0000719220us-gaap:RestrictedStockMember2018-01-012018-12-31
Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K
x    ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
  For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20172020
or
o  TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from            to                .
Commission file number 0-12508
S&T BANCORP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Pennsylvania25-1434426
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)(I.R.S.IRS Employer Identification No.)
800 Philadelphia Street Indiana, PAIndianaPA15701
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)zip code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (800) 325-2265
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading SymbolName of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $2.50 per shareSTBA
The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
(NASDAQ Global Select Market)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
(Title of class)
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
Yes  x     No   o
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
Yes  o    No   x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes  x    No  o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).
Yes  x    No  o
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this form 10-K or any amendment to this form 10-K.  o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filerAccelerated filer
Large accelerated filer  x
Accelerated filer  o
Non-accelerated filero (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
☐ 
Smaller reporting companyo
Emerging growth companyo
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of
the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C.
7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.                Yes      No  
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).        Yes      No  
Yes  o    No   x




State the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter. The aggregate estimated fair value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2017:2020:
Common Stock, $2.50 par value – $1,357,061,248899,373,103
The number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’sregistrant's classes of common stock as of February 28, 2018:22, 2021:
Common Stock, $2.50 par value –34,969,422–39,293,583
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement of S&T Bancorp, Inc., to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A for the 2018 annual meeting of shareholders to be held May 21, 201817, 2021, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this annual reportAnnual Report on Form 10-K.



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Item 1B.
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Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 5.
Item 6.
Item 7.
Item 7A.
Item 8.
Item 9.
Item 9A.
Item 9B.
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Item 12.
Item 13.
Item 14.
Item 15.



PART I
2


Item 1.  BUSINESS
General
S&T Bancorp, Inc., was incorporated on March 17, 1983 under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as a bank holding company and is registered with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, or the Federal Reserve Board, under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, or the BHCA, as a bank holding company and a financial holding company. S&T Bancorp, Inc. has threefive active direct wholly-owned subsidiaries including S&T Bank, 9th Street Holdings, Inc. and, STBA Capital Trust I, DNB Capital Trust I and alsoDNB Capital Trust II, and owns a 50 percent interest in Commonwealth Trust Credit Life Insurance Company, or CTCLIC. DNB Capital Trust I and DNB Capital Trust II were acquired with the DNB merger on November 30, 2019. When used in this report,Report, “S&T”, “we”, “us” or “our” may refer to S&T Bancorp, Inc. individually, S&T Bancorp, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries or certain of S&T Bancorp, Inc.’s subsidiaries or affiliates.affiliates, depending on the context. As of December 31, 2017,2020, we had approximately $7.1$9.0 billion in assets, $5.8$7.2 billion in loans, $5.4$7.4 billion in deposits and $884 million$1.2 billion in shareholders’ equity.
On November 30, 2019, pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 5, 2019 (the “Merger Agreement”), by and between S&T Bank is a full service bank, providing servicesBancorp, Inc. (“S&T”) and DNB Financial Corporation (“DNB”), DNB merged with and into S&T (the “Merger”), with S&T continuing as the surviving corporation. At the effective time of the Merger, each share of the common stock of DNB issued and outstanding was converted into the right to its customers through locations in Pennsylvania, Ohio and New York. On March 4, 2015, we acquired Integrity Bancshares, Inc.receive 1.22 shares of S&T common stock. The transaction was valued at $172$201.0 million and added total assets of $981 million,$1.1 billion, including $789$909.0 million in loans, $116as well as $967.3 million in goodwill,deposits.
Immediately following the Merger, DNB First, National Association (“DNB First”), a wholly owned bank subsidiary of DNB, merged with and $722 million in deposits. Integrity Bank was subsequently merged into S&T Bank, on May 8, 2015.with S&T Bank as the surviving entity. DNB First was a full service commercial bank providing a wide range of services to individuals and small to medium sized businesses in the southeastern Pennsylvania market area. DNB First had three wholly-owned operating subsidiaries, Downco, Inc., DN Acquisition Company, Inc., and DNB Financial Services, Inc. Effective November 30, 2019, the DNB First subsidiaries were transferred to S&T Bank with the merger.
S&T Bank is a full-service bank that operates in five markets including Western Pennsylvania, Eastern Pennsylvania, Northeast Ohio, Central Ohio and Upstate New York. S&T Bank deposits are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC, to the maximum extent provided by law. S&T Bank has threesix active wholly-owned operating subsidiaries:subsidiaries including S&T Insurance Group, LLC, S&T Bancholdings, Inc. and, Stewart Capital Advisors, LLC.LLC, Downco, Inc., DN Acquisition Company, Inc., and DNB Financial Services, Inc. Effective January 1, 2018, S&T Insurance Group, LLC, sold a majority interest in its previously wholly-owned subsidiary S&T-Evergreen&T Evergreen Insurance, LLC.
Prior to 2017, we reported three operating segments: Community Banking, Wealth Management and Insurance. Effective January 1, 2017, we no longer report Wealth Management and Insurance segment information, as they do not meet the quantitative thresholds required for disclosure.
Through S&T Bank and our non-bank subsidiaries, we offer traditionalconsumer, commercial and small business banking services, which include accepting time and demand deposits and originating commercial and consumer loans, brokerage services and trust services including serving as executor and trustee under wills and deeds and as guardian and custodian of employee benefits. We also manage private investment accounts for individuals and institutions through our registered investment advisor. Total Wealth Management assets under management and administration were $2.0$2.1 billion at December 31, 2017.2020.
The main office of both S&T Bancorp, Inc. and S&T Bank is located at 800 Philadelphia Street, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and itsour phone number is (800) 325-2265.
EmployeesHuman Capital Management
As part of our mission to become the financial services provider of choice within the markets that we serve, we strive to employ talented people who are based in these communities and are dedicated to providing the best financial products and services to our customers. Our commitment to every customer starts with a talented team. To attract and retain our talented team we strive to make S&T an inclusive, safe and healthy workplace that provides our employees with opportunities to grow and develop. We consider our employees to be the bedrock of the company and instrumental in assisting our customers address the challenges facing our markets, in particular, during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and beyond. As of December 31, 2017,2020, we had 1,080 full-timeapproximately 1,174 full time equivalent employees.
Access
Our Team and Culture
Our team strives to United States Securities and Exchange Commission Filings
All of our reports filed electronically with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission,embody values to encourage a culture that has enabled us to be named a top workplace. The specific words or the SEC, including this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, or the Report, our prior annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and our annual proxy statements, as well as any amendments to those reports, are accessible at no cost on our website at www.stbancorp.com under Financial Information, SEC Filings. These filings are also accessible on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. The charters of the Audit Committee, the Compensation and Benefits Committee, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, the Executive Committee, the Credit Risk Committee and the Trust and Revenue Oversight Committee, as wellphrases that serve as the Complaints Regarding Accounting, Internal Accounting Controls or Auditing Matters Policy, orbasis for our culture and values are as follows:
Serve Our Customers
Challenge the Whistleblower Policy, the CodeStatus Quo
Communicate
Empower Employees
3

Table of Conduct for the CEO and CFO, the General Code of Conduct, the Corporate Governance Guidelines and the Shareholder Communications Policy are also available at www.stbancorp.com under Corporate Governance.Contents
Supervision and Regulation
General
S&T is extensively regulated under federal and state law. Regulation of bank holding companies and banks is intended primarily for the protection of consumers, depositors, borrowers, the Federal Deposit Insurance Fund, or DIF, and the banking system as a whole, and not for the protection of shareholders or creditors. The following describes certain aspects of that regulation and does not purport to be a complete description of all regulations that affect S&T or all aspects of any regulation discussed here. To the extent statutory or regulatory provisions are described, the description is qualified in its entirety by reference to the particular statutory or regulatory provisions.

Item 1.  BUSINESS -- continued







Work as a Team
Trust Each Other
Develop People
Reward Success
Measure Results
Support Our Communities

Diversity and Inclusion
S&T Bank fosters a diverse work culture where employees work together to better our company, services and community. We are committed to promoting a diverse workforce and developing all people through:
Equal Opportunity Employment
Educating our employees
Fostering a culture to address customers’ needs

Talent Development and Training
Our Corporate Training Department maintains oversight of all training to ensure that it is implemented and monitored properly and encourages career development for our employees. Our training program offers a blended learning approach comprised of classroom and online course delivery. In 2020, we converted to online webinars and learning management system delivery for all regulatory, compliance, skill-based, technology, leadership and career development training. In 2020, our employees logged nearly 53,000 training hours, consistent with 2019 and 2018.
Safety, Health and Wellness
The safety, health and wellness of our employees is a top priority. We offer our employees and their families access to a variety of flexible and convenient health and welfare programs that provide resources to help them maintain and/or improve their physical and mental health. We also have a financial wellness program that assists our employees and their families with budgeting and various personal financial content consisting of an online personal financial program and internally produced webinars.
Beginning in March 2020, we aggressively developed a plan to mitigate the potential risks and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on S&T and to promote the health and safety of our employees and the customers and communities that we serve. We have taken preventive health measures for our employees through rigorous sanitation, social distancing, wearing masks and remote working where feasible. We provided COVID-19 incentive pay to employees who were not able to work remote and funded an ongoing childcare assistance program to supplement childcare costs during this time. We also amended our defined contribution plan to allow eligible COVID-19 related withdrawals under the CARES Act. In addition, we employ extensive safety measures at our branches and encourage our customers to use our online and mobile banking solutions. Our solution center hours have been extended to allow for customer consultation without entering a branch. Much of this plan has continued into 2021.
Access to United States Securities and Exchange Commission Filings
All of our reports filed electronically with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, including this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, our prior annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and our annual proxy statements, as well as any amendments to those reports, are accessible at no cost on our website at www.stbancorp.com under Financial Information, SEC Filings. These filings are also accessible on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. The charters of the Audit Committee, the Compensation and Benefits Committee, the Credit Risk Committee, the Executive Committee, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, the Risk Committee and the Trust and Revenue Oversight Committee, as well as the Complaints Regarding Accounting, Internal Accounting Controls or Auditing Matters ("Whistleblower Policy"), the Code of Conduct for the CEO and CFO, the General Code of Conduct, the Shareholder Communications Policy, and the Corporate Governance Guidelines are also available at www.stbancorp.com under Corporate Governance.
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Item 1.  BUSINESS -- continued



Supervision and Regulation
General
S&T is extensively regulated under federal and state law. Regulation of bank holding companies and banks is intended primarily for the protection of consumers, depositors, borrowers, the Federal Deposit Insurance Fund, or DIF, and the banking system as a whole, and not for the protection of shareholders or creditors. The following describes certain aspects of that regulation and does not purport to be a complete description of all regulations that affect S&T, or all aspects of any regulation discussed here. To the extent statutory or regulatory provisions are described, the description is qualified in its entirety by reference to the particular statutory or regulatory provisions.
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or Dodd-Frank Act, enacted in July 2010, has had and will continue to have a broad impact on the financial services industry, including significant regulatory and compliance changes addressing, among other things: (i) enhanced resolution authority of troubled and failing banks and their holding companies; (ii) increased capital and liquidity requirements; (iii) increased regulatory examination fees; (iv) changes to assessments to be paid to the FDIC for federal deposit insurance; (v) enhanced corporate governance and executive compensation requirements and disclosures; and (vi) numerous other provisions designed to improve supervision and oversight of, and strengthen safety and soundness for, the financial services sector. Additionally, the Dodd-Frank actAct established a new framework for systemic risk oversight within the financial system to be distributed among new and existing federal regulatory agencies, including the Financial Stability Oversight Council, the Federal Reserve Board, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the FDIC. Many of theWhile certain requirements called for in the Dodd-Frank Act continue to behave been implemented, and/orthese regulations are subject to implementing regulations overcontinuing interpretation and potential amendment, and a variety of the course of several years.requirements remain to be implemented. Given the continued uncertainty associated with the ongoing implementation of the requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act by the various regulatory agencies, including the manner in which the remaining provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act will be implemented byand the various regulatory agenciesinterpretation of and throughpotential amendments to existing regulations, the full extent of the impact of such requirements will have on financial institutions’ operations is unclear. The continuing changes resulting from the Dodd-Frank Act may impact the profitability of our business activities, require changes to certain of our business practices, increase our operating and compliance costs, or otherwise adversely affect our business. These changes may also require us to invest significant management attention and resources to evaluate and make necessary changes in order to comply with new statutory and regulatory requirements.
In addition, proposals to change the laws and regulations governing the banking industry are frequently raised in Congress, in state legislatures and before the various bank regulatory agencies that may impact S&T. Such initiatives to change the laws and regulations may include proposals to expand or contract the powers of bank holding companies and depository institutions or proposals to substantially change the financial institution regulatory system. Any such legislation could change bank statutes and our operating environment in substantial and unpredictable ways. If enacted, such legislation could affect how S&T and S&T Bank operate and could significantly increase costs, impede the efficiency of internal business processes, limit our ability to pursue business opportunities in an efficient manner, or affect the competitive balance among banks, credit unions and other financial institutions, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The likelihood and timing of any changes and the impact such changes might have on S&T is impossible to determine with any certainty.
S&T
We are a bank holding company subject to regulation under the BHCA and the examination and reporting requirements of the Federal Reserve Board. Under the BHCA, a bank holding company may not directly or indirectly acquire ownership or control of more than five percent of the voting shares or substantially all of the assets of any additional bank, or merge or consolidate with another bank holding company, without the prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board.
As a bank holding company, we are expected under statutory and regulatory provisions to serve as a source of financial and managerial strength to our subsidiary bank. A bank holding company is also expected to commit resources, including capital and other funds, to support its subsidiary bank.
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We elected to become a financial holding company under the BHCA in 2001 and thereby may engage in a broader range of financial activities than are permissible for traditional bank holding companies. In order to maintain our status as a financial holding company, we must remain “well-capitalized” and “well-managed” and the depository institutions controlled by us must remain “well-capitalized,” “well-managed” (as defined in federal law) and have at least a “satisfactory” Community Reinvestment Act, or CRA, rating. Refer to Note 2326 Regulatory Matters to the financial statementsConsolidated Financial Statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this Report for information concerning the current capital ratios of S&T and S&T Bank. No prior regulatory approval is required for a financial holding company with total consolidated assets less than $50 billion to acquire a company, other than a bank or savings association, engaged in activities that are financial in nature or incidental to activities that are financial in nature, as determined by the Federal Reserve Board, unless the total consolidated assets to be acquired exceed $10 billion. The BHCA identifies several activities as “financial in nature” including, among others, securities underwriting; dealing and market making; sponsoring mutual funds and investment companies; insurance underwriting and sales agency; investment advisory activities; merchant banking activities and activities that the Federal Reserve Board has determined to be closely related to banking. Banks may also engage in, subject to limitations on investment, activities that are financial in nature, other than insurance underwriting, insurance company portfolio investment, real estate development and real estate investment, through a financial subsidiary of the bank, if the bank is “well-capitalized,” “well-managed” and has at least a “satisfactory” CRA rating.
If S&T or S&T Bank ceases to be “well-capitalized” or “well-managed,” we will not be in compliance with the requirements of the BHCA regarding financial holding companies or requirements regarding the operation of financial subsidiaries by insured banks.

Item 1.  BUSINESS -- continued




If a financial holding company is notified by the Federal Reserve Board of such a change in the ratings of any of its subsidiary banks, it must take certain corrective actions within specified time frames. Furthermore, if S&T Bank was to receive a CRA rating of less than “satisfactory,” then we would be prohibited from engaging in certain new activities or acquiring companies engaged in certain financial activities until the rating is raised to “satisfactory” or better.
We are presently engaged in nonbankingnon-banking activities through the following fiveeight entities:
9th9th Street Holdings, Inc. was formed in June 1988 to hold and manage a group of investments previously owned by S&T Bank and to give us additional latitude to purchase other investments.
S&T Bancholdings, Inc. was formed in August 2002 to hold and manage a group of investments previously owned by S&T Bank and to give us additional latitude to purchase other investments.
CTCLIC is a joint venture with another financial institution, actingand acts as a reinsurer of credit life, accident and health insurance policies that were sold by S&T Bank and the other institution. S&T Bank and the other institution each have ownership interests of 50 percent in CTCLIC.
S&T Insurance Group, LLC distributes life insurance and long-term disability income insurance products. During 2001, S&T Insurance Group, LLC and Attorneys Abstract Company, Inc. entered into an agreement to form S&T Settlement Services, LLC, or STSS, with respective ownership interests of 55 percent and 45 percent. STSS is a title insurance agency servicing commercial customers. During 2002, S&T Insurance Group, LLC expanded into the property and casualty insurance business with the acquisition of S&T-Evergreen&T Evergreen Insurance, LLC, and onLLC. On January 1, 2018, we sold a 70 percent majority interest in the assets of our subsidiary, S&T-Evergreen&T Evergreen Insurance, LLC. We transferred our remaining 30 percent share of net assets from S&T Evergreen Insurance, LLC and retainedto a new entity for a 30 percent equity interest.partnership interest in a new insurance entity.
Stewart Capital Advisors, LLC was formed in August 2005 and is a registered investment advisor that manages private investment accounts for individuals and institutions.
DNB Financial Services, Inc. was acquired with the DNB First merger on November 30, 2019. DNB Financial Services, Inc. is a Pennsylvania licensed insurance agency, which, through a third-party marketing agreement with Cetera Investment Services, LLC, sells a variety of insurance and investments products.
Downco, Inc and DN Acquisition Company, Inc. were acquired with the DNB First merger on November 30, 2019. Downco, Inc. and DN Acquisition Company, Inc. were formed to acquire and hold Other Real Estate Owned acquired through foreclosure or deed in-lieu-of foreclosure, as well as Bank-occupied real estate.
S&T Bank
As a Pennsylvania-chartered, FDIC-insured non-member commercial bank, S&T Bank is subject to the supervision and regulation of the Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities, or PADBS, and the FDIC. We are also subject to various requirements and restrictions under federal and state law, including requirements to maintain reserves against deposits, restrictions on the types, amount and terms and conditions of loans that may be granted and limits on the types of other activities in which S&T Bank may engage and the investments it may make. In addition, pursuant to the federal Bank Merger Act, S&T Bank must obtain the prior approval of the FDIC before it can merge or consolidate with or acquire the assets of or assume the deposit liabilities of another bank.
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S&T Bank is subject to affiliate transaction rules in Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act as implemented by the Federal Reserve Board's Regulation W, that limit the amount of transactions between itself and S&T or any other company or entity that controls or is under common control with any company or entity that controls S&T Bank, including for most purposes any financial or depository institution subsidiary of S&T Bank. Under these provisions, “covered” transactions, including making loans, purchasing assets, issuing guarantees and other similar transactions, between a bank and its parent company or any other affiliate, generally are limited to 10 percent of the bank subsidiary’s capital and surplus, and with respect to all transactions with affiliates, are limited to 20 percent of the bank subsidiary’s capital and surplus. Loans and extensions of credit from a bank to an affiliate generally are required to be secured by eligible collateral in specified amounts, and in general all affiliated transactions must be on terms consistent with safe and sound banking practices. The Dodd-Frank Act expanded the affiliate transaction rules to broaden the definition of affiliate to include as covered transactions securities borrowing or lending, repurchase or reverse repurchase agreements and derivativesderivative activities, and to strengthen collateral requirements and limit Federal Reserve exemptive authority.
Federal law also constrains the types and amounts of loans that S&T Bank may make to its executive officers, directors and principal shareholders. Among other things, these loans are limited in amount, must be approved by the bank’s board of directors in advance, and must be on terms and conditions as favorable to the bank as those available to an unrelated person. The Dodd-Frank Act strengthened restrictions on loans to insiders and expanded the types of transactions subject to the various limits to include credit exposure arising from a derivative transaction, a repurchase or reverse repurchase agreement and a securities lending or borrowing transaction. The Dodd-Frank Act also placesplaced restrictions on certain asset sales to and from an insider to an institution, including requirements that such sales be on market terms and, in certain circumstances, approved by the institution’s board of directors.
Insurance of Accounts; Depositor Preference
The deposits of S&T Bank are insured up to applicable limits per insured depositor by the Deposit Insurance Fund, or DIF, as administered by the FDIC. The Dodd-Frank Act codified FDIC deposit insurance coverage per separately insured depositor for all account types at $250,000.

Item 1.  BUSINESS -- continued




As an FDIC-insured bank, S&T Bank is subject to FDIC insurance assessments, which are imposed based upon the calculated risk the institution poses to the DIF. In July 2016, the FDIC Board of Directors adopted a revised final rule to refine the deposit insurance assessment system for small insured depository institutions (less than $10 billion in assets) that have been federally insured for at least five years by: revising the financial ratios method for determining assessment rates so that it is based on a statistical model estimating the probability of failure over three years; updating the financial measures used in the financial ratios method consistent with the statistical model; and eliminating risk categories for established small banks and using the financial ratios method to determine assessment rates for all such banks. The amended FDIC insurance assessment benefits many small institutions with a lower rate,rate; we, however, have incurred a minimal increase to our base rate.rate due to our recent financial performance.
Under the current assessment system, for an institution with less than $10 billion in assets, assessment rates are determined based on a combination of financial ratios and CAMELS composite ratings. The assessment rate schedule can change from time to time, at the discretion of the FDIC, subject to certain limits. Under the current system, premiums are assessed quarterly. Assessments are calculated as a percentage of average consolidated total assets less average tangible equity during the assessment period. The current total base assessment rates on an annualized basis range from 1.5 basis points for certain “well-capitalized,” “well-managed” banks, with the highest ratings, to 40 basis points for complex institutions posing the most risk to the DIF. The FDIC may raise or lower these assessment rates on a quarterly basis based on various factors designed to achieve a minimum designated reserve ratio of the DIF, which the Dodd-Frank Act has mandated to be no less than 1.35 percent of estimated insured deposits, subsequently set at two percent by the FDIC.
In addition to DIF assessments, the FDIC makes a special assessment to fund the repayment of debt obligations of the Financing Corporation, or FICO. FICO is a government-sponsored entity that was formed to borrow the money necessary to carry out the closing and ultimate disposition of failed thrift institutions by the Resolution Trust Corporation in the 1990s. The FICO assessment rate for the first quarter of 2018 is 0.460 basis points on an annualized basis.
The FDIC may terminate the deposit insurance of any insured depository institution if it determines after a hearing that the institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC or the Federal Reserve Board. It also may suspend deposit insurance temporarily during the hearing process if the institution has no tangible capital. If insurance of accounts is terminated, the accounts at the institution at the time of termination, less subsequent withdrawals, shallwill continue to be insured for a period of six months to two years, as determined by the FDIC.
Under federal law, deposits and certain claims for administrative expenses and employee compensation against insured depository institutions are afforded a priority over other general unsecured claims against such an institution, including federal funds and letters of credit, in the liquidation or other resolution of such an institution by a receiver. Such priority creditors would include the FDIC.
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Capital
The Federal Reserve Board and the FDIC have issued substantially similar minimum risk-based and leverage capital rules applicable to the banking organizations they supervise. At December 31, 2017,2020, both S&T and S&T Bank met the applicable minimum regulatory capital requirements.
The following table summarizes the leverage and risk-based capital ratios for S&T and S&T Bank:
 Actual Minimum
Regulatory Capital
Requirements
 To be
Well Capitalized
Under Prompt
Corrective Action
Provisions
(dollars in thousands)Amount
Ratio
 Amount
Ratio
 Amount
Ratio
As of December 31, 2017        
Leverage Ratio        
S&T$582,155
8.98% $259,170
4.00% $323,963
5.00%
S&T Bank542,048
8.39% 258,460
4.00% 323,075
5.00%
Common Equity Tier 1 (to Risk-Weighted Assets)        
S&T562,155
10.04% 252,079
4.50% 364,114
6.50%
S&T Bank542,048
9.71% 251,213
4.50% 362,864
6.50%
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)        
S&T582,155
10.39% 336,105
6.00% 448,140
8.00%
S&T Bank542,048
9.71% 334,951
6.00% 446,601
8.00%
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)        
S&T664,184
11.86% 448,140
8.00% 560,175
10.00%
S&T Bank622,469
11.15% 446,602
8.00% 558,252
10.00%

Item 1.  BUSINESS -- continued




ActualMinimum
Regulatory Capital
Requirements
To be
Well Capitalized
Under Prompt
Corrective Action
Provisions
(dollars in thousands)AmountRatioAmountRatioAmountRatio
As of December 31, 2020
Leverage Ratio
S&T$825,515 9.43 %$350,311 4.00 %$437,889 5.00 %
S&T Bank810,636 9.27 %349,739 4.00 %437,174 5.00 %
Common Equity Tier 1 (to Risk-Weighted Assets)
S&T796,515 11.33 %316,338 4.50 %456,933 6.50 %
S&T Bank810,636 11.55 %315,792 4.50 %456,144 6.50 %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)
S&T825,515 11.74 %421,784 6.00 %562,379 8.00 %
S&T Bank810,636 11.55 %421,056 6.00 %561,408 8.00 %
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)
S&T944,686 13.44 %562,379 8.00 %702,974 10.00 %
S&T Bank922,007 13.14 %561,408 8.00 %701,760 10.00 %
In addition, the banking regulatory agencies may from time to time require that a banking organization maintain capital above the minimum prescribed levels, whether because of its financial condition or actual or anticipated growth.
The risk-based capital standards establish a systematic analytical framework that makes regulatory capital requirements more sensitive to differences in risk profiles among banking organizations, takes off-balance sheet exposures explicitly into account in assessing capital adequacy and minimizes disincentives to holding liquid, low-risk assets. For purposes of the risk-based ratios, assets and specified off-balance sheet instruments are assigned to broad risk categories, each with appropriate weights. The resulting capital ratios represent capital as a percentage of total risk-weighted assets and off-balance sheet items. The leverage ratio represents capital as a percentage of total average assets adjusted as specified in the guidelines.
In July 2013 the federal banking agencies issued final regulatory capital rules that replaced the then existing general risk-based capital and related rules, broadly revising the basic definitions and elements of regulatory capital and making substantial changes to the risk weightings for banking and trading book assets. The new regulatory capital rules are designed to implement Basel III (which were agreements reached in July 2010 by the international oversight body of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision to require more and higher-quality capital) as well as the minimum leverage and risk-based capital requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act. These new capital standards apply to all banks, regardless of size, and to all bank holding companies with consolidated assets greater than $500 million and became effective on January 1, 2015, for2015. For smaller banking organizations such as S&T and S&T Bank, the rules are subject to a transition period providing for full implementation as of January 1, 2019.
The required regulatory capital minimum ratios under the new capital standards as of December 31, 2020 are as follows:
Common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio (common equity Tier 1 capital to standardized total risk-weighted assets) of 4.50 percent;
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio (Tier 1 capital to standardized total risk-weighted assets) of 6.00 percent;
Total risk-based capital ratio (total capital to standardized total risk-weighted assets) of 8.00 percent; and
Leverage ratio (Tier 1 capital to average total consolidated assets less amounts deducted from Tier 1 capital) of 4.00 percent.
Generally, under the guidelines, common equity Tier 1 capital consists of common stock instruments that meet the eligibility criteria in the rule, retained earnings, accumulated other comprehensive income and common equity Tier 1 minority interest, less applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions including goodwill, intangible assets subject to limitation and certain deferred tax assets subject to limitation. Tier 1 capital is comprised of common equity Tier 1 capital plus generally non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock, Tier 1 minority interests and, for bank holding companies with less than $15 billion in consolidated assets at December 31, 2009, certain restricted capital instruments including qualifying cumulative perpetual preferred stock and grandfathered trust preferred securities, up to a limit of 25 percent of Tier 1 capital, less applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions. Tier 2, or supplementary, capital generally includes portions of trust preferred securities
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and cumulative perpetual preferred stock not otherwise counted in Tier 1 capital, as well as preferred stock, subordinated debt, total capital minority interests not included in Tier 1, and the allowance for loancredit losses, or ACL, in an amount not exceeding 1.25 percent of standardized risk-weighted assets, less applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions. Total capital is the sum of Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital.
The new regulatory capital rule also requires a banking organization to maintain a capital conservation buffer composed of common equity Tier 1 capital in an amount greater than 2.50 percent of total risk-weighted assets beginning in 2019. Beginning in 2016, the capital conservation buffer is beingwas phased in, beginning at 25 percent, increasing to 50 percent in 2017, 75 percent in 2018 and 100 percent in 2019 and beyond. As a result, starting in 2019, a banking organization must maintain a common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio greater than 7.00 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio greater than 8.50 percent and a Total risk-based capital ratio greater than 10.50 percent; otherwise, it will be subject to restrictions on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments. By 2019, when theThe new rule iswas fully phased in during 2019 and the minimum capital requirements plus the capital conservation buffer will exceed the regulatory capital ratios required for an insured depository institution to be well-capitalized under prompt corrective action law, described below.in "Other Safety and Soundness Regulations".
The new regulatory capital rule also revises the calculation of risk-weighted assets. It includes a new framework under which the risk weight will increase for most credit exposures that are 90 days or more past due or on nonaccrual, high-volatility commercial real estate loans, mortgage servicing and deferred tax assets that are not deducted from capital and certain equity exposures. It also includes changes to the credit conversion factors of off-balance sheet items, such as the unused portion of a loan commitment.
Federal regulators periodically propose amendments to the regulatory capital rules and the related regulatory framework and consider changes to the capital standards that could significantly increase the amount of capital needed to meet applicable standards. The timing of adoption, ultimate form and effect of any such proposed amendments cannot be predicted.

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Payment of Dividends
S&T is a legal entity separate and distinct from its banking and other subsidiaries. A substantial portion of our revenues consist of dividend payments we receive from S&T Bank. The payment of common dividends by S&T is subject to certain requirements and limitations of Pennsylvania law. S&T Bank, in turn, is subject to federal and state laws and regulations that limit the amount of dividends it can pay to S&T. In addition, both S&T and S&T Bank are subject to various general regulatory policies relating to the payment of dividends, including requirements to maintain adequate capital above regulatory minimums. The Federal Reserve Board has indicated that banking organizations should generally pay dividends only if (i) the organization’s net income available to common shareholders over the past year has been sufficient to fully fund the dividends and (ii) the prospective rate of earnings retention appears consistent with the organization’s capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. In connection with our reduced net income and our inability to fully fund the dividend from earnings over the prior year, due in substantial part to the customer fraud that occurred in the second quarter of 2020, we received non-objection letters from the Federal Reserve to continue to pay our dividends declared in the third and fourth quarter of 2020. Thus, under certain circumstances based upon our financial condition, our ability to declare and pay quarterly dividends may require consultation with the Federal Reserve Board and may be prohibited by applicable Federal Reserve Board guidance.
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Other Safety and Soundness Regulations
There are a number of obligations and restrictions imposed on bank holding companies such as us and our depository institution subsidiary by federal law and regulatory policy. These obligations and restrictions are designed to reduce potential loss exposure to the FDIC’s DIF in the event an insured depository institution becomes in danger of default or is in default. Under current federal law, for example, the federal banking agencies possess broad powers to take prompt corrective action to resolve problems of insured depository institutions. The extent of these powers depends upon whether the institution in question is “well-capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized” or “critically undercapitalized,” as defined by the law. As of December 31, 2017,2020, S&T Bank was classified as “well-capitalized.” New definitions of these categories, as set forth in the federal banking agencies’ final rule to implement Basel III and the minimum leverage and risk-based capital requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act, became effective as of January 1, 2015. To be well-capitalized, an insured depository institution must have a common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 6.50 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 8.00 percent, a total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10.00 percent and a leverage ratio of at least 5.00 percent, and the institution must not be subject to any written agreement, order, capital directive or prompt corrective action directive by its primary federal regulator. To be adequately capitalized, an insured depository institution must have a common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 4.50 percent, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 6.00 percent, a total risk-based capital ratio of at least 8.00 percent and a leverage ratio of at least 4.00 percent. The classification of depository institutions is primarily for the purpose of applying the federal banking agencies’ prompt corrective action provisions and is not intended to be and should not be interpreted as a representation of overall financial condition or prospects of any financial institution.
The federal banking agencies’ prompt corrective action powers, which increase depending upon the degree to which an institution is undercapitalized, can include, among other things, requiring an insured depository institution to adopt a capital restoration plan, which cannot be approved unless guaranteed by the institution’s parent company; placing limits on asset growth and restrictions on activities, including restrictions on transactions with affiliates; restricting the interest rates the institution may pay on deposits; restricting the institution from accepting brokered deposits; prohibiting the payment of principal or interest on subordinated debt; prohibiting the holding company from making capital distributions, including payment of dividends, without prior regulatory approval; and, ultimately, appointing a receiver for the institution.
The federal banking agencies have also adopted guidelines prescribing safety and soundness standards relating to internal controls and information systems, internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth, fees and compensation and benefits. In general, the guidelines require appropriate systems and practices to identify and manage specified risks and exposures. The guidelines prohibit excessive compensation as an unsafe and unsound practice and characterize compensation as excessive when the amounts paid are unreasonable or disproportionate to the services performed by an executive officer, employee, director or principal shareholder. In addition, the agencies have adopted regulations that authorize, but do not require, an agency to order an institution that has been given notice by an agency that it is not in compliance with any of such safety and soundness standards to submit a compliance plan. If, after being so notified, an institution fails to submit an acceptable compliance plan, the agency must issue an order directing action to correct the deficiency and may issue an order directing other actions of the types to which an “undercapitalized” institution is subject under the prompt corrective action provisions described above.

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Regulatory Enforcement Authority
The enforcement powers available to federal banking agencies are substantial and include, among other things and in addition to other powers described herein, the ability to assess civil money penalties and impose other civil and criminal penalties, to issue cease-and-desist or removal orders, to appoint a conservator to conserve the assets of an institution for the benefit of its depositors and creditors and to initiate injunctive actions against banks and bank holding companies and “institution affiliated parties,” as defined in the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. In general, these enforcement actions may be initiated for violations of laws and regulations, and engagement in unsafe or unsound practices. Other actions or inactions may provide the basis for enforcement action, including misleading or untimely reports filed with regulatory authorities.
At the state level, the PADBS also has broad enforcement powers over S&T Bank, including the power to impose fines and other penalties and to appoint a conservator or receiver.
Interstate Banking and Branching
The BHCA currently permits bank holding companies from any state to acquire banks and bank holding companies located in any other state, subject to certain conditions, including certain nationwide and state-imposed deposit concentration limits. In addition, because of changes to law made by the Dodd-Frank Act, S&T Bank may now establish de novo branches in any state to the same extent that a bank chartered in that state could establish a branch.
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Community Reinvestment, Fair Lending and Consumer Protection Laws
In connection with its lending activities, S&T Bank is subject to a number of state and federal laws designed to protect borrowers and promote lending to various sectors of the economy and population. The federal laws include, among others, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Truth-in-Lending Act, the Truth-in-Savings Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act and the CRA. In addition, federal rules require disclosure of privacy policies to consumers and, in some circumstances, allow consumers to prevent the disclosure of certain personal information to nonaffiliated third parties.
The CRA requires the appropriate federal banking agency, in connection with its examination of a bank, to assess the bank’s record in meeting the credit needs of the communities served by the bank, including low and moderate-income neighborhoods. Furthermore, such assessment is required of any bank that has applied, among other things, to merge or consolidate with or acquire the assets or assume the liabilities of an insured depository institution, or to open or relocate a branch office. In the case of a bank holding company, including a financial holding company, applying for approval to acquire a bank or bank holding company, the Federal Reserve Board will assess the record of each subsidiary bank of the applicant bank holding company in considering the application. Under the CRA, institutions are assigned a rating of “outstanding,” “satisfactory,” “needs to improve” or “unsatisfactory.” S&T Bank was rated “satisfactory” in its most recent CRA evaluation.

Item 1.  BUSINESS -- continued




With respect to consumer protection, the Dodd-Frank Act created the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, or the CFPB, which took over rulemaking responsibility on July 21, 2011 for the principal federal consumer financial protection laws, such as those identified above. Institutions that have assets of $10 billion or less, such as S&T Bank, are subject to the rules established by the CFPB but will continue to be supervised in this area by their state and primary federal regulators, which in the case of S&T Bank is the FDIC. The Dodd-Frank Act also gives the CFPB expanded data collection powers for fair lending purposes for both small business and mortgage loans, as well as expanded authority to prevent unfair, deceptive and abusive practices. The consumer complaint function also has been consolidated into the CFPB with respect to the institutions it supervises. The CFPB established an Office of Community Banks and Credit Unions, with a mission to ensure that the CFPB incorporates the perspectives of small depository institutions into the policy-making process, communicates relevant policy initiatives to community banks and credit unions, and works with community banks and credit unions to identify potential areas for regulatory simplification.
Fair lending laws prohibit discrimination in the provision of banking services, and the enforcement of these laws has been a focus for bank regulators. Fair lending laws include the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act, which outlaw discrimination in credit transactions and residential real estate on the basis of prohibited factors including, among others, race, color, national origin, sex and religion. A lender may be liable for policies that result in a disparate treatment of or have a disparate impact on a protected class of applicants or borrowers. If a pattern or practice of lending discrimination is alleged by a regulator, then that agency may refer the matter to the U.S. Department of Justice, or DOJ, for investigation. In December of 2012, the DOJ and the CFPB entered into a Memorandum of Understanding under which the agencies have agreed to share information, coordinate investigations and have generally committed to strengthen their coordination efforts. S&T Bank is required to have a fair lending program that is of sufficient scope to monitor the inherent fair lending risk of the institution and that appropriately remediates issues which are identified.
During 2013, the CFPB issued a series of final rules related to mortgage loan origination and mortgage loan servicing. In particular, on January 10, 2013, the CFPB issued a final rule implementing the ability-to-repay and qualified mortgage (QM) provisions of the Truth-in-Lending Act, as amended by the Dodd-Frank Act (“QM Rule”). The ability-to-repay provision requires creditors to make reasonable, good-faith determinations that borrowers are able to repay their mortgage loans before extending the credit, based on a number of factors and consideration of financial information about the borrower from reasonably reliable third-party documents. Under the Dodd-Frank Act and the QM Rule, loans meeting the definition of “qualified mortgage” are entitled to a presumption that the lender satisfied the ability-to-repay requirements. The presumption is a conclusive presumption/safe harbor for prime loans meeting the QM requirements, and a rebuttable presumption for higher-priced/subprime loans meeting the QM requirements. The definition of a QM incorporates the statutory requirements, such as not allowing negative amortization or terms longer than 30 years. The QM Rule also adds an explicit maximum 43 percent debt-to-income ratio for borrowers if the loan is to meet the QM definition, though some mortgages that meet government-sponsored enterprise, or GSE, Federal Housing Administration, or FHA, and Veterans Affairs, or VA, underwriting guidelines may, for a period not to exceed seven years, meet the QM definition without being subject to the 43 percent debt-to-income limits. The QM Rule became effective on January 10, 2014. These rules did not have a material impact on our mortgage business.
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In November 2013, the CFPB issued a final rule implementing the Dodd-Frank Act requirement to establish integrated disclosures in connection with mortgage origination, which incorporates disclosure requirements under the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act and the Truth-in-Lending Act. The requirements of the final rule apply to all covered mortgage transactions for which S&T Bank receives a consumer application on or after October 3, 2015. The CFPB issued a final rule regarding the integrated disclosures in December 2013, and the disclosure requirement became effective in October 2015. These rules did not have a material impact on our mortgage business.
Anti-Money Laundering Rules
S&T Bank is subject to the Bank Secrecy Act, its implementing regulations and other anti-money laundering laws and regulations, including the USA Patriot Act of 2001. Among other things, these laws and regulations require S&T Bank to take steps to prevent the bank from being used to facilitate the flow of illegal or illicit money, to report large currency transactions and to file suspicious activity reports. S&T Bank is also required to develop and implement a comprehensive anti-money laundering compliance program. Banks must also have in place appropriate “know your customer” policies and procedures.procedures which includes requirements to (1) identify and verify, subject to certain exceptions, the identity of the beneficial owners of all legal entity customers at the time a new account is opened, and (2) include in its anti-money laundering program, risk-based procedures for conducting ongoing customer due diligence, which are to include procedures that (a) assist in understanding the nature and purpose of customer relationships for the purpose of developing a customer risk profile, and (b) require ongoing monitoring to identify and report suspicious transactions and, on a risk basis, to maintain and update customer information. Violations of these requirements can result in substantial civil and criminal sanctions. In addition, provisions of the USA Patriot Act of 2001 require the federal financial institution regulatory agencies to consider the effectiveness of a financial institution’s anti-money laundering activities when considering applications for bank mergers and bank holding company acquisitions.

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Other Dodd-Frank Provisions
In December 2013, federal regulators adopted final regulations regarding the so-called Volcker Rule established in the Dodd-Frank Act. The Volcker Rule generally prohibits banks and their affiliates from engaging in proprietary trading and investing in and sponsoring certain unregistered investment companies generally covering hedge funds and private equity funds, subject to certain exemptions. Banking entities had until July 21, 2017 to conform their activities to the requirements of the rule. Because S&T generally does not engage in the activities prohibited by the Volcker Rule, the effectiveness of the rule has not had a material effect on S&T Bank or its affiliates.
In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act provides that the amount of any interchange fee charged for electronic debit transactions by debit card issuers having assets over $10 billion must be reasonable and proportional to the actual cost of a transaction to the issuer. The Federal Reserve Board has adopted a rule which limits the maximum permissible interchange fees that such issuers can receive for an electronic debit transaction. This rule, Regulation II, which was effective October 1, 2011, does not apply to a bank that, together with its affiliates, has less than $10 billion in assets, which includes S&T.
Competition
S&T Bank competes with other local, regional and national financial services providers, such as other financial holding companies, commercial banks, credit unions, finance companies and brokerage and insurance firms, including competitors that provide their products and services online.online and through mobile devices. Some of our competitors are not subject to the same level of regulation and oversight that is required of banks and bank holding companies and are thus able to operate under lower cost structures. Our wealth management business competes with trust companies, mutual fund companies, investment advisory firms, law firms, brokerage firms and other financial services companies.
Changes in bank regulation, such as changes in the products and services banks can offer and permitted involvement in non-banking activities by bank holding companies, as well as bank mergers and acquisitions, can affect our ability to compete with other financial services providers. Our ability to do so will depend upon how successfully we can respond to the evolving competitive, regulatory, technological and demographic developments affecting our operations.
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Our market area includescustomers are primarily in Pennsylvania and the contiguous states of Ohio, West Virginia, New York, Maryland and Maryland.Delaware. The majority of our commercial and consumer loans are made to businesses and individuals in this market areathese states resulting in a geographic concentration. Our market area has a high density of financial institutions, some of which are significantly larger institutions with greater financial resources than us, and many of which are our competitors to varying degrees. Our competition for loans comes principally from commercial banks, mortgage banking companies, credit unions, online lenders and other financial service companies. Our most direct competition for deposits has historically come from commercial banks and credit unions. We face additional competition for deposits from non-depository competitors such as the mutual fund industry, securities and brokerage firms and insurance companies. Because larger competitors have advantages in attracting business from larger corporations, we do not generally attempt to compete for that business. Instead, we concentrate our efforts on attracting the business of individuals, and small and medium-size businesses. We consider our competitive advantages to be customer service and responsiveness to customer needs, the convenience of banking offices and hours, access to electronic banking services and the availability and pricing of our products and services.customized banking solutions. We emphasize personalized banking and the advantage of local decision-making in our banking business.
The financial services industry is likely to become more competitive as further technological advances enable more companies to provide financial services on a more efficient and convenient basis. Technological innovations have lowered traditional barriers to entry and enabled many companies to compete in financial services markets. Many customers now expect a choice of banking options for the delivery of services, including traditional banking offices, telephone, internet, mobile, ATMs, self-service branches, in-store branches and/or in-store branches.digital and technology based solutions. These delivery channels are offered by traditional banks and savings associations, credit unions, brokerage firms, asset management groups, financial technology companies, finance and insurance companies, internet-based companies, and mortgage banking firms.

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Item 1A.  RISK FACTORS
Investments in our common stock involve risk. The following discussion highlights the risks that we believe are material to S&T, but doespotentially impacting our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. However, other factors not discussed below or elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K could adversely affect our businesses, results of operations and financial condition. Therefore, the risk factors below do necessarily include all risks that we may face.
Risks Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic
The market priceduration and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, in our principal area of operations, nationally and globally, has adversely impacted and will likely continue to adversely impact S&T’s business, results of operations and financial condition. While it is difficult to predict the further impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (or any other outbreak) on the economy and S&T, the future impacts may include, but are not limited to, the following:

Our results of operations may continue to be negatively impacted by general economic or business conditions and uncertainty, including the strength of economic conditions in our principal area of operations impacting the demand for our products and services.
The low interest rate environment will continue to negatively impact our net interest income and net interest margin.
Credit losses may be higher and our provision for credit losses may continue to increase, due to deterioration in the financial condition of S&T’s commercial and consumer loan customers.
Declining asset and collateral values may necessitate increases in our provision for credit losses and net charge-offs.
Continued negative impact on the hospitality industry and our hotel portfolio, which could result in additional credit losses and net charge-offs.
Expense management will be impacted by the uncertainty of the effects of the pandemic and S&T’s continued efforts to promote the health and safety of our common stockemployees, and the customers and communities we serve.
We may fluctuate significantlyhave an interruption or cessation of an important service provided by a third-party provider.
���S&T’s liquidity and regulatory capital could be adversely impacted.
Any new or revised regulations regarding capital and liquidity adopted in response to a number of factors.the COVID-19 pandemic may require us to maintain materially more capital or liquidity.
Our quarterly and annual operating resultsInvestors may have varied significantlyless confidence in the pastequity markets in general and in financial services industry in particular, which could vary significantlyhave a negative impact on S&T’s stock price and resulting market valuation.
The economic downturn caused by the pandemic may be deeper and last longer in the future,areas where we do business, relative to other areas of the country, which makescould negatively affect our relative financial performance.
We face heightened cyber security risk in connection with our operation in a remote working environment.
It may become harder to maintain our corporate culture, which is somewhat dependent on a level of in-person interaction.
Even after the COVID-19 pandemic subsides, the U.S. economy will likely require time to recover.It is uncertain how long this recovery will take. As a result, we anticipate our business may be adversely affected during this recovery.
To the extent the COVID-19 pandemic continues to adversely affect the global economy it difficult for usmay also increase the likelihood and/or magnitude of other risks described in this section.
The impact that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on S&T’s credit losses is uncertain, and continued economic uncertainty and deterioration in the forward looking economic forecasts used to predict our future operating results. Our operating results may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, many of which are outsideestimate credit losses, as well as the potential inability of our control, includingcredit models to accurately predict the changing U.S.relevant financial metrics, may adversely affect our ACL.
S&T calculates the ACL in accordance with Current Expected Credit Loss, or CECL, accounting standard adopted January 1, 2020. The CECL methodology reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broad range of reasonable and supportable information to form credit loss estimates. The CECL accounting standard bases the measurement of expected credit losses on historical loss experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. S&T’s ability to assess expected credit losses may be impaired if the models and approaches we use become less predictive of future behaviors. In particular, the reliance on supportable economic environmentforecasts in light of the COVID-19 pandemic has had and changesis expected to have an impact on the estimates of our ACL. These forecasts have deteriorated this year and continue to reflect adverse economic conditions and economic uncertainty.Given the unprecedented nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, if our credit models fail to adequately predict or forecast relevant financial metrics during and after the pandemic and these forecasts deteriorate and contain economic uncertainty, our ACL may be adversely affected.

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Item 1A. RISK FACTORS - continued
Risks Related to Fraudulent Activity
Fraudulent activity associated with our products and services could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and stock price, negatively impact our brand and reputation, and result in regulatory intervention or sanctions.
As a financial institution we are exposed to operational risk in the commercialform of fraudulent activity that may be committed by customers, other third parties, or employees, targeting us and residential real estate market, anyour customers. The risk of which may causefraud continues to increase for the financial services industry. Fraudulent activity has escalated, become more sophisticated, and continues to evolve, as there are more options to access financial services. In our stock priceForm 8-K filed May 26, 2020, we disclosed that we discovered customer fraud resulting from a check kiting scheme by a business customer of S&T. We recognized a pre-tax loss of $58.7 million during the second quarter of 2020 related to fluctuate. If our operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the pricethis customer fraud. As a result of our common stock could decline substantially. Our stock price can fluctuate significantlyinternal review of the fraud, we have made process and monitoring enhancements. While we believe we have operational risk controls in responseplace to a varietyprevent or detect future instances of factors including, among other things:
volatility of stock market prices and volumes in general;
changes in market valuations of similar companies;
changes in the conditions of credit markets;
changes in accounting policiesfraud or procedures as required by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, or other regulatory agencies;
legislative and regulatory actions, includingto mitigate the impact of the Dodd-Frank Actany fraud, we cannot provide assurance that we can prevent or detect fraud or that we will not experience future fraud losses or incur costs or other damage related to such fraud, at levels that adversely affect our results of operation, financial condition, or stock price. Furthermore, fraudulent activity could negatively impact our brand and related regulations, that may subject usreputation, which could also adversely affect our results of operation, financial condition, or stock price. Fraudulent activity could also lead to additional regulatory oversight which may result in increased compliance costs and/intervention or require us to change our business model;
government intervention in the U.S. financial system and the effects of and changes in trade and monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including the interest rate policies of the Federal Reserve Board;
additions or departures of key members of management;
fluctuations in our quarterly or annual operating results; and
changes in analysts’ estimates of our financial performance.regulatory sanctions.
Risks Related to Credit
Our ability to assess the credit-worthiness of our customers may diminish, which may adversely affect our results of operations.
We incur credit risk by virtue of making loans and extending loan commitments and letters of credit. Credit risk is one of our most significant risks. Our exposure to credit risk is managed through the use of consistent underwriting standards that emphasize “in-market” lending while avoiding highly leveraged transactions as well as excessive industry and other concentrations. Our credit administration function employs risk management techniques to ensure that loans adhere to corporate policy and problem loans are promptly identified. There can be no assurance that such measures will be effective in avoiding undue credit risk. If the models and approaches that we use to select, manage and underwrite our consumer and commercial loan products become less predictive of future charge-offs, due to events adversely affecting our customers, including rapid changes in the economy, ourwe may have higher credit losses may increase.losses.
The value of the collateral used to secure our loans may not be sufficient to compensate for the amount of an unpaid loanloans and we may be unsuccessful in recovering the remaining balancebalances from our customers.
Decreases in real estate values, particularly with respect to our commercial lending and mortgage activities, could adversely affect the value of property used as collateral for our loans and our customers’ ability to repay these loans, which in turn could impact our profitability. Repayment of our commercial loans is often dependent on the cash flow of the borrower, which may become unpredictable. If the value of the assets, such as real estate, serving as collateral for the loan portfolio were to decline materially, a significant part of the loan portfolio could become under-collateralized. If the loans that are secured by real estate become troubled when real estate market conditions are declining or have declined, in the event of foreclosure, we may not be able to realize the amount of collateral that was anticipated at the time of originating the loan. This could result in higher charge-offs which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.
Changes in the overall credit quality of our portfolio can have a significant impact on our earnings.
Like other lenders, we face the risk that our customers will not repay their loans. We reserve for losses in our loan portfolio based on our assessment of inherent credit losses. This process, which is critical to our financial results and condition, requires complex judgment including our assessment of economic conditions, which are difficult to predict. Through a periodic review of the loan portfolio, management determines the amount of the allowance for loan loss, or ALL,ACL by considering historical losses combined with qualitative factors including changes in lending policies and practices, economic conditions, changes in the loan portfolio, changes in lending management, results of internal loan reviews, asset quality trends, collateral values,

Item 1A.  RISK FACTORS - continued
concentrations of credit risk and other external factors. The amount of future losses is susceptible to changes in economic, operating and other conditions, including changes in interest rates, which may be beyond our control. Although we have policies and procedures in place to determine future losses, due to the subjective nature of this area, there can be no assurance that our management has accurately assessed the level of allowances reflected in our Consolidated Financial Statements. We may underestimate our inherent losses and fail to hold an ALLACL sufficient to account for these losses. Incorrect assumptions could lead to material underestimates of inherent losses and an inadequate ALL.ACL. As our assessment of inherent losses changes, we may need to increase or decrease our ALL,ACL, which could significantly impact our financial results and profitability.
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The adoption of ASU No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, referred to as CECL, effective for us on January 1, 2020, resulted in a significant change in how we recognize credit losses. If the assumptions or estimates we used in adopting the new standard are incorrect or we need to change our underlying assumptions, there may be a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
Effective January 1, 2020, we adopted CECL, which replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology in current U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to form credit loss estimates. The measurement of expected credit losses is to be based on historical loss experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. This measurement will take place at the time the financial asset is first added to the balance sheet and periodically thereafter. This differs significantly from the incurred loss model which delayed recognition until it was probable a loss had been incurred. Upon origination of a loan, the estimate of expected credit losses, and any subsequent changes to such estimate, will be recorded through provision for credit losses in our consolidated statement of income. The CECL model may create more volatility in the level of our ACL.
The CECL model permits the use of judgment in determining the approach that is most appropriate for us, based on facts and circumstances. Changes in economic conditions affecting borrowers, new information regarding our loans and other factors, both within and outside of our control, may require an increase in the ACL. Actual credit losses may exceed our estimate of expected losses. We will continue to periodically review and update our CECL methodology, models and the underlying assumptions, estimates and assessments we use to establish our ACL under the CECL standard to reflect our view of current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. We will implement further enhancements or changes to our methodology, models and the underlying assumptions, estimates and assessments, as needed. If the assumptions we used in developing our estimate of expected credit losses require updating over time, there may be a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
For additional information on our adoption of the CECL standard, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”.
Our loan portfolio is concentrated within our market area, and our lack of geographic diversification increases our risk profile.
The regional economic conditions within our market area affect the demand for our products and services as well as the ability of our customers to repay their loans and the value of the collateral securing these loans. We are less able than a larger institution to spread the risks of unfavorable local economic conditions across a large number of diversified economies. A significant decline in the regional economy caused by inflation, recession, unemployment or other factors could negatively affect our customers, the quality of our loan portfolio and the demand for our products and services. Any sustained period of increased payment delinquencies, foreclosures or losses caused by adverse market or economic conditions in our market area could adversely affect the value of our assets, revenues, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, we cannot give any assurance that we will benefit from any market growth or favorable economic conditions in our primary market area.
Our loan portfolio has a significant concentration of commercial real estate loans.
The majority of our loans are to commercial borrowers and 53 percent of our total loans are commercial real estate, or CRE, and construction loans with real estate as the primary collateral. The CRE segment of our loan portfolio typically involves higher loan principal amounts, and the repayment of these loans is generally dependent, in large part, on sufficient income from the properties securing the loans to cover operating expenses and debt service. Because payments on loans secured by CRE often depend upon the successful operation and management of the properties, repayment of these loans may be affected by factors outside the borrower’s control, including adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy. Additionally, we have a number of significant credit exposures to commercial borrowers, and while the majority of these borrowers have numerous projects that make up the total aggregate exposure, if one or more of these borrowers default or have financial difficulties, we could experience higher credit losses, which could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. In December 2015, the FDIC and the other federal financial institution regulatory agencies released a new statement on prudent risk management for commercial real estate lending. In this statement, the agencies express concerns about easing commercial real estate underwriting standards, direct financial institutions to maintain underwriting discipline and exercise risk management practices to identify, measure and monitor lending risks, and indicate that they will continue to pay special attention to commercial real estate lending activities and concentrations going forward.
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Item 1A. RISK FACTORS - continued
Risks Related to Our Operations
Failure to keep pace with technological changes could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
The financial services industry is constantly undergoing rapid technological change with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to better service customers and reduce costs. Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy their demands, as well as create additional efficiencies within our operations. Many of our large competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services quickly or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers. Failure to successfully keep pace with technological change affecting the financial services industry could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Item 1A.  RISK FACTORS - continued
A failure in or breach of our operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of third parties, could disrupt our businesses, and adversely impact our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition, as well as cause reputational harm.
Our operational and security systems, infrastructure, including our computer systems, data management and internal processes, as well as those of third parties, are integral to our business. We rely on our employees and third parties in our day-to-day and ongoing operations, who may, as a result of human error, misconduct or malfeasance, or failure or breach of thirdthird- party systems or infrastructure, expose us to risk. We have taken measures to implement backup systems and other safeguards to support our operations, but our ability to conduct business may be adversely affected by any significant disruptions to us or to third parties with whom we interact. In addition, our ability to implement backup systems and other safeguards with respect to third-party systems is more limited than with our own systems.
We handle a substantial volume of customer and other financial transactions every day. Our financial, accounting, data processing, check processing, electronic funds transfer, loan processing, online and mobile banking, automated teller machines, or ATMs, backup or other operating or security systems and infrastructure may fail to operate properly or become disabled or damaged as a result of a number of factors including events that are wholly or partially beyond our control. This could adversely affect our ability to process these transactions or provide these services. There could be sudden increases in customer transaction volume, electrical, telecommunications or other major physical infrastructure outages, natural disasters, events arising from local or larger scale political or social matters, including terrorist acts, and cyber attacks. We continuously update these systems to support our operations and growth. This updating entails significant costs and creates risks associated with implementing new systems and integrating them with existing ones. Operational risk exposures could adversely impact our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition, and cause reputational harm.
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Item 1A. RISK FACTORS - continued
A cyber attack, information or security breach, or a technology failure of ours or of a third partythird-party could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business or manage our exposure to risk, result in the disclosure or misuse of confidential or proprietary information, increase our costs to maintain and update our operational and security systems and infrastructure, and adversely impact our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition, as well as cause reputational harm.
Our business is highly dependent on the security and efficacy of our infrastructure, computer and data management systems, as well as those of third parties with whom we interact. Cyber security risks for financial institutions have significantly increased in recent years in part because of the proliferation of new technologies, the use of the Internet and telecommunications technologies to conduct financial transactions, and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, hackers, terrorists and other external parties, including foreign state actors. Our operations rely on the secure processing, transmission, storage and retrieval of confidential, proprietary and other information in our computer and data management systems and networks, and in the computer and data management systems and networks of third parties. We rely on digital technologies, computer, database and email systems, software, and networks to conduct our operations. In addition, to access our network and products and services, our customers and third parties may use personal mobile devices or computing devices that are outside of our network environment.
Financial services institutions have been subject to, and are likely to continue to be the target of, cyber attacks, including computer viruses, malicious or destructive code, phishing attacks, denial of service or information or other security breaches that could result in the unauthorized release, gathering, monitoring, misuse, loss or destruction of confidential, proprietary and other information of the institution, its employees or customers or of third parties, or otherwise materially disrupt network access or business operations. For example, denial of service attacks have been launched against a number of large financial institutions and several large retailers have disclosed substantial cyber security breaches affecting debit and credit card accounts of their customers. We have experienced cyber security incidents in the past and although not material, and we anticipate that, as a growing regional bank, we could experience further incidents. There can be no assurance that we will not suffer material losses or other material consequences relating to technology failure, cyber attacks or other information or security breaches.
In addition to external threats, insider threats also present a risk to us. Insiders, having legitimate access to our systems and the information contained in them, have the opportunity to make inappropriate use of the systems and information. We have policies, procedures, and controls in place designed to prevent or limit this risk, but we cannot guarantee that these policies, procedures and controls fully mitigate this risk.
As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify orand enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities or incidents. Any of these matters could result in our loss of customers and business opportunities, significant disruption to our operations and business, misappropriation or destruction of our confidential information and/or that of our customers, or damage to our customers’ and/or third parties’ computers or systems, and could result in a violation of applicable privacy laws and other laws, litigation exposure, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, loss of confidence in our security measures, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensatory costs, and additional compliance costs. In addition, any of the matters described above could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

Item 1A.  RISK FACTORS - continued
We rely on third-party providers and other suppliers for a number of services that are important to our business. An interruption or cessation of an important service by any third partythird-party could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We are dependent for the majority of our technology, including our core operating system, on third partythird-party providers. If these companies were to discontinue providing services to us, we may experience significant disruption to our business. In addition, each of these third parties faces the risk of cyber attack, information breach or loss, or technology failure. If any of our third partythird-party service providers experience such difficulties, or if there is any other disruption in our relationships with them, we may be required to locatefind alternative sources of such services. We are dependent on these third-party providers securing their information systems, over which we have nolimited control, and a breach of their information systems could adversely affect our ability to effectprocess transactions, service our clients or manage our exposure to risk and could result in the disclosure of sensitive, personal customer information, which could have a material adverse impact on our business through damage to our reputation, loss of customer business, remedial costs, additional regulatory scrutiny or exposure to civil litigation and possible financial liability. Assurance cannot be provided that we could negotiate terms with alternative service sources that are as favorable or could obtain services with similar functionality as found in existing systems without the need to expend substantial resources, if at all, thereby resulting in a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations.
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Item 1A. RISK FACTORS - continued
Risks Related to Interest Rates and Investments
Our net interest income could be negatively affected by interest rate changes which may adversely affect our financial condition.
Our results of operations are largely dependent on net interest income, which is the difference between the interest and fees earned on interest-earning assets and the interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Therefore, any change in general market interest rates, including changes resulting from the Federal Reserve Board’s policies, can have a significant effect on our net interest income and total income. There may be mismatches between the maturity and repricing of our assets and liabilities that could cause the net interest rate spread to compress, depending on the level and type of changes in the interest rate environment. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including general economic conditions and the policies of various governmental agencies. In addition, some of our customers often have the ability to prepay loans or redeem deposits with either no penalties or penalties that are insufficient to compensate us for the lost income. A significant reduction in our net interest income will adversely affect our business and results of operations. If we are unable to manage interest rate risk effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially harmed.
Declines in the value of investment securities held by us could require write-downs, which would reduce our earnings.
In order to diversify earnings and enhance liquidity, we own both debt and equity instruments of government agencies, municipalities and other companies. We may be required to record impairment charges on our investmentdebt securities if they suffer a decline in value that is considered other-than-temporary.due to the underlying credit of the issuer. Additionally, the value of these investments may fluctuate depending on the interest rate environment, general economic conditions and circumstances specific to the issuer. Volatile market conditions may detrimentally affect the value of these securities, such as through reduced valuations due to the perception of heightened credit or liquidity risks. Changes in the value of these instruments may result in a reduction to earnings and/or capital, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Risks Related to Our Business Strategy
Our strategy includes growth plans through organic growth and by means of acquisitions. Our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected if we fail to grow or fail to manage our growth effectively.
We intend to continue pursuing a growth strategy through organic growth and by means of acquisitions, both within our current footprint and through market expansion. We continue toalso actively evaluate acquisition opportunities as another source of growth. We cannot give assurance that we will be able to expand our existing market presence, or successfully enter new markets or that any such expansion will not adversely affect our results of operations. Failure to manage our growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, future prospects, financial condition or results of operations and could adversely affect our ability to successfully implement our business strategy.

Item 1A.  RISK FACTORS - continued
Our failure to find suitable acquisition candidates, or successfully bid against other competitors for acquisitions, could adversely affect our ability to fully implement our business strategy. If we are successful in acquiring other entities, the process of integrating such entities, including DNB, will divert significant management time and resources. We may not be able to integrate efficiently or operate profitably, DNB or any entity we may acquire. We may experience disruption and incur unexpected expenses in integrating acquisitions. These failures could adversely impact our future prospects and results of operation.

The transition in our CEO position will be critical to our success and our business could be negatively impacted if we do not successfully manage this transition.

On October 2, 2020, we announced that Todd D. Brice will retire as Chief Executive Officer of S&T and S&T Bank, and as a member of the Boards of Directors of S&T and S&T Bank, effective March 31, 2021. We are currently engaged in a search for a new Chief Executive Officer (CEO). Our future performance will depend, in part, on the successful transition of our new Executive. The departure of key leadership personnel, such as a CEO, can take from the company significant knowledge and experience. This loss of knowledge and experience can be mitigated through successful hiring and transition, but there can be no assurance that we will be successful in such efforts. Any failure to timely hire a qualified CEO could hinder the Company’s strategic planning, execution and future performance. The ability of a new CEO to quickly expand their knowledge of our business plans, operations and strategies will be critical to their ability to make informed decisions about our strategy and operations. Further, if our new CEO formulates different or changed views, the future strategy and plans of the Company may differ materially from those of the past. While Mr. Brice entered into a letter agreement intended to facilitate a smooth transition under which he has agreed to provide advisory services to S&T and S&T Bank during the period from his retirement until the third anniversary thereof, if we do not successfully manage this transition, it could be viewed negatively by our
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Item 1A. RISK FACTORS - continued
customers, employees or investors and could have an adverse impact on our business and strategic direction.
We are subject to competition from both banks and non-banking companies.
The financial services industry is highly competitive, and we encounter strong competition for deposits, loans and other financial services in our market area, including online providers of these products and services. Our principal competitors include other local, regional and national financial services providers, such as other financial holding companies, commercial banks, credit unions, finance companies and brokerage and insurance firms, including competitors that provide their products and services online. Many of our non-bank competitors are not subject to the same degree of regulation that we are and have advantages over us in providing certain services. Additionally, many of our competitors are significantly larger than we are and have greater access to capital and other resources. Failure to compete effectively for deposit, loan and other financial services customers in our markets could cause us to lose market share, slow our growth rate and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We may be required to raise capital in the future, but that capital may not be available or may not be on acceptable terms when it is needed.
We are required by federal regulatory authorities to maintain adequate capital levels to support operations. While we believe we currently have sufficient capital, if we cannot raise additional capital when needed, we may not be able to meet these requirements. In addition, our ability to further expand our operations through organic growth, which includes growth within our current footprint and growth through market expansion, may be adversely affected by any inability to raise necessary capital. Our ability to raise additional capital at any given time is dependent on capital market conditions at that time and on our financial performance and outlook.
Risks Related to Regulatory Compliance and Legal Matters
We are subject to extensive governmental regulation and supervision.
We are subject to extensive state and federal regulation, supervision and legislation that govern nearly every aspect of our operations. The regulations are primarily intended to protect depositors, customers and the banking system as a whole, not shareholders. These regulations affect our lending practices, capital structure, investment practices, dividend policy and growth, among other things. Congress and federal regulatory agencies continually review banking laws, regulations and policies for possible changes. The Dodd-Frank Act, enacted in July 2010, instituted major changes to the banking and financial institutions regulatory regimes. Other changes to statutes, regulations or policies could affect us in substantial and unpredictable ways. Such changes could subject us to additional costs of regulatory compliance and of doing business, limit the types of financial services and products we may offer and/or increase the ability of non-banks to offer competing financial services and products, among other things, and could divert management’s time from other business activities. Failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations, policies or supervisory guidance could lead to enforcement and other legal actions by federal or state authorities, including criminal or civil penalties, the loss of FDIC insurance, the revocation of a banking charter, other sanctions by regulatory agencies, and/or damage to our reputation. The ramifications and uncertainties of the level of government intervention in the U.S. financial system could also adversely affect us.
Our controls and policies and procedures may fail or be circumvented, which may result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Management regularly reviews and updates our internal controls, disclosure controls and procedures, operating, risk management and corporate governance policies and procedures. Any system of controls, policies and procedures, however well designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met. Any failure or circumvention of theinternal controls, disclosure controls and procedures, or operating, risk management and corporate governance policies and procedures, whether as a result of human error, misconduct or malfeasance, or failure to comply with regulations related to controls and policies and procedures could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Item 1A.  RISK FACTORS - continued
As disclosed in Part II, Item 9A “Controls and Procedures” of this Form 10-K, or Item 9A, a material weakness was identified in our internal control over financial reporting resulting from the inconsistent assessment of internally assigned risk weightings, which is one of several factors used to estimate the allowance for loan loss. The specific issues leading to these conclusions are described in Item 9A in “Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.”  A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
The material weakness identified in Item 9A did not result in any misstatement of our consolidated financial statements for any period presented. We will begin efforts to remediate the material weakness in the first quarter of 2018.  However, our remedial measures to address the material weakness may be insufficient andFurthermore, we may in the future discover areas of our internal controls, disclosure controls and procedures, or operating, risk management and corporate governance policies and procedures that need improvement. Failure to maintain effective controls or to timely implement any necessary improvement of our internal and disclosure controls, or operating, risk management and corporate governance policies and procedures, could, among other things, result in losses from errors, harm our reputation, or cause investors to lose confidence in theour reported financial information, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

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Item 1A. RISK FACTORS - continued
As a participating lender in the Paycheck Protection Program, or PPP, we are subject to risks of litigation from our customers or other parties in connection with our processing of loans for the PPP and risks that the Small Business Administration may not fund some or all PPP loans.

