015 |
| | 1,589,015 |
| | 1,831,202 |
| | 1,910,393 |
| | 1,910,393 |
|
| Collateralized loan obligation securities and other asset-backed securities | | 720,193 |
| | 717,362 |
| | 717,362 |
| | 790,517 |
| | 793,012 |
| | 793,012 |
|
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | | 527,409 |
| | 527,078 |
| | 527,078 |
| | 514,709 |
| | 538,344 |
| | 538,344 |
|
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | | 1,118,435 |
| | 1,128,342 |
| | 1,128,342 |
| | 1,409,003 |
| | 1,451,969 |
| | 1,451,969 |
|
| Total fixed income securities, available-for-sale | | 5,270,798 |
| | 5,273,100 |
| | 5,273,100 |
| | 5,879,986 |
| | 6,095,620 |
| | 6,095,620 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Equity securities: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Common stock: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Public utilities | | 2,416 |
| | 2,732 |
| | 2,732 |
| |
| Banks, trusts and insurance companies | | 7,448 |
| | 8,331 |
| | 8,331 |
| | 17,357 |
| | 17,368 |
| | 17,368 |
|
| Industrial, miscellaneous and all other | | 125,361 |
| | 133,664 |
| | 133,664 |
| | 51,815 |
| | 52,532 |
| | 52,532 |
|
| Nonredeemable preferred stock | | 2,889 |
| | 2,912 |
| | 2,912 |
| | 2,889 |
| | 3,037 |
| | 3,037 |
|
| Total equity securities | | 138,114 |
| | 147,639 |
| | 147,639 |
| | 72,061 |
| | 72,937 |
| | 72,937 |
|
| Short-term investments | | 323,864 |
| | 323,864 |
| | 323,864 |
| | 282,490 |
| | 282,490 |
| | 282,490 |
|
| Other investments | | 178,938 |
| | |
| | 178,938 |
| | 216,807 |
| | |
| | 216,807 |
|
| Total investments | | $ | 5,948,735 |
| | |
| | 5,960,651 |
| | $ | 6,472,113 |
| | |
| | 6,688,654 |
|
See accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of this Form 10-K.
SCHEDULE II
SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC.
(Parent Corporation)
Balance Sheets
| | | | | December 31, | | December 31, |
| ($ in thousands, except share amounts) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2019 | | 2018 |
| Assets: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Fixed income securities, available-for-sale – at fair value (amortized cost: $111,208 – 2018; $89,799 – 2017) | | $ | 110,098 |
| | 89,872 |
| |
| Fixed income securities, available-for-sale – at fair value (amortized cost: $233,753 – 2019; $111,208 – 2018) | | | $ | 241,526 |
| | 110,098 |
|
| Short-term investments | | 35,358 |
| | 24,080 |
| | 36,219 |
| | 35,358 |
|
| Cash | | 505 |
| | 534 |
| | 300 |
| | 505 |
|
| Investment in subsidiaries | | 2,057,218 |
| | 2,013,304 |
| | 2,416,209 |
| | 2,057,218 |
|
| Current federal income tax | | 14,161 |
| | 22,266 |
| | 16,116 |
| | 14,161 |
|
| Deferred federal income tax | | 10,346 |
| | 13,239 |
| | 4,875 |
| | 10,346 |
|
| Other assets | | 1,186 |
| | 871 |
| | 1,692 |
| | 1,186 |
|
| Total assets | | $ | 2,228,872 |
| | 2,164,166 |
| | $ | 2,716,937 |
| | 2,228,872 |
|
| | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Liabilities: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Long-term debt | | $ | 329,540 |
| | 329,116 |
| | $ | 439,860 |
| | 329,540 |
|
| Intercompany notes payable | | 77,517 |
| | 78,443 |
| | 61,163 |
| | 77,517 |
|
| Accrued long-term stock compensation | | 21,574 |
| | 37,017 |
| | 8,604 |
| | 21,574 |
|
| Other liabilities | | 8,439 |
| | 6,633 |
| | 12,374 |
| | 8,439 |
|
| Total liabilities | | $ | 437,070 |
| | 451,209 |
| | $ | 522,001 |
| | 437,070 |
|
| | | | | | | | | |
| Stockholders’ Equity: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Preferred stock at $0 par value per share: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Authorized shares 5,000,000; no shares issued or outstanding | | $ | — |
| | — |
| | $ | — |
| | — |
|
| Common stock of $2 par value per share: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Authorized shares: 360,000,000 | | | | | | | | |
| Issued: 102,848,394 – 2018; 102,284,564 – 2017 | | 205,697 |
| | 204,569 |
| |
| Issued: 103,484,159 – 2019; 102,848,394 – 2018 | | | 206,968 |
| | 205,697 |
|
| Additional paid-in capital | | 390,315 |
| | 367,717 |
| | 418,521 |
| | 390,315 |
|
| Retained earnings | | 1,858,414 |
| | 1,698,613 |
| | 2,080,529 |
| | 1,858,414 |
|
| Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income | | (77,956 | ) | | 20,170 |
| |
| Treasury stock – at cost (shares: 43,899,840 – 2018; 43,789,442 – 2017) | | (584,668 | ) | | (578,112 | ) | |
| Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | | | 81,750 |
| | (77,956 | ) |
| Treasury stock – at cost (shares: 44,023,006 – 2019; 43,899,840 – 2018) | | | (592,832 | ) | | (584,668 | ) |
| Total stockholders’ equity | | 1,791,802 |
| | 1,712,957 |
| | 2,194,936 |
| | 1,791,802 |
|
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | | $ | 2,228,872 |
| | 2,164,166 |
| | $ | 2,716,937 |
| | 2,228,872 |
|
See accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. Information should be read in conjunction with the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of Selective Insurance Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries. Both items are in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of this Form 10-K.
