UNITED STATES

(423) 899-5898

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

ASTEC INDUSTRIES, INC.

Index to Annual Report on Form 10-K

For the Year Ended December 31, 20212022

GENERAL

Unless otherwise indicated by the context, all references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to "we," "us," "our," or the "Company" refer to Astec Industries, Inc. and our subsidiaries. References to "Parent Company" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K refer to Astec Industries, Inc. only.

TRADEMARKS AND TRADE NAMES

Except when discussing competitors and their products herein, the trademarks and trade names used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are the property of Astec Industries, Inc. or its subsidiaries, as the case may be.

SAFE HARBOR STATEMENTS UNDER THE PRIVATE SECURITIES LITIGATION REFORM ACT OF 1995

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements relate to, among other things, income, earnings, cash flows, changes in operations, operating improvements, businesses in which we operate and the United States and global economies. Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not historical are hereby identified as "forward-looking statements" and may be indicated by words or phrases such as "anticipates," "supports," "plans," "projects," "expects," "believes," "should," "would," "could," "hope," "forecast," "management is of the opinion," use of the future tense and similar words or phrases.

These forward-looking statements are based largely on management's expectations, which are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including those risks described in Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors hereof, and in other documents filed by us with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which may cause actual results, financial or otherwise, to be materially different from those anticipated, expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements included in this document are based on information available to us on the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements to reflect future events or circumstances, except as required by law.

PART I

We design, engineer, manufacture and market equipment and components used primarily in road building and related construction activities, as well as other products discussed below. Our products are used in each phase of road building, from quarrying and crushing the aggregate to application of the road surface for both asphalt and concrete. We also manufacture certain equipment and components unrelated to road construction, including equipment for the mining, quarrying, construction, demolition, land clearing and demolitionrecycling industries and port and rail yard operators; industrial heat transfer equipment; commercial whole-tree pulpwood chippers; horizontal grinders; blower trucks; commercial and industrial burners; and combustion control systems.

Our products are marketed both domestically and internationally primarily to asphalt producers; highway and heavy equipment contractors; utility contractors; sand and gravel producers; construction, demolition, recycle and crushing contractors; forestry and environmental recycling contractors; mine and quarry operators; port and inland terminal authorities; power stations and domestic and foreign government agencies. In addition to equipment sales, we manufacture and sell replacement parts for equipment in each of our product lines and replacement parts for some competitors' equipment. The distribution and sale of replacement parts is an integral part of our business.

Beginning in late 2019, we initiated a strategic transformation focused on implementing new business strategies and a new operating structure. This transformation was focused on aligning our operations under the OneASTEC business model with the strategic pillars of Simplify, Focus and Grow.

As part of our strategic transformation, we have focused on optimizing our organizational structure and operations to execute our profitable growth strategy.strategy by:

Since the inception of these initiatives, we have consolidated fourfive sites, andincluding our Tacoma site in the first quarter of 2022.

Additionally, we are currently in the process of consolidating our Tacoma site, which is expected to be completed during early 2022.

We believe enhanced efficiencies across the Astec organization will result from utilizing our OneASTEC business model to concentrate resources on excellence initiatives.initiatives, including:

We are focused on growing sales and profits organically as well as selectively pursuing strategic acquisitions and partnerships within the "Rock to Road" value chain.chain, including by:

Since the inception of our growth initiatives,2020, we have completed three acquisitions.four acquisitions, strengthening our concrete production equipment and controls and automation offerings. A further discussion of these acquisitions is included in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The Corporate and Other category consists primarily of ourthe parent company, and Astec Insurance Company ("Astec Insurance" or the "captive"), a captive insurance company, and the controls and automation business, which do not meet the requirements for separate disclosure as an operating segment or inclusion in one of the other reporting segments.

We evaluate performance and allocate resources to our operating segments based on profitSegment Operating Adjusted EBITDA. Segment Operating Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, is defined as net income or loss from operations before United States ("U.S.") federalthe impact of interest income or expense, income taxes, state deferred taxesdepreciation and corporate overheadamortization and thus, these costscertain other adjustments that are includednot considered in the Corporate category.evaluation of ongoing operating performance. The Company's presentation of Segment Operating Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similar measures used by other companies and is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have occurred had each reportable segment been an independent, stand-alone entity during the periods presented.

The sites based in North America within the Infrastructure Solutions segment are primarily manufacturing operations while those located outside of North America generally market, service and install equipment and provide parts in the regions in which they operate for many of the products produced by all of our manufacturing sites. Our

Based on an internal review of our operations, beginning January 1, 2022, the India site, which was previously incorporated into the Materials Solutions segment, is reported in the Infrastructure Solutions segment while the Thailand site, iswhich was previously included in the start-up phase of new sales operations.Infrastructure Solutions segment, is reported in the Materials Solutions segment.

The primary products produced by the Infrastructure Solutions segment include:

A typical asphalt mixing plant consists of heating and storage equipment for liquid asphalt; cold feed bins for blending aggregates; a counter-flow continuous type unit (Astec Double Barrel) for drying, heating and mixing; a baghouse composed of air filters and other pollution control devices; hot storage bins or silos for temporary storage of hot-mix asphalt; and a control house. We introduced the concept of high plant portability for asphalt plants in 1979. Our current generation of portable asphalt plants is marketed as the Six Pack and consists of six or more portable components designed to be easily transported from one construction site to another, thereby reducing relocation expenses and interruption of operations. High plant portability is an industry innovation that we have developed and successfully marketed by us.market.

The components in our asphalt mixing plants are fully automated and use both microprocessor-based and programmable logic control systems for efficient operation. The plants are manufactured to meet or exceed federal and state clean air standards. We also build batch type asphalt plants and have developed specialized asphalt recycling equipment for use with our hot-mix asphalt plants.

Many of our highly technical, sophisticated large asphalt plants, while ideally suited for the United States domesticNorth American market, are not as well suited in many international markets. In 2019,As such, we completed testing of ourhave designed single-load and single-chassis portable plants that are better suited for the international markets. The Vantage 140 (the "Vantage") portable asphalt plant, designed specifically for the international market. The Vantage designwhich is based upon our proven Double Barrel drum mixer, and has production capacity of 140 metric tons per hour and RAP mixing capabilities of 50%. The Vantage also provides full-size plant features in a compact highly-portable configuration. Additionally, we have expanded our mobile plant offering with the newly designed Ventura 140. The Ventura is designed with a counter-flow drying drum that feeds an external coater and provides production rates up to 140 metric tons per hour of virgin mix and is used where recycled material is not available. The Ventura 140SL portable asphalt plant is also focused on satisfying needs of the international market and introducesallows for a smaller, more mobile plant design with single-load capability. We have also developed the new, hybrid-powered FT4250 mobile impactor plant. Hybrid power allows operators flexible power options using either line power or a genset that allows for reduced noise levels, no engine emissions and the ability to run indoors.