We participate as a lender in the PPP. Due to the short timeframe between the passing of the CARES Act and the opening of the PPP, there is some ambiguity in the laws, rules and guidance regarding the operation of the program, which exposes us to risks relating to noncompliance with the PPP. Since the opening of the PPP, several large banks have been subject to litigation relating to the policies and procedures they used in processing applications for the program. We may be exposed to the risk of litigation, from both customers and non-customers who approached us requesting PPP loans, regarding the process and procedures used by us in processing applications for the PPP. Any such litigation filed against us may be costly, regardless of the outcome, and result in significant financial liability or adversely affect our reputation.
In addition, while the PPP loans are fully guaranteed by the Small Business Administration, or SBA, and we believe that the majority of these loans will be forgiven, there can be no assurance that the borrowers will use or have used the funds appropriately or will have satisfied the staffing or payment requirements to qualify for forgiveness in whole or in part. Any portion of the loan that is not forgiven must be repaid by the borrower. In the event of a loss resulting from a default on a PPP loan and a determination by the SBA that there was a deficiency in the manner in which the PPP loan was originated, funded or serviced by us, which may or may not be related to an ambiguity in the laws, rules or guidance regarding operation of the PPP, the SBA may deny its liability under the guaranty, reduce the amount of the guaranty, or, if we have already been paid under the guaranty, seek recovery from us of any loss related to the deficiency.
Negative public opinion could damage our reputation and adversely impact our earnings and liquidity.
Reputational risk, or the risk to our business, earnings, liquidity and capital from negative public opinion, is inherent in our operations. Negative public opinion could result from our actual or alleged conduct in a variety of areas, including legal and regulatory compliance, lending practices, corporate governance, litigation, ethical issues or inadequate protection of customer information. Financial companies are highly vulnerable to reputational damage when they are found to have harmed customers, particularly retail customers, through conduct that is illegal or viewed as unfair, deceptive, manipulative or otherwise wrongful. We are dependent on third-party providers for a number of services that are important to our business. Refer to the risk factor titled, “We rely on third-party providers and other suppliers for a number of services that are important to our business. An interruption or cessation of an important service by any third partythird-party could have a material adverse effect on our business”business.” for additional information. A failure by any of these third-party service providers could cause a disruption in our operations, which could result in negative public opinion about us or damage to our reputation. We expend significant resources to comply with regulatory requirements, and the failure to comply with such regulations could result in reputational harm or significant legal or remedial costs. Damage to our reputation could adversely affect our ability to retain and attract new customers and employees, expose us to litigation and regulatory action and adversely impact our earnings and liquidity.

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Item 1A. RISK FACTORS - continued
Our ability to pay dividends on our common stock may be limited
Holders of our common stock will be entitled to receive only such dividends as our Board of Directors may declare out of funds legally available for such payments. The payment of common dividends by S&T is subject to certain requirements and limitations of Pennsylvania law. Although we have historically declared cash dividends on our common stock, we are not required to do so and our Board of Directors could reduce, suspend or eliminate our dividend at any time. Substantial portions of our revenue consist of dividend payments we receive from S&T Bank. The payment of common dividends by S&T Bank is subject to certain requirements and limitations under federal and state laws and regulations that limit the amount of dividends it can pay to S&T. In addition, both S&T and S&T Bank are subject to various general regulatory policies relating to the payment of dividends, including requirements to maintain adequate capital above regulatory minimums. Any decrease to or elimination of the dividends on our common stock could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

We may be adversely impacted by the transition from LIBOR as a defendant fromreference rate.

On July 27, 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority in the United Kingdom announced that it would phase out LIBOR as a benchmark by the end of 2021. In late 2020, the ICE Benchmark Administration (IBA) extended the cessation date for submission and publication of rates for all LIBOR currency-tenor pairs until June 30, 2023, except for the one-week and two-month USD LIBOR tenors, which will cease on December 31, 2021. U.S. regulators, including the U.S. Federal Reserve, published a statement supporting the IBA’s plans but also urged banks to phase out LIBOR as soon as practicable. The U.S. Federal Reserve, in conjunction with the Alternative Reference Rates Committee, a steering committee comprised of large U.S. financial institutions, has identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or SOFR, a new index calculated by short-term repurchase agreements, backed by Treasury securities, as its preferred alternative rate for LIBOR.
Consequently, at this time, it is not possible to timepredict whether and to what extent banks will continue to provide submissions for the calculation of LIBOR or if the phase-out could cause LIBOR to perform differently than in the past. Similarly, it is not possible to predict whether LIBOR will continue to be viewed as an acceptable market benchmark, what rate or rates may become accepted alternatives to LIBOR, or what the effect of any such changes in views or alternatives may be on the value of LIBOR-based securities and variable rate loans, subordinated debentures, or other securities or financial arrangements.
We have a varietysignificant number of litigationloans, derivative contracts, borrowings and other actions, which could have a material adverse effectfinancial instruments with attributes that are either directly or indirectly dependent on our financial condition and resultsLIBOR. Although we are currently unable to assess what the ultimate impact of operations.
From timethe transition from LIBOR will be, failure to time, customers and others make claims and take legal action pertaining toadequately manage the performance of our responsibilities. Whether customer claims and legal action related to the performance of our responsibilities are founded or unfounded, if such claims and legal actions are not resolved in a manner favorable to us, they may result in significant expenses, attention from management and financial liability. Any financial liability or reputational damagetransition could have a material adverse effect on our business, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.operations.
Risks Related to Liquidity
We rely on a stable core deposit base as our primary source of liquidity.
We are dependent for our funding on a stable base of core deposits. Our ability to maintain a stable core deposit base is a function of our financial performance, our reputation and the security provided by FDIC insurance, which combined, gives customers confidence in us. If any of these considerations deteriorates, the stability of our core deposits could be harmed. In addition, deposit levels may be affected by factors such as general interest rate levels, rates paid by competitors, returns available to customers on alternative investments and general economic conditions. Accordingly, we may be required from time to time to rely on other sources of liquidity to meet withdrawal demands or otherwise fund operations.

Item 1A.  RISK FACTORS - continued
Our ability to meet contingency funding needs, in the event of a crisis that causes a disruption to our core deposit base, is dependent on access to wholesale markets, including funds provided by the FHLB of Pittsburgh.
We own stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank of Pittsburgh, or FHLB, in order to qualify for membership in the FHLB system, which enables us to borrow on our line of credit with the FHLB that is secured by a blanket lien on a significant portion of our loan portfolio. Changes or disruptions to the FHLB or the FHLB system in general may materially impact our ability to meet short and long-term liquidity needs or meet growth plans. Additionally, we cannot be assured that the FHLB will be able to provide funding to us when needed, nor can we be certain that the FHLB will provide funds specifically to us, should our financial condition and/or our regulators prevent access to our line of credit. The inability to access this source of funds could have a materially adverse effect on our ability to meet our customer’s needs. Our financial flexibility could be severely constrained if we were unable to maintain our access to funding or if adequate financing is not available at acceptable interest rates.
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Item 1A. RISK FACTORS - continued
Risks Related to Owning Our Stock
Our outstanding warrant may be dilutive to holders of our common stock.
The ownership interest of the existing holdersmarket price of our common stock may be dilutedfluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors.
Our quarterly and annual operating results have varied significantly in the extentpast and could vary significantly in the future, which makes it difficult for us to predict our outstanding warrant is exercised. The warrant will remain outstanding until January 2019. Therefuture operating results. Our operating results may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, many of which are 517,012 sharesoutside of commonour control, including the changing U.S. economic environment and changes in the commercial and residential real estate market, any of which may cause our stock underlyingprice to fluctuate. If our operating results fall below the warrant, representing approximately 1.48 percentexpectations of investors or securities analysts, the sharesprice of our common stock outstandingcould decline substantially. Our stock price can fluctuate significantly in response to a variety of factors including, among other things:
volatility of stock market prices and volumes in general;
changes in market valuations of similar companies;
changes in the conditions of credit markets;
changes in accounting policies or procedures as of December 31, 2017,required by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, or other regulatory agencies;
legislative and regulatory actions, including the shares issuable upon exerciseimpact of the warrantDodd-Frank Act and related regulations, that may subject us to additional regulatory oversight which may result in total shares outstanding. The warrant holder hasincreased compliance costs and/or require us to change our business model;
government intervention in the right to vote anyU.S. financial system and the effects of and changes in trade and monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including the interest rate policies of the sharesFederal Reserve Board;
additions or departures of common stock it receives upon exercisekey members of the warrant.management;
Our abilityfluctuations in our quarterly or annual operating results; and
changes in analysts’ estimates of our financial performance.
General Risk Factors
We may be a defendant from time to pay dividendstime in a variety of litigation and other actions, which could have a material adverse effect on our common stock may be limited.financial condition and results of operations.
HoldersFrom time to time, customers and others make claims and take legal action pertaining to the performance of our common stock will be entitledresponsibilities. Whether customer claims and legal action related to receive onlythe performance of our responsibilities are founded or unfounded, if such dividends as our Board of Directorsclaims and legal actions are not resolved in a manner favorable to us, they may declare out of funds legally available for such payments. Although weresult in significant expenses, attention from management and financial liability. Any financial liability or reputational damage could have historically declared cash dividendsa material adverse effect on our common stock, we are not required to do so and our Board of Directorsbusiness, which, in turn, could reduce, suspend or eliminate our dividend at any time. Any decrease to or elimination of the dividendshave a material adverse effect on our common stock could adversely affect the market pricefinancial condition and results of our common stock.operations.
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Item 1B.  UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
There are no unresolved SEC staff comments.



Item 2.  PROPERTIES
We own a buildingS&T Bancorp, Inc. headquarters is located in Indiana, Pennsylvania.  We operate in five markets including Western Pennsylvania, located at 800 Philadelphia Street, which serves as our headquartersEastern Pennsylvania, Northeast Ohio, Central Ohio and executive and administrative offices and through which we offer community banking and wealth management services. In addition, we own a building in Indiana, Pennsylvania that serves as additional administrative offices. As ofUpstate New York. At December 31, 2017,2020, we lease two buildings in Indiana, Pennsylvania: one that houses both our data processing and technology center and one of ouroperate 76 banking branches and one that houses our training center. We also offer our community banking services through 62 locations as of December 31, 3017, including 57 branches located in fifteen counties in Pennsylvania,5 loan production offices, of which 33 are owned and 2945 are leased including the aforementioned building that shares space with our data center. The other three community banking locations include one leased loan production office in Ohio, a leased branch located in Ohio, and a leased loan production office in western New York. We offer our wealth management services through two leased offices, one in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania and one in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, as well as through staff located within our banking offices to provide their services to our customers. Our operating leases and the one capital lease expire at various dates through the year 2055 and generally include options to renew. Management believes the terms of the various leases are consistent with market standards and were arrived at through arm’s length bargaining. For additional information regarding the lease commitments, refer to Note 9 Premises and Equipment to the financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this report.facilities. 
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Item 3.  LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The nature of our business generates a certain amount of litigation whichthat arises in the ordinary course of business. However, in management’s opinion, there are no proceedings pending that we are a party to or to which our property is subject that would be material in relation to our financial condition or results of operations. In addition, no material proceedings are pending nor are known to be threatened or contemplated against us by governmental authorities or other parties.

Item 4.  MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.

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PART II


Item 5.  MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Stock Prices and Dividend Information
Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market System, or NASDAQ, under the symbol STBA. The high and low sale prices of common stock for each quarter during 2017 and 2016 is detailed in the table below and is based upon information obtained from NASDAQ. As of the close of business on January 31, 2018,2021, we had 2,837approximately 2,784 shareholders of record. Dividends paid by S&T are primarily provided from S&T Bank’sThe number of record-holders does not reflect the number of persons or entities holding stock in nominee name through banks, brokerage firms and other nominees.
As discussed under "Our ability to pay dividends to S&T. The paymenton our common stock may be limited." included in Item 1A. Risk Factors in Part I, the amount and timing of dividends by S&T Bank to S&T is subject to the restrictions described in Note 5 Dividend and Loan Restrictionsdiscretion of the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Report.Board and depends upon business conditions and regulatory requirements. The cash dividends declared per shareBoard has the discretion to change the dividend at any time for each quarter during 2017 and 2016 are shown below.
 
Price Range of
Common Stock
Cash
Dividends
Declared
 
2017Low
 High
Fourth quarter$38.16
 $43.17
 $0.22
Third quarter33.92
 39.94
 0.20
Second quarter32.48
 37.94
 0.20
First quarter31.72
 39.84
 0.20
2016     
Fourth quarter$25.85
 $39.65
 $0.20
Third quarter27.93
 29.15
 0.19
Second quarter23.19
 24.47
 0.19
First quarter25.60
 26.05
 0.19
any reason.
Certain information relating to securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans is set forth under the heading Equity Compensation Plan Information in Part III, Item 12.12 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters of this Report.

Purchases of Equity Securities



The following table is a summary of our purchases of common stock during the fourth quarter of 2020:
PeriodTotal number of shares purchasedAverage price paid per share
Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plan (1)
Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the plan
10/1/2020 - 10/31/2020— $— — $37,441,683 
11/1/2020 - 11/30/2020— — — 37,441,683 
12/1/2020 - 12/31/2020— — — 37,441,683 
Total$$37,441,683
(1)On September 16, 2019, our Board of Directors authorized a $50 million share repurchase plan. This repurchase authorization, which is effective through March 31, 2021, permits S&T to repurchase from time to time up to $50 million in aggregate value of shares of S&T's common stock through a combination of open market and privately negotiated repurchases. The specific timing, price and quantity of repurchases will be at the discretion of S&T and will depend on a variety of factors, including general market conditions, the trading price of common stock, legal and contractual requirements, applicable securities laws and S&T's financial performance. The repurchase plan does not obligate us to repurchase any particular number of shares. We expect to fund any repurchases from cash on hand and internally generated funds. Repurchase activity was suspended in March 2020 as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic spread.


27


Item 5.  MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES - continued
Five-Year Cumulative Total Return
The following chart compares the cumulative total shareholder return on our common stock with the cumulative total shareholder return of the NASDAQ Composite Index(1) and the NASDAQ Bank Index(2) assuming a $100 investment in each on December 31, 20122015 and the reinvestment of dividends.


stba-20201231_g1.jpg
Period Ending
Index12/31/201512/31/201612/31/201712/31/201812/31/201912/31/2020
S&T Bancorp, Inc.100.00 130.40 135.91 132.27 144.82 93.56 
NASDAQ Composite(1)
100.00 108.92 141.36 137.39 187.87 272.51 
NASDAQ Bank(2)
100.00 137.97 145.50 121.96 151.69 140.31 
 Period Ending
Index12/31/2012
 12/31/2013
 12/31/2014
 12/31/2015
 12/31/2016
 12/31/2017
S&T Bancorp, Inc.100.00
 144.15
 174.46
 184.85
 240.57
 250.87
NASDAQ Composite100.00
 140.15
 160.90
 172.33
 187.75
 243.54
NASDAQ Bank100.00
 141.69
 148.65
 161.80
 223.14
 235.28
(1)The NASDAQ Composite Index measures all NASDAQ domestic and international based common type stocks listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market.
(2)The NASDAQ Bank Index contains securities of NASDAQ-listed companies classified according to the Industry Classification Benchmark as Banks. These companies include banks providing a broad range of financial services, including retail banking, loans and money transmissions.

28


Item 6.  SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The tables below summarize selected consolidated financial data as of the dates or for the periods presented and should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Part II, Item 7 and the Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data in Part II, Item 8 of this Report. The below tables include the acquisitionmerger with DNB on November 30, 2019, the sale of Integrity Bancshares, Inc. beginning March 4, 2015.a majority interest of our insurance business on January 1, 2018 and the effects of the enactment of the Tax Act in 2017.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
December 31,December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 2015
 2014
 2013
(dollars in thousands)20202019201820172016
Total assets$7,060,255
 $6,943,053
 $6,318,354
 $4,964,686
 $4,533,190
Total assets$8,967,897 $8,764,649 $7,252,221 $7,060,255 $6,943,053 
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value698,291
 693,487
 660,963
 640,273
 509,425
Securities, at fair valueSecurities, at fair value773,693 784,283 684,872 698,291 693,487 
Loans held for sale4,485
 3,793
 35,321
 2,970
 2,136
Loans held for sale18,528 5,256 2,371 4,485 3,793 
Portfolio loans, net of unearned income5,761,449
 5,611,419
 5,027,612
 3,868,746
 3,566,199
Portfolio loans, net of unearned income7,225,860 7,137,152 5,946,648 5,761,449 5,611,419 
Goodwill291,670
 291,670
 291,764
 175,820
 175,820
Goodwill373,424 371,621 287,446 291,670 291,670 
Total deposits5,427,891
 5,272,377
 4,876,611
 3,908,842
 3,672,308
Total deposits7,420,538 7,036,576 5,673,922 5,427,891 5,272,377 
Securities sold under repurchase agreements50,161
 50,832
 62,086
 30,605
 33,847
Securities sold under repurchase agreements65,163 19,888 18,383 50,161 50,832 
Short-term borrowings540,000
 660,000
 356,000
 290,000
 140,000
Short-term borrowings75,000 281,319 470,000 540,000 660,000 
Long-term borrowings47,301
 14,713
 117,043
 19,442
 21,810
Long-term borrowings23,681 50,868 70,314 47,301 14,713 
Junior subordinated debt securities45,619
 45,619
 45,619
 45,619
 45,619
Junior subordinated debt securities64,083 64,277 45,619 45,619 45,619 
Total shareholders’ equity884,031
 841,956
 792,237
 608,389
 571,306
Total shareholders’ equity1,154,711 1,191,998 935,761 884,031 841,956 
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF NET INCOME
Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)20202019201820172016
Interest income$320,464 $320,484 $289,826 $260,642 $227,774 
Interest expense41,076 73,693 55,388 34,909 24,515 
Provision for credit losses131,424 14,873 14,995 13,883 17,965 
Net Interest Income After Provision for Credit Losses147,964 231,918 219,443 211,850 185,294 
Noninterest income59,719 52,558 49,181 55,462 54,635 
Noninterest expense186,644 167,116 145,445 147,907 143,232 
Net Income Before Taxes21,039 117,360 123,179 119,405 96,697 
Provision for income taxes(1)19,126 17,845 46,437 25,305 
Net Income$21,040 $98,234 $105,334 $72,968 $71,392 
29

 Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 2015
 2014
 2013
Interest income$260,642
 $227,774
 $203,548
 $160,523
 $153,756
Interest expense34,909
 24,515
 15,997
 12,481
 14,563
Provision for loan losses13,883
 17,965
 10,388
 1,715
 8,311
Net Interest Income After Provision for Loan Losses211,850
 185,294
 177,163
 146,327
 130,882
Noninterest income55,462
 54,635
 51,033
 46,338
 51,527
Noninterest expense147,907
 143,232
 136,717
 117,240
 117,392
Net Income Before Taxes119,405
 96,697
 91,479
 75,425
 65,017
Provision for income taxes46,437
 25,305
 24,398
 17,515
 14,478
Net Income$72,968
 $71,392
 $67,081
 $57,910
 $50,539


Item 6.  SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA - continued
SELECTED PER SHARE DATA AND RATIOS
Refer to Explanation of Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures below for a discussion of common tangible book value, common return on average tangible common equity and the ratio of tangible common equity to tangible assets as non-GAAP financial measures.
 December 31,
 2017
 2016
 2015
 2014
 2013
Per Share Data         
Earnings per common share—basic$2.09
 $2.06
 $1.98
 $1.95
 $1.70
Earnings per common share—diluted2.09
 2.05
 1.98
 1.95
 1.70
Dividends declared per common share0.82
 0.77
 0.73
 0.68
 0.61
Dividend payout ratio39.15% 37.52% 36.47% 34.89% 35.89%
Common book value$25.28
 $24.12
 $22.76
 $20.42
 $19.21
Common tangible book value (non-GAAP)16.87
 15.67
 14.26
 14.46
 13.22
Profitability Ratios         
Common return on average assets1.03% 1.08% 1.13% 1.22% 1.12%
Common return on average equity8.37% 8.67% 8.94% 9.71% 9.21%
Common return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP)12.77% 13.71% 14.39% 14.02% 13.94%
Capital Ratios         
Common equity/assets12.52% 12.13% 12.54% 12.25% 12.60%
Tangible common equity/tangible assets (non-GAAP)8.72% 8.23% 8.24% 9.00% 9.03%
Tier 1 leverage ratio9.17% 8.98% 8.96% 9.80% 9.75%
Common equity tier 110.71% 10.04% 9.77% 11.81% 11.79%
Risk-based capital—tier 111.06% 10.39% 10.15% 12.34% 12.37%
Risk-based capital—total12.55% 11.86% 11.60% 14.27% 14.36%
Asset Quality Ratios         
Nonaccrual loans/loans0.42% 0.76% 0.70% 0.32% 0.63%
Nonperforming assets/loans plus OREO0.42% 0.77% 0.71% 0.33% 0.64%
Allowance for loan losses/total portfolio loans0.98% 0.94% 0.96% 1.24% 1.30%
Allowance for loan losses/nonperforming loans236% 124% 136% 385% 206%
Net loan charge-offs/average loans0.18% 0.25% 0.22% 0.00% 0.25%

Item 6.  SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA - continued
December 31,
20202019201820172016
Per Share Data
Earnings per common share—basic$0.54 $2.84 $3.03 $2.10 $2.06 
Earnings per common share—diluted$0.53 $2.82 $3.01 $2.09 $2.05 
Dividends declared per common share$1.12 $1.09 $0.99 $0.82 $0.77 
Dividend payout ratio200.89 %38.03 %32.79 %39.15 %37.52 %
Common book value$29.38 $30.13 $26.98 $25.28 $24.12 
Common tangible book value (non-GAAP)
$19.71 $20.52 $18.63 $16.87 $15.67 
Profitability Ratios
Common return on average assets0.23 %1.32 %1.50 %1.03 %1.08 %
Common return on average equity1.80 %9.98 %11.60 %8.37 %8.67 %
Common return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP)
2.92 %14.41 %17.14 %12.77 %13.71 %
Capital Ratios
Common equity/assets12.88 %13.60 %12.90 %12.52 %12.13 %
Tangible common equity/tangible assets (non-GAAP)
9.02 %9.68 %9.28 %8.72 %8.23 %
Tier 1 leverage ratio9.43 %10.29 %10.05 %9.17 %8.98 %
Common equity tier 111.33 %11.43 %11.38 %10.71 %10.04 %
Risk-based capital—tier 111.74 %11.84 %11.72 %11.06 %10.39 %
Risk-based capital—total13.44 %13.22 %13.21 %12.55 %11.86 %
Asset Quality Ratios
Nonaccrual loans/loans2.03 %0.76 %0.77 %0.42 %0.76 %
Nonperforming assets/loans plus OREO2.06 %0.81 %0.83 %0.42 %0.77 %
Allowance for credit losses/total portfolio loans1.63 %0.87 %1.03 %0.98 %0.94 %
Allowance for credit losses/nonperforming loans80 %115 %132 %236 %124 %
Net loan charge-offs/average loans1.40 %0.22 %0.18 %0.18 %0.25 %
Explanation of Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to traditional measures presented in accordance with GAAP, our management uses, and this Report contains or references, certain non-GAAP financial measures identified below. We believe these non-GAAP financial measures provide information useful to investors in understanding our underlying operational performance and our business and performance trends as they facilitate comparisons with the performance of other companies in the financial services industry. Although we believe that these non-GAAP financial measures enhance investors’ understanding of our business and performance, these non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered an alternative to GAAP or considered to be more important than financial results determined in accordance with GAAP, nor are they necessarily comparable with non-GAAP measures which may be presented by other companies.
We believe the presentation of net interest income on aan FTE basis ensures comparability of net interest income arising from both taxable and tax-exempt sources and is consistent with industry practice. Interest income per the Consolidated Statements of Net Income is reconciled to net interest income adjusted to aan FTE basis in Part II, Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in this Report.
The efficiency ratio is noninterest expense divided by noninterest income plus net interest income, on aan FTE basis, which ensures comparability of net interest income arising from both taxable and tax-exempt sources and is consistent with industry practice.
30


Item 6.  SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA - continued
Common tangible book value, common return on average tangible common equity and the ratio of tangible common equity to tangible assets exclude goodwill and other intangible assets in order to show the significance of the tangible elements of our assets and common equity. Total assets and total average assets are reconciled to total tangible assets and total tangible average assets. Total shareholdersshareholders' equity and total average shareholdersshareholders' equity are also reconciled to total tangible common equity and total tangible average common equity. These measures are consistent with industry practice.

RECONCILIATIONS OF GAAP TO NON-GAAP RATIOS
December 31
(dollars in thousands)20202019201820172016
Common tangible book value (non-GAAP)
Total shareholders' equity1,154,711 1,191,998 935,761 884,031 841,956 
Less: goodwill and other intangible assets(382,099)(382,540)(290,047)(295,347)(296,580)
Tax effect of other intangible assets1,822 2,293 546 1,287 1,719 
Tangible common equity (non-GAAP)774,434 811,751 646,260 589,971 547,095 
Common shares outstanding39,298 39,560 34,684 34,972 34,913 
Common tangible book value (non-GAAP)19.71 20.52 18.63 16.87 15.67 
Common return on average tangible common shareholders' equity (non-GAAP)
Net income21,040 98,234 105,334 72,968 71,392 
Plus: amortization of intangibles2,532 836 861 1,233 1,615 
Tax effect of amortization of intangibles(532)(176)(181)(432)(565)
Net income before amortization of intangibles23,040 98,894 106,014 73,769 72,442 
Total average shareholders’ equity (GAAP Basis)1,169,489 983,908 908,355 872,130 823,607 
Less: average goodwill and average other intangible assets(382,907)(298,228)(290,380)(295,937)(297,377)
Tax effect of other intangible assets2,061 639 614 1,493 1,992 
Tangible average common shareholders' equity (non-GAAP)788,643 686,319 618,589 577,686 528,222 
Common return on average tangible common shareholders' equity (non-GAAP)2.92 %14.41 %17.14 %12.77 %13.71 %
Efficiency Ratio (non-GAAP)
Noninterest expense186,644 167,116 145,445 147,907 143,232 
Less: merger related expenses(2,342)(11,350)— — — 
Noninterest expense excluding nonrecurring items184,302 155,766 145,445 147,907 143,232 
Net interest income per Consolidated Statements of Net Income279,388 246,791 234,438 225,733 203,259 
Plus: taxable equivalent adjustment3,202 3,757 3,804 7,493 7,043 
Noninterest income59,719 52,558 49,181 55,462 54,635 
Less: securities (gains) losses, net(142)26 — (3,000)— 
Net interest income (FTE) (non-GAAP) plus noninterest income342,167 303,132 287,423 285,688 264,938 
Efficiency ratio (non-GAAP)53.86 %51.39 %50.60 %51.77 %54.06 %
Tangible common equity (non-GAAP)
Total shareholders' equity (GAAP basis)1,154,711 1,191,998 935,761 884,031 841,956 
Less: goodwill and other intangible assets(382,099)(382,540)(290,047)(295,347)(296,580)
Tax effect of other intangible assets1,822 2,293 546 1,287 1,719 
Tangible common equity (non-GAAP)774,434 811,751 646,260 589,971 547,095 
Total assets (GAAP basis)8,967,897 8,764,649 7,252,221 7,060,255 6,943,053 
Less: goodwill and other intangible assets(382,099)(382,540)(290,047)(295,347)(296,580)
Tax effect of other intangible assets1,822 2,293 546 1,287 1,719 
Tangible assets (non-GAAP)8,587,620 8,384,402 6,962,720 6,766,195 6,648,192 
Tangible common shareholders' equity/tangible assets (non-GAAP)9.02 %9.68 %9.28 %8.72 %8.23 %
31


Item 6.  SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA - continued
RECONCILIATIONS OF GAAP TO NON-GAAP RATIOS
 December 31
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 2015
 2014
 2013
Common tangible book value (non-GAAP)         
Total shareholders' equity$884,031
 $841,956
 $792,237
 $608,389
 $571,306
Less: goodwill and other intangible assets(295,347) (296,580) (298,289) (178,451) (179,580)
Tax effect of other intangible assets1,287
 1,719
 2,284
 921
 1,316
Tangible common equity (non-GAAP)589,971
 547,095
 496,232
 430,859
 393,042
Common shares outstanding34,972
 34,913
 34,810
 29,796
 29,734
Common tangible book value (non-GAAP)$16.87
 $15.67
 $14.26
 $14.46
 $13.22
Common return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP)         
Net income$72,968
 $71,392
 $67,081
 $57,910
 $50,539
Plus: amortization of intangibles1,233
 1,615
 1,818
 1,129
 1,590
Tax effect of amortization of intangibles(432) (565) (636) (395) (556)
Net income before amortization of intangibles73,769
 72,442
 68,263
 58,644
 51,573
Total average shareholders’ equity (GAAP Basis)872,130
 823,607
 750,069
 596,155
 548,771
Less: average goodwill and average other intangible assets(295,937) (297,377) (278,130) (178,990) (180,338)
Tax effect of other intangible assets1,493
 1,992
 2,283
 1,109
 1,581
Tangible average common equity (non-GAAP)$577,686
 $528,222
 $474,222
 $418,274
 $370,014
Common return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP)12.77% 13.71% 14.39% 14.02% 13.94%
Efficiency Ratio (non-GAAP)         
Noninterest expense147,907
 143,232
 136,717
 117,240
 117,392
          
Net interest income per consolidated statements of net income225,733
 203,259
 187,551
 148,042
 139,193
Plus: taxable equivalent adjustment7,493
 7,043
 6,123
 5,461
 4,850
Noninterest income55,462
 54,635
 51,033
 46,338
 51,527
Less: securities (gains) losses, net(3,000) 
 34
 (41) (5)
Net interest income (FTE) (non-GAAP) plus noninterest income285,688

264,938

244,742

199,801

195,566
Efficiency ratio (non-GAAP)51.77%
54.06%
55.86%
58.68%
60.03%
Tangible common equity (non-GAAP)         
Total shareholders' equity (GAAP basis)$884,031
 $841,956
 $792,237
 $608,389
 $571,306
Less: goodwill and other intangible assets(295,347) (296,580) (298,289) (178,451) (179,580)
Tax effect of other intangible assets1,287
 1,719
 2,284
 921
 1,316
Tangible common equity (non-GAAP)589,971
 547,095
 496,232
 430,859
 393,042
Total assets (GAAP basis)7,060,255
 6,943,053
 6,318,354
 4,964,686
 4,533,190
Less: goodwill and other intangible assets(295,347) (296,580) (298,289) (178,451) (179,580)
Tax effect of other intangible assets1,287
 1,719
 2,284
 921
 1,316
Tangible assets (non-GAAP)$6,766,195
 $6,648,192
 $6,022,349
 $4,787,156
 $4,354,926
Tangible common equity/tangible assets (non-GAAP)8.72% 8.23% 8.24% 9.00% 9.03%

Item 6.  SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA - continued
On December 22, 2017, H.R.1, originally known asThe following profitability metrics are adjusted to exclude merger related expenses from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or Tax Act, was signed into law. We made certain tax adjustments to reflect the impact of the Tax Act in our 2017 income tax expenseDNB merger for the year ended December 31, 2017. An adjustment of $13.4 million was made for the re-measurement of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as a result of the new corporate rate of 21 percent, rather than the pre-enactment rate of 35 percent. We believe the $13.4 million non-cash tax expense impacts comparability to prior year financial measurements and results and therefore present certain non-GAAP financial measures excluding the impact of this amount. These non-GAAP measures exclude the net deferred tax asset, or DTA, re-measurement and are reconciled to the GAAP measures below:ended:
December 31,
(dollars in thousands)20202019
Diluted Earnings Per Share
Net income$21,040 $98,234 
Adjust for merger related expenses2,342 11,350 
Tax effect of merger related expenses(492)(2,106)
Net income excluding merger related expenses (non-GAAP)$22,890 $107,478 
Average shares outstanding - diluted39,070 34,723 
Diluted adjusted earnings per share (non-GAAP)$0.59 $3.09 
Common Return on Average Tangible Common Shareholders' Equity (non-GAAP)
Net income$21,040 $98,234 
Adjust for merger related expenses2,342 11,350 
Tax effect of merger related expenses(492)(2,106)
Net income excluding merger related expenses22,890 107,478 
Plus: amortization of intangibles2,532 836 
Tax effect of amortization of intangibles(532)(176)
Adjusted net income24,890 108,138 
Total average shareholders’ equity (GAAP Basis)1,169,489 983,908 
Less: average goodwill and average other intangible assets(382,907)(298,228)
Tax effect of other intangible assets2,061 639 
Tangible average common shareholders' equity (non-GAAP)$788,643 $686,319 
Common return on average tangible common shareholders' equity (non-GAAP)3.16 %15.76 %
Return on Average Assets (non-GAAP)
Net income excluding merger related expenses$22,890 $107,478 
Average total assets9,152,747 7,435,536 
Return on average assets (non-GAAP)0.25 %1.45 %
Return on Average Shareholders' Equity (non-GAAP)
Net income excluding merger related expenses$22,890 $107,478 
Average total shareholders' equity1,169,489 983,908 
Return on average shareholders' equity (non-GAAP)1.96 %10.92 %
32
(dollars in thousands)2017
Diluted Earnings Per Share 
Net Income$72,968
Plus: DTA re-measurement13,433
Adjusted net Income (non-GAAP)$86,401
Average shares outstanding - diluted34,955
Diluted adjusted earnings per share (non-GAAP)$2.47
Return on Average Assets 
Net income$72,968
Plus: DTA re-measurement13,433
Adjusted net Income (non-GAAP)$86,401
  
Average assets$7,060,232
Plus: DTA re-measurement589
Adjusted average assets (non-GAAP)$7,060,821
Adjusted return on average assets (non-GAAP)1.22%
Return on Average Shareholders' Equity 
Net income$72,968
Plus: DTA re-measurement13,433
Adjusted net Income (non-GAAP)$86,401
 

Total average shareholders’ equity (GAAP Basis)$872,130
Less: DTA re-measurement589
Adjusted average equity (non-GAAP)$872,719
Adjusted return on average equity (non-GAAP)9.90%
Return on Average Tangible Shareholders' Equity 
Net income$72,968
Plus: DTA re-measurement13,433
Adjusted net Income (non-GAAP)$86,401
Plus: amortization of intangibles1,233
Tax effect of amortization of intangibles(432)
Adjusted net income before amortization of intangibles$87,202
  
Average total shareholders' equity$872,130
Plus: DTA re-measurement589
Less: average goodwill and other intangible assets(295,937)
Tax effect of average goodwill and other intangible assets1,493
Adjusted average tangible equity (non-GAAP)$578,275
Adjusted return on average tangible shareholders' equity (non-GAAP)15.08%




Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
This section reviews our financial condition for each of the past two years and results of operations for each of the past three years. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior periods to place them on a basis comparable with the current period presentation. Some tables may include additional time periods to illustrate trends within our Consolidated Financial Statements. The results of operations reported in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in future periods.
Important Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains or incorporates statements that we believe are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements generally relate to our financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, outlook for earnings, revenues, expenses, capital and liquidity levels and ratios, asset levels, asset quality, financial position, and other matters regarding or affecting S&T and its future business and operations. Forward looking statements are typically identified by words or phrases such as “will likely result”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “estimate”, “forecast”, “project”, “intend”, “ believe”, “assume”, “strategy”, “trend”, “plan”, “outlook”, “outcome”, “continue”, “remain”, “potential”, “opportunity”, “believe”, “comfortable”, “current”, “position”, “maintain”, “sustain”, “seek”, “achieve” and variations of such words and similar expressions, or future or conditional verbs such as will, would, should, could or may. Although we believe the assumptions upon which these forward-looking statements are based are reasonable, any of these assumptions could prove to be inaccurate and the forward-looking statements based on these assumptions could be incorrect. The matters discussed in these forward-looking statements are subject to various risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results and trends to differ materially from those made, projected, or implied in or by the forward-looking statements depending on a variety of uncertainties or other factors including, but not limited to: credit losses cyber-securityand the credit risk of our commercial and consumer loan products; changes in the level of charge-offs and changes in estimates of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses, or ACL; cyber security concerns; rapid technological developments and changes; operational risks or risk management failures by us or critical third parties, including fraud risk; our ability to manage our reputational risks; sensitivity to the interest rate environment including a prolonged period of low interest rates, a rapid increase in interest rates or a change in the shape of the yield curve; a change in spreads on interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities; the transition from LIBOR as a reference rate; regulatory supervision and oversight;oversight, including changes in regulatory capital requirements and our ability to address those requirements; unanticipated changes in our liquidity position; changes in accounting policies, practices, or guidance, for example, our adoption of CECL; legislation affecting the financial services industry as a whole, and S&T, in particular; the outcome of pending and future litigation and governmental proceedings; increasing price and product/service competition; the ability to continue to introduce competitive new products and services on a timely, cost-effective basis; managing our internal growth and acquisitions; the possibility that the anticipated benefits from acquisitions, including DNB, cannot be fully realized in a timely manner or at all, or that integrating the acquired operations will be more difficult, disruptive or costly than anticipated; containing costs and expenses; reliance on significant customer relationships; an interruption or cessation of an important service by a third-party provider; our ability to attract and retain talented executives and employees; our ability to successfully manage our CEO transition; general economic or business conditions;conditions, including the strength of regional economic conditions in our market area; the duration and severity of the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic, both in our principal area of operations and nationally, including the ultimate impact of the pandemic on the economy generally and on our operations; our participation in the Paycheck Protection Program; deterioration of the housing market and reduced demand for mortgages; deterioration in the overall macroeconomic conditions or the state of the banking industry that could warrant further analysis of the carrying value of goodwill and could result in an adjustment to its carrying value resulting in a non-cash charge to net income; the stability of our core deposit base and access to contingency funding; re-emergence of turbulence in significant portions of the global financial and real estate markets that could impact our performance, both directly, by affecting our revenues and the value of our assets and liabilities, and indirectly, by affecting the economy generally and access to capital in the amounts, at the times and on the terms required to support our future businesses. Many of these factors, as well as other factors, are described elsewhere in this report, including Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors and any of our subsequent filings with the SEC. Forward-looking statements are based on beliefs and assumptions using information available at the time the statements are made. We caution you not to unduly rely on forward-looking statements because the assumptions, beliefs, expectations and projections about future events may, and often do, differ materially from actual results. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as to the date on which it is made, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect developments occurring after the statement is made. 
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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

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Our Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying Notes. These estimates, assumptions and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements; accordingly, as this information changes, the Consolidated Financial Statements could reflect different estimates, assumptions and judgments. Certain policies are based to a greater extent on estimates, assumptions and judgments of management and, as such, have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying Notes. These estimates, assumptions and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements; accordingly, as this information changes, the Consolidated Financial Statements could reflect different estimates, assumptions and judgments. Certain policies are based to a greater extent on estimates, assumptions and judgments of management and, as such, have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported.
Our most significant accounting policies are presented in Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Report. These policies, along with the disclosures presented in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, provide information on how significant assets and liabilities are valued in the Consolidated Financial Statements and how those values are determined.
We view critical accounting policies to be those which are highly dependent on subjective or complex estimates, assumptions and judgments and where changes in those estimates and assumptions could have a significant impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements. We currently view the determination of the allowance for loan losses, or ALL, income taxes, securities valuation andACL, goodwill and other intangible assets and accounting for acquisitions to be critical accounting policies. We have updated our ACL policy in response to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. During 2017,2019, we identified accounting for business combinations as a critical accounting policy due to our merger with DNB. Otherwise, we did not significantly change the manner in which we applied our critical accounting policies or developed related assumptions or estimates. We have reviewed these critical accounting estimates and related disclosures with the Audit Committee.
Allowance for Credit Losses
The ACL is a valuation reserve established and maintained by charges against operating income and is deducted from the
amortized cost basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans, or portions thereof, are
charged off against the ACL when they are deemed uncollectible. The ACL is an estimate of expected credit losses, measured
over the contractual life of a loan, that considers our historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts of future
economic conditions. Determination of an appropriate ACL is inherently subjective and may have significant changes from
period to period.
The methodology for determining the ACL has two main components: evaluation of expected credit losses for certain
groups of homogeneous loans that share similar risk characteristics and evaluation of loans that do not share risk characteristics
with other loans.
The ACL for homogeneous loans is calculated using a life-time loss rate methodology with both a quantitative and a
qualitative analysis that is applied on a quarterly basis. The ACL model is comprised of six distinct portfolio segments: 1)
Construction, 2) Commercial Real Estate, or CRE, 3) Commercial and Industrial, or C&I, 4) Business Banking, 5) Consumer
Real Estate and 6) Other Consumer. Each segment has a distinct set of risk characteristics monitored by management. We
further evaluate the ACL at a disaggregated level which includes type of collateral and our internal risk rating system for the
commercial segments and type of collateral, lien position, and FICO score, for the consumer segments. Historical credit loss
experience is the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Our quantitative model uses historic data back to the second quarter of 2009. We apply historical loss rates to pools of loans with similar risk characteristics. After consideration of the historic loss calculation, management applies qualitative adjustments to reflect the current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts not already reflected in the historical loss information at the balance sheet date. Our reasonable and supportable forecast adjustment is based on the unemployment forecast and management judgment. For periods beyond our two year reasonable and supportable forecast, we revert to historical loss rates utilizing a straight-line method over a one year reversion period. The qualitative adjustments for current conditions are based upon changes in lending policies and practices, experience and ability of lending staff, quality of the bank’s loan review system, value of underlying collateral, the existence of and changes in concentrations and other external factors. These modified historical loss rates are multiplied by the outstanding principal balance of each loan to calculate a required reserve. A similar process is employed to calculate a reserve assigned to off-balance sheet commitments, specifically unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit, and any needed reserve is recorded in other liabilities.
The ACL for individual loans begins with the use of normal credit review procedures to identify whether a loan no longer
shares similar risk characteristics with other pooled loans and therefore, should be individually assessed. We evaluate all
commercial loans greater than $0.5 million that meet the following criteria: 1) when it is determined that foreclosure is
probable, 2) substandard, doubtful and nonperforming loans when repayment is expected to be provided substantially through
the operation or sale of the collateral, 3) any commercial troubled debt restructuring, or TDR, or any loan reasonably expected
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to become a TDR whether on accrual or nonaccrual status and 4) when it is determined by management that a loan does not
share similar risk characteristics with other loans. Specific reserves are established based on the following three acceptable
methods for measuring the ACL: 1) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective
interest rate; 2) the loan’s observable market price; or 3) the fair value of the collateral when the loan is collateral dependent.
Our individual loan evaluations consist primarily of the fair value of collateral method because most of our loans are collateral
dependent. Collateral values are discounted to consider disposition costs when appropriate. A specific reserve is established or a
charge-off is taken if the fair value of the loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan balance.
Our ACL Committee meets quarterly to verify the overall appropriateness of the ACL. Additionally, on an annual basis, the ACL Committee meets to validate our ACL methodology. This validation includes reviewing the loan segmentation, critical model assumptions, forecast and the qualitative framework. As a result of this ongoing monitoring process, we may make changes to our ACL to be responsive to the economic environment.
Although we believe our process for determining the ACL appropriately considers all the factors that would likely result in
credit losses, the process includes subjective elements and may be susceptible to significant change. To the extent actual losses
are higher than management estimates, additional provision for credit losses could be required and could adversely affect our
earnings or financial position in future periods.

Allowance for Loan Losses

Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, we calculated our allowance for loan losses, or ALL, using an incurred loan loss methodology. The following policy related to the ALL in prior periods.
Our loan portfolio is our largest category of assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We have designed a systematic ALL methodology which is used to determine our provision for loan losses and ALL on a quarterly basis. The ALL represents management’s estimate of probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date and is presented as a reserve against loans in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The ALL is increased by a provision charged to expense and reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries. Determination of an adequate ALL is inherently subjective and may be subject to significant changes from period to period.
The methodology for determining the ALL has two main components: evaluation and impairment tests of individual loans and evaluation and impairment tests of certain groups of homogeneous loans with similar risk characteristics.
We individually evaluate all substandard and nonaccrual commercial loans greater than $0.5 million for impairment. A loan is considered to be impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the original contractual terms of the loan agreement. For all troubled debt restructurings, or TDRs, regardless of size, as well as all other impaired loans, we conduct further analysis to determine the probable loss and assign a specific reserve to the loan if deemed appropriate. Specific reserves are established based upon the following three impairment methods: 1) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, 2) the loan’s observable market price or 3) the estimated fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. These analyses involve a high degree of judgment in estimating the amount of loss associated with specific impaired loans, including estimating the amount and timing of future cash flows, the current estimated fair value of the loan and collateral values. Our impairment evaluations consist primarily of the fair value of collateral method because most of our loans are collateral dependent. We obtain appraisals annually on impaired loans greater than $0.5 million.
The ALL methodology for groups of homogeneous loans, or the reserve for loans collectively evaluated for impairment, is comprised of both a quantitative and qualitative analysis. We first apply historical loss rates to pools of loans, with similar risk characteristics, using a migration analysis where losses in each pool are aggregated over the loss emergence period, or LEP. The LEP is an estimate of the average amount of time from when an event happens that causes the borrower to be unable to pay on a loan until the loss is confirmed through a loan charge-off.
In conjunction with our annual review of the ALL assumptions prior to 2020, we have updated our analysis of LEPs for our Commercial and Consumer loan portfolio segments using our loan charge-off history. No changes were made toBased on our updated analysis, we shortened our LEP assumptions in 2017.over the construction portfolio from 4 years to 3 years and made no other changes. We estimate thean LEP to beof 3 years for CRE, 43 years for construction and 1.25 years for C&I. Our analysis resulted inWe estimate an LEP of 2.75 years for Consumer Real Estate of 2.75and 1.25 years andfor Other Consumer of 1.25 years.Consumer.
Another key assumption is the look-back period, or LBP, which represents the historical data period utilized to calculate loss rates. We used 8.510.5 years for our LBP for all portfolio segments which encompasses our loss experience during the 2008 - 2010 Financial Crisis and our more recent improved loss experience.
After consideration of the historic loss calculations, management applies additional qualitative adjustments so that the ALL is reflective of the inherent losses that exist in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. Qualitative adjustments are made based upon changes in lending policies and practices, economic conditions, changes in the loan portfolio, changes in
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lending management, results of internal loan reviews, asset quality trends, collateral values, concentrations of credit risk and other external factors. The evaluation of the various components of the ALL requires considerable judgment in order to estimate inherent loss exposures.
Acquired loans are recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition with no carryover of the related ALL. Determining the fair value of acquired loans involves estimating the principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest. In estimating the fair value of our acquired loans, we considered a number of factors including the loan term, internal risk rating, delinquency status, prepayment rates, recovery periods, estimated value of the underlying collateral and the current interest rate environment.

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Loans acquired with evidence of credit deterioration were evaluated and not considered to be significant. The premium or discount estimated through the loan fair value calculation is recognized into interest income on a level yield or straight-line basis over the remaining contractual life of the loans. Additional credit deterioration on acquired loans, in excess of the original credit discount embedded in the fair value determination on the date of acquisition, will be recognized in the ALL through the provision for loan losses.
Our ALL Committee meets at least quarterly to verify the overall adequacy of the ALL. Additionally, on an annual basis, the ALL Committee meets to validate our ALL methodology. This validation includes reviewing the loan segmentation, LEP, LBP and the qualitative framework. As a result of this ongoing monitoring process, we may make changes to our ALL to be responsive to the economic environment.
Although we believe our process for determining the ALL adequately considers all of the factors that would likely result in credit losses, the process includes subjective elements and may be susceptible to significant change. To the extent actual losses are higher than management estimates, additional provisions for loan losses could be required and could adversely affect our earnings or financial position in future periods.
Income Taxes
We estimate income tax expense based on amounts expected to be owed to the tax jurisdictions where we conduct business. The laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by us and various taxing authorities. On a quarterly basis, we assess the reasonableness of our effective tax rate based upon our current estimate of the amount and components of pre-tax income, tax credits and the applicable statutory tax rates expected for the full year.
We determine deferred income tax assets and liabilities using the asset and liability method, and we report them in other assets or other liabilities, as appropriate, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities and recognizes enacted changes in tax rate and laws. When deferred tax assets are recognized, they are subject to a valuation allowance based on management’s judgment as to whether realization is more likely than not.
Accrued taxes represent the net estimated amount due to taxing jurisdictions and are reported in other assets or other liabilities, as appropriate, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We evaluate and assess the relative risks and appropriate tax treatment of transactions and filing positions after considering statutes, regulations, judicial precedent and other information and maintain tax accruals consistent with the evaluation of these relative risks and merits. Changes to the estimate of accrued taxes occur periodically due to changes in tax rates, interpretations of tax laws, the status of examinations being conducted by taxing authorities and changes to statutory, judicial and regulatory guidance. These changes, when they occur, can affect deferred taxes and accrued taxes, as well as the current period’s income tax expense and can be significant to our operating results.
On December 22, 2017, H.R.1, originally known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or Tax Act, was signed into law. The Tax Act includes significant changes to the U.S. corporate income tax system including a federal corporate rate reduction from 35 percent to 21 percent. In connection with our analysis of the impact of the Tax Act, we recorded an adjustment of $13.4 million for re-measurement of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as a result of the corporate rate reduction.
Tax positions are recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded.
Securities Valuation
We determine the appropriate classification of securities at the time of purchase. All securities, including both debt and equity securities, are classified as available-for-sale. These securities are carried at fair value, with net unrealized gains and losses deemed to be temporary and reported separately as a component of other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax. We obtain fair values for debt securities from a third-party pricing service which utilizes several sources for valuing fixed-income securities. We validate prices received from our pricing service through comparison to a secondary pricing service and broker quotes. We review the methodologies of the pricing service which provides us with a sufficient understanding of the valuation models, assumptions, inputs and pricing to reasonably measure the fair value of our debt securities. Realized gains and losses on the sale of available-for-sale securities and other-than-temporary impairment, or OTTI, charges are recorded within noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income. Realized gains and losses on the sale of securities are determined using the specific-identification method.

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We perform a quarterly review of our securities to identify those that may indicate an OTTI. Our policy for OTTI within the marketable equity securities portfolio generally requires an impairment charge when the security is in a loss position for 12 consecutive months, unless facts and circumstances would suggest the need for an OTTI prior to that time. Our policy for OTTI within the debt securities portfolio is based upon a number of factors, including but not limited to, the length of time and extent to which the estimated fair value has been less than cost, the financial condition of the underlying issuer, the ability of the issuer to meet contractual obligations, the likelihood of the security’s ability to recover any decline in its estimated fair value and whether we intend to sell the investment security or if it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security prior to the security’s recovery. If the impairment is considered other-than-temporary based on management’s review, the impairment must be separated into credit and non-credit portions. The credit component is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income and the non-credit component is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable taxes. We do not believe that any individual unrealized loss as of December 31, 2017 represents an OTTI. If the financial markets experience deterioration, charges to income could occur in future periods.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
As a result of acquisitions, we have recorded goodwill and identifiable intangible assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired. We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting.
We have threeone reporting units:unit, Community Banking, Insurance and Wealth Management.Banking. Existing goodwill relates to value inherent in the Community Banking and Insurance reporting unitsunit and that value is dependent upon our ability to provide quality, cost-effective services in the face of competition from other market participants. This ability relies upon continuing investments in processing systems, the development of value-added service features and the ease of use of our services. As such, goodwill value is supported ultimately by profitability that is driven by the volume of business transacted. A decline in earnings as a result of a lack of growth or the inability to deliver cost-effective services over sustained periods can lead to impairment of goodwill, which could adversely impact our earnings in future periodsthe period in which impairment occurs.
The carrying value of goodwill is tested annually for impairment each October 1st or more frequently if events and circumstances indicate that it is determined that a triggering event has occurred.may be impaired. We first assess qualitatively whether it is more likely than not thattest for impairment by comparing the fair value of our Community Banking reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value.
Determining the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Our qualitative assessment considers such factors as macroeconomic conditions, market conditions specifically related tojudgmental and involves the banking industry, our overall financial performanceuse of significant estimates and various other factors. If we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than the carrying amount, we proceed to test for impairment.assumptions. The evaluation for impairment involves comparing the current estimated fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the current estimated fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, no additional testing is required and an impairment loss is not recorded. If the estimated fair value of a reporting unit is less than the carrying value, further valuation procedures are performed that could result in impairment of goodwill being recorded. Further valuation procedures would include allocating the estimated fair value to all assets and liabilities of the reporting unit to determine an implied goodwill value. If the implied value of goodwill of a reporting unit is less than the carrying amount of that goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. We completed the annual goodwill impairment assessment as required in 2017, 2016 and 2015; the results indicated that the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded the carrying value.
Based upon the results of our qualitative assessment performed for our annual impairment analysis, we concluded that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting units exceeds the carrying value. Both the national economyunit is determined by using both a discounted cash flow model and the local economies in our markets have shown improvement over the past couple of years. General economic activitymarket based models. The discounted cash flow model has many assumptions including future earnings projections, a long-term growth rate and key indicators such as housing and unemployment continue to show improvement. While still challenging, the banking environment continues to improve with better asset quality, improved earnings and generally better stock prices. Activity in mergers and acquisitions demonstrated that there is premium value on banking franchises and a number of banks of our size have been able to access the capital markets over the past year. Our stock traded above book value for all of 2017. Additionally, our overall performance remains strong, and we have not identified any other facts or circumstances that would cause us to conclude that it is more likely than not thatdiscount rate. The market based method calculates the fair value based on observed price multiples for similar companies. The fair values of each ofmethod are then weighted based on the reporting units would be less thanrelevance and reliability in the carrying value of the reporting unit.current economic environment.
We determine the amount of identifiable intangible assets based upon independent core deposit and insurance contract valuations at the time of acquisition. Intangible assets with finite useful lives, consisting primarily of core deposit and customer list intangibles, are amortized using straight-line or accelerated methods over their estimated weighted average useful lives, ranging from 10 to 20 years. Intangible assets with finite useful lives are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. No such events or changes in circumstances occurred during the years ended December 31, 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 2015.

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2018.
The financial services industry and securities markets can be adversely affected by declining values. If economic conditions result in a prolonged period of economic weakness in the future, our business may be adversely affected. In the event that we determine that either our goodwill or finite-lived intangible assets areis impaired, recognition of an impairment charge could have a significant adverse impact on our financial position or results of operations in the period in which the impairment occurs.
Business Combinations
We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. All identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree are recognized and measured as of the acquisition date at fair value. We record goodwill for the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired. Results of operations of the acquired entities are included in the consolidated statement of income from the date of acquisition.
Acquired loans are recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition with no carryover of the related ACL. Determining the fair value of acquired loans involves estimating the principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest. In estimating the fair value of our acquired loans, we considered a number of factors including loss rates, internal risk rating, delinquency status, loan type, loan term, prepayment rates, recovery periods and the current interest rate environment. The premium or discount estimated through the loan fair value calculation is recognized into interest income on a level yield basis over the remaining life of the loans.
Acquired loans, including those acquired in a business combination, are evaluated to determine if they have experienced more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination. When the condition exists, these loans are referred to as purchased credit deteriorated, or PCD. An allowance is recognized for a PCD loan by adding it to the purchase price or fair
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value in a business combination. There is no provision for credit losses, or PCL, recognized upon acquisition of a PCD loan since the initial allowance is established through the purchase accounting. After initial recognition, the accounting for a PCD loan follows the credit loss model that applies to that type of asset. Purchased financial loans that do not have a more-than-significant deterioration in credit quality since origination are accounted for in a manner consistent with originated loans. An ACL is recorded with a corresponding charge to PCL. Subsequent to the acquisition date, the methods utilized to estimate the required ACL for these loans is similar to the method used for originated loans.
Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, the methods utilized to estimate the required ALL for acquired loans was similar to the method used for originated loans; however, we recorded a provision for credit losses only when the required allowance exceeded the remaining fair value adjustment. Acquired loans were considered impaired if there was evidence of credit deterioration since origination and if it was probable at time of acquisition that all contractually required payments would not be collected.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Developments
Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, which is included in Part II, Item 8 of this Report, discusses new accounting pronouncements that we have adopted and the expected impact of accounting pronouncements recently issued or proposed, but not yet required to be adopted.
Executive Overview
We are a bank holding company that is headquartered in Indiana, Pennsylvania with assets of $7.1$9.0 billion at December 31, 2017.2020. We operate bank branches in five markets including Western Pennsylvania, andEastern Pennsylvania, Northeast Ohio, Central Ohio and loan production offices in Pennsylvania, Ohio andUpstate New York.
We provide a full range of financial services with retail and commercial banking products, cash management services, trust and brokerage services. Our common stock trades on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “STBA.”"STBA".
We earn revenue primarily from interest on loans and securities and fees charged for financial services provided to our customers. We incur expenses for the cost of deposits and other funding sources, provision for loancredit losses and other operating costs such as salaries and employee benefits, data processing, occupancy and tax expense.
Our mission is to become the financial services provider of choice within the markets that we serve.serve which will enable us to be a high performing regional community bank. We strive to do this by delivering exceptional service and value, one customer at a time.value. Our strategic plan focusesfollows a disciplined approach focused on organic growth, which includes both growth within our current footprint and growth through market expansion. We employ a geographic market-based growth platform in order to drive organic growth. We acknowledge that each of our five markets are in different stages of development and that our market based strategy will allow us to customize our approach to each market given its developmental stage and unique characteristics. We also actively evaluate acquisition opportunities that align with our strategic objectives as another source of growth. Our strategic plan includes a collaborative model that combines expertise from all areas of our business and focuses on satisfying each customer’s individual financial objectives. We continuously work to maintain and improve the efficiency of our different lines of business.
As we continue to navigate through the uncertainty resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, our first priority is the safety of both our employees and customers. Our major accomplishments during 2017 included:
financial performance has been negatively impacted in many ways due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We had record net income for 2017 of $73.0 million, or $2.09 per diluted share, surpassing our 2016 record net income of $71.4 million, or $2.05 per diluted share. On a non-GAAP basis, excluding the net DTA re-measurement of $13.4 million, or $0.38 per diluted share, full year 2017 net income increased 21 percent to $86.4 million, or $2.47 per diluted share. Return on average assets was 1.22 percent and return on average equity was 9.90 percent for 2017.
During 2017,are closely monitoring our asset quality metrics improved with a decrease in nonperforming loans of $18.7 million, or 43.9 percent,focus on the portfolios that have been significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, including our hotel portfolio. We have increased our ACL to be responsive to this additional risk within our loan portfolio. Our balance sheet is asset sensitive so we have experienced a negative impact to our net interest income and net interest margin, or NIM, as interest rates declined in the first half of 2020. Our net interest income is also being impacted by declining loan charge-offsbalances as new loan originations have decreased in the current environment. Offsetting this impact was the origination of $555.9 million of Paycheck Protection Program, or PPP, loans during 2020. Our noninterest income has also been negatively impacted due to average loans decreasedchanges in our customers' behavior during these times which has been somewhat mitigated by strong mortgage banking income due to 0.18 percent comparedsignificant refinance activity. We are taking a prudent approach to 0.25 percent in 2016.capital management given the economic uncertainty. Our internally-run capital stress test results demonstrate that we have adequate capital cushions. We are well capitalized and we believe that we have sufficient excess capital to manage through the uncertainty resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.
In response to the current economic environment as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we completed an interim quantitative goodwill impairment analysis as of November 30, 2020 and updated our analysis as of December 31, 2020. Based upon our impairment analysis, we determined that our goodwill of $373.4 million was not impaired at December 31, 2020.
We successfully executedexperienced a pre-tax loss of $58.7 million related to a customer fraud resulting from a check kiting scheme during 2020. This matter was disclosed in our expense control strategies in 2017 improving our efficiency ratio (non-GAAP) of 51.77 percent compared to 54.06 percent for 2016.
Our focus continues to beForm 8-K filed on organic loan and deposit growth and implementing opportunities to increase fee income while closely monitoring our operating expenses and asset quality. We are focused on executing our strategy to successfully build our brand and grow ourMay 26, 2020. The fraud was perpetrated by a single business in all of our markets. We have benefited from recent increases in short-term interest rates and expect to benefit from any future increases. We also anticipate that the reduced corporate net income tax rate due to the Tax Act will improve our financial performance.
Net income adjusted to exclude the net DTA re-measurementcustomer and the efficiency ratio are non-GAAP measures. Refer to Explanation of Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measurescustomer has plead guilty in Part II, Item 6 Selected Financial Data of this Report for a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP measures.
Results of Operations
Year Ended December 31, 2017
Earnings Summary
On December 22, 2017, the Tax Act was signed into law. At the date of enactment, we were required to re-measure our deferred tax assets and liabilities, or net DTA, at the new lower corporate tax rate of 21 percent. We made a tax adjustment to re-measure our deferred tax assets and liabilities for the impact of the Tax Act that decreased 2017criminal investigation. This fraud loss reduced net income by $13.4$46.3 million, or $0.38 per diluted share. The tax adjustment was recognized as an increase to our income tax expense in the fourth quarter of 2017. The new corporate tax rate of 21 percent is effective for tax years beginning January 1, 2018.
Net income increased $1.6 million, or 2.2 percent, to $73.0 million, or $2.09$1.19 per diluted share, in 2017 compared2020. We continue to $71.4 million or $2.05 per diluted share in 2016.pursue all available sources of recovery to mitigate the loss. An internal review of the matter has been completed and various process and monitoring enhancements have been implemented. The increase in net income was primarily due to an increase in net interest incomecustomer also
37

Table of $22.5 million, or 11.1 percent, a decrease in the provision for loan losses of $4.1 million, or 22.7 percent, and an increase in security gains of $3.0 million. This was offset by increases of $4.7 million in noninterest expense and $21.1 million in the provision for income taxes.Contents


Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued



had a lending relationship of $14.8 million, including a $14.0 million CRE loan and an $0.8 million line of credit. We recognized a $8.9 million charge-off related to this lending relationship during 2020.

Results of Operations
Year Ended December 31, 2020
COVID-19 Update
S&T has monitored the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic throughout the year and has taken steps to mitigate the potential risks and impact on S&T and to promote the health and safety of our employees, and the customers and communities that we serve. We have taken preventive health measures for our employees through rigorous sanitation, social distancing, wearing masks, remote work where feasible and providing access to financial wellness programs. We reopened our branches with extensive safety measures and are encouraging our customers to use online and mobile banking solutions. We have also extended our solution center hours to allow for customer consultation without entering a branch. Our Business Continuity teams were activated and have guided our efforts to respond to the rapidly developing situation.
On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security, or CARES Act was signed into law. It contained substantial tax and spending provisions intended to address the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act included the Paycheck Protection Program, or PPP, a $349 billion program designed to aid small and medium sized businesses through federally guaranteed loans distributed through banks. The Paycheck Protection Program and Health Care Enhancement Act, or PPP/HCEA, was signed into law on April 24, 2020. The PPP/HCEA authorized an additional $310 billion of funding under the CARES Act for PPP loans among other provisions. On July 4, 2020, legislation was passed to extend the application period for the PPP through August 8, 2020. These loans are intended to cover eight weeks of payroll and other permitted expenses to help those businesses remain viable.
As of December 31, 2020, we originated $555.9 million of PPP loans. PPP loans are forgivable, in whole or in part, if the proceeds are used for payroll and other permitted expenses in accordance with the requirements of the PPP. These loans carry a fixed rate of 1.00 percent and a term of two years, or five years for loans approved by the SBA, on or after June 5, 2020. Payments are deferred for at least six months of the loan. The loans are 100 percent guaranteed by the SBA.
The extent to which COVID-19 may adversely impact our business depends on future developments which are highly uncertain and unpredictable. The COVID-19 pandemic has had, and we expect that it will continue to have, negative impacts on
S&T’s commercial and consumer loan customers and the economy as a whole. The pandemic caused, among other things, an increase in the provision for credit losses, a higher ACL as a percentage of total portfolio loans for each of the quarters ended in 2020 compared to December 31, 2019, and exclusive of the increase in portfolio loans due to the PPP portfolio, a decrease in portfolio loans compared to December 31, 2019. The severity and length of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on S&T and the U.S. and global economies continues to be unknown.
In order to assist our customers through this difficult period, we have provided the following assistance, which may have an adverse impact on our results in the short term, but which we believe will provide better outcomes in the long term for our customers and for S&T.