SCHEDULE II (continued)
SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC.
(Parent Corporation)
Statements of Income
| | | | | Year ended December 31, | | Year ended December 31, |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Revenues: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Dividends from subsidiaries | | $ | 100,060 |
| | 80,096 |
| | 61,014 |
| | $ | 110,004 |
| | 100,060 |
| | 80,096 |
|
| Net investment income earned | | 3,425 |
| | 2,044 |
| | 1,259 |
| | 7,301 |
| | 3,425 |
| | 2,044 |
|
| Net realized losses | | (1,567 | ) | | (15 | ) | | (220 | ) | |
| Net realized gains (losses) | | | 207 |
| | (1,567 | ) | | (15 | ) |
| Total revenues | | 101,918 |
| | 82,125 |
| | 62,053 |
| | 117,512 |
| | 101,918 |
| | 82,125 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Expenses: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Interest expense | | 24,652 |
| | 24,721 |
| | 24,030 |
| | 33,426 |
| | 24,652 |
| | 24,721 |
|
| Other expenses | | 25,446 |
| | 36,251 |
| | 35,020 |
| | 30,900 |
| | 25,446 |
| | 36,251 |
|
| Total expenses | | 50,098 |
| | 60,972 |
| | 59,050 |
| | 64,326 |
| | 50,098 |
| | 60,972 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Income before federal income tax | | 51,820 |
| | 21,153 |
| | 3,003 |
| | 53,186 |
| | 51,820 |
| | 21,153 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Federal income tax (benefit) expense: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Current | | (14,173 | ) | | (22,187 | ) | | (17,924 | ) | | (16,080 | ) | | (14,173 | ) | | (22,187 | ) |
| Deferred | | 3,141 |
| | 6,311 |
| | (2,143 | ) | | 3,606 |
| | 3,141 |
| | 6,311 |
|
| Total federal income tax benefit | | (11,032 | ) | | (15,876 | ) | | (20,067 | ) | | (12,474 | ) | | (11,032 | ) | | (15,876 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income before equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries | | 62,852 |
| | 37,029 |
| | 23,070 |
| | 65,660 |
| | 62,852 |
| | 37,029 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries, net of tax | | 116,087 |
| | 131,797 |
| | 135,425 |
| | 205,963 |
| | 116,087 |
| | 131,797 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income | | $ | 178,939 |
| | 168,826 |
| | 158,495 |
| | $ | 271,623 |
| | 178,939 |
| | 168,826 |
|
See accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. Information should be read in conjunction with the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of Selective Insurance Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries. Both items are in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of this Form 10-K.
SCHEDULE II (continued)
SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC.