Our pavers have been designed to minimize maintenance costs while exceeding road surface smoothness requirements. Generally, our equipment can be used in tandem with each other or separately with equipment already owned by the customer. Our RP-Series paver line has been updated with operator controls that provide improved functionality and a compact, modern feel. All highway class asphalt pavers are now outfitted with an innovative digital control system and easy-to-understand touch screen interface. These product updates deliver a balance of intuitive technology and simplified operation, providing the durability and serviceability our customers expect.

Our mobile, self-propelled material transfer vehicle ("Shuttle Buggy") allows continuous paving by separating truck unloading from the paving process while remixing the asphalt. A typical asphalt paver must stop paving to permit truck unloading of asphalt mix. By permitting continuous paving, the Shuttle Buggy allows the asphalt paver to produce a smoother road surface while reducing the time required to pave the road surface and the number of haul trucks required. As a result of the pavement smoothness achieved with this machine, certain states now require the use of the Shuttle Buggy. Studies using infrared technology have revealed problems caused by differential cooling of the hot-mix during hauling, but the Shuttle Buggy remixes the material to a uniform temperature and gradation, thus eliminating these problems. The Shuttle Buggy includes the Guardian System that is designed to anticipate equipment maintenance needs resulting in more uptime reliability while also providing production and performance data as well as real-time location information to the owner. The SB3000 model introduced to the market in 2020, incorporates features and technology to improve the user experience in terms of improved visibility, ground level operation, as well as improved material handling and vehicle transportability. Our Spray Paver model, which is recommended for use with the Shuttle Buggy, is also designed to carry and spray tack coat directly in front of the hot mix asphalt in a single process, thus eliminating the need for a separate tack truck.

Milling machines remove old asphalt from the road surface before new asphalt mix is applied. Our product line of milling machines, which are designed for larger jobs, are manufactured with a simplified control system, wide conveyors, direct drives and a wide range of horsepower and cutting capabilities to provide versatility in product application. In addition to the half-lane and larger highway class milling machines, we also manufacture a smaller, utility class machine for two-to-four foot cutting widths and a utility class cold planer model mounted on steel wheels. The RX-505, our newest cold planer, is equipped with two new safety features that allow for safe cutter drum access and maintenance and obstacle detection while the machine is in reverse.

Soil stabilizers are produced in multiple configurations and double as asphalt reclaiming machines for road rehabilitations, in addition to their primary purpose of stabilizing soil sub-grades with additives to provide an improved base on which to pave.

Our patented screeds use a hydraulic powered generator to electrify elements that heat a screed plate so asphalt will not stick to it while paving, attach to asphalt paving machines and place asphalt on the roadbed at a desired thickness and width while smoothing and compacting the surface. Our screeds can be configured to fit many types of asphalt paving machines, including machines manufactured by us as well as our competitors.

Concrete is one of the world's most used and durable construction materials. Concrete production equipment is primarily manufactured at three facilities: Blair, Burlington and St-Bruno. Together, these three sites produce a market leading product portfolio. The Blair and St-Bruno sites were acquired in 2020 and joined the Burlington location to expand our concrete product line.

We produce a comprehensive portfolio of customized burners for industrial applications such as boilers, chemical plants, oil and gas refineries, offshore platforms, power generation plants, thermal fluid heaters and asphalt aggregate drying. We have recently invested in our burner technology specifically to develop burners that will enable our customers to achieve their carbon footprint reduction goals, lower energy consumption and reduce or eliminate dependence on fossil fuels. Our burners can use alternative

We also produce industry leading combustion products for a variety of industrial applications as new applications have grown rapidly. At the present time, our products, most of which are customized for a particular application, are used in a score of different industries and purposes including chemical plants, at oil-and-gas refineries, on off-shore platforms, on barges, at power generation plants, wood product manufacturers, food processors, textile factories, pharmaceutical producers and roofing manufacturers.

We market our hot-mix asphalt products domestically and internationally primarily under the Astec trademark. through direct and dealer support sales staff, domestic and international independent distributors and our international distribution sites in both of our reportable segments.

Asphalt and concrete plants and their related equipment are sold directly to asphalt or concrete producers, respectively, or domestic and foreign government agencies through our domesticagencies. Asphalt paving and international sales departments.

This industry segment faces strong competition in price, service and product performance and competes with both large publicly-traded companies and various smaller manufacturers. The Infrastructure Solutions segment competitors include:

The backlog for the Infrastructure Solutions segment at December 31, 20212022 and 20202021 was approximately $449.3$567.1 million and $218.2$449.3 million, respectively.

The Materials Solutions segment designs and manufactures heavy processing equipment, in addition to servicing and supplying parts for the aggregate, metallic mining, recycling, ports and bulk handling markets.

The sites within the Materials Solutions segment are primarily focus on manufacturing operations with the AME and India sitessite functioning to market, service and install equipment and provide parts in the regions in which they operate for many of the products produced by all of our manufacturing sites. In addition to manufacturing core Materials Solutions products and asphalt plants, Belo Horizonte manufactures asphalt plants in additionmarkets all our products to certain core products produced in the Materials Solutions segment. Belo Horizonte also markets products in the Brazilian market that are produced by all of our manufacturing sites. Our India site is in the start-up phase of new sales operations.

The primary products produced and services provided by the Materials Solutions segment include:

We manufacture comprehensive lines of crushing, screening, washing and classifying, material and bulk handling and rock breaking equipment in a variety of configurations including stationary, portable (wheeled) and mobile (track). In conjunction with the Materials Solutions products, we manufacture, we offer consulting and engineering services to provide complete "turnkey" processing systems, which often include electrical control centers and plant automation products that we produce.

Our washing and conveyingclassifying equipment mobile screeningis well-suited for a wide range of applications and production goals. Our expertly engineered components and plants help producers meet the most stringent material specifications and get the most out of their material, while significantly decreasing water usage. With complete lines of washing, classifying, fines recovery and water clarification plants and systems, we offer solutions for any operation in portable and stationary screen structures and vibrating and high frequency screens. These rock crushers are used by mining, quarrying and sand and gravel producers to crush oversized aggregate to salable size, in addition to their use for recycled concrete and asphalt. This equipment can be purchased as individual components, as portable plants for flexibility or as completely engineered systems for both portable, stationary and RAP applications. We offer the highly-portable Fast Pack System, featuring quick setup and teardown, thereby maximizing production time and minimizing downtime. We also offer portable fully self-contained and self-propelled Fast Trax track-mounted jaw, cone, vertical shaft impactors and horizontal shaft crushers, which are ideal for either recycle or hard rock applications, allowing the producer to move the equipment to the material. The expanded GT line of track-mounted crushing and screening plants focuses more specifically on the needs of global markets.