We provided needs-based payment deferrals and modifications to interest only periods to commercial loans during 2020 totaling $1.2 billion. Only $195.6 million remain on deferral at December 31, 2020.
We provided loan payment deferrals, with no negative credit bureau reporting, to mortgage and consumer loans during 2020 totaling $69.0 million. No loans remain on deferral at December 31, 2020.
We paused foreclosures/repossessions for mortgages and consumer loans.
Earnings Summary
Net income decreased $77.2 million, or 78.6 percent, to $21.0 million, or $0.53 per diluted share, in 2020 compared to $98.2 million, or $2.82 per diluted share in 2019. Net income in 2020 was significantly impacted by a $46.3 million after-tax, or $1.19 per diluted share, fraud loss. The 2019 results included $11.4 million, or $0.27 per diluted share, of merger related
38

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Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued

expenses. The DNB merger results have been included in our financial statements since the consummation of the merger on November 30, 2019.
Net interest income increased $22.5$32.6 million, or 11.113.2 percent, to $226$279.4 million compared to $203$246.8 million in 2016. The increases in short-term interest rates in 2017 positively impacted both net interest income and net interest margin during 2017. The increase in net interest income was2019 primarily due to an increasethe merger with DNB in average interest-earninglate 2019. Average interest-earnings assets of $483increased $1.5 billion, or 21.6 percent, to $8.4 billion compared to 2019. Average interest-bearing liabilities increased $862.2 million, or 8.017.7 percent, offset by an increase in average interest-bearing liabilities of $356 million, or 8.0 percent,to $5.7 billion compared to 2016. The increase in average interest-earning assets primarily related to organic growth2019 with average loans increasing $438 million, or 8.2 percent, during 2017. Most of this growth was in our commercial loan portfolio. The increases in average interest-bearing liabilities were mainly due to deposit growth and an increasedeposits of $923.1 million offset by decreases in short-term borrowings. Average deposits increased $162 million, or 4.2 percent, and average borrowings increased $194 million, or 34.5 percent, for 2017.of $61.0 million. Net interest margin, on a fully taxable-equivalent, or FTE, basis (non-GAAP), increased ninedecreased 26 basis points to 3.56
3.38 percent in 2017for 2020 compared to 3.473.64 percent for 2016.2019.
Net interest margin is reconciled to net interest income adjusted to an FTE basis below in the "Net Interest Income" section of this MD&A.
The provision for loancredit losses decreased $4.1was $131.4 million or 22.7 percent, to $13.9 million during 2017for 2020 compared to $18.0$14.9 million in 2016. The lower2019. Excluding the customer fraud loss of $58.7 million, the provision for loancredit losses increased $57.8 million to $72.7 million for 2020 compared to $14.9 million in 2019. The significant increase in the provision for credit losses during the year was mainly due to decreasesthe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and our adoption of CECL on January 1, 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the hospitality industry resulting in net loan charge-offs and nonperforming loans and a declinedeterioration in impaired loan balances and the related specific reserves.our $248 million hotel portfolio. Net loan charge-offs decreased $3.0increased $89.7 million to $10.3$103.4 million, or 0.181.40 percent of average loans, for 20172020 compared to $13.3$13.6 million, or 0.250.22 percent of average loans, in 2016. Impaired loans decreased $15.12019. Excluding the customer fraud, net loan charge-offs were $44.7 million, or 360.60 percent with a decline in specific reserves of $0.7 million compared to 2016.2020.
Total noninterest income increased $0.9$7.1 million to $55.5$59.7 million compared to $54.6$52.6 million in 2016. The2019. Total noninterest income includes a full-year impact of the DNB merger for 2020 compared to one month in 2019. Additionally, the increase in noninterest income was primarily due security gainsrelated to an increase of $3.0$8.4 million a bank owned life insurance, or BOLI, claim of $0.7in mortgage banking income to $10.9 million and a $1.0 million gain on a branch sale during 2017, compared to a gain of $2.12019 due to the strong refinance activity in the current interest rate environment.
Noninterest expense increased $19.5 million on the sale of our credit card portfolio and a $1.0to $186.6 million pension curtailment gain in 2016.
for 2020 compared to $167.1 million for 2019. Total noninterest expense increased $4.7 million to $148 millionincludes a full-year impact of the DNB merger for 20172020 compared to $143one month in 2019 with increases in most noninterest expense categories. FDIC insurance increased $4.3 million due to the DNB merger, the impact of recent financial results on certain components of the assessment calculation and Small Bank Assessment Credits received in 2019. These increases were offset by a $9.0 million decrease in merger related expenses compared to 2019.
The income tax provision decreased to nearly zero for 2016.2020 compared to an expense of $19.1 million in 2019. The increasedecrease in our income tax provision was mainly due to an increasea $96.3 million decrease in salaries and employee benefits of $3.5 million primarily due to annual merit increases, higher incentive costs and higher medical costs offset by lower pension expense.
The provision fortaxable income taxes increased $21.1 million to $46.4 millionin 2020 compared to $25.3 million in 2016. The increase was primarily due to the non-cash tax adjustment of $13.4 million for the re-measurement of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as a result of the corporate rate reduction, which was recorded as an increase to income tax expense and higher pre-tax income in 2017 compared to 2016.2019.
Net Interest Income
Our principal source of revenue is net interest income. Net interest income represents the difference between the interest and fees earned on interest-earning assets and the interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest income is affected by changes in the average balance of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and changes in interest rates and spreads. The level and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities is managed by our Asset and Liability Committee, or ALCO, in order to mitigate interest rate and liquidity risks of the balance sheet. A variety of ALCO strategies were implemented, within prescribed ALCO risk parameters, to produce what we believe is an acceptable level of net interest income.
The interest income on interest-earning assets and the net interest margin are presented on aan FTE basis. The FTE basis adjusts for the tax benefit of income on certain tax-exempt loans and securities and the dividend-received deduction for equity securities using the federal statutory tax rate of 3521 percent for each period and the dividend-received deduction for equity securities. We believe this to be the preferred industry measurement of net interest income that provides a relevant comparison between taxable and non-taxable sources of interest income.
The following table reconciles interest income per the Consolidated Statements of Net Income to net interest income and rates on aan FTE basis for the periods presented:
Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)202020192018
Total interest income$320,464 $320,484 $289,826 
Total interest expense41,076 73,693 55,388 
Net interest income per Consolidated Statements of Net Income279,388 246,791 234,438 
Adjustment to FTE basis3,202 3,757 3,803 
Net Interest Income (FTE) (non-GAAP)$282,590 $250,548 $238,241 
Net interest margin3.34 %3.58 %3.58 %
Adjustment to FTE basis0.04 0.06 0.06 
Net Interest Margin (FTE) (non-GAAP)3.38 %3.64 %3.64 %
39

 Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 2015
Total interest income$260,642
 $227,774
 $203,548
Total interest expense34,909
 24,515
 15,997
Net interest income per consolidated statements of net income225,733
 203,259
 187,551
Adjustment to FTE basis7,493
 7,043
 6,123
Net Interest Income (FTE) (non-GAAP)$233,226
 $210,302
 $193,674
Net interest margin3.45% 3.35% 3.45%
Adjustment to FTE basis0.11
 0.12
 0.11
Net Interest Margin (FTE) (non-GAAP)3.56% 3.47% 3.56%
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Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued




Average Balance Sheet and Net Interest Income Analysis
The following table provides information regarding the average balances, interest and rates earned on interest-earning assets and the average balances, interest and rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities for the years ended December 31:
2017 2016 2015202020192018
(dollars in thousands)
Average
Balance

 Interest
 Rate
 Average
Balance

 Interest
 Rate
 Average
Balance

 Interest
 Rate
(dollars in thousands)Average
Balance
InterestRateAverage
Balance
InterestRateAverage
Balance
InterestRate
ASSETS                 ASSETS
Interest-bearing deposits with banks$56,344
 $578
 1.03% $41,810
 $207
 0.50% $66,101
 $165
 0.25%Interest-bearing deposits with banks$179,887 $515 0.29 %$59,941 $1,233 2.06 %$56,210 $1,042 1.85 %
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value698,460
 17,320
 2.48% 676,696
 16,306
 2.41% 654,655
 16,246
 2.48%
Securities at fair value(2)(3)
Securities at fair value(2)(3)
764,311 19,011 2.49 %678,069 17,876 2.64 %682,806 17,860 2.62 %
Loans held for sale14,607
 581
 3.98% 14,255
 814
 5.71% 8,272
 349
 4.22%Loans held for sale5,105 160 3.13 %2,169 84 3.88 %1,515 85 5.60 %
Commercial real estate2,638,766
 114,484
 4.34% 2,344,050
 96,814
 4.13% 2,026,206
 83,469
 4.12%Commercial real estate3,347,234 140,288 4.19 %2,945,278 144,877 4.92 %2,779,096 132,139 4.75 %
Commercial and industrial1,425,421
 61,976
 4.35% 1,348,287
 53,629
 3.98% 1,209,020
 46,175
 3.82%Commercial and industrial2,018,318 77,752 3.85 %1,575,485 79,429 5.04 %1,441,560 67,770 4.70 %
Commercial construction426,574
 17,384
 4.08% 400,997
 14,788
 3.69% 330,821
 13,249
 4.00%Commercial construction442,088 16,702 3.78 %278,665 14,237 5.11 %314,265 15,067 4.79 %
Total commercial loans4,490,761
 193,844
 4.32% 4,093,334
 165,231
 4.04% 3,566,047
 142,893
 4.01%Total commercial loans5,807,640 234,742 4.04 %4,799,428 238,543 4.97 %4,534,921 214,976 4.74 %
Residential mortgage699,843
 28,741
 4.11% 668,236
 27,544
 4.12% 577,294
 24,458
 4.24%Residential mortgage964,740 40,998 4.25 %765,604 33,889 4.43 %696,849 29,772 4.27 %
Home equity484,023
 20,866
 4.31% 477,011
 19,213
 4.03% 451,755
 18,139
 4.02%Home equity539,461 21,469 3.98 %475,149 25,208 5.31 %474,538 22,981 4.84 %
Installment and other consumer69,163
 4,521
 6.54% 64,960
 4,136
 6.37% 82,972
 5,764
 6.95%Installment and other consumer80,032 5,248 6.56 %72,283 5,173 7.16 %67,047 4,594 6.85 %
Consumer construction4,631
 201
 4.35% 7,038
 287
 4.08% 6,092
 256
 4.21%Consumer construction13,484 594 4.40 %10,896 593 5.44 %5,336 267 5.00 %
Total consumer loans1,257,660
 54,329
 4.32% 1,217,245
 51,180
 4.20% 1,118,113
 48,617
 4.35%Total consumer loans1,597,717 68,309 4.28 %1,323,932 64,863 4.90 %1,243,770 57,614 4.63 %
Total portfolio loans5,748,421
 248,173
 4.32% 5,310,579
 216,411
 4.08% 4,684,160
 191,510
 4.09%Total portfolio loans7,405,357 303,051 4.09 %6,123,360 303,406 4.95 %5,778,691 272,590 4.72 %
Total Loans$5,763,028
 $248,754
 4.32% $5,324,834
 $217,225
 4.08% $4,692,432
 $191,859
 4.09%
Total Loans(1)(2)
Total Loans(1)(2)
7,410,462 303,211 4.09 %6,125,529 303,490 4.95 %5,780,206 272,675 4.72 %
Federal Home Loan Bank and other restricted stock31,989
 1,483
 4.64% 23,811
 1,079
 4.53% 19,672
 1,401
 7.12%Federal Home Loan Bank and other restricted stock18,234 929 5.10 %21,833 1,642 7.52 %30,457 2,052 6.74 %
Total Interest-earning Assets6,549,821
 268,135
 4.09% 6,067,151
 234,817
 3.87% 5,432,860
 209,671
 3.86%Total Interest-earning Assets8,372,894 304,140 3.87 %6,885,372 324,241 4.71 %6,549,679 293,629 4.48 %
Noninterest-earning assets510,411
     521,104
     509,236
    Noninterest-earning assets779,853 550,164 494,149 
Total Assets$7,060,232
     $6,588,255
     $5,942,096
    Total Assets$9,152,747 $7,435,536 $7,043,828 
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY                 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Interest-bearing demand$637,526
 $1,418
 0.22% $651,118
 $1,088
 0.17% $623,232
 $888
 0.14%Interest-bearing demand$961,823 $2,681 0.28 %$641,403 $3,915 0.61 %$570,459 $1,883 0.33 %
Money market994,783
 7,853
 0.79% 735,159
 3,222
 0.44% 574,102
 1,229
 0.21%Money market2,040,116 11,645 0.57 %1,691,910 30,236 1.79 %1,299,185 18,228 1.40 %
Savings988,504
 2,081
 0.21% 1,039,664
 2,002
 0.19% 1,072,683
 1,712
 0.16%Savings899,717 972 0.11 %766,142 1,928 0.25 %836,747 1,773 0.21 %
Certificates of deposit1,439,711
 13,978
 0.97% 1,472,613
 13,380
 0.91% 1,252,798
 9,115
 0.73%Certificates of deposit1,517,643 20,688 1.36 %1,396,706 26,947 1.93 %1,328,985 18,972 1.43 %
Total Interest-bearing deposits4,060,524
 25,330
 0.62% 3,898,554
 19,692
 0.51% 3,522,815
 12,944
 0.37%Total Interest-bearing deposits5,419,299 35,986 0.66 %4,496,161 63,026 1.40 %4,035,376 40,856 1.01 %
Securities sold under repurchase agreements46,662
 54
 0.12% 51,021
 5
 0.01% 44,394
 4
 0.01%Securities sold under repurchase agreements57,673 169 0.29 %16,863 110 0.65 %45,992 221 0.48 %
Short-term borrowings644,864
 7,399
 1.15% 414,426
 2,713
 0.65% 257,117
 932
 0.36%Short-term borrowings155,753 1,434 0.92 %255,264 6,416 2.51 %525,172 11,082 2.11 %
Long-term borrowings18,057
 463
 2.57% 50,257
 670
 1.33% 83,648
 790
 0.94%Long-term borrowings47,953 1,201 2.50 %66,392 1,831 2.76 %47,986 1,129 2.35 %
Junior subordinated debt securities45,619
 1,663
 3.65% 45,619
 1,435
 3.14% 47,071
 1,327
 2.82%Junior subordinated debt securities64,092 2,286 3.57 %47,934 2,310 4.82 %45,619 2,100 4.60 %
Total borrowings755,202
 9,579
 1.27% 561,323
 4,823
 0.86% 432,230
 3,053
 0.71%Total borrowings325,471 5,090 1.56 %386,453 10,667 2.76 %664,769 14,532 2.19 %
Total Interest-bearing Liabilities4,815,726
 34,909
 0.72% 4,459,877
 24,515
 0.55% 3,955,045
 15,997
 0.40%Total Interest-bearing Liabilities5,744,770 41,076 0.72 %4,882,614 73,693 1.51 %4,700,145 55,388 1.18 %
Noninterest-bearing liabilities1,372,376
     1,304,771
     1,236,984
    Noninterest-bearing liabilities2,238,488 1,569,014 1,435,328 
Shareholders’ equity872,130
     823,607
     750,069
    Shareholders’ equity1,169,489 983,908 908,355 
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity$7,060,232
 34,909
   $6,588,255
     $5,942,098
    Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity$9,152,747 $7,435,536 $7,043,828 
Net Interest Income (2)(3)
  $233,226
     $210,302
     $193,674
  
Net Interest Income (2)(3)
$282,590 $250,548 $238,241 
Net Interest Margin (2)(3)
    3.56%     3.47%     3.56%
Net Interest Margin (2)(3)
3.38 %3.64 %3.64 %
(1)Nonaccruing loans are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
(2)Tax-exempt income is on aan FTE basis using the statutory federal corporate income tax rate of 3521 percent for 2017, 2016 and 2015..
(3)Taxable investment income is adjusted for the dividend-received deduction for equity securities.

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Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued



The following table sets forth for the periods presented a summary of the changes in interest earned and interest paid resulting from changes in volume and changes in rates:
2020 Compared to 2019
Increase (Decrease) Due to
2019 Compared to 2018
Increase (Decrease) Due to
(dollars in thousands)
Volume(4)
Rate(4)
Net
Volume(4)
Rate(4)
Net
Interest earned on:
Interest-bearing deposits with banks$2,467 $(3,185)$(718)$69 $122 $191 
Securities at fair value(2)(3)
2,274 (1,139)1,135 (124)140 16 
Loans held for sale114 (38)76 37 (38)(1)
Commercial real estate19,772 (24,361)(4,589)7,902 4,836 12,738 
Commercial and industrial22,326 (24,003)(1,677)6,296 5,363 11,659 
Commercial construction8,349 (5,884)2,465 (1,707)877 (830)
Total commercial loans50,447 (54,248)(3,801)12,491 11,076 23,567 
Residential mortgage8,815 (1,706)7,109 2,937 1,180 4,117 
Home equity3,412 (7,151)(3,739)30 2,197 2,227 
Installment and other consumer555 (480)75 359 220 579 
Consumer construction141 (140)278 48 326 
Total consumer loans12,923 (9,477)3,446 3,604 3,645 7,249 
Total portfolio loans63,370 (63,725)(355)16,095 14,721 30,816 
Total loans (1)(2)
63,484 (63,763)(279)16,132 14,683 30,815 
Federal Home Loan Bank and other restricted stock(271)(442)(713)(581)171 (410)
Change in Interest Earned on Interest-earning Assets$67,954 $(68,529)$(575)$15,496 $15,116 $30,612 
Interest paid on:
Interest-bearing demand$1,956 $(3,190)$(1,234)$234 $1,798 $2,032 
Money market6,223 (24,814)(18,591)5,510 6,498 12,008 
Savings336 (1,292)(956)(150)305 155 
Certificates of deposit2,333 (8,592)(6,259)967 7,008 7,975 
Total interest-bearing deposits10,848 (37,888)(27,040)6,561 15,609 22,170 
Securities sold under repurchase agreements266 (207)59 (140)29 (111)
Short-term borrowings(2,501)(2,481)(4,982)(5,696)1,030 (4,666)
Long-term borrowings(509)(121)(630)433 269 702 
Junior subordinated debt securities779 (803)(24)107 103 210 
Total borrowings(1,965)(3,612)(5,577)(5,296)1,431 (3,865)
Change in Interest Paid on Interest-bearing Liabilities$8,883 $(41,500)$(32,617)$1,265 $17,040 $18,305 
Change in Net Interest Income$59,071 $(27,029)$32,042 $14,231 $(1,924)$12,307 
 2017 Compared to 2016 Increase (Decrease) Due to 2016 Compared to 2015 Increase (Decrease) Due to
(dollars in thousands)
Volume(4)

Rate(4)

Net
 
Volume(4)

Rate(4)

Net
Interest earned on:       
Interest-bearing deposits with banks$72
$299
$371
 $(61)$103
$42
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value(2)(3)
524
490
1,014
 547
(487)60
Loans held for sale20
(253)(233) 252
213
465
Commercial real estate12,172
5,498
17,670
 13,093
252
13,345
Commercial and industrial3,068
5,279
8,347
 5,319
2,135
7,454
Commercial construction943
1,653
2,596
 2,810
(1,271)1,539
Total commercial loans16,183
12,430
28,613
 21,222
1,116
22,338
Residential mortgage1,303
(106)1,197
 3,853
(767)3,086
Home equity282
1,371
1,653
 1,014
60
1,074
Installment and other consumer268
117
385
 (1,251)(377)(1,628)
Consumer construction(98)12
(86) 40
(9)31
Total consumer loans1,755
1,394
3,149
 3,656
(1,093)2,563
Total portfolio loans17,938
13,824
31,762
 24,878
23
24,901
Total loans (1)(2)
17,958
13,571
31,529
 25,130
236
25,366
Federal Home Loan Bank and other restricted stock371
33
404
 295
(617)(322)
Change in Interest Earned on Interest-earning Assets$18,925
$14,393
$33,318
 $25,911
$(765)$25,146
Interest paid on:       
Interest-bearing demand$(23)$353
$330
 $40
$160
$200
Money market1,138
3,493
4,631
 345
1,648
1,993
Savings(99)178
79
 (53)343
290
Certificates of deposit(299)897
598
 1,599
2,666
4,265
Total interest-bearing deposits717
4,921
5,638
 1,931
4,817
6,748
Securities sold under repurchase agreements
49
49
 1

1
Short-term borrowings1,509
3,177
4,686
 570
1,211
1,781
Long-term borrowings(429)222
(207) (315)195
(120)
Junior subordinated debt securities
228
228
 (41)149
108
Total borrowings1,080
3,676
4,756
 215
1,555
1,770
Change in Interest Paid on Interest-bearing Liabilities$1,797
$8,597
$10,394
 $2,146
$6,372
$8,518
Change in Net Interest Income$17,128
$5,796
$22,924
 $23,765
$(7,137)$16,628
(1)Nonaccruing loans are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
(2)Tax-exempt income is on aan FTE basis using the statutory federal corporate income tax rate of 35 percent for 2017, 2016 and 2015.21 percent.
(3)Taxable investment income is adjusted for the dividend-received deduction for equity securities.
(4)Changes to rate/volume are allocated to both rate and volume on a proportionate dollar basis.

Net interest income on aan FTE basis (non-GAAP) increased $22.9$32.0 million, or 10.912.8 percent, compared to 2016. The increase2019. Net interest income was primarily duefavorably impacted by purchase accounting fair value adjustments of $4.8 million mainly related to organic loan growth and higher short-term interest rates.the DNB merger. The net interest margin on aan FTE basis increased nine(non-GAAP) decreased 26 basis points to 3.56 percent3.38% compared to 3.47 percent2019. This is mostly due to decreases in short-term interest rates of approximately 225 basis points. Purchase accounting fair value adjustments favorably impacted the net interest margin rate on an FTE basis by 6 basis points for 2016.2020.
Interest income on aan FTE basis increased $33.3(non-GAAP) decreased $0.6 million, or 14.20.2 percent, compared to 2016.2019. The increase ischange was primarily due to an increaseincreases in average interest-earning assets of $483 million and higher$1.5 billion offset by lower short-term interest rates.rates compared to 2019. Average loan balances increased $438 million$1.3 billion compared to 2019 due to the DNB merger and organic growth, primarilyloan growth. PPP loans contributed $380.1 million of the average increase in the commercial loan portfolio.loans. The average rate earned on loans increased 24decreased 86 basis points primarily due to higherlower short-term interest rates. Average interest-bearing deposits with banks which is primarily cash at the Federal Reserve increased $14.5$119.9 million and the average rate earned increased 53decreased 177 basis points duecompared to higher short-term interest rates.2019. Average investment securities increased $21.8$86.2 million with no significant change toand the rate.average rate earned decreased 15 basis points. Overall, the FTE rate on interest-earning assets increased 22(non-GAAP) decreased 84 basis points compared to 2016.2019.

Interest expense decreased $32.6 million compared to 2019. The decrease was primarily due to lower short-term interest
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Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued



Interest expense increased $10.4 million compared to 2016. The increase was primarily due to an increase in average interest-bearing liabilities of $356 million and higher short-term interest rates. Average interest-bearing deposits increased $162$923.1 million compared to 2019 due to the DNB merger and organic deposit growth. We experienced deposit growth throughout 2020 due to customer PPP loans and stimulus payments along with customers conservatively holding cash deposits in these uncertain times. The average rate paid decreased 74 basis points compared to 2019 primarily due to lower short-term interest rates. Average borrowings decreased $61.0 million due to sales efforts and rate promotions. Average money market account balances increased $260 milliondeposits and the average rate paid increased 35decreased 120 basis points due to higher short-term interest rates. Average total borrowings increased $194 million to provide funding for loan growth. Short-term borrowings increased $230 million and the average rate paid increased 50 basis points due to higherlower short-term interest rates. Overall, the cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 17decreased 79 basis points compared to 2016.2019.
Provision for LoanCredit Losses
The provision for credit losses, which includes a provision for losses on loans and on unfunded loan lossescommitments, is a charge to earnings to maintain the amount to be added to the ALL after net loan charge-offs have been deducted to bring the ALL toACL at a level determined to be adequate to absorb probableconsistent with management's assessment of expected losses inherent in the loan portfolio.portfolio at the balance sheet date. The provision for loancredit losses decreased $4.1increased $116.5 million or 22.7 percent, to $13.9$131.4 million for 20172020 compared to $18.0$14.9 million for 2016. This decrease2019.
We recognized a charge-off of $58.7 million related to a customer fraud from a check kiting scheme during the second quarter of 2020. The fraud was perpetrated by a single business customer and the customer has plead guilty in a criminal investigation. We continue to pursue all available sources of recovery to mitigate the loss. The customer also had a lending relationship of $14.8 million, including a $14.0 million commercial real estate loan and an $0.8 million line of credit which resulted in an additional $8.9 million charge-off in 2020. At December 31, 2020, $5.9 million remains outstanding as a nonperforming loan that has been fully charged down to the estimated sale price of the collateral.
Excluding the customer fraud loss of $58.7 million, the provision for credit losses increased $57.8 million to $72.7 million for 2020 compared to $14.9 million in 2019. The significant increase in the provision for loancredit losses during the year was mainly due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and our adoption of CECL on January 1, 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the hospitality industry resulting in deterioration in our $248 million hotel portfolio.
The impact of COVID-19 was captured in our quantitative reserve as certain impacted loans were downgraded to special mention and substandard and in our qualitative reserve through our economic forecast and other qualitative adjustments. Commercial special mention, substandard and doubtful loans increased $281 million to $572 million compared to $290 million at December 31, 2019, with an increase of $162 million in substandard loans, $113 million in special mention loans and $11.4 million in doubtful loans. The increase in both special mention and substandard loans was mainly due to downgrades in our hotel portfolio. Specific reserves on loans individually assessed increased $11.3 million to $13.5 million compared to $2.2 million in 2019. Included in the $13.5 million of specific reserves was $6.7 million for loans in our hotel portfolio. Specific reserves for hotels were based on liquidation values from appraisals received in the fourth quarter of 2020. Our qualitative reserve increased $14.1 million in 2020 which included $8.6 million for the economic forecast and $3.2 million for portfolio allocations made in our hotel, business banking and C&I portfolios due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The change in reserve attributed to the economic forecast reflected reductions in the second and third quarters due to an improved economic forecast. Our forecast covers a period of two years and is driven primarily relatedby national unemployment data. The change attributed to decreases in netthe portfolio allocations was primarily due to $3.0 million of ACL added for our business banking portfolio.
Net loan charge-offs and nonperforming loans and lower impaired loan balances and the related specific reserves.
Net charge-offs decreased $3.0were $103.4 million, or 23 percent, to $10.3 million, or 0.18 percent1.40% of average loans, in 2017,2020 compared to $13.3$13.6 million, or 0.25 percent0.22% of average loans, in 2016. Total nonperforming loans decreased $18.7 million to $23.9during 2019. Excluding the customer fraud, net loan charge-offs were $44.7 million, or 0.42 percent of total loans at December 31, 2017, compared to $42.6 million, or 0.76 percent of total loans at December 31, 2016. Impaired loan balances decreased $15.1 million, or 36 percent, to $26.8 million at December 31, 2017 compared to $41.9 million at December 31, 2016 with a decrease0.60% in specific reserves of $0.7 million compared to December 31, 2016. The decrease primarily related to two large commercial nonperforming, impaired loans that paid off during 2017 that totaled $10.5 million. The $0.7 million decrease in specific reserves was primarily related to the release of reserve related to a C&I loan.2020.
The ALL at December 31, 2017, was $56.4 million, or 0.98 percent of total portfolio loans, compared to $52.8 million, or 0.94 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2016. The increase in the level of the reserve is partly due to portfolio loan growth of $150 million during 2017. Refer to the Allowance for Loan LossesCredit Quality section of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, or MD&A for further details.

Noninterest Income
Years Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 $ Change
 % Change
(dollars in thousands)20202019$ Change% Change
Securities gains, net$3,000
 $
 $3,000
 NM
Securities gains, net$142 $(26)$168 NM
Debit and credit cardDebit and credit card15,093 13,405 1,688 12.6 %
Service charges on deposit accounts12,458
 12,512
 (54) (0.4)%Service charges on deposit accounts11,704 13,316 (1,612)(12.1)%
Debit and credit card12,029
 11,943
 86
 0.7 %
Mortgage bankingMortgage banking10,923 2,491 8,432 338.5 %
Wealth management9,758
 10,456
 (698) (6.7)%Wealth management9,957 8,623 1,334 15.5 %
Insurance5,418
 5,253
 165
 3.1 %
Mortgage banking2,915
 2,879
 36
 1.3 %
Bank owned life insurance2,756
 2,122
 634
 29.9 %
Gain on sale of credit card portfolio
 2,066
 (2,066) NM
Other Income:
   
  
Letter of credit origination1,018
 1,154
 (136) (11.8)%
Interest rate swap503
 977
 (474) (48.5)%
Curtailment gain
 1,017
 (1,017) NM
Commercial loan swap incomeCommercial loan swap income4,740 5,503 (763)(13.9)%
Other5,607
 4,256
 1,351
 31.7 %Other7,160 9,246 (2,086)(22.6)%
Total Other Noninterest Income7,128
 7,404
 (276) (3.7)%
Total Noninterest Income$55,462
 $54,635
 $827
 1.5 %Total Noninterest Income$59,719 $52,558 $7,161 13.6 %
NM- percentage change not meaningful
Noninterest income increased $0.8$7.2 million, or 1.513.6 percent, in 20172020 compared to 2016. Net gains on2019. Total noninterest income includes a full-year impact of the sale of securities and a $1.0 million gain from the sale of a branchDNB merger for 2020 compared to one month in 2017 were mostly offset by a $2.1 million decrease related to the gain on the sale of our credit card portfolio and a $1.0 million defined benefit plan curtailment gain in 2016. The curtailment gain was2019. Our noninterest income has been negatively impacted due to an amendment to freeze benefit accruals underchanges in our customers' behavior during the qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans effective March 31, 2016.pandemic. The increase in noninterest income primarily related

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Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued



The decreaseto higher mortgage banking income of $8.4 million compared to 2019 due to an increase in wealth management feesthe volume of $0.7 million is primarily due toloans originated for sale in the secondary market resulting from a decline in advisorymortgage interest rates. Debit and credit card fees related to the dissolution of the mutual fund, compared to the prior year. The increase in bank owned life insurance income, or BOLI, income related to a $0.7 million claim during the third quarter of 2017. Interest rate swap fees from our commercial customers decreased $0.5increased $1.7 million compared to the prior year due to aincreased debit and credit card usage and the Merger. Wealth management fees increased $1.3 million due to the Merger. The $2.1 million decrease in customer demand for this product.
On January 1, 2018, we soldother noninterest income was attributable to a majority interestchange in S&T Evergreen Insurance, LLC,the valuation of a subsidiary of S&T Insurance Group. Our insurances fees will decrease in future periods along withdeferred compensation plan, which has a corresponding decreaseoffset in operating expenses.salaries and benefit expense resulting in no impact to net income, a change in the equity securities portfolio and a change in the credit valuation adjustment for our commercial loan swaps for risk associated with our hotel loan portfolio. Service charges on deposit accounts also decreased $1.6 million due to reduced activity related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Noninterest Expense
Years Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 $ Change
 % Change
(dollars in thousands)20202019$ Change% Change
Salaries and employee benefits$80,776
 $77,325
 $3,451
 4.5 %Salaries and employee benefits$90,115 $83,986 $6,129 7.3 %
Data processing and information technologyData processing and information technology15,499 14,468 1,031 7.1 %
Net occupancy10,994
 11,057
 (63) (0.6)%Net occupancy14,529 12,103 2,426 20.0 %
Data processing8,801
 8,837
 (36) (0.4)%
Merger-related expensesMerger-related expenses2,342 11,350 (9,008)NM
Furniture, equipment and software7,946
 7,290
 656
 9.0 %Furniture, equipment and software11,050 8,958 2,092 23.4 %
MarketingMarketing5,996 4,631 1,365 29.5 %
Professional services and legalProfessional services and legal6,394 4,244 2,150 50.7 %
Other taxesOther taxes6,622 3,364 3,258 96.8 %
FDIC insurance4,543
 3,984
 559
 14.0 %FDIC insurance5,089 758 4,331 571.4 %
Other taxes4,509
 4,050
 459
 11.3 %
Professional services and legal4,096
 3,466
 630
 18.2 %
Marketing3,659
 3,713
 (54) (1.5)%
Other expenses:
   
  Other expenses:
Loan related expensesLoan related expenses5,044 3,250 1,794 55.2 %
Joint venture amortization3,048
 3,283
 (235) (7.2)%Joint venture amortization3,215 2,648 567 21.4 %
Telecommunications2,572
 2,693
 (121) (4.5)%
Loan related expenses2,547
 1,752
 795
 45.4 %
Amortization of intangibles1,247
 1,615
 (368) (22.8)%
Supplies1,233
 1,350
 (117) (8.7)%Supplies1,318 1,159 159 13.7 %
Postage1,128
 1,118
 10
 0.9 %Postage1,262 1,082 180 16.6 %
Amortization of intangiblesAmortization of intangibles2,531 836 1,695 202.8 %
Other10,808
 11,699
 (891) (7.6)%Other15,638 14,279 1,359 9.5 %
Total Other Noninterest Expense22,583
 23,510
 (927) (3.9)%Total Other Noninterest Expense29,008 23,254 5,754 24.7 %
Total Noninterest Expense$147,907
 $143,232
 $4,675
 3.3 %Total Noninterest Expense$186,644 $167,116 $19,528 11.7 %
NM - percentage not meaningful

Noninterest expense increased $4.7$19.5 million, or 3.311.7 percent, to $148$186.6 million in 20172020 compared to 2016.2019. Total noninterest expense includes a full-year impact of the DNB merger for 2020 compared to one month in 2019. Total merger expenses decreased $9.0 million compared to 2019. Total merger related expenses of $2.3 million in 2020 were comprised of $1.4 million of salaries and employee benefits, $0.4 million for data processing, $0.2 million for professional services and $0.3 million in various other expenses. The increases in net occupancy expense, furniture, equipment and software and other taxes related to the DNB merger. The increase in FDIC insurance of $4.3 million was due to the impact of recent results on certain components of the assessment calculation, such as our net loss in the second quarter of 2020 and also the Small Bank Assessment Credits that were received by all banking institutions with assets of less than $10 billion in third quarter 2019 that were not received in 2020. Also in addition to the merger, the increase of $3.3 million in other taxes was due to a one-time adjustment related to a state sales tax assessment in 2019. Salaries and employee benefits increased $3.5$6.1 million during 20172020 primarily due to additional employees, mainly related to the merger, annual merit increases higher incentive costs and higher medical claims. Incentivepension expense due to an increase in retirees electing lump-sum distributions. Partially offsetting these increases were a decrease in restricted stock of $1.7 million and $3.0 million of deferred origination costs due to PPP loans and increased $3.0mortgage activity. Loan related expenses increased $1.8 million due to a higher number of participantsthe customer fraud and strong performance in 2017. Medical expense increased $0.4 million primarily due to higher claims. These increases were offset by a decrease in pension expense of $1.7 million related to the amendment in 2016 to freeze benefit accruals for all participants in our defined benefit pension plans.
The increase of $0.7 million in furniture and equipment expense compared to 2016 was mainly due to technology upgrades.mortgage volume. Professional services and legal expenseexpenses increased $0.6$2.1 million mainly related to the sale of our subsidiary, S&T Evergreen Insurance, effective January 1, 2018 and a branch sale during 2017. FDIC insurance increased $0.6 million due to growth and other taxes increased $0.5 million due to higher sales tax. Loan related expense increased $0.8 million due to expense recoveries during 2016 on impaired loans. Other noninterest expense decreased $0.9 million primarily related to lower processing charges for credit cards due to the salelegal expense.
43

Table of the credit card portfolio in 2016.Contents
Our efficiency ratio (non-GAAP), which measures noninterest expense as a percent of noninterest income plus net interest income, on a FTE basis, excluding security gains/losses, was 51.77 percent for 2017 and 54.06 percent for 2016. Refer to Explanation of Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures in Item 6. Selected Financial Data in this Report for a discussion of this non-GAAP financial measure.
Federal Income Taxes
We recorded a federal income tax provision of $46.4 million in 2017 compared to $25.3 million in 2016, an increase of $21.1 million. Our 2017 income tax provision increased by $13.4 million due to the re-measurement of our deferred tax assets and liabilities at the new corporate income tax rate of 21 percent enacted as part of the Tax Act on December 22, 2017. The remainder of the increase in tax provision was primarily due to higher pretax earnings.


Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued



Federal Income Taxes
The income tax provision was nearly zero compared to $19.1 million in 2019. The decrease in our income tax provision was mainly due to a $96.3 million decrease in net income before taxes in 2020 compared to 2019.
The effective tax rate, which is total tax expense as a percentage of pretaxnet income increased to 38.9before taxes, decreased 16.3 percent in 20172020 to a nominal negative annual effective tax rate compared to 26.216.3 percent in 2016.2019. The decrease in the effective tax rate was primarily due to significantly lower net income before taxes in 2020 compared to 2019. Historically, we have generated an annual effective tax rate that is less than the pre-tax reform statutory rate of 3521 percent due to benefits resulting from tax-exempt interest, excludable dividend income, tax-exempt income on bank owned life insurance, or BOLI and tax benefits associated with Low Income Housing Tax Credits, or LIHTC. However, due to the 2017 enactment of the Tax Act, our net DTA re-measurement of $13.4 million increased our effective tax rate by 11.3 percent in 2017. In 2018, our annual effective tax rate is anticipated to be less than the new corporate rate of 21 percent due to similar tax benefits listed above.
Results of Operations
Year Ended December 31, 20162019
Earnings Summary
Net income increased $4.3decreased $7.1 million, or 6.46.7 percent, to $71.4$98.2 million, or $2.05$2.82 per diluted share, in 20162019 compared to $67.1$105.3 million, or $1.98$3.01 per diluted share, in 2015.2018. The timing2019 results included $11.4 million, or $0.27 per diluted share, of merger related expenses. The DNB merger results have been included in our financial statements since the consummation of the Integrity merger or Merger, on March 4, 2015 has impacted the comparability of financial results for the full year December 31, 2016 and the full year December 31, 2015 due to only ten months of Integrity results and merger-related expenses being included in earnings in 2015. November 30, 2019.
The increasedecrease in net income was primarily due to an increase in noninterest expense of $21.7 million, that included $11.4 million of merger related expenses. This decrease was partially offset by increases in net interest income of $15.7$12.4 million or 8.4 percent, and noninterest income of $3.6$3.4 million or 7.1 percent, partially offset by increases in our provision for loan losses of $7.6 million and noninterest expenses of $6.5 million. Noninterest expense included $3.2 million of merger-related expenses during 2015 and no merger-related expenses during the year ended December 31, 2016.compared to 2018.
Net interest income increased $15.7$12.4 million, or 8.45.3 percent, to $203.3$246.8 million compared to $187.6$234.4 million in 2015. The increase was primarily due to the increase in average2018. Average interest-earning assets of $634increased $335.7 million or 11.7 percent, partially offset by an increase in averagecompared to 2018 to $6.9 billion. Average interest-bearing liabilities of $505increased $182.5 million or 12.8 percent, compared to 2015. The increases in average interest-earning assets related to our successful efforts in growing the loan portfolio organically during 2016. Our loan portfolio increased $632.4 million, or 13.5 percent, during 2016. Thewith increases in average interest-bearing liabilitiesdeposits of $460.8 million offset by decreases in 2016 were mainly due to successful deposit growth initiatives. Our deposits increased $396 million, or 8.1 percent. Net interest income was impacted by accretion resulting from purchase accounting fair value adjustments related to the Mergerborrowings of $3.0 million for 2016 compared to $6.2 million for 2015.$278.3 million. Net interest margin, on a fully taxable-equivalent, or FTE, basis decreased nine(non-GAAP), remained unchanged at 3.64 percent. Net interest margin is reconciled to net interest income adjusted to an FTE basis points to 3.47 percentbelow in 2016 compared to 3.56 percent for 2015.the "Net Interest Income" section of this MD&A.
The provision for loan losses increased $7.6was $14.9 million to $18.0 million during 2016for 2019 compared to $10.4$15.0 million in 2015. The higher provision for loan losses was due to an increase in net loan charge-offs and loan growth.2018. Net loan charge-offs were $13.3increased $3.2 million or 0.25 percent of average loans for 2016 compared to $10.2$13.6 million, or 0.22 percent of average loans, for 2019 compared to $10.4 million, or 0.18 percent of average loans, in 2015.2018. Nonperforming loans increased $8.0 million and impaired loans increased $25.8 million with an increase in specific reserves of $0.4 million to $2.2 million compared to 2018.
Total noninterest income increased $3.6$3.4 million or 7.1 percent, to $54.6$52.6 million for 2016 compared to $51.0$49.2 million for 2015.in 2018. The increase in noninterest income primarily related to higher commercial loan swap income of $4.3 million compared to 2018 as we continue to see a high demand for this product in the current interest rate environment. Offsetting this increase was primarily due to a $1.9 million gain of $2.1 million on the sale of our credit card portfolioa majority interest in 2016 andS&T Evergreen Insurance, LLC in 2018. Wealth management fees decreased $1.5 million compared to the prior year due to a curtailment gain of $1.0 million resulting from the amendment to freeze benefit accruals for all participantsdecline in our defined benefit plans during the first quarter of 2016.financial service revenue.
Total noninterestNoninterest expense increased $6.5$21.7 million in part due to $143.2merger related expenses of $11.4 million for 2016 compared to $136.7in 2019, an increase of $7.9 million for 2015. Salariesin salaries and employee benefits increased $9.1and an increase of $3.8 million during 2016in data processing and information technology. These expense increases were partially offset by a $2.8 million decrease in other taxes mainly due to a one-time adjustment related to a state sales tax assessment and a decrease of $2.5 million in FDIC insurance primarily due to annual merit increases, additional employees, medical costs and stock incentive expense. ThisSmall Bank Assessment Credits that were received during 2019.
The federal income tax provision decrease $1.3 million to $19.1 million in 2019 compared to $17.8 million in 2018. The increase in our 2019 income tax provision was mainly due to non-recurring items related to the tax benefit from the pension contribution in 2018 offset by no merger expensesthe sale of a majority interest of our insurance business in 2016 compared to $3.2 million of merger expenses in 2015.
The provision for income taxes increased $0.9 million to $25.3 million compared to $24.4 million in 2015. The increase was primarily due to a $5.2 million increase in pretax income.2018.
Net Interest Income
Our principal source of revenue is net interest income. Net interest income represents the difference between the interest and fees earned on interest-earning assets and the interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest income is affected by changes in the average balance of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and changes in interest rates and spreads.The level and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities is managed by our Asset and Liability Committee, or ALCO, in order to mitigate interest rate and liquidity risks of the balance sheet. A variety of ALCO strategies were implemented, within prescribed ALCO risk parameters, to produce what we believe is an acceptable level of net interest income.
The interest income on interest-earning assets and the net interest margin are presented on aan FTE basis. The FTE basis adjusts for the tax benefit of income on certain tax-exempt loans and securities and the dividend-received deduction for equity
44

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Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued

securities using the federal statutory tax rate of 21 percent for 2019 and 2018 and 35 percent for each period and the dividend-received deduction for equity securities.2017. We believe this to be the preferred industry measurement of net interest income that provides a relevant comparison between taxable and non-taxable sources of interest income.

Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued


The following table reconciles interest income per the Consolidated Statements of Net Income to net interest income and rates adjusted to aon an FTE basis for the periods presented:
Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)201920182017
Total interest income$320,484 $289,826 $260,642 
Total interest expense73,693 55,388 34,909 
Net interest income per Consolidated Statements of Net Income246,791 234,438 225,733 
Adjustment to FTE basis3,757 3,803 7,493 
Net Interest Income (FTE) (non-GAAP)$250,548 $238,241 $233,226 
Net interest margin3.58 %3.58 %3.45 %
Adjustment to FTE basis0.06 0.06 0.11 
Net Interest Margin (FTE) (non-GAAP)3.64 %3.64 %3.56 %
45

 Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2016
 2015
 2014
Total interest income$227,774
 $203,549
 $160,523
Total interest expense24,515
 15,998
 12,481
Net interest income per consolidated statements of net income203,259
 187,551
 148,042
Adjustment to FTE basis7,043
 6,123
 5,461
Net Interest Income (FTE) (non-GAAP)$210,302
 $193,674
 $153,503
Net interest margin3.35% 3.45% 3.38%
Adjustment to FTE basis0.12% 0.11% 0.12%
Net Interest Margin (FTE) (non-GAAP)3.47% 3.56% 3.50%
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Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued



Average Balance Sheet and Net Interest Income Analysis
The following table provides information regarding the average balances, interest and rates earned on interest-earning assets and the average balances, interest and rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities for the years ended December 31:
201920182017
(dollars in thousands)Average
Balance
InterestRateAverage
Balance
InterestRateAverage
Balance
InterestRate
ASSETS
Interest-bearing deposits with banks$59,941 $1,233 2.06 %$56,210 $1,042 1.85 %$56,344 $578 1.03 %
Securities, at fair value(1)(2)
678,069 17,876 2.64 %682,806 17,860 2.62 %698,460 17,320 2.48 %
Loans held for sale2,169 84 3.88 %1,515 85 5.60 %14,607 581 3.98 %
Commercial real estate2,945,278 144,877 4.92 %2,779,096 132,139 4.75 %2,638,766 114,484 4.34 %
Commercial and industrial1,575,485 79,429 5.04 %1,441,560 67,770 4.70 %1,425,421 61,976 4.35 %
Commercial construction278,665 14,237 5.11 %314,265 15,067 4.79 %426,574 17,384 4.08 %
Total commercial loans4,799,428 238,543 4.97 %4,534,921 214,976 4.74 %4,490,761 193,844 4.32 %
Residential mortgage765,604 33,889 4.43 %696,849 29,772 4.27 %699,843 28,741 4.11 %
Home equity475,149 25,208 5.31 %474,538 22,981 4.84 %484,023 20,866 4.31 %
Installment and other consumer72,283 5,173 7.16 %67,047 4,594 6.85 %69,163 4,521 6.54 %
Consumer construction10,896 593 5.44 %5,336 267 5.00 %4,631 201 4.35 %
Total consumer loans1,323,932 64,863 4.90 %1,243,770 57,614 4.63 %1,257,660 54,329 4.32 %
Total portfolio loans6,123,360 303,406 4.95 %5,778,691 272,590 4.72 %5,748,421 248,173 4.32 %
Total Loans(1)(2)
6,125,529 303,490 4.95 %5,780,206 272,675 4.72 %5,763,028 248,754 4.32 %
Federal Home Loan Bank and other restricted stock21,833 1,642 7.52 %30,457 2,052 6.74 %31,989 1,483 4.64 %
Total Interest-earning Assets6,885,372 324,241 4.71 %6,549,679 293,629 4.48 %6,549,821 268,135 4.09 %
Noninterest-earning assets550,164 494,149 510,411 
Total Assets$7,435,536 $7,043,828 $7,060,232 
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Interest-bearing demand$641,403 $3,915 0.61 %$570,459 $1,883 0.33 %$637,526 $1,418 0.22 %
Money market1,691,910 30,236 1.79 %1,299,185 18,228 1.40 %994,783 7,853 0.79 %
Savings766,142 1,928 0.25 %836,747 1,773 0.21 %988,504 2,081 0.21 %
Certificates of deposit1,396,706 26,947 1.93 %1,328,985 18,972 1.43 %1,439,711 13,978 0.97 %
Total Interest-bearing deposits4,496,161 63,026 1.40 %4,035,376 40,856 1.01 %4,060,524 25,330 0.62 %
Securities sold under repurchase agreements16,863 110 0.65 %45,992 221 0.48 %46,662 54 0.12 %
Short-term borrowings255,264 6,416 2.51 %525,172 11,082 2.11 %644,864 7,399 1.15 %
Long-term borrowings66,392 1,831 2.76 %47,986 1,129 2.35 %18,057 463 2.57 %
Junior subordinated debt securities47,934 2,310 4.82 %45,619 2,100 4.60 %45,619 1,663 3.65 %
Total borrowings386,453 10,667 2.76 %664,769 14,532 2.19 %755,202 9,579 1.27 %
Total Interest-bearing Liabilities4,882,614 73,693 1.51 %4,700,145 55,388 1.18 %4,815,726 34,909 0.72 %
Noninterest-bearing liabilities1,569,014 1,435,328 1,372,376 
Shareholders’ equity983,908 908,355 872,130 
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity$7,435,536 $7,043,828 $7,060,232 
Net Interest Income (2)(3)
$250,548 $238,241 $233,226 
Net Interest Margin (2)(3)
3.64 %3.64 %3.56 %
 2016 2015 2014
(dollars in thousands)Average
Balance

 Interest
 Rate
 Average
Balance

 Interest
 Rate
 Average
Balance

 Interest
 Rate
ASSETS                 
Interest-bearing deposits with banks$41,810
 $207
 0.50% $66,101
 $165
 0.25% $93,645

$234

0.25%
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value676,696
 16,306
 2.41% 654,655
 16,246
 2.48% 571,263
 14,736
 2.58%
Loans held for sale14,255
 814
 5.71% 8,272
 349
 4.22% 1,436
 82
 5.69%
Commercial real estate2,344,050
 96,814
 4.13% 2,026,206
 83,469
 4.12% 1,635,099
 64,030
 3.92%
Commercial and industrial1,348,287
 53,629
 3.98% 1,209,020
 46,175
 3.82% 920,665
 37,701
 4.09%
Commercial construction400,997
 14,788
 3.69% 330,821
 13,249
 4.00% 177,912
 5,572
 3.13%
Total commercial loans4,093,334
 165,231
 4.04% 3,566,047
 142,893
 4.01% 2,733,676
 107,303
 3.93%
Residential mortgage668,236
 27,544
 4.12% 577,294
 24,458
 4.24% 489,294
 20,089
 4.11%
Home equity477,011
 19,213
 4.03% 451,755
 18,139
 4.02% 414,905
 17,875
 4.31%
Installment and other consumer64,960
 4,136
 6.37% 82,972
 5,764
 6.95% 65,604
 5,059
 7.71%
Consumer construction7,038
 287
 4.08% 6,092
 256
 4.21% 2,893
 123
 4.25%
Total consumer loans1,217,245
 51,180
 4.20% 1,118,113
 48,617
 4.35% 972,696

43,146

4.44%
Total portfolio loans5,310,579
 216,411
 4.08% 4,684,160
 191,510
 4.09% 3,706,372

150,449

4.06%
Total Loans$5,324,834
 $217,225
 4.08% $4,692,432
 $191,859
 4.09% $3,707,808

$150,531

4.06%
Federal Home Loan Bank and other restricted stock23,811
 1,079
 4.53% 19,672
 1,401
 7.12% 14,083

483

3.43%
Total Interest-earning Assets6,067,151
 234,817
 3.87% 5,432,860
 209,671
 3.86% 4,386,799
 165,984
 3.78%
Noninterest-earning assets521,104
     509,236
     375,564
    
Total Assets$6,588,255
     $5,942,096
     $4,762,363
    
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY            
    
Interest-bearing demand$651,118
 $1,088
 0.17% $623,232
 $888
 0.14% $322,036
 $70
 0.02%
Money market735,159
 3,222
 0.44% 574,102
 1,229
 0.21% 327,119
 521
 0.16%
Savings1,039,664
 2,002
 0.19% 1,072,683
 1,712
 0.16% 1,033,482
 1,607
 0.16%
Certificates of deposit1,472,613
 13,380
 0.91% 1,252,798
 9,115
 0.73% 1,125,561
 7,930
 0.70%
Total Interest-bearing deposits3,898,554
 19,692
 0.51% 3,522,815
 12,944
 0.37% 2,808,198
 10,128
 0.36%
Securities sold under repurchase agreements51,021
 5
 0.01% 44,394
 4
 0.01% 28,372

3

0.01%
Short-term borrowings414,426
 2,713
 0.65% 257,117
 932
 0.36% 164,811

511

0.31%
Long-term borrowings50,257
 670
 1.33% 83,648
 790
 0.94% 20,571

617

3.00%
Junior subordinated debt securities45,619
 1,435
 3.14% 47,071
 1,327
 2.82% 45,619
 1,222
 2.68%
Total borrowings561,323
 4,823
 0.86% 432,230
 3,053
 0.71% 259,373

2,353

0.91%
Total Interest-bearing Liabilities4,459,877
 24,515
 0.55% 3,955,045
 15,997
 0.40% 3,067,571
 12,481
 0.41%
Noninterest-bearing liabilities1,304,771
     1,236,984
     1,098,637

 
 
Shareholders’ equity823,607
     750,069
     596,155

 
 
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity$6,588,255
     $5,942,098
     $4,762,363

 
 
Net Interest Income (2)(3)
  $210,302
     $193,674
    
$153,503

 
Net Interest Margin (2)(3)
    3.47%     3.56%     3.50%
(1)Nonaccruing loans are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
(2)Tax-exempt income is on aan FTE basis using the statutory federal corporate income tax rate of 21 percent for 2019 and 2018 and 35 percent.percent for 2017.
(3)Taxable investment income is adjusted for the dividend-received deduction for equity securities.


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Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued



The following table detailssets forth for the periods presented a summary of the changes in interest earned and interest paid resulting from changes in volume and rates for the years presented:changes in rates:
2019 Compared to 2018
Increase (Decrease) Due to
2018 Compared to 2017
Increase (Decrease) Due to
(dollars in thousands)
Volume(4)
Rate(4)
Net
Volume(4)
Rate(4)
Net
Interest earned on:
Interest-bearing deposits with banks$69 $122 $191 $(1)$465 $464 
Securities, at fair value(2)(3)
(124)140 16 (388)928 540 
Loans held for sale37 (38)(1)(521)25 (496)
Commercial real estate7,902 4,836 12,738 6,088 11,567 17,655 
Commercial and industrial6,296 5,363 11,659 702 5,092 5,794 
Commercial construction(1,707)877 (830)(4,577)2,260 (2,317)
Total commercial loans12,491 11,076 23,567 2,213 18,919 21,132 
Residential mortgage2,937 1,180 4,117 (123)1,154 1,031 
Home equity30 2,197 2,227 (409)2,524 2,115 
Installment and other consumer359 220 579 (138)211 73 
Consumer construction278 48 326 31 35 66 
Total consumer loans3,604 3,645 7,249 (639)3,924 3,285 
Total portfolio loans16,095 14,721 30,816 1,574 22,843 24,417 
Total loans (1)(2)
16,132 14,683 30,815 1,053 22,868 23,921 
Federal Home Loan Bank and other restricted stock(581)171 (410)(71)640 569 
Change in Interest Earned on Interest-earning Assets$15,496 $15,116 $30,612 $593 $24,901 $25,494 
Interest paid on:
Interest-bearing demand$234 $1,798 $2,032 $(149)$614 $465 
Money market5,510 6,498 12,008 2,403 7,972 10,375 
Savings(150)305 155 (319)11 (308)
Certificates of deposit967 7,008 7,975 (1,075)6,069 4,994 
Total interest-bearing deposits6,561 15,609 22,170 860 14,666 15,526 
Securities sold under repurchase agreements(140)29 (111)(1)168 167 
Short-term borrowings(5,696)1,030 (4,666)(1,373)5,056 3,683 
Long-term borrowings433 269 702 767 (101)666 
Junior subordinated debt securities107 103 210 — 437 437 
Total borrowings(5,296)1,431 (3,865)(607)5,560 4,953 
Change in Interest Paid on Interest-bearing Liabilities$1,265 $17,040 $18,305 $253 $20,226 $20,479 
Change in Net Interest Income$14,231 $(1,924)$12,307 $340 $4,675 $5,015 
 2016 Compared to 2015 Increase (Decrease) Due to 2015 Compared to 2014 Increase (Decrease) Due to
(dollars in thousands)
Volume(4)

Rate(4)

Net
 
Volume(4)

Rate(4)

Net
Interest earned on:       
Interest-bearing deposits with banks$(61)$103
$42
 $(69)$
$(69)
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value(2)(3)
547
(487)60
 2,151
(641)1,510
Loans held for sale252
213
465
 390
(123)267
Commercial real estate13,093
252
13,345
 15,316
4,123
19,439
Commercial and industrial5,319
2,135
7,454
 11,808
(3,334)8,474
Commercial construction2,810
(1,271)1,539
 4,789
2,888
7,677
Total commercial loans21,222
1,116
22,338
 31,913
3,677
35,590
Residential mortgage3,853
(767)3,086
 3,613
756
4,369
Home equity1,014
60
1,074
 1,588
(1,324)264
Installment and other consumer(1,251)(377)(1,628) 1,339
(634)705
Consumer construction40
(9)31
 136
(3)133
Total consumer loans3,656
(1,093)2,563
 6,676
(1,205)5,471
Total portfolio loans24,878
23
24,901
 38,589
2,472
41,061
Total loans (1)(2)
25,130
236
25,366
 38,979
2,349
41,328
Federal Home Loan Bank and other restricted stock295
(617)(322) 192
726
918
Change in Interest Earned on Interest-earning Assets$25,911
$(765)$25,146
 $41,253
$2,434
$43,687
Interest paid on:       
Interest-bearing demand$40
$160
$200
 $65
$753
$818
Money market345
1,648
1,993
 393
315
708
Savings(53)343
290
 61
44
105
Certificates of deposit1,599
2,666
4,265
 896
289
1,185
Total interest-bearing deposits1,931
4,817
6,748
 1,416
1,400
2,816
Securities sold under repurchase agreements1

1
 2
(1)1
Short-term borrowings570
1,211
1,781
 286
135
421
Long-term borrowings(315)195
(120) 1,892
(1,719)173
Junior subordinated debt securities(41)149
108
 39
66
105
Total borrowings215
1,555
1,770
 2,219
(1,519)700
Change in Interest Paid on Interest-bearing Liabilities2,146
6,372
8,518
 3,635
(119)3,516
Change in Net Interest Income$23,765
$(7,137)$16,628
 $37,618
$2,553
$40,171
(1)Nonaccruing loans are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.
(2)Tax-exempt income is on aan FTE basis using the statutory federal corporate income tax rate of 21 percent for 2019 and 2018 and 35 percent.percent for 2017.
(3)Taxable investment income is adjusted for the dividend-received deduction for equity securities.
(4)Changes to rate/volume are allocated to both rate and volume on a proportionate dollar basis.
Net interest income on aan FTE basis (non-GAAP) increased $16.6$12.3 million, or 8.65.2 percent, compared to 2015. This increase was primarily due to strong organic loan growth during 2016. Net interest income was unfavorably impacted by a decrease in accretion of purchase accounting fair value adjustments of $3.2 million compared to 2015.2018. The net interest margin on aan FTE basis decreased nine basis points to 3.47 percent compared to 3.56 percent for 2015. The decrease was primarily due to higher cost liabilities combined with a five basis point decline due to the decrease in accretion of purchase accounting fair value adjustments.(non-GAAP) remained unchanged at 3.64 percent.
Interest income on aan FTE basis (non-GAAP) increased $25.1$30.6 million, or 12.010.4 percent, compared to 2015.2018. The increase iswas primarily due to an increase in average interest-earning assets. Average interest-earning assets increased $634.3of $335.7 million primarily dueand higher short-term interest rates compared to an increase in average loan balances from organic loan growth and the Merger.2018. Average loan balances increased $632.4$345.3 million and ratesthe average rate earned on loans decreased oneincreased 23 basis point compared to 2015. Interest income was unfavorably impacted by a decrease in loan purchase accounting fair value adjustments of $2.6 million compared to 2015. Average interest-bearing deposits with banks, which is primarily cash at the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, or Federal Reserve, decreased $24.3 million while average total investment securities increased $22.0 million. The significant decrease in the rate for Federal Home Loan Bank, or FHLB, and other restricted stock ispoints primarily due to a special dividend received of $0.3higher average short-term interest rates. Average investment securities decreased $4.7 million inand the first quarter of 2015.average rate earned increased two basis points. Overall, the FTE rate on interest-earning assets (non-GAAP) increased one23 basis pointpoints compared to 2015.2018.

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Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued



Interest expense increased $8.5 million to $24.5$18.3 million compared to $16.0 million in 2015. Average interest-bearing liabilities increased $504.8 million2018. The increase was primarily due to an increase in costing liabilities of $182.5 million and higher average interest-bearing deposits resulting from both organic deposit growth and the Merger.short-term interest rates. Average interest-bearing deposits increased $375.7$460.8 million. Average money market balances increased $392.7 million and ratesthe average rate paid on deposits increased 1439 basis points compared to 2015. The increase in interest-bearing deposits was primarily due to an increase of $161.1higher average short-term interest rates and promotional pricing. Average non-interest bearing deposits also increased $99.6 million. Average borrowings decreased $278.3 million in money market accounts and an increase of $219.8 million in certificates of deposit accounts, due to sales effortsincreased deposits and the average rate promotions offered during 2016. The rate on money market accountspaid increased 2357 basis points and the rate on certificate of deposits increased 18 basis points. Interest expense was unfavorably impacted by a decrease in certificate of deposit purchase accounting fair value adjustments of $0.7 million compared to 2015. Average short-term borrowings increased $157.3 million and average long-term borrowings decreased $33.4 million. This is mainly due to a $100 million long-term variable rate borrowing that was funded in the second quarter of 2015 and matured in the second quarter of 2016.higher average short-term interest rates. Overall, the cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased by 1533 basis points compared to 2015.2018.
Provision for Loan Losses
The provision for loan losses is the amount to be addedadjustment to the ALL after net loan charge-offs have been deducted to bring the ALL to a level determined to be adequate to absorb probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The provision for loan losses increased $7.6was$14.9 million for 2019 compared to $15.0 million for 2018.
Commercial special mention, substandard and doubtful loans decreased $11.6 million to $18.0$258.7 million for 2016 compared to $10.4$270.3 million for 2015. This increaseat December 31, 2018, with a decrease of $28.5 million in the provision forsubstandard loans offset by increases of $16.5 million in special mention loans and $0.4 million in doubtful loans. The decrease in substandard loans was mainly due to loan losses is primarily relatedpay-offs and upgrades of risk ratings. Special mention loans increased due to upgrades from substandard and other downgrades as a result of updated financial information.
Impaired loans increased $25.8 million to $75.3 million at December 31, 2019 compared to $49.5 million at December 31, 2018 with an increase in net loan charge-offs, specific reserves onof $0.4 million compared to December 31, 2018. The increase in specific reserves related to a new $5.4 million CRE impaired loan in the third quarter of 2019 that required a $0.8 million specific reserve at December 31, 2019. Other new significant impaired loans and loan growth compared to the prior year.during 2019 did not require a specific reserve.
Net charge-offs increased $3.1$3.2 million to $13.3 million, or 0.25 percent of average loans in 2016, compared to $10.2$13.6 million, or 0.22 percent of average loans in 2015. Specific reserves for impaired2019, compared to $10.4 million, or 0.18 percent of average loans increased $0.8 million from the prior year, due to one C&I loan requiring a specific reserve of $0.8 million. in 2018.
Total nonperforming loans increased $8.0 million to $42.6$54.1 million, or 0.76 percent of total loans at December 31, 2016,2019, compared to $35.4$46.1 million, or 0.700.77 percent of total loans at December 31, 2015.2018. The increase in nonperforming loans wasis primarily duerelated to additional deteriorationa $10.0 million C&I loan that moved to nonperforming, impaired during the fourth quarter of acquired loans, subsequent to the acquisition date. Special mention and substandard commercial loans increased $2.2 million to $185.7 million from $183.5 million at December 31, 2015.2019.
The ALL at December 31, 2016,2019, was $52.8$62.2 million, or 0.940.87 percent of total portfolio loans, compared to $48.1$61.0 million, or 0.961.03 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2015.2018. The decrease in the level of the reserveALL as a percentage topercent of total portfolio loans is partly due to strong loan growththe DNB merger which added $899.3 million of $583.8 million, or 11.6 percent, during 2016.loans with no carry-over of ALL. Acquired loans are recorded at fair value at the time of merger. Refer to the Allowance for Loan Losses section of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, or MD&A for further details.
Noninterest Income
Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)20192018$ Change% Change
Securities gains, net$(26)$— $(26)NM
Service charges on deposit accounts13,316 13,096 220 1.7 %
Debit and credit card13,405 12,679 726 5.7 %
Wealth management8,623 10,084 (1,461)(14.5)%
Commercial loan swap income5,503 1,225 4,278 349.2 %
Insurance355 505 (150)(29.7)%
Mortgage banking2,491 2,762 (271)(9.8)%
Gain on sale of a majority interest of insurance business— 1,873 (1,873)NM
Other Income:
Bank owned life insurance1,971 2,041 (70)(3.4)%
Letter of credit origination1,058 1,064 (6)(0.6)%
Other5,862 3,852 2,010 52.2 %
Total Other Noninterest Income8,891 6,957 1,934 27.8 %
Total Noninterest Income$52,558 $49,181 $3,377 6.9 %
 Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2016
 2015
 $ Change
 % Change
Securities gains, net$
 $(34) $34
 NM
Wealth management10,456
 11,444
 (988) (8.6)%
Debit and credit card11,943
 12,113
 (170) (1.4)%
Service charges on deposit accounts12,512
 11,642
 870
 7.5 %
Insurance5,253
 5,500
 (247) (4.5)%
Mortgage banking2,879
 2,554
 325
 12.7 %
Gain on sale of credit card portfolio2,066
 
 2,066
 NM
Other Income:    

  
BOLI income2,122
 2,221
 (99) (4.5)%
Letter of credit origination1,154
 1,242
 (88) (7.1)%
Curtailment gain1,017
 
 1,017
 NM
Interest rate swap977
 577
 400
 69.3 %
Other4,256
 3,774
 482
 12.8 %
Total Other Noninterest Income9,526
 7,814
 1,712
 21.9 %
Total Noninterest Income$54,635
 $51,033
 $3,602
 7.1 %
NM -NM- percentage change not meaningful

Noninterest income increased $3.4 million, or 6.9 percent, in 2019 compared to 2018. The increase in noninterest income primarily related to higher commercial loan swap income of $4.3 million compared to 2018 as we continue to see a high demand for this product in the current interest rate environment. The $1.9 million increase in other noninterest income was primarily attributable to a change in the valuation of our rabbi trust related to a deferred compensation plan, which has a
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Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued



Noninterest income increased $3.6 million, or 7.1 percent,corresponding offset in 2016 comparedsalaries and benefit expense resulting in no impact to 2015, primarily due tonet income. Offsetting these increases was a $2.1$1.9 million gain on the sale of our credit card portfolio and a $1.0 million defined benefit plan curtailment gain. Subsequent to the sale of the credit card portfolio, we will continue to earn credit card related income based on the terms of a marketing agreement with the purchaser, which provides incentives for new credit card accounts and a percentage of both interchange income and finance charges. The defined benefit plan curtailment gain was due to an amendment to freeze benefit accruals under the qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans effective March 31, 2016.
Service charges on deposit accounts increased $0.9majority interest in S&T Evergreen Insurance, LLC in 2018. Wealth management fees decreased $1.5 million due to program changesa decline in financial service revenue. Debit and growth from the Merger. Interest rate swapcredit card fees from our commercial customers increased $0.4$0.7 million compared to the prior year due to an increase in customer demand for this product. Mortgage banking income increased $0.3debit and credit card usage. Service charges on deposit accounts also increased $0.2 million in 2016 compared to 2015 due to an increaseincreases in the volume of loans originated for sale in the secondary market and more favorable pricing on loan sales.fees.
The decrease in wealth management fees of $1.0 million is primarily due to a decrease in our brokerage services revenue compared to the prior year.
Noninterest Expense
Years Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2016
 2015
 $ Change
 % Change
(dollars in thousands)20192018$ Change% Change
Salaries and employee benefits(1)
$77,325
 $68,252
 $9,073
 13.3 %
Salaries and employee benefitsSalaries and employee benefits$83,986 $76,108 $7,878 10.4 %
Data processing and information technologyData processing and information technology14,468 10,633 3,835 36.1 %
Net occupancy(1)
11,057
 10,652
 405
 3.8 %12,103 11,097 1,006 9.1 %
Data processing(1)
8,837
 9,560
 (723) (7.6)%
Furniture and equipment7,290
 6,093
 1,197
 19.6 %
Professional services and legal(1)
3,466
 3,006
 460
 15.3 %
Merger-related expensesMerger-related expenses11,350 — 11,350 NM
Furniture, equipment and softwareFurniture, equipment and software8,958 8,083 875 10.8 %
MarketingMarketing4,631 4,192 439 10.5 %
Professional services and legalProfessional services and legal4,244 4,132 112 2.7 %
Other taxes4,050
 3,616
 434
 12.0 %Other taxes3,364 6,183 (2,819)(45.6)%
FDIC insurance3,984
 3,416
 568
 16.6 %
Marketing3,713
 4,224
 (511) (12.1)%
Merger-related expense
 3,167
 (3,167) (100.0)%
FDIC InsuranceFDIC Insurance758 3,238 (2,480)(76.6)%
Other expenses:    

  Other expenses:
Loan related expensesLoan related expenses3,250 2,268 982 43.3 %
Joint venture amortization3,283
 3,615
 (332) (9.2)%Joint venture amortization2,648 2,701 (53)(2.0)%
Telecommunications2,693
 2,653
 40
 1.5 %
Loan related expenses1,752
 2,938
 (1,186) (40.4)%
Amortization of intangibles1,615
 1,818
 (203) (11.2)%
Supplies1,350
 1,493
 (143) (9.6)%Supplies1,159 1,080 79 7.3 %
Postage1,118
 1,262
 (144) (11.4)%Postage1,082 1,077 0.5 %
Other(1)
11,699
 10,952
 747
 6.8 %
Amortization of intangiblesAmortization of intangibles836 846 (10)(1.2)%
OtherOther14,279 13,807 472 3.4 %
Total Other Noninterest Expense23,510
 24,731
 (1,221) (4.9)%Total Other Noninterest Expense23,254 21,779 1,475 6.8 %
Total Noninterest Expense$143,232
 $136,717
 $6,515
 4.8 %Total Noninterest Expense$167,116 $145,445 $21,671 14.9 %
(1)Excludes merger-related expenses for 2015 amounts only.
Noninterest expense increased $6.5$21.7 million, or 4.814.9 percent, to $143.2$167.1 million in 20162019 compared to 2015.Our operating costs2018. Total merger related expenses of $11.4 million were higher during 2016 comparedcomprised of $4.7 million for data processing, $3.4 million of salaries and employee benefits, mainly related to the same period last year when we incurred only ten months of additional expense resulting from the Merger. In 2015, we incurred merger-related expense of $3.2severance payments, $2.8 million compared to no merger-related expensefor professional services and $0.5 million in 2016.
various other expenses. Salaries and employee benefits increased $9.1$7.9 million during 20162019 primarily due to additional employees, annual merit increases, and higher medical costpension and restricted stockincentive expense. MedicalData processing and information technology increased $3.8 million compared to 2018 due to the outsourcing agreement for certain components of our information technology function and the annual increase with our third-party data processor. These increases were partially offset by a $2.8 million decrease in other taxes due to a one-time adjustment related to a state sales tax assessment. FDIC insurance decreased $2.5 million related to Small Bank Assessment Credits that were received by all banking institutions with assets of less than $10 billion and improvements in our financial ratios which are used to determine the assessment.
Our efficiency ratio (non-GAAP), which measures noninterest expense as a percent of noninterest income plus net interest income, on an FTE basis, excluding security gains/losses and $11.4 million of merger related expenses, was 51.39 percent for 2019 and 50.60 percent for 2018. Refer to Explanation of Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures in Part II, Item 6 Selected Financial Data in this Report for a discussion of this non-GAAP financial measure.
Federal Income Taxes
The income tax provision increased $2.2$1.3 million to $19.1 million in 2019 compared to $17.8 million in 2018. The increase in our 2019 income tax provision was mainly due to non-recurring items related to the tax benefit from the pension contribution in 2018 offset by the sale of a majority interest of our insurance business in 2018.
The effective tax rate, which is total tax expense as a percentage of net income before taxes, increased to 16.3 percent in 2019 compared to 14.5 percent in 2018. The increase in the effective tax rate was primarily due to higher claims. Restricted stock expense increased $0.9 millionlower net income before taxes in 2019 compared to 2018. Historically, we have generated an annual effective tax rate that is less than the statutory rate of 21 percent due to a higher numberbenefits resulting from tax-exempt interest, excludable dividend income, tax-exempt income on BOLI and tax benefits associated with Low Income Housing Tax Credits, or LIHTC.
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Table of participants and strong performance in 2016. These increases were offset by a decrease in pension expense of $0.4 million related to the amendment to freeze benefit accruals for all participants in our defined benefit pension plans.Contents


Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued



The increase of $1.2 million in furniture and equipment expense and $0.4 million in net occupancy expense compared to 2015 was due to additional locations acquired from the Merger, and technology upgrades. Professional services and legal expense increased $0.6 million due to higher systems and credit related expenses that were incurred during 2016 compared to 2015. FDIC insurance increased $0.6 million due to deposit growth and other taxes increased $0.4 million related to changes in state shares tax. Other noninterest expense decreased $1.2 million primarily due to lower loan related expenses resulting from expense recoveries on impaired loans that paid off in 2016, and decreases in amortization of both our core deposit intangible asset and qualified affordable housing projects. The decrease of $0.6 million in data processing expense in 2016 primarily related to a renegotiation of a core data processing contract. The decrease in marketing expense of $0.5 million is due to additional marketing promotions that occurred during 2015.
Our efficiency ratio, which measures noninterest expense as a percent of noninterest income plus net interest income, on a FTE basis, excluding security gains/losses, was 54 percent for 2016 and 56 percent for 2015. Refer to Explanation of Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures in this MD&A for a discussion of this non-GAAP financial measure.
Federal Income Taxes
We recorded a federal income tax provision of $25.3 million in 2016 compared to $24.4 million in 2015. The effective tax rate, which is the provision for income taxes as a percentage of pretax income, was 26.2 percent in 2016 compared to 26.7 percent in 2015. We ordinarily generate an annual effective tax rate that is less than the statutory rate of 35 percent due to benefits resulting from tax-exempt interest, excludable dividend income, tax-exempt income on bank owned life insurance, or BOLI, and tax benefits associated with Low Income Housing Tax Credits, or LIHTC. The decrease to our effective tax rate was primarily due to a $1.4 million increase in tax-exempt interest and a decrease of $0.6 million of discrete tax adjustments in 2016 offset by a decrease in LIHTC of $0.3 million.
Financial Condition
December 31, 20172020
Total assets increased $117$203.2 million or 1.7 percent,to $9.0 billion at December 31, 2020 compared to $8.8 billion at December 31, 2019. Total portfolio loans increased $88.7 million to $7.2 billion at December 31, 2020 compared to $7.1 billion at December 31, 2017 compared2019. The increase in portfolio loans primarily related to $6.9 billion at December 31, 2016. Duringgrowth in the fourth quartercommercial loan portfolio of 2017, $41.1$160.9 million with increases of $233.6 million in C&I, which included $465.5 million of loans from the PPP, and $37.8$98.8 million in commercial construction offset by a decrease of deposits were sold related$171.5 million in the CRE portfolio compared to a branch sale. TotalDecember 31, 2019. Excluding the PPP loans, portfolio loans increased $150 million, or 2.7 percent. This growth was primarily in the Commercial Real Estate, or CRE, category which increased by $188 million, or 7.5 percent, and Commercial Industrial, or C&I, which increased by $32.2 million, or 2.3 percent, compared to a year ago. Consumer loans increased slightly by $1.8 million with growth primarily in our home equity portfolio. Securities increased $4.8decreased $376.8 million compared to December 31, 2016 primarily2019 due to normal investing activity.
Our deposits increased $156 million, or 2.9 percent, with total deposits of $5.4 billion at December 31, 2017 compareddecreased activity related to $5.3 billion at December 31, 2016. We experienced a change in the mix of deposits as interest rates increased and our customers sought higher returns. Money market accounts increased $210 million, or 22.4 percent, due to competitive pricing of an indexed product. This attracted both new money and funds from savings accounts which declined by $157 million. Noninterest-bearing demand accounts increased $124COVID-19 pandemic. Consumer loans decreased $72.2 million compared to December 31, 20162019 primarily due to sales effortsa decrease in the residential mortgage portfolio of $80.2 million.
Securities decreased $10.6 million to support our strategic goal$773.7 million at December 31, 2020 from $784.3 million at December 31, 2019. The decrease in securities is primarily due to grow our customer deposits.a reduction in overall investing activities mainly during the first half of the year due to the declining interest rate environment. These reductions were partially offset by increases in unrealized gains. The bond portfolio had an unrealized gain of $33.4 million at December 31, 2020 compared to $10.7 million at December 31, 2019 due to a decrease in interest rates.
Our deposits increased $384.0 million, with total deposits of $7.4 billion at December 31, 2020 compared to $7.0 billion at December 31, 2019. Customer deposits increased $676.2 million from December 31, 2019. The increase in CDs was mainlycustomer deposits primarily related to PPP and stimulus programs along with customers conservatively holding cash deposits during these uncertain times. Customer noninterest-bearing demand deposits increased $563.9 million, interest-bearing demand increased $102.4 million, money market deposits increased $37.4 million and savings increased $138.6 million offset by a decrease in certificates of deposit of $166.1 million. Total brokered deposits decreased $292.2 million from December 31, 2019 due to the customer deposit growth. Brokered deposits are an additional source of funds utilized by ALCO as a $82.4 million increase in brokered CDs primarily forway to diversify funding needs to supportsources, as well as manage our asset growth.funding costs and structure.
Total borrowings decreased $88.1$188.5 million or 11.4 percent,to $227.9 million at December 31, 2020 compared to 2016$416.4 million at December 31, 2019 due to reduced funding needs. Short-term borrowings decreased by $120 million and long-term borrowings increased $32.6 million but thean increase in long-termdeposits. The decrease in borrowings wereprimarily related to a decline in variable rate structures.short-term borrowings of $206.3 million offset by an increase in securities sold under repurchase agreements of $45.3 million due to demand for the product by our REPO customers.
Total shareholders’ equity increased $42.1decreased by $37.3 million or 5.0 percent, to $884 million$1.2 billion at December 31, 20172020 compared to $842 million$1.2 billion at December 31, 2016.2019. The increasedecrease was primarily due to the previously disclosed fraud loss, net of tax, of $46.3 million that significantly decreased net income of $73.0to $21.0 million for 2020. Net income was offset by decreases from the cumulative-effect adjustment related to the adoption of ASU 2016-13, Credit Losses, of $22.6 million, share repurchases of $12.6 million, and dividends of $28.6 million.$43.9 million and increased by a $20.6 million increase in other comprehensive income. The increase in other comprehensive income was primarily due to a $18.0 million increase in unrealized gains on our available-for-sale securities, net of tax, and a $2.8 million change in the funded status of our employee benefit plans.