(Parent Corporation)
Statements of Cash Flows
| | | | | Year ended December 31, | | Year ended December 31, |
| ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Operating Activities: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Net income | | $ | 178,939 |
| | 168,826 |
| | 158,495 |
| | $ | 271,623 |
| | 178,939 |
| | 168,826 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries, net of tax | | (116,087 | ) | | (131,797 | ) | | (135,425 | ) | | (205,963 | ) | | (116,087 | ) | | (131,797 | ) |
| Stock-based compensation expense | | 14,507 |
| | 12,089 |
| | 10,449 |
| | 19,077 |
| | 14,507 |
| | 12,089 |
|
| Net realized losses | | 1,567 |
| | 15 |
| | 220 |
| |
| Net realized (gains) losses | | | (207 | ) | | 1,567 |
| | 15 |
|
| Amortization – other | | 567 |
| | 678 |
| | 648 |
| | 4,614 |
| | 567 |
| | 678 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Changes in assets and liabilities: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| (Decrease) increase in accrued long-term stock compensation | | (15,443 | ) | | 4,988 |
| | 5,564 |
| | (12,970 | ) | | (15,443 | ) | | 4,988 |
|
| Decrease (increase) in net federal income taxes | | 11,246 |
| | 3,811 |
| | (3,612 | ) | |
| Decrease in net federal income taxes | | | 1,651 |
| | 11,246 |
| | 3,811 |
|
| Increase in other assets | | (343 | ) | | (60 | ) | | (202 | ) | | (533 | ) | | (343 | ) | | (60 | ) |
| Increase in other liabilities | | 1,712 |
| | 714 |
| | 80 |
| | 3,919 |
| | 1,712 |
| | 714 |
|
| Net cash provided by operating activities | | 76,665 |
| | 59,264 |
| | 36,217 |
| | 81,211 |
| | 76,665 |
| | 59,264 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Investing Activities: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Purchase of fixed income securities, available-for-sale | | (75,046 | ) | | (58,832 | ) | | (45,789 | ) | | (153,482 | ) | | (75,046 | ) | | (58,832 | ) |
| Redemption and maturities of fixed income securities, available-for-sale | | 6,849 |
| | 10,465 |
| | 14,983 |
| | 10,579 |
| | 6,849 |
| | 10,465 |
|
| Sale of fixed income securities, available-for-sale | | 45,099 |
| | 31,819 |
| | 18,768 |
| | 20,189 |
| | 45,099 |
| | 31,819 |
|
| Purchase of equity securities | | | (10,824 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Sale of equity securities | | | 10,828 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Purchase of short-term investments | | (207,115 | ) | | (185,590 | ) | | (119,501 | ) | | (1,116,766 | ) | | (207,115 | ) | | (185,590 | ) |
| Sale of short-term investments | | 195,846 |
| | 179,292 |
| | 130,841 |
| | 1,116,253 |
| | 195,846 |
| | 179,292 |
|
| Net cash used in investing activities | | (34,367 | ) | | (22,846 | ) | | (698 | ) | | (123,223 | ) | | (34,367 | ) | | (22,846 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Financing Activities: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Dividends to stockholders | | (42,097 | ) | | (37,045 | ) | | (33,758 | ) | | (47,675 | ) | | (42,097 | ) | | (37,045 | ) |
| Acquisition of treasury stock | | (6,556 | ) | | (6,015 | ) | | (4,992 | ) | | (8,164 | ) | | (6,556 | ) | | (6,015 | ) |
| Proceeds from issuance of notes payable, net of debt issuance costs | | | 290,757 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Principal payment on notes payable | | | (185,000 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Net proceeds from stock purchase and compensation plans | | 7,252 |
| | 7,599 |
| | 7,811 |
| | 8,243 |
| | 7,252 |
| | 7,599 |
|
| Excess tax benefits from share-based payment arrangements | | — |
| | — |
| | 1,819 |
| |
| Principal payment on borrowings from subsidiaries | | (926 | ) | | (881 | ) | | (6,839 | ) | | (16,354 | ) | | (926 | ) | | (881 | ) |
| Net cash used in financing activities | | (42,327 | ) | | (36,342 | ) | | (35,959 | ) | |
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | | | 41,807 |
| | (42,327 | ) | | (36,342 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net (decrease) increase in cash | | (29 | ) | | 76 |
| | (440 | ) | | (205 | ) | | (29 | ) | | 76 |
|
| Cash, beginning of year | | 534 |
| | 458 |
| | 898 |
| | 505 |
| | 534 |
| | 458 |
|
| Cash, end of year | | $ | 505 |
| | 534 |
| | 458 |
| | $ | 300 |
| | 505 |
| | 534 |
|
See accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. Information should be read in conjunction with the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of Selective Insurance Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries. Both items are in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of this Form 10-K.