Conveying equipment is designed to move or store aggregate and other bulk materials in radial cone-shaped or windrow stockpiles. Our SuperStacker telescoping conveyor and Wizard Touch automated controls are designed to add efficiency and accuracy to whatever the stockpile specifications require. Additionally, high capacityhigh-capacity rail and barge loading/unloading material handling systems are an important part of our product lines.

We design and manufacture a broad range of material and bulk handling products for all production goals. Our completematerial handling products cover many applications and are designed for efficiency and high-capacity material transferring, moving and mixing. Our innovative line of industry leading rock breaker systems for the mining, quarrymaterial handling solutions includes radial and recycling markets provide large-scaletelescoping conveyors, truck unloaders, hopper feeders, mobile conveyors, pugmills, ship loaders and unloaders, bulk receptions feeders and stationary rock breakers for open pit mining, as well as mid-sized stationary rock breakers for underground applications. In addition, we offer a full line of smaller rock breaker systems for mobile track and portable primary crushing plants as well as a full line of four-wheel drive articulated production and utility vehicles, scalers and rock breakers for underground mining and a complete line of hydraulic breakers, compactors and demolition attachments for the North American construction and demolition markets.

We have created our rock breaking equipment line for aggregate, mining, construction and demolition applications. Our comprehensive range of rock breaker boom systems are sold globally.designed to break oversized material at large gyratories, grizzlies and primary/secondary crushing application sites. These systems include boom-mounted configurations, automatic greasing packages, motor starter panels, joystick controls and easy plant integration. Our newest mobile rock breaker, the BreakerBOSS

Many of our facilities maintain internationally recognized industry standard quality, environmental and health and safety assurance accreditations.

The principal purchasers of aggregate processing equipment include distributors, highway and heavy equipment contractors, sand and gravel producers, demolition, recycle and crushing contractors, open mine operators, quarry operators, port and inland terminal authorities, power stations and both domestic and foreign governmental agencies.

Materials Solutions'Solutions equipment and aftermarket sales and service programprograms are primarily marketed through an extensive network of dealers byvia dealer support sales employees and domestic and international independent distributors.

The Materials Solutions segment faces strong competition in price, service and product performance. Materials Solutions equipment primary competitors include the following as well as smaller manufacturers, both domestic and international:

At December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, the backlog for the Materials Solutions Groupsegment was approximately $313.3$341.2 million and $142.3$313.3 million, respectively.

The Corporate and Other category consists primarily of ourthe parent company, and ourthe Company's captive insurance company, Astec Insurance, and the controls and automation business, which do not meet the requirements for separate disclosure as an operating segment or inclusion in one of the other reporting segments. OurThe parent company and ourthe captive insurance company provide support and corporate oversight for all theother sites. We record U.S. federal income tax expensesThe controls and state deferred taxes for allautomation business segments on the parent company's books; therefore, these taxesmanufactures hardware and software products that are marketed independently as well as included in the Corporate category for segment reporting.certain products produced by our other segments.

The following information applies to both the Infrastructure Solutions and the Materials Solutions reporting segments.

We manufacture many of the component parts and related equipment for our products, while several large components of our products are purchased "ready-for-use", such purchased items include engines, axles, tires and hydraulics. In many cases, we design, engineer and manufacture custom component parts and equipment to meet the particular needs of individual customers. Manufacturing operations during 2021 took place through 16 of our sites. Our manufacturing operations consist primarily of fabricating steel components and the assembly and testing of our products to ensure that we achieve quality standards.

We purchase raw materials and some manufactured components and replacement parts for our products from leading suppliers both domestically and internationally. Raw materials used in the manufacture of our products include carbon steel, pipe and various types of alloy steel, which are normally purchased from distributors and other sources. MostThe majority of steel is deliveredscheduled on a "just-in-time"just in time arrangement from the suppliersuppliers to reducebetter manage inventory requirements at theour manufacturing facilities, but is occasionally inventoried after purchase.facilities. Based on market dynamics, we strategically and selectively order and inventory certain items beyond a just in time basis. Raw materials for manufacturing are normally readily available; however, certain highly customized components may require longer than normal lead times. In addition, we have experienced challenges relatedbeen and continue to our supply chain attributable to the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.experience increased lead times for certain standard production materials and parts and supplies. Other components used in the manufacturing processes include engines, gearboxes, power transmissions, hydraulics and electronic systems.

We are subject to various laws and governmental regulations concerning environmental matters and employee safety and health in the United States and other countries. The Environmental Protection Agency, the Occupational Safety & Health Administration, other federal agencies and certain state agencies have the authority to promulgate regulations that have an effect on our operations. Many of these federal and state agencies may seek fines and penalties for violations of these laws and regulations. We have been able to operate under these laws and regulations without any material adverse effect on our business.

None of our reporting operations are within highly regulated industries. However, air pollution control equipment we manufacture, principally for hot-mix asphalt plants, must comply with certain performance standards promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency under the Clean Air Act applicable to "new sources" or new plants. We believe our products meet all material requirements of such regulations, applicable state pollution standards and environmental protection laws.

In addition, due to the size and weight of certain equipment we manufacture, we and our customers may encounter various state regulations on maximum weights transportable on highways. Also, some states have regulations governing the operation of asphalt mixing plants, and most states have regulations relating to the accuracy of weights and measures, which affect some of the control systems we manufacture.

Compliance with these government regulations has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position within the market to date.

We seek to obtain patents to protect the novel features of our products and processes. Our subsidiaries hold 116113 United States patents and 142120 foreign patents. Our subsidiaries have 1612 United States and 4031 foreign patent applications pending.

We have 8381 trademarks registered in the United States, including logos for Astec, Carlson Paving, Heatec, KPI-JCI, Peterson Pacific, Power Flame, Roadtec and Telsmith, and the names ASTEC, CARLSON, HEATEC, JCI, KOLBERG, PETERSON, POWER FLAME, ROADTEC and TELSMITH, as well as a number of other product names. We also have 126129 trademarks registered in foreign jurisdictions, including Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, France, Germany, India, Italy, Kazakhstan, Mexico, New Zealand, Paraguay, Peru, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, the United Kingdom, Ukraine, Uruguay and Vietnam. We have 13 United States and 2417 foreign trademark registration applications pending.