Securities Activity
The balances and average rates of our securities portfolio are presented below as of December 31:
202020192018
(dollars in thousands)BalanceWeighted-Average
Yield
BalanceWeighted-Average
Yield
BalanceWeighted-Average
Yield
U.S. Treasury securities$10,282 1.87 %$10,040 1.87 %$9,736 1.87 %
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies82,904 2.28 %157,697 2.20 %128,261 2.30 %
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies209,296 2.23 %189,348 2.68 %148,659 2.71 %
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies67,778 1.26 %22,418 2.95 %24,350 3.43 %
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies273,681 2.41 %275,870 2.42 %246,784 2.38 %
Corporate securities2,025 3.90 %7,627 4.35 %— — %
Obligations of states and political subdivisions (1)
124,427 3.49 %116,133 3.45 %122,266 3.43 %
Marketable equity securities3,300 2.90 %5,150 2.77 %4,816 3.02 %
Total Securities$773,693 2.42 %$784,283 2.56 %$684,872 2.65 %
(1)Weighted-average yields are calculated on a taxable-equivalent basis using the federal statutory tax rate of 21 percent for 2020, 2019 and 2018.

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Securities Activity
The balances and average rates of our securities portfolio are presented below as of December 31:
 2017 2016 2015
(dollars in thousands)Balance
 
Weighted-Average
Yield

 Balance
 Weighted-Average
Yield

 Balance
 Weighted-Average
Yield

U.S. Treasury securities$19,789
 1.57% $24,811
 1.49% $14,941
 1.24%
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies162,193
 2.09% 232,179
 1.68% 263,303
 1.65%
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies108,688
 2.25% 129,777
 2.24% 128,835
 2.26%
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies32,854
 3.52% 37,358
 2.64% 40,125
 2.76%
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies242,221
 2.34% 125,604
 2.06% 69,204
 2.12%
Obligations of states and political subdivisions (1)
127,402
 4.06% 132,509
 4.10% 134,886
 4.19%
Marketable equity securities5,144
 2.78% 11,249
 3.38% 9,669
 3.90%
Total Securities Available-for-Sale$698,291
 2.62% $693,487
 2.39% $660,963
 2.43%
(1)Weighted-average yields are calculated on a taxable-equivalent basis using the federal statutory tax rate of 35%.
We invest in various securities in order to providemaintain a source of liquidity, to satisfy various pledging requirements, to increase net interest income, and as a tool of the ALCO to reposition the balance sheet for interest rate risk purposes. Securities are subject to market risks that could negatively affect the level of liquidity available to us. Security purchases are subject to an investment policy approved annually by our Board of Directors and administered through ALCO and our treasury function. The securities portfolio increased $4.8Securities decreased $10.6 million or 0.7 percent, fromto $773.7 million at December 31, 2016.2020 from $784.3 million at December 31, 2019. The increasedecrease in securities is primarily due to normal purchase activity.a reduction in overall investing activities mainly during the first half of the year due to the declining interest rate environment. These reductions were partially offset by increases in unrealized gains.
Management evaluates the securities portfolio for OTTI on a quarterly basis. At December 31, 2017,2020 our bond portfolio was in a net unrealized gain position of $1.7$33.4 million compared to a net unrealized gain position of $3.6$10.7 million at December 31, 2016.2019. At December 31, 2017,2020, total gross unrealized gains in the bond portfolio were $33.5 million compared to December 31, 2019, when total gross unrealized gains were $5.6$11.7 million offset by total gross unrealized losses of $3.9 million, compared$1.0 million. Management evaluates the securities portfolio to total gross unrealized gains of $7.1 million offset by total gross unrealized losses of $3.5 milliondetermine if an ACL is needed each quarter. We did not record an ACL related to the securities portfolio at December 31, 2016.2020.
Management evaluates the bond portfolio for impairment on a quarterly basis. The decrease in the net unrealized gain position of our securities portfolio is due to the sale of marketable equity securities that were in an unrealized gain position and also the changing interest rate environment in 2017. In response to the current interest rate environment, we sold certainlosses on debt securities at a loss of $1.0 millionwere primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and replaced them with higher yielding securities. The unrealized loss was not related to the underlying credit quality of our bond portfolio.these securities. All debt securities arewere determined to be investment grade and are paying principal and interest according to the contractual terms of the securities. There were no unrealized losses on marketable equity securities as ofsecurity at December 31, 2017.2020. We do not intend to sell and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell any of the securities in an unrealized loss position before recovery of their amortized cost. We did not recordrecognize any OTTIimpairment charges on our securities portfolio in 2017, 20162020, 2019 or 2015.2018. The performance of the debt and equity securities markets could generate impairments in future periods requiring realized losses to be reported.

The following table sets forth the maturities of securities at December 31, 2020 and the weighted average yields of such securities. Taxable-equivalent adjustments for 2020 have been made in calculating yields on obligations of state and political subdivisions.
Maturing
Within
One Year
After
One But within
Five Years
After
Five But Within
Ten Years
After
Ten Years
No Fixed
Maturity
(dollars in thousands)AmountYieldAmountYieldAmountYieldAmountYieldAmountYield
Available-for-Sale
U.S. Treasury securities$— — %$10,282 1.87 %$— — %$— — %$— — %
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies10,152 2.17 %72,752 2.29 %— — %— — %— —%
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies— — %13,947 2.51 %89,887 2.80 %105,462 1.71 %— —%
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies— — %744 5.06 %5,400 2.70 %61,634 1.09 %— —%
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies— — %190,345 2.47 %83,336 2.28 %— — — —%
Obligations of states and political subdivisions (1)
30,854 3.90 %26,009 3.25 %43,765 3.51 %23,799 3.13 %— — %
Corporate Bonds18 8.25 %499 3.42 %1,508 4.01 %— — %— —%
Marketable equity securities— — %— — %— — %— — %3,300 2.90 %
Total$41,024  $314,578  $223,896  $190,895  $3,300  
Weighted Average Yield 3.47 % 2.48 % 2.75 % 1.69 % 2.90 %
(1)Weighted-average yields are calculated on a taxable-equivalent basis using the federal statutory tax rate of 21 percent for 2020.
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The following table sets forth the maturities of securities at December 31, 2017 and the weighted average yields of such securities. Taxable-equivalent adjustments (using a 35 percent federal income tax rate) for 2017 have been made in calculating yields on obligations of state and political subdivisions.
 Maturing
 
Within
One Year
 
After
One But Within
Five Years
 
After
Five But Within
Ten Years
 
After
Ten Years
 
No Fixed
Maturity
(dollars in thousands)Amount
Yield
 Amount
Yield
 Amount
Yield
 Amount
Yield
 Amount
Yield
Available-for-Sale              
U.S. Treasury securities$9,989
1.28% $9,800
1.87% $
% $
% $
%
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies47,539
1.75% 86,358
2.17% 28,296
2.41% 
% 
—%
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
% 
% 46,041
2.40% 62,647
2.14% 
—%
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies172
4.26% 68
4.51% 7,991
3.75% 24,623
3.44% 
—%
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies
% 64,755
2.14% 177,466
2.42% 

 
—%
Obligations of states and political subdivisions (1)
910
5.33% 46,702
3.93% 43,836
3.92% 35,954
4.36% 
—%
Marketable equity securities
% 
% 
% 
% 5,144
2.78%
Total$58,610
  $207,683
  $303,630
  $123,224
  $5,144
 
Weighted Average Yield 1.73%  2.54%  2.67%  3.05%  2.78%
(1)Weighted-average yields are calculated on a taxable-equivalent basis using the federal statutory tax rate of 35 percent.
Lending Activity
The following table summarizes our loan portfolio as of December 31:
2017 2016 2015 2014 201320202019201820172016
(dollars in thousands)
Amount
 
% of
Total

 Amount
 
% of
Total

 Amount
 
% of
Total

 Amount
 
% of
Total

 Amount
 
% of
Total

(dollars in thousands)
Amount% of
Total
Amount% of
Total
Amount% of
Total
Amount% of
Total
Amount% of
Total
Commercial                   Commercial
Commercial real estate$2,685,994
 46.62% $2,498,476
 44.53% $2,166,603
 43.09% $1,682,236
 43.48% $1,607,756
 45.09%Commercial real estate$3,244,974 44.91 %$3,416,518 47.87 %$2,921,832 49.13 %$2,685,994 44.62 %$2,498,476 44.53 %
Commercial and industrial1,433,266
 24.88% 1,401,035
 24.97% 1,256,830
 25.00% 994,138
 25.70% 842,449
 23.62%Commercial and industrial1,954,453 27.05 %1,720,833 24.11 %1,493,416 25.11 %1,433,266 24.88 %1,401,035 24.97 %
Commercial construction384,334
 6.67% 455,884
 8.12% 413,444
 8.22% 216,148
 5.59% 143,675
 4.03%Commercial construction474,280 6.56 %375,445 5.26 %257,197 4.33 %384,334 6.67 %455,884 8.12 %
Total Commercial Loans4,503,594
 78.17% 4,355,395
 77.62% 3,836,877
 76.31% 2,892,522
 74.77% 2,593,880
 72.74%Total Commercial Loans5,673,707 78.52 %5,512,796 77.24 %4,672,445 78.57 %4,503,594 78.17 %4,355,395 77.62 %
Consumer                   Consumer
Residential mortgage698,774
 12.13% 701,982
 12.51% 639,372
 12.72% 489,586
 12.66% 487,092
 13.66%Residential mortgage918,398 12.71 %998,585 13.99 %726,679 12.22 %698,774 12.13 %701,982 12.51 %
Home equity487,326
 8.46% 482,284
 8.59% 470,845
 9.37% 418,563
 10.82% 414,195
 11.61%Home equity535,165 7.41 %538,348 7.54 %471,562 7.93 %487,326 8.46 %482,284 8.59 %
Installment and other consumer67,204
 1.16% 65,852
 1.17% 73,939
 1.47% 65,567
 1.69% 67,883
 1.90%Installment and other consumer80,915 1.11 %79,033 1.10 %67,546 1.13 %67,204 1.17 %65,852 1.17 %
Consumer construction4,551
 0.08% 5,906
 0.11% 6,579
 0.13% 2,508
 0.06% 3,149
 0.09%Consumer construction17,675 0.24 %8,390 0.12 %8,416 0.14 %4,551 0.08 %5,906 0.11 %
Total Consumer Loans1,257,855
 21.83% 1,256,024
 22.38% 1,190,735
 23.69% 976,224
 25.23% 972,319
 27.26%Total Consumer Loans1,552,153 21.48 %1,624,356 22.76 %1,274,203 21.43 %1,257,855 21.83 %1,256,024 22.38 %
Total Portfolio Loans$5,761,449
 100.00% $5,611,419
 100.00% $5,027,612
 100.00% $3,868,746
 100.00% $3,566,199
 100.00%Total Portfolio Loans$7,225,860 100.00 %$7,137,152 100.00 %$5,946,648 100.00 %$5,761,449 100.00 %$5,611,419 100.00 %

The loan portfolio represents the most significant source of interest income for us. The risk that borrowers will be unable to pay such obligations is inherent in the loan portfolio. Other conditions such as downturns in the borrower’s industry or the overall economic climate can significantly impact the borrower’s ability to pay.
We maintain a General Lending Policy to control the quality of our loan portfolio. The policy delegates the authority to extend loans under specific guidelines and underwriting standards. The General Lending Policy is formulated by management and reviewed and ratified annually by the Board of Directors.

Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued


Total portfolio loans increased $150$88.7 million, or 2.71.2 percent, to $5.8$7.2 billion at December 31, 20172020 compared to $5.6$7.1 billion at December 31, 2016. The increase was primarily due to growth in the CRE2019. Commercial and industrial loans, or C&I, portfolios. Commercial organic loan growth was strong, particularly in our newer markets. Approximately $213 million of organic growth came from Ohio and New York. During the fourth quarter 2017, $41.1included $465.5 million of loans were soldoriginated under the PPP at December 31, 2020. On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security, or CARES Act was signed into law. The CARES Act included the PPP, a program designed to aid small and medium sized businesses through federally guaranteed loans distributed through banks. PPP loans are forgivable, in whole or in part, if the proceeds are used for payroll and other permitted expenses in accordance with the requirements of the PPP. The loans are 100 percent guaranteed by the SBA. These loans carry a fixed rate of 1.00 percent and a term of two years, or five years for loans approved by the SBA, on or after June 5, 2020. Payments are deferred for at least six months of the loan. The SBA pays us a processing fee ranging from 1 percent to 5 percent based on the size of the loan. Interest is accrued as earned and loan origination fees and direct costs are deferred and accreted or amortized into interest income over the life of the loan using the level yield method. When a result of a branch sale, of which $29.6 million were commercial loans and $11.5 million were consumer loans.PPP loan is paid off or forgiven by the SBA, the remaining unaccreted or unamortized net origination fees or costs will be immediately recognized into income.
Commercial loans, including CRE, C&I and Commercial Construction,commercial construction, comprised 7878.5 percent of total portfolio loans at both December 31, 20172020 and 2016. Although77.2 percent at December 31, 2019. The increase of $160.9 million in commercial loans can haverelated to $233.6 million in C&I, which included $465.5 million of loans from the PPP, and $98.8 million in commercial construction loans offset by a relatively higher risk profile, management believes these risks are mitigated through active portfolio management, conservative underwriting standards and continuous portfolio review. The loan-to-value, or LTV, policy guidelines fordecrease of $171.5 million in CRE loans are generally 65-80 percent. Atcompared to December 31, 2017, variable rate commercial2019. Excluding the PPP loans, represented 75 percent of total commercialportfolio loans decreased $376.8 million compared to 76 percent in 2016.
Total commercial loans increased $148 million, or 3.4 percent, from December 31, 2016. CRE loans increased $188 million, or 7.5 percent, C&I loans increased $32.2 million, or 2.3 percent and Commercial Construction loans2019 due to decreased $71.6 million, or 15.7 percent.activity related to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Consumer loans represent 2221.5 percent of our loantotal portfolio loans at December 31, 20172020 and 2016. Total consumer loans increased $1.8 million from22.8 percent at December 31, 20162019. Consumer loans decreased $72.2 million compared to December 31, 2019 with growthdecreases of $80.2 million in theresidential mortgages and $3.2 million in home equity loans offset by increases in consumer construction of $9.3 million and installment and other consumer portfolios.
The residential mortgage portfolio decreased $3.2 million from December 31, 2016.of $1.9 million. Residential mortgage lending continues to be a focus through a centralized mortgage origination department, secondary market activities and the utilization of commission compensated originators. Management believes that continued adherence to our conservative mortgage lending policies for portfolio mortgage loans will continue to be as important in a growing economy as it was during the downturn in recent years.important. The LTV policy guideline is 80 percent for residential first lien mortgages. Higher LTV loans may be approved with the appropriate private mortgage insurance coverage. We primarily limit our fixed rate portfolio mortgage loans to a maximum term of 20 years for traditional mortgages, 30 year fixed rate construction loans and 15 yearsadjustable rate or balloon mortgages with a maximum amortization term of 30 years for balloon payment mortgages.years. We may originate home equity loans with a lien position that is second to unrelated third party lenders, but normally only to the extent that the combined LTV considering both the first and second liens does not
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Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued

exceed 100 percent of the fair value of the property. Combo mortgage loans consisting of a residential first mortgage and a home equity second mortgage are also available.
We originate and sell loans into the secondary market, primarily to Fannie Mae. We sell these loans in order to mitigate interest-rate risk associated with holding lower rate, long-term residential mortgages in the loan portfolio and to generate fee revenue from sales and servicing of the loans. During 20172020 and 2016,2019, we sold $78.8$345.1 million and $93.9$94.5 million of 1-4 family mortgages to Fannie Mae. In addition, at December 31, 2017, we wereOur servicing $441 millionportfolio of mortgage loans that we had originated and sold into the secondary market compared to $407was $718.2 million at December 31, 2016. Loans sold to Fannie Mae in 2017 decreased $15.1 million2020 compared to 2016 due to higher interest rates and lower refinance activity in 2017.$509.2 million at December 31, 2019.
We also offer a variety of unsecured and secured consumer loan products. LTV guidelines for direct loans are generally 90-100 percent of invoice for new automobiles and 80-90 percent of National Automobile Dealer Association value for used automobiles.
The following table presents the maturity of consumercommercial and commercialconsumer loans outstanding as of December 31, 2017:2020:
Maturity
(dollars in thousands)Within One YearAfter One But Within Five YearsAfter Five YearsTotal
Fixed interest rates$593,709 $790,383 $401,829 $1,785,921 
Variable interest rates784,722 1,549,532 1,553,533 3,887,787 
Total Commercial Loans$1,378,431 $2,339,915 $1,955,362 $5,673,708 
Fixed interest rates65,145 190,800 279,026 534,971 
Variable interest rates462,809 111,106 443,266 1,017,181 
Total Consumer Loans$527,954 $301,906 $722,292 $1,552,152 
Total Portfolio Loans$1,906,385 $2,641,821 $2,677,654 $7,225,860 
 Maturity
(dollars in thousands)Within One Year
 After One But Within Five Years
 After Five Years
 Total
Fixed interest rates$186,203
 $530,427
 $405,227
 $1,121,857
Variable interest rates780,453
 1,087,356
 1,513,928
 3,381,737
Total Commercial Loans$966,656
 $1,617,783
 $1,919,155
 $4,503,594
Fixed interest rates75,596
 195,431
 289,335
 560,362
Variable interest rates399,478
 59,980
 238,035
 697,493
Total Consumer Loans$475,074
 $255,411
 $527,370
 $1,257,855
Total Portfolio Loans$1,441,730
 $1,873,194
 $2,446,525
 $5,761,449


Credit Quality
On a quarterly basis, a criticized asset meeting is held to monitor all special mention and substandard loans greater than $1.0$1.5 million. These loans typically represent the highest risk of loss to us. Action plans are established and these loans are monitored through regular contact with the borrower, review of current financial information and other documentation, review of all loan or potential loan restructures or modifications and the regular re-evaluation of assets held as collateral.

Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued


Additional credit risk management practices include periodic review and update of our lending policies and procedures to support sound underwriting practices and portfolio management through portfolio stress testing. We have a portfolio monitoring process in place that includes a review of all commercial loans greater than $1.5 million. Commercial loans less than $1.5 million are monitored through portfolio management software that identifies credit risk indicators. Our Loan Review process serves to independently monitor credit quality and assess the effectiveness of credit risk management practices to provide oversight of all corporate lending activities. The Loan Review function has the primary responsibility for assessing commercial credit administration and credit decision functions of consumer and mortgage underwriting, as well as providing input to the loan risk rating process.
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Nonperforming assets, or NPAs, consist of nonaccrual loans, nonaccrual TDRs and OREO. The following represents NPAs as of December 31:
(dollars in thousands)20202019201820172016
Nonperforming Loans
Commercial real estate$87,951 $22,427 $11,085 $2,501 $15,526 
Commercial and industrial13,430 13,287 5,763 2,449 3,578 
Commercial construction384 737 11,780 1,460 4,497 
Residential mortgage11,567 6,697 3,543 3,580 4,850 
Home equity4,057 1,961 2,719 2,736 2,485 
Installment and other consumer96 36 33 62 101 
Consumer construction— — — — — 
Total Nonperforming Loans117,485 45,145 34,923 12,788 31,037 
Nonperforming Troubled Debt Restructurings
Commercial real estate17,062 6,713 967 646 3,548 
Commercial and industrial9,907 695 3,197 4,493 1,570 
Commercial construction— — 2,413 430 1,265 
Residential mortgage1,441 822 3,585 5,068 665 
Home Equity879 678 979 954 523 
Installment and other consumer— 88 
Total Nonperforming Troubled Debt Restructurings29,289 8,912 11,150 11,598 7,659 
Total Nonperforming Loans
146,774 54,057 46,073 24,386 38,696 
OREO2,155 3,525 3,092 469 679 
Total Nonperforming Assets$148,929 $57,582 $49,165 $24,855 $39,375 
Nonperforming loans as a percent of total loans
2.03 %0.76 %0.77 %0.42 %0.76 %
Nonperforming assets as a percent of total loans plus OREO2.06 %0.81 %0.83 %0.42 %0.77 %
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 2015
 2014
 2013
Nonperforming Loans         
Commercial real estate$2,501
 $15,526
 $5,171
 $2,255
 $6,852
Commercial and industrial2,449
 3,578
 7,709
 1,266
 1,412
Commercial construction1,460
 4,497
 7,488
 105
 34
Residential mortgage3,580
 4,850
 4,964
 1,877
 1,982
Home equity2,736
 2,485
 2,379
 1,497
 2,073
Installment and other consumer62
 101
 12
 21
 34
Consumer construction
 
 
 
 
Total Nonperforming Loans12,788
 31,037
 27,723
 7,021
 12,387
Nonperforming Troubled Debt Restructurings         
Commercial real estate967
 646
 3,548
 2,180
 3,898
Commercial and industrial3,197
 4,493
 1,570
 356
 1,884
Commercial construction2,413
 430
 1,265
 1,869
 2,708
Residential mortgage3,585
 5,068
 665
 459
 1,356
Home Equity979
 954
 523
 562
 218
Installment and other consumer9
 7
 88
 10
 3
Total Nonperforming Troubled Debt Restructurings11,150
 11,598
 7,659
 5,436
 10,067
Total Nonperforming Loans 
23,938
 42,635
 35,382
 12,457
 22,454
OREO469
 679
 354
 166
 410
Total Nonperforming Assets$24,407
 $43,314
 $35,736
 $12,623
 $22,864
Nonperforming loans as a percent of total loans 
0.42% 0.76% 0.70% 0.32% 0.63%
Nonperforming assets as a percent of total loans plus OREO0.42% 0.77% 0.71% 0.33% 0.64%

Our policy is to place loans in all categories in nonaccrual status when collection of interest or principal is doubtful, or generally when interest or principal payments are 90 days or more past due. There were noWe had $0.5 million of loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing at December 31, 20172020 related to the DNB merger and $3.8 million of loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing at December 31, 2016.2019. The DNB merger loans were recorded at fair value at the time of acquisition.
NPAs decreased $18.9Nonperforming loans increased $92.7 million to $24.4$146.8 million at December 31, 20172020 compared to $43.3$54.1 million at December 31, 2016.2019. The decreasesignificant increase in NPAsnonperforming loans primarily related to the addition of $56.3 million of hotel loans which moved to nonperforming during 2017 was primarilythe fourth quarter of 2020 as a result of continued deterioration due to two large commercial loan payoffs in 2017 totaling $10.5the COVID-19 pandemic. Also moving to nonperforming during 2020 were $11.3 million and $6.7 million CRE relationships, which experienced financial deterioration that led to cash flow shortfalls, a $5.9 million CRE relationship, which was associated with the most significant one being an acquired loan for $7.6 million. Includedcustomer fraud and a $15.1 million C&I relationship, which experienced financial deterioration that led to cash flow shortfalls. The $11.3 million CRE relationship became a performing TDR in total NPAsthe third quarter of $24.4 million was approximately $7.0 million2019. The relationship then moved to nonperforming in the first quarter of acquired loans, all of which became 90 days past due subsequent2020 when the borrower experienced financial deterioration that led to the Merger date.cash flow issues.
TDRs are loans where we, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, grant a concession to the borrower that we would not otherwise grant. We strive to identify borrowers in financial difficulty early and work with them to modify the terms before their loan reaches nonaccrual status. These modified terms generally include extensions of maturity dates at a stated interest rate lower than the current market rate for a new loan with similar risk characteristics, reductions in contractual interest rates or principal deferment. While unusual, there may be instances of principal forgiveness. Generally these concessionsThese modifications are generally for a period of at least six months.longer term periods that would not be considered insignificant. Additionally, we classify loans where the debt obligation has been discharged through a Chapter 7 Bankruptcybankruptcy and not reaffirmed by the borrower as TDRs.

An accruing loan that is modified into a TDR can remain in accrual status if, based on a current credit analysis, collection of principal and interest in accordance with the modified terms is reasonably assured and the borrower has demonstrated sustained historical repayment performance for a reasonable period before the modification. All commercial TDRs are individually evaluated and all consumer TDRs are reserved for at the pool level based on their similar risk characteristics. For all commercial TDRs, regardless of size, we conduct further analysis to determine the loss and assign a specific reserve to the loan if deemed appropriate. TDRs can be returned to accruing status if the ultimate collectability of all contractual amounts due,
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TDRs can be returned to accruing status if the following criteria are met: 1) the ultimate collectability of all contractual amounts due, according to the restructured agreement, is not in doubt and 2) there is a period of a minimum of six months of satisfactory payment performance by the borrower either immediately before or after the restructuring. All TDRs are considered to be impaired loans and will be reported as impaired loans for their remaining lives, unless the restructuring agreement specifies an interest rate equal to or greater than the rate that would be accepted at the time of the restructuring for a new loan with comparable risk and we fully expect that the remaining principal and interest will be collected according to the restructured agreement. All impaired loans are reported as nonaccrual loans unless the loan is a TDR that has met the requirements noted above to be returned to accruing status.
As an example, consider a substandard commercial construction loan that is currently 90 days past due where the loan is restructured to extend the maturity date for a period longer than would be considered an insignificant period of time. The post-modification interest rate given to the borrower is not increasedconsidered to correspond withbe lower than the current creditmarket rate for new debt with similar risk of the borrower and all other terms remain the same according to the original loan agreement. This loan will be considered a TDR as the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and a concession has been granted.granted due to the long extension of the maturity date, resulting in payment delay as well as the rate being lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk. The loan will be reported as nonaccrual TDR and as an impaired loan and a TDR.will be individually evaluated. In addition, the loan could be charged down to the fair value of the collateral if a confirmed loss exists. If the loan subsequently performs, by means of making on-time principal and interest payments according to the newly restructured terms for a period of six months, and it is expected that all remaining principal and interest will be collected according to the terms of the restructured agreement, the loan will be returned to accrual status and reported as an accruing TDR. The loan will remain an impaired loan for the remaining life of the loan because the interest rate was not adjusted
TDRs increased $0.8 million to be equal to or greater than the rate that would be accepted$46.7 million at the time of the restructuring for a new loan with comparable risk.
As of December 31, 2017, we had $26.12020 compared to $45.9 million in totalat December 31, 2019. Total TDRs including $14.9of $46.7 million at December 31, 2020 included $17.4 million, or 37.3 percent, that were performing and $11.2$29.3 million, or 62.7 percent, that were nonperforming.not performing. This is an increase from December 31, 20162019 when we had $25.0$45.9 million in TDRs, including $13.4$37.0 million that were performing and $11.6$8.9 million that were nonperforming. The significant increase isin nonperforming TDRs during 2020 primarily related to an $11.3 million CRE relationship that moved to nonperforming in the first quarter of 2020 due to newfinancial deterioration that led to cash flow shortfalls. The loan was modified to reduce monthly payments and became a TDR during the third quarter of 2019. During the third quarter of 2020, $10.1 million was charged-off when the customer notified the bank they planned to cease operations. The increase in nonperforming TDRs totaling $3.8during 2020 was also attributed to the addition of a $9.6 million which were offset by principal reductions and charge-offs.C&I loan that was modified during the fourth quarter of 2020. The modification granted a concession to the borrower that resulted in a payment delay.
Loan modifications resulting in new TDRs during 20172020 included 3640 modifications for $5.8$22.7 million compared to 53 modifications for $14.1$32.2 million of new TDRs in 2016.2019. Included in the 20172020 new TDRs were 2623 loans totaling $0.8$1.0 million related to Chapter 7consumer bankruptcy filings that were not reaffirmed, thus resulting in discharged debt, which compares to 2936 loans totaling $1.8$1.1 million in 2016. During 2017, one TDR for $2.0 million was returned to accruing status that met the above requirements compared to five TDRs for $0.9 million during 2016.2019.
The following represents delinquency as




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Table of December 31:
Contents
 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
(dollars in thousands)Amount
% of
Loans

 Amount
% of
Loans

 Amount
% of
Loans

 Amount
% of
Loans

 Amount
% of
Loans

90 days or more:              
Commercial real estate$3,468
0.13% $16,172
0.65% $8,719
0.40% $4,435
0.26% $10,750
0.67%
Commercial and Industrial5,646
0.39% 8,071
0.58% 9,279
0.74% 1,622
0.16% 3,296
0.39%
Commercial construction3,873
1.01% 4,927
1.08% 8,753
2.12% 1,974
0.91% 2,742
1.91%
Residential mortgage7,165
1.03% 9,918
1.41% 5,629
0.88% 2,336
0.48% 3,338
0.69%
Home equity3,715
0.76% 3,439
0.71% 2,902
0.62% 2,059
0.49% 2,291
0.55%
Installment and other consumer71
0.11% 108
0.16% 100
0.14% 31
0.05% 37
0.05%
Total Loans$23,938
0.42% $42,635
0.76% $35,382
0.70% $12,457
0.32% $22,454
0.63%
30 to 89 days:              
Commercial real estate$1,131
0.04% $2,791
0.11% $12,229
0.56% $2,871
0.17% $1,416
0.09%
Commercial and industrial866
0.06% 1,488
0.11% 2,749
0.22% 1,380
0.14% 2,877
0.34%
Commercial construction2,493
0.65% 547
0.12% 3,607
0.87% 
% 1,800
1.25%
Residential mortgage4,414
0.63% 2,429
0.35% 2,658
0.42% 1,785
0.36% 2,494
0.51%
Home equity2,655
0.54% 1,979
0.41% 2,888
0.61% 2,201
0.53% 3,127
0.75%
Installment and other consumer363
0.54% 220
0.33% 352
0.48% 425
0.65% 426
0.63%
Loans held for sale
% 
% 143
% 
% 
%
Total Loans$11,922
0.21% $9,454
0.17% $24,626
0.49% $8,662
0.22% $12,140
0.75%


Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued



The following represents delinquency as of December 31:
 20202019201820172016
(dollars in thousands)Amount% of
Loans
Amount% of
Loans
Amount% of
Loans
Amount% of
Loans
Amount% of
Loans
90 days or more:
Commercial real estate$105,014 3.24 %$29,140 0.85 %$12,052 0.41 %$3,468 0.13 %$16,172 0.65 %
Commercial and Industrial23,337 1.19 %13,982 0.81 %8,960 0.60 %5,646 0.39 %8,071 0.58 %
Commercial construction384 0.08 %737 0.20 %14,193 5.52 %3,873 1.01 %4,927 1.08 %
Residential mortgage13,008 1.42 %7,519 0.75 %7,128 0.98 %7,165 1.03 %9,918 1.41 %
Home equity4,935 0.92 %2,639 0.49 %3,698 0.78 %3,715 0.76 %3,439 0.71 %
Installment and other consumer96 0.12 %40 0.05 %42 0.06 %71 0.11 %108 0.16 %
Consumer construction— — %— — %— — %— — %— — %
Total Loans$146,774 2.03 %$54,057 0.76 %$46,073 0.77 %$23,938 0.42 %$42,635 0.74 %
30 to 89 days:
Commercial real estate$415 0.01 %$10,311 0.28 %$5,783 0.20 %$1,131 0.04 %$2,791 0.11 %
Commercial and industrial1,161 0.04 %4,886 0.17 %1,983 0.13 %866 0.06 %1,488 0.11 %
Commercial construction3,641 0.01 %2,119 0.25 %— — %2,493 0.65 %547 0.12 %
Residential mortgage2,156 0.05 %3,743 0.20 %2,104 0.29 %4,414 0.63 %2,429 0.35 %
Home equity1,274 0.18 %2,200 0.38 %2,712 0.58 %2,655 0.54 %1,979 0.41 %
Installment and other consumer205 0.21 %718 0.54 %223 0.33 %363 0.54 %220 0.33 %
Consumer construction— — %— — %— — %— — %— — %
Loans held for sale— — %— — %— — %— — %— — %
Total Loans$8,852 0.12 %$23,977 0.34 %$12,805 0.22 %$11,922 0.21 %$9,454 0.16 %

Closed-end installment loans, amortizing loans secured by real estate and any other loans with payments scheduled monthly are reported past due when the borrower is in arrears two or more monthly payments. Other multi-payment obligations with payments scheduled other than monthly are reported past due when one scheduled payment is due and unpaid for 30 days or more. We monitor delinquency on a monthly basis, including early stage delinquencies of 30 to 89 days past due for early identification of potential problem loans.
Loans past due 90 days or more decreased $18.7increased $92.7 million compared to December 31, 20162019 and represented 0.422.03 percent of total loans at December 31, 2017.2020. The decreasechange in loans past due 90 days or more is primarily due to commercial payoffs totaling $10.5 million, one of which was an acquired loan totaling $7.6 million.explained above. Loans past due by 30 to 89 days increased $2.5decreased $15.1 million and represented 0.210.12 percent of total loans at December 31, 2017.2020.
Allowance for LoanCredit Losses
We maintain an ALLACL at a level determined to be adequate to absorb estimated probableexpected credit losses inherent within the loan portfolio over the contractual life of a loan that considers our historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions as of the balance sheet date. Determination of an adequate ALL is inherently subjectiveWe develop and may be subject to significant changes from period to period. Thedocument a systematic ACL methodology for determiningbased on the ALL has two main components: evaluationfollowing portfolio segments: 1) CRE, 2) C&I, 3) Commercial Construction, 4) Business Banking, 5) Consumer Real Estate and impairment tests of individual loans and evaluation and impairment tests of certain groups of homogeneous loans with similar risk characteristics.6) Other Consumer.
Our charge-off policy for commercial loans requires that loans and other obligations that are not collectible be promptly charged-off when the loss becomes probable, regardless of the delinquency status of the loan. We may elect to recognize a partial charge-off when management has determined that the value of collateral is less than the remaining investment in the loan. A loan or obligation does not need to be charged-off, regardless of delinquency status, if (i) management has determined there exists sufficient collateral to protect the remaining loan balance and (ii) there exists a strategy to liquidate the collateral. Management may also consider a number of other factors to determine when a charge-off is appropriate. These factors may include, but are not limited to:
The status of a bankruptcy proceeding;
The value of collateral and probability of successful liquidation; and/or
The status of adverse proceedings or litigation that may result in collection.
Consumer unsecured loans and secured loans are evaluated for charge-off after the loan becomes 90 days past due. Unsecured loans are fully charged-offcharged off and secured loans are charged-offcharged down to the estimated fair value of the collateral less the cost to sell.
The following summarizes our loan charge-off experience for each
56

Table of the five years presented below:
Contents
 Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 2015
 2014
 2013
ALL Balance at Beginning of Year:$52,775
 $48,147
 $47,911
 $46,255
 $46,484
Charge-offs:         
Commercial real estate(2,304) (3,114) (2,787) (2,041) (4,601)
Commercial and industrial(4,709) (6,810) (5,463) (1,267) (2,714)
Commercial construction(2,571) (1,877) (3,321) (712) (4,852)
Consumer real estate(2,274) (1,657) (2,167) (1,200) (2,407)
Other consumer(1,638) (2,103) (1,528) (1,133) (1,002)
Total(13,496) (15,561) (15,266) (6,353) (15,576)
Recoveries:         
Commercial real estate810
 692
 3,545
 1,798
 3,388
Commercial and industrial654
 722
 605
 3,647
 2,142
Commercial construction851
 21
 143
 146
 531
Consumer real estate342
 433
 495
 350
 651
Other consumer571
 356
 326
 353
 324
Total3,228
 2,224
 5,114
 6,294
 7,036
Net Charge-offs(10,268) (13,337) (10,152) (59) (8,540)
Provision for loan losses13,883
 17,965
 10,388
 1,715
 8,311
ALL Balance at End of Year:$56,390
 $52,775
 $48,147
 $47,911

$46,255


Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued



The following summarizes our loan charge-off experience for each of the four years presented below:
Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2020
2019(1)
2018(1)
2017(1)
ACL Balance at Beginning of Year:$62,224 $60,996 $56,390 $52,775 
Charge-offs:
(27,512)(3,664)(372)(2,304)
Commercial and industrial(75,408)(8,928)(8,574)(4,709)
Commercial construction(454)(406)(2,630)(2,571)
Consumer real estate(1,101)(1,353)(1,319)(2,274)
Other consumer(1,890)(1,838)(1,694)(1,638)
Total(106,365)(16,189)(14,589)(13,496)
Recoveries:
Commercial real estate348 137 309 810 
Commercial and industrial1,733 1,388 1,723 654 
Commercial construction183 1,135 851 
Consumer real estate233 637 541 342 
Other consumer489 377 492 571 
Total2,986 2,544 4,200 3,228 
Net Charge-offs(103,379)(13,645)(10,389)(10,268)
Impact of CECL adoption27,346 — — — 
Provision for credit losses131,421 14,873 14,995 13,883 
ACL Balance at End of Year:$117,612 $62,224 $60,996 $56,390 
(1)Represents ALL for year presented
Net loan charge-offs for 2017 decreased to $10.32020 were $103.4 million, or 0.181.40 percent of average loans, compared to $13.3$13.6 million, or 0.250.22 percent of average loans for 2016. Net charge-offs2019. In addition to the $58.7 million charge-off from the customer fraud and the $8.9 million loan charge-off for 2017 were comprised primarily of $8.4 million in charge-offs and $1.0 million of recoveries related to acquired loansand $2.1 million in charge-offs related to two originated C&I relationships.
Loanthe lending relationship with this customer, the most significant charge-offs during 20162020 were primarily relateda $10.1 million CRE relationship and a $9.9 million C&I relationship that occurred in the first quarter of 2020. We obtained information on the C&I relationship subsequent to filing our acquired loan portfolio which included four commercial relationships totaling $6.4 million. We also hadAnnual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 but before the end of the first quarter of 2020; therefore, we recorded a $2.1$9.9 million charge-off related to an originated C&I customer. specific reserve in the day one CECL adjustment. The updated information supported a loss existed at January 1, 2020.
The following table summarizes net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans for the years presented:
2017
 2016
 2015
 2014
 2013
20202019201820172016
Commercial real estate0.03% 0.06% (0.04)% 0.01 % 0.08%Commercial real estate0.81 %0.10 %NM0.06 %0.10 %
Commercial and industrial0.07% 0.11% 0.40 % (0.26)% 0.07%Commercial and industrial3.65 %0.44 %0.48 %0.28 %0.45 %
Commercial construction0.03% 0.03% 0.96 % 0.32 % 2.72%Commercial construction0.06 %0.11 %0.48 %0.40 %0.46 %
Consumer real estate0.03% 0.02% 0.17 % 0.09 % 0.20%Consumer real estate0.06 %0.05 %0.07 %0.16 %0.11 %
Other consumer0.02% 0.03% 1.37 % 1.19 % 0.99%Other consumer1.75 %1.85 %1.79 %1.54 %2.69 %
Net charge-offs to average loans outstanding0.18% 0.25% 0.22 %  % 0.25%Net charge-offs to average loans outstanding1.40 %0.22 %0.18 %0.18 %0.25 %
Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total portfolio loans0.98% 0.94% 0.96 % 1.24 % 1.30%
Allowance for loan losses to total nonperforming loans236% 124% 136 % 385 % 206%
Provision for loan losses as a percentage of net loan charge-offs135% 135% 102 % NM
 97%
Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total portfolio loansAllowance for credit losses as a percentage of total portfolio loans1.63 %0.87 %1.03 %0.98 %0.94 %
Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of total portfolio loans excluding PPPAllowance for credit losses as a percentage of total portfolio loans excluding PPP1.74 %— %— %— %— %
Allowance for credit losses to total nonperforming loansAllowance for credit losses to total nonperforming loans80 %115 %132 %236 %124 %
Provision for credit losses as a percentage of net loan charge-offsProvision for credit losses as a percentage of net loan charge-offs127 %109 %144 %135 %135 %
NM - percentage not meaningful
An inherent risk to the loan portfolio as a whole is the condition

57

Table of the economy in our markets. In addition, each loan segment carries with it risks specific to the segment. We develop and document a systematic ALL methodology based on the following portfolio segments: 1) CRE, 2) C&I, 3) Commercial Construction, 4) Consumer Real Estate and 5) Other Consumer.Contents
CRE loans are secured by commercial purpose real estate, including both owner-occupied properties and investment properties for various purposes such as hotels, strip malls and apartments. Operations of the individual projects as well as global cash flows of the debtors are the primary sources of repayment for these loans. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the collateral type as well as the business prospects of the lessee, if the project is not owner-occupied.
C&I loans are made to operating companies or manufacturers for the purpose of production, operating capacity, accounts receivable, inventory or equipment financing. Cash flow from the operations of the company is the primary source of repayment for these loans. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the industry of the company. Collateral for these types of loans often does not have sufficient value in a distressed or liquidation scenario to satisfy the outstanding debt.
Commercial construction loans are made to finance construction of buildings or other structures, as well as to finance the acquisition and development of raw land for various purposes. While the risk of these loans is generally confined to the construction period, if there are problems, the project may not be completed, and as such, may not provide sufficient cash flow on its own to service the debt or have sufficient value in a liquidation to cover the outstanding principal. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the type of project and the experience and resources of the developer.
Consumer real estate loans are secured by first and second liens such as home equity loans, home equity lines of credit and 1-4 family residential mortgages, including purchase money mortgages. The primary source of repayment for these loans is the income and assets of the borrower. The condition of the local economy, in particular the unemployment rate, is an important indicator of risk of this segment. The state of the local housing markets can also have a significant impact on this segment because low demand and/or declining home values can limit the ability of borrowers to sell a property and satisfy the debt.
Other consumer loans are made to individuals and may be secured by assets other than 1-4 family residences, as well as unsecured loans. This segment includes auto loans, unsecured loans and lines and credit cards. The primary source of repayment for these loans is the income and assets of the borrower. The condition of the local economy, in particular the unemployment rate, is an important indicator of risk for this segment. The value of the collateral, if there is any, is less likely to be a source of repayment due to less certain collateral values.


Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued



The following is the ALLACL balance by portfolio segment as of December 31:
20202019201820172016
(dollars in thousands)Amount% of
Total
Amount% of
Total
Amount% of
Total
Amount% of
Total
Amount% of
Total
Commercial real estate$65,656 56 %$30,577 49 %$33,707 55 %$27,235 48 %$19,976 38 %
Commercial and industrial16,100 14 %15,681 25 %11,596 19 %8,966 16 %10,810 20 %
Commercial construction7,239 %7,900 13 %7,983 13 %13,167 23 %13,999 26 %
Business banking15,917 14 %
Consumer real estate10,014 %6,337 10 %6,187 10 %5,479 10 %6,095 12 %
Other consumer2,686 %1,729 %1,523 %1,543 %1,895 %
Total117,612 100 %62,224 100 %60,996 100 %56,390 100 %52,775 100 %
 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
(dollars in thousands)Amount
 
% of
Total

 Amount
 
% of
Total

 Amount
 
% of
Total

 Amount
 
% of
Total

 Amount
 
% of
Total

Commercial real estate$27,235
 48% $19,976
 38% $15,043
 31% $20,164
 42% $18,921
 41%
Commercial and industrial8,966
 16% 10,810
 20% 10,853
 23% 13,668
 28% 14,443
 31%
Commercial construction13,167
 23% 13,999
 26% 12,625
 26% 6,093
 13% 5,374
 12%
Consumer real estate5,479
 10% 6,095
 12% 8,400
 17% 6,333
 13% 6,362
 14%
Other consumer1,543
 3% 1,895
 4% 1,226
 3% 1,653
 4% 1,165
 2%
Total$56,390
 100% $52,775
 100% $48,147
 100% $47,911
 100% $46,265
 100%

Significant to our ALLACL is a higher concentration of commercial loans. The ability of borrowers to repay commercial loans is dependent upon the success of their business and general economic conditions. Due to the greater potential for loss within our commercial portfolio, we monitor the commercial loan portfolio through an internal risk rating system. Loan risk ratings are assigned based upon the creditworthiness of the borrower and are reviewed on an ongoing basis according to our internal policies. Loans rated special mention or substandard have potential or well-defined weaknesses not generally found in high quality, performing loans, and require attention from management to limit loss.
The following table summarizes the ALLACL balance as of December 31:
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 2015
 2014
 2013
Collectively Evaluated for Impairment$56,313
 $51,977
 $48,110
 $47,857
 $46,158
Individually Evaluated for Impairment77
 798
 37
 54
 97
Total Allowance for Loan Losses$56,390
 $52,775
 $48,147
 $47,911
 $46,255

(dollars in thousands)20202019201820172016
Collectively Evaluated$104,048 $60,024 $59,233 $56,313 $51,977 
Individually Evaluated13,564 2,200 1,763 77 798 
Total Allowance for Credit Losses$117,612 $62,224 $60,996 $56,390 $52,775 

The ALLACL was $56.4$117.6 million, or 0.981.63 percent of total portfolio loans, and 1.05 percent of originated loans, at December 31, 2017,2020 compared to $52.8$62.2 million, or 0.940.87 percent of total portfolio loans, and 1.05 percent of originated loans, at December 31, 2016.2019. The increase in the ALLACL of $3.6$55.4 million was primarily due to a $4.3$44.1 million increase in the reserve for loans collectively evaluated for impairment at December 31, 2017 compared to December 31, 2016. This increase was primarily due to loan growth and an increase in loss rates in our CRE portfolio, and was partially offset by a decrease of $0.7$11.3 million in specific reserves for loans individually evaluated for impairment.at December 31, 2020 compared to December 31, 2019. The significant increase in the ACL during the year was mainly due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and our adoption of CECL on January 1, 2020.
The decreaseadoption of CECL resulted in specific reservesan increase to our ACL of $27.3 million on January 1, 2020. The increase included $8.2 million for S&T legacy loans and $9.3 million for acquired loans from the DNB merger. We also recorded a day one adjustment of $9.9 million primarily related to the $0.7 million releaseC&I relationship that was charged off in the first quarter of reserve2020. We obtained information on this relationship subsequent to filing our Annual Report on Form 10-K for a C&I loan. Impaired loans decreased $15.1 million, or 36.0 percent, fromthe year ended December 31, 2016 due to two large commercial nonperforming, impaired loans that paid off during2019 but before the year that totaled $10.5 million. Asend of December 31, 2017, we had $26.8 millionthe first quarter of impaired loans compared to $41.9 million2020. The updated information supported a loss existed at December 31, 2016. Commercial special mention, substandard and doubtful loans at December 31, 2017 increased $15.2 million to $201 million compared to $186 million at December 31, 2016.January 1, 2020.
Federal Home Loan Bank and Other Restricted Stock
At December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, we held FHLB of Pittsburgh stock of $28.4$12.0 million and $30.9$21.9 million. This investment is carried at cost and evaluated for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. We hold FHLB stock because we are a member of the FHLB of Pittsburgh. The FHLB requires members to purchase and hold a specified level of FHLB stock based upon on the members’ asset values, level of borrowings and participation in other programs offered. Stock in the FHLB is non-marketable and is redeemable at the discretion of the FHLB. Members do not purchase stock in the FHLB for the same reasons that traditional equity investors acquire stock in an investor-owned enterprise. Rather, members purchase stock to obtain access to the products and services offered by the FHLB. Unlike equity securities of traditional for-profit enterprises, the stock of the FHLB does not provide its holders with an opportunity for capital appreciation because, by regulation, FHLB stock can only be purchased, redeemed and transferred at par value. We reviewed and evaluated the FHLB capital stock for OTTIimpairment at December 31, 2017.2020. The FHLB reported improved earnings throughout 2017 and 2016 and continues to exceedexceeds all required capital ratios required.ratios. Additionally, we considered that the FHLB has been paying dividends and actively redeeming stock throughout 20172020 and 2016.2019. Accordingly, we believe sufficient evidence exists to conclude that no OTTI existsimpairment existed at December 31, 2017.2020.
Atlantic Community Bankers’ Bank, or ACBB, stock is carried at cost and evaluated for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability
58

Table of the carrying value. We do not currently use their membership products and services. We acquired ACBB stock through various mergers of banks that were ACBB members. ACBB stock is evaluated for OTTI on a quarterly basis.Contents



Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued




Deposits
The following table presents the composition of deposits at December 31:
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 $ Change
(dollars in thousands)20202019$ Change
Customer deposits     Customer deposits
Noninterest-bearing demand$1,387,712
 $1,263,833
 $123,879
Noninterest-bearing demand$2,261,994 $1,698,082 $563,912 
Interest-bearing demand599,986
 633,293
 (33,307)Interest-bearing demand864,510 762,111 102,399 
Money market880,330
 617,961
 262,369
Money market1,887,051 1,849,684 37,367 
Savings893,119
 1,050,131
 (157,012)Savings969,508 830,919 138,589 
Certificates of deposit1,286,988
 1,355,303
 (68,315)Certificates of deposit1,369,239 1,535,305 (166,066)
Total customer deposits5,048,135
 4,920,521
 127,614
Total customer deposits7,352,302 6,676,101 676,201 
Brokered deposits     Brokered deposits
Interest-bearing demand3,155
 5,007
 (1,852)Interest-bearing demand— 200,220 (200,220)
Money market265,826
 318,500
 (52,674)Money market50,012 100,127 (50,115)
Certificates of deposit110,775
 28,349
 82,426
Certificates of deposit18,224 60,128 (41,904)
Total brokered deposits$379,756
 $351,856
 $27,900
Total brokered deposits68,236 360,475 (292,239)
Total Deposits$5,427,891
 $5,272,377
 $155,514
Total Deposits$7,420,538 $7,036,576 $383,962 

Deposits are our primary source of funds. We believe that our deposit base is stable and that we have the ability to attract new deposits. Total deposits at December 31, 20172020 increased $156$384.0 million, or 2.95.5 percent, from December 31, 2016.2019. Total customer deposits increased $128 million fromat December 31, 2016. Noninterest-bearing demand2020 increased $124 million due to sales efforts.$676.2 million. The money market increase of $262 million isin customer deposits primarily related to a competitively priced indexed product that is a major factor behind the savings decrease of $157 millionPPP and the certificates ofstimulus programs along with customers conservatively holding cash deposits decrease of $68.3 million. Total brokered deposits increased $27.9 million from December 31, 2016 with an increase of $82.4 million in certificates of deposits offset by decreases in money market of $52.7 million and $1.8 million in interest-bearing demand accounts.during these uncertain times. Brokered deposits are an additional source of funds utilized by the ALCO as a way to diversify funding sources, as well as manage our funding costs and structure. The increase in brokered deposits was primarily due to funding needs to support our asset growth.
The daily average balance of deposits and rates paid on deposits are summarized in the following table for the years ended December 31:
2017 2016 2015202020192018
(dollars in thousands)Amount
 Rate
 Amount
 Rate
 Amount
 Rate
(dollars in thousands)AmountRateAmountRateAmountRate
Noninterest-bearing demand$1,310,814
   $1,232,633
   $1,170,011
  Noninterest-bearing demand$2,072,310 $1,475,960 $1,376,329 
Interest-bearing demand630,418
 0.21% 638,461
 0.16% 592,301
 0.13%Interest-bearing demand844,331 0.19 %561,756 0.41 %565,273 0.31 %
Money market710,149
 0.65% 506,440
 0.38% 388,172
 0.19%Money market1,960,741 0.57 %1,474,841 1.69 %1,040,214 1.24 %
Savings988,504
 0.21% 1,039,664
 0.19% 1,072,683
 0.16%Savings899,717 0.11 %766,142 0.25 %836,747 0.21 %
Certificates of deposit1,327,001
 0.97% 1,351,413
 0.94% 1,093,564
 0.77%Certificates of deposit1,482,127 1.34 %1,322,643 1.91 %1,202,781 1.37 %
Brokered deposits404,453
 1.10% 362,576
 0.56% 376,095
 0.35%Brokered deposits232,384 1.02 %370,779 2.32 %390,360 2.05 %
Total$5,371,339
 0.47% $5,131,187
 0.38% $4,692,826
 0.28%Total$7,491,610 0.48 %$5,972,121 1.06 %$5,411,704 0.76 %

CDs of $100,000 and over and $250,000 and over accounted for 10.8 percent and 4.29.3 percent of total deposits at December 31, 20172020 and 12.7 percent and 5.712.6 percent of total deposits at December 31, 20162019 and primarily represent deposit relationships with local customers in our market area.
Maturities of CDs of $250,000$100,000 or more outstanding at December 31, 2017, including brokered deposits,2020 are summarized as follows:
(dollars in thousands)2020
Three months or less$276,548 
Over three through six months207,059 
Over six through twelve months135,482 
Over twelve months69,089 
Total$688,178
Borrowings
The following table represents the composition of borrowings for the years ended December 31:
59

(dollars in thousands)2017
Three months or less$117,930
Over three through six months41,555
Over six through twelve months42,209
Over twelve months26,350
Total$228,044
Table of Contents


Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued



(dollars in thousands)20202019$ Change
Securities sold under repurchase agreements, retail$65,163 $19,888 $45,275 
Short-term borrowings75,000 281,319 (206,319)
Long-term borrowings23,681 50,868 (27,187)
Junior subordinated debt securities64,083 64,277 (194)
Total Borrowings$227,927 $416,352 $(188,425)
Borrowings
The following table represents the composition of borrowings for the years ended December 31:
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 $ Change
Securities sold under repurchase agreements, retail$50,161
 $50,832
 $(671)
Short-term borrowings540,000
 660,000
 (120,000)
Long-term borrowings47,301
 14,713
 32,588
Junior subordinated debt securities45,619
 45,619
 
Total Borrowings$683,081
 $771,164
 $(88,083)

Borrowings are an additional source of funding for us. We refer toSecurities sold under repurchase agreements are with our local retail customers as retail REPOs.customers. Securities pledged as collateral under these retail REPO financing arrangements cannot be sold or repledged by the secured party and are therefore accounted for as a secured borrowing. Short-term borrowings are forcomprised of FHLB advances with terms underof one year and were comprised primarily of FHLB advances.under. Long-term borrowings are for terms greater than one year and consist primarily of FHLB advances. FHLB borrowingsadvances are for various terms and are secured by a blanket lien on eligible real estate secured loans.
At December 31, 2020, long-term borrowings decreased $27.2 million compared to December 31, 2019. Short-term borrowings decreased $206.3 million as compared to December 31, 2019 primarily due to increased deposits. At December 31, 2020, our long-term borrowings outstanding of $23.7 million included $20.6 million that were at a fixed rate and $3.1 million at a variable rate.

Information pertaining to short-term borrowings is summarized in the tables below:
Securities Sold Under Repurchase AgreementsSecurities Sold Under Repurchase Agreements
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 2015
(dollars in thousands)202020192018
Balance at December 31$50,161
 $50,832
 $62,086
Balance at December 31$65,163 $19,888 $18,383 
Average balance during the year46,662
 51,021
 44,394
Average balance during the year$57,673 $16,863 $45,992 
Average interest rate during the year0.12% 0.01% 0.01%Average interest rate during the year0.29 %0.65 %0.48 %
Maximum month-end balance during the year$53,609
 $68,216
 $62,086
Maximum month-end balance during the year$92,159 $23,427 $54,579 
Average interest rate at December 310.39% 0.01% 0.01%Average interest rate at December 310.25 %0.74 %0.46 %
Short-Term Borrowings
(dollars in thousands)202020192018
Balance at December 31$75,000 $281,319 $470,000 
Average balance during the year$155,753 $255,264 $525,172 
Average interest rate during the year0.92 %2.51 %2.11 %
Maximum month-end balance during the year$410,240 $425,000 $690,000 
Average interest rate at December 310.19 %1.84 %2.65 %
 Short-Term Borrowings
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 2015
Balance at December 31$540,000
 $660,000
 $356,000
Average balance during the year644,864
 414,426
 257,117
Average interest rate during the year1.15% 0.65% 0.36%
Maximum month-end balance during the year$734,600
 $660,000
 $356,000
Average interest rate at December 311.47% 0.76% 0.52%
Information pertaining to long-term borrowings is summarized in the tables below:
Long-Term BorrowingsLong-Term Borrowings
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 2015
(dollars in thousands)202020192018
Balance at December 31$47,301
 $14,713
 $117,043
Balance at December 31$23,681 $50,868 $70,314 
Average balance during the year18,057
 50,256
 83,648
Average balance during the year47,953 $66,392 $47,986 
Average interest rate during the year2.57% 1.33% 0.94%Average interest rate during the year$— $— $— 
Maximum month-end balance during the year$47,505
 $116,852
 $118,432
Maximum month-end balance during the year$50,635 $70,418 $70,314 
Average interest rate at December 311.88% 2.91% 0.81%Average interest rate at December 312.03 %2.61 %2.84 %
Junior Subordinated Debt Securities
(dollars in thousands)202020192018
Balance at December 31$64,083 $64,277 $45,619 
Average balance during the year$64,092 $47,934 $45,619 
Average interest rate during the year3.57 %4.82 %3.65 %
Maximum month-end balance during the year$64,848 $64,277 $45,619 
Average interest rate at December 313.01 %4.42 %5.25 %
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 Junior Subordinated Debt Securities
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 2015
Balance at December 31$45,619
 $45,619
 $45,619
Average balance during the year45,619
 45,619
 47,071
Average interest rate during the year3.65% 3.14% 2.82%
Maximum month-end balance during the year$45,619
 $45,619
 $45,619
Average interest rate at December 313.78% 3.42% 2.89%
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At December 31, 2017, long-term borrowings increased $32.6 million due to a new two year, variable rate long term borrowing for $35 million compared to December 31, 2016. Short-term borrowings decreased $120 million as compared to December 31, 2016 primarily due to reduced funding needs. At December 31, 2017, our long-term borrowings outstandingWe have completed three private placements of $47.3 million included $9.2 million that were at a fixed rate and $38.1 million at a variable rate.
In 2006, we issued $25.0 million of junior subordinated debentures through a pooled transaction at an initial fixed rate of 6.78 percent. Beginning September 15, 2011 and quarterly thereafter, we have had the option to redeem the subordinated debt, subject to a 30 day written notice and prior approval by the FDIC. The subordinated debt converted to a variable rate of three-month LIBOR plus 160 basis points in September of 2011. The subordinated debt qualifies as Tier 2 capital under regulatory guidelines and will mature on December 15, 2036.
In 2008, we completed a private placement to a financial institution of $20.0 million of floating rate trust preferred securities. The trust preferred securities mature in March 2038, are callable at our option after five years and had an interest rate initially atto financial institutions. As a rateresult, we own 100 percent of 6.44 percent per annum and adjusts quarterly with the three-month LIBOR plus 350 basis points. We began making interest payments to the trustee on June 15, 2008 and quarterly thereafter. The trust preferred securities qualify as Tier 1 capital under regulatory guidelines. To issue these trust preferred securities, we formedcommon equity of STBA Capital Trust I, DNB Capital Trust I, and DNB Capital Trust II, or the Trust, with $0.6 million of common equity, which is owned 100 percent by us.Trusts. The Trusts were formed to issue mandatorily redeemable capital securities to third-party investors. The proceeds from the sale of the trust preferred securities and the issuance of the common equity were invested by the TrustTrusts were invested in junior subordinated debt securities issued by us, which isus. The third party investors are considered the sole assetprimary beneficiaries of the Trust.Trusts; therefore, the Trusts qualify as variable interest entities, but are not consolidated into our financial statements. The TrustTrusts pays dividends on the trust preferred securities at the same rate as the interest we paypaid by us on the junior subordinated debt held by the Trust. Because the third-party investors are the primary beneficiaries, theTrusts. DNB Capital Trust qualifies as a variable interest entity, but is not consolidated in our financial statements.
On March 4, 2015, we assumed $13.5 million of junior subordinated debt in connectionI and DNB Capital Trust II were acquired with the Merger. On March 5, 2015, we paid off $8.5 millionDNB merger. Refer to Note 17 Short-Term Borrowings and on JuneNote 18 2015, we paid offLong-Term Borrowings and Subordinated Debt to the remaining $5.0 million.Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, of this Report, for more details.
Wealth Management Assets
As of December 31, 2017,2020, the fair value of the S&T Bank Wealth Management assets under administration, which are not accounted for as part of our assets, increased to $2.0$2.1 billion from $1.9$2.0 billion as of December 31, 2016.2019. Assets under administration consisted of $1.0$1.2 billion in S&T Trust, $0.7 billion in S&T Financial Services and $0.3$0.2 billion in Stewart Capital Advisors.