SCHEDULE III
SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC. AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES
SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION
Year ended December 31, 20182019
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | Deferred policy acquisition costs | | Reserve for loss and loss expense | | Unearned premiums | | Net premiums earned | | Net investment income1 | | Loss and loss expense incurred | | Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | | Other operating expenses2 | | Net premiums written |
| Standard Commercial Lines Segment | | $ | 226,464 |
| | 3,436,363 |
| | 1,108,009 |
| | 2,049,614 |
| | — |
| | 1,187,856 |
| | 445,661 |
| | 270,107 |
| | 2,137,071 |
|
| Standard Personal Lines Segment | | 16,848 |
| | 224,200 |
| | 309,125 |
| | 307,739 |
| | — |
| | 211,300 |
| | 34,477 |
| | 53,702 |
| | 304,592 |
|
| E&S Lines Segment | | 27,874 |
| | 406,600 |
| | 106,033 |
| | 239,818 |
| | — |
| | 152,335 |
| | 55,835 |
| | 21,905 |
| | 237,761 |
|
| Investments Segment | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 236,965 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total | | $ | 271,186 |
| | 4,067,163 |
| | 1,523,167 |
| | 2,597,171 |
| | 236,965 |
| | 1,551,491 |
| | 535,973 |
| | 345,714 |
| | 2,679,424 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | Deferred policy acquisition costs | | Reserve for loss and loss expense | | Unearned premiums | | Net premiums earned | | Net investment income1 | | Loss and loss expense incurred | | Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | | Other operating expenses2 | | Net premiums written |
| Standard Commercial Lines Segment | | $ | 206,391 |
| | 3,283,531 |
| | 1,020,054 |
| | 1,912,222 |
| | — |
| | 1,141,038 |
| | 412,420 |
| | 249,660 |
| | 1,975,683 |
|
| Standard Personal Lines Segment | | 18,070 |
| | 223,223 |
| | 304,085 |
| | 304,441 |
| | — |
| | 206,752 |
| | 33,617 |
| | 51,308 |
| | 309,277 |
|
| E&S Lines Segment | | 28,151 |
| | 387,114 |
| | 107,793 |
| | 219,566 |
| | — |
| | 150,344 |
| | 49,005 |
| | 20,912 |
| | 229,326 |
|
| Investments Segment | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 140,413 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total | | $ | 252,612 |
| | 3,893,868 |
| | 1,431,932 |
| | 2,436,229 |
| | 140,413 |
| | 1,498,134 |
| | 495,042 |
| | 321,880 |
| | 2,514,286 |
|
1Includes “Net investment income earned” and “Total net realized and unrealized gains (losses) gains”” on the Consolidated Statements of Income.
2“Other operating expenses” of $321,880345,714 reconciles to the Consolidated Statements of Income as follows:
| | | Other insurance expenses | $ | 331,318 |
| $ | 358,069 |
|
| Other income | (9,438 | ) | (12,355 | ) |
| Total | $ | 321,880 |
| $ | 345,714 |
|
See accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of this Form 10-K.
Year ended December 31, 20172018
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | Deferred policy acquisition costs | | Reserve for loss and loss expense | | Unearned premiums | | Net premiums earned | | Net investment income1 | | Loss and loss expense incurred | | Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | | Other operating expenses2 | | Net premiums written |
| Standard Commercial Lines Segment | | $ | 206,391 |
| | 3,283,531 |
| | 1,020,054 |
| | 1,912,222 |
| | — |
| | 1,141,038 |
| | 412,420 |
| | 249,660 |
| | 1,975,683 |
|
| Standard Personal Lines Segment | | 18,070 |
| | 223,223 |
| | 304,085 |
| | 304,441 |
| | — |
| | 206,752 |
| | 33,617 |
| | 51,308 |
| | 309,277 |
|
| E&S Lines Segment | | 28,151 |
| | 387,114 |
| | 107,793 |
| | 219,566 |
| | — |
| | 150,344 |
| | 49,005 |
| | 20,912 |
| | 229,326 |
|
| Investments Segment | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 140,413 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total | | $ | 252,612 |
| | 3,893,868 |
| | 1,431,932 |
| | 2,436,229 |
| | 140,413 |
| | 1,498,134 |
| | 495,042 |
| | 321,880 |
| | 2,514,286 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ($ in thousands) | | Deferred policy acquisition costs | | Reserve for loss and loss expense | | Unearned premiums | | Net premiums earned | | Net investment income1 | | Loss and loss expense incurred | | Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | | Other operating expenses2 | | Net premiums written |
| Standard Commercial Lines Segment | | $ | 193,408 |
| | 3,165,217 |
| | 956,173 |
| | 1,788,499 |
| | — |
| | 1,008,150 |
| | 387,552 |
| | 243,283 |
| | 1,858,735 |
|
| Standard Personal Lines Segment | | 16,952 |
| | 263,166 |
| | 295,435 |
| | 289,701 |
| | — |
| | 189,294 |
| | 32,542 |
| | 56,761 |
| | 296,775 |
|
| E&S Lines Segment | | 24,695 |
| | 342,857 |
| | 98,036 |
| | 212,827 |
| | — |
| | 147,630 |
| | 49,142 |
| | 22,337 |
| | 215,131 |
|
| Investments Segment | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 168,241 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total | | $ | 235,055 |
| | 3,771,240 |
| | 1,349,644 |
| | 2,291,027 |
| | 168,241 |
| | 1,345,074 |
| | 469,236 |
| | 322,381 |
| | 2,370,641 |
|
1Includes “Net investment income earned” and “Total net realized and unrealized gains (losses) gains”” on the Consolidated Statements of Income.