We conduct research and development activities to develop new products and to enhance the functionality, effectiveness, ease of use and reliability of our existing products. We believe that our engineering and research and development efforts are key drivers of our success in the marketplace and dedicate substantial resources to engineering and product development activities including establishing an Innovation Services team. Our Innovation Services team has experts in advanced fields, such as simulation and digital twin creation, who support our development initiatives. In addition, we are focused on innovation in our products to support the "Rock to Road" value chain.

Revenues typically arehave historically been strongest during the first, second and fourth quarters with the third quarter consistentlytypically generating weaker results. WeOver the long-term, we expect future operations in the near term to be typical ofconsistent with this historical trend.trend, however, quarterly revenue performance in 2021 and 2022 has varied based on recent manufacturing challenges resulting from supply chain and logistics disruptions as well as labor shortages.

As of December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, we had a backlog for delivery of products at certain dates in the future of approximately $762.6$912.7 million and $360.5$762.6 million, respectively. Approximately $346.4$146.3 million of the increase in backlog between periods relates to orders from domestic customers. Our contracts reflected in the backlog generally are not, by their terms, subject to termination.

Each business segment operates in domestic markets that are highly competitive with respect to price, service and product quality. While specific competitors are named within each business segment discussion above, imports do not generally constitute significant competition for us in the United States, except for milling machines and track-mounted crushers. In international sales, however, we often compete with foreign manufacturers that may have a local presence in the market we are attempting to penetrate.

In addition, asphalt and concrete are generally considered competitive products as a surface choice for new roads and highways. A portion of the interstate highway system is surfaced in concrete, but over 90%the significant majority of all surfaced roads in the U.S. are

paved with asphalt. Although concrete is used for some new road surfaces, asphalt is used for most resurfacing. Our customers generally offer both asphalt and concrete surfacing options. Our investment in concrete batch plants in 2020options and our product portfolio enables us to be a singular provider to our customers for both asphalt and concrete equipment.

Our employees around the world are each guided by our purpose: Built to Connect, and our vision: To connect people, processes and products, advancing innovative solutions from "Rock to Road" as OneASTEC. Every employee is also guided by our values and our code of business conduct. In everyday work, our employees embody our core values of Safety, Devotion, Integrity, Respect and Innovation. They do so by living our winning behaviors of Open and Honest Communications, Drive Creativity, Customer Driven Innovation and OneASTEC in all wethey do. We strive to be an employer of choice, attracting and retaining top talent committed to creating a diverse, equitable and inclusive workplace where individuals are respected and valued for their diverse backgrounds and experiences. Through comprehensive compensation and benefits and a focus on safety, we strive to support our employees' overall well-being. Our sites have programs designed to upskill manufacturing employees in the areas specifically required for local production needs. In addition, we partner with national vendors specialized in skilled labor recruitment and many of our sites have relationships with local trade schools and community colleges to attract talent.

In 2021,2022, we executedagain engaged our first global employee engagementemployees through the Voice of OneASTEC survey. In total, 73%81% of our workforce responded and provided us with valuable feedback.feedback, a significant increase from the 73% participation in 2021. Throughout the year we have focused on the three main areas of opportunity identified: communication, performance management and diversity. We saw improvement in those focus areas with scores increasing by four to six percentage points compared to our prior year results.

As of December 31, 2021,2022, we employed 4,0414,291 individuals, including 3,4373,629 employees in the U.S. and Canada. We also retain consultants, independent contractors and temporary and part-time workers. As of December 31, 2021,2022, the functional representation of our employees was as follows: 2,6462,828 were engaged in manufacturing, 393399 in engineering, including support staff, and 1,0021,064 in selling, administrative and management functions.

Unions are certified as bargaining agents for approximately two percent of our U.S. direct employees. From time to time, our collective bargaining agreements expire and come up for renegotiation. Approximately 8283 of our active U.S. employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement with the United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union, AFL-CIO-CLC on behalf of its local affiliate Local Union No. 11-508-03, with an expiration date of December 8, 2022.11, 2025. Unions also represent approximately 25%18% of our employees at our manufacturing facilities outside the U.S. We consider our employee relations to be good.

As we strive to be an employer of choice, we provide competitive and robust compensation and benefits. We achieve this by regularly conducting market reviews and adjusting as needed. In addition to salaries, we provide regional programs, thatwhich can include annual bonuses, share-based compensation awards, a 401(k) plan with employee matching opportunities, healthcare and insurance benefits, health savings and flexible spending accounts, paid time off, family leave, family care resources, flexible work schedules, adoption and surrogacy assistance,arrangements, employee assistance programs, tuition assistance and on-site services.

The well-being and safety of our employees is a paramount value for us and thisas is consistent withindicated in our core values. We manage safety at (and from) the highest levels, using the same tools we employ to measure and improve other aspects of business performance, such as continuous improvement, key performance indicators, scorecards and performance management. More particularly, weWe undertake the following actions:

We aspire to reduce recordable injuries and lost time and recordable injuries each year. During the year ended December 31, 2021,2022, we had zero recordable injuries at fivefour of our manufacturing sites. However, we experienced a 23%15% increase in our recordable injuries across all sites compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. Our Occupational Safety and Health Administration Recordable Incident Rate experienced an increase from 1.39 for the year ended December 31, 20202022, to 1.96 compared to 1.71 for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Talent and Diversity are key components of our OneASTEC business model. We strive to create an environment that attracts top talent and where high performance is fostered and thrives, continuous learning is engrained, diverse experience is leveraged as a competitive advantage and careers are propelled forward.

In 2021, we developed and implemented a new2022, our High Performance Management model andFramework process ensured company-wide to align our effortsalignment to achieve company goals and targets. This new model includes values, professional development and cascaded common performance goals.

We provide all employees a wide range of professional development experiences, both formal and informal, at various stages in their careers. In addition, talent development and succession planning for critical roles is a cornerstone of our talent program. Development plans are created and monitored for critical roles to ensure progress is made along the established timelines.

One of our core values – Respect – reflects the behavior we strive to include in every aspect of the way we conduct business. We recognize that our best performance comes when our teams are diverse and inclusive. We continue to define our diversity, equity and inclusion strategy. These efforts touch all levels of our organization including our Board of Directors, which is currently comprised of 20% women.Directors.

Astec Industries, Inc. is a Tennessee corporation which was incorporated in 1972. We make available, free of charge on or through our website (www.astecindustries.com), access to our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, Proxy Statements on Schedule 14A, Section 16 reports, amendments to those reports and other documents filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Information contained in our website is not part of, and is not incorporated into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other report we file with or furnish to the SEC.