Capital Resources
Shareholders’ equity increased $42.1decreased $37.3 million, or 5.03.1 percent, to $884 million$1.2 billion at December 31, 20172020 compared to $842 million$1.2 billion at December 31, 2016.2019. The decrease was primarily due to the previously disclosed fraud loss, net of tax, of $46.3 million, the cumulative-effect adjustment related to the adoption of ASU 2016-13, Credit Losses, of $22.6 million, share repurchases of $12.6 million and dividends of $43.9 million, offset by a $20.6 million increase in other comprehensive income. The increase in shareholders’ equity is primarilyother comprehensive income was due to a $17.8 million increase in unrealized gains on our available-for-sale securities, net income exceeding common dividends by $44.4of tax, and a $2.8 million change in 2017.the funded status of our employee benefit plan.
We continue to maintain our capital position with a leverage ratio of 9.179.43 percent as compared to the regulatory guideline of 5.00 percent to be well-capitalized and a risk-based Common Equity Tier 1 ratio of 10.7111.33 percent compared to the regulatory guideline of 6.50 percent to be well-capitalized. Our risk-based Tier 1 and Total capital ratios were 11.0611.74 percent and 12.5513.44 percent, which places us above the federal bank regulatory agencies’ well-capitalized guidelines of 8.00 percent and 10.00 percent, respectively. We believe that we have the ability to raise additional capital, if necessary.
On March 27, 2020, the regulators issued interim final rule, or IFR, “Regulatory Capital Rule: Revised Transition of
the Current Expected Credit Losses Methodology for Allowances” in response to the disrupted economic activity from the
spread of COVID-19. The IFR provides financial institutions that adopt CECL during 2020 with the option to delay for
two years the estimated impact of CECL on regulatory capital, followed by a three-year transition period to phase out the
aggregate amount of the capital benefit provided by the initial two-year delay (“five year transition”). We adopted CECL
effective January 1, 2020 and elected to implement the five year transition.
In July 2013 the federal banking agencies issued a final rule to implement Basel III (which were agreements reached in July 2010 by the international oversight body of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision to require more and higher-quality capital) and the minimum leverage and risk-based capital requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act. The final rule established a comprehensive capital framework and went into effect on January 1, 2015 for smaller banking organizations such as S&T and S&T Bank. The rule also requires a banking organization to maintain a capital conservation buffer composed of common equity Tier 1 capital in an amount greater than 2.50 percent of total risk-weighted assets beginning in 2019. The capital conservation buffer is scheduled to phase in over several years. The capital conservation buffer was 0.25 percent in 2016, 0.50 percent in 2017, and will increase to 0.75 percent in 2018 and increased to 1.00 percent in 2019 and beyond. As a result, starting in 2019, a banking organization must maintain a common equity Tiertier 1 risk-based capital ratio greater than 7.00 percent, a Tiertier 1 risk-based capital ratio greater than 8.50 percent and a Totaltotal risk-based capital ratio greater than 10.50 percent; otherwise, it will be subject to restrictions on capital distributions and discretionary bonus payments. By 2019, whenNow that the new rule is fully phased in, the minimum capital requirements plus the capital conservation buffer will exceedexceeds the regulatory capital ratios required for an insured depository institution to be well-capitalized under the FDIC's prompt corrective action framework.framework.
Federal regulators periodically propose amendments to the regulatory capital rules and the related regulatory framework and consider changes to the capital standards that could significantly increase the amount of capital needed to meet applicable standards. The timing of adoption, ultimate form and effect of any such proposed amendments cannot be predicted.

Item 7.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS - continued


We have filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 under the Securities Act of 1933 as amended, with the SEC, which allows for the issuance of a variety of securities including debt and capital securities, preferred and common stock and
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warrants. We may use the proceeds from the sale of securities for general corporate purposes, which could include investments at the holding company level, investing in, or extending credit to subsidiaries, possible acquisitions and stock repurchases. As of December 31, 2017,2020, we had not issued any securities pursuant to the shelf registration statement.



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Contractual Obligations
Contractual obligations represent future cash commitments and liabilities under agreements with third parties and exclude contingent contractual liabilities for which we cannot reasonably predict future payments. We have various financial obligations, including contractual obligations and commitments that may require future cash payments. The following table presents as of December 31, 2017,2020 significant fixed and determinable contractual obligations to third parties by payment date:
Payments Due InPayments Due In
(dollars in thousands)2018
 2019-2020
 2021-2022
 Later Years
 Total
(dollars in thousands)20212022-20232024-2025Later YearsTotal
Deposits without a stated maturity(1)
$4,030,128
 $
 $
 $
 $4,030,128
Deposits without a stated maturity(1)
$6,033,075 $— $— $— $6,033,075 
Certificates of deposit(1)
1,015,515
 277,393
 98,735
 6,120
 1,397,763
Certificates of deposit(1)
1,182,938 150,421 50,564 3,540 1,387,463 
Securities sold under repurchase agreements(1)
50,161
 
 
 
 50,161
Securities sold under repurchase agreements(1)
65,163 — — — 65,163 
Short-term borrowings(1)
540,000
 
 
 
 540,000
Short-term borrowings(1)
75,000 — — — 75,000 
Long-term borrowings(1)
2,496
 39,518
 1,586
 3,701
 47,301
Long-term borrowings(1)
1,251 8,153 13,461 816 23,681 
Junior subordinated debt securities(1)

 
 
 45,619
 45,619
Junior subordinated debt securities(1)
— — — 64,083 64,083 
Operating and capital leases3,333
 6,743
 6,929
 55,457
 72,462
Operating and capital leases5,058 9,968 9,801 67,554 92,381 
Purchase obligations12,237
 25,680
 27,391
 
 65,308
Purchase obligations20,643 38,141 42,619 — 101,403 
Total$5,653,870
 $349,334
 $134,641
 $110,897
 $6,248,742
Total$7,383,128 $206,683 $116,445 $135,993 $7,842,249 
(1)Excludes interest
Operating lease obligations represent short and long-term lease arrangements as described in Note 911 Premises and Equipment, to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Report. Purchase obligations primarily represent obligations under agreement with our third party data processing servicer and communications charges as described in Note 1719 Commitments and Contingencies, to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Report.
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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
In the normal course of business, we offer off-balance sheet credit arrangements to enable our customers to meet their financing objectives. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the financial statements. Our exposure to credit loss, in the event the customer does not satisfy the terms of the agreement, equals the contractual amount of the obligation less the value of any collateral. We apply the same credit policies in making commitments and standby letters of credit that are used for the underwriting of loans to customers. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates, annual renewals or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Because many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.
The following table sets forth the commitments and letters of credit as of December 31:
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
(dollars in thousands)20202019
Commitments to extend credit$1,420,428
 $1,509,696
Commitments to extend credit$2,185,752 $1,910,805 
Standby letters of credit80,918
 84,534
Standby letters of credit89,095 80,040 
Total$1,501,346
 $1,594,230
Total$2,274,847 $1,990,845 
Estimates of the fair value of these off-balance sheet items were not made because of the short-term nature of these arrangements and the credit standing of the counterparties.
Our allowance for unfunded commitments is determined using a methodology similar to that used to determine the ALL. Amounts are added to the allowance for unfunded commitments through a charge to current earnings in noninterest expense.ACL. The balance in the allowance for unfunded commitments decreased $0.4increased $1.4 million to $2.2$4.5 million at December 31, 20172020 compared to $2.6$3.1 million at December 31, 20162019. The increase in the reserve for unfunded commitments at December 31, 2020 was primarily duerelated to a decrease in C&I loss rates.the adoption of ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020.

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Liquidity
Liquidity
Liquidity is defined as a financial institution’s ability to meet its cash and collateral obligations at a reasonable cost. This includes the ability to satisfy the financial needs of depositors who want to withdraw funds or of borrowers needing to access funds to meet their credit needs. In order to manage liquidity risk, our Board of Directors has delegated authority to the ALCO for the formulation, implementation and oversight of liquidity risk management for S&T. The ALCO’s goal is to maintain adequate levels of liquidity at a reasonable cost to meet funding needs in both a normal operating environment and for potential liquidity stress events. The ALCO monitors and manages liquidity through various ratios, reviewing cash flow projections, performing stress tests and having a detailed contingency funding plan. The ALCO policy guidelines define graduated risk tolerance levels. If our liquidity position moves to a level that has been defined as high risk, specific actions are required, such as increased monitoring or the development of an action plan to reduce the risk position.
Our primary funding and liquidity source is a stable customer deposit base. We believe S&T has the ability to retain existing and attract new deposits, mitigating any funding dependency on other more volatile sources. Refer to the Deposits section of this MD&A for additional discussion on deposits. Although deposits are the primary source of funds, we have identified various other funding sources that can be used as part of our normal funding program when either a structure or cost efficiency has been identified. Additional funding sources accessible to S&T include borrowing availability at the FHLB of Pittsburgh, Federal Fundsfederal funds lines with other financial institutions, the brokered deposit market and borrowing availability through the Federal Reserve Borrower-In-Custody program.
An important component of our ability to effectively respond to potential liquidity stress events is maintaining a cushion of highly liquid assets. Highly liquid assets are those that can be converted to cash quickly, with little or no loss in value, to meet financial obligations. ALCO policy guidelines define a ratio of highly liquid assets to total assets by graduated risk tolerance levels of minimal, moderate and high. At December 31, 2017,2020, we had $501$639.4 million in highly liquid assets, which consisted of $57.7$158.7 million in interest-bearing deposits with banks, $439$462.1 million in unpledged securities and $4.5$18.5 million in loans held for sale. This resulted in a highly liquid assets to total assets ratio of 7.1 percent at December 31, 2017.2020. Also, at December 31, 2017,2020, we had a remaining borrowing availability of $1.8$2.5 billion with the FHLB of Pittsburgh. Refer to Note 15 Short-term17 Short-Term Borrowings and Note 1618 Long-Term Borrowings and Subordinated Debt to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8, of this Report, and the Borrowings section of this MD&A, for more details.
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Inflation
Management is aware of the significant effect inflation has on interest rates and can have on financial performance. Our ability to cope with this is best determined by analyzing our capability to respond to changing interest rates and our ability to manage noninterest income and expense. We monitor the mix of interest-rate sensitive assets and liabilities through ALCO in order to reduce the impact of inflation on net interest income. We also control the effects of inflation by reviewing the prices of our products and services, by introducing new products and services and by controlling overhead expenses.

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Item 7A.  QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Market risk is defined as the degree to which changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodity prices or equity prices can adversely affect a financial institution’s earnings or capital. For most financial institutions, including S&T, market risk primarily reflects exposures to changes in interest rates. Interest rate fluctuations affect earnings by changing net interest income and other interest-sensitive income and expense levels. Interest rate changes also affect capital by changing the net present value of a bank’s future cash flows, and the cash flows themselves, as rates change. Accepting this risk is a normal part of banking and can be an important source of profitability and enhancing shareholder value. However, excessive interest rate risk can threaten a bank’s earnings, capital, liquidity and solvency. Our sensitivity to changes in interest rate movements is continually monitored by the ALCO. The ALCO monitors and manages market risk through rate shock analyses, and economic value of equity, or EVE, analyses and by performing stress tests in orderand simulations to mitigate earnings and market value fluctuations due to changes in interest rates.
Rate shock analyses’analyses results are compared to a base case to provide an estimate of the impact that market rate changes may have on 12 and 24 months of pretax net interest income. The base case and rate shock analyses are performed on a static balance sheet. A static balance sheet is a no growth balance sheet in which all maturing and/or repricing cash flows are reinvested in the same product at the existing product spread. Rate shock analyses assume an immediate parallel shift in market interest rates and also include management assumptions regarding the impact of interest rate changes on non-maturity deposit products (noninterest-bearing demand, interest-bearing demand, money market and savings) and changes in the prepayment behavior of loans and securities with optionality. S&T policy guidelines limit the change in pretax net interest income over a 12 month horizon12- and 24-month horizons using rate shocks in increments of +/- 100 200 and 300 basis points. Policy guidelines define the percentage change in pretax net interest income by graduated risk tolerance levels of minimal, moderate, and high. We have temporarily suspended the -200 and -300analyses on downward rate shocks of 200 basis point rate shock analyses. Due to the low interest rate environment, we believe the impact to net interest income when evaluating the -200 and -300 basis point rate shock scenarios doespoints or more because they do not provide meaningful insight into our interest rate risk position.
In order to monitor interest rate risk beyond the 12 month24-month time horizon of rate shocks on pretax net interest income, we also perform EVE analyses. EVE represents the present value of all asset cash flows minus the present value of all liability cash flows. EVE rate change results are compared to a base case to determine the impact that market rate changes may have on our EVE.As with rate shock analyses on pretax net interest income, EVE analyses incorporate management assumptions regarding prepayment behavior of fixed rate loans and securities with optionality and the behavior and value of non-maturity deposit products.S&T policy guidelines limit the change in EVE given changesusing rate shocks in ratesincrements of +/- 300100 basis points. Policy guidelines define the percent change in EVE by graduated risk tolerance levels of minimal, moderate, and high. We have also temporarily suspended the EVE -200 and -300downward rate shocks of 200 basis point scenarios due to the low interest rate environment.points or more for EVE.
The table below reflects the rate shock analyses results for the 1 to 12 and EVE analyses results. Both13 to 24 month periods of pretax net interest income and EVE. All results are in the minimal risk tolerance level.
December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
December 31, 2017 December 31, 20161 - 12 Months13 - 24 Months1 - 12 Months13 - 24 Months
Change in Interest
Rate (basis points)
% Change in Pretax
Net Interest Income

% Change in
Economic Value of Equity

 % Change in Pretax
Net Interest Income

% Change in
Economic Value of Equity

Change in Interest
Rate (basis points)
% Change in
Pretax Net
Interest Income
% Change in
Pretax Net Interest Income
% Change in EVE% Change in
Pretax Net
Interest Income
% Change in
Pretax Net Interest Income
% Change in EVE
40040015.8 %28.5 %28.5 %9.6 %14.4 %(1.8)%
3004.2 %(3.6)% 3.4
(12.3)30011.7 21.3 29.0 7.2 10.8 2.8 
2002.4 %0.3 % 1.8
(6.5)2007.7 14.3 25.6 5.0 7.6 5.5 
1001.3 %1.9 % 0.7
(2.3)1004.4 8.0 17.7 2.7 4.2 5.1 
(100)(3.6)%(8.0)% (4.4)(7.3)(100)(2.8)(5.7)(28.2)(4.3)(6.4)(10.8)
The results from the rate shock analyses on net interest income are consistent with having an asset sensitive balance sheet. Having an asset sensitive balance sheet means more assets than liabilities will reprice during the measured time frames. The implications of an asset sensitive balance sheet will differ depending upon the change in market interest rates. For example, with an asset sensitive balance sheet in a declining interest rate environment, more assets than liabilities will decrease in rate. This situation could result in a decrease in net interest income and operating income. Conversely, with an asset sensitive balance sheet in a rising interest rate environment, more assets than liabilities will increase in rate. This situation could result in an increase in net interest income and operating income.
Our rate shock analyses show an improvement in the percentage change in pretax net interest income in allthe 1-12 month and 13-24 month rates up and rates down scenarios when comparing December 31, 20172020 to December 31, 2016. The improvement is mainly a result of an increase in variable rate loans.
2019. Our EVE analyses show an improvement in the percentage change in EVE in the rates up shock scenarios and a decline in the rates down shock scenario when comparing December 31, 20172020 to December 31, 2016. This2019. The EVE decline is mostly due to updated loan prepayment assumptions following a prepayment analysis and an enhanced core deposit valuation methodology.the low interest rate environment, which negatively impacts the value of our non-maturity deposits.


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In addition to rate shocks and EVE analyses, we perform a market risk stress test at least annually. The market risk stress test includes sensitivity analyses and simulations. Sensitivity analyses are performed to help us identify which model assumptions cause the greatest impact on pretax net interest income. Sensitivity analyses may include changing prepayment behavior of loans and securities with optionality and the impact of interest rate changes on non-maturity deposit products. Simulation analyses may include the potential impact of rate shockschanges other than the policy guidelines, of +/- 100, 200 and 300 basis points, yield curve shape changes, significant balance mix changes, and various growth scenarios. Simulations indicate that an increase in rates, particularly if the yield curve steepens, will most likely result in an improvement in pretax net interest income. We realize that some of the benefit reflected in our scenarios may be offset by a change in the competitive environment and a change in product preference by our customers.

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Item 8.  FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Consolidated Financial Statements



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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
S&T Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries
December 31,December 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share data)2017 2016(in thousands, except share and per share data)20202019
ASSETS   ASSETS
Cash and due from banks, including interest-bearing deposits of $61,965 and $87,201 at December 31, 2017 and 2016$117,152
 $139,486
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value698,291
 693,487
Cash and due from banks, including interest-bearing deposits of $158,903 and $124,491 at December 31, 2020 and 2019Cash and due from banks, including interest-bearing deposits of $158,903 and $124,491 at December 31, 2020 and 2019$229,666 $197,823 
Securities, at fair valueSecurities, at fair value773,693 784,283 
Loans held for sale4,485
 3,793
Loans held for sale18,528 5,256 
Portfolio loans, net of unearned income5,761,449
 5,611,419
Portfolio loans, net of unearned income7,225,860 7,137,152 
Allowance for loan losses(56,390) (52,775)
Allowance for credit lossesAllowance for credit losses(117,612)(62,224)
Portfolio loans, net5,705,059
 5,558,644
Portfolio loans, net7,108,248 7,074,928 
Bank owned life insurance72,150
 72,081
Bank owned life insurance82,303 80,473 
Premises and equipment, net42,702
 44,999
Premises and equipment, net55,614 56,940 
Federal Home Loan Bank and other restricted stock, at cost29,270
 31,817
Federal Home Loan Bank and other restricted stock, at cost13,030 22,977 
Goodwill291,670
 291,670
Goodwill373,424 371,621 
Other intangible assets, net3,677
 4,910
Other intangible assets, net8,675 10,919 
Other assets95,799
 102,166
Other assets304,716 159,429 
Total Assets$7,060,255
 $6,943,053
Total Assets$8,967,897 $8,764,649 
LIABILITIES   LIABILITIES
Deposits:   Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing demand$1,387,712
 $1,263,833
Noninterest-bearing demand$2,261,994 $1,698,082 
Interest-bearing demand603,141
 638,300
Interest-bearing demand864,510 962,331 
Money market1,146,156
 936,461
Money market1,937,063 1,949,811 
Savings893,119
 1,050,131
Savings969,508 830,919 
Certificates of deposit1,397,763
 1,383,652
Certificates of deposit1,387,463 1,595,433 
Total Deposits5,427,891
 5,272,377
Total Deposits7,420,538 7,036,576 
Securities sold under repurchase agreements50,161
 50,832
Securities sold under repurchase agreements65,163 19,888 
Short-term borrowings540,000
 660,000
Short-term borrowings75,000 281,319 
Long-term borrowings47,301
 14,713
Long-term borrowings23,681 50,868 
Junior subordinated debt securities45,619
 45,619
Junior subordinated debt securities64,083 64,277 
Other liabilities65,252
 57,556
Other liabilities164,721 119,723 
Total Liabilities6,176,224
 6,101,097
Total Liabilities7,813,186 7,572,651 
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY   SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Common stock ($2.50 par value)
Authorized—50,000,000 shares
Issued—36,130,480 shares at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016
Outstanding—34,971,929 shares at December 31, 2017 and 34,913,023 shares at December 31, 2016
90,326
 90,326
Common stock ($2.50 par value)
Authorized—50,000,000 shares
Issued—41,449,444 shares at December 31, 2020 and 2019
Outstanding—39,298,007 shares at December 31, 2020 and 39,560,304 shares at December 31, 2019
Common stock ($2.50 par value)
Authorized—50,000,000 shares
Issued—41,449,444 shares at December 31, 2020 and 2019
Outstanding—39,298,007 shares at December 31, 2020 and 39,560,304 shares at December 31, 2019
103,623 103,623 
Additional paid-in capital216,106
 213,098
Additional paid-in capital400,668 399,944 
Retained earnings628,107
 585,891
Retained earnings710,061 761,083 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)(18,427) (13,784)Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)8,971 (11,670)
Treasury stock (1,158,551 shares at December 31, 2017 and 1,217,457 shares at December 31, 2016, at cost)(32,081) (33,575)
Treasury stock—2,151,437 shares at December 31, 2020 and 1,889,140 shares at December 31, 2019, at costTreasury stock—2,151,437 shares at December 31, 2020 and 1,889,140 shares at December 31, 2019, at cost(68,612)(60,982)
Total Shareholders’ Equity884,031
 841,956
Total Shareholders’ Equity1,154,711 1,191,998 
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity$7,060,255
 $6,943,053
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity$8,967,897 $8,764,649 
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements



70


CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF NET INCOME
S&T Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)202020192018
INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME
Loans, including fees$300,960 $300,625 $269,811 
Investment securities:
Taxable14,918 14,733 14,342 
Tax-exempt3,497 3,302 3,449 
Dividends1,089 1,824 2,224 
Total Interest and Dividend Income320,464 320,484 289,826 
INTEREST EXPENSE
Deposits35,986 63,026 40,856 
Borrowings and junior subordinated debt securities5,090 10,667 14,532 
Total Interest Expense41,076 73,693 55,388 
NET INTEREST INCOME279,388 246,791 234,438 
Provision for credit losses131,424 14,873 14,995 
Net Interest Income After Provision for Credit Losses147,964 231,918 219,443 
NONINTEREST INCOME
Net gain (loss) on sale of securities142 (26)
Debit and credit card15,093 13,405 12,679 
Service charges on deposit accounts11,704 13,316 13,096 
Mortgage banking10,923 2,491 2,762 
Wealth management9,957 8,623 10,084 
Commercial loan swap income4,740 5,503 1,225 
Gain on sale of majority interest of insurance business1,873 
Other7,160 9,246 7,462 
Total Noninterest Income59,719 52,558 49,181 
NONINTEREST EXPENSE
Salaries and employee benefits90,115 83,986 76,108 
Data processing and information technology15,499 14,468 10,633 
Net occupancy14,529 12,103 11,097 
Furniture, equipment and software11,050 8,958 8,083 
Other taxes6,622 3,364 6,183 
Professional services and legal6,394 4,244 4,132 
Marketing5,996 4,631 4,192 
FDIC insurance5,089 758 3,238 
Merger related expenses2,342 11,350 
Other29,008 23,254 21,779 
Total Noninterest Expense186,644 167,116 145,445 
Income Before Taxes21,039 117,360 123,179 
Income taxes (benefit) expense(1)19,126 17,845 
Net Income$21,040 $98,234 $105,334 
Earnings per common share—basic$0.54 $2.84 $3.03 
Earnings per common share—diluted$0.53 $2.82 $3.01 
Dividends declared per common share$1.12 $1.09 $0.99 
 Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands, except per share data)2017 2016 2015
INTEREST INCOME     
Loans, including fees$243,315
 $212,301
 $188,012
Investment Securities:     
Taxable11,947
 10,340
 9,792
Tax-exempt3,615
 3,658
 3,954
Dividends1,765
 1,475
 1,790
Total Interest Income260,642
 227,774
 203,548
INTEREST EXPENSE     
Deposits25,330
 19,692
 12,944
Borrowings and junior subordinated debt securities9,579
 4,823
 3,053
Total Interest Expense34,909
 24,515
 15,997
NET INTEREST INCOME225,733
 203,259
 187,551
Provision for loan losses13,883
 17,965
 10,388
Net Interest Income After Provision for Loan Losses211,850
 185,294
 177,163
NONINTEREST INCOME     
Securities gains (losses), net3,000
 
 (34)
Service charges on deposit accounts12,458
 12,512
 11,642
Debit and credit card12,029
 11,943
 12,113
Wealth management9,758
 10,456
 11,444
Insurance5,418
 5,253
 5,500
Mortgage banking2,915
 2,879
 2,554
Bank owned life insurance2,756
 2,122
 2,221
Gain on sale of credit card portfolio
 2,066
 
Other7,128
 7,404
 5,593
Total Noninterest Income55,462
 54,635
 51,033
NONINTEREST EXPENSE     
Salaries and employee benefits80,776
 77,325
 68,252
Net occupancy10,994
 11,057
 10,652
Data processing8,801
 8,837
 9,560
Furniture, equipment and software7,946
 7,290
 6,093
FDIC insurance4,543
 3,984
 3,416
Other taxes4,509
 4,050
 3,616
Professional services and legal4,096
 3,466
 3,006
Marketing3,659
 3,713
 4,224
Merger-related expenses
 
 3,167
Other22,583
 23,510
 24,731
Total Noninterest Expense147,907
 143,232
 136,717
Income Before Taxes119,405
 96,697
 91,479
Provision for income taxes46,437
 25,305
 24,398
Net Income$72,968
 $71,392
 $67,081
Earnings per common share—basic$2.10
 $2.06
 $1.98
Earnings per common share—diluted$2.09
 $2.05
 $1.98
Dividends declared per common share$0.82
 $0.77
 $0.73
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

71


CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
S&T Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)202020192018
Net Income$21,040 $98,234 $105,334 
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Before Tax:
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities (1)
22,683 15,793 (6,794)
Net available-for-sale securities losses reclassified into earnings (2)
26 
Adjustment to funded status of employee benefit plans3,549 (1,282)6,297 
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Before Tax26,232 14,537 (497)
Income tax (expense) benefit related to items of other comprehensive income(5,591)(3,100)106 
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), After Tax20,641 11,437 (391)
Comprehensive Income$41,681 $109,671 $104,943 
 Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2017 2016 2015
Net Income$72,968
 $71,392
 $67,081
Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income, Before Tax:     
Net change in unrealized gains on securities available-for-sale(1,275) (2,899) (663)
Net available-for-sale securities (gains) losses reclassified into earnings(3,000) 
 34
Adjustment to funded status of employee benefit plans(1,992) 6,974
 (3,551)
Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income, Before Tax(6,267) 4,075
 (4,180)
Income tax benefit (expense) related to items of other comprehensive income1,624
 (1,402) 1,556
Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income, After Tax(4,643) 2,673
 (2,624)
Comprehensive Income$68,325
 $74,065
 $64,457
(1) Due to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, net unrealized gains on marketable equity securities were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings during the three months ended March 31, 2018.
(2) Reclassification adjustments are comprised of realized security gains or losses. The realized gains or losses have been reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) and have affected certain lines in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income as follows: the pre-tax amount is included in securities gains/losses-net, the tax expense amount is included in the provision for income taxes and the net of tax amount is included in net income.
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements




72


CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
S&T Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries
(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)Common
Stock
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
Retained
Earnings
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive (Loss)/Income
Treasury
Stock
Total
Balance at December 31, 2017$90,326 $216,106 $628,107 $(18,427)$(32,081)$884,031 
Net Income for 2018— — 105,334 — — 105,334 
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax— — — (391)— (391)
Reclassification of certain tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive income(1)
— — 3,427 (3,427)— 
Reclassification of unrealized gains on equity securities(2)
— — 862 (862)— 
Repurchase of warrant— (7,652)— — — (7,652)
Cash dividends declared ($0.99 per share)— — (34,539)— — (34,539)
Treasury stock repurchased (321,731 shares)— — — — (12,256)(12,256)
Treasury stock issued (33,676 shares, net)— — (1,372)— 715 (657)
Recognition of restricted stock compensation expense— 1,891 — — — 1,891 
Balance at December 31, 2018$90,326 $210,345 $701,819 $(23,107)$(43,622)$935,761 
Net Income for 2019— — 98,234 — — 98,234 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax— — — 11,437 — 11,437 
Impact of new lease standard— — 167 — — 167 
Cash dividends declared ($1.09 per share)— — (37,360)— — (37,360)
Common stock issuance cost— (176)— — — (176)
Common stock issued in acquisition (5,318,962 shares)13,297 187,334 — — — 200,631 
Treasury stock repurchased (470,708 shares)— — — — (18,222)(18,222)
Treasury stock issued (28,174 shares, net)— — (1,777)— 862 (915)
Recognition of restricted stock compensation expense— 2,441 — — — 2,441 
Balance at December 31, 2019$103,623 $399,944 $761,083 $(11,670)$(60,982)$1,191,998 
Net income for 2020— — 21,040 — — 21,040 
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax— — — 20,641 — 20,641 
Impact of adoption of CECL— — (22,590)— (22,590)
Cash dividends declared ($1.12 per share)— — (43,949)— — (43,949)
Treasury stock repurchased (411,430 shares)— — — — (12,559)(12,559)
Treasury stock issued (149,133 shares, net)— — (5,523)— 4,929 (594)
Recognition of restricted stock compensation expense— 724 — — — 724 
Balance at December 31, 2020$103,623 $400,668 $710,061 $8,971 $(68,612)$1,154,711 
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
Common
Stock
 
Additional
Paid-in
Capital
 
Retained
Earnings
 
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss)
 
Treasury
Stock
 Total
Balance at December 31, 2014$77,993
 $78,818
 $504,060
 $(13,833) $(38,649) $608,389
Net income for 2015    67,081
     67,081
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax      (2,624)   (2,624)
Cash dividends declared ($0.73 per share)    (24,487)     (24,487)
Common stock issued in acquisition (4,933,115 shares)12,333
 130,136
       142,469
Treasury stock issued (80,862 shares, net)    (2,426)   2,244
 (182)
Recognition of restricted stock compensation expense  1,670
       1,670
Tax benefit from stock-based compensation  53
       53
Issuance costs  (132)       (132)
Balance at December 31, 2015$90,326
 $210,545
 $544,228
 $(16,457) $(36,405) $792,237
Net income for 2016
 
 71,392
 
 
 71,392
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
 
 
 2,673
 
 2,673
Cash dividends declared ($0.77 per share)
 
 (26,784) 
 
 (26,784)
Treasury stock issued (102,649 shares, net)
 
 (2,945) 
 2,830
 (115)
Recognition of restricted stock compensation expense
 2,544
 
 
 
 2,544
Tax benefit from stock-based compensation
 9
 
 
 
 9
Balance at December 31, 2016$90,326
 $213,098
 $585,891
 $(13,784) $(33,575) $841,956
Net income for 2017
 
 72,968
 
 
 72,968
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
 
 
 (4,643) 
 (4,643)
Cash dividends declared ($0.82 share)
 
 (28,569) 
 
 (28,569)
Treasury stock issued (58,906 shares, net)
 
 (2,183) 
 1,494
 (689)
Recognition of restricted stock compensation expense
 3,008
 
 
 
 3,008
Balance at December 31, 2017$90,326
 $216,106
 $628,107
 $(18,427) $(32,081) $884,031
(1)Reclassification of tax effects due to the adoption of ASU No. 2018-02, relating to $(3,660) relates to funded status of pension and $233 relates to net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities.
(2)Reclassification due to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, related to changes in fair value for equity securities reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income.
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements



73


CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
S&T Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)202020192018
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net Income$21,040 $98,234 $105,334 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for credit losses131,424 14,873 14,995 
Provision for unfunded loan commitments436 (54)
Depreciation and amortization7,645 8,411 7,300 
Net amortization of discounts and premiums4,205 3,243 3,180 
Stock-based compensation expense724 2,441 1,891 
Securities (gains) losses(142)26 
Deferred income taxes(4,402)(381)3,509 
(Gain) Loss on sale of fixed assets(23)37 (81)
Gain on the sale of loans, net(8,998)(1,887)(1,537)
Gain on the sale of majority interest of insurance business(1,873)
Pension Contribution(115)(20,420)
Net change in:
Mortgage loans originated for sale(361,704)(109,624)(90,142)
Proceeds from sale of mortgage loans357,613 109,082 93,793 
Net increase in interest receivable(2,560)(3,768)(1,635)
Net (decrease) increase in interest payable(3,178)(2,223)2,353 
Net (increase) decrease in other assets(138,470)(4,973)7,247 
Net increase in other liabilities50,392 24,496 4,157 
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities53,451 138,423 128,017 
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchases of securities available-for-sale(178,389)(129,973)(92,597)
Proceeds from maturities, prepayments and calls of securities available-for-sale205,606 92,412 89,833 
Proceeds from sales of securities available-for-sale1,349 59,934 
Net proceeds from (purchases of) the redemption of Federal Home Loan Bank stock9,947 6,615 (165)
Net increase in loans(194,768)(298,741)(207,233)
Proceeds from the sale of loans not originated for resale547 520 7,695 
Purchases of premises and equipment(5,416)(5,153)(4,172)
Proceeds from the sale of premises and equipment23 71 135 
Net cash acquired from bank acquisitions63,759 
Proceeds from the sale of majority interest of insurance business4,540 
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities(161,101)(210,556)(201,964)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Net increase in core deposits591,932 423,203 231,756 
Net (decrease) increase in certificates of deposit(207,106)(27,632)14,397 
Net increase (decrease) in securities sold under repurchase agreements45,275 1,505 (31,778)
Net decrease in short-term borrowings(206,319)(200,000)(70,000)
Proceeds from long-term borrowings10,000 25,000 
Repayments of long-term borrowings(27,187)(35,936)(1,987)
Treasury shares issued - net(594)(915)(657)
Sale of treasury shares(12,559)(18,222)(12,256)
Costs to issue equity securities(176)
Cash dividends paid to common shareholders(43,949)(37,360)(34,539)
Repurchase warrant(7,652)
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities139,493 114,467 112,284 
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents31,843 42,334 38,337 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year197,823 155,489 117,152 
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Year$229,666 $197,823 $155,489 


74


 Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2017 2016 2015
OPERATING ACTIVITIES     
Net Income$72,968
 $71,392
 $67,081
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:     
Provision for loan losses13,883
 17,965
 10,388
(Recovery) provision for unfunded loan commitments(410) 65
 258
Net depreciation, amortization and accretion2,498
 3,628
 356
Net amortization of discounts and premiums on securities4,003
 3,829
 3,600
Stock-based compensation expense3,008
 2,544
 1,636
Securities (gains) losses, net(3,000) 
 34
Gain on sale of bank branch(1,042) 
 
Net gain on sale of credit card portfolio
 (2,066) 
Pension plan curtailment gain
 (1,017) 
Tax benefit from stock-based compensation
 (9) (53)
Mortgage loans originated for sale(93,382) (106,020) (107,489)
Proceeds from the sale of loans93,991
 108,209
 99,458
Deferred income taxes13,832
 536
 (427)
Loss (gain) on sale of fixed assets128
 
 (179)
Gain on the sale of loans, net(1,551) (1,621) (1,044)
Net increase in interest receivable(2,714) (2,409) (2,744)
Net increase (decrease) in interest payable1,349
 1,715
 (193)
Net decrease (increase) in other assets5,634
 4,668
 (11,396)
Net increase (decrease) in other liabilities5,041
 (4,613) 1,298
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities114,236
 96,796
 60,584
INVESTING ACTIVITIES     
Proceeds from maturities, prepayments and calls of securities available-for-sale80,956
 74,110
 50,142
Proceeds from sales of securities available-for-sale65,801
 
 11,119
Purchases of securities available-for-sale(156,839) (113,362) (74,712)
Net sales (purchases) of Federal Home Loan Bank stock2,547
 (8,784) (855)
Net increase in loans(211,766) (599,341) (383,575)
Proceeds from the sale of loans not originated for resale6,754
 9,208
 2,880
Purchases of premises and equipment(4,694) (3,560) (5,133)
Proceeds from the sale of premises and equipment422
 57
 467
Proceeds from sale of bank branch, net of cash and cash equivalents4,404
 
 
Net cash paid in excess of cash acquired from bank merger
 
 (16,347)
Proceeds from the sale of credit card portfolio
 25,019
 
Proceeds from surrender of bank owned life insurance
 
 10,277
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities(212,415) (616,653) (405,737)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES     
Net increase in core deposits166,054
 378,323
 195,589
Net increase in certificates of deposit27,132
 18,095
 51,209
Net (decrease) increase in short-term borrowings(120,000) 304,000
 (2,660)
Net (decrease) increase in securities sold under repurchase agreements(671) (11,254) 31,481
Proceeds from long-term borrowings35,000
 
 100,000
Repayments of long-term borrowings(2,412) (102,330) (2,399)
Repayment of junior subordinated debt
 
 (13,500)
Treasury shares issued-net(689) (115) (182)
Common stock issuance costs
 
 (132)
Cash dividends paid to common shareholders(28,569) (26,784) (24,487)
Tax benefit from stock-based compensation
 9
 53
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities75,845
 559,944
 334,972
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents(22,334) 40,087
 (10,181)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year139,486
 99,399
 109,580
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Year$117,152
 $139,486
 $99,399


CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
S&T Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries - continued
Years ended December 31,Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2017 2016 2015(dollars in thousands)202020192018
Supplemental Disclosures     Supplemental Disclosures
Transfers to other real estate owned and other repossessed assets$2,238
 $1,039
 $843
Interest paid$33,591
 $22,800
 $15,878
Interest paid$44,353 $75,278 $53,035 
Income taxes paid, net of refunds$33,814
 $26,743
 $23,175
Income taxes paid, net of refunds$6,231 $14,663 $15,728 
Loans transferred to held for sale$
 $250
 $23,277
Loans transferred to held for sale$640 $456 $
Loans transferred to portfolio from held for sale$250
 $7,933
 $
Loans transferred to portfolio from held for sale$$$7,695 
Net assets from acquisitions, excluding cash and cash equivalents$
 $
 $43,433
Decrease in cash and cash equivalents from sale of bank branch$154
 $
 $
Investment commitment payable for an available for sale security$5,884
 $
 $
Leased right-of-use operating assets and lease liabilities added to Balance SheetLeased right-of-use operating assets and lease liabilities added to Balance Sheet$91 $49,490 $
Transfer net asset to investment in insurance company partnershipTransfer net asset to investment in insurance company partnership$$$1,917 
Net assets (liabilities) from acquisitions, excluding cash and cash equivalentsNet assets (liabilities) from acquisitions, excluding cash and cash equivalents$$43,637 $
Transfers to other real estate owned and other repossessed assetsTransfers to other real estate owned and other repossessed assets$631 $2,592 $870 
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements



75




NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
S&T Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries
NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Nature of Operations
S&T Bancorp, Inc., or S&T, was incorporated on March 17, 1983 under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as a bank holding company and has three5 active direct wholly owned subsidiaries, S&T Bank, 9th Street Holdings, Inc. and, STBA Capital Trust I.I, DNB Capital Trust I and DNB Capital Trust II. DNB Capital Trust I and DNB Capital Trust II were acquired with the DNB merger on November 30, 2019. We own a 50 percent interest in Commonwealth Trust Credit Life Insurance Company, or CTCLIC.
We are presently engaged in nonbankingnon-banking activities through the following five8 entities: 9th Street Holdings, Inc.; S&T Bancholdings, Inc.; CTCLIC; S&T Insurance Group, LLC; and Stewart Capital Advisors, LLC.; Downco Inc.; DN Acquisition, Inc.; and DNB Financial Services, Inc. 9th Street Holdings, Inc. and S&T Bancholdings, Inc. are investment holding companies. CTCLIC, which is a joint venture with another financial institution, acts as a reinsurer of credit life, accident and health insurance policies sold by S&T Bank and the other institution. S&T Insurance Group, LLC, through its subsidiaries, offers a variety of insurance products. Stewart Capital Advisors, LLC is a registered investment advisor that manages private investment accounts for individuals and institutions. Downco Inc. and DN Acquisition Company, Inc. were acquired with the DNB merger and were incorporated for the purpose of acquiring and holding Other Real Estate Owned acquired through foreclosure or deed in-lieu-of foreclosure, as well as Bank-occupied real estate. DNB Financial Services was also acquired with the DNB merger and is a Pennsylvania licensed insurance agency, which, through a third-party marketing agreement with Cetera Investment Services, LLC, sells a variety of insurance and investment products.
On October 29, 2014, S&T and Integrity Bancshares, Inc., or Integrity, based in Camp Hill, Pennsylvania,June 5, 2019 we entered into an agreement to acquire Integrity Bancshares, Inc.DNB Financial Corporation, or DNB, and the transaction was completed on March 4, 2015. Integrity BankNovember 30, 2019. The transaction was subsequently merged into S&T Bank on May 8, 2015.valued at $201.0 million and added total assets of $1.1 billion, including $909.0 million in loans, $84.2 million in goodwill and $967.3 million in deposits.
Prior to 2017, we reported three operating segments: Community Banking, Wealth Management and Insurance. EffectiveOn January 1, 2017,2018, we no longer report Wealth Management andsold a 70 percent majority interest in the assets of our wholly-owned subsidiary S&T Evergreen Insurance, segment information, as they do not meetLLC. We transferred our remaining 30 percent ownership interest in the quantitative thresholds requirednet assets of S&T Evergreen Insurance, LLC to a new entity for disclosure.

a 30 percent ownership interest in a new insurance entity. Refer to Note 28 Sale of a Majority Interest of Insurance Business. We use the equity method of accounting to recognize our partial ownership interest in the new entity.
Accounting Policies
Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. In preparing the financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the dates of the balance sheets and revenues and expenses for the periods then ended. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Our significant accounting policies are described below.
Principles of Consolidation
The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of S&T and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Investments of 20 percent to 50 percent of the outstanding common stock of investees are accounted for using the equity method of accounting.
Reclassification
Amounts in prior years' financial statements and footnotes are reclassified whenever necessary to conform to the current year’s presentation. Reclassifications had no0 effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
Business Combinations
We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Under this methodAll identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree are recognized and measured as of accounting, the acquired company’sacquisition date at fair value. We record goodwill for the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets are recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition, and the resultsacquired. Results of operations of the acquired companyentities are combined with our results from that date forward. Acquisition costs are expensed when incurred. The difference between the purchase price and the fair value of the net assets acquired (including identified intangibles) is recorded as goodwill.
Fair Value Measurements
We use fair value measurements when recording and disclosing certain financial assets and liabilities. Securities available-for-sale, trading assets and derivative financial instruments are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, we may be required to record other assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, such as loans held for sale, impaired loans, other real estate owned, or OREO, and other repossessed assets, mortgage servicing rights, or MSRs, and certain other assets.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liabilityincluded in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants atconsolidated statement of income from the measurement date. An orderly transaction is a transaction that assumes exposure to the market for a period prior to the measurement date to allow for marketing activities that are usual and customary for transactions involving such assets or liabilities; it is not a forced transaction. In determining fairof acquisition.

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Acquired loans are recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition with no carryover of the related allowance for credit losses, or ACL. Determining the fair value of acquired loans involves estimating the principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest. In estimating the fair value of our acquired loans, we considered a number of factors including loss rates, internal risk rating, delinquency status, loan type, loan term, prepayment rates, recovery periods and the current interest rate environment. The premium or discount estimated through the loan fair value calculation is recognized into interest income on a level yield basis over the remaining life of the loans.
Acquired loans, including those acquired in a business combination, are evaluated to determine if they have experienced more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination. When the condition exists, these loans are referred to as purchased credit deteriorated, or PCD. An allowance is recognized for a PCD loan by adding it to the purchase price or fair value in a business combination. There is no provision for credit losses, or PCL, recognized upon acquisition of a PCD loan since the initial allowance is established through the purchase accounting. After initial recognition, the accounting for a PCD loan follows the credit loss model that applies to that type of asset. Purchased financial loans that do not have a more-than-significant deterioration in credit quality since origination are accounted for in a manner consistent with originated loans. An ACL is recorded with a corresponding charge to PCL. Subsequent to the acquisition date, the methods utilized to estimate the required ACL for these loans is similar to the method used for originated loans.
Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, the methods utilized to estimate the required allowance for loan losses, or ALL for acquired loans was similar to the method used for originated loans; however, we recorded a provision for credit losses only when the required allowance exceeded the remaining fair value adjustment. Acquired loans were considered impaired if there was evidence of credit deterioration since origination and if it was probable at time of acquisition that all contractually required payments would not be collected.
Fair Value Measurements
We use fair value measurements when recording and disclosing certain financial assets and liabilities. Debt securities, equity securities and derivative financial instruments are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, we may be required to record other assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, such as loans held for sale, individually assessed loans, other real estate owned, or OREO, and other repossessed assets, mortgage servicing rights, or MSRs, and certain other assets.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. An orderly transaction is a transaction that assumes exposure to the market for a period prior to the measurement date to allow for marketing activities that are usual and customary for transactions involving such assets or liabilities; it is not a forced transaction. In determining fair value, we use various valuation approaches, including market, income and cost approaches. The fair value standard establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, which are developed based on market data we have obtained from independent sources. Unobservable inputs reflect our estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, which are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances.
The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement). The fair value hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the reliability of inputs as follows:
Level 1: valuation is based upon unadjusted quoted market prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.
Level 2: valuation is based upon quoted market prices for similar instruments traded in active markets, quoted market prices for identical or similar instruments traded in markets that are not active and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market or can be corroborated by market data.
Level 3: valuation is derived from other valuation methodologies, including discounted cash flow models and similar techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in determining fair value.
A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our policy is to recognize transfers between any of the fair value hierarchy levels at the end of the reporting period in which the transfer occurred.
The following are descriptions of the valuation methodologies that we use for financial instruments recorded at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis.
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Recurring Basis
Debt Securities Available-for-Sale
Securities available-for-sale include both debt and equity securities. We obtain fair values for debt securities from a third-party pricing service which utilizes several sources for valuing fixed-income securities. We validate prices received from our pricing service through comparison to a secondary pricing service and broker quotes. We review the methodologies of the pricing service which providesprovide us with a sufficient understanding of the valuation models, assumptions, inputs and pricing to reasonably measure the fair value of our debt securities. The market evaluationvaluation sources for debt securities include observable inputs rather than significant unobservable inputs and are classified as Level 2. The service provider utilizes pricing models that vary by asset class and include available trade, bid and other market information. Generally, the methodologies include broker quotes, proprietary models, and vast descriptive terms and conditionscondition databases, and extensive quality control programs.
Equity Securities
Marketable equity securities that have anwith quoted prices in active quotable marketmarkets for identical assets are classified as Level 1. Marketable equity securities in markets that are quotable, butnot active and are thinly traded or inactive,based on other observable information for comparable assets are classified as Level 2. Marketable equity securities that are not readily traded in active markets and do not have a quotableuse unobservable assumptions in the market are classified as Level 3.
Trading AssetsSecurities Held in a Deferred Compensation Plan
We use quoted market prices to determine the fair value of our tradingequity security assets. Our tradingThese securities are reported at fair value with the gains and losses included in noninterest income in our Consolidated Statements of Net Income. These assets are held in a Rabbi Trust under a deferred compensation plan and are invested in readily quoted mutual funds. Accordingly, these assets are classified as Level 1. Rabbi Trust assets are reported in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Derivative Financial Instruments
We use derivative instruments, including interest rate swaps for commercial loans with our customers, interest rate lock commitments and the sale of mortgage loans in the secondary market. We calculate the fair value for derivatives using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. Each valuation considers the contractual terms of the derivative, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market basedmarket-based inputs, such as interest rate curves and implied volatilities. Accordingly, derivatives are classified as Level 2. We incorporate credit valuation adjustments into the valuation models to appropriately reflect both our own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparties’ nonperformance risk in calculating fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of our derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, we have considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements and collateral postings.

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Nonrecurring Basis
Loans Held for Sale
Loans held for sale consist of 1-4 family residential loans originated for sale in the secondary market and, from time to time, certain loans transferred from the loan portfolio to loans held for sale, all of which are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. The fair value of 1-4 family residential loans is based on the principal or most advantageous market currently offered for similar loans using observable market data. The fair value of the loans transferred from the loan portfolio is based on the amounts offered for these loans in currently pending sales transactions. Loans held for sale carried at fair value are classified as Level 3.
Impaired Loans Individually Evaluated
Impaired loansLoans that are carriedindividually evaluated to determine whether a specific allocation of ACL is needed are reported at the lower of carrying value or fair value.
Fair value is determined asusing the recorded investment balance less any specific reserve. We establish specific reserves based on the following three impairment methods: 1) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the
loan’s original effective interest rate; 2) the loan’s observable market price; or 3) the fair value of the collateral less estimated
selling costs when the loan is collateral dependent and we expect to liquidate the collateral. However, if repayment is expected
to come from the operation of the collateral, rather than liquidation, then we do not consider estimated selling costs in
determining the fair value of the collateral. Collateral values are generally based upon appraisals by approved, independent state
certified appraisers. Appraisals may be discounted based on our historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the
time of appraisal or our knowledge of the borrower and the borrower’s business. Impaired loansLoans carried at fair value are classified as
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Level 3.
OREO and Other Repossessed Assets
OREO and other repossessed assets obtained in partial or total satisfaction of a loan are recorded at the lower of recorded investment in the loan or fair value less cost to sell. Subsequent to foreclosure, these assets are carried at the lower of the amount recorded at acquisition date or fair value less cost to sell. Accordingly, it may be necessary to record nonrecurring fair value adjustments. Fair value, when recorded, is generally based upon appraisals by approved, independent state certified appraisers. Like impaired loans, appraisalsAppraisals on OREO may be discounted based on our historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of appraisal or other information available to us. OREO and other repossessed assets carried at fair value are classified as Level 3.
Mortgage Servicing Rights
The fair value of MSRs is determined by calculating the present value of estimated future net servicing cash flows, considering expected mortgage loan prepayment rates, discount rates, servicing costs and other economic factors, which are determined based on current market conditions. The expected rate of mortgage loan prepayments is the most significant factor driving the value of MSRs. MSRs are considered impaired if the carrying value exceeds fair value. The valuation model includes significant unobservable inputs; therefore, MSRs are classified as Level 3. MSRs are reported in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are amortized into mortgage banking in noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
Other Assets
We measure certain other assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Fair value is based on the application of lower of cost or fair value accounting, or write-downs of individual assets. Valuation methodologies used to measure fair value are consistent with overall principles of fair value accounting and consistent with those described above.
Financial Instruments
In addition to financial instruments recorded at fair value in our financial statements, fair value accounting guidance requires disclosure of the fair value of all of an entity’s assets and liabilities that are considered financial instruments. The majority of our assets and liabilities are considered financial instruments. Many of these instruments lack an available trading market as characterized by a willing buyer and willing seller engaged in an exchange transaction. Also, it is our general practice and intent to hold our financial instruments to maturity and to not engage in trading or sales activities with respect to such financial instruments. For fair value disclosure purposes, we substantially utilize the fair value measurement criteria as required and explained above. In cases where quoted fair values are not available, we use present value methods to determine the fair value of our financial instruments.

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Cash and Cash Equivalents
The carrying amounts reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for cash and due from banks, including interest-bearing deposits and federal funds sold approximate fair value.
Loans
Our methodology to fair value loans includes an exit price notion. The fair value of variable rate performing loans that may reprice frequently at short-term market rates is based on carrying values adjusted for liquidity and credit risk. The fair value of variable rate performing loans that reprice at intervals of one year or longer, such as adjustable rate mortgage products, is estimated using discounted cash flow analyses that utilize interest rates currently being offered for similar loans and adjusted for liquidity and credit risk. The fair value of fixed rate performing loans is estimated using a discounted cash flow analysis that utilizes interest rates currently being offered for similar loans and adjusted for liquidity and credit risk. The fair value of nonperforming loans is the carrying value less any specific reserve on the loan if it is impaired. The carrying amount of accrued interest approximates fair value.
Bank Owned Life Insurance
Fair value approximates net cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance, or BOLI.
Federal Home Loan Bank, or FHLB, and Other Restricted Stock
It is not practical to determine the fair value of our FHLB and other restricted stock due to the restrictions placed on the transferability of these stocks; it is presented at carrying value.
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Collateral Receivable
The carrying amount included in other assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets approximates fair value.
Deposits
The fair values disclosed for deposits without defined maturities (e.g., noninterest and interest-bearing demand, money market and savings accounts) are by definition equal to the amounts payable on demand. The carrying amounts for variable rate, fixed-term time deposits approximate their fair values. Estimated fair values for fixed rate and other time deposits are based on discounted cash flow analysis using interest rates currently offered for time deposits with similar terms. The carrying amount of accrued interest approximates fair value.
Short-Term Borrowings
The carrying amounts of securities sold under repurchase agreements, or REPOs, and other short-term borrowings approximate their fair values.
Long-Term Borrowings
The fair values disclosed for fixed rate long-term borrowings are determined by discounting their contractual cash flows using current interest rates for long-term borrowings of similar remaining maturities. The carrying amounts of variable rate long-term borrowings approximate their fair values.
Junior Subordinated Debt Securities
The interest rate on the variable rate junior subordinated debt securities is reset quarterly; therefore, the carrying values approximate their fair values.
Loan Commitments and Standby Letters of Credit
Off-balance sheet financial instruments consist of commitments to extend credit and letters of credit. Except for interest rate lock commitments, estimates of the fair value of these off-balance sheet items are not made because of the short-term nature of these arrangements and the credit standing of the counterparties.
Other
Estimates of fair value are not made for items that are not defined as financial instruments, including such items as our core deposit intangibles and the value of our trust operations.

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Cash and Cash Equivalents
We consider cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits with banks and federal funds sold as cash and cash equivalents.
Securities
We determine the appropriate classification of securities at the time of purchase. All securities, including both debt and equityDebt securities are classified as available-for-sale. These are securities that we intendavailable-for-sale with the intent to hold for an indefinite period of time, but that may be sold in response to changes in interest rates, prepayment risk, liquidity needs or other factors. Such securities are carried at
A determination will be made on whether a decline in the fair value with net unrealized gains and losses deemedbelow the amortized cost basis is due to be temporary and reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss),credit-related factors or noncredit-related factors. Any impairment that is not credit related is recognized in Other Comprehensive Income, or OCI, net of tax. Realized gains and lossesapplicable taxes. Credit-related impairment is recognized as an ACL on the sale of available-for-sale securities and other-than-temporary impairment, or OTTI, charges are recorded withinbalance sheet with a corresponding adjustment in noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income. Realized gainsBoth the allowance and losses on the sale of securities are determined using the specific-identification method. Bond premiums are amortizedadjustment to the call date and bond discounts are accreted to the maturity date, both on a level yield basis.
An investment security is considered impairednet income can be reversed if its fair value is less than its cost or amortized cost basis. We perform a quarterly review of our securities to identify those that may indicate an OTTI.conditions change. Our policy for OTTI within the marketable equity securities portfolio generally requires ancredit impairment charge when the security is in a loss position for 12 consecutive months, unless facts and circumstances would suggest the need for an OTTI prior to that time. Our policy for OTTI within the debt securities portfolio is based upon a number of factors, including but not limited to, the length of time and extent to which the estimated fair value has been less than cost, the financial condition of the underlying issuer, the ability of the issuer to meet contractual obligations, the best estimate of the impairment charge representing credit losses, the likelihood of the security’s ability to recover any decline in its estimated fair value and whether management intends to sell the security or if it is more likely than not that management will be required to sell the investment security prior to the security’s recovery of any decline in its estimated fair value. If
Realized gains and losses on the impairment is considered other-than-temporary based on management’s review,sale of these securities are determined using the impairment must be separated into creditspecific-identification method and non-credit components. The credit component is recognizedare recorded within noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net IncomeIncome. Bond premiums are amortized to the call date and bond discounts are accreted to the non-credit component ismaturity date, both on a level yield basis.
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Equity securities are measured at fair value with net unrealized gains and losses recognized in other comprehensivenoninterest income (loss), netin the Consolidated Statements of applicable taxes.Net Income.
Loans Held for Sale
Loans held for sale consist of 1-4 family residential loans originated for sale in the secondary market and, from time to time, certain loans transferred from the loan portfolio to loans held for sale, all of which are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. If a loan is transferred from the loan portfolio to the held for sale category, any write-down in the carrying amount of the loan at the date of transfer is recorded as a charge-off against the allowance for loan losses, or ALL.ACL. Subsequent declines in fair value are recognized as a charge to noninterest income. When a loan is placed in the held for sale category, we stop amortizing the related deferred fees and costs. The remaining unamortized fees and costs are recognized as part of the cost basis of the loan at the time it is sold. Gains and losses on sales of loans held for sale are included in other noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
Loans
Loans are reported at the principal amount outstanding net of unearned income, unamortized premiums or discounts and deferred origination fees and costs. We defer certain nonrefundable loan origination and commitment fees. Accretion of discounts and amortization of premiums on loans are included in interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income. Loan origination fees and direct loan origination costs are deferred and amortized as an adjustment of loan yield over the respective lives of the loans without consideration of anticipated prepayments. If a loan is paid off, the remaining unaccreted or unamortized net origination fees and costs are immediately recognized into income or expense. Interest is accrued and interest income is recognized on loans as earned.
Acquired loans are recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition with no carryover of the related ALL.ACL. Determining the fair value of the acquired loans involves estimating the principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest. In estimating the fair value of our acquired loans, we consider a number of factors including the loan term, internal risk rating, delinquency status, prepayment rates, recovery periods, estimated value of the underlying collateral and the current interest rate environment.
Closed-end installment loans, amortizing loans secured by real estate and any other loans with payments scheduled monthly are reported past due when the borrower is in arrears two or more monthly payments. Other multi-payment obligations with payments scheduled other than monthly are reported past due when one scheduled payment is due and unpaid for 30 days or more.

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Generally, consumer loans are charged off against the ALLACL upon the loan reaching 90 days past due. Commercial loans are charged off as management becomes aware of facts and circumstances that raise doubt as to the collectability of all or a portion of the principal and when we believe a confirmed loss exists.
Nonaccrual or Nonperforming Loans
We stop accruing interest on a loan when the borrower’s payment is 90 days past due. Loans are also placed on nonaccrual status when we have doubt about the borrower’s ability to comply with contractual repayment terms, even if payment is not past due. When the interest accrual is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed against interest income. Interest income is recognized on nonaccrual loans on a cash basis if recovery of the remaining principal is reasonably assured. As a general rule, a nonaccrual loan may be restored to accrual status when its principal and interest is paid current and the bank expects repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest, or when the loan otherwise becomes well secured and in the process of collection.
Troubled Debt Restructurings
Troubled debt restructurings, or TDRs, are loans where we, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, grant a concession to the borrower. We strive to identify borrowers with financial difficulty early and work with them to come to a mutual resolution to modify the terms of their loan before the loan reaches nonaccrual status. These modified terms generally include extensions of maturity dates at a stated interest rate lower than the current market rate for a new loan with similar risk characteristics, reductions in contractual interest rates or principal deferment. While unusual, there may be instances of principal forgiveness. These modifications are generally for longer term periods that would not be considered insignificant. Additionally, we classify loans where the debt obligation has been discharged through a Chapter 7 Bankruptcy and not reaffirmed as TDRs.
We individually evaluate all substandard commercial loans that have experienced a forbearance or change in terms agreement, and all substandard consumer and residential mortgage loans that entered into an agreement to modify their existing loan, to determine if they should be designated as TDRs.
All TDRs are considered to be impaired loans and will be reported as impaired loans for the remaining life
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Table of the loan, unless the restructuring agreement specifies an interest rate equal to or greater than the rate that would be accepted at the time of the restructuring for a new loan with comparable risk and it is fully expected that the remaining principal and interest will be collected according to the restructured agreement. Further, all impaired loans are reported as nonaccrual loans unless the loan is a TDR that has met the requirements to be returned to accruing status. Contents

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TDRs can be returned to accruing status if the ultimate collectability of all contractual amounts due, according to the restructured agreement, is not in doubt and there is a period of a minimum of six months of satisfactory payment performance by the borrower either immediately before or after the restructuring.
Allowance for Credit Losses
The ACL is a valuation reserve established and maintained by charges against operating income and is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans, or portions thereof, are charged off against the ACL when they are deemed uncollectible. The ACL is an estimate of expected credit losses, measured over the contractual life of a loan, that considers our historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. Determination of an appropriate ACL is inherently subjective and may have significant changes from period to period.
The methodology for determining the ACL has two main components: evaluation of expected credit losses for certain groups of homogeneous loans that share similar risk characteristics and evaluation of loans that do not share risk characteristics
with other loans.
The ACL for homogeneous loans is calculated using a life-time loss rate methodology with both a quantitative and a
qualitative analysis that is applied on a quarterly basis. The ACL model is comprised of six distinct portfolio segments: 1)
Construction, 2) Commercial Real Estate, or CRE, 3) Commercial and Industrial, or C&I, 4) Business Banking, 5) Consumer
Real Estate and 6) Other Consumer. Each segment has a distinct set of risk characteristics monitored by management. We
further evaluate the ACL at a disaggregated level which includes type of collateral and our internal risk rating system for the
commercial segments and type of collateral, lien position, and FICO score, for the consumer segments. Historical credit loss
experience is the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Our quantitative model uses historic data back to the second quarter of 2009. We apply historical loss rates to pools of loans with similar risk characteristics. After consideration of the historic loss calculation, management applies qualitative adjustments to reflect the current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts not already reflected in the historical loss information at the balance sheet date. Our reasonable and supportable forecast adjustment is based on the unemployment forecast and management judgment. For periods beyond our two year reasonable and supportable forecast, we revert to historical loss rates utilizing a straight-line method over a one year reversion period. The qualitative adjustments for current conditions are based upon changes in lending policies and practices, experience and ability of lending staff, quality of the bank’s loan review system, value of underlying collateral, the existence of and changes in concentrations and other external factors. These modified historical loss rates are multiplied by the outstanding principal balance of each loan to calculate a required reserve. A similar process is employed to calculate a reserve assigned to off-balance sheet commitments, specifically unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit, and any needed reserve is recorded in other liabilities.
The ACL for individual loans begins with the use of normal credit review procedures to identify whether a loan no longer shares similar risk characteristics with other pooled loans and therefore, should be individually assessed. We evaluate all commercial loans greater than $0.5 million that meet the following criteria: 1) when it is determined that foreclosure is probable, 2) substandard, doubtful and nonperforming loans when repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, 3) any commercial TDR, or any loan reasonably expected to become a TDR whether on accrual or nonaccrual status and 4) when it is determined by management that a loan does not share similar risk characteristics with other loans. Specific reserves are established based on the following three acceptable methods for measuring the ACL: 1) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective
interest rate; 2) the loan’s observable market price; or 3) the fair value of the collateral when the loan is collateral dependent. Our individual loan evaluations consist primarily of the fair value of collateral method because most of our loans are collateral dependent. Collateral values are discounted to consider disposition costs when appropriate. A specific reserve is established or
a charge-off is taken if the fair value of the loan is less than the loan balance.
Our ACL Committee meets quarterly to verify the overall appropriateness of the ACL. Additionally, on an annual basis, the ACL Committee meets to validate our ACL methodology. This validation includes reviewing the loan segmentation, critical model assumptions, forecast and the qualitative framework. As a result of this ongoing monitoring process, we may make changes to our ACL to be responsive to the economic environment.
Although we believe our process for determining the ACL appropriately considers all the factors that would likely result in credit losses, the process includes subjective elements and may be susceptible to significant change. To the extent actual losses are higher than management estimates, additional provision for credit losses could be required and could adversely affect our
earnings or financial position in future periods.

Allowance for Loan Losses

Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, we calculated our ALL using an incurred loan loss methodology. The following policy related to the
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ALL in prior periods.
The ALL reflects our estimates of probable credit losses inherent inwithin the loan portfolio atas of the balance sheet date.date, and it is presented as a reserve against loans in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Determination of an appropriate ALL is inherently subjective and may be subject to significant changes from period to period. The methodology for determining the ALL has two main components: evaluation and impairment tests of individual loans and evaluation and impairment tests of certain groups of homogeneous loans with similar risk characteristics.
Loans are considered to be impaired when based upon current information and events it is probable that we will be unable to collect all principal and interest payments due according to the original contractual terms of the loan agreement. We individually evaluate all substandard and nonaccrual commercial loans greater than $0.5 million for impairment. All TDRsA TDR will be reported as an impaired loan for the remaining life of the loan, unless the restructuring agreement specifies an interest rate equal to or greater than the rate that would be accepted at the time of the restructuring for a new loan with comparable risk and it is fully expected that the remaining principal and interest will be fully collected according to the restructured agreement. For all TDRs, regardless of size, and alleach TDR or other impaired loans,loan, we conduct further analysis to determine the probable loss and assign a specific reserve to the loan if deemed appropriate. Specific reserves are established based uponon the following three impairment methods: 1) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate,rate; 2) the loan’s observable market priceprice; or 3) the estimated fair value of the collateral ifless estimated selling costs when the loan is collateral dependent.dependent and we expect to liquidate the collateral. Our impairment evaluations consist primarily of the fair value of collateral method because most of our loans are collateral dependent. Collateral values are discounted to consider disposition costs when appropriate. A specific reserve is established or a charge-off is taken if the fair value of the impaired loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan balance.
The ALL for homogeneous loans is calculated using a systematic methodology with both a quantitative and a qualitative analysis that is applied on a quarterly basis. The ALL model is comprised of five distinct portfolio segments: 1) Commercial Real Estate, or CRE, 2) Commercial and Industrial, or C&I, 3) Commercial Construction, 4) Consumer Real Estate and 5) Other Consumer. Each segment has a distinct set of risk characteristics monitored by management. We further assess and

NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES -- continued


monitor risk and performance at a more disaggregated level which includes our internal risk rating system for the commercial segments and type of collateral, lien position and loan-to-value, or LTV, for the consumer segments.
We first apply historical loss rates to pools of loans with similar risk characteristics. Loss rates are calculated by historical charge-offs that have occurred within each pool of loans over the loss emergence period, or LEP. The LEP is an estimate of the average amount of time from when an event happens that causes the borrower to be unable to pay on a loan until the loss is confirmed through a loan charge-off.
In conjunction with our annual review of the ALL assumptions for 2019, we have updated our analysis of LEPs for our Commercial and Consumer loan portfolio segments using our loan charge-off history. No changes were made toBased on our updated analysis, we shortened our LEP assumptions in 2017.over the construction portfolio from 4 years to 3 years and made no other changes. We estimate thean LEP to beof 3 years for CRE, 43 years for construction and 1.25 years for C&I. Our analysis resulted inWe estimate an LEP of 2.75 years for Consumer Real Estate of 2.75and 1.25 years andfor Other Consumer of 1.25 years.Consumer.
Another key assumption is the look-back period, or LBP, which represents the historical data period utilized to calculate loss rates. We used 8.510.5 years for our LBP for all portfolio segments which encompasses our loss experience during the Financial Crisis, and our more recent improved loss experience.
After consideration of the historic loss calculations, management applies additional qualitative adjustments so that the ALL is reflective of the inherent losses that exist in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. Qualitative adjustments are made based upon changes in lending policies and practices, economic conditions, changes in the loan portfolio, changes in lending management, results of internal loan reviews, asset quality trends, collateral values, concentrations of credit risk and other external factors. The evaluation of the various components of the ALL requires considerable judgment in order to estimate inherent loss exposures.
Acquired loans are recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition with no carryover of the related ALL. Determining the fair value of acquired loans involves estimating the principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest. In estimating the fair value of our acquired loans, we considered a number of factors including the loan term, internal risk rating, delinquency status, prepayment rates, recovery periods, estimated value of the underlying collateral and the current interest rate environment.
Loans acquired with evidence of credit deterioration were evaluated and not considered to be significant. The premium or discount estimated through the loan fair value calculation is recognized into interest income on a level yield or straight-line basis over the remaining contractual life of the loans. Additional credit deterioration on acquired loans, in excess of the original
credit discount embedded in the fair value determination on the date of acquisition, will be recognized in the ALL through the provision for loan losses.
Our ALL Committee meets quarterly to verify the overall adequacyappropriateness of the ALL. Additionally, on an annual basis, the ALL Committee meets to validate our ALL methodology. This validation includes reviewing the loan segmentation, LEP, LBP and the qualitative framework. As a result of this ongoing monitoring process, we may make changes to our ALL to be responsive to the economic environment.
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Although we believe our process for determining the ALL adequatelyappropriately considers all of the factors that would likely result in credit losses, the process includes subjective elements and may be susceptible to significant change. To the extent actual losses are higher than management estimates, additional provisions for loan losses could be required and could adversely affect our earnings or financial position in future periods.

Bank Owned Life Insurance
We have purchased life insurance policies on certain executive officers and employees. We receive the cash surrender value of each policy upon its termination or benefits are payable to us upon the death of the insured. Changes in net cash surrender value are recognized in noninterest income or expense in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
Premises and Equipment
Premises and equipment, including leasehold improvements, are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, while improvements that extend an asset’s useful life are capitalized and depreciated over the estimated remaining life of the asset. Depreciation expense is computed by the straight-line method for financial reporting purposes and accelerated methods for income tax purposes over the estimated useful lives of the particular assets. Depreciation expense is included in net occupancy on the Consolidated Statements of Net Income. Management reviews long-lived assets using events and circumstances to determine if and when an asset is evaluated for recoverability.