2“Other operating expenses” of $322,381$321,880 reconciles to the Consolidated Statements of Income as follows:
|
| | | |
| Other insurance expenses | $ | 331,318 |
|
| Other income | (9,438 | ) |
| Total | $ | 321,880 |
|
|
| | | |
| Other insurance expenses | $ | 333,097 |
|
| Other income | (10,716 | ) |
| Total | $ | 322,381 |
|
See accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of this Form 10-K.
SCHEDULE III (continued)
SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC. AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES
SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION
Year ended December 31, 20162017
| | | ($ in thousands) | | Deferred policy acquisition costs | | Reserve for loss and loss expense | | Unearned premiums | | Net premiums earned | | Net investment income1 | | Loss and loss expense incurred | | Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | | Other operating expenses2 | | Net premiums written | | Deferred policy acquisition costs | | Reserve for loss and loss expense | | Unearned premiums | | Net premiums earned | | Net investment income1 | | Loss and loss expense incurred | | Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs | | Other operating expenses2 | | Net premiums written |
| Standard Commercial Lines Segment | | $ | 181,193 |
| | 3,098,554 |
| | 884,976 |
| | 1,665,483 |
| | — |
| | 913,506 |
| | 367,813 |
| | 237,729 |
| | 1,745,782 |
| | $ | 193,408 |
| | 3,165,217 |
| | 956,173 |
| | 1,788,499 |
| | — |
| | 1,008,150 |
| | 387,552 |
| | 243,283 |
| | 1,858,735 |
|
| Standard Personal Lines Segment | | 16,664 |
| | 286,081 |
| | 282,111 |
| | 280,607 |
| | — |
| | 177,749 |
| | 34,105 |
| | 56,334 |
| | 281,822 |
| | 16,952 |
| | 263,166 |
| | 295,435 |
| | 289,701 |
| | — |
| | 189,294 |
| | 32,542 |
| | 56,761 |
| | 296,775 |
|
| E&S Lines Segment | | 24,707 |
| | 307,084 |
| | 95,732 |
| | 203,482 |
| | — |
| | 143,542 |
| | 48,410 |
| | 18,451 |
| | 209,684 |
| | 24,695 |
| | 342,857 |
| | 98,036 |
| | 212,827 |
| | — |
| | 147,630 |
| | 49,142 |
| | 22,337 |
| | 215,131 |
|
| Investments Segment | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 125,817 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 168,241 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total | | $ | 222,564 |
| | 3,691,719 |
| | 1,262,819 |
| | 2,149,572 |
| | 125,817 |
| | 1,234,797 |
| | 450,328 |
| | 312,514 |
| | 2,237,288 |
| | $ | 235,055 |
| | 3,771,240 |
| | 1,349,644 |
| | 2,291,027 |
| | 168,241 |
| | 1,345,074 |
| | 469,236 |
| | 322,381 |
| | 2,370,641 |
|
1Includes “Net investment income earned” and “Total net realized and unrealized gains (losses) gains”” on the Consolidated Statements of Income.
2“Other operating expenses” of $312,514$322,381 reconciles to the Consolidated Statements of Income as follows:
| | | Other insurance expenses | $ | 321,395 |
| $ | 333,097 |
|
| Other income | (8,881 | ) | (10,716 | ) |
| Total | $ | 312,514 |
| $ | 322,381 |
|
See accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of this Form 10-K.