The SEC also maintains electronic versions of our reports on its website at www.sec.gov.

The following risks are considered material to our business, operating results and financial condition based upon current knowledge, information and assumptions. This discussion of risk factors should be considered closely in conjunction with Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and the Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes thereto included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we presently deem less significant, may also impair our business, operating results and financial condition. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. The order of these risk factors does not reflect their relative importance or likelihood of occurrence. Some of these risks and uncertainties could affect particular lines of business, while others could affect all of our businesses. We, except as required by law, undertake no obligation to update or revise this risk factors discussion, whether as a result of new developments or otherwise.

General economic downturns, including downturns in government infrastructure spending and the commercial and residential construction industries, could result in a material decrease in our revenues and operating results. Sales of our products are sensitive to the specific locations and regional economies in which they are sold in general, and in particular, changes in

commercial construction spending and government infrastructure spending. In addition, many of our costs are fixed and cannot be quickly reduced in response to decreased demand. Several factors, including the following, could cause a downturn in the commercial and residential construction industries in which we operate:

Many of our customers depend on government funding of highway construction and maintenance and other infrastructure projects. Historically, much of the U.S. highway infrastructure market has been driven by government spending programs, and federal government funding of infrastructure projects has typically been accomplished through bills that establish funding over a multi-year period. For example, the U.S. government funds highway and road improvements through the Federal Highway Trust Fund Program. This program provides funding to improve the nation's roadway system. In November 2021, the U.S. government enacted the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act ("IIJA"). The IIJA allocates $548 billion in government spending to new infrastructure over the five-year period concluding in 2026, with certain amounts specifically allocated to fund highway and bridge projects.

Governmental funding that is committed or earmarked for federal highway projects is always subject to political decision making that may result in repeal or reduction. Congress could pass legislation in future sessions that would allow for the diversion of previously appropriated highway funds for other national purposes, or it could restrict funding of infrastructure projects unless states comply with certain federal policies.

We sell equipment primarily to contractors whose demand for equipment depends greatly upon the volume of road or utility construction projects underway or to be scheduled by both government and private entities. The volume and frequency of road and utility construction projects are cyclical; therefore, demand for many of our products is cyclical. The equipment we sell is durable and typically lasts for several years, which also contributes to the cyclical nature of the demand for our products. As a result, we may experience cyclical fluctuations to our revenues and operating results. Any difficulty in managing our manufacturing workflow during downturns in demand could adversely affect our financial results.

GlobalPrior to 2022, global interest rates have recentlyhad been at or near historic lows resulting in historically low financing costs for construction projects. While we expectBeginning in 2022, interest rates have increased substantially and are expected to remain relatively low in the near-term, risingcontinue to increase. Rising interest rates could have a dampening effect on overall economic activity and/or the financial condition of our customers, either or both of which could negatively affect customer demand for our products and customers' ability to repay obligations to us. An increase in interest rates could also make it more difficult for customers to cost-effectively fund the purchase of new equipment, which could adversely affect our sales.

We currently face strong competition in product performance, price and service. Some of our domestic and international competitors have greater financial, product development and marketing resources than we have. If competition in our industry intensifies or if our current competitors enhance their products or lower their prices for competing products, we may lose sales or be required to lower the prices we charge for our products. This may reduce revenue from our products and services, lower our gross margins or cause us to lose market share. In addition to the general competitive challenges we face, international trade policies could negatively affect the demand for our products and services and reduce our competitive position in such markets. In addition, unfavorable currency fluctuations could result in our products and services being more expensive than local competitors. The implementation of more restrictive trade policies, such as higher tariffs, duties or charges, in countries where we operate could negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In 2021,2022, international sales represented approximately 23.3%20.4% of our total sales as compared to 20.2%23.1% in 2020.2021. We plan to continue increasing our already significant sales and production efforts in international markets. Both the sales from international operations and export sales are subject in varying degrees to risks inherent in doing business outside of the United States. Such risks include the possibility of unfavorable circumstances arising from host country laws or regulations and general economic and political conditions in the countries we do business, which are typically more volatile than the U.S. economy and more vulnerable to geo-political conditions. In addition, the U.S. Government has established and, from time to time, revises sanctions that restrict or prohibit U.S. companies and their subsidiaries from doing business with certain foreign countries, entities and individuals. Doing business internationally also subjects us to numerous U.S. and foreign laws and regulations, including regulations relating to anti-bribery, privacy regulations and anti-boycott provisions. We incur meaningful costs complying with these laws and regulations. The continued expansion of our international operations could increase the risk of violations of these laws in the future. Significant violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could harm our reputation, disrupt our business and result in significant fines and penalties that could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

Our ability to match new product offerings to diverse global customers' anticipated preferences for different types and sizes of equipment and various equipment features and functionality, at affordable prices, is critical to our success. This requires a thorough understanding of our existing and potential customers on a global basis, particularly in Asia, Middle East and Africa, and Latin America. Failure to deliver quality products that meet customer needs at competitive prices ahead of competitors could have a significant adverse effect on our business.

Additionally, our international sales involve some level of export from the U.S., either of components or completed products. Policies and geopolitical events affecting exchange rates could adversely affect the demand for construction equipment in many areas of the world. Further, any strengthening of the U.S. dollar or any other currency of a country in which we manufacture our products (e.g. the Brazilian real and the South African rand) and/or any weakening of local currencies can increase the cost of our products in foreign markets. Irrespective of any effect on the overall demand for construction equipment, the effect of these changes can make our products less competitive relative to local producing competitors or other non-U.S. competitors and, in extreme cases, can result in our products not being cost-effective for customers. As a result, our international sales and profit margins could decline.

We require access to various parts, components and raw materials at competitive prices in order to manufacture our products. Changes in the availability and price of these parts, components and raw materials (including steel) have changed significantly and rapidly at times. The availability and price of such items are affected by factors like demand, changes to international trade policies that may result in additional tariffs, duties or other charges, freight costs, and outbreaks andglobal pandemics, shipping and container constraints and labor shortages and costs, each of which can significantly increase the costs of production. Due to price competition in the market for construction equipment and certain infrastructure products which have longer contract to completion cycles, we may not be able to recoup increases in these costs through price increases for our products, which would result in reduced profitability. Whether increased operating costs can be passed through to the customer depends on a number of factors, including the price of competing products and the nature of our customers' orders. Further, we rely on a limited number of suppliers for steel and certain other raw materials, parts and components in the manufacturing process. Disruptions or delays in supply or significant price increases from these suppliers could adversely affect our operations and profitability. Such disruptions, terminations or cost increases could result in cost inefficiencies, delayed sales or reduced sales. The aforementioned risks have been, and may continue to be, exacerbated by the impact of COVID-19.