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The estimated useful lives for the various asset categories are as follows:
1)     Land and Land ImprovementsNon-depreciating assets
2)     Buildings25 years
3)     Furniture and Fixtures5 years
4)     Computer Equipment and Software5 years or term of license
5)     Other Equipment5 years
6)     Vehicles5 years
7)     Leasehold ImprovementsLesser of estimated useful life of the asset (generally 15 years unless established otherwise) or the remaining term of the lease, including renewal options in the lease that are reasonably assured of exercise
Right-of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities
We determine if a contract is or contains a lease at inception. Leases are classified as either finance or operating leases. We recognize leases on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as right-of-use, or ROU, assets and related lease liabilities. Finance ROU assets are included in property and equipment and related finance lease liabilities are included in long-term borrowings. Operating lease ROU assets are included in other assets and related operating lease liabilities are included in other liabilities.  Our lease liability is calculated as the present value of the lease payments over the lease term discounted using our estimated incremental borrowing rate with similar terms at commencement date. Lease terms include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise those options. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term for operating leases. Interest and amortization expenses are recognized for finance leases over the lease term. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet and the related lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term in net occupancy on our Consolidated Statements of Net Income. Refer to Note 10 Right-of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities for more details.
Restricted Investment in Bank Stock
Federal Home Loan Bank, or FHLB, stock is carried at cost and evaluated for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. We hold FHLB stock because we are a member of the FHLB of Pittsburgh. The FHLB requires members to purchase and hold a specified level of FHLB stock based upon on the member's asset value, level of borrowings and participation in other programs offered. Stock in the FHLB is non-marketable and is redeemable at the discretion of the FHLB. Members do not purchase stock in the FHLB for the same reasons that traditional equity investors acquire stock in an investor-owned enterprise. Rather, members purchase stock to obtain access to the low-cost products and services offered by the FHLB. Unlike equity securities of traditional for-profit enterprises, the stock of the FHLB does not provide its holders with an opportunity for capital appreciation because, by regulation, FHLB stock can only be purchased, redeemed and transferred at par value. Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income in taxable investment securities in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income. FHLB stock is evaluated for OTTI on a quarterly basis.impairment when events and circumstance indicate that impairment could exist.
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Atlantic Community Bankers’ Bank, or ACBB, stock is carried at cost and evaluated for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the carrying value. We do not currently use their membership products and services. We acquired ACBB stock through various mergers of banks that were ACBB members. ACBB stock is evaluated for OTTI on a quarterly basis.impairment when events and circumstance indicate that impairment could exist.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
As a result of acquisitions, we have recorded goodwill and identifiable intangible assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired. We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting.
We have three1 reporting units:unit, Community Bank, Insurance and Wealth Management.Banking. Existing goodwill relates to value inherent in the Community Banking and Insurance reporting unitsunit and that value is dependent upon our ability to provide quality, cost-effective services in the face of competition from other market participants. This ability relies upon continuing investments in processing systems, the development of value-added service features and the ease of use of our services. As such, goodwill value is supported ultimately by profitability that is driven by the volume of business transacted. A decline in earnings as a result of a lack of growth or the inability to deliver cost-effective services over sustained periods can lead to impairment of goodwill, which could adversely impact our earnings in future periods.the period in which impairment occurs.
The carrying value of goodwill is tested annually for impairment each October 1st or more frequently if events and circumstances indicate that it is determined that a triggering event has occurred.may be impaired. We first assess qualitatively whether it is more likely than not thattest for impairment by comparing the fair value of our Community Banking reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value.
Determining the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Our qualitative assessment considers such factors as macroeconomic conditions, market conditions specifically related tojudgmental and involves the banking industry, our overall financial performanceuse of significant estimates and various other factors. If we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than the carrying amount, we proceed to test for impairment.assumptions. The evaluation for impairment involves comparing the current estimated fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the current estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, no additional testing is requireddetermined by using both a discounted cash flow model and an impairment loss is not recorded. If the estimateda market based model. The discounted cash flow model has many assumptions including future earnings projections, a long-term growth rate and discount rate. The market based model calculates fair value of an reporting unit is less than the carrying value, further valuation procedures are performed that could result in impairment of goodwill being recorded. Further valuation procedures would include allocating the estimatedbased on observed price multiples for similar companies. The fair value to all assets and liabilities of the reporting unit to determine an implied goodwill value. If the implied value of goodwill of an reporting unit is less than the carrying amount of that goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. We completed the annual goodwill impairment assessment as required in 2017, 2016 and 2015; the results indicated that the fair value each reporting unit exceeded the carrying value.

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Based upon the results of the qualitative assessment performed for our annual impairment analysis, we concluded that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting units exceed the carrying value. Both the national economy and the local economies in our markets have shown improvement over the past couple of years. General economic activity and key indicators such as housing and unemployment continue to show improvement. While still challenging, the banking environment continues to improve with better asset quality, improved earnings and generally better stock prices. Activity in mergers and acquisitions demonstrated that there is premium value on banking franchises and a number of banks of our size have been able to access the capital markets over the past year. Our stock traded above book value for all of 2017. Additionally, our overall performance remains strong, and we have not identified any other facts or circumstances that would cause us to conclude that it is more likely than not that the fair valuevalues of each ofmethod are then weighted based on relevance and reliability in the reporting units would be less than the carrying value of the reporting unit.current economic environment.
We determine the amount of identifiable intangible assets based upon independent core deposit and insurance contract valuations at the time of acquisition. Intangible assets with finite useful lives, consisting primarily of core deposit and customer list intangibles, are amortized using straight-line or accelerated methods over their estimated weighted average useful lives, ranging from 10 to 20 years.
Intangible assets with finite useful lives are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. No such events or changes in circumstances occurred during the years ended December 31, 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 2015.2018.
The financial services industry and securities markets can be adversely affected by declining values. If economic conditions result in a prolonged period of economic weakness in the future, our operating segments, including the Community Banking segment,business may be adversely affected. In the event that we determine that either our goodwill or finite lived intangible assets areis impaired, recognition of an impairment charge could have a significant adverse impact on our financial position or results of operations in the period in which the impairment occurs.
Variable Interest Entities
Variable interest entities, or VIEs, are legal entities that generally either do not have equity investors with voting rights or that have equity investors that do not provide sufficient financial resources for the entity to support its activities. When an enterprise has both the power to direct the economic activities of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits of the VIE, the entity has a controlling financial interest in the VIE. A VIE often holds financial assets, including loans, or receivables or other property. The company with a controlling financial interest, the primary beneficiary, is required to consolidate the VIE into its consolidated balance sheets.Consolidated Balance Sheets. S&T has one3 wholly-owned trust subsidiary,subsidiaries, STBA Capital Trust I, DNB Capital Trust I and DNB Capital Trust II, or the Trust,Trusts, for which it does not absorb a majority of expected losses or receive a majority of the expected residual returns. The DNB Capital Trust I and DNB Capital Trust II were acquired with the DNB merger. At its inception, in 2008, the Trustthese Trusts issued floating rate trust preferred securities to the Trustee, another financial institution,Trustees and used the proceeds from the sale to invest in junior subordinated debt securities issued by us, which is the sole asset of the Trust.us. The Trust paysTrusts pay dividends on the trust preferred securities at the same rate as the interest we pay on ourthe junior subordinated debt held by the Trust. BecauseTrusts. The Trusts are VIEs with the third-party investors are theas their primary beneficiaries, and accordingly, the Trust qualifies as a VIE. Accordingly, the TrustTrusts and itstheir net assets are not included in our Consolidated Financial Statements. However, the junior subordinated debt securities issued by S&T isare included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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Joint Ventures
We have made investments directly in Low Income Housing Tax Credit, or LIHTC, partnerships formed with third parties. As a limited partner in these operating partnerships, we receive tax credits and tax deductions for losses incurred by the underlying properties. These investments are amortized over a maximum of 10 years, which represents the period over which the tax credits will be utilized. Our investments in Low Income Housing Partnerships, or LIHPs, represent unconsolidated variable interest entities, or VIEs, and the assets and liabilities of the partnerships are not recorded on our balance sheet. We have determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of these investmentsVIEs because the general partnerswe do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the partnership and have both the obligation to absorb expected losses and the right to receive benefits. We use the cost method to account for these partnerships. These investments are recorded in other assets on our balance sheet. Amortization expense is included in other noninterest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
OREO and Other Repossessed Assets
OREO and other repossessed assets are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are comprised of properties acquired through foreclosure proceedings or acceptance of a deed in lieu of a foreclosure. At the time of foreclosure or acceptance of a deed in lieu of foreclosure, these properties are recorded at the lower of the recorded investment in the loan or fair value less cost to sell. Loan losses arising from the acquisition of any such property initially are charged against the ALL.ACL. Subsequently, these assets are carried at the lower of carrying value or current fair value less cost to sell. Gains or losses realized upon disposition of these assets are recorded in other expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.

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Mortgage Servicing Rights
MSRs are recognized as separate assets when commitments to fund a loan to be sold are made. Upon commitment, the MSR is established, which represents the then current estimated fair value of future net cash flows expected to be realized for performing the servicing activities. The estimated fair value of the MSRs is estimated by calculating the present value of estimated future net servicing cash flows, considering expected mortgage loan prepayment rates, discount rates, servicing costs and other economic factors, which are determined based on current market conditions. The expected rate of mortgage loan prepayments is the most significant factor driving the value of MSRs. Increases in mortgage loan prepayments reduce estimated future net servicing cash flows because the life of the underlying loan is reduced. In determining the estimated fair value of MSRs, mortgage interest rates, which are used to determine prepayment rates, are held constant over the estimated life of the portfolio. MSRs are reported in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are amortized into noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying mortgage loans.
MSRs are regularly evaluated for impairment based on the estimated fair value of those rights. MSRs are stratified by certain risk characteristics, primarily loan term and note rate. If temporary impairment exists within a risk stratification tranche, a valuation allowance is established through a charge to income equal to the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value. If it is later determined that all or a portion of the temporary impairment no longer exists for a particular tranche, the valuation allowance is reduced.
MSRs are also reviewed for OTTI. OTTI exists when the recoverability of a recorded valuation allowance is determined to be remote, taking into consideration historical and projected interest rates and loan pay-off activity. When this situation occurs, the unrecoverable portion of the valuation allowance is applied as a direct write-down to the carrying value of the MSR. Unlike a valuation allowance, a direct write-down permanently reduces the carrying value of the MSR and the valuation allowance, precluding subsequent recoveries.
Derivative Financial Instruments
Interest Rate Swaps
In accordance with applicable accounting guidance for derivatives and hedging, all derivatives are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet at fair value. Interest rate swaps are contracts in which a series of interest rate flows (fixed and variable) are exchanged over a prescribed period. The notional amounts on which the interest payments are based are not exchanged. These derivative positions relate to transactions in which we enter into an interest rate swap with a commercial customer while at the same time entering into an offsetting interest rate swap with another financial institution. In connection with each transaction, we agree to pay interest to the customer on a notional amount at a variable interest rate and receive interest from the customer on athe same notional amount at a fixed rate. At the same time, we agree to pay another financial institution the same fixed interest rate on the same notional amount and receive the same variable interest rate on the same notional amount. The transaction allows our customer to effectively convert a variable rate loan to a fixed rate loan with us receiving a variable rate. These agreements could have floors or caps on the contracted interest rates.
Pursuant to our agreements with various financial institutions, we may receive collateral or may be required to post collateral based upon mark-to-market positions. Beyond unsecured threshold levels, collateral in the form of cash or securities may be made available to counterparties of interest rate swap transactions. Based upon our current positions and related future collateral requirements relating to them, we believe any effect on our cash flow or liquidity position to be immaterial.
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Derivatives contain an element of credit risk, the possibility that we will incur a loss because a counterparty, which may be a financial institution or a customer, fails to meet its contractual obligations. All derivative contracts with financial institutions may be executed only with counterparties approved by our Asset and Liability Committee, or ALCO, and derivatives with customers may only be executed with customers within credit exposure limits approved byin accordance with our Senior Loan Committee.credit policy. Interest rate swaps are considered derivatives but are not accounted for using hedge accounting. As such, changes in the estimated fair value of the derivatives are recorded in current earnings and included in other noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.

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Interest Rate Lock Commitments and Forward Sale Contracts
In the normal course of business, we sell originated mortgage loans into the secondary mortgage loan market. We also offer interest rate lock commitments to potential borrowers. The commitments are generally for a period of 60 days and guarantee a specified interest rate for a loan if underwriting standards are met, but the commitment does not obligate the potential borrower to close on the loan. Accordingly, some commitments expire prior to becoming loans. We canmay encounter pricing risks if interest rates increase significantly before the loan can be closed and sold. We may utilize forward sale contracts in order to mitigate this pricing risk. Whenever a customer desires these products, a mortgage originator quotes a secondary market rate guaranteed for that day by the investor. The rate lock is executed between the mortgagee and us and in turn a forward sale contract may be executed between us and the investor. Both the rate lock commitment and the corresponding forward sale contract for each customer are considered derivatives but are not accounted for using hedge accounting. As such, changes in the estimated fair value of the derivatives during the commitment period are recorded in current earnings and included in mortgage banking in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
Allowance for Unfunded Commitments
In the normal course of business, we offer off-balance sheet credit arrangements to enable our customers to meet their financing objectives. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the financial statements. Our exposure to credit loss, in the event the customer does not satisfy the terms of the agreement, equals the contractual amount of the obligation less the value of any collateral. We apply the same credit policies in making commitments and standby letters of credit that are used for the underwriting of loans to customers. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates, annual renewals or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Because many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The allowance for unfunded commitments is determined using a similar methodology as our ACL methodology except that we apply a probability to fund assumption. The allowance for unfunded commitments is included in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The allowancereserve is calculated by applying historical loss rates and qualitative adjustments to our unfunded commitments. The provision for unfunded commitments is determined using a similar methodology as our ALL methodology.included in the provision for credit losses on the Consolidated Statement of Net Income.
Treasury Stock
The repurchase of our common stock is recorded at cost. At the time of reissuance, the treasury stock account is reduced using the average cost method. Gains and losses on the reissuance of common stock are recorded in additional paid-in capital, to the extent additional paid-in capital from previous treasury share transactions exists. Any deficiency is charged to retained earnings.
Revenue Recognition - Contracts with Customers
We earn revenue from contracts with our customers when we have completed our performance obligations and recognize revenuesthat revenue when services are provided to our customers. Our contracts with customers are primarily in the form of account agreements. Generally, our services are transferred at a point in time in response to transactions initiated and controlled by our customers under service agreements with an expected duration of one year or less. Our customers have the right to terminate their service agreements at any time.
We do not defer incremental direct costs to obtain contracts with customers that would be amortized in one year or less. These costs are primarily salaries and employee benefits recognized as theyexpense in the period incurred.
Service charges on deposit accounts - We recognize monthly service charges for both commercial and personal banking customers based on account fee schedules. Our performance obligation is generally satisfied and the related revenue recognized at a point in time or over time when the services are provided. Other fees are earned based on contractual termsspecific transactions or customer activity within the customers' deposit accounts. These are earned at the time the transaction or customer activity occurs.
Debit and credit card services - Interchange fees are earned whenever debit and credit cards are processed through third-party card payment networks. ATM fees are based on transactions by our customers' and other customers' use of our ATMs or
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other ATMs. Debit and credit card revenue is recognized at a point in time when the transaction is settled. Our performance obligation to our customers is generally satisfied and the related revenue is recognized at a point in time when the service is provided. Third-party service contracts include annual volume and marketing incentives which are recognized over a period of twelve months when we meet thresholds as stated in the service contract.
Wealth management services - Wealth management services are primarily comprised of fees earned from the management and administration of trusts, assets under administration and other financial advisory services. Generally, wealth management fees are earned over a period of time between monthly and annually, per the related fee schedules. Our performance obligations with our customers are generally satisfied when we provide the services as stated in the customers' agreements. The fees are based on a fixed amount or a scale based on the level of services provided or amount of assets under management.
Other fee revenue - Other fee revenue includes a variety of other traditional banking services such as, electronic banking fees, letters of credit origination fees, wire transfer fees, money orders, treasury checks, checksale fees and transfer fees. Our performance obligations are generally satisfied at a point in time and fee revenue is recognized when the services are provided when collectabilityor the transaction is reasonably assured. Our principal source of revenue is interest income, which is recognized on an accrual basis. Interest and dividend income, loan fees, trust fees, fees and charges on deposit accounts, insurance commissions and other ancillary income related to our deposits and lending activities are accrued as earned.settled.
Wealth Management Fees
Assets held in a fiduciary capacity by our subsidiary bank, S&T Bank, are not our assets and are therefore not included in our Consolidated Financial Statements. Wealth management fee income is reported in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income on an accrual basis.
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation may include stock options andincludes restricted stock which is measured using the fair value method of accounting. The grant date fair value is recognized over the period during which the recipient is required to provide service in exchange for the award. Stock optionCompensation expense for time-based restricted stock is determined utilizingrecognized ratably over the Black-Scholes model. Restricted stock expense is determined usingperiod of service, generally the entire vesting period, based on fair value on the grant datedate. Compensation expense for performance-based restricted stock is recognized ratably over the remaining vesting period once the likelihood of meeting the performance measure is probable, based on the fair value.value on the grant date. We estimate expected forfeitures when stock-based awards are granted and record compensation expense only for awards that are expected to vest.

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Pensions
The expense for S&T Bank’s qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans is actuarially determined using the projected unit credit actuarial cost method. It requires us to make economic assumptions regarding future interest rates and asset returns and various demographic assumptions. We estimate the discount rate used to measure benefit obligations by applying the projected cash flow for future benefit payments to a yield curve of high-quality corporate bonds available in the marketplace and by employing a model that matches bonds to our pension cash flows. The expected return on plan assets is an estimate of the long-term rate of return on plan assets, which is determined based on the current asset mix and estimates of return by asset class. We recognize in the Consolidated Balance Sheets an asset for the plan’s overfunded status or a liability for the plan’s underfunded status. Gains or losses related to changes in benefit obligations or plan assets resulting from experience different from that assumed are recognized as other comprehensive income (loss) in the period in which they occur. To the extent that such gains or losses exceed ten10 percent of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or plan assets, they are recognized as a component of pension costs over the future service periods of actively employed plan participants. The funding policy for the qualified plan is to contribute an amount each year that is at least equal to the minimum required contribution as determined under the Pension Protection Act of 2006 and the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, but not more than the maximum amount permissible for taxable plan sponsors. Our nonqualified plans are unfunded.
On January 25, 2016, the Board of Directors approved an amendment to freeze benefit accruals under the qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans effective March 31, 2016. As a result, no additional benefits are earned by participants in those plans based on service or pay after March 31, 2016. The plan was previously closed to new participants effective December 31, 2007.
Marketing Costs
We expense all marketing-related costs, including advertising costs, as incurred.
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Income Taxes
We estimate income tax expense based on amounts expected to be owed to the tax jurisdictions where we conduct business. On a quarterly basis, management assesses the reasonableness of our effective tax rate based upon our current estimate of the amount and components of net income, tax credits and the applicable statutory tax rates expected for the full year. We classify interest and penalties as an element of tax expense.
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined using the asset and liability method and are reported in other assets or other liabilities, as appropriate, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax basis of assets and liabilities and recognizes enacted changes in tax rate and laws. When deferred tax assets are recognized, they are subject to a valuation allowance based on management’s judgment as to whether realization is more likely than not.
Accrued taxes represent the net estimated amount due to taxing jurisdictions and are reported in other assets or other liabilities, as appropriate, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We evaluate and assess the relative risks and appropriate tax treatment of transactions and filing positions after considering statutes, regulations, judicial precedent and other information and maintain tax accruals consistent with the evaluation of these relative risks and merits. Changes to the estimate of accrued taxes occur periodically due to changes in tax rates, interpretations of tax laws, the status of examinations being conducted by taxing authorities and changes to statutory, judicial and regulatory guidance. These changes, when they occur, can affect deferred taxes, and accrued taxes, and the current period’s income tax expense and can be significant to our operating results.
In the fourth quarter 2017, H.R.1, known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or Tax Act, was signed into law which requires the deferred tax assets and liabilities to be revalued using the 21 percent federal tax rate enacted. The effect was recorded in our fourth quarter tax provision.
Tax positions are recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded.
Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share, or EPS, is calculated using the two-class method to determine income allocated to common shareholders. Unvested share-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends are considered participating securities under the two-class method. Income allocated to common shareholders is then divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive securities are excluded from the basic EPS calculation.

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Diluted EPS is calculated under the more dilutive of either the treasury stock method or the two-class method. Under the treasury stock method, the weighted average number of common shares outstanding is increased by the potentially dilutive common shares. For the two-class method, diluted EPS is calculated for each class of shareholders using the weighted average number of shares attributed to each class. Potentially dilutive common shares are related to our outstanding warrants, stock options and restricted stock.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards Updates, or ASU or Update
Stock Compensation - Improvements to Employee Share-Based PaymentIntangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract
On March 31, 2016In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued ASU No. 2016-09, Improvements2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. The amendments in this ASU apply to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, whichan entity that is intendeda customer in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract. These amendments relate to improve the accounting for share-based payment transactions as partimplementation costs (e.g., implementation, setup and other upfront costs). These amendments require an entity in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract to follow the guidance in Subtopic 350-40 to determine which costs to capitalize and which costs to expense. These amendments require the entity to expense the capitalized implementation costs of a hosting arrangement that is a service contract over the term of the FASB's simplification initiative. The ASU changes seven aspects of the accounting for share-based payment award transactions, including: 1. accounting for income taxes; 2. classification of excess tax benefits on the statement of cash flows; 3. forfeitures; 4. minimum statutory tax withholding requirements; 5. classification of employee taxes paid on the statement of cash flows when an employer withholds shares for tax-withholding purposes; 6. practical expedient - expected term (nonpublic only); and 7. intrinsic value (nonpublic only). This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within those years for public business entities. The adoption of this ASU on January 1, 2017, had no material impact on our results of operations or financial position.
Equity Method and Joint Ventures - Simplifying the Transition to the Equity Method of Accounting
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-07, Simplifying the Transition to the Equity Method of Accounting, which eliminates the requirement for an investor to retroactively apply the equity method when its increase in ownership interest (or degree of influence) in an investee triggers equity method accounting.hosting arrangement. This ASU is effective for annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. The amendments will be applied prospectively upon their effective date to increases in the level of ownership interest or degree of influence that result in the adoption of the equity method. The adoption of2019. We adopted this ASU on January 1, 2017, had no2020. The amendments in this ASU did not materially impact on our resultsConsolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of operations or financial position.Net Income.
ReceivablesFair Value Measurement - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs - Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt SecuritiesChanges to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement
In March 2017,August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-08, Receivables2018-13, Fair Value Measurement - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20) - Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities.Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. The amendments in this ASU affect all entities that hold investments in callable debt securities that have an amortized cost basis in excess of the amount that is repayable by the issuer at the earliest call date. This ASU shortens the amortization period forremove certain callable debt securities held at a premium. Specifically, the amendmentsdisclosures from Topic 820, modify disclosures and/or require the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. The amendments do not require an accounting change for securities held at a discount, which continues to be amortized to maturity. This Update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period.additional disclosures. We early adopted the provisions of this ASU on January 1, 2017, and it had no2020. The amendments in this Update required us to change our Fair Value disclosures beginning with the disclosures included in Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2020. The amendments in this ASU did not materially impact on our resultsConsolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of operations or financial position.Net Income. Refer to Note 4 Fair Value Measurements.

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Recently Issued Accounting Standards Updates not yet Adopted
Income Statement -- Reporting Comprehensive Income - Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement -- Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. The amendments in this Update allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or Tax Act. The amendments eliminate the stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act and will improve the usefulness of information reported to financial statement users and will require certain disclosures about the stranded tax effects. This Update is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in any interim period, for public business entities for reporting periods for which financial statements have not been issued or made available for issuance. We intend to early adopt this Update and elect to reclassify the income tax effects of the Tax Act in our interim reporting period ending March 31, 2018. We estimate that the reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income, or AOCI, to retained earnings will be $3.2 million for the release of stranded income tax effects relating to unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities and our pension plan. The impact of this ASU will have no material impact on our results of operations or financial position upon adoption.
Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Costs and Net Periodic Post Retirement Benefit Costs
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, Compensation Retirement Benefits - Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Costs and Net Periodic Post Retirement Benefit Costs (Topic 715). The main objective of this ASU is to provide financial statement users with clearer and disaggregated information related to the components of net periodic benefit cost and improve transparency of the presentation of net periodic benefit cost in the financial statements. This Update is effective for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an annual period for which financial statements have not been issued or made available for issuance. Effective March 31, 2016, our qualified and nonqualified defined benefit plans were amended to freeze benefit accruals for all persons entitled to benefits under the plan; as such, the provisions of this ASU will have no impact on our results of operations and financial position upon adoption.
Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets - Clarifying the Scope of Assets Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets
In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-05, Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20). The main objective in this ASU is intended to provide greater detail on what types of transactions should be accounted for as partial sales of nonfinancial assets. The scope of this ASU, as originally issued in ASU No. 2014-09 (described below), is intended to reduce the complexity of current GAAP requirements by clarifying which accounting guidance applies to various types of contracts that transfer assets or ownership interest to another entity. This Update is effective for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and at the same time that ASU No. 2014-09 is effective. Early adoption is permitted, but only as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. The provisions of this ASU will not impact our results of operations and financial position upon adoption.
Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (Topic 350). The main objective inof this ASU is intended to simplify the current requirements for testing goodwill for impairment by eliminating step two from the goodwill impairment test. The amendments are expected to reduce the complexity and costs associated with performing the goodwill impairment test, which could result in recording impairment charges sooner than under the current guidance.sooner. This Update is effective for any interim and annual impairment tests in reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoptionWe adopted the amendments of this ASU on January 1, 2020. The amendments in this ASU did not have any impact on our Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Net Income.
Financial Instruments - Credit Losses
On January 1, 2020, we adopted ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which replaces the incurred loss methodology for determining our provision for credit losses, and ACL, with an expected loss methodology that is permittedreferred to as the CECL model. The measurement of expected credit losses under the CECL methodology is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including our loans and off-balance sheet credit exposures. In addition, ASU 2016-13 made changes to the accounting for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing datesavailable-for-sale debt securities. Credit losses related to available-for-sale debt securities will be measured in a manner similar to the present guidance, except that such losses will be recorded as allowances rather than as reductions in the amortized cost of the related securities.
We adopted ASU 2016-13 using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and off-balance sheet credit exposures. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2017. 2020 are presented under ASU 2016-13 while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP.
We made the accounting policy election to not measure an ACL for accrued interest receivables for loans and securities. Accrued interest deemed uncollectible will be written off through interest income.
The majority of our available-for-sale debt securities are evaluatinggovernment agency-backed securities for which the provisionsrisk of this ASU;loss is minimal, and accordingly the ACL is immaterial.
In connection with our adoption of ASU 2016-13, we made changes to our loan portfolio segments to align with the methodology applied in determining the allowance under CECL. Refer to Note 9 Allowance for Credit Losses for further discussion of these portfolio segments. Our new segmentation breaks out business banking loans from our other loan segments: CRE, C&I, Commercial Construction, Consumer Real Estate and Other Consumer. Business banking loans are commercial loans made to small businesses that are standard, non-complex products and evaluated through a streamlined credit approval process that has been designed to maximize efficiency while maintaining high credit quality standards.
The following table details the impact of ASU 2016-13 and the reclassification of loans for the identification of new portfolio loan segments under CECL:
January 1, 2020
(dollars in thousands)As Reported Under ASU 2016-13Pre-ASU 2016-13Impact of ASU 2016-13 Adoption
Assets:
Loans held for investment (outstanding balance)
Commercial real estate$2,946,319 $3,416,518 $(470,199)
Commercial and industrial1,458,541 1,720,833 (262,292)
Commercial construction345,263 375,445 (30,182)
Business banking1,092,908 1,092,908 
Consumer real estate1,235,352 1,545,323 (309,971)
Other consumer58,769 79,033 (20,264)
Allowance for credit losses on loans(89,577)(62,224)(27,353)
Total loans held for investment, net$7,047,575 $7,074,928 $(27,353)
Net deferred tax asset$19,317 $13,206 $6,111 
Liabilities:
Allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments$4,462 $3,113 $1,349 
Equity:
Retained earnings$738,493 $761,083 $(22,590)
The adoption of ASU 2016-13 resulted in an increase to our ACL of $27.4 million on January 1, 2020. The increase included $8.2 million for S&T legacy loans and $9.3 million for acquired loans from the DNB merger. Under the previously applicable accounting guidance, a credit reserve was not recorded for acquired loans upon acquisition, however, we do not anticipateASU 2016-13 requires an ACL to be recognized for acquired loans similar to originated loans. We also recorded a day one adjustment of $9.9 million primarily related to a C&I relationship that this ASU will materially impact our resultswas charged off in the first quarter of operations and financial position upon adoption.2020. We obtained information

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on the relationship subsequent to filing our December 31, 2019 Form 10-K, but before the end of the first quarter of 2020. The updated information supported a loss existed at January 1, 2020. As of January 1, 2020, we recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment of $22.6 million to decrease retained earnings related to the adoption of ASU 2016-13.
Business Combinations - ClarifyingAccounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted
Compensation-Retirement Benefits-Defined Benefit Plans-General (Subtopic 715-20): Changes to the Definition of a BusinessDisclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans
In January 2017,August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations - Clarifying2018-14, Compensation-Retirement Benefits-Defined Benefit Plans-General (Subtopic 715-20): Changes to the Definition of a Business (Topic 805).Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans. The main objective ofamendments in this ASU isapply to help financial statement preparers evaluate whether a set of transferred assetsall employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. These amendments remove certain disclosures from Topic 715-20 and activities (either acquired or disposed of) is a business under Topic 805, Business Combinations by changing the definition of a business.require additional disclosures. The revised definition will resultamendments in fewer acquisitions being accounted for as business combinations than under existing guidance. The definition of a business is significant because it affects the accounting for acquisitions, the identification of reporting units, consolidation evaluations and the accounting for dispositions. This Update is effective for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted for transactions not yet reflected in financial statements that have been issued or made available for issuance. The provisions of this ASU will have no material impact onrequire S&T to update our results of operations and financial position.
Income Taxes - Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory
In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory. The main objective of this ASU is to require companies to recognize the income tax effects of intercompany sales and transfers of assets other than inventory inemployee benefits disclosures beginning with our Form 10-Q for the period in which the transfer occurs. This represents a change from existing guidance, which requires companies to defer the income tax effects of intercompany transfers of assets until the asset has been sold to an outside party or otherwise recognized.ended March 31, 2021. The new guidance will require companies to defer the income tax effects only of intercompany transfers of inventory. This Update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an annual period. If an entity chooses to early adopt the amendments in the ASU, it must do so in the first interim period of its annual financial statements. That is, an entity cannot adopt the amendments in the ASU in a later interim period and apply them as if they were in effect as of the beginning of the year. The provisions of this ASU will have no impact on our results of operations and financial position.Consolidated Financial Statements.
Statement of Cash Flows - Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash PaymentsIncome Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes
In August 2016,December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. The main objective of this ASU is to reduce diversity in practice in how certain transactions are classified in2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the statement of cash flows.Accounting for Income Taxes. The amendments in this Update provide guidance onASU simplifies the following eight specific cash flow issues: debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs, settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds fromaccounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions and improves the settlement of insurance claims, proceeds from the settlement of bank-owned life insurance (BOLI) policies, distributions received from equity method investments, beneficial interests in securitization transactions, and separately identifiable cash flows andconsistent application of the predominance principle. This Update isGAAP by clarifying and amending other existing guidance. The amendments in this ASU were effective for interimon January 1, 2021 and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted, provided that allwill have no impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) Facilitation of the amendments are adopted in the same period. The provisionsEffects of this ASU will not materially impact our results of operations and financial position.
Reference Rate Reform on Financial Instruments - Credit LossesReporting
In June 2016,March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Measurement2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of Credit Lossesthe Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Instruments.Reporting. The main objective ofamendments in this ASU isprovide optional guidance for a limited period of time to provide financial statement users with more decision-useful information aboutease the expected credit lossespotential burden in accounting for or recognizing the effects of reference rate reform on financial instrumentsreporting. The amendments provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to loan and lease agreements, derivative contracts, and other commitmentstransactions affected by the anticipated transition away from LIBOR toward new interest rate benchmarks. Modified contracts that meet certain scope guidance are eligible for relief from the modification accounting requirements in US GAAP. The optional guidance generally allows for the modified contract to extend credit held bybe accounted for as a reporting entitycontinuation of the existing contract and does not require contract remeasurement at each reporting date. The amendments of this Update replace the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires considerationmodification date or reassessment of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The collective changes to the recognition and measurementprevious accounting standards for financial instruments and their anticipated impact on the allowance for credit losses modeling have been universally referred to as the CECL, or current expected credit loss, model. This Update is effective for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted as of fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We are evaluating the provisions of this ASU to determine the potential impact on our results of operations and financial position.

NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES -- continued


Revenue from Contracts with Customersdetermination.
In May 2014,January 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 606).848): The new revenue pronouncement createsamendments in this ASU are elective and apply to all entities that have derivative instruments that use an interest rate for margining, discounting, or contract price alignment that is modified as a single sourceresult of revenue guidance forthe reference rate reform. The amendments also optionally apply to all companiesentities that designate receive-variable-rate, pay-variable-rate cross-currency interest rate swaps as hedging instruments in all industriesnet investment hedges that are modified as a result of reference rate reform.
The amendments in these ASUs are effective as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. We are evaluating the impact of these ASUs and is more principles-based than current revenue guidance. The pronouncement provides a five-step model for a companywe expect LIBOR transition to recognize revenue when it transfers control of goods or servicesimpact our business operations, but we have not yet determined the impact to customers at an amount that reflects the considerationour Consolidated Financial Statements.
Codification Improvements to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The five steps are: 1. identify the contract with the customer; 2. identify the separate performance obligations in the contract; 3. determine the transaction price; 4. allocate the transaction price to the separate performance obligations;Subtopic 310-20, Receivables--Nonrefundable Fees and 5. recognize revenue when each performance obligation is satisfied. Other Costs
In August 2015,October 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date. This ASU defers the effective date of ASU No. 2014-09 for all entities by one year.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net), as an amendment2020-08, Codification Improvements to ASU No. 2014-09 to improve Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, by reducing: 1. The potential for diversity in practice arising from inconsistent application of the principal versus agent guidance,Subtopic 310-20, Receivables--Nonrefundable Fees and 2. The cost and complexity of applying Topic 606 both at transition and on an ongoing basis.
In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-10, Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing, as an amendment to ASU No. 2014-09 to improve Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, by reducing: 1. The potential for diversity in practice at initial application, and 2. The cost and complexity of applying Topic 606 both at transition and on an ongoing basis.
In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-12, Narrow-scope Improvements and Practical Expedients.Other Costs. The amendments in this ASU do not changeaffect the core principlesguidance in ASU No. 2017-08, relating to Premium Amortization of Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. These amendments affect onlyPurchased Callable Debt Securities and clarify the narrow aspectsBoard's intent that an entity should reevaluate whether a callable debt security that has multiple call dates is within scope of Topic 606: 1. Collectibility Criterion, 2. Presentationparagraph 310-20-35-33 for each reporting period. For each reporting period, to the extent that the amortized cost basis of Sales Taxes and Other Similar Taxes Collected from Customers, 3. Noncash Consideration, 4. Contract Modificationsan individual callable debt security exceeds the amount repayable by the issuer at Transition, and 5. Completed Contracts at Transition.
ASU 2014-09, including transition requirements for all amendments,the next call date, the excess shall be amortized to the next call date. If there is no remaining premium or if there are no further call dates, the entity shall reset the effective for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted asyield using the payment terms of the original effective date for interim and annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. Our revenue is comprised of net interest income, which is excluded from the scope of ASU 2014-09, and noninterest income. We have completed our overall assessment of revenue streams and related contracts, including trust and asset management fees, deposit related fees, interchange fees, merchant income and annuity and insurance commissions. We have also completed our evaluation of certain costs related to these revenue streams to determine whether such costs should be presented as expenses or contra-revenue. We have evaluated the impact of this new standard and have concluded that our financial statements will not be materially impacted upon adoption; however, we will expand certain disclosures as required. We will adopt ASU No. 2014-09 on January 1, 2018 utilizing the modified retrospective approach with a cumulative effect adjustment to opening retained earnings.
Leases - Section A-Amendments to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification, Section B-Conforming Amendments Related to Leases and Section C-Background Information and Basis for Conclusions
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, which requires lessees to recognize a right-to-use asset and a lease obligation for all leases on the balance sheet. Lessor accounting remains substantially similar to current GAAP. ASU 2016-02 supersedes Topic 840, Leases. This ASU is effective for annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. ASU 2016-02 mandates a modified retrospective transition method for all entities. Early adoption of this ASU is permitted. Adoption of ASU 2016-02 is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. We lease certain branch and limited purpose facilities, land and equipment under operating leases that will result in the recognition of right-to-use assets and lease obligations under the ASU. Approximately 55 percent of our facilities are owned, not leased. At December 31, 2017, we had contractual operating lease commitments of approximately $72 million including renewal options. We have developed an implementation plan for adoption of this ASU which includes specific identification of all lease contracts, evaluating our current processes and procedures, assessing internal controls, evaluating tax considerations and evaluating impact to regulatory capital requirements. We plan to adopt ASU No. 2016-02 January 1, 2019.

NOTE 1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES -- continued


Accounting for Financial Instruments - Overall: Classification and Measurement
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Accounting for Financial Instruments - Overall: Classification and Measurement (Subtopic 825-10).debt security. The amendments in this ASU addresswere effective on January 1, 2021 and did not materially impact our Consolidated Financial Statements.
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NOTE 2. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS
On November 30, 2019, we completed our acquisition of DNB Financial Corporation, or DNB, and DNB First National Association, its wholly-owned bank subsidiary, located in Downingtown, Pennsylvania. The acquisition of DNB expanded our Eastern Pennsylvania market by adding 14 banking locations, in an all-stock transaction structured as a merger of DNB with and into S&T, with S&T being the following: 1. require equity investments to be measuredsurviving entity. The related systems conversion of DNB into S&T Bank occurred on February 7, 2020.
DNB shareholders received, without interest, 1.22 shares of S&T common stock for each share of DNB common stock. The total purchase price was approximately $201.0 million, which included $0.4 million of cash and 5,318,964 S&T common shares at a fair value with changes inof $37.72 per share. The fair value recognized in net income; 2. simplify the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily-determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment; 3. eliminate the requirement to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost$37.72 per share of S&T common stock was based on the balance sheet; 4. require entities to useNovember 30, 2019 closing price.
The Merger was accounted for under the exit price notion when measuringacquisition method of accounting and our Consolidated Financial Statements include all DNB Bank transactions beginning on December 1, 2019. Goodwill of $86.0 million at December 31, 2020 was calculated as the excess of the consideration exchanged over the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes; 5. require separate presentation in other comprehensive income for the portionidentifiable net assets acquired. All of the total changegoodwill was assigned to our Community Banking segment. The goodwill recognized is not deductible for tax purposes.
Measurement period adjustments were $1.8 million as of November 30, 2020 which reflect facts and circumstances in existence as of the closing date of the acquisition. These measurement period adjustments primarily related to a $2.4 million reduction in the fair value of loans, a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments; 6. require separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset (that is, securities or loans and receivables) on the balance sheet or in the accompanying notes to the financial statements; and 7. clarify that an entity should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available-for-sale securities in combination with the entity's other deferred tax assets. This ASU is effective for annual and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. We adopted ASU No. 2016-01 January 1, 2018 and have concluded that the provisions of this ASU will not materially impact our results of operations and financial position. We have $5.1$0.3 million of equity securities at December 31, 2017 where changesreduction in the fair value will be recognizedof borrowings, a $0.1 million reduction of other liabilities, a $0.1 million reduction in other assets and a $0.3 million increase in deferred income tax assets. The accounting for the acquisition was finalized on November 30, 2020.
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The following table presents the fair value adjustments and the measurement period adjustments as of the dates presented:
November 30, 2019November 30, 2020
As Recorded by DNBFair Value AdjustmentsAs Recorded by S&TMeasurement Period AdjustmentsAs Recorded by S&T
Fair Value of Assets Acquired
Cash and cash equivalents$64,119 $— $64,119 $— $64,119 
Securities and other investments108,715 183 108,898 — 108,898 
Loans917,127 (8,143)908,984 (2,377)906,607 
Allowance for credit losses(6,487)6,487 — 
Goodwill15,525 (15,525)— — — 
Premises and equipment6,782 8,090 14,872 14,872 
Accrued interest receivable4,138 — 4,138 — 4,138 
Deferred income taxes2,017 (3,298)(1,281)311 (970)
Core deposits and other intangible assets269 (269)— — — 
Other assets24,883 (4,278)20,605 (116)20,489 
Total Assets Acquired1,137,088 (16,753)1,120,335 (2,182)1,118,153 
Fair Value of Liabilities Assumed
Deposits966,263 1,002 967,265 — 967,265 
Borrowings37,617 (276)37,341 (257)37,084 
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities11,157 (3,184)7,973 (122)7,851 
Total Liabilities Assumed1,015,037 (2,458)1,012,579 (379)1,012,200 
Total Net Assets Acquired$122,051 $(14,295)$107,756 $(1,803)$105,953 
Core Deposit Intangible Asset$7,288 $$7,288 
Wealth Management Intangible Asset1,772 1,772 
Total Fair Value of Net Assets Acquired and Identified$116,816 $(1,803)$115,013 
Consideration Paid
Cash$360 $— $360 
Common stock200,631 — 200,631 
Fair Value of Total Consideration$200,991 $— $200,991 
Goodwill$84,175 $1,803 $85,978 
Loans acquired in the Merger were recorded at fair value with 0 carryover of the related ACL from DNB. Determining the fair value of the loans involves estimating the amount and timing of principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest. The fair value of the loans acquired was estimated at $909.0 million, net of a $10.5 million discount. The discount is accreted to interest income statement beginning January 1, 2018.over the remaining contractual life of the loans. During the measurement period ended November 30, 2020, the fair value of acquired loans was reduced by $2.4 million as we finalized our evaluation of the loan portfolio to reflect facts and circumstances in existence as of the acquisition date.

As of December 31, 2020, direct costs related to the DNB merger of $13.7 million were recognized and expensed as incurred. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized $2.3 million of merger related expenses including $0.2 million in legal and professional fees, $1.4 million in severance payments and stay-bonuses, $0.4 million for data processing and $0.3 million in other expenses. As of December 31, 2019, we recognized $11.4 million of merger related expenses, including $4.7 million for data processing contract termination and system conversion costs, $2.8 million in legal and professional expenses, $3.4 million in severance payments and $0.5 million in other expenses.



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NOTE 2.3. EARNINGS PER SHARE

Diluted earnings per share is calculated using both the two-class and the treasury stock methods with the more dilutive
method used to determine reported diluted earnings per share. The two-class method was more dilutive in 2020 and 2019 and was used to determine reported diluted earnings per share. In 2018, the treasury stock method was more dilutive and was used to determine reported diluted earnings per share. The following table reconciles the numerators and denominators of basic and diluted EPS:
Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)202020192018
Numerator for Earnings per Common Share—Basic:
Net income$21,040 $98,234 $105,334 
Less: Income allocated to participating shares68 260 304 
Net Income Allocated to Common Shareholders$20,972 $97,974 $105,030 
Numerator for Earnings per Common Share—Diluted:
Net income$21,040 $98,234 $105,334 
Denominators:
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding—Basic39,070,439 34,628,191 34,775,784 
Add: Dilutive potential common shares43,193 94,763 199,625 
Denominator for Treasury Stock Method—Diluted39,113,632 34,722,954 34,975,409 
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding—Basic39,070,439 34,628,191 34,775,784 
Add: Average participating shares outstanding2,780 51,287 100,733 
Denominator for Two-Class Method—Diluted39,073,219 34,679,478 34,876,517 
Earnings per common share—basic$0.54 $2.84 $3.03 
Earnings per common share—diluted$0.53 $2.82 $3.01 
Warrants considered anti-dilutive excluded from dilutive potential common shares - exercise price $31.53 per share, expires January 2019(1)
267,106 
Restricted stock considered anti-dilutive excluded from dilutive potential common shares1,242 12,686 81,587 
(1)We repurchased our outstanding warrant on September 11, 2018 for $7.7 million. Prior to the repurchase, the warrant provided the holder the right to 517,012 shares of common stock at a strike price of $31.53 per share via cashless exercise.


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 Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands, except share and per share data)2017 2016 2015
Numerator for Earnings per Common Share—Basic:     
Net income$72,968
 $71,392
 $67,081
Less: Income allocated to participating shares242
 225
 280
Net Income Allocated to Common Shareholders$72,726
 $71,167
 $66,801
Numerator for Earnings per Common Share—Diluted:     
Net income$72,968
 $71,392
 $67,081
Denominators:     
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding—Basic34,729,376
 34,677,738
 33,812,990
Add: Dilutive potential common shares225,391
 95,432
 35,092
Denominator for Treasury Stock Method—Diluted34,954,767
 34,773,170
 33,848,082
Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding—Basic34,729,376
 34,677,738
 33,812,990
Add: Average participating shares outstanding115,418
 109,755
 141,558
Denominator for Two-Class Method—Diluted34,844,794
 34,787,493
 33,954,548
Earnings per common share—basic$2.10
 $2.06
 $1.98
Earnings per common share—diluted$2.09
 $2.05
 $1.98
Warrants considered anti-dilutive excluded from dilutive potential common shares - exercise price $31.53 per share, expires January 2019438,681
 517,012
 517,012
Restricted stock considered anti-dilutive excluded from dilutive potential common shares88,578
 116,749
 106,466




NOTE 3.4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
The following tables present our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis by fair value hierarchy level at December 31, 20172020 and 2016.2019. Interest rate lock commitments to borrowers were transferred from Level 2 to Level 3 during the year ended December 31, 2020 due to pull-through factors being a significant unobservable input. There were no transfers between levels for items measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2019.
December 31, 2020
(dollars in thousands)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
ASSETS
Debt securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities$$10,282 $$10,282 
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies82,904 82,904 
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies209,296 209,296 
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies67,778 67,778 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies273,681 273,681 
Corporate obligations2,025 2,025 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions124,427 124,427 
Total Debt Securities Available-for-Sale0 770,393 0 770,393 
      Marketable equity securities
3,228 72 3,300 
Total Securities3,228 770,465 0 773,693 
Securities held in a deferred compensation plan6,794 6,794 
Derivative financial assets:
Interest rate swaps78,319 78,319 
Interest rate lock commitments2,900 2,900 
Total Assets$10,022 $848,784 $2,900 $861,706 
LIABILITIES
Derivative financial liabilities:
Interest rate swaps$$79,033 $$79,033 
Forward sale contracts385 385 
Total Liabilities$0 $79,418 $0 $79,418 
December 31, 2019
(dollars in thousands)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
ASSETS
Debt securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury securities$$10,040 $$10,040 
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies157,697 157,697 
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies189,348 189,348 
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies22,418 22,418 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies275,870 275,870 
Corporate obligations7,627 7,627 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions116,133 116,133 
Total Debt Securities Available-for-Sale0 779,133 0 779,133 
Marketable equity securities5,078 72 5,150 
Total Securities5,078 779,205 0 784,283 
Securities held in a deferred compensation plan5,987 5,987 
Derivative financial assets:
Interest rate swaps25,647 25,647 
Interest rate lock commitments321 321 
Forward sale contracts
Total Assets$11,065 $805,174 $0 $816,239 
LIABILITIES
Derivative financial liabilities:
Interest rate swaps$$25,615 $$25,615 
Total Liabilities$0 $25,615 $0 $25,615 
95

 December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands)Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
ASSETS       
Securities available-for-sale:       
U.S. Treasury securities$
 $19,789
 $
 $19,789
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
 162,193
 
 162,193
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
 108,688
 
 108,688
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies
 32,854
 
 32,854
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies
 242,221
 
 242,221
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
 127,402
 
 127,402
Marketable equity securities
 5,144
 
 5,144
Total securities available-for-sale
 698,291
 
 698,291
Trading securities held in a Rabbi Trust5,080
 
 
 5,080
Total securities5,080
 698,291
 
 703,371
Derivative financial assets:       
Interest rate swaps
 3,074
 
 3,074
Interest rate lock commitments
 226
 
 226
Total Assets$5,080
 $701,591
 $
 $706,671
LIABILITIES       
Derivative financial liabilities:       
Interest rate swaps$
 $3,055
 $
 $3,055
Forward sale contracts
 5
 
 5
Total Liabilities$
 $3,060
 $
 $3,060
Table of Contents


NOTE 3.4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS -- continued






 December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands)Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
ASSETS       
Securities available-for-sale:       
U.S. Treasury securities$
 $24,811
 $
 $24,811
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
 232,179
 
 232,179
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
 129,777
 
 129,777
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies
 37,358
 
 37,358
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies
 125,604
 
 125,604
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
 132,509
 
 132,509
Marketable equity securities
 11,249
 
 11,249
Total securities available-for-sale
 693,487
 
 693,487
Trading securities held in a Rabbi Trust4,410
 
 
 4,410
Total securities4,410
 693,487
 
 697,897
Derivative financial assets:       
Interest rate swaps
 6,960
 
 6,960
Interest rate lock commitments
 236
 
 236
Total Assets$4,410
 $700,683
 $
 $705,093
LIABILITIES       
Derivative financial liabilities:       
Interest rate swaps$
 $6,958
 $
 $6,958
Forward sale contracts
 27
 
 27
Total Liabilities$
 $6,985
 $
 $6,985
We classify financial instruments as Level 3 when valuation models are used because significant inputs are not observable in the market.Assets Recorded at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
We may be required to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Nonrecurring assets are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value in our financial statements. There were no0 liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at either December 31, 20172020 or December 31, 2016.2019.
The following table presents ourFor Level 3 assets that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis byat December 31, 2020 and 2019, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value hierarchy levelmeasurements were as of the dates presented:follows:

December 31, 2020Valuation TechniqueSignificant Unobservable InputsRange
Weighted Average
(1) (2) (3)
(dollars in thousands)
Loans individually evaluated$67,402 Collateral methodAppraisal adjustment0%-47%16.90%
Other real estate owned1,953 Collateral methodCosts to sell4%-7.00%4.92%
Mortgage servicing rights4,976 Discounted cash flow methodDiscount rate9.24%-12.55%9.42%
Constant prepayment rates8.82%-14.58%13.37%
Loans held for sale586 Collateral methodnoneNANA
Total Assets$74,917 
NA - not applicable

December 31, 2019Valuation TechniqueSignificant Unobservable InputsRange
Weighted Average
(1) (2) (3)
(dollars in thousands)
Loans individually evaluated$38,697 Collateral methodAppraisal adjustment0%-20%8.55%
Discounted cash flow methodDiscount rate4.75%-5.50%5.28%
Other real estate owned3,231 Collateral methodCosts to sell7.00%7.00%
Mortgage servicing rights1,134 Discounted cash flow methodDiscount rate9.39%-12.54%9.49%
Constant prepayment rates7.46%-12.74%9.73%
Total Assets$43,062 
(1)Weighted averages for loans individually evaluated were weighted by loan amounts.
(2)Weighted averages for other real estate owned were weighted by OREO balances.
(3)Weighted averages for mortgage services rights discount rate and prepayment rates were weighted based on note rate tranches.

96

 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands)Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total
ASSETS(1)
               
Loans held for sale$
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $1,802
 $1,802
Impaired loans
 
 6,759
 6,759
 
 
 10,329
 10,329
Other real estate owned
 
 444
 444
 
 
 396
 396
Mortgage servicing rights
 
 178
 178
 
 
 538
 538
Total Assets$
 $
 $7,381
 $7,381
 $
 $
 $13,065
 $13,065
Table of Contents
(1)This table presents only the nonrecurring items that are recorded at fair value in our financial statements.


NOTE 3.4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS -- continued





The carrying values and fair values of our financial instruments at December 31, 20172020 and 20162019 are presented in the following tables:
  Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2020
(dollars in thousands)
Carrying
Value(1)
 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3(dollars in thousands)
Carrying
Value(1)
TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
ASSETS         ASSETS
Cash and due from banks, including interest-bearing deposits$117,152
 $117,152
 $117,152
 $
 $
Cash and due from banks, including interest-bearing deposits$229,666 $229,666 $229,666 $$
Securities available-for-sale698,291
 698,291
 
 698,291
 
SecuritiesSecurities773,693 773,693 3,228 770,465 
Loans held for sale4,485
 4,583
 
 
 4,583
Loans held for sale18,528 18,528 18,528 
Portfolio loans, net of unearned income5,761,449
 5,690,292
 
 
 5,690,292
Portfolio loans, netPortfolio loans, net7,108,248 7,028,446 7,028,446 
Bank owned life insurance72,150
 72,150
 
 72,150
 
Bank owned life insurance82,303 82,303 82,303 
FHLB and other restricted stock29,270
 29,270
 
 
 29,270
FHLB and other restricted stock13,030 13,030 13,030 
Trading securities held in a Rabbi Trust5,080
 5,080
 5,080
 
 
Collateral receivableCollateral receivable77,936 77,936 77,936 
Securities held in a deferred compensation planSecurities held in a deferred compensation plan6,794 6,794 6,794 
Mortgage servicing rights4,133
 4,571
 
 
 4,571
Mortgage servicing rights4,976 4,976 4,976 
Interest rate swaps3,074
 3,074
 
 3,074
 
Interest rate swaps78,319 78,319 78,319 
Interest rate lock commitments226
 226
 
 226
 
Interest rate lock commitments2,900 2,900 2,900 
LIABILITIES         LIABILITIES
Deposits$5,427,891
 $5,426,928
 $
 $
 $5,426,928
Deposits$7,420,538 $7,422,894 $6,033,075 $1,389,819 $
Securities sold under repurchase agreements50,161
 50,161
 
 
 50,161
Securities sold under repurchase agreements65,163 65,163 65,163 
Short-term borrowings540,000
 540,000
 
 
 540,000
Short-term borrowings75,000 75,000 75,000 
Long-term borrowings47,301
 47,618
 
 
 47,618
Long-term borrowings23,681 24,545 4,494 20,051 
Junior subordinated debt securities45,619
 45,619
 
 
 45,619
Junior subordinated debt securities64,083 64,083 64,083 
Interest rate swaps3,055
 3,055
 
 3,055
 
Interest rate swaps79,033 79,033 79,033 
Forward sale contracts5
 5
 
 5
 
Forward sale contracts385 385 385 
(1)As reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2019
(dollars in thousands)
Carrying
Value(1)
TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
ASSETS
Cash and due from banks, including interest-bearing deposits$197,823 $197,823 $197,823 $$
Securities784,283 784,283 5,078 779,205 
Loans held for sale5,256 5,256 5,256 
Portfolio loans, net7,074,928 6,940,875 6,940,875 
Bank owned life insurance80,473 80,473 80,473 
FHLB and other restricted stock22,977 22,977 22,977 
Securities held in a deferred compensation plan5,987 5,987 5,987 
Mortgage servicing rights4,662 4,650 4,650 
Interest rate swaps25,647 25,647 25,647 
Interest rate lock commitments321 321 321 
Forward sale contracts
LIABILITIES
Deposits$7,036,576 $7,034,595 $5,441,143 $1,593,452 $
Securities sold under repurchase agreements19,888 19,888 19,888 
Short-term borrowings281,319 281,319 281,319 
Long-term borrowings50,868 51,339 4,678 46,661 0
Junior subordinated debt securities64,277 64,277 64,277 
Interest rate swaps25,615 25,615 25,615 
   Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands)
Carrying
Value(1)
 Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
ASSETS         
Cash and due from banks, including interest-bearing deposits$139,486
 $139,486
 $139,486
 $
 $
Securities available-for-sale693,487
 693,487
 
 693,487
 
Loans held for sale3,793
 3,815
 
 
 3,815
Portfolio loans, net of unearned income5,611,419
 5,551,266
 
 
 5,551,266
Bank owned life insurance72,081
 72,081
 
 72,081
 
FHLB and other restricted stock31,817
 31,817
 
 
 31,817
Trading securities held in a Rabbi Trust4,410
 4,410
 4,410
 
 
Mortgage servicing rights3,744
 4,098
 
 
 4,098
Interest rate swaps6,960
 6,960
 
 6,960
 
Interest rate lock commitments236
 236
 
 236
 
LIABILITIES         
Deposits$5,272,377
 $5,276,499
 $
 $
 $5,276,499
Securities sold under repurchase agreements50,832
 50,832
 
 
 50,832
Short-term borrowings660,000
 660,000
 
 
 660,000
Long-term borrowings14,713
 15,267
 
 
 15,267
Junior subordinated debt securities45,619
 45,619
 
 
 45,619
Interest rate swaps6,958
 6,958
 
 6,958
 
Forward sale contracts27
 27
 
 27
 
(1)As reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets

97


NOTE 4.5. RESTRICTIONS ON CASH AND DUE FROM BANK ACCOUNTS
The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, or the Federal Reserve, imposes certain reserve requirements on all depository institutions. These reserves are maintained in the form of vault cash or as an interest-bearing balance with the Federal Reserve. The required reserves averaged $36.2$15.5 million for 2017, $36.82020, $43.9 million for 20162019 and $44.1$38.8 million for 2015.2018. The decrease in the required reserve average from 2019 to 2020 was due to the Federal Reserve reducing the reserve requirement ratio to zero percent effective on March 26, 2020. The Federal Reserve maintained this reserve requirement ratio for the remainder of 2020.
NOTE 5.6. DIVIDEND AND LOAN RESTRICTIONS
S&T is a legal entity separate and distinct from its banking and other subsidiaries. A substantial portion of our revenues consist of dividend payments we receive from S&T Bank. S&T Bank, in turn, is subject to state laws and regulations that limit the amount of dividends it can pay to us. In addition, both S&T and S&T Bank are subject to various general regulatory policies relating to the payment of dividends, including requirements to maintain adequate capital above regulatory minimums. The Federal Reserve has indicated that banking organizations should generally pay dividends only if (i) the organization’s net income available to common shareholders over the past year has been sufficient to fully fund the dividends and (ii) the prospective rate of earnings retention appears consistent with the organization’s capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. In connection with our reduced net income and our inability to fully fund the dividend from earnings over the prior year, due in substantial part to the customer fraud that occurred in the second quarter of 2020, we received non-objection letters from the Federal Reserve to continue to pay our dividends declared in the third and fourth quarter of 2020. Thus, under certain circumstances based upon our financial condition, our ability to declare and pay quarterly dividends may require consultation with the Federal Reserve and may be prohibited by applicable Federal Reserve guidelines.Board guidance.
Federal law prohibits us from borrowing from S&T Bank unless such loans are collateralized by specific obligations. Further, such loans are limited to 10 percent of S&T Bank’s capital stock and surplus.
NOTE 6.7. SECURITIES AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE
The following table presents the fair values of our securities portfolio at the dates presented:
December 31,
(dollars in thousands)20202019
Debt securities available-for-sale$770,393 $779,133 
Marketable equity securities3,300 5,150 
Total Securities$773,693 $784,283 
Debt Securities Available-for-Sale
The following tables present the amortized cost and fair value of available-for-saledebt securities as of the dates presented:
 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands)
Amortized
Cost

 
Gross
Unrealized
Gains

 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses

 Fair Value
 
Amortized
Cost

 
Gross
Unrealized
Gains

 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses

 Fair Value
U.S. Treasury securities$19,943
 $
 $(154) $19,789
 $24,891
 $47
 $(127) $24,811
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies162,045
 341
 (193) 162,193
 230,989
 1,573
 (383) 232,179
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies109,916
 93
 (1,321) 108,688
 130,046
 465
 (734) 129,777
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies32,388
 679
 (213) 32,854
 36,606
 984
 (232) 37,358
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies(1)
244,018
 247
 (2,044) 242,221
 127,311
 243
 (1,950) 125,604
Obligations of states and political subdivisions123,159
 4,285
 (42) 127,402
 128,783
 3,772
 (46) 132,509
Debt Securities691,469
 5,645
 (3,967) 693,147
 678,626
 7,084
 (3,472) 682,238
Marketable equity securities3,815
 1,330
 (1) 5,144
 7,579
 3,670
 
 11,249
Total$695,284
 $6,975
 $(3,968) $698,291
 $686,205
 $10,754
 $(3,472) $693,487
(1)Includes a $5.9 million security purchase that was pending settlementavailable-for-sale as of December 31, 2017.2020 and December 31, 2019:
The following table shows the composition
December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
(dollars in thousands)Amortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair ValueAmortized
Cost
Gross
Unrealized
Gains
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
Fair Value
U.S. Treasury securities$9,980 $302 $$10,282 $9,969 $71 $$10,040 
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies78,755 4,149 82,904 155,969 1,773 (45)157,697 
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies202,975 6,410 (89)209,296 186,879 2,773 (304)189,348 
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies66,960 818 67,778 22,120 321 (23)22,418 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies258,875 14,806 273,681 273,771 2,680 (581)275,870 
Corporate Obligations2,021 (1)2,025 7,603 24 7,627 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions117,439 6,988 124,427 112,116 4,017 116,133 
Total Debt Securities Available-for-Sale$737,005 $33,478 $(90)$770,393 $768,427 $11,659 $(953)$779,133 


98

Table of gross and net realized gains and losses for the periods presented:
 Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 2015
Gross realized gains$3,986
 $
 $
Gross realized losses(986) 
 (34)
Net Realized (Losses) Gains$3,000
 $
 $(34)

NOTE 6.7. SECURITIES AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE -- continued





The following table shows the composition of gross and net realized gains and losses for the periods presented:
Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)202020192018
Gross realized gains$219 $41 $
Gross realized losses(77)(67)
Net Realized Gains/(Losses)$142 $(26)$0 

The following tables present the fair value and the age of gross unrealized losses on debt securities available-for-sale by investment category as of the dates presented:
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2017Less Than 12 Months12 Months or MoreTotal
Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or More   Total
(dollars in thousands)
Number
of
Securities

 Fair
Value

 
Unrealized
Losses

 
Number
of
Securities

 Fair
Value

 
Unrealized
Losses

 
Number
of
Securities

 Fair
Value

 
Unrealized
Losses

(dollars��in thousands)(dollars��in thousands)Number
of
Securities
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Number
of
Securities
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Number
of
Securities
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
U.S. Treasury securities3
 $19,789
 $(154) 
 $
 $
 3
 $19,789
 $(154)U.S. Treasury securities$$$$$$
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies9
 63,635
 (144) 1
 10,017
 (49) 10
 73,652
 (193)Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies7
 47,465
 (248) 7
 45,809
 (1,073) 14
 93,274
 (1,321)Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies35,697 (89)35,697 (89)
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies1
 2,333
 (10) 2
 8,638
 (203) 3
 10,971
 (213)Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies14
 128,300
 (775) 5
 48,746
 (1,269) 19
 177,046
 (2,044)Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies000
Corporate ObligationsCorporate Obligations499 (1)499 (1)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions2
 10,330
 (42) 
 
 
 2
 10,330
 (42)Obligations of states and political subdivisions
Debt Securities36
 271,852
 (1,373) 15
 113,210
 (2,594) 51
 385,062
 (3,967)
Marketable equity securities1
 70
 (1) 
 
 
 1
 70
 (1)
Total Temporarily Impaired Securities37
 $271,922
��$(1,374) 15
 $113,210
 $(2,594) 52
 $385,132
 $(3,968)
TotalTotal3 $36,196 $(90)0 $0 $0 3 $36,196 $(90)
99

 December 31, 2016
 Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or More   Total
(dollars in thousands)
Number
of
Securities

 
Fair 
Value

 
Unrealized
Losses

 
Number
of
Securities

 
Fair
Value

 
Unrealized
Losses

 
Number
of
Securities

 
Fair
Value

 
Unrealized
Losses

U.S. Treasury securities1
 $9,811
 $(127) 
 $
 $
 1
 $9,811
 $(127)
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies7
 62,483
 (383) 
 
 
 7
 62,483
 (383)
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies10
 83,031
 (734) 
 
 
 10
 83,031
 (734)
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies2
 10,022
 (232) 
 
 
 2
 10,022
 (232)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies10
 96,576
 (1,950) 
 
 
 10
 96,576
 (1,950)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions1
 5,577
 (46) 
 
 
 1
 5,577
 (46)
Debt Securities31
 267,500
 (3,472) 
 
 
 31
 267,500
 (3,472)
Marketable equity securities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total Temporarily Impaired Securities31
 $267,500
 $(3,472) 
 $
 $
 31
 $267,500
 $(3,472)

Table of Contents
NOTE 6.7. SECURITIES AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE -- continued



December 31, 2019
Less Than 12 Months12 Months or MoreTotal
(dollars in thousands)Number
of
Securities
Fair 
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Number
of
Securities
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
Number
of
Securities
Fair
Value
Unrealized
Losses
U.S. Treasury securities$$$$$$
Obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies22,638 (45)22,638 (45)
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies23,393 (73)25,254 (231)12 48,647 (304)
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies982 (2)2,534 (21)3,516 (23)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies90,005 (581)90,005 (581)
Corporate Obligations (1)
79 79 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions
Total20 $137,097 $(701)7 $27,788 $(252)27 $164,885 $(953)
(1) Unrealized loss on Corporate Obligations rounded to less than one thousand dollars.
We evaluate securities with unrealized losses quarterly to determine if the decline in fair value has resulted from credit loss or other factors. We do not believe any individual unrealized loss as of December 31, 20172020 represents an other than temporary impairment, or OTTI. As ofimpairment. At December 31, 2017, the2020, there were 3 debt securities and at December 31, 2019 there were 27 debt securities in an unrealized loss position. The unrealized losses on 51 debt securities were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and not related to the credit quality of these securities.the issuers. All debt securities are determined to be investment grade and are paying principal and interest according to the contractual terms of the security. There was one marketable equity security with an unrealized loss at December 31, 2017 and no marketable equity securities at an unrealized loss at December 31, 2016. We do not intend to sell and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell any of the securities in an unrealized loss position before recovery of their amortized cost. We
concluded that the ACL for debt securities was immaterial at December 31, 2020. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 there was no other than temporary impairment, or OTTI, recorded during the year ended December 31, 2019.
The following table displayspresents net unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, on debt securities available-for-sale included in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss), for the periods presented:
December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
(dollars in thousands)Gross Unrealized Gains
 Gross Unrealized Losses
 Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)
 Gross Unrealized Gains
 Gross Unrealized Losses
 Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)
(dollars in thousands)Gross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesNet Unrealized Gains (Losses)Gross Unrealized GainsGross Unrealized LossesNet Unrealized Gains (Losses)
Total unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale$6,975
 $(3,968) $3,007
 $10,754
 $(3,472) $7,282
Total unrealized gains/(losses) on debt securities available-for-saleTotal unrealized gains/(losses) on debt securities available-for-sale$33,478 $(90)$33,388 $11,659 $(953)$10,706 
Income tax (expense) benefit(2,450) 1,394
 (1,056) (3,776) 1,219
 (2,557)Income tax (expense) benefit(7,128)19 (7,109)(2,486)203 (2,283)
Net unrealized gains (losses), net of tax included in accumulated other comprehensive income(loss)$4,525
 $(2,574) $1,951
 $6,978
 $(2,253) $4,725
Net Unrealized Gains/(Losses), Net of Tax Included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)Net Unrealized Gains/(Losses), Net of Tax Included in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)$26,350 $(71)$26,279 $9,173 $(750)$8,423 
The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities available-for-sale at December 31, 20172020 by contractual maturity are included in the table below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
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NOTE 7. SECURITIES AVAILABLE-FOR-SALE -- continued

December 31, 2017December 31, 2020
(dollars in thousands)
Amortized
Cost

 Fair Value
(dollars in thousands)Amortized
Cost
Fair Value
Obligations of the U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies, and obligations of states and political subdivisionsObligations of the U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies, and obligations of states and political subdivisions
Due in one year or less$58,501
 $58,438
Due in one year or less$40,495 $41,006 
Due after one year through five years141,646
 142,859
Due after one year through five years103,119 109,043 
Due after five years through ten years70,584
 72,132
Due after five years through ten years41,370 43,765 
Due after ten years34,416
 35,955
Due after ten years21,190 23,799 
305,147
 309,384
Debt Securities Available-for-Sale With MaturitiesDebt Securities Available-for-Sale With Maturities206,174 217,613 
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies109,916
 108,688
Collateralized mortgage obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies202,975 209,296 
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies32,388
 32,854
Residential mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies66,960 67,778 
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies244,018
 242,221
Commercial mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government corporations and agencies258,875 273,681 
Debt Securities691,469
 693,147
Marketable equity securities3,815
 5,144
Total$695,284
 $698,291
Corporate ObligationsCorporate Obligations2,021 2,025 
Total Debt Securities Available-for-SaleTotal Debt Securities Available-for-Sale$737,005 $770,393 
At December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, debt securities with carrying values of $249$308 million and $342$286 million were pledged for various regulatory and legal requirements.