SCHEDULE IV
SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC. AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES
REINSURANCE
Years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 20162017
| | | ($ thousands) | | Direct Amount | | Assumed from Other Companies | | Ceded to Other Companies | | Net Amount | | % of Amount Assumed to Net | | Direct Amount | | Assumed from Other Companies | | Ceded to Other Companies | | Net Amount | | % of Amount Assumed to Net |
| 2019 | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Premiums earned: | | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Accident and health insurance | | | $ | 17 |
| | — |
| | 17 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Property and liability insurance | | | 2,993,140 |
| | 24,399 |
| | 420,368 |
| | 2,597,171 |
| | 1 | % |
| Total premiums earned | | | 2,993,157 |
| | 24,399 |
| | 420,385 |
| | 2,597,171 |
| | 1 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2018 | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Premiums earned: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Accident and health insurance | | $ | 19 |
| | — |
| | 19 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | $ | 19 |
| | — |
| | 19 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Property and liability insurance | | 2,808,745 |
| | 25,831 |
| | 398,347 |
| | 2,436,229 |
| | 1 | % | | 2,808,745 |
| | 25,831 |
| | 398,347 |
| | 2,436,229 |
| | 1 | % |
| Total premiums earned | | 2,808,764 |
| | 25,831 |
| | 398,366 |
| | 2,436,229 |
| | 1 | % | | 2,808,764 |
| | 25,831 |
| | 398,366 |
| | 2,436,229 |
| | 1 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2017 | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Premiums earned: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
| Accident and health insurance | | $ | 24 |
| | — |
| | 24 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | $ | 24 |
| | — |
| | 24 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Property and liability insurance | | 2,647,464 |
| | 25,831 |
| | 382,268 |
| | 2,291,027 |
| | 1 | % | | 2,647,464 |
| | 25,831 |
| | 382,268 |
| | 2,291,027 |
| | 1 | % |
| Total premiums earned | | 2,647,488 |
| | 25,831 |
| | 382,292 |
| | 2,291,027 |
| | 1 | % | | 2,647,488 |
| | 25,831 |
| | 382,292 |
| | 2,291,027 |
| | 1 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2016 | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Premiums earned: | | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
| Accident and health insurance | | $ | 32 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 32 |
| | — |
| |
| Property and liability insurance | | 2,484,683 |
| | 28,214 |
| | 363,357 |
| | 2,149,540 |
| | 1 | % | |
| Total premiums earned | | 2,484,715 |
| | 28,214 |
| | 363,357 |
| | 2,149,572 |
| | 1 | % | |
See accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of this Form 10-K.
SCHEDULE V
SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC. AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES
ALLOWANCE FOR UNCOLLECTIBLE PREMIUMS AND OTHER RECEIVABLES
Years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 20162017
| | | ($ in thousands) | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Balance, January 1 | | $ | 14,600 |
| | 11,480 |
| | 10,122 |
| | $ | 13,900 |
| | 14,600 |
| | 11,480 |
|
| Additions | | 4,022 |
| | 6,414 |
| | 4,669 |
| | 2,730 |
| | 4,022 |
| | 6,414 |
|
| Deductions | | (4,722 | ) | | (3,294 | ) | | (3,311 | ) | | (5,830 | ) | | (4,722 | ) | | (3,294 | ) |
| Balance, December 31 | | $ | 13,900 |
| | 14,600 |
| | 11,480 |
| | $ | 10,800 |
| | 13,900 |
| | 14,600 |
|
See accompanying Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of this Form 10-K.
EXHIBIT INDEX
|
| | |
| Exhibit | | |
| Number | | |
| | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Selective Insurance Group, Inc., filed May 4, 2010 (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2010, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | By-Laws of Selective Insurance Group, Inc., effective July 29, 2015 (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2015, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Indenture, dated as of September 24, 2002, between Selective Insurance Group, Inc. and National City Bank, as Trustee, relating to the Company's 1.6155% Senior Convertible Notes due September 24, 2032 (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed November 26, 2002 File No. 333-101489). |
| | | |
| | Indenture, dated as of November 16, 2004, between Selective Insurance Group, Inc. and Wachovia Bank, National Association, as Trustee, relating to the Company's 7.25% Senior Notes due 2034 (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 18, 2004, File No. 000-08641). |
| | | |
| | Indenture, dated as of November 3, 2005, between Selective Insurance Group, Inc. and Wachovia Bank, National Association, as Trustee, relating to the Company’s 6.70% Senior Notes due 2035 (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 9, 2005, File No. 000-08641). |
| | | |
| | Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of November 16, 2004, between Selective Insurance Group, Inc. and Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, Inc. (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 18, 2004, File No. 000-08641). |
| | | |
| | Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of November 3, 2005, between Selective Insurance Group, Inc. and Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, Inc. (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 9, 2005, File No. 000-08641). |
| | | |
| | Indenture, dated as of February 8, 2013, between Selective Insurance Group, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 8, 2013, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | FirstSecond Supplemental Indenture, dated as of February 8, 2013,March 1, 2019 between Selective Insurance Group, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee, relating to the Company’s 5.875%5.375% Senior Notes due 20432049 (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 4.24.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 8, 2013,March 1, 2019 File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Description of the Company's Securities Registered Under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. |
| | |
| | Selective Insurance Supplemental Pension Plan, As Amended and Restated Effective January 1, 2005 (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2008, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Amendment No. 1 to Selective Insurance Supplemental Pension Plan, As Amended and Restated Effective January 1, 2005 (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 25, 2013, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Company of America Deferred Compensation Plan (2005), As Amended and Restated Effective as of January 1, 2010 (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2011, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