We currently maintain a broad network of distribution and manufacturing facilities throughout the U.S. as well as internationally. Any widespread disruption to our facilities resulting from fire, earthquake, weather-related events (such as tornadoes, hurricanes, flooding and other storms), an act of terrorism or any other cause could damage a significant portion of our inventory and could materially impair our ability to distribute our products to customers. Moreover, we could incur significantly higher costs and longer lead times associated with distributing our products to our customers during the time that it takes for us to reopen or replace a damaged facility. If any of these events were to occur, our financial condition, operating results and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

In addition, general weather patterns affect our operating results throughout the year, with adverse weather historically reducing construction activity in the first and fourth quarters in the U.S., our largest market. An increase of adverse weather events, including as a result of climate change, could generally reduce or delay construction activity, which could adversely impact our revenues.

In March 2020, we launched ourOur OneASTEC business model withis designed around the strategic pillars of Simplify, Focus and Grow. This is a focused effort towards an operating model centered around continuous improvement. The OneASTEC business model was designed to better set strategic direction, define priorities and improve overall operating performance, as described in greater detail in the section titled "Corporate Strategic Objectives" in Item 1. Business.performance. Our future success is partly dependent upon successfully executing and realizing performance improvements, revenue gains, cost savings and other benefits from this initiative. It is possible that we may not fully realize, or sustain, the expected benefits from the OneASTEC business model. Furthermore, the implementation of the OneASTEC initiatives maywill result in an increase in near-term expenses and may negatively impact operational effectiveness and employee morale.

We have historically grown, in large part, through strategic acquisitions, and our strategy is to continue to pursue attractive acquisition opportunities if and when they become available. Failure to identify and acquire suitable acquisition candidates on appropriate terms could adversely impact our growth strategy. In addition, although we have been successful in the past with the integration of numerous acquisitions, we may not be able to fully integrate the operations of any future acquired businesses with our own operations in an efficient and cost-effective manner or without significant disruption to our or the acquired companies’ existing operations. Moreover, acquisitions involve significant risks and uncertainties, including uncertainties as to the future financial performance of the acquired business, the achievement of expected synergies, difficulties integrating acquired personnel and corporate cultures into our business, the potential loss of key employees, customers or suppliers, difficulties in integrating different computer and accounting systems, exposure to unforeseen liabilities of acquired companies and the diversion of management attention and resources from existing operations. We may be unable to successfully complete potential acquisitions due to multiple factors, such as issues related to regulatory review of the proposed transactions or obtaining favorable financing. We may also be required to incur additional debt or issue additional shares of our common stock in order to consummate acquisitions in the future. Potential new indebtedness may be substantial and may limit our flexibility in using our cash flow from operations. The issuance of new shares of our common stock could dilute the equity value of our existing shareholders. Our failure to fully integrate future acquired businesses effectively or to manage other consequences of our acquisitions, including increased indebtedness, could prevent us from remaining competitive and, ultimately, could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

As of December 31, 2021,2022, we were in compliance with the financial covenants contained in our credit agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.agreement. However, in the future we may be unable to comply with the financial covenants in our credit facility or to obtain waivers with respect to such financial covenants. If such violations occur, our creditors could elect to pursue their contractual remedies under the credit facility, including requiring immediate repayment in full of all amounts then outstanding and requiring cash collateral to support outstanding letters of credit. As of December 31, 2021,2022, we had nooutstanding borrowings but did have $2.5of $78.0 million and an additional $2.8 million in letters of credit outstanding under the Wells Fargo credit agreement. We may also borrow additional amounts under the credit agreement in the future. Certain of our international subsidiaries in South Africa, Australia, Brazil, Canada and the United Kingdom have entered into their own independent loan agreements with the same lenders to our credit agreement as well as with other lending institutions.

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and other jurisdictions. Our results of operations could be adversely affected by, among other things, changes in the effective tax rates in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions, a change in the mix of earnings between U.S. and non-U.S. jurisdictions or among jurisdictions with differing tax rates, changes in tax laws or treaties and related changes in generally accepted accounting principles. Additionally, we typically incur substantial research and development costs

each year and have historically received significant research and development tax credits due to these expenditures. Congress could reduce or eliminate such tax credits in future years, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

We have completed a number of acquisitions and expect to continue to complete selected acquisitions in the future as a component of our growth strategy. In connection with acquisitions, applicable accounting standards generally require the net tangible and intangible assets of the acquired business to be recorded in the balance sheet of the acquiring company at their fair values as of the date of acquisition. As a result, any excess in the purchase price paid by us over the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets of any acquired business is recorded as goodwill. Definite lived-intangible assets are required to be amortized over their estimated useful lives and this amortization expense may be significant. If it is later determined that the anticipated future cash flows from the acquired business may be less than the carrying values of the assets and goodwill of the acquired business, the assets, including both definite-lived and indefinite-lived intangible assets, or goodwill may be deemed to be impaired. If this occurs, we may be required under applicable accounting rules to write down the value of the assets or goodwill on our balance sheet to reflect the extent of any such impairment. Any such write-down of assets or goodwill would generally be recognized as a non-cash expense in our results of operations for the accounting period during which any such write down occurs.

Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets areis subject to impairment assessments at least annually (or more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment may have occurred). Other intangible assets are subject to impairment assessments if conditions exist that indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. At October 1, 2021,2022, we performed a quantitative assessment of impairment, and our testing indicated no impairment had occurred.occurred at any of our four reporting units. However, the fair values of the Materials Solutions and Astec Digital reporting units exceeded their carrying values by 3.2% and 5.0%, respectively. Since the Materials Solutions and Astec Digital reporting units' fair values did not substantially exceed the carrying values, we may be at risk for an impairment loss in the future if forecasted trends assumed in the fair value calculation are not realized. As of December 31, 2022, there was $19.4 million and $8.7 million of goodwill recorded related to the Materials Solutions and Astec Digital reporting units, respectively. A decrease in our market capitalization, profitability or negative or declining cash flows increases the risk of goodwill or other intangible asset impairments. Future impairment charges could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and shareholders' equity.