Marketable Equity Securities
The following table presents realized and unrealized net gains and losses for our marketable equity securities for the periods presented:
Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)202020192018
Marketable Equity Securities
Net market (losses)/gains recognized$(500)$334 $(328)
Less: Net gains recognized for equity securities sold142 
Unrealized (Losses)/Gains on Equity Securities Still Held$(642)$334 $(328)
101


NOTE 7.8. LOANS AND LOANS HELD FOR SALE
Loans are presented net of unearned income of $5.2$16.0 million and $4.6 million at December 31, 20172020 and 20162019 and net of a discount related to purchase accounting fair value adjustments of $2.8$8.6 million and $7.1$12.3 million at December 31, 20172020 and December 31, 2016. 2019.
The following table indicatessummarizes the composition of theoriginated and acquired and originated loans as of the dates presented:
December 31,December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2017 2016(dollars in thousands)20202019
Commercial   Commercial
Commercial real estate$2,685,994
 $2,498,476
Commercial real estate$2,791,947 $3,059,592 
Commercial and industrial1,433,266
 1,401,035
Commercial and industrial1,559,552 1,480,529 
Commercial construction384,334
 455,884
Commercial construction466,077 370,060 
Business bankingBusiness banking1,160,067 846,790 
Total Commercial Loans4,503,594
 4,355,395
Total Commercial Loans5,977,643 5,756,971 
Consumer   Consumer
Residential mortgage698,774
 701,982
Home equity487,326
 482,284
Installment and other consumer67,204
 65,852
Consumer construction4,551
 5,906
Consumer Real EstateConsumer Real Estate1,167,332 1,295,207 
Other ConsumerOther Consumer80,885 84,974 
Total Consumer Loans1,257,855
 1,256,024
Total Consumer Loans1,248,217 1,380,181 
Total Portfolio Loans5,761,449
 5,611,419
Total Portfolio Loans7,225,860 7,137,152 
Loans held for sale4,485
 3,793
Loans held for sale18,528 5,256 
Total Loans$5,765,934
 $5,615,212
Total Loans(1)
Total Loans(1)
$7,244,388 $7,142,408 
As(1) Excludes interest receivable of December 31, 2017, our acquired loans from the Merger were $387$24.7 million including $209 million of CRE, $92.1 million of C&I, $11.1 million of commercial construction, $57.5 million of residential mortgage and $17.3 million of home equity, installment and other consumer construction. These acquired loans decreased from acquired loans at December 31, 2016 of $5432020 and $22.1 million including $273at December 31, 2019. Interest receivable is included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Commercial and industrial loans, or C&I, included $465 million of CRE, $141 million of C&I, $33.0 million of commercial construction, $74.0 million of residential mortgage, $22.0 million of home equity, installmentloans originated under the Paycheck Protection Program, or PPP, at December 31, 2020. On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security, or CARES Act was signed into law. The CARES Act included the PPP, a program designed to aid small and medium sized businesses through federally guaranteed loans distributed through banks. PPP loans are forgivable, in whole or in part, if the proceeds are used for payroll and other consumer construction.permitted expenses in accordance with the requirements of the PPP. The loans are 100 percent guaranteed by the Small Business Administration, or SBA. These loans carry a fixed rate of 1.00 percent and a term of two years, or five years for loans approved by the SBA, on or after June 5, 2020. Payments are deferred for at least six months of the loan. The SBA pays us a processing fee ranging from 1.0 percent to 5.0 percent based on the size of the loan. Interest is accrued as earned and loan origination fees and direct costs are deferred and accreted or amortized into interest income over the contractual life of the loan using the level yield method. When a PPP loan is paid off or forgiven by the SBA, the remaining unaccreted or unamortized net origination fees or costs will be immediately recognized into income.
We attempt to limit our exposure to credit risk by diversifying our loan portfolio by segment, geography, collateral and industry and actively managing concentrations. When concentrations exist in certain segments, we mitigate this risk by reviewing the relevant economic indicators and internal risk rating trends and through stress testing of the loans in these segments. Total commercial loans represented 7879 percent of total portfolio loans at both December 31, 20172020 and 2016.77 percent at December 31, 2019. Within our commercial portfolio, the CRE and Commercial Construction portfolios combined comprised $3.1$3.7 billion or 6866 percent of total commercial loans and 51 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2020 and comprised $3.8 billion or 69 percent of total commercial loans and 53 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2017 and comprised of $3.0 billion or 68 percent of total commercial loans and 53 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2016.2019. Further segmentation of the CRE and Commercial Construction portfolios by collateral type reveals no0 concentration in excess of 1415 percent of both total CRE and Commercial Construction loans at either December 31, 2017 or2020 and 11 percent at December 31, 2016.2019.
Our market area includesWe lend primarily in Pennsylvania and the contiguous states of Ohio, New York, West Virginia New York and Maryland. The majority of our commercial and consumer loans are made to businesses and individuals in this market area,geography, resulting in a geographic concentration. We believe our knowledge and familiarity with customers and conditions locally outweighs this geographic concentration risk. The conditions of the local and regional economies are monitored closely through publicly available data and information supplied by our customers. We also use subscription services for additional geographic and industry specific information. Our CRE and Commercial Construction portfolios have out-of-market exposure outside this geography of 5.25.9 percent of theirthe combined portfolios at December 31, 2020 and 2.85.4 percent at December 31, 2019. Exposure of total portfolio loans was 3.0 percent at December 31, 2020 compared to 2.9 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2017 and 5.2 percent2019.
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Table of their combined portfolios and 2.7 percent of total portfolio loans at December 31, 2016.Contents
The following table summarizes our restructured loans as of the dates presented:
 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands)
Performing
TDRs

 
Nonperforming
TDRs

 
Total
TDRs

 
Performing
TDRs

 
Nonperforming
TDRs

 
Total
TDRs

Commercial real estate$2,579
 $967
 $3,546
 $2,994
 $646
 $3,640
Commercial and industrial3,946
 3,197
 7,143
 1,387
 4,493
 5,880
Commercial construction2,420
 2,413
 4,833
 2,966
 430
 3,396
Residential mortgage2,039
 3,585
 5,624
 2,375
 5,068
 7,443
Home equity3,885
 979
 4,864
 3,683
 954
 4,637
Installment and other consumer32
 9
 41
 18
 7
 25
Total$14,901
 $11,150
 $26,051
 $13,423
 $11,598
 $25,021

NOTE 7.8. LOANS AND LOANS HELD FOR SALE -- continued



The following table summarizes our restructured loans as of the dates presented:
December 31, 2020
(dollars in thousands)Performing
TDRs
Nonperforming
TDRs
Total
TDRs
Commercial real estate$14 $16,654 $16,668 
Commercial and industrial7,090 9,885 16,975 
Commercial construction3,267 3,267 
Business banking1,503 430 1,933 
Consumer real estate5,581 2,319 7,900 
Other consumer
Total(1)
$17,460 $29,289 $46,748 
(1) Refer to Note 1, Basis of Presentation for details of reclassification of our portfolio segments related to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.
December 31, 2019
(dollars in thousands)Performing
TDRs
Nonperforming
TDRs
Total
TDRs
Commercial real estate$22,233 $6,713 $28,946 
Commercial and industrial6,909 695 7,604 
Commercial construction1,425 1,425 
Residential mortgage2,013 822 2,835 
Home equity4,371 678 5,049 
Other consumer13 
Total$36,960 $8,912 $45,872 
The significant increase in nonperforming TDRs at December 31, 2020 compared to December 31, 2019 was primarily related to a $21.3 million CRE relationship that went nonaccrual in the first quarter of 2020 and was charged down by $10.0 million in the third quarter of 2020, leaving a remaining outstanding balance of $11.3 million and an $11.2 million C&I relationship that went nonaccrual and was charged down by $1.6 million during the fourth quarter of 2020 leaving a remaining outstanding balance of $9.6 million. Both relationships experienced continued deterioration as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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NOTE 8. LOANS AND LOANS HELD FOR SALE -- continued

The following tables present the restructured loans by loan segment and by type of concession for the years ended December 31:
2020
(dollars in thousands)Number of
Loans
Pre-Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment(1)
Post-Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment(1)
Total
Difference
in Recorded
Investment
Totals by Loan Segment
Commercial Real Estate
Payment deferral5,292 4,791 (501)
Total Commercial Real Estate1 5,292 4,791 (501)
Business Banking
Maturity date extension333 165 (168)
Total Business Banking1 333 165 (168)
Commercial and Industrial
Maturity date extension11,195 9,605 (1,590)
Maturity date extension and interest rate reduction3,735 3,735 
Payment delay and below market interest rate362 354 (8)
Payment deferral93 22 (71)
Total Commercial and Industrial5 15,385 13,716 (1,669)
Commercial Construction
Maturity date extension2,592 2,329 (263)
Total Commercial Construction3 2,592 2,329 (263)
Consumer Real Estate
Consumer bankruptcy(2)
22 988 956 (32)
Maturity date extension and reduction in payment670 660 (10)
Payment deferral30 29 (1)
Total Consumer Real Estate29 1,688 1,645 (43)
Other Consumer
Consumer bankruptcy(2)
(1)
Total Other Consumer1 $5 $4 $(1)
Totals by Concession Type
Payment deferral5,415��4,842 (573)
Maturity date extension14,120 12,099 (2,021)
Maturity date extension and interest rate reduction3,735 3,735 
Payment delay and below market interest rate362 354 (8)
Consumer bankruptcy(2)
23 993 960 (33)
Maturity date extension and reduction in payment670 660 (10)
Total(3)
40 $25,295 $22,650 $(2,645)
(1) Excludes loans that were fully paid off or fully charged-off by period end. The pre-modification balance represents the balance outstanding prior to modification. The post-modification balance represents the outstanding balance at period end.
(2) Consumer bankruptcy loans where the debt has been legally discharged through the bankruptcy court and not reaffirmed.
(3) Refer to Note 1, Basis of Presentation for details of reclassification of our portfolio segments related to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.
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NOTE 8. LOANS AND LOANS HELD FOR SALE -- continued

 2017 2016
(dollars in thousands)
Number of
Loans

 
Pre-Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment(1)

 
Post-Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment(1)

 
Total
Difference
in Recorded
Investment

 
Number of
Loans

 
Pre-Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment(1)

 
Post-Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment(1)

 
Total
Difference
in Recorded
Investment

Commercial real estate               
Chapter 7 bankruptcy(2)

 $
 $
 $
 1
 $709
 $646
 $(63)
Interest Rate Reduction
 
 
 
 1
 250
 242
 (8)
Maturity date extension1
 400
 398
 (2) 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial               
Maturity date extension1
 274
 777
 503
 4
 4,756
 3,334
 (1,422)
Maturity date extension and interest rate reduction2
 1,800
 1,805
 5
 
 
 
 
Principal deferral2
 113
 113
 
 5
 985
 986
 1
Commercial construction               
Maturity date extension
 
 
 
 3
 1,251
 1,151
 (100)
Principal forgiveness2
 1,996
 1,996
 
 
 
 
 
Residential mortgage               
Chapter 7 bankruptcy(2)
1
 33
 31
 (2) 7
 439
 413
 (26)
Maturity date extension
 
 
 
 1
 483
 414
 (69)
Maturity date extension and interest rate reduction
 
 
 
 1
 280
 279
 (1)
Principal deferral
 
 
 
 1
 3,273
 3,133
 (140)
Home equity               
Chapter 7 bankruptcy(2)
21
 689
 643
 (46) 19
 676
 643
 (33)
Maturity date extension1
 231
 231
 
 5
 305
 298
 (7)
Maturity date extension and interest rate reduction1
 173
 113
 (60) 2
 604
 598
 (6)
Principal deferral
 
 
 
 1
 47
 45
 (2)
Installment and other consumer               
Chapter 7 bankruptcy(2)
4
 48
 35
 (13) 2
 16
 10
 (6)
Total by Concession Type               
Chapter 7 bankruptcy(2)
26
 $770
 $709
 $(61) 29
 $1,840
 $1,712
 $(128)
Interest rate reduction
 
 
 
 1
 250
 242
 (8)
Maturity date extension3
 905
 1,406
 501
 13
 6,795
 5,197
 (1,598)
Maturity date extension and interest rate reduction3
 1,973
 1,918
 (55) 3
 884
 877
 (7)
Principal deferral2
 113
 113
 
 7
 4,305
 4,164
 (141)
Principal forgiveness2
 1,996
 1,996
 
 
 
 
 
Total36
 $5,757
 $6,142
 $385
 53
 $14,074
 $12,192
 $(1,882)
2019
(dollars in thousands)Number of
Loans
Pre-Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment(1)
Post-Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment(1)
Total
Difference
in Recorded
Investment
Totals by Loan Segment
Commercial Real Estate
Maturity date extension and interest rate reduction150 145 (6)
Principal deferral23,517 23,059 (458)
Principal deferral and maturity date extension436 436 
Below market interest rate569 1,519 950 
Total Commercial Real Estate7 24,672 25,159 486 
Commercial and Industrial
Maturity date extension and interest rate reduction4,751 4,136 (616)
Principal deferral1,250 1,250 
Principal deferral and maturity date extension292 275 (17)
Total Commercial and Industrial3 6,294 5,661 (633)
Residential Mortgage
Principal deferral and maturity date extension183 183 
Consumer bankruptcy(2)
165 157 (9)
Total Residential Mortgage6 348 340 (9)
Home equity
Principal deferral and maturity date extension39 39 
Interest rate reduction190 188 (2)
Consumer bankruptcy(2)
29 886 810 (77)
Total Home Equity33 1,116 1,037 (79)
Installment and Other Consumer
Consumer bankruptcy(2)
16 11 (5)
Total Installment and Other Consumer4 $16 $11 $(5)
Totals by Concession Type
Maturity date extension and interest rate reduction4,902 4,280 (622)
Principal deferral24,767 24,309 (458)
Principal deferral and Maturity date extension950 933 (17)
Interest rate reduction190 188 (2)
Below market interest rate569 1,519 950 
Consumer bankruptcy(2)
36 1,068 977 (91)
Total(3)
53 $32,446 $32,206 $(240)
(1) Excludes loans that were fully paid off or fully charged-off by period end. The pre-modification balance represents the balance outstanding prior to modification. The post-modification balance represents the outstanding balance at period end.
(2) Consumer bankruptcy loans where the debt has been legally discharged through the bankruptcy court and not reaffirmed.
(3) Refer to Note 1, Basis of Presentation for details of reclassification of our portfolio segments related to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.
(1)ExcludesIn response to the coronavirus, or COVID-19, pandemic and its economic impact on our customers, we implemented a short-term modification program that complies with the CARES Act to provide temporary payment relief to those borrowers directly impacted by COVID-19 who were not more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019. This program allows for a deferral of payments for 90 days and up to a maximum of 180 days for our commercial customers. The customer remains responsible for deferred payments along with any additional interest accrued during the deferral period. For our consumer customers, interest does not accrue during the deferral period and the maturity date is extended by the length of the deferral period. Under the applicable guidance, none of these loans were considered restructured during 2020. We had 52 loans that were fully paid off or fully charged-off by period end. The pre-modification balance represents the balance outstanding prior to modification. The post-modification balance represents the outstanding balancemodified totaling $195.6 million at period end.
(2)Chapter 7 bankruptcy loans where the debt has been legally discharged through the bankruptcy court and not reaffirmed.
During 2017, we modified 15 loans that were not considered to be TDRs, including 10 C&I loans for $10.8 million, and five CRE loans for $7.5 million. These modifications primarily represented insignificant delays in the timing of payments, concessions where we were adequately compensated through principal pay downs, fees or additional collateral or circumstances where we concluded that no concession was granted. As of December 31, 2017, we have two2020.
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NOTE 8. LOANS AND LOANS HELD FOR SALE -- continued

We had 20 commitments totaling $0.2for $0.8 million to lend additional funds on TDRs at December 31, 2020 compared to 24 commitments for $4.6 million at December 31, 2019. We had 1 TDR with a TDR.
total loan balance of $0.1 million that returned to accruing status during 2020. We returned one TDR6 TDRs totaling $2.0$0.5 million to accruing status during 2017. We returned five TDRs to accruing status during 2016 totaling $0.9 million.2019.
Defaulted TDRs are defined as loans having a payment default of 90 days or more after the restructuring takes place. There were no TDRs that defaulted during the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016place that were restructured within the last 12 months prior to defaulting. There were 6 TDRs totaling $11.8 million that defaulted during the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 0 TDRs that defaulted during 2019. The increase in defaulted TDRs was primarily related to a $21.3 million CRE relationship that went nonaccrual in the first quarter of 2020 and charged down by $10.0 million in the third quarter of 2020, leaving a remaining outstanding balance of $11.3 million. The relationship experienced continued deterioration as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

NOTE 7. LOANS AND LOANS HELD FOR SALE -- continued


The following table is a summary of nonperforming assets as of the dates presented:
December 31,December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2017 2016(dollars in thousands)20202019
Nonperforming Assets   Nonperforming Assets
Nonaccrual loans$12,788
 $31,037
Nonaccrual loans$117,485 $45,145 
Nonaccrual TDRs11,150
 11,598
Nonaccrual TDRs29,289 8,912 
Total nonaccrual loans23,938
 42,635
Total nonaccrual loans146,774 54,057 
OREO469
 679
OREO2,155 3,525 
Total Nonperforming Assets$24,407
 $43,314
Total Nonperforming Assets$148,929 $57,582 
NPAs decreased $18.9increased $91.3 million to $24.4$148.9 million during 20172020 compared to $43.3$57.6 million for the year ended 2016.at December 31, 2019. The decreasesignificant increase in nonperforming loans primarily related to two large commercial nonperforming, impairedthe addition of $56.3 million of hotel loans that paid offmoved to nonperforming during the yearfourth quarter of 2020 as a result of continued deterioration due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Also moving to nonperforming during 2020 were $11.3 million and $6.7 million CRE relationships that totaled $10.5 million.experienced financial deterioration that led to cash flow shortfalls, a $5.9 million CRE relationship that was associated with the customer fraud and a $15.1 million C&I relationship that experienced financial deterioration that led to cash flow shortfalls.
The following table presents a summary of the aggregate amount of loans to certain officers, directors of S&T or any affiliates of such persons as of December 31:
20202019
(dollars in thousands)2017 2016
Balance at beginning of year$25,167
 $24,517
Balance at beginning of year$8,225 $8,682 
New loans25,203
 22,740
New loans3,343 2,442 
Repayments or no longer considered a related party(40,300) (22,090)Repayments or no longer considered a related party(5,239)(2,899)
$10,070
 $25,167
Balance at end of yearBalance at end of year$6,329 $8,225 


NOTE 8.9. ALLOWANCE FOR LOANCREDIT LOSSES
We maintain an ALLACL at a level determined to be adequate to absorb estimated probableexpected credit losses inherent inwithin the loan portfolio over the contractual life of an instrument that considers our historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions as of the balance sheet date. We develop and document a systematic ALLACL methodology based on the following portfolio segments: 1) CRE, 2) C&I, 3) Commercial Construction, 4) Business Banking, 5) Consumer Real Estate and 5)6) Other Consumer.
The following are key risks within each portfolio segment:

CRE—Loans secured by commercial purpose real estate, including both owner-occupied properties and investment properties for various purposes such as hotels, strip mallsretail, multifamily and apartments. Operationshealth care. The primary sources of repayment for these loans are the operations of the individual projects and global cash flows of the debtors are the primary sources of repayment for these loans.debtors. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the collateral type and the business prospects of the lessee, if the project is not owner-occupied.

C&I—Loans made to operating companies or manufacturers for the purpose of production, operating capacity, accounts receivable, inventory or equipment financing. CashThe primary source of repayment for these loans is cash flow from the operations of the company is the primary source of repayment for these loans.company. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the industry of the company. Collateral for these types of loans often dodoes not have sufficient value in a distressed or liquidation scenario to satisfy the outstanding debt.

Commercial Construction—Loans made to finance construction of buildings or other structures, as well as to finance the
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Note 9. ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES - continued
acquisition and development of raw land for various purposes. While the risk of these loans is generally confined to the construction period, if there are problems, the project may not be completed, and as such, may not provide sufficient cash flow on its own to service the debt or have sufficient value in a liquidation to cover the outstanding principal. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the type of project and the experience and resources of the developer.

Business Banking—Commercial loans made to small businesses that are standard, non-complex products evaluated through a streamlined credit approval process that has been designed to maximize efficiency while maintaining high credit quality standards that meet small business market customers’ needs. The business banking portfolio is monitored by utilizing a standard and closely managed process focusing on behavioral and performance criteria. The condition of the local economy is an important indicator of risk, but there are also more specific risks depending on the collateral type and business.
Consumer Real Estate—Loans secured by first and second liens such as home equity loans, home equity lines of credit and 1-4 family residential mortgages, including purchase money mortgages. The primary source of repayment for these loans is the income and assets of the borrower. The condition of the local economy, in particular the unemployment rate, is an important indicator of risk for this segment. The state of the local housing market can also have a significant impact on this segment because low demand and/or declining home values can limit the ability of borrowers to sell a property and satisfy the debt.


NOTE 8. ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES -- continued

Other Consumer—Loans made to individuals that may be secured by assets other than 1-4 family residences, as well as unsecured loans. This segment includes auto loans, unsecured loans and lines and credit cards. The primary source of repayment for these loans is the income and assets of the borrower. The condition of the local economy, in particular the unemployment rate, is an important indicator of risk for this segment. The value of the collateral, if there is any, is less likely to be a source of repayment due to less certain collateral values.
We further assess risk within each portfolio segment by pooling loans with similar risk characteristics. For the commercial loan classes, the most important indicator of risk is the internally assigned risk rating, including pass, special mention and substandard. Consumer loans are pooled by type of collateral, lien position and loan to value, or LTV, ratio for Consumer Real Estate loans. Historical loss rates are applied to these loan pools to determine the reserve for loans collectively evaluated for impairment.
The ALL methodology for groups of loans collectively evaluated for impairment is comprised of both a quantitative and qualitative analysis. A key assumption in the quantitative component of the reserve is the loss emergence period, or LEP. The LEP is an estimate of the average amount of time from the point at which a loss is incurred on a loan to the point at which the loss is confirmed. Another key assumption is the look-back period, or LBP, which represents the historical data period utilized to calculate loss rates.
Management monitors various credit quality indicators for both the commercial, business banking and consumer loan portfolios, including delinquency,changes in risk ratings, nonperforming status and changes in risk ratingsdelinquency on a monthly basis.
The following tables present the age analysis of past due loans segregated by class of loans as of the dates presented:
 December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands)Current
 
30-59 Days
Past Due

 
60-89 Days
Past Due

 
Non-
performing

 
Total
Past Due
Loans

 Total Loans
Commercial real estate$2,681,395
 $997
 $134
 $3,468
 $4,599
 $2,685,994
Commercial and industrial1,426,754
 420
 446
 5,646
 6,512
 1,433,266
Commercial construction377,968
 2,473
 20
 3,873
 6,366
 384,334
Residential mortgage687,195
 2,975
 1,439
 7,165
 11,579
 698,774
Home equity480,956
 2,065
 590
 3,715
 6,370
 487,326
Installment and other consumer66,770
 193
 170
 71
 434
 67,204
Consumer construction4,551
 
 
 
 
 4,551
Loans held for sale4,485
 
 
 
 
 4,485
Total$5,730,074
 $9,123
 $2,799
 $23,938
 $35,860
 $5,765,934
 December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands)Current
 
30-59 Days
Past Due

 
60-89 Days
Past Due

 
Non-
performing

 
Total
Past Due
Loans

 Total Loans
Commercial real estate$2,479,513
 $2,032
 $759
 $16,172
 $18,963
 $2,498,476
Commercial and industrial1,391,475
 1,061
 428
 8,071
 9,560
 1,401,035
Commercial construction450,410
 547
 
 4,927
 5,474
 455,884
Residential mortgage689,635
 1,312
 1,117
 9,918
 12,347
 701,982
Home equity476,866
 1,470
 509
 3,439
 5,418
 482,284
Installment and other consumer65,525
 176
 43
 108
 327
 65,852
Consumer construction5,906
 
 
 
 
 5,906
Loans held for sale3,793
 
 
 
 
 3,793
Total$5,563,123
 $6,598
 $2,856
 $42,635
 $52,089
 $5,615,212
We continually monitor the commercial loan portfolio through an internal risk rating system. Loan risk ratings are assigned based upon the creditworthiness of the borrower and are reviewed on an ongoing basis according to our internal policies. Loans within the pass rating generally have a lower risk of loss than loans risk rated as special mention andor substandard.
Our risk ratings are consistent with regulatory guidance and are as follows:
Pass—The loan is currently performing and is of high quality.

NOTE 8. ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES -- continued

Special Mention—A special mention loan has potential weaknesses that warrant management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects or in the strength of our credit position at some future date. Economic and market conditions, beyond the borrower’s control, may in the future necessitate this classification.
Substandard—A substandard loan is not adequately protected by the net worth and/or paying capacity of the borrower or by the collateral pledged, if any. Substandard loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. These loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that we will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.
Doubtful—Loans classified doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently known facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.













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The following tables present the recorded investment in commercialtable presents loan classesbalances by year of origination and internally assigned risk ratingsrating for our portfolio segments as of the dates presented:December 31, 2020:
 December 31, 2017
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial
Real Estate

 
% of
Total

 
Commercial
and Industrial

 
% of
Total

 
Commercial
Construction

 
% of
Total

 Total
 
% of
Total

Pass$2,588,847
 96.4% $1,345,810
 93.9% $368,105
 95.8% $4,302,762
 95.5%
Special mention66,436
 2.5% 54,320
 3.8% 9,345
 2.4% 130,101
 2.9%
Substandard30,711
 1.1% 33,136
 2.3% 6,884
 1.8% 70,731
 1.6%
Total$2,685,994
 100.0% $1,433,266
 100.0% $384,334
 100.0% $4,503,594
 100.0%
Risk Rating
(dollars in thousands)(dollars in thousands)202020192018201720162015 and PriorRevolvingRevolving-TermTotal
Commercial Real EstateCommercial Real Estate
PassPass$334,086 $422,800 $394,963 $277,724 $307,321 $615,217 $46,330 $2,398,441 
Special MentionSpecial Mention35,499 10,200 22,502 55,174 75,022 198,397 
SubstandardSubstandard17,259 12,781 19,914 50,700 83,792 1,500 185,946 
DoubtfulDoubtful645 1,989 6,529 9,163 
Total Commercial Real EstateTotal Commercial Real Estate334,086 476,203 417,944 320,140 415,184 780,560 47,830 0 2,791,947 
Commercial and IndustrialCommercial and Industrial
PassPass454,131 199,453 140,049 68,607 27,645 206,782 383,082 1,479,749 
Special MentionSpecial Mention3,697 8,211 2,628 697 768 1,046 23,527 40,574 
SubstandardSubstandard7,793 2,613 8,544 75 13,781 2,022 34,828 
DoubtfulDoubtful4,401 4,401 
Total Commercial and IndustrialTotal Commercial and Industrial457,828 215,457 145,290 82,249 28,488 221,609 408,631 0 1,559,552 
Commercial ConstructionCommercial Construction
PassPass131,235 224,794 59,649 2,420 6,346 4,555 12,778 441,777 
Special MentionSpecial Mention1,578 2,533 3,886 8,593 16,590 
SubstandardSubstandard3,580 501 3,629 7,710 
DoubtfulDoubtful0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Total Commercial ConstructionTotal Commercial Construction132,813 230,907 63,535 2,921 6,346 16,777 12,778 0 466,077 
Business BankingBusiness Banking
PassPass296,254 154,335 123,207 86,552 77,238 266,042 103,571 291 1,107,490 
Special MentionSpecial Mention1,060 1,147 1,602 1,084 6,866 637 123 12,519 
SubstandardSubstandard103 1,078 3,896 3,209 3,880 25,871 1,341 680 40,058 
DoubtfulDoubtful0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Total Business BankingTotal Business Banking296,357 156,473 128,250 91,363 82,202 298,779 105,549 1,094 1,160,067 
Consumer Real EstateConsumer Real Estate
PassPass120,736 122,171 67,700 63,653 73,805 243,939 438,888 22,667 1,153,559 
Special MentionSpecial Mention1,489 150 132 1,771 
SubstandardSubstandard373 742 1,480 2,449 6,958 12,002 
DoubtfulDoubtful0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Total Consumer Real EstateTotal Consumer Real Estate120,736 122,544 69,931 65,133 76,254 251,047 439,020 22,667 1,167,332 
Other consumerOther consumer
PassPass18,849 13,162 6,784 3,395 2,082 687 26,647 2,767 74,373 
Special MentionSpecial Mention
SubstandardSubstandard15 3,367 744 2,386 6,512 
DoubtfulDoubtful0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
Total Other ConsumerTotal Other Consumer18,864 13,162 6,784 3,395 2,082 4,054 27,391 5,153 80,885 
December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial
Real Estate

 
% of
Total

 
Commercial
and Industrial

 
% of
Total

 
Commercial
Construction

 
% of
Total

 Total
 
% of
Total

Pass$2,423,742
 97.0% $1,315,507
 93.9% $430,472
 94.4% $4,169,721
 95.7%
Special mention33,098
 1.3% 40,409
 2.9% 14,691
 3.2% 88,198
 2.0%
Substandard41,636
 1.7% 45,119
 3.2% 10,721
 2.4% 97,476
 2.3%
Total$2,498,476
 100.0% $1,401,035
 100.0% $455,884
 100.0% $4,355,395
 100.0%
Total Loan BalanceTotal Loan Balance$1,360,684 $1,214,746 $831,734 $565,201 $610,556 $1,572,826 $1,041,199 $28,914 $7,225,860 
We monitor the delinquent status of the commercial and consumer portfolioportfolios on a monthly basis. Loans are considered nonperforming when interest and principal are 90 days or more past due or management has determined that a material deterioration in the borrower’s financial condition exists. The risk of loss is generally highest for nonperforming loans.






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Note 9. ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES - continued
The following table presents loan balances by year of origination and performing and nonperforming status for our portfolio segments as of December 31, 2020:
(dollars in thousands)202020192018201720162015 and PriorRevolvingRevolving-TermTotal
Commercial Real Estate
Performing$334,086 $459,799 $417,944 $313,465 $394,972 $722,782 $47,830 $$2,690,879 
Nonperforming16,404 6,675 20,212 57,778 101,070 
Total Commercial Real Estate334,086 476,203 417,944 320,140 415,184 780,560 47,830 0 2,791,947 
Commercial and Industrial
Performing457,828 214,144 143,706 69,411 28,426 220,701 408,350 1,542,566 
Nonperforming1,313 1,584 12,838 62 908 281 16,985 
Total Commercial and Industrial457,828 215,457 145,290 82,249 28,488 221,609 408,631 0 1,559,552 
Commercial Construction
Performing132,813 230,907 63,535 2,921 6,346 16,393 12,778 465,692 
Nonperforming384 384 
Total Commercial Construction132,813 230,907 63,535 2,921 6,346 16,777 12,778 0 466,077 
Business Banking
Performing296,327 156,164 126,432 90,414 80,106 286,970 105,494 1,037 1,142,944 
Nonperforming30 309 1,818 949 2,096 11,809 55 57 17,123 
Total Business Banking296,357 156,473 128,250 91,363 82,202 298,779 105,549 1,094 1,160,067 
Consumer Real Estate
Performing120,736 122,315 69,225 63,647 74,690 245,331 438,702 21,572 1,156,216 
Nonperforming229 706 1,486 1,564 5,716 318 1,096 11,116 
Total Consumer Real Estate120,736 122,544 69,931 65,133 76,254 251,047 439,020 22,667 1,167,332 
Other Consumer
Performing18,864 13,162 6,784 3,395 2,082 3,958 27,391 5,153 80,789 
Nonperforming96 96 
Total Other Consumer18,864 13,162 6,784 3,395 2,082 4,054 27,391 5,153 80,885 
Performing1,360,654 1,196,491 827,625 543,253 586,622 1,496,135 1,040,544 27,762 7,079,086 
Nonperforming30 18,254 4,108 21,948 23,934 76,691 654 1,153 146,774 
Total Loan Balance$1,360,684 $1,214,746 $831,734 $565,201 $610,556 $1,572,826 $1,041,199 $28,914 $7,225,860 
The following tables present the age analysis of past due loans segregated by class of loans as of the dates presented:
December 31, 2020(2)
(dollars in thousands)Current30-59 Days
Past Due
60-89 Days
Past Due
90 Days + Past Due(1)
Non-
performing
Total
Past Due
Loans
Total Loans
Commercial real estate$2,690,877 $$$$101,070 $101,070 $2,791,947 
Commercial and industrial1,542,567 16,985 16,985 1,559,552 
Commercial construction462,094 19 3,580 384 3,983 466,077 
Business banking1,140,581 1,614 379 371 17,122 19,486 1,160,067 
Consumer real estate1,153,028 1,087 1,968 132 11,117 14,304 1,167,332 
Other consumer80,583 168 37 96 302 80,885 
Total$7,069,730 $2,888 $5,965 $503 $146,774 $156,130 $7,225,860 
(1) Represents acquired loans that were recorded at fair value at the acquisition date and remain performing at December 31, 2020.
(2) We had 52 loans that were modified totaling $195.6 million under the CARES Act at December 31, 2020. These customers were not considered past due as a result of their delayed payments. Upon exiting the loan modification deferral program, the measurement of loan delinquency will resume where it left off upon entry into the program. Due to the modification program, this delinquency table may not accurately reflect the credit risk associated with these loans.
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Note 9. ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES - continued
December 31, 2019
(dollars in thousands)Current30-59 Days
Past Due
60-89 Days
Past Due
90 Days + Past DueNon-
performing
Total
Past Due
Loans
Total Loans
Commercial real estate$3,025,505 $7,749 $71 $911 $25,356 $34,087 $3,059,592 
Commercial and industrial1,466,460 126 1,589 1,443 10,911 14,069 1,480,529 
Commercial construction367,204 956 1,163 737 2,856 370,060 
Business banking830,735 5,093 1,099 9,863 16,055 846,790 
Consumer real estate1,283,591 2,620 1,758 1,175 6,063 11,616 1,295,207 
Other consumer81,866 1,448 305 228 1,127 3,108 84,974 
Total$7,055,361 $17,992 $5,985 $3,757 $54,057 $81,791 $7,137,152 

The following table presents loans on nonaccrual status and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing by class of loan:
December 31, 2020
December 31, 2020For the twelve months ended
(dollars in thousands)Beginning of Period NonaccrualEnd of Period NonaccrualNonaccrual With No Related AllowancePast Due 90+ Days Still Accruing
Interest Income Recognized on Nonaccrual(1)
Commercial real estate$25,356 $101,070 $60,401 $$22 
Commercial and industrial10,911 16,985 6,436 101 
Commercial construction737 384 285 
Business banking9,863 17,122 3,890 371 275 
Consumer real estate6,063 11,117 398 132 423 
Other consumer1,127 96 
Total$54,057 $146,774 $71,410 $503 $826 
(1) Represents only cash payments received and applied to interest on nonaccrual loans.
The following table presents collateral-dependent loans by class of loan:
December 31, 2020
Type of Collateral
(dollars in thousands)Real EstateBlanket LienInvestment/CashOther
Commercial real estate$100,450 $0 $0 $0 
Commercial and industrial1,040 15,080 
Commercial construction3,552 
Business banking3,085 1,619 689 
Consumer real estate398 
Total$108,525 $16,699 $0 $689 
The following table presents activity in the ACL for year ended December 31, 2020:
 Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2020
(dollars in thousands)Commercial
Real Estate
Commercial and
Industrial (2)
Commercial
Construction
Business Banking(1)
Consumer
Real Estate
Other
Consumer
Total
Loans
Allowance for credit losses on loans:
Balance at beginning of period$30,577 $15,681 $7,900 $$6,337 $1,729 $62,224 
Impact of CECL adoption4,810 7,853 (3,376)12,898 4,525 636 27,346 
Provision for credit losses on loans56,489 65,288 2,986 5,303 (368)1,723 131,421 
Charge-offs(26,460)(74,282)(454)(2,612)(667)(1,890)(106,365)
Recoveries240 1,560 183 328 187 488 2,986 
Net (Charge-offs)/Recoveries(26,220)(72,722)(271)(2,284)(480)(1,402)(103,379)
Balance at End of Period$65,656 $16,100 $7,239 $15,917 $10,014 $2,686 $117,612 
(1) In connection with our adoption of ASU 2016-13, we made changes to our loan portfolio segments to align with the methodology applied in determining the
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Note 9. ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES - continued
allowance under CECL. Our new segmentation breaks out business banking loans from our other loan segments: CRE, C&I, commercial construction, consumer real estate and other consumer. The business banking allowance balance at the beginning of period is included in the other segments and reclassified to business banking through the impact of CECL adoption line.
(2) During the three months ended June 30, 2020, we experienced a pre-tax loss of $58.7 million related to a customer fraud resulting from a check kiting scheme.

The adoption of ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments resulted in an increase to our ACL of $27.4 million on January 1, 2020. The increase included $8.2 million for S&T legacy loans and $9.3 million for acquired loans from the DNB merger. We also recorded a day one adjustment of $9.9 million primarily related to a C&I relationship that was charged off in the first quarter of 2020. We obtained information on the relationship subsequent to filing our December 31, 2019 10-K, but before the end of the first quarter of 2020. The updated information supported a loss existed at January 1, 2020.
We recognized a charge-off of $58.7 million related to a customer fraud from a check kiting scheme during the second quarter of 2020. The fraud was perpetrated by a single business customer and the customer has plead guilty in an ongoing criminal investigation. We continue to pursue all available sources of recovery to mitigate the loss. The customer also had a lending relationship of $14.8 million, including a $14.0 million commercial real estate loan and an $0.8 million line of credit which resulted in an additional $8.9 million charge-off in 2020. At December 31, 2020, $5.9 million remains outstanding as a nonperforming loan that has been fully charged down to the estimated sale price of the collateral.
The impact of COVID-19 was captured in our quantitative reserve as certain impacted loans were downgraded to special mention and substandard and in our qualitative reserve through our economic forecast and other qualitative adjustments. Commercial special mention, substandard and doubtful loans increased $281 million to $571 million compared to $290 million at December 31, 2019, with an increase of $162 million in substandard loans, $113 million in special mention loans and $11.4 million in doubtful loans. The increase in both special mention and substandard loans was mainly due to downgrades in our hotel portfolio. Specific reserves on loans individually assessed increased $11.3 million to $13.5 million compared to $2.2 million in 2019. Included in the $13.5 million of specific reserves was $6.7 million for loans in our hotel portfolio. Specific reserves for hotels were based on liquidation values from appraisals received in the fourth quarter of 2020. Our qualitative reserve increased $14.1 million in 2020 which included $8.6 million for the economic forecast, $3.2 million for portfolio allocations made in our hotel, business banking and C&I portfolios due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and $2.3 million for current conditions. The change in reserve attributed to the economic forecast reflected reductions in the second and third quarters due to an improved economic forecast. Our forecast covers a period of two years and is driven primarily by national unemployment data. The change attributed to the portfolio allocations was primarily due to $3.0 million of ACL added for our business banking portfolio.
The C&I portfolio included $465.0 million of loans originated under the PPP at December 31, 2020. The loans are 100 percent guaranteed by the SBA, therefore, we have not assigned any ACL to these loans at December 31, 2020.
Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, we calculated our allowance for loan losses using an incurred loan loss methodology. The following tables are disclosures related to the allowance for loan losses in prior periods.
The following table presents the recorded investment in commercial loan classes by internally assigned risk ratings as of the date presented:
December 31, 2019
(dollars in thousands)Commercial
Real Estate
% of
Total
Commercial
and Industrial
% of
Total
Commercial
Construction
% of
Total
Total% of
Total
Pass$3,270,437 95.7 %$1,636,314 95.1 %$347,324 92.5 %$5,254,056 95.3 %
Special mention57,285 1.7 %36,484 2.1 %10,109 2.7 %103,878 1.9 %
Substandard86,772 2.5 %47,980 2.8 %17,899 4.8 %152,651 2.8 %
Doubtful2,023 0.1 %55 %133 %2,211 %
Total$3,416,518 100.0 %$1,720,833 100.0 %$375,445 100.0 %$5,512,796 100.0 %
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Note 9. ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES - continued
The following table presents the recorded investment in consumer loan classes by performing and nonperforming status as of the datesdate presented:
December 31, 2019
(dollars in
thousands)
Residential
Mortgage
% of
Total
Home
Equity
% of
Total
Installment
and other
consumer
% of
Total
Consumer
Construction
% of
Total
Total% of
Total
Performing$991,066 99.2 %$535,709 99.5 %$78,993 99.9 %$8,390 100.0 %$1,614,158 99.4 %
Nonperforming7,519 0.8 %2,639 0.5 %40 0.1 %%10,198 0.6 %
Total$998,585 100.0 %$538,348 100.0 %$79,033 100.0 %$8,390 100.0 %$1,624,356 100.0 %
 December 31, 2017
(dollars in
thousands)
Residential
Mortgage

 
% of
Total

 
Home
Equity

 
% of
Total

 
Installment
and other
consumer

 
% of
Total

 
Consumer
Construction

 
% of
Total

 Total
 
% of
Total

Performing$691,609
 99.0% $483,611
 99.2% $67,133
 99.9% $4,551
 100.0% $1,246,904
 99.1%
Nonperforming7,165
 1.0% 3,715
 0.8% 71
 0.1% 
 % 10,951
 0.9%
Total$698,774
 100.0% $487,326
 100.0% $67,204
 100.0% $4,551
 100.0% $1,257,855
 100.0%
 December 31, 2016
(dollars in
thousands)
Residential
Mortgage

 
% of
Total

 
Home
Equity

 
% of
Total

 
Installment
and other
consumer

 
% of
Total

 
Consumer
Construction

 
% of
Total

 Total
 
% of
Total

Performing$692,064
 98.6% $478,845
 99.3% $65,744
 99.8% $5,906
 100.0% $1,242,559
 98.9%
Nonperforming9,918
 1.4% 3,439
 0.7% 108
 0.2% 
 % 13,465
 1.1%
Total$701,982
 100.0% $482,284
 100.0% $65,852
 100.0% $5,906
 100.0% $1,256,024
 100.0%
We individually evaluate all substandard and nonaccrual commercial loans greater than $0.5 million for impairment. Loans are considered to be impaired when based upon current information and events it is probable that we will be unable to collect all principal and interest payments due according to the original contractual terms of the loan agreement. All TDRs will be reported as an impaired loan for the remaining life of the loan, unless the restructuring agreement specifies an interest rate equal to or greater than the rate that would be accepted at the time of the restructuring for a new loan with comparable risk and it is expected that the remaining principal and interest will be fully collected according to the restructured agreement. For all TDRs, regardless of size, and all other impaired loans, we conduct further analysis to determine the probable loss and assign a specific reserve to the loan if deemed appropriate.

NOTE 8. ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES -- continued


The following tables summarizetable presents investments in loans considered to be impaired and related information on those impaired loans as of the dates presented:
 December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016
(dollars in thousands)
Recorded
Investment

 
Unpaid
Principal
Balance

 
Related
Allowance

 
Recorded
Investment

 
Unpaid
Principal
Balance

 
Related
Allowance

With a related allowance recorded:           
Commercial real estate$
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $
Commercial and industrial1,735
 1,787
 29
 964
 2,433
 771
Commercial construction
 
 
 
 
 
Consumer real estate21
 21
 21
 26
 26
 26
Other consumer27
 27
 27
 1
 1
 1
Total with a Related Allowance Recorded1,783
 1,835
 77
 991
 2,460
 798
Without a related allowance recorded:           
Commercial real estate3,546
 3,811
 
 16,352
 17,654
 
Commercial and industrial5,549
 7,980
 
 5,902
 7,699
 
Commercial construction5,464
 8,132
 
 6,613
 10,306
 
Consumer real estate10,467
 11,357
 
 12,053
 12,849
 
Other consumer14
 22
 
 24
 31
 
Total without a Related Allowance Recorded25,040
 31,302
 
 40,944
 48,539
 
Total:           
Commercial real estate3,546
 3,811
 
 16,352
 17,654
 
Commercial and industrial7,284
 9,767
 29
 6,866
 10,132
 771
Commercial construction5,464
 8,132
 
 6,613
 10,306
 
Consumer real estate10,488
 11,378
 21
 12,079
 12,875
 26
Other consumer41
 49
 27
 25
 32
 1
Total$26,823
 $33,137
 $77
 $41,935
 $50,999
 $798
As of December 31, 2017, we had $26.8 million2019:
December 31, 2019
(dollars in thousands)Recorded
Investment
Unpaid
Principal
Balance
Related
Allowance
With a related allowance recorded:
Commercial real estate$13,011 $14,322 $2,023 
Commercial and industrial10,001 10,001 55 
Commercial construction489 489 113 
Consumer real estate
Other consumer
Total with a Related Allowance Recorded23,510 24,821 2,200 
Without a related allowance recorded:
Commercial real estate34,909 40,201 — 
Commercial and industrial7,605 10,358 — 
Commercial construction1,425 2,935 — 
Consumer real estate7,884 8,445 — 
Other consumer11 — 
Total without a Related Allowance Recorded51,827 61,950  
Total:
Commercial real estate47,920 54,523 2,023 
Commercial and industrial17,606 20,359 55 
Commercial construction1,914 3,424 113 
Consumer real estate7,884 8,445 
Other consumer13 20 
Total$75,337 $86,771 $2,200 
112

Table of impaired loans which included $5.1 million of acquired loans that experienced credit deterioration since the acquisition date.Contents


NOTE 8.Note 9. ALLOWANCE FOR LOANCREDIT LOSSES --- continued

The following table summarizes investments inaverage recorded investment and interest income recognized on loans considered to be impaired and related information on those impaired loans for the yearsyear presented:
For the Year EndedFor the Year Ended
December 31, 2017 December 31, 2016December 31, 2019
(dollars in thousands)
Average
Recorded
Investment

 
Interest
Income
Recognized

 
Average
Recorded
Investment

 
Interest
Income
Recognized

(dollars in thousands)Average
Recorded
Investment
Interest
Income
Recognized
With a related allowance recorded:       With a related allowance recorded:
Commercial real estate$
 $
 $
 $
Commercial real estate$14,018 $
Commercial and industrial968
 52
 2,438
 
Commercial and industrial10,135 576 
Commercial construction
 
 
 
Commercial construction489 
Consumer real estate23
 2
 28
 2
Consumer real estate
Other consumer34
 2
 2
 
Other consumer13 
Total with a Related Allowance Recorded1,025
 56
 2,468
 2
Total with a Related Allowance Recorded24,655 577 
Without a related allowance recorded:       Without a related allowance recorded:
Commercial real estate6,636
 177
 17,496
 144
Commercial real estate35,739 943 
Commercial and industrial9,897
 257
 6,141
 160
Commercial and industrial5,565 368 
Commercial construction6,828
 253
 7,723
 162
Commercial construction1,831 131 
Consumer real estate11,037
 487
 11,939
 523
Consumer real estate8,190 397 
Other consumer23
 
 35
 1
Other consumer
Total without a Related Allowance Recorded34,421
 1,174
 43,334
 990
Total without a Related Allowance Recorded51,332 1,839 
Total:       Total:
Commercial real estate6,636
 177
 17,496
 144
Commercial real estate49,757 943 
Commercial and industrial10,865
 309
 8,579
 160
Commercial and industrial15,700 944 
Commercial construction6,828
 253
 7,723
 162
Commercial construction2,320 131 
Consumer real estate11,060
 489
 11,967
 525
Consumer real estate8,190 397 
Other consumer57
 2
 37
 1
Other consumer20 
Total$35,446
 $1,230
 $45,802
 $992
Total$75,987 $2,416 
The following tables detailtable details activity in the ALL for the periodsperiod presented:
 2017
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial
Real Estate

 
Commercial
and Industrial

 
Commercial
Construction

 
Consumer
Real Estate

 
Other
Consumer

 Total Loans
Balance at beginning of year$19,976
 $10,810
 $13,999
 $6,095
 $1,895
 $52,775
Charge-offs(2,304) (4,709) (2,571) (2,274) (1,638) (13,496)
Recoveries810
 654
 851
 342
 571
 3,228
Net (Charge-offs) Recoveries(1,494) (4,055) (1,720) (1,932) (1,067) (10,268)
Provision for loan losses8,753
 2,211
 888
 1,316
 715
 13,883
Balance at End of Year$27,235
 $8,966
 $13,167
 $5,479
 $1,543
 $56,390
 2016
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial
Real Estate

 
Commercial
and Industrial

 
Commercial
Construction

 
Consumer
Real Estate

 
Other
Consumer

 Total Loans
Balance at beginning of year$15,043
 $10,853
 $12,625
 $8,400
 $1,226
 $48,147
Charge-offs(3,114) (6,810) (1,877) (1,657) (2,103) (15,561)
Recoveries692
 722
 21
 433
 356
 2,224
Net Recoveries (Charge-offs)(2,422) (6,088) (1,856) (1,224) (1,747) (13,337)
Provision for loan losses7,355
 6,045
 3,230
 (1,081) 2,416
 17,965
Balance at End of Year$19,976
 $10,810
 $13,999
 $6,095
 $1,895
 $52,775

NOTE 8. ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES -- continued

2019
(dollars in thousands)Commercial
Real Estate
Commercial
and Industrial
Commercial
Construction
Consumer
Real Estate
Other
Consumer
Total
Balance at beginning of year$33,707 $11,596 $7,983 $6,187 $1,523 $60,996 
Charge-offs(3,664)(8,928)(406)(1,353)(1,838)(16,189)
Recoveries137 1,388 637 377 2,544 
Net (Charge-offs)(3,527)(7,540)(401)(716)(1,461)(13,645)
Provision for loan losses397 11,625 318 866 1,667 14,873 
Balance at End of Year$30,577 $15,681 $7,900 $6,337 $1,729 $62,224 
Loans acquired in the MergerDNB merger were recorded at fair value of $909.0 million with no carryover of the related allowance for loan losses from Integrity. As of December 31, 2017, acquired loans from the Merger of $387 million were outstanding, which decreased from $543 million at December 31, 2016. Additional credit deterioration on acquired loans during 2017 in excess of the original credit discount embedded in the fair value determination on the date of acquisition was recognized in the ALL through the provision for loan losses.ALL.
The following tables presenttable presents the ALL and recorded investments in loans by category as of December 31:
2019
Allowance for Loan LossesPortfolio Loans
(dollars in thousands)Individually
Evaluated for
Impairment
Collectively
Evaluated for
Impairment
TotalIndividually
Evaluated for
Impairment
Collectively
Evaluated for
Impairment
Total
Commercial real estate$2,023 $28,554 $30,577 $47,920 $3,368,598 $3,416,518 
Commercial and industrial55 15,626 15,681 17,606 1,703,227 1,720,833 
Commercial construction113 7,787 7,900 1,914 373,531 375,445 
Consumer real estate6,337 6,337 7,884 1,537,439 1,545,323 
Other consumer1,720 1,729 13 79,020 79,033 
Total$2,200 $60,024 $62,224 $75,337 $7,061,815 $7,137,152 

113
 2017
 Allowance for Loan Losses Portfolio Loans
(dollars in thousands)
Individually
Evaluated for
Impairment

 
Collectively
Evaluated for
Impairment

 Total
 
Individually
Evaluated for
Impairment

 
Collectively
Evaluated for
Impairment

 Total
Commercial real estate$
 $27,235
 $27,235
 $3,546
 $2,682,448
 $2,685,994
Commercial and industrial29
 8,937
 8,966
 7,284
 1,425,982
 1,433,266
Commercial construction
 13,167
 13,167
 5,464
 378,870
 384,334
Consumer real estate21
 5,458
 5,479
 10,488
 1,180,163
 1,190,651
Other consumer27
 1,516
 1,543
 41
 67,163
 67,204
Total$77
 $56,313
 $56,390
 $26,823
 $5,734,626
 $5,761,449


NOTE 10. RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS AND LEASE LIABILITIES
We have 51 lease contracts, including 48 operating leases and 3 finance leases. These leases are for our branch, loan production and support services facilities. Included in the lease expense for premises are leases with 1 S&T director, which totaled approximately $0.2 million for each of the three years 2020, 2019 and 2018.
The following table presents our lease expense for finance and operating leases for the years ended December 31:
(dollars in thousands)202020192018
Operating lease expense$5,711 $4,221 $3,850 
Amortization of ROU assets - finance leases224 101 44 
Interest on lease liabilities - finance leases (1)
84 74 11 
Total Lease Expense$6,019 $4,396 $3,905 
(1) Included in borrowings interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Net Income. All other lease costs in this table are included in net occupancy expense.
The following table presents our ROU assets, weighted average term and the discount rates for finance and operating leases as of December 31:
(dollars in thousands)20202019
Operating Leases
ROU assets$46,245 $47,686 
Operating cash flows$6,489 $5,028 
Finance Leases
ROU assets$1,278 $1,513 
Operating cash flows$84 $47 
Financing cash flows$180 $57 
Weighted Average Lease Term - Years
Operating leases18.7019.18
Finance leases12.0912.16
Weighted Average Discount Rate
Operating leases5.90 %5.94 %
Finance leases5.81 %5.73 %

Leases acquired from the DNB merger were remeasured at the acquisition date resulting in a ROU asset of $10.9 million at December 31, 2019.
As of December 31, 2020, 2 operating leases were considered abandoned due to branch closures and the right-of-use asset values were reduced by $0.5 million to 0 and the related liabilities were reduced by $0.2 million. We recognized additional expense of $0.3 million at the date of abandonment for these 2 leases.
The following table presents the maturity analysis of lease liabilities for finance and operating leases as of December 31, 2020:
(dollars in thousands)
Maturity AnalysisFinanceOperatingTotal
2021$269 $4,789 $5,058 
2022225 4,855 5,080 
2023129 4,759 4,888 
2024130 4,752 4,882 
2025132 4,787 4,919 
Thereafter1,145 66,409 67,554 
Total2,030 90,351 92,381 
Less: Present value discount(636)(38,402)(39,038)
Lease Liabilities$1,394 $51,949 $53,343 
114
 2016
 Allowance for Loan Losses Portfolio Loans
(dollars in thousands)
Individually
Evaluated for
Impairment

 
Collectively
Evaluated for
Impairment

 Total
 
Individually
Evaluated for
Impairment

 
Collectively
Evaluated for
Impairment

 Total
Commercial real estate$
 $19,976
 $19,976
 $16,352
 $2,482,124
 $2,498,476
Commercial and industrial771
 10,039
 10,810
 6,866
 1,394,169
 1,401,035
Commercial construction
 13,999
 13,999
 6,613
 449,271
 455,884
Consumer real estate26
 6,069
 6,095
 12,079
 1,178,093
 1,190,172
Other consumer1
 1,894
 1,895
 25
 65,827
 65,852
Total$798
 $51,977
 $52,775
 $41,935
 $5,569,484
 $5,611,419

Table of Contents




NOTE 9.11. PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT
The following table is a summary of premises and equipment as of the dates presented:
December 31,December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2017 2016(dollars in thousands)20202019
Land$6,266
 $6,397
Land$8,651 $9,018 
Premises51,799
 52,696
Premises61,299 60,767 
Furniture and equipment34,836
 32,328
Furniture and equipment45,072 41,713 
Leasehold improvements6,643
 7,293
Leasehold improvements12,061 11,290 
99,544
 98,714
127,083 122,788 
Accumulated depreciation(56,842) (53,715)Accumulated depreciation(71,469)(65,848)
Total$42,702
 $44,999
Total$55,614 $56,940 
Certain banking facilities are leased under finance leases and are included in total premises and equipment. We have 1 right-of-use asset for land in the amount of $0.2 million and 2 right-of use assets for buildings totaling $1.1 million. Additional information relating to leased right-of-use assets is included in Note 10 Right-of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities.
Depreciation expense related to premises and equipment was $5.1$6.7 million in 2017,2020, $5.4 million in 2019 and $5.0 million in 2016 and $4.7 million in 2015.2018.
Certain banking facilities are leased under arrangements expiring at various dates through the year 2054. We account for these leases on a straight-line basis due to escalation clauses. All leases are accounted for as operating leases, except for one capital lease. Rental expense for premises amounted to $4.0 million, $4.1 million and $3.9 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015. Included in the rental expense for premises are leases entered into with two S&T directors, which totaled $0.2 million in 2017, and $0.3 million in 2016 and 2015.

115
NOTE 9. PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT -- continued



Table of Contents
Minimum annual rental and renewal option payments for each of the following five years and thereafter are approximately:

(dollars in thousands)Operating
 Capital
 Total
2018$3,257
 $76
 $3,333
20193,277
 77
 3,354
20203,312
 77
 3,389
20213,351
 76
 3,427
20223,425
 77
 3,502
Thereafter55,000
 457
 55,457
Total$71,622
 $840
 $72,462

NOTE 10.12. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The following table presents goodwill as of the dates presented:
December 31,December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2017 2016(dollars in thousands)20202019
Balance at beginning of year$291,670
 $291,764
Balance at beginning of year$371,621 $287,446 
Additions
 
Additions1,803 84,175 
Other adjustments
 $(94)
Balance at End of Year$291,670
 $291,670
Balance at End of Year$373,424 $371,621 

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired. Purchase accounting guidance allows for a reasonable periodAdditional goodwill of time following an acquisition for the acquirer to obtain the information necessary to complete the accounting for a business combination. This period is known as the measurement period. Additional measurement period purchase accounting adjustments, primarily$1.8 million and $84.2 million was recorded during 2020 and 2019 related to taxes fromour acquisition of DNB. Refer to Note 2 Business Combinations for further details on the Merger, decreased goodwill by less than $0.1 million in 2016.DNB merger.
Goodwill is reviewed for impairment annually or more frequently if it is determined that a triggering event has occurred. In response to the current economic environment as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we completed an interim quantitative goodwill impairment analysis as of August 31, 2020 and updated this analysis as of October 1, 2020, our annual goodwill impairment evaluation date. Additionally, we completed an interim quantitative goodwill impairment analysis as of November 30, 2020 and updated this analysis as of December 31, 2020. Based upon our qualitative assessment performed for our annual impairment analysis, we concludeddetermined that it is more likely thanour goodwill of $373.4 million was not that the fair value of the reporting units exceeds the carrying value. In general, the overall macroeconomic conditions and more specifically the economic conditions of the banking industry have been very good. Additionally, our overall performance has been good and we did not identify any other facts and circumstances causing us to conclude that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting units would be less than the carrying value.impaired at December 31, 2020.
The following table showspresents a summary of intangible assets as of the dates presented:
December 31,December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2017 2016(dollars in thousands)20202019
Gross carrying amount at beginning of year$22,114
 $22,114
Gross carrying amount at beginning of year$31,052 $21,898 
Additions
 
Additions288 9,154 
Accumulated amortization(18,437) (17,204)Accumulated amortization(22,665)(20,133)
Balance at End of Year$3,677
 $4,910
Balance at End of Year$8,675 $10,919 

Intangible assets as of $8.7 million at December 31, 2017 consisted of $3.4 million for2020 relate to core depositsdeposit and $0.3 million for insurance contractwealth management customer relationships resulting from acquisitions. The $0.3 million addition during 2020 related to acquired wealth management customer relationships. We determined the amount of identifiable intangible assets for our core deposits based upon an independent core deposit, wealth management and insurance contract valuations.valuation. Other intangible assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. There were no triggering events in 20172020 requiring an impairment analysis to be completed.

NOTE 10. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS -- continued

Amortization expense on finite-lived intangible assets totaled $1.2$2.5 million, $1.6$0.8 million and $1.8$0.9 million for 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 2015. 2018.
The following is a summary of the expected amortization expense for finite-lived intangible assets, assuming no new additions, for each of the five years following December 31, 20172020 and thereafter:
(dollars in thousands)Amount
2021$1,780 
20221,518 
20231,319 
20241,151 
2025820 
Thereafter2,087 
Total$8,675 

116
(dollars in thousands)Amount
2018$1,013
2019655
2020554
2021477
2022359
Thereafter619
Total$3,677

Table of Contents



NOTE 11.13. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES
The following table indicates the amounts representing the value of derivative assets and derivative liabilities at December 31:
Derivatives (included in
Other Assets)
 
Derivatives (included
in Other Liabilities)
Derivatives (included in
Other Assets)
Derivatives (included
in Other Liabilities)
(dollars in thousands)2017 2016 2017 2016(dollars in thousands)2020201920202019
Derivatives not Designated as Hedging Instruments       Derivatives not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Interest Rate Swap Contracts—Commercial Loans       Interest Rate Swap Contracts—Commercial Loans
Fair value$3,074
 $6,960
 $3,055
 $6,958
Fair value$78,319 $25,647 $79,033 $25,615 
Notional amount263,841
 282,930
 263,841
 282,930
Notional amount983,638 740,762 983,638 740,762 
Collateral posted
 
 1,448
 14,340
Collateral posted77,930 26,127 
Interest Rate Lock Commitments—Mortgage Loans       Interest Rate Lock Commitments—Mortgage Loans
Fair value226
 236
 
 
Fair value2,900 321 
Notional amount6,860
 8,490
 
 
Notional amount51,053 9,829 
Forward Sale Contracts—Mortgage Loans       Forward Sale Contracts—Mortgage Loans
Fair value
 
 5
 27
Fair value385 
Notional amount
 
 6,580
 8,216
Notional amount12,750 47,062 
Presenting offsetting derivatives that are subject to legally enforceable netting arrangements with the same party is permitted. For example, we may have a derivative asset and a derivative liability with the same counterparty to a swap transaction and are permitted to offset the asset position and the liability position resulting in a net presentation.
The following table indicates the gross amounts of commercial loan swap derivative assets and derivative liabilities, the amounts offset and the carrying values in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31:
Derivatives (included
in Other Assets)
Derivatives (included
in Other Liabilities)
(dollars in thousands)2020201920202019
Derivatives not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Gross amounts recognized$82,655 $26,146 $82,626 $26,114 
Gross amounts offset(4,336)(499)(3,593)(499)
Net amounts presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets78,319 25,647 79,033 25,615 
Gross amounts not offset(1)
(77,930)(26,127)
Net Amount$78,319 $25,647 $1,103 $(512)
 
Derivatives (included
in Other Assets)
 
Derivatives (included
in Other Liabilities)
(dollars in thousands)2017 2016 2017 2016
Derivatives not Designated as Hedging Instruments       
Gross amounts recognized$4,974
 $8,590
 $4,955
 $8,588
Gross amounts offset(1,900) (1,630) (1,900) (1,630)
Net amounts presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets3,074
 6,960
 3,055
 6,958
Gross amounts not offset(1)

 
 (1,448) (14,340)
Net Amount$3,074
 $6,960
 $1,607
 $(7,382)
(1)Amounts represent collateral posted collateral.for the periods presented.





NOTE 11. DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES - continued
The following table indicates the gain or loss recognized in income on derivatives for the years ended December 31:
(dollars in thousands)202020192018
Derivatives not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Interest rate swap contracts—commercial loans$(746)$(132)$145 
Interest rate lock commitments—mortgage loans1,715 70 25 
Forward sale contracts—mortgage loans478 (54)60 
Total Derivative (Loss)/Gain$1,447 $(116)$230 

117
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 2015
Derivatives not Designated as Hedging Instruments     
Interest rate swap contracts—commercial loans$17
 $(16) $(8)
Interest rate lock commitments—mortgage loans(11) (25) 26
Forward sale contracts—mortgage loans52
 (22) 52
Total Derivative (Loss) Gain$58
 $(63) $70



NOTE 12.14. MORTGAGE SERVICING RIGHTS
For the years ended December 31, 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 2015,2018, the 1-4 family mortgage loans that were sold to Fannie Mae amounted to $78.8$345.1 million, $93.9$94.5 million and $76.8$79.3 million. At December 31, 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 20152018 our servicing portfolio totaled $441$718.2 million, $407$509.2 million and $361$473.7 million.
The following table indicates MSRs and the net carrying values:
(dollars in thousands)Servicing
Rights
Valuation
Allowance
Net Carrying
Value
Balance at December 31, 2018$4,518 $(54)$4,464 
Additions1,086 — 1,086 
Amortization(665)— (665)
Temporary recapture— (223)(223)
Balance at December 31, 2019$4,939 $(277)$4,662 
Additions2,887 — 2,887 
Amortization(1,206)— (1,206)
Temporary (impairment)— (1,354)(1,354)
Balance at December 31, 2020$6,620 $(1,631)$4,989 

(dollars in thousands)
Servicing
Rights

 
Valuation
Allowance

 
Net Carrying
Value

Balance at December 31, 2015$3,426
 $(189) $3,237
Additions1,047
 
 1,047
Amortization(615) 
 (615)
Temporary recapture (impairment)
 75
 75
Balance at December 31, 2016$3,858
 $(114) $3,744
Additions918
 
 918
Amortization(584) 
 (584)
Temporary recapture (impairment)
 55
 55
Balance at December 31, 2017$4,192
 $(59) $4,133


NOTE 13.15. QUALIFIED AFFORDABLE HOUSING
We invest in affordable housing projects primarily to satisfyAs part of our responsibilities under the Community Reinvestment Act requirements.and due to their favorable federal income tax benefits, we invest in Low Income Housing partnerships, or LIHPs. As a limited partner in these operating partnerships, we receive tax credits and tax deductions for losses incurred by the underlying properties. Our maximum exposure to loss associated with these investments consists of the investments' fair value plus any unfunded commitments as well as the denial of the tax credits if the project is deemed non-compliant. We usedo not have any loss reserves recorded related to these investments because we believe the cost methodlikelihood of any loss to account forbe remote. Our investments in LIHPs represent unconsolidated variable interest entities, or VIEs, and the assets and liabilities of the partnerships are not recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We have determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of these partnerships. VIEs because we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the partnership and have both the obligation to absorb expected losses and the right to receive benefits.
Our total investment in qualified affordable housing projects was $9.0$8.4 million at December 31, 20172020 and $11.7$4.8 million at December 31, 2016. We have one open commitment for $0.82019. Amortization expense was $3.2 million, to fund a new qualified affordable housing project at$2.6 million and $2.7 million as of December 31, 2017. There were no open commitments to fund current or future investments in qualified affordable housing projects at December 31, 2016. Amortization expense, included in other noninterest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Net Income, was $3.0 million, $3.3 million2020, 2019 and $3.6 million for December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015.2018. The amortization expense was offset by tax credits of $2.2 million, $4.2 million and $3.4 million $3.7 million and $4.0 million foras of December 31, 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 2015,2018 as a reduction to our federal tax provision. We evaluated our investments in
On September 11, 2019, we entered into a new qualified affordable housing projects for impairment atproject and committed to an investment of $10.2 million. As of December 31, 2017 due to the enactment of the Tax Act2020, we have invested $7.1 million in 2017; the results indicated that thethis new project. NaN amortization expense or tax benefits associated with each investment exceeded the carrying values.credits will be recognized for this new project until it is complete.