|
| | |
| Exhibit | | |
| Number | | |
| | Amendment No 1. to Selective Insurance Company of America Deferred Compensation Plan (2005) (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.2a of the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2011, File No. 001-33067). |
|
| | |
Exhibit | | |
Number | | |
| | Amendment No. 2 to Selective Insurance Company of America Deferred Compensation Plan (2005), As Amended and Restated Effective as of January 1, 2010 (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 25, 2013, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Stock Plan, effective May 1, 2014 (incorporated by reference herein to Appendix A-1 to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2014 Annual Meeting of Stockholders filed April 3, 2014, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Stock Plan Director Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Stock Plan Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Stock Plan Service-Based Restricted Stock Agreement (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Stock Plan Performance-Based Restricted Stock Agreement (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Stock Plan Service-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Stock Plan Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Stock Plan Director Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. 2005 Omnibus Stock Plan As Amended and Restated Effective as of May 1, 2010 (incorporated by reference herein to Appendix C of the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2010 Annual Meeting of Stockholders filed March 25, 2010, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Stock Plan as Amended and Restated Effective as of May 2, 2018 (incorporated by reference herein to Appendix A of the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement filed March 26, 2018 for its 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. 2005 Omnibus Stock Plan Director Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.9 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005, File No. 000-08641). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. 2005 Omnibus Stock Plan Automatic Director Stock Option Agreement (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 2 of the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2005 Annual Meeting of Stockholders filed April 6, 2005, File No. 000-08641). |
|
| | |
| Exhibit | | |
| Number | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. Non-Employee Directors’ Compensation and Deferral Plan, As Amended and Restated Effective as of January 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.18 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, File No. 001-33067). |
|
| | |
Exhibit | | |
Number | | |
| 10.16+ | | Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1993, File No. 000-08641) (P). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (2009), amended and restated effective July 1, 2009 (incorporated by reference herein to Appendix A to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2009 Annual Meeting of Stockholders filed March 26, 2009, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. Cash Incentive Plan As Amended and Restated as of May 1, 2014 (incorporated by reference herein to Appendix B to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2014 Annual Meeting of Stockholders filed March 24, 2014, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. Cash Incentive Plan Service-Based Cash Incentive Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.8 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. Cash Incentive Plan Performance-Based Cash Incentive Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.9 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. Cash Incentive Plan Cash Incentive Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.14c of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. Cash Incentive Plan Cash Incentive Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.14d of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Amended and Restated Selective Insurance Group, Inc. Stock Purchase Plan for Independent Insurance Agencies (2010), Amended and Restated as of February 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.26 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. Stock Option Plan for Directors (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit B of the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2000 Annual Meeting of Stockholders filed March 31, 2000, File No. 000-08641). |
| | | |
| | Amendment to the Selective Insurance Group, Inc. Stock Option Plan for Directors, as amended, effective as of July 26, 2006, (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2006, File No. 000-08641). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. Stock Compensation Plan for Nonemployee Directors, (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit A of the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2000 Annual Meeting of Stockholders filed March 31, 2000, File No. 000-08641). |
| | | |
| | Amendment to Selective Insurance Group, Inc. Stock Compensation Plan for Nonemployee Directors, as amended (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.22a of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Employment Agreement between Selective Insurance Company of America and Gregory E. Murphy, dated as of December 23, 2008 (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 30, 2008, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
|
| | |
| Exhibit | | |
| Number | | |
| | Employment Agreement between Selective Insurance Company of America and Gregory E. Murphy, effective as of February 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 1, 2019, File No. 001-33067).
|
| | |
| | Employment Agreement between Selective Insurance Company of America and Michael H. Lanza, dated as of December 23, 2008 (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.23e of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
|
| | |
Exhibit | | |
Number | | |
| | Employment Agreement between Selective Insurance Company of America and John J. Marchioni, dated as of September 10, 2013 (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 11, 2013, File No. 001-33067).
|
| | | |
| | Employment Agreement between Selective Insurance Company of America and John J. Marchioni, dated as of February 10, 2020.