We believe our culture focused on safety, devotion, integrity, respect and collaboration,innovation, is one of our strongest assets. Our strong culture positions us to recruit and retain top-level talent across our organization. We believe our employees and experienced leadership group are competitive advantages, as the best people, over time, produce the best results. Our ability to attract and retain qualified engineers, skilled manufacturing personnel and other professionals, either through direct hiring or acquisition of other businesses employing such professionals, will also be an important factor in determining our future success. The contributory effectsshrinking availability of the COVID-19 pandemic have resultedqualified talent in these areas is a significant challengeschallenge in retaining and attracting sufficiently qualified personnel to enable us to meet customer demand efficiently resulting in longer lead times to convert backlog to revenue and materially and adversely impacting our margins. If we are unable to attract the most talented candidates, and cannot retain and engage additional highly qualified managerial, technical, manufacturing, and sales and marketing personnel by investing in their talent and personal development, our operational and financial performances could continue to suffer.

In connection with the transition of our business operations and implementation of the OneASTEC business model, we have replaced many employees in key functions, including in important management roles, and otherwise hired key personnel. Any significant management change involves inherent risk and any failure to ensure the effective transfer of knowledge and a smooth transition could hinder our strategic planning, execution and future performance. As new employees gain experience in their roles, we could experience inefficiencies or a lack of business continuity due to loss of historical knowledge and a lack of familiarity of new employees with business processes, operating requirements, policies and procedures, some of which are new, and key information technologies and related infrastructure used in our day-to-day operations and financial reporting. We may also experience additional costs as these new employees learn their roles and gain necessary experience. It is important to our success that these new employees quickly adapt to and excel in their new roles. If they are unable to do so, our business and financial results could be materially adversely affected. In addition, if we were to lose the services of any one or more key

employees, whether due to death, disability or termination of employment, our ability to successfully operate our business segments, financial plans, marketing and other objectives could be significantly impaired.

We depend to a large extent on the abilities and continued participation of our executive officers and other key employees. We believe that as our activities increase and change in character, additional, experienced personnel will be required to implement our OneASTEC business model. Competition for such personnel is intense, and we cannot assure that they will be available when required, or that we will have the ability to attract and retain them. The loss of services of any one or more of these individuals may have a material and adverse effect on our Company and our business prospects.

We manufacture heavy machinery, which is used by our customers at excavation and construction sites, ports and inland terminals and on high-traffic roads. Any defect in or improper operation of our equipment can result in personal injury and death, and damage to or destruction of property, any of which could cause product liability claims to be filed against us. The amount and scope of our insurance coverage may not be adequate to cover all losses or liabilities we may incur in the event of a product liability claim. We may not be able to maintain insurance of the types or at the levels we deem necessary or adequate or at rates we consider reasonable. A successful claim brought against us in excess of available insurance coverage or a requirement to participate in a product recall may have a material adverse effect on our business.

In addition, certain of our equipment is subject to rules limiting emissions and other climate related rules and regulation. In addition, several of our products contain components that must comply with environmental, health and safety laws or regulations, including performance standards, promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency and other state regulatory agencies. These performance standards may change or become more stringent in the future. In addition, we may become subject to additional legislation, regulations or accords regarding climate change, and compliance with any new rules could be difficult and costly as a result of increased energy, environmental, and other costs and capital expenditures to comply with any such legislation, regulation or accord. Changes in these requirements could also cause us to undertake costly measures to redesign or modify our equipment or otherwise adversely affect the manufacturing processes of our products. Such changes could also impact operations of our suppliers and customers. In addition, we may incur material costs or liabilities in connection with other regulatory requirements applicable to our business, including, for example, state regulation of our component equipment, the accuracy of weights and measures and the maximum weight transportable on highways and roads.

From time to time, we may be involved in various legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business.and subject to government investigations. We are unable to predict when claims or matters will arise and the extent to which they will affect our business, and the international nature of our business exposes us to legal and regulatory matters that arise in foreign jurisdictions as well. We could incur significant expenses to administer and defend such matters, and any judgments or fines imposed on us could significantly impact our financial condition. Our business may be adversely impacted by the outcome of legal proceedings and other contingencies that cannot be predicted with certainty. We estimate loss contingencies and establish reserves based on our assessment where

liability is deemed probable and reasonably estimable given the facts and circumstances known to us at a particular point in time. Subsequent developments may affect our assessment and estimates of the loss contingencies recognized as liabilities. These matters could also significantly divert the attention of our management.

We hold numerous patents covering technology and applications related to many of our products and systems, as well as numerous trademarks and trade names registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and in foreign countries. Our existing or future patents or trademarks may not adequately protect us against infringements, and pending patent or trademark applications may not result in issued patents or trademarks. Our patents, registered trademarks and patent applications, if any, may not be upheld if challenged, and competitors may develop similar or superior methods or products outside the protection of our patents. This could reduce demand for our products and materially decrease our revenues. If our products are deemed to infringe upon the patents or proprietary rights of others, we could be required to modify the design of our products, change the name of our products or obtain a license for the use of some of the technologies used in our products. We may be unable to do any of the foregoing in a timely manner, upon acceptable terms and conditions, or at all, and the failure to do so could cause us to incur additional costs or lose revenues.

Our operations are dependent upon our information technology systems, which encompass all of our major business functions. We rely upon our information technology systems to run critical functions, including accounting and financial information systems, process receivables, manage and replenish inventory, fill and ship customer orders on a timely basis and coordinate our sales activities across all products and services. A substantial disruption in our information technology systems for any prolonged time period could result in problems and delays in generating critical financial and operational information, processing receivables, receiving inventory and supplies, and filling customer orders. These disruptions could adversely affect our operations as well as our customer service and relationships. Our systems, or those of our significant customers or suppliers, might be damaged or interrupted by natural or man-made events or by computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins or similar disruptions affecting the global Internet. In addition, we rely on a number of third-party service providers to execute certain business processes and maintain certain information technology systems and infrastructure, and any breach of security or disruption in their systems could impair our ability to operate effectively. Such disruptions, delays, problems or associated costs relating to our systems or those of our significant customers, suppliers or third-party providers could have a material adverse effect on our operations, operating results and financial condition.