118


NOTE 14.16. DEPOSITS
The following table presents the composition of deposits at December 31 and interest expense for the years ended December 31:
2017 2016 2015202020192018
(dollars in thousands)Balance
 
Interest
Expense

 Balance
 
Interest
Expense

 Balance
 
Interest
Expense

(dollars in thousands)BalanceInterest
Expense
BalanceInterest
Expense
BalanceInterest
Expense
Noninterest-bearing demand$1,387,712
 $
 $1,263,833
 $
 $1,227,766
 $
Noninterest-bearing demand$2,261,994 $$1,698,082 $$1,421,156 $
Interest-bearing demand603,141
 67
 638,300
 111
 616,188
 818
Interest-bearing demand864,510 2,681 962,331 3,915 573,693 93 
Money market1,146,156
 9,204
 936,461
 4,199
 605,184
 1,299
Money market1,937,063 11,645 1,949,811 30,236 1,482,065 20,018 
Savings893,119
 2,081
 1,050,131
 2,002
 1,061,265
 1,712
Savings969,508 972 830,919 1,928 784,970 1,773 
Certificates of deposit1,397,763
 13,978
 1,383,652
 13,380
 1,366,208
 9,115
Certificates of deposit1,387,463 20,688 1,595,433 26,947 1,412,038 18,972 
Total$5,427,891
 $25,330
 $5,272,377
 $19,692
 $4,876,611
 $12,944
Total$7,420,538 $35,986 $7,036,576 $63,026 $5,673,922 $40,856 
The aggregate of all certificates of deposits over $100,000, including brokered CDs, was $585$688.4 million and $672$754.8 million at December 31, 20172020 and 2016.2019. Certificates of deposits over $250,000, including brokered CDs, were $228$329.7 million and $303$347.5 million at December 31, 20172020 and 2016.2019.
The following table indicates the scheduled maturities of certificates of deposit at December 31, 2017:2020:
(dollars in thousands)Amount
2021$1,182,938 
2022122,596 
202327,825 
202417,415 
202533,149 
Thereafter3,540 
Total$1,387,463 

119
(dollars in thousands)Amount
2018$1,015,515
2019233,932
202043,461
202165,563
202233,172
Thereafter6,120
Total$1,397,763



NOTE 15.17. SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS
Short-term borrowings are for terms under or equal to one year and wereare comprised of securities sold under REPOs and FHLB advances. All REPOs are overnight short-term investments and are not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC. Securities pledged as collateral under these REPO financing arrangements cannot be sold or repledged by the secured party and, therefore, the REPOs are therefore accounted for as a secured borrowing. Securitiesborrowings. Mortgage-backed securities with amortized cost of $57.5$65.1 million and carrying value of $56.8$68.4 million at December 31, 20172020 and amortized cost of $53.2$22.7 million and carrying value of $52.9$23.0 million at December 31, 20162019 were pledged as collateral for these secured transactions. The pledged securities are held in safekeeping at the Federal Reserve. Due to the overnight short-term nature of REPOs, potential risk due to a decline in the value of the pledged collateral is low. Collateral pledging requirements with REPOs are monitored daily. FHLB advances are for various terms and are secured by a blanket lien on residential mortgages and other real estate secured loans.
The following table representspresents the composition of short-term borrowings, the weighted average interest rate as of December 31 and interest expense for the years ended December 31:
202020192018
(dollars in thousands)BalanceWeighted
Average
Interest
Rate
Interest
Expense
BalanceWeighted
Average
Interest
Rate
Interest
Expense
BalanceWeighted
Average
Interest
Rate
Interest
Expense
REPOs$65,163 0.25 %$169 $19,888 0.74 %$110 $18,383 0.46 %$222 
FHLB advances75,000 0.19 %1,434 281,319 1.84 %6,416 470,000 2.65 %11,082 
Total Short-term Borrowings$140,163 0.22 %$1,603 $301,207 1.76 %$6,526 $488,383 2.57 %$11,304 
120
 2017 2016 2015
(dollars in thousands)Balance
 
Weighted
Average
Interest
Rate

 
Interest
Expense

 Balance
 
Weighted
Average
Interest
Rate

 
Interest
Expense

 Balance
 
Weighted
Average
Interest
Rate

 
Interest
Expense

REPOs$50,161
 0.39% $54
 $50,832
 0.01% $5
 $62,086
 0.01% $4
FHLB advances540,000
 1.47% 7,399
 660,000
 0.76% 2,713
 356,000
 0.52% 932
Total Short-term Borrowings$590,161
 1.38% $7,453
 $710,832
 0.70% $2,718
 $418,086
 0.44% $936




NOTE 16.18. LONG-TERM BORROWINGS AND SUBORDINATED DEBT
Long-term borrowings are for original terms greater than or equal to one year and are comprised of FHLB advances, capital leases and junior subordinated debt securities. Our long-term borrowings at the Pittsburgh FHLB were $47.2$22.3 million as of December 31, 20172020 and $14.7$49.3 million as of December 31, 2016.2019. Long-term FHLB borrowingsadvances are secured by a blanket lien on residential mortgages and other real estate secured loans.the same loans as short-term FHLB advances. Total loans pledged as collateral at the FHLB were $3.5$4.1 billion at December 31, 2017.2020. We were eligible to borrow up to an additional $1.8$2.5 billion based on qualifying collateral and up to a maximum borrowing capacity of $2.5$2.9 billion at December 31, 2017.2020.
The following table represents the balance of long-term borrowings, the weighted average interest rate as of December 31 and interest expense for the years ended December 31:
(dollars in thousand)2017 2016 2015(dollars in thousand)202020192018
Long-term borrowings$47,301
 $14,713
 $117,043
Long-term borrowings$23,681 $50,868 $70,314 
Weighted average interest rate1.88% 2.91% 0.81%Weighted average interest rate2.03 %2.60 %2.84 %
Interest expense$463
 $670
 $790
Interest expense$1,201 $1,831 $1,129 
Scheduled annual maturities and average interest rates for all of our long-term debt for each of the five years subsequent to December 31, 20172020 and thereafter are as follows:
(dollars in thousands)Balance
 Average  Rate
(dollars in thousands)BalanceAverage  Rate
2018$2,496
 3.60%
201937,514
 1.60%
20202,004
 3.22%
20211,057
 3.44%2021$1,251 3.67 %
2022529
 4.50%20227,689 2.27 %
20232023464 5.72 %
2024202413,381 1.35 %
2025202580 5.82 %
Thereafter3,701
 1.96%Thereafter816 6.02 %
Total$47,301
 1.88%Total$23,681 2.03 %
Junior Subordinated Debt Securities
The following table represents the composition of junior subordinated debt securities at December 31 and the interest expense for the years ended December 31:
2017 2016 2015202020192018
(dollars in thousands)Balance
 
Interest
Expense

 Balance
 
Interest
Expense

 Balance
 
Interest
Expense

(dollars in thousands)BalanceInterest
Expense
BalanceInterest
Expense
BalanceInterest
Expense
2006 Junior subordinated debt$25,000
 $708
 $25,000
 $580
 $25,000
 $554
2008 Junior subordinated debt—trust preferred securities20,619
 955
 20,619
 854
 20,619
 773
Junior subordinated debtJunior subordinated debt$34,750 $1,007 $34,753 $1,059 $25,000 $951 
Junior subordinated debt—trust preferred securitiesJunior subordinated debt—trust preferred securities29,333 1,279 29,524 1,251 20,619 1,149 
Total$45,619
 $1,663
 $45,619
 $1,434
 $45,619
 $1,327
Total$64,083 $2,286 $64,277 $2,310 $45,619 $2,100 
The following table summarizes the key terms of our junior subordinated debt securities:
(dollars in thousands)2001 Trust
Preferred Securities
2005 Trust
Preferred Securities
2015 Junior
Subordinated Debt
2006 Junior
Subordinated Debt
2008 Trust
Preferred Securities
Junior Subordinated Debt$—$—$9,750$25,000$—
Trust Preferred Securities5,1554,12420,619
Stated Maturity Date7/25/20315/23/20353/6/202512/15/20363/15/2038
Optional redemption date at parAny time after 7/25/2011Any time after 5/23/2010Quarterly after 4/1/2020Any time after 9/15/2011Any time after 3/15/2013
Regulatory CapitalTier 1Tier 1Tier 2Tier 2Tier 1
Interest Rate6 Month LIBOR plus 375 bps3 Month LIBOR plus 177 bpsfixed at 4.25% until 4/1/2020 then prime plus 100 bps3 month LIBOR plus 160 bps3 month LIBOR plus 350 bps
Interest Rate at December 31, 20204.06%1.98%4.25%1.82%3.72%
121

(dollars in thousands)
2006 Junior
Subordinated Debt
 
2008 Trust
Preferred Securities
Junior Subordinated Debt$25,000 
Trust Preferred Securities $20,619
Stated Maturity Date12/15/2036 3/15/2038
Optional redemption date at parAny time after 9/15/2011 Any time after 3/15/2013
Regulatory CapitalTier 2 Tier 1
Interest Rate3 month LIBOR plus 160 bps 3 month LIBOR plus 350 bps
Interest Rate at December 31, 20172.92% 4.82%
Table of Contents


NOTE 16.18. LONG-TERM BORROWINGS AND SUBORDINATED DEBT - continued

We have completed a3 private placementplacements of the trust preferred securities to a financial institution during the first quarter of 2008.institutions. As a result, we own 100 percent of the common equity of STBA Capital Trust I.I, DNB Capital Trust I and DNB Capital Trust II, or the Trusts. The trust wasTrusts were formed to issue mandatorily redeemable capital securities to third-party investors. The proceeds from the sale of the securities and the issuance of the common equity by STBA Capital Trust Ithe Trusts were invested in junior subordinated debt securities issued by us. The third party investors are considered the primary beneficiaries of STBA Capital Trust I;the Trusts; therefore, the trust qualifiesTrusts qualify as a VIE,variable interest entities, but isare not consolidated into our financial statements. STBA Capital Trust IThe Trusts pays dividends on the securities at the same rate as the interest paid by us on the junior subordinated debt held by STBAthe Trusts. DNB Capital Trust I.I and DNB Capital Trust II were acquired with the DNB merger.


122


NOTE 17.19. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Commitments
The following table sets forthIn the normal course of business, we offer off-balance sheet credit arrangements to enable our customers to meet their financing objectives. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the financial statements. Our exposure to credit loss, in the event the customer does not satisfy the terms of the agreement, equals the contractual amount of the obligation less the value of any collateral. We apply the same credit policies in making commitments and standby letters of credit asthat are used for the underwriting of loans to customers. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates, annual renewals or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Because many of the dates presented:
 December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
Commitments to extend credit$1,420,428
 $1,509,696
Standby letters of credit80,918
 84,534
Total$1,501,346
 $1,594,230
commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.
Estimates of the fair value of these off-balance sheet items were not made because of the short-term nature of these arrangements and the credit standing of the counterparties.
Our allowance for unfunded loan commitments totaled $2.2 million at December 31, 2017 and $2.6 million at December 31, 2016.
We have future commitments with third party vendors for data processing and communication charges. Data processing and communication expense was consistent for 2017 and 2016 at $10.4 million and $11.7 million for 2015 due to the Merger. Included in the 2015 expense was $1.3 million of merger-related expenses. There were no data processing and communication merger- related expenses in 2017 or 2016.
The following table sets forth our commitments and letters of credit as of the future estimated paymentsdates presented:
December 31,
(dollars in thousands)20202019
Commitments to extend credit$2,185,752 $1,910,805 
Standby letters of credit89,095 80,040 
Total$2,274,847 $1,990,845 
Allowance for Credit Losses on Unfunded Loan Commitments
We maintain an ACL on unfunded commercial and consumer lending commitments and letters of credit to provide for the risk of loss in these arrangements. 
The activity in the unfunded loan commitments reserve is summarized as of the dates presented:
(dollars in thousands)December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
Balance at beginning of period$3,112 $2,139 
Impact of adopting ASU 2016-13 at January 1, 20201,349 
Balance after adoption of ASU 2016-134,461 2,139 
Provision for credit losses973 
Total$4,467 $3,112 
The increase in the reserve for unfunded commitments at December 31, 2020 was primarily related to data processing and communication charges for eachthe adoption of the five years following December 31, 2017:
(dollars in thousands)Total
2018$12,237
201912,633
202013,047
202113,465
202213,926
Total$65,308
ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020.
Litigation
In the normal course of business, we are subject to various legal and administrative proceedings and claims. While any type of litigation contains a level of uncertainty, we believe that the outcome of such proceedings or claims pending will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.

123


NOTE 18.20. REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS
The information presented in the following table presents the point of revenue recognition for revenue from contracts with customers. Other revenue streams are excluded such as: interest income, net securities gains and losses, insurance, mortgage banking and other revenues that are accounted for under other GAAP.
Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)202020192018
Revenue Streams (1)
Point of Revenue Recognition
Service charges on deposit accountsOver a period of time$1,797 $1,859 $1,972 
At a point in time9,907 11,457 11,124 
$11,704 $13,316 $13,096 
Debit and credit cardOver a period time$738 $723 $657 
At a point in time14,355 12,682 12,022 
$15,093 $13,405 $12,679 
Wealth managementOver a period of time$7,919 $6,939 $7,113 
At a point in time2,038 1,684 2,971 
$9,957 $8,623 $10,084 
Other fee revenueAt a point in time$3,722 $3,836 $3,854 
(1) Refer toNote 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for the types of revenue streams that are included within each category.
124


NOTE 21. INCOME TAXES
IncomeThe following table presents the composition of income tax (benefit) expense (benefit) for the years ended December 3131:
(dollars in thousands)202020192018
Federal
Current$4,256 $18,918 $13,616 
Deferred(4,273)(406)3,517 
Total Federal(17)18,512 17,133 
State
Current145 589 720 
Deferred(129)25 (8)
Total State16 614 712 
Total Federal and State$(1)$19,126 $17,845 

The provision for income taxes differs from the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to income before income taxes. We ordinarily generate an annual effective tax rate that is comprised of:
less than the statutory rate of 21 percent primarily due to benefits resulting from certain partnership investments, such as low income housing and historic rehabilitation projects, tax-exempt interest, excludable dividend income and tax-exempt income on BOLI. The state tax provision is due to taxable business activities conducted at our loan production office in New York.
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 2015
Federal     
Current$32,282
 $24,521
 $24,825
Deferred13,980
 665
 (427)
Total Federal46,262
 25,186
 24,398
State     
Current323
 248
 
Deferred(148) (129) 
Total State175
 119
 
Total Federal and State$46,437
 $25,305
 $24,398
On December 22, 2017, H.R.1, originally known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or Tax Act, was signed into law. The Tax Act includesresulted in significant changes to the U.S. corporate tax system including:including a federal corporate rate reduction from 35 percent to 21 percent. The Tax Act also establishesestablished new tax laws that became effective January 1, 2018. U.S. GAAP requires a companyus to record the effects of a tax law change in the period of enactment. As a result, in 2017 we re-measured our deferred tax assets and liabilities and recorded ana provisional adjustment of $13.4 million. TheThis re-measurement adjustment was recognized as an increase to our income tax expense in the fourth quarter of 2017. This adjustment incorporates assumptions made based upon our current interpretationThe calculation over the income tax effects of the Tax Act and may changewas completed in the third quarter of 2018. We recognized a $3.0 million income tax benefit as we receive additional clarification and implementation guidance.a result of finalizing the calculation.
The following table presents a reconciliation of the statutory tax rate to the effective tax rate reconciliation for the years ended December 31 is as follows:31:
202020192018
Statutory tax rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
Low income housing tax credits(11.1)%(3.3)%(2.5)%
Tax-exempt interest(11.9)%(2.1)%(2.1)%
Bank owned life insurance(1.8)%(0.4)%(0.4)%
Gain on sale of a majority interest of insurance business%%0.7 %
Merger related expenses%0.3 %%
Other3.8 %0.8 %0.3 %
Impact of the Tax Act%%(2.5)%
Effective Tax Rate0 %16.3 %14.5 %
125

 2017
 2016
 2015
Statutory tax rate35.0 % 35.0 % 35.0 %
Low income housing tax credits(2.9)% (3.8)% (4.4)%
Tax-exempt interest(4.0)% (4.4)% (4.1)%
Bank owned life insurance(0.8)% (0.8)% (0.8)%
Other0.3 % 0.2 % 1.0 %
Adjustment to net deferred tax assets for enacted changes in tax laws and rates11.3 %  %  %
Effective Tax Rate38.9 % 26.2 % 26.7 %
Table of Contents


NOTE 18.21. INCOME TAXES -- continued

SignificantThe following table presents significant components of our temporary differences were as follows at December 31:
of the dates presented:
December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
(dollars in thousands)20202019
Deferred Tax Assets:   Deferred Tax Assets:
Allowance for loan losses12,440
 19,446
Purchase accounting adjustments
 365
Allowance for credit lossesAllowance for credit losses$26,051 $13,798 
Lease liabilitiesLease liabilities11,368 11,257 
State net operating loss carryforwardsState net operating loss carryforwards5,489 5,134 
Net adjustment to funded status of pensionNet adjustment to funded status of pension4,692 5,438 
Low income housing partnershipsLow income housing partnerships3,996 3,494 
Other employee benefits3,095
 3,983
Other employee benefits2,050 3,039 
Low income housing partnerships3,213
 4,845
Net adjustment to funded status of pension6,481
 10,018
Impairment of securities300
 1,318
State net operating loss carryforwards3,598
 3,114
Other2,355
 4,984
Other3,798 1,856 
Gross Deferred Tax Assets31,482
 48,073
Gross Deferred Tax Assets57,444 44,016 
Less: Valuation allowance(3,598) (3,114)Less: Valuation allowance(5,489)(5,134)
Total Deferred Tax Assets27,884
 44,959
Total Deferred Tax Assets51,955 38,882 
Deferred Tax Liabilities:   Deferred Tax Liabilities:
Net unrealized holding gains on securities available-for-sale$(638) $(2,557)
Right-of-use lease assetsRight-of-use lease assets(10,141)(10,476)
Net unrealized gains on securities available-for-saleNet unrealized gains on securities available-for-sale(7,125)(2,570)
Deferred loan incomeDeferred loan income(6,796)(3,555)
Prepaid pension(1,749) (2,770)Prepaid pension(5,209)(5,971)
Deferred loan income(2,937) (3,815)
Purchase accounting adjustments(100) 
Purchase accounting adjustments(1,971)(1,269)
Depreciation on premises and equipment(480) (1,239)Depreciation on premises and equipment(1,275)(592)
Other(1,401) (1,766)Other(1,245)(1,243)
Total Deferred Tax liabilities(7,305) (12,147)Total Deferred Tax liabilities(33,762)(25,676)
Net Deferred Tax Asset$20,579
 $32,812
Net Deferred Tax Asset$18,193 $13,206 

We establish a valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that we will not be able to realize the benefit of the deferred tax assets. Except for Pennsylvania net operating losses, or NOLs, we have determined that ano valuation allowance is unnecessaryneeded for the deferred tax assets because it is more likely than not that these assets will be realized through future reversals of existing temporary differences and through future taxable income. The valuation allowance is reviewed quarterly and adjusted based on management’s assessments of realizable deferred tax assets. Gross deferred tax assets were reduced by a valuation allowance of $3.6$5.5 million in 20172020 and $5.1 million in 2019 related to Pennsylvania income tax NOLs. The Pennsylvania NOL carryforwards total $36.0$54.9 million and will expire in the years 2020-2037.2021-2041.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits
The following table reconciles the change in Federal and State gross unrecognized tax benefits, or UTB, for the years ended December 31:
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 2015
(dollars in thousands)202020192018
Balance at beginning of year$804
 $1,102
 $284
Balance at beginning of year$1,051 $768 $909 
Prior period tax positions     Prior period tax positions(18)(10)(251)
Increase
 
 818
Decrease(37) (449) 
Current period tax positions142
 151
 
Current period tax positions244 293 110 
Reductions for statute of limitations expirations
 
 
Balance at End of Year$909
 $804
 $1,102
Balance at End of Year$1,277 $1,051 $768 
Amount That Would Impact the Effective Tax Rate if Recognized$770
 $610
 $542
Amount That Would Impact the Effective Tax Rate if Recognized$1,027 $848 $607 
We classify interest and penalties as an element of tax expense. We monitor changes in tax statutes and regulations to determine if significant changes will occur over the next 12 months. As of December 31, 2017,2020, no significant changes to UTB are projected,projected; however, tax audit examinations are possible.
As of December 31, 2017,2020, all income tax returns filed for the tax years 2014 through 20162017 - 2019 remain subject to examination by the IRS. Currently, ourInternal Revenue Service. The Bank's income tax returnreturns for the 2015 tax year isaudit years, January 1, 2016 through December 31, 2018 are currently under examinationaudit by the IRS. We do not expect that the resultsNew York Department of this examination will have a material effect on our financial condition or resultsTaxation. This audit has remained open as of operations.December 31, 2020.

126


NOTE 19.22. TAX EFFECTS ON OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
The following tables present the tax effects of the components of other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31:
(dollars in thousands)Pre-Tax
Amount
Tax (Expense)
Benefit
Net of Tax
Amount
2020
Net change in unrealized gains on debt securities available-for sale$22,683 $(4,827)$17,856 
Net available-for-sale securities (gains) losses reclassified into earnings
Adjustment to funded status of employee benefit plans3,549 (764)2,785 
Other Comprehensive Income$26,232 $(5,591)$20,641 
2019
Net change in unrealized gains on securities available-for-sale$15,793 $(3,367)$12,426 
Net available-for-sale securities (gains) losses reclassified into earnings26 (6)20 
Adjustment to funded status of employee benefit plans(1,282)273 (1,009)
Other Comprehensive Income$14,537 $(3,100)$11,437 
2018
Net change in unrealized losses on securities available-for-sale (1)
$(6,794)$1,449 $(5,345)
Net available-for-sale securities (gains) losses reclassified into earnings
Adjustment to funded status of employee benefit plans6,297 (1,343)4,954 
Other Comprehensive Loss$(497)$106 $(391)
(1) Due to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, net unrealized gains on marketable equity securities were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings during the three months ended March 31, 2018.

127
(dollars in thousands)
Pre-Tax
Amount

 
Tax (Expense)
Benefit

 
Net of Tax
Amount

2017     
Net change in unrealized gains on securities available-for-sale$(1,275) $448
 $(827)
Net available-for-sale securities losses (gains) reclassified into earnings(3,000) 1,054
 (1,946)
Adjustment to funded status of employee benefit plans(1,992) 122
 (1,870)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)$(6,267) $1,624
 $(4,643)
2016     
Net change in unrealized gains on securities available-for-sale$(2,899) $1,006
 $(1,893)
Net available-for-sale securities losses reclassified into earnings
 
 
Adjustment to funded status of employee benefit plans6,974
 (2,408) 4,566
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)$4,075
 $(1,402) $2,673
2015     
Net change in unrealized gains on securities available-for-sale$(663) $232
 $(431)
Net available-for-sale securities gains reclassified into earnings34
 (12) 22
Adjustment to funded status of employee benefit plans(3,551) 1,336
 (2,215)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)$(4,180) $1,556
 $(2,624)




NOTE 20.23. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS
We maintain a qualified defined benefit pension plan, or Plan, covering substantially all employees hired prior to January 1, 2008. The benefits are based on years of service and the employee’s compensation for the highest five consecutive years in the last ten years.years through March 31, 2016 when the Plan was frozen. Contributions are intended to provide for benefits attributed to employee service to date and for those benefits expected to be earned in the future.
On January 25, 2016, the Board of Directors approved an amendment to freeze benefit accruals under theOur qualified and nonqualified defined benefit plans were amended to freeze benefit accruals for all persons entitled to benefits under the plan in 2016. We will continue recording pension expense related to these plans, effective March 31, 2016. This change will resultprimarily representing interest costs on the accumulated benefit obligation and amortization of actuarial losses accumulated in no additional benefits being earned by participantsthe plan, as well as income from expected investment returns on pension assets. Since the plans have been frozen, 0 service costs are included in those plans basednet periodic pension expense. The expected long-term rate of return on service or pay after March 31, 2016. The Plan was previously closed to new participants effective December 31, 2007.plan assets is 3.45 percent.
The following table summarizes the activity in the benefit obligation and Plan assets deriving the funded status, which is recorded in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets:
status:
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
(dollars in thousands)20202019
Change in Projected Benefit Obligation   Change in Projected Benefit Obligation
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year$105,834
 $109,747
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year$113,679 $95,200 
Service cost
 463
Interest cost4,100
 4,296
Interest cost3,456 3,987 
Actuarial loss4,974
 3,575
Curtailments
 (6,997)
Actuarial gain/(loss)Actuarial gain/(loss)10,525 13,996 
Acquisitions - DNB mergerAcquisitions - DNB merger6,778 
Benefits paid(8,244) (5,250)Benefits paid(10,154)(6,282)
Projected Benefit Obligation at End of Year$106,664
 $105,834
Projected Benefit Obligation at End of Year$117,506 $113,679 
Change in Plan Assets   Change in Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year$87,711
 $84,585
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year$116,652 $101,765 
Actual return on plan assets7,687
 8,376
Actual return on plan assets15,731 16,358 
Employer contributionsEmployer contributions115 
Acquisitions - DNB mergerAcquisitions - DNB merger4,811 
Benefits paid(8,244) (5,250)Benefits paid(10,154)(6,282)
Fair Value of Plan Assets at End of Year$87,154
 $87,711
Fair Value of Plan Assets at End of Year$122,344 $116,652 
Funded Status$(19,510) $(18,123)Funded Status$4,838 $2,973 
The following table sets forth the amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income at December 31:
(dollars in thousands)20202019
Net actuarial loss(19,572)(23,106)
Total (Before Tax Effects)$(19,572)$(23,106)
128

(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
Prior service credit$
 $
Net actuarial loss(27,825) (26,013)
Total (Before Tax Effects)$(27,825) $(26,013)
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NOTE 20.23. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS -- continued



Below are the actuarial weighted average assumptions used in determining the benefit obligation:
2017
 2016
20202019
Discount rate3.75% 4.00%Discount rate2.48 %3.25 %
Rate of compensation increase(1)
% %
Rate of compensation increase(1)
0 %%
(1)Rate of compensation increase is not applicable for 20172020 and 20162019 due to the amendment to freeze benefit accruals under the qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans effective March 31, 2016.
The following table summarizes the components of net periodic pension cost and other changes in Plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)loss for the years ended December 31:
(dollars in thousands)202020192018
Components of Net Periodic Pension Cost
Interest cost on projected benefit obligation3,456 3,987 3,882 
Expected return on plan assets(3,925)(4,731)(6,266)
Amortization of prior service credit - DNB merger
Recognized net actuarial loss1,419 1,604 2,134 
Settlement charge833 
Net Periodic Pension Expense$1,783 $867 $(250)
Other Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Obligation Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Net actuarial loss/(gain)$(1,282)$2,370 $(3,271)
Recognized net actuarial loss(1,419)(1,604)(2,134)
Settlement loss recognized(833)
Recognized prior service credit
Total (Before Tax Effects)$(3,534)$766 $(5,405)
Total Recognized in Net Benefit Cost and Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss) (Before Tax Effects)$(1,751)$1,633 $(5,655)
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 2015
Components of Net Periodic Pension Cost     
Service cost—benefits earned during the period$
 $463
 $2,601
Interest cost on projected benefit obligation4,100
 4,296
 4,425
Expected return on plan assets(6,313) (5,780) (7,180)
Amortization of prior service credit
 (11) (138)
Recognized net actuarial loss1,866
 2,345
 2,028
Curtailment gain
 (1,017) 
Net Periodic Pension Expense$(347) $296
 $1,736
Other Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Obligation Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)     
Net actuarial (gain) loss$3,678
 $(6,018) $5,678
Recognized net actuarial loss(1,866) (2,345) (2,028)
Recognized prior service credit
 1,029
 138
Total (Before Tax Effects)$1,812
 $(7,334) $3,788
Total Recognized in Net Benefit Cost and Other Comprehensive (Loss)/Income (Before Tax Effects)$1,465
 $(7,038) $5,524
The following table summarizes the actuarial weighted average assumptions used in determining net periodic pension cost:
2017
 2016
 2015
202020192018
Discount rate4.00% 4.25% 4.00%Discount rate3.25 %4.31 %3.75 %
Rate of compensation increase(1)
% 3.00% 3.00%
Rate of compensation increase(1)
0 %%%
Expected return on assets7.50% 7.50% 8.00%Expected return on assets3.45 %4.80 %7.50 %
1)(1)Rate of compensation increase is not applicable for 20172020, 2019, and 20162018 due to the amendment to freeze benefit accruals under the qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans effective March 31, 2016.
The net actuarial loss included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) expected to be recognized in net periodic pension cost during the year ended December 31, 2018 is $2.2 million. There will be no prior service credit recognized due to the amendment to freeze benefit accruals under the qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans.
The accumulated benefit obligation for the Plan was $106.7$117.5 million at December 31, 20172020 and $105.8$113.7 million at December 31, 2016.2019.
We consider many factors when setting the assumed rate of return on Plan assets. As a general guideline the assumed rate of return is equal to the weighted average of the expected returns for each asset category and is estimated based on historical returns as well as expected future returns. The weighted average discount rate is derived from corporate yield curves.
S&T Bank’s Retirement Plan Committee determines the investment policy for the Plan. In general, the targeted asset allocation is 505 percent to 7015 percent equities and 30alternatives and 85 percent to 5095 percent fixed income. A strategic allocation within each asset class is employed based on the Plan’s duration, time horizon, risk tolerances, performance expectations, and asset class preferences. Investment managers have discretion to invest in any equity or fixed-income asset class, subject to the securities guidelines of the Plan’s Investment Policy Statement.
On December 19, 2017, S&T Bank, as Plan Sponsor, entered into an agreement with an insurance company to purchase a single premium annuity contract for 124 retired Plan participants and their beneficiaries. Of these participants, 30 are receiving a $2,000 death benefit only. The total premium of $1.5 million was paid out of the Plan's assets, and the effective date of the annuity payments was January 1, 2018. The annuity purchase resulted in a reduction in the associated pension liability.
At this time, S&T Bank is not required to make a cash contribution to the Plan in 2018. No contributions were made during 2017.2021.

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NOTE 20.23. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS -- continued



The following table provides information regarding estimated future benefit payments to be paid in each of the next five years and in the aggregate for the five years thereafter:
(dollars in thousands)Amount
  
2018$7,175
20197,090
20206,956
20217,157
20227,106
2023 - 202732,658
(dollars in thousands)Amount
2021$8,200 
20227,535 
20237,364 
20247,548 
20257,020 
2026 - 203032,237 
We also have nonqualified supplemental executive pension plans, or SERPs, for certain key employees. The SERPs are unfunded. The projected benefit obligations related to the SERPs were $5.3$5.6 million and $4.7$5.3 million at December 31, 20172020 and 2016.2019. These amounts also represent the net amount recognized in the statement of financial position for the SERPs. Net periodic benefit costs for the SERPs were $0.5 million, $0.5 million and $0.6$0.7 million for each of the yearsyear ended December 31, 2017, 20162020 and 2015.$0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. Additionally, $2.7 million, $2.5 million and $2.1$2.4 million before tax was reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at December 31, 2017, 20162020 and 2015,2019 and $1.9 million at December 31, 2018, in relation to the SERPs. Net periodic benefit cost of $0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 included a settlement charge of $0.2 million. The actuarial assumptions used for the SERPs are the same as those used for the Plan.
We maintain a Thrift Plan, a qualified defined contribution plan, in which substantially all employees are eligible to participate. We make matching contributions to the Thrift Plan up to 3.5 percent of participants’ eligible compensation and may make additional profit-sharing contributions as provided by the Thrift Plan. Expense related to these contributions amounted to $1.8$2.4 million in 2017,2020, $2.0 million in 2019 and $1.7 million in 2016 and $1.5 million in 2015.2018.
Fair Value Measurements
The following tables present our Plan assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis by fair value hierarchy level at December 31, 20172020 and 2016. There2019. During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 there were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 for items of a recurring basis during the periods presented.basis. There were no0 purchases or transfers of Level 3 plan assets in 2017.
2020 or 2019.
December 31, 2017December 31, 2020
Fair Value Asset Classes(1)
Fair Value Asset Classes(1)
(dollars in thousands)Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Total
(dollars in thousands)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Cash and cash equivalents(2)
$
 $1,780
 $
 $1,780
Cash and cash equivalents(2)
$1,563 $$$1,563 
Fixed income(3)
27,738
 
 
 27,738
Fixed income(3)
108,583 108,583 
Equities:       Equities:
Equity index mutual funds—international(4)
4,016
 
 
 4,016
Equity index mutual funds—international(4)
3,332 3,332 
Domestic individual equities(5)
53,540
 
 
 53,540
Domestic individual equities(5)
8,866 8,866 
Total Assets at Fair Value$85,294
 $1,780
 $
 $87,074
Total Assets at Fair Value$122,344 $0 $0 $122,344 
(1)Refer to Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Fair Value Measurements for a description of levels within the fair value hierarchy.
(2)This asset class includes FDIC insured money market instruments.
(3)This asset class includes a variety of fixed income mutual funds which primarily invest in investment grade rated securities. Investment managers have discretion to invest in fixed income related securities including futures, options and other derivatives. Investments may be made in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.
(4)The sole investment within this asset class is the HarborVanguard Total International Institutional Fund.Stock Index Fund Admiral Shares.
(5)This asset class includes individual domestic equities invested in an active all-cap strategy. It may also include convertible bonds.

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NOTE 20.23. EMPLOYEE BENEFITS -- continued



December 31, 2019
Fair Value Asset Classes(1)
(dollars in thousands)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Cash and cash equivalents(2)
$1,831 $$$1,831 
Fixed income(3)
101,320 101,320 
Equities:
Equity index mutual funds—international(4)
3,066 3,066 
Domestic individual equities(5)
10,435 10,435 
Total Assets at Fair Value$116,652 $0 $0 $116,652 
 December 31, 2016
 
Fair Value Asset Classes(1)
(dollars in thousands)Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Total
Cash and cash equivalents(2)
$
 $3,336
 $
 $3,336
Fixed income(3)
27,279
 
 
 27,279
Equities:       
Equity index mutual funds—international(4)
3,362
 
 
 3,362
Domestic individual equities(5)
53,636
 
 
 53,636
Total Assets at Fair Value$84,277
 $3,336
 $
 $87,613
(1)Refer to Note 1 Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, Fair Value Measurements for a description of levels within the fair value hierarchy.
(2)This asset class includes FDIC insured money market instruments.
(3)This asset class includes a variety of fixed income mutual funds which primarily invest in investment grade rated securities. Investment managers have discretion to invest in fixed income related securities including futures, options and other derivatives. Investments may be made in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.
(4)The sole investment within this asset class is MSCI EAFEVanguard Total International Stock Index iShares.Fund Admiral Shares.
(5)This asset class includes individual domestic equities invested in an active all-cap strategy. It may also include convertible bonds.


NOTE 21.24. INCENTIVE AND RESTRICTED STOCK PLAN AND DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLAN
We adopted an Incentive Stock Plan in 2014 that provides for cash performance awards and for granting incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and appreciation rights. A maximum of 750,000 shares of our common stock are available for awards granted under the 2014 Incentive Plan and the plan expires ten years from the date of board approval.
Stock Options
Previously granted but forfeited shares are added to the shares available for issuance. As of December 31, 2017, no2020, 760,636 restricted shares have been granted of which 136,896 were forfeited shares for a total of 623,740 restricted shares granted under the 2014 Incentive Plan. As of December 31, 2020, 0 nonstatutory stock options were outstanding under the 2014 Stock Plan. The fair value of nonstatutory stock option awards under the 2003 Stock Plan were estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation model, which is dependent upon certain assumptions. We used the simplified method in developing the estimated life of the option, whereby the expected life is presumed to be the midpoint between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term. There have been no nonstatutory stock options granted since 2006. There were 155,500 outstanding shares that expired December 19, 2015 at a weighted average exercise price of $37.86.
Restricted Stock
We periodically issue restricted stock to employees and directors pursuant to our 2014 Stock Plan. As of December 31, 2017, 366,570 restricted shares have been granted under the 2014 Stock Plan.
During 2017, 2016,2020, 2019 and 2015,2018, we granted 12,728, 15,61323,153, 11,231 and 16,1429,264 restricted shares of common stock to outside directors under the 2014 Stock Plan. The grants are part of the compensation arrangement approved by the Compensation and Benefits Committee whereby the directors receive compensation in the form of both cash and restricted shares of common stock. These shares fully vest one year after the date of grant. The closing price of our stock is used to determine the fair value on the date of grant.
During 2017, 2016,2020, 2019 and 2015,2018, we granted 77,387, 95,030207,550, 73,651 and 71,69966,733 restricted shares of common stock to senior management under our Long Term Incentive Plan, or LTIP, within the 2014 Stock Plan. The restricted shares granted under the LTIP consist of both time and performance-based awards. The awards were granted in accordance with performance levels set by the Compensation and Benefits Committee. Vesting for the time-based awards is 50 percent after two years and the remaining 50 percent at the end of the third year. The performance-based awards vest at the end of the three-year period. During the vesting period, if the recipient leaves S&T before the end of the vesting period, shares will be forfeited except in the case of retirement, disability or death where accelerated vesting provisions are defined within the awards agreement.
Included in the 2020 grant of 207,550 restricted shares were 83,669 shares of common stock to 3 Senior Executive Officers. On October 2, 2020, The average2014 Incentive Stock Plan was modified in connection with the announcement that our Chief Executive Officer will retire on March 31, 2021. Upon retirement, he will transition to an advisory service role for a three year period. According to the terms of the highLetter Agreement, any unvested equity awards held at retirement will vest according to the original terms during the consulting period and low pricessubject to the terms of Letter Agreement. Original awards of 20,916 restricted shares were forfeited and new awards were granted and revalued. Compensation expense decreased $0.3 million as a result of the modification agreement. Also in 2020, 62,753 restricted shares of common stock is usedwere granted to determine2 other Senior Executive Officers with an increase to compensation expense of $1.3 million. Pursuant to the fair value on the date of grant.
Compensation expense for time-based restricted stock is recognized ratably over the period of service, generally the entire vesting period, basedaward agreements, these awards will vest 33 percent on fair valueOctober 12, 2021, 33 percent on the grant date. Compensation expense for performance-based restricted stock is recognized ratably over the remaining vesting period once the likelihood of meeting the performance measure is probable. October 12, 2022 and 34 percent on
October 12, 2023.
During 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 2015,2018, we recognized compensation expense of $3.0$0.7 million, $2.5$2.4 million and $1.7$1.9 million and realized a tax benefit of $1.1$0.2 million, $0.9$0.5 million and $0.6$0.4 million related to restricted stock grants.

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NOTE 21.24. INCENTIVE AND RESTRICTED STOCK PLAN AND DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLAN -- continued

The following table provides information about restricted stock granted under the 2014 Stock Plan for the years ended December 31:
Restricted
Stock
Weighted Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Restricted
Stock

 
Weighted Average
Grant Date
Fair Value

Non-vested at December 31, 2015150,356
 $26.34
Non-vested at December 31, 2018Non-vested at December 31, 2018206,395 $30.70 
Granted110,643
 25.58
Granted84,882 38.67 
Vested32,164
 25.03
Vested76,014 30.75 
Forfeited3,335
 26.04
Forfeited33,228 32.50 
Non-vested at December 31, 2016225,500
 $26.16
Non-vested at December 31, 2019Non-vested at December 31, 2019182,035 $34.06 
Granted90,115
 35.19
Granted230,703 23.43 
Vested83,958
 24.82
Vested77,317 37.39 
Forfeited11,089
 29.56
Forfeited58,741 32.77 
Non-vested at December 31, 2017220,568
 $30.19
Non-vested at December 31, 2020Non-vested at December 31, 2020276,680 $24.54 
As of December 31, 2017,2020, there was $2.7$4.2 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted stock that will be recognized as compensation expense over a weighted average period of 1.652.16 years.
Dividend Reinvestment Plan
We also sponsor a Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan, or Dividend Plan, where shareholders may purchase shares of S&T common stock at the average fair value with reinvested dividends and voluntary cash contributions. The plan administrator and transfer agent may purchase shares directly from us from shares held in treasury or purchase shares in the open market to fulfill the Dividend Plan’s needs.

132


NOTE 22.25. PARENT COMPANY CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION
The following condensed financial statements summarize the financial position of S&T Bancorp, Inc. as of December 31, 20172020 and 20162019 and the results of its operations and cash flows for each of the three years ended December 31, 2017, 20162020, 2019 and 2015.2018.
BALANCE SHEETS
December 31,December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
(dollars in thousands)20202019
ASSETS   ASSETS
Cash$21,310
 $17,057
Cash$6,585 $7,509 
Investments in:   Investments in:
Bank subsidiary857,293
 819,531
Bank subsidiary1,168,831 1,198,964 
Nonbank subsidiaries19,569
 21,980
Non-bank subsidiariesNon-bank subsidiaries10,493 16,393 
Other assets7,272
 4,694
Other assets8,614 9,741 
Total Assets$905,444
 $863,262
Total Assets$1,194,523 $1,232,607 
LIABILITIES   LIABILITIES
Long-term debt$20,619
 $20,619
Long-term debt$39,317 $39,277 
Other liabilities794
 687
Other liabilities495 1,332 
Total Liabilities21,413
 21,306
Total Liabilities39,812 40,609 
Total Shareholders’ Equity884,031
 841,956
Total Shareholders’ Equity1,154,711 1,191,998 
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity$905,444
 $863,262
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity$1,194,523 $1,232,607 
STATEMENTS OF NET INCOME
Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)202020192018
Dividends from subsidiaries$59,315 $59,490 $44,988 
Investment income24 
Total Income59,315 59,491 45,012 
Interest expense on long-term debt1,696 1,285 1,149 
Other expenses4,464 4,325 3,988 
Total Expense6,160 5,610 5,137 
Income before income tax and undistributed net income of subsidiaries53,155 53,881 39,875 
Income tax benefit(1,315)(1,189)(1,093)
Income before undistributed net income of subsidiaries54,470 55,070 40,968 
Equity in undistributed net income (distribution in excess of net income) of:
Bank subsidiary(27,529)42,683 68,385 
Non-bank subsidiaries(5,901)481 (4,019)
Net Income$21,040 $98,234 $105,334 
133

 Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 2015
Dividends from subsidiaries$36,169
 $34,134
 $75,413
Investment income22
 17
 19
Total Income36,191
 34,151
 75,432
Interest expense on long-term debt955
 854
 773
Other expenses3,801
 4,012
 3,687
Total Expense4,756
 4,866
 4,460
Income before income tax and undistributed net income of subsidiaries31,435
 29,285
 70,972
Income tax benefit(1,596) (1,697) (1,549)
Income before undistributed net income of subsidiaries33,031
 30,982
 72,521
Equity in undistributed net income (distribution in excess of net income) of:     
Bank subsidiary40,877
 40,051
 (5,064)
Nonbank subsidiaries(940) 359
 (376)
Net Income$72,968
 $71,392
 $67,081
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NOTE 22.25. PARENT COMPANY CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION -- continued



STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)202020192018
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net Income$21,040 $98,234 $105,334 
Equity in undistributed (earnings) losses of subsidiaries33,430 (43,164)(64,366)
Other1,708 (99)1,695 
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities56,178 54,971 42,663 
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Net investments in subsidiaries176 
Acquisitions(10)
Net Cash Provided by Investing Activities0 166 0 
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Sale of treasury shares, net(594)(915)(657)
Purchase of treasury shares(12,559)(18,222)(12,256)
Cash dividends paid to common shareholders(43,949)(37,360)(34,539)
Payment to repurchase of warrant(7,652)
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities(57,102)(56,497)(55,104)
Net decrease in cash(924)(1,360)(12,441)
Cash at beginning of year7,509 8,869 21,310 
Cash at End of Year$6,585 $7,509 $8,869 

 Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)2017
 2016
 2015
OPERATING ACTIVITIES     
Net Income$72,968
 $71,392
 $67,081
Equity in undistributed (earnings) losses of subsidiaries(39,937) (40,410) 5,440
Tax benefit from stock-based compensation
 (9) (53)
Other480
 379
 3,129
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities33,511
 31,352
 75,597
INVESTING ACTIVITIES     
Net investments in subsidiaries
 
 (38,404)
Acquisitions
 
 (29,510)
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities
 
 (67,914)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES     
Repayment of junior subordinated debt
 
 (8,500)
(Purchase) Sale of treasury shares, net(689) (115) (182)
Cash dividends paid to common shareholders(28,569) (26,784) (24,487)
Tax benefit from stock-based compensation
 9
 53
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities(29,258) (26,890) (33,116)
Net increase (decrease) in cash4,253
 4,462
 (25,433)
Cash at beginning of year17,057
 12,595
 38,028
Cash at End of Year$21,310
 $17,057
 $12,595

NOTE 23.26. REGULATORY MATTERS
We are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet the minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on our consolidated financial statements.Consolidated Financial Statements. Under capital guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, we must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of our assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Our capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about risk weightings and other factors.
The most recent notifications from the Federal Reserve and the FDIC categorized S&T and S&T Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for corrective action. There have been no conditions or events that we believe have changed S&T's or S&T Bank’s status during 20172020 and 2016.2019.
Common equity tier 1 capital includes common stock and related surplus plus retained earnings, less goodwill and intangible assets subject to a limitation and certain deferred tax assets subject to a limitation. In addition, we made a one-time permanent election to exclude accumulated other comprehensive income from capital. For regulatory purposes, trust preferred securities totaling $20.0$29.0 million, issued by an unconsolidated trust subsidiary of S&T underlying junior subordinated debt, are included in Tier 1 capital for S&T. Total capital consists of Tier 1 capital plus junior subordinated debt and the ALLACL subject to limitation. We currently have $25.0$32.8 million in junior subordinated debt which is included in Tier 2 capital for S&T in accordance with current regulatory reporting requirements.
Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require us to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of Total, Tier 1 and Common Equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets and Tier 1 capital to average assets. As of December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, we met all capital adequacy requirements to which we are subject.

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NOTE 23.26. REGULATORY MATTERS -- continued



The following table summarizes risk-based capital amounts and ratios for S&T and S&T Bank:
ActualMinimum
Regulatory Capital
Requirements
To be
Well Capitalized
Under Prompt
Corrective Action
Provisions
(dollars in thousands)AmountRatioAmountRatioAmountRatio
As of December 31, 2020
Leverage Ratio
S&T$825,515 9.43 %$350,311 4.00 %$437,889 5.00 %
S&T Bank810,636 9.27 %349,739 4.00 %437,174 5.00 %
Common Equity Tier 1 (to Risk-Weighted Assets)
S&T796,515 11.33 %316,338 4.50 %456,933 6.50 %
S&T Bank810,636 11.55 %315,792 4.50 %456,144 6.50 %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)
S&T825,515 11.74 %421,784 6.00 %562,379 8.00 %
S&T Bank810,636 11.55 %421,056 6.00 %561,408 8.00 %
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)
S&T944,686 13.44 %562,379 8.00 %702,974 10.00 %
S&T Bank922,007 13.14 %561,408 8.00 %701,760 10.00 %
As of December 31, 2019
Leverage Ratio
S&T$854,146 10.29 %$331,925 4.00 %$414,907 5.00 %
S&T Bank832,113 10.04 %331,355 4.00 %414,194 5.00 %
Common Equity Tier 1 (to Risk-Weighted Assets)
S&T825,146 11.43 %324,745 4.50 %469,077 6.50 %
S&T Bank832,113 11.56 %324,048 4.50 %468,069 6.50 %
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)
S&T854,146 11.84 %432,994 6.00 %577,325 8.00 %
S&T Bank832,113 11.56 %432,064 6.00 %576,085 8.00 %
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)
S&T954,094 13.22 %577,325 8.00 %721,656 10.00 %
S&T Bank922,310 12.81 %576,085 8.00 %720,106 10.00 %
135
 Actual 
Minimum
Regulatory Capital
Requirements
 
To be
Well Capitalized
Under Prompt
Corrective Action
Provisions
(dollars in thousands)Amount
 Ratio
 Amount
 Ratio
 Amount
 Ratio
As of December 31, 2017           
Leverage Ratio           
S&T$628,876
 9.17% $274,254
 4.00% $342,818
 5.00%
S&T Bank582,929
 8.52% 273,538
 4.00% 341,922
 5.00%
Common Equity Tier 1 (to Risk-Weighted Assets)           
S&T608,876
 10.71% 255,778
 4.50% 369,457
 6.50%
S&T Bank582,929
 10.29% 255,024
 4.50% 368,368
 6.50%
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)           
S&T628,876
 11.06% 341,037
 6.00% 454,717
 8.00%
S&T Bank582,929
 10.29% 340,032
 6.00% 453,375
 8.00%
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)           
S&T713,056
 12.55% 454,717
 8.00% 568,396
 10.00%
S&T Bank666,560
 11.76% 453,375
 8.00% 566,719
 10.00%
As of December 31, 2016           
Leverage Ratio           
S&T$582,155
 8.98% $259,170
 4.00% $323,963
 5.00%
S&T Bank542,048
 8.39% 258,460
 4.00% 323,075
 5.00%
Common Equity Tier 1 (to Risk-Weighted Assets)           
S&T562,155
 10.04% 252,079
 4.50% 364,114
 6.50%
S&T Bank542,048
 9.71% 251,213
 4.50% 362,864
 6.50%
Tier 1 Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)           
S&T582,155
 10.39% 336,105
 6.00% 448,140
 8.00%
S&T Bank542,048
 9.71% 334,951
 6.00% 446,601
 8.00%
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets)           
S&T664,184
 11.86% 448,140
 8.00% 560,175
 10.00%
S&T Bank622,469
 11.15% 446,602
 8.00% 558,252
 10.00%



NOTE 24.27. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following table presents selected financial data for the most recent eight quarters.
2017 201620202019
(dollars in thousands, except per
share data) (unaudited)
Fourth
Quarter

 
Third
Quarter

 
Second
Quarter

 
First
Quarter

 
Fourth
Quarter

 
Third
Quarter

 
Second
Quarter

 
First
Quarter

(dollars in thousands, except per
share data) (unaudited)
Fourth
Quarter
Third
Quarter
Second
Quarter
First
Quarter
Fourth
Quarter (1)
Third
Quarter
Second
Quarter
First
Quarter
SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS               SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS
Interest income$67,855
 $66,723
 $64,914
 $61,150
 $59,096
 $57,808
 $55,850
 $55,019
Interest income$75,548 $76,848 $80,479 $87,589 $82,457 $79,813 $79,624 $78,590 
Interest expense10,027
 9,267
 8,344
 7,272
 6,638
 6,353
 6,142
 5,382
Interest expense5,620 7,572 10,331 17,553 18,045 18,617 18,797 18,234 
Provision for loan losses982
 2,850
 4,869
 5,183
 5,586
 2,516
 4,848
 5,014
Net Interest Income After Provision For Loan Losses56,846
 54,606
 51,701
 48,695
 46,872
 48,939
 44,860
 44,623
Security (losses) gains, net(986) 
 3,617
 370
 
 
 
 
Provision for credit lossesProvision for credit losses7,130 17,485 86,759 20,050 2,105 4,913 2,205 5,649 
Net Interest Income After Provision For Credit LossesNet Interest Income After Provision For Credit Losses62,798 51,791 (16,611)49,986 62,307 56,283 58,622 54,707 
Security gains (losses), netSecurity gains (losses), net142 (26)
Noninterest income13,636
 13,551
 12,648
 12,626
 12,922
 13,448
 12,448
 15,817
Noninterest income15,609 16,483 15,082 12,403 15,257 13,063 12,901 11,363 
Noninterest expense37,947
 36,553
 36,597
 36,808
 35,625
 34,439
 34,753
 38,416
Noninterest expense48,529 48,246 43,478 46,391 50,178 37,667 40,352 38,919 
Income Before Taxes31,549
 31,604
 31,369
 24,883
 24,169
 27,948
 22,555
 22,024
Income Before Taxes29,878 20,028 (44,865)15,998 27,360 31,679 31,171 27,151 
Provision for income taxes22,255
 8,883
 8,604
 6,695
 6,510
 7,367
 5,496
 5,931
Provision for income taxes5,702 3,323 (11,793)2,767 5,091 4,743 5,070 4,222 
Net Income Available to Common Shareholders$9,294
 $22,721
 $22,765
 $18,188
 $17,659
 $20,581
 $17,059
 $16,093
Net IncomeNet Income$24,176 $16,705 $(33,072)$13,231 $22,269 $26,936 $26,101 $22,929 
Per Share Data               Per Share Data
Common earnings per share—diluted$0.27
 $0.65
 $0.65
 $0.52
 $0.51
 $0.59
 $0.49
 $0.46
Common earnings per share—diluted$0.62 $0.43 $(0.85)$0.34 $0.62 $0.79 $0.76 $0.66 
Dividends declared per common share0.22
 0.20
 0.20
 0.20
 0.20
 0.19
 0.19
 0.19
Dividends declared per common share0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.27 0.27 
Common book value25.28
 25.37
 24.90
 24.45
 24.12
 24.02
 23.63
 23.23
Common book value29.38 29.10 28.93 30.06 30.13 28.69 28.11 27.47 

(1) The DNB Merger is included in our Consolidated Financial Statements beginning on December 1, 2019.
NOTE 25. SUBSEQUENT EVENT28. SALE OF A MAJORITY INTEREST OF INSURANCE BUSINESS
On November 9, 2017, we entered into an asset purchase agreement to sell a 70 percent ownership interest in the assets of our subsidiary, S&T Evergreen Insurance, LLC. The partial sale was accounted for as the sale of a business. At the date of the sale, January 1, 2018, we soldceased to have a majoritycontrolling financial interest, indeconsolidated the subsidiary and recognized a gain of $1.9 million. We transferred our remaining 30 percent share of net assets from S&T Evergreen Insurance, LLC to a subsidiary of S&T Insurance Group. We received $5.0 million of consideration andnew entity for a 30 percent partnership interest in a new insurance entity. We use the equity ownership interestmethod of accounting to recognize changes in the value of our investment in the new limited liability corporation. Asinsurance entity for our proportional share of income and losses of the new insurance entity.

136



NOTE 29. SHARE REPURCHASE PLAN

On March 19, 2018, our Board of Directors authorized a result of this sale, we expect$50 million share repurchase plan. This repurchase authorization, which was effective through August 31, 2019, permitted us to recognize a gain of approximately $1.0repurchase from time to time up to $50 million in aggregate value of shares of our common stock through a combination of open market and privately negotiated repurchases. As of December 31, 2018, we repurchased 321,731 common shares at a total cost of $12.3 million, or an average of $38.10 per share. In 2019, we repurchased 470,708 common shares at a total cost of $18.2 million, or an average of $38.71 per share. Under the first quarterMarch 19, 2018 plan, we repurchased 792,439 common shares at a total cost of 2018.$30.5 million, or an average of $38.46 per share.

On September 16, 2019, our Board of Directors authorized a new $50 million share repurchase plan. This repurchase authorization, which is effective through March 31, 2021, permits S&T to repurchase from time to time up to $50 million in aggregate value of shares of S&T's common stock through a combination of open market and privately negotiated repurchases. NaN common shares were repurchased under the new repurchase plan as of December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2020, we repurchased 411,430 common shares at a total cost of $12.6 million, or an average of $30.52 per share under the September 16, 2019 plan. Repurchase activity was suspended in March of 2020 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMThe specific timing, price and quantity of repurchases will be at our discretion and will depend on a variety of factors, including general market conditions, the trading price of common stock, legal and contractual requirements, applicable securities laws and S&T's financial performance. The repurchase plan does not obligate us to repurchase any particular number of shares.

137






Report of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm


To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors
of S&T Bancorp, Inc.:

Opinion on Internal Control Overthe Financial ReportingStatements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of S&T Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as
of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued
by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, because of the
effect of the material weakness, described below, on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria,
the Company has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017,
based on criteria established2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of net income, comprehensive income, changes in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of
Sponsoring Organizationsshareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the Treadway Commission.three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes, collectively referred to as the consolidated financial statements. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.


We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 26, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
(United
Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Adoption of New Accounting Standard

As discussed in Notes 1 and 9 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for credit losses in 2020. As explained below, auditing the Company’s allowance for credit losses was a critical audit matter.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

138


               Allowance for Credit Losses (“ACL”)
Description of the Matter
On January 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (ASC 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which resulted in an increase to the allowance for credit losses (ACL) from retained earnings of $22.6 million. At December 31, 2020, the Company’s gross portfolio of loans was $7.2 billion with an associated ACL of $117.6 million. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the ACL is an estimate of expected credit losses, measured over the contractual life of a loan, that considers historical loss experience, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. The methodology for determining the ACL has two main components: evaluation of expected credit losses for certain groups of homogeneous loans that share similar risk characteristics and an individual assessment of loans that do not share risk characteristics with other loans to determine if a specific reserve or a charge-off is appropriate.

The ACL for homogeneous loans is calculated using a life-time loss rate methodology with both a quantitative and a qualitative analysis that is applied on a quarterly basis. Management applies qualitative adjustments to reflect the current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts not already reflected in the historical loss information at the balance sheet date. The reasonable and supportable forecast adjustment is based on forecasted unemployment. The qualitative adjustments for current conditions are based upon value of underlying collateral for collateral dependent loans and the existence of and changes in concentrations for the commercial loan portfolios.

Auditing the ACL involves a high degree of subjectivity due to the qualitative adjustments. Management’s identification and measurement of the qualitative adjustments is highly judgmental and could have a significant effect on the ACL.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our AuditWe obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company’s controls over the ACL process, which include, among others, management’s review and approval controls designed to assess the need for and level of qualitative adjustments and the reliability of the data utilized to support management’s assessment.
To test the qualitative adjustments, we evaluated the appropriateness of management’s methodology and assessed the basis for the adjustments and whether all relevant risks were reflected in the ACL. Regarding the measurement of the qualitative adjustments, we evaluated the completeness, accuracy and relevance of the underlying internal and external data utilized in management’s estimate and considered the existence of additional or contrary information. We evaluated the overall ACL, inclusive of the qualitative adjustments, and whether the amount appropriately reflects a reasonable estimate of lifetime losses by comparing the overall ACL to historical losses and ACL reserves established by peer banking institutions.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditors since 2018.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
February 26, 2021
139




Report of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm


To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of S&T Bancorp, Inc.,

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited S&T Bancorp, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, S&T Bancorp, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 20172020 and
2016, 2019, the related consolidated statements of net income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’
equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017,2020, and the related
notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated March 1, 2018February 26, 2021 expressed an
unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.thereon.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting,
such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim
financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. A material weakness related to the
inconsistent assessment of internally assigned risk ratings, which is one of several factors used to estimate the
allowance for loan losses, has been identified and included in management’s assessment. The material
weakness was considered in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the
2017 consolidated financial statements, and this report does not affect our report on those consolidated
financial statements.
Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting
and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the
accompanying ManagementManagement’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to
express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a
public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the
Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the
Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan
and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial
reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included
obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material
weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on
the assessed risk. Our audit also includedrisk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in
the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.


Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance
regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in
accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting
includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail,
accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide
reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements
in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the
company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company;
and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use,
or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect
misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that
controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the
policies or procedures may deteriorate.





/s/ KPMGErnst & Young LLP


Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
March 1, 2018February 26, 2021

140




REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
141




To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
S&T Bancorp, Inc.:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of S&T Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries
(the “Company”) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related consolidated statements of net
income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years
in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes (collectively, the
“consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly,
in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and
the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended
December 31, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight
Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of
December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013)
issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report
dated March 1, 2018 expressed an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal
control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our
responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.
We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with
respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules
and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that
we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial
statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included
performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial
statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such
procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the
consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used
and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the
consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our
opinion.


/s/ KPMG LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2007.

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
March 1, 2018

Item 9.  CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES
None


142


Item 9A.  CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of S&T’s Chief Executive Officer, or CEO, and Chief Financial Officer, or CFO (its principal executive officer and principal financial officer), management has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of S&T’s disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2017.2020. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives.
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods required by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to S&T’s management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Based on and as of the date of such evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective due to a material weakness in S&T’s internal control over financial reporting, as described below.
Notwithstanding the material weakness discussed below, the company's management, including the CEO and CFO, has concluded that the company's financial statements included in this Form 10-K present fairly, in all material respects, as of the company's financial position, resultsend of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

period covered by this Report.
b) Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

OurOur management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, (asas such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f)). OurManagement assessed S&T’s system of internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by or under the supervisionas of our CEO and CFODecember 31, 2020, in relation to provide reasonable assurance to our management and Board of Directors regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statementscriteria for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. A company’seffective internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of specific controls or internal control over financial reporting overall to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
As of December 31, 2017, management including the CEO and CFO, assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria establisheddescribed in “Internal Control-IntegratedControl Integrated Framework 2013”(2013),” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”)(COSO) in 2013.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination Based on this assessment, management concludes that, as of deficiencies, inDecember 31, 2020, S&T’s system of internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatementeffective and meets the criteria of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.“Internal Control Integrated Framework (2013).”
AsManagement assessed the effectiveness of December 31, 2017, a control deficiency existed related to the inconsistent assessment of internally assigned risk ratings, which is one of several factors used to estimate the allowance for loan losses. In some instances where performing borrowers had experienced a deteriorating financial position or cash flows, our internal Loan Review Department relied upon credit risk mitigants, including guarantor support and/or more recent borrower financial performance when that information did not adequately support the loan risk rating.
This control deficiency did not result in any material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements.

This control deficiency creates a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement to the consolidated financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Management has concluded that the control deficiency represents a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting. Therefore, ourS&T's internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2017.
KPMG2020, in relation to criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting as described in Internal Control - Integrated Framework, issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on this assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2020, S&T's internal controls over financial reporting were effective.Ernst & Young LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an adverse opiniona report on the effectiveness of S&T’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017,2020, which is included herein.
c) Plan for Remediation of Material Weakness that Existed as of December 31, 2017
Management will remediate this material weakness by engaging an independent third-party to evaluate our policies, procedures and resources related to the assessment of risk ratings. We intend to provide additional training and improve our documentation to strengthen the support for the judgments applied to risk rating conclusions.
d) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There have been no otherNo changes inwere made to S&T’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred(as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the last fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2017 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, S&T’s internal control over financial reporting, other than the material weakness described above.reporting.
143


Item 9B.  OTHER INFORMATION
Not applicable



144


PART III


Item 10.  DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required by Part III, Item 10 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein from the sections entitled “Beneficial Ownership of S&T Common Stock by Directors and Officers -- Delinquent Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance”Reports”, “Proposal 1 -- Election of Directors”,Directors,” “Executive Officers of the Registrant”,Registrant,” “Corporate Governance --Audit Committee”Committee,” "Corporate Governance - Director Qualifications and Nominations: Board Diversity" and “Corporate Governance -Code--Code of Conduct and Ethics” in our proxy statement relating to our May 21, 201817, 2021 annual meeting of shareholders.



Item 11.  EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by Part III, Item 11 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein from the sections entitled “Compensation Discussion and Analysis;Analysis,” “Executive Compensation;Compensation,” “Director Compensation;Compensation,” “Corporate Governance -- Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation”,Participation,” “Corporate Governance - The S&T Board’s Role in Risk Oversight” and “Compensation and Benefits Committee Report” in our proxy statement relating to our May 21, 201817, 2021 annual meeting of shareholders.


Item 12.  SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Except as set forth below, the information required by Part III, Item 12 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein from the sections entitled “Beneficial Owners of S&T Common Stock” and “Beneficial Ownership of S&T Common Stock by Directors and Officers” in our proxy statement relating to our May 21, 201817, 2021 annual meeting of shareholders.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table provides information as of December 31, 20172020 related to the equity compensation plans in effect at that time.
(a)(b)(c)
Plan categoryNumber of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rightsWeighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rightsNumber of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plan (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
Equity compensation plan approved by shareholders(1)

$
380,946
Equity compensation plans not approved by shareholders


Total
$
380,946
(a)(b)(c)
Plan categoryNumber of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rightsWeighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rightsNumber of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plan (excluding securities reflected in column (a))
Equity compensation plan approved by shareholders(1)
101,306 (2)126,260 
Equity compensation plans not approved by shareholders— — — 
Total101,306 $ 126,260 
(1)Awards granted under the 2014 Incentive Stock Plans.Plan.

(2) Represents performance shares that can be earned under the 2014 Stock Plan with no associated exercise price.

Item 13.  CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by Part III, Item 13 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein from the sections entitled “Related Person Transactions” and “Corporate Governance -- Director Independence” in our proxy statement relating to our May 21, 201817, 2021 annual meeting of shareholders.
Item 14.  PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANTACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by Part III, Item 14 of Form 10-K is incorporated herein from the section entitled “Proposal 2: Ratification of the Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for Fiscal Year 2018”2021” in our proxy statement relating to our May 21, 201817, 2021 annual meeting of shareholders.



145


PART IV


Item 15.  EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)The following documents are filed as part of this Report.
(a)The following documents are filed as part of this Report.
Consolidated Financial Statements: The following consolidated financial statementsConsolidated Financial Statements are included in Part II, Item 8 of this Report. No financial statement schedules are being filed because the required information is inapplicable or is presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements or related notes.

146


(b)    Exhibits

3.12.2 
3.1 Articles of Incorporation of S&T Bancorp, Inc. Filed as Exhibit B to Form S-4 Registration Statement (No. 2-83565) on Form S-4 of S&T Bancorp, Inc., dated May 5, 1983, and incorporated herein by reference.
3.2
Amendment to Articles of Incorporation of S&T Bancorp, Inc. Filed as Exhibit 3.2 to Form S-4 Registration Statement (No. 33-02600) of S&T Bancorp, Inc. dated January 15, 1986, and incorporated herein by reference.





— 
The Company has certain long-term debt but has not filed the instruments evidencing such debt as Exhibit 4 as none of such instruments authorize the issuance of debt exceeding 10 percent of the Companies total consolidated assets. The Company agrees to furnish a copy of each such agreement to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.





Letter Agreement, dated as of October 2, 2020, by and between S&T Bancorp, Inc. and Todd D. Brice. Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 2, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference.*
147


(b)    Exhibits
— Confidentiality, Trade Secrets, Non-Solicitation and Severance Agreement, dated October 14, 2020, by and between David G. Antolik and S&T Bancorp, Inc. dated April 7, 2015. Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 10, 2015October 16, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference.*
— 
— Confidentiality, Trade Secrets, Non-Solicitation and Severance Agreement, dated October 14, 2020, by and between Mark Kochvar and S&T Bancorp, Inc. Filed as Exhibit 10.4 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 16, 2020.
— Restricted Stock Award Agreement Mark Kochvar, dated as of April 7, 2015.October 12, 2020. Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 10, 2015October 16, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference.*



(b)    Exhibits10.10

10.11Severance and General Release Agreement, dated August 4, 2020, by and between David P. Ruddock and S&T Bancorp, Inc., S&T Bank and any of their subsidiaries or affiliated business. Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference *
10.12Confidentiality, Trade Secrets, Non-Solicitation and Severance Agreement, dated November 2, 2020, by and between Ernest J. Draganza and S&T Bancorp, Inc., S&T Bank and their subsidiaries and affiliated companies. Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to S&T Bancorp, Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference.*






101101.INS
XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
The following financial information from the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 is
101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File ((formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Net Income, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.Exhibits 101))
*Management Contract or Compensatory Plan or Arrangement

148


SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
S&T BANCORP, INC.
(Registrant)
3/1/2018
/s/ Todd D. Brice
President and
2/26/2021
Todd D. Brice
Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)
Date    
/s/ Mark Kochvar
3/1/20182/26/2021
Mark Kochvar

Senior Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)
Date    
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
SIGNATURETITLEDATE
/s/ Todd D. BriceChief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)2/26/2021
Todd D. Brice
SIGNATURE/s/ Mark KochvarTITLEDATE
President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)3/1/2018
Todd D. Brice
Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)3/1/20182/26/2021
Mark Kochvar
/s/ Melanie LazzariExecutive Vice President, Controller3/1/2018
Melanie Lazzari
/s/ Charles G. UrtinChairman of the Board and Director3/1/2018
Charles G. Urtin
/s/ Christine J. TorettiDirector3/1/2018
Christine J. Toretti
Director3/1/2018
Christina A. Cassotis
/s/ Michael J. DonnellyDirector3/1/2018
Michael J. Donnelly

SIGNATURE/s/ Melanie LazzariTITLEExecutive Vice President, ControllerDATE2/26/2021
Melanie Lazzari
/s/ David G. AntolikPresident and Director3/1/20182/26/2021
David G. Antolik
/s/ Christine J. TorettiChair of the Board and Director2/26/2021
Christine J. Toretti
Director2/26/2021
Lewis W. Adkins Jr.
/s/ Peter R. BarszDirector2/26/2021
Peter R. Barsz
149


SIGNATURETITLEDATE
/s/ Christina A. CassotisDirector2/26/2021
Christina A. Cassotis
/s/ Michael J. DonnellyDirector2/26/2021
Michael J. Donnelly
/s/ James T. GibsonDirector2/26/2021
James T. Gibson
/s/ Jeffrey D. GrubeDirector3/1/20182/26/2021
Jeffrey D. Grube
/s/ William J. HiebDirector2/26/2021
William J. Hieb
Director2/26/2021
Jerry D. HostetterDirector3/1/2018
Jerry D. Hostetter
Director3/1/2018
Frank W. Jones
/s/ Robert E. KaneDirector3/1/20182/26/2021
Robert E. Kane
/s/ David L. KriegerDirector3/1/20182/26/2021
David L. Krieger
Director3/1/2018
James C. Miller
/s/ Frank J. Palermo, Jr.Director3/1/20182/26/2021
Frank J. Palermo, Jr.
Attorney-in-fact
/s/ Steven J. WeingartenDirector3/1/20182/26/2021
Steven J. Weingarten
Director3/1/2018
Frank W. Jones



125
150