|
| | |
| | Employment Agreement between Selective Insurance Company of America and Mark A. Wilcox, dated as of October 28, 2016 (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 31, 2016, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Credit Agreement among Selective Insurance Group, Inc., the Lenders Named Therein and Wells Fargo Bank National Association,of Montreal, Chicago Branch, as Administrative Agent, dated as of December 1, 2015 (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.35 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, File No. 001-33067).20, 2019. |
| | | |
| | Form of Indemnification Agreement between Selective Insurance Group, Inc. and each of its directors and executive officers, as adopted on May 19, 2005 (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 20, 2005, File No. 000-08641). |
| | | |
| | Selective Insurance Group, Inc. Non-Employee Directors’ Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.27 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009, File No. 001-33067). |
| | | |
| | Amendment No. 1 to the Selective Insurance Group, Inc. Non-Employee Directors’ Deferred Compensation Plan (incorporated by reference herein to Exhibit 10.27a of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010, File No. 001-33067). |
|
| | |
| Exhibit | | |
| Number | | |
| | Subsidiaries of Selective Insurance Group, Inc. |
| | | |
| | Consent of KPMG LLP. |
| | | |
| | Power of Attorney of Paul D. Bauer. |
| | |
| | Power of Attorney of John C. Burville. |
| | | |
| | Power of Attorney of Terrence W. Cavanaugh. |
| | | |
| | Power of Attorney of Robert Kelly Doherty. |
| | | |
| | Power of Attorney of Thomas A. McCarthy. |
| | | |
| | Power of Attorney of H. Elizabeth Mitchell. |
| | | |
| | Power of Attorney of Michael J. Morrissey. |
| | | |
| | Power of Attorney of Gregory E. Murphy. |
| | |
| | Power of Attorney of Cynthia S. Nicholson. |
| | | |
| | Power of Attorney of Ronald L. O'Kelley. |
| | | |
| | Power of Attorney of William M. Rue. |
| | | |
| | Power of Attorney of John S. Scheid. |
| | | |
| | Power of Attorney of J. Brian Thebault. |
| | | |
| | Power of Attorney of Philip H. Urban. |
| | | |
| | Certification of Chief Executive Officer in accordance with Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
| | | |
| | Certification of Chief Financial Officer in accordance with Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
| | | |
| | Certification of Chief Executive Officer in accordance with Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
| | | |
| | Certification of Chief Financial Officer in accordance with Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
�� | | |
| | Glossary of Terms. |
|
| | |
| ** 101.INS | | XBRL Instance Document. |
| ** 101.SCH | | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |
| ** 101.CAL | | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |
| ** 101.LAB | | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. |
| ** 101.PRE | | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |
| ** 101.DEF | | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. |
| ** 104 | | Cover Page Interactive Data File - formatted in Inline XBRL and included as Exhibit 101 |
* Filed herewith.
** Furnished and not filed herewith.
+ Management compensation plan or arrangement.
(P) Paper filed.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
|
| | |
| SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC. | |
| | |
By: /s/ Gregory E. MurphyJohn J. Marchioni | | February 15, 201912, 2020 |
Gregory E. MurphyJohn J. Marchioni | |
Chairman of the BoardPresident and Chief Executive Officer | |
| (principal executive officer) | |
| | |
| By: /s/ Mark A. Wilcox | | February 15, 201912, 2020 |
| Mark A. Wilcox | |
| Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer | |
| (principal financial officer) | |
| | | |
| By: /s/ Anthony D. Harnett | | February 15, 201912, 2020 |
| Anthony D. Harnett | |
| Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer | |
| (principal accounting officer) | |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated.
|
| | |
By: /s/ Gregory E. MurphyJohn J. Marchioni | | February 15, 201912, 2020 |
Gregory E. MurphyJohn J. Marchioni | |
Chairman of the BoardPresident and Chief Executive Officer | |
| | |
| * | | February 15, 2019 |
Paul D. Bauer | |
Director | |
| |
* | | February 15, 201912, 2020 |
| John C. Burville | |
| Director | |
| | |
| * | | February 15, 201912, 2020 |
| Terrence W. Cavanaugh | |
| Director | |
| | |
| * | | February 15, 201912, 2020 |
| Robert Kelly Doherty | |
| Director | |
| | |
| * | | February 15, 201912, 2020 |
| Thomas A. McCarthy | |
| Director | |
| | |
| * | | February 15, 201912, 2020 |
| H. Elizabeth Mitchell | |
| Director | |
| | |
| * | | February 15, 201912, 2020 |
| Michael J. Morrissey | |
| Director | |
| | |
| * | | February 15, 201912, 2020 |
| Gregory E. Murphy | |
| Executive Chairman of the Board | |
| | |
| * | | February 12, 2020 |
| Cynthia S. Nicholson | |
| Director | |
|
| | |
| * | | February 15, 201912, 2020 |
| Ronald L. O'Kelley | |
| Director | |
| | |
| * | | February 15, 201912, 2020 |
| William M. Rue | |
| Director | |
| | | |
| * | | February 15, 201912, 2020 |
| John S. Scheid | |
| Director | |
| | |
| * | | February 15, 201912, 2020 |
J. Brian Thebault
| |
| Director | |
| | |
| * | | February 15, 201912, 2020 |
| Philip H. Urban | |
| Director | |
| | |
| * By: /s/ Michael H. Lanza | | February 15, 201912, 2020 |
| Michael H. Lanza | |
| Attorney-in-fact | |