In the ordinary course of business, we rely upon information technology networks and systems to process, transmit and store electronic information and to manage or support a variety of business functions, including supply chain, manufacturing, distribution, invoicing and collection of payments. We use information technology systems to record, process and summarize financial information and results of operations for internal reporting purposes and to comply with regulatory financial reporting, legal and tax requirements. Additionally, we collect and store sensitive data, including intellectual property, proprietary business information and the proprietary business information of customers and suppliers, as well as personally identifiable information of customers and employees, in data centers and on information technology networks. The secure operation of these networks and the processing and maintenance of this information is critical to our business operations and strategy. Despite our efforts to protect our systems and confidential information, we have experienced cybercrime in the past and may be vulnerable to material security breaches, theft, misplaced, lost or corrupted data, programming errors, employee errors and/or malfeasance or other disruptions during the process of upgrading or replacing computer software or hardware, power outages, computer viruses, telecommunication or utility failures or natural disasters or other catastrophic events. The occurrence of any of these events could compromise our networks, and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, modified, lost or stolen. Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability or regulatory penalties under laws protecting the privacy of personal information, disrupted operations, production downtimes and damage our reputation, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business. While we have not experienced any material losses relating to cybercrime or other information security breaches to date, there can be no assurance that we will not suffer such significant losses in the future.

We have launched a multi-year phased implementation of a standardized enterprise resource planning ("ERP") system across our global organization, which will replace much of our existing disparate core financial systems. The upgraded ERP will initially convert our

internal operations, manufacturing, finance, human capital resources management and customer relationship systems to cloud-based platforms. This new ERP system will provide for standardized processes and integrated technology solutions that enable us to better leverage automation and process efficiency.efficiency, transforming how we connect people, products and processes to operate as OneASTEC. An implementation of this scale is a major financial undertaking and has, and will continue to, require substantial time and attention of management and key employees. We may not be able to successfully implement our ERP system without delays related to resource constraints or challenges with the critical design phases of the implementation. Inefficiencies in our financial reporting processes due to the conversion to our new ERP could adversely affect our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis until the new ERP and processes have matured. Additionally, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting could be adversely affected if the new ERP is not successfully implemented.

None.

As of December 31, 2021,2022, our manufacturing, warehouse and office facilities total approximately 3.53.4 million square feet of space globally. We believe all properties to be well maintained and adequate for present use, with sufficient capacities for current and business needs as our business is presently conducted. As we continue to optimize our global footprint, we may identify properties or expansion opportunities at existing locations that provide growth opportunity or determine that certain of our current properties no longer meet our requirements. Such new properties may be leased or purchased, and current properties may be modified, sold, leased or utilized in another manner.

Our corporate headquarters are in owned offices located in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Additional administrative offices are located inside and outside the United States.

The following table lists the principal locations (defined as greater than 20,000 square feet) that are owned or leased by us, as denoted, and which are utilized in our continuing business operations:

Currently, weWe are involved in a number of legal proceedings.proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. For a discussion of contingencies related to legal proceedings, see Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

PART II

Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq National Market under the ticker symbol "ASTE". 

We paid quarterly dividends of $0.11 per common share to shareholders in the first, second and third quarters of 2021 and the first, second, third and fourth quarters 2020. Our Board of Directors ("Board") increased the dividend payment $0.01 to a total of $0.12 per common share to shareholders for the fourth quarter of 2021. We paid cash of $10.2$11.2 million and $10.0$10.2 million for dividends in 2022 and 2021, respectively. The following table details dividends paid per share during 2022 and 2020, respectively. 2021:

Dividends are paid when, as and if declared at the discretion of our Board from funds legally available for that purpose. While our Board currently expects to continue regular quarterly cash dividends, the declaration and amount ofany future cash dividends are subjectdetermination relating to the Board's sole discretion and their periodic review of our dividend policy will be made at the Board's discretion and will depend uponon a number of factors including our earnings, financial condition, liquidity needs, capital requirements, regulatory and contractual restrictions, business plans and opportunities and other factors deemed relevant by our Board. In addition, our payment of dividends may be limited by restrictive covenants in making and setting dividend policy.our revolving credit facility agreement.

As announcedThe following table provides information with respect to the public in a Form 8-K filing on July 30, 2018, we approved a share repurchase program, which authorizes us to repurchase up to $150.0 millionour purchases of our common stock. As ofstock during the three months ended December 31, 2021, the maximum dollar value of shares available for repurchase under the plan is approximately $126.0 million. No shares were repurchased under the plan during 2021.2022:

The stock performance graph below is intended to show our stock performance compared with that of comparable companies. The stock performance graph compares the cumulative five-year total return provided to shareholders of Astec Industries, Inc.'s common stock relative to the cumulative total returns of the Russell 2000 index, our updated peer group ("2021 Peer Group")broad equity market comparative index, the S&P 600 Industrials index and our previous perdefined peer group.

Historically, our second stock performance comparative has been our defined peer group ("2020 Peer Group"). The companies included in the 2021 Peer Group and the 2020 Peer Group are representative of our definitive Proxy peer group ("Peer Group"), which we believe reflects industrial manufacturing companies of comparable size and complexity for the corresponding period and are reviewed annually and revised as necessary.

The graph assumes that the value of an investment in our common stock, in the Russell 2000 index, in the 2021 Peer GroupS&P 600 Industrials index and in the 2020 Peer Group was $100 on December 31, 20162017 and assumes reinvestment of all dividends as well as the relative performance of each through December 31, 2021.2022.

We design, engineer, manufacture and market equipment and components used primarily in road building and related construction activities, as well as certain other products. Our products are used in each phase of road building, from quarrying and crushing the aggregate to application of the road surface for both asphalt and concrete. We also manufacture certain equipment and components unrelated to road construction, including equipment for the mining, quarrying, construction and demolition industries and port and rail yard operators; industrial heat transfer equipment; commercial whole-tree pulpwood chippers; horizontal grinders; blower trucks; commercial and industrial burners; and combustion control systems.

Our products are marketed both domestically and internationally primarily to asphalt and concrete producers; highway and heavy equipment contractors; utility contractors; sand and gravel producers; construction, demolition, recycle and crushing contractors; forestry and environmental recycling contractors; mine and quarry operators; port and inland terminal authorities; power stations and domestic and foreign government agencies. In addition to equipment sales, we manufacture and sell replacement parts for equipment in each of our product lines and replacement parts for some competitors' equipment. The distribution and sale of replacement parts is an integral part of our business.

Highlights of our financial results as of and for the year ended December 31, 20212022 as compared to the same period of the prior year include the following:

Beginning in late 2019, we initiated aOur ongoing strategic transformation initiative focused on implementing new business strategies and a new operating structure. This transformationstructure is concentrated on aligning our operations under the OneASTEC business model with the strategic pillars of Simplify, Focus and Grow. SFG is an ongoing,a multi-year program with the primary goals of optimizing our manufacturing footprint and centralizing our business into common platforms and operating models to reduce complexity and cost, improve productivity and embed continuous improvement in our processes. These efforts are considered critical to enabling us to operate competitively and supporting future growth, which are expected to broadly benefit our customers, partners, employees and shareholders.

Our multi-year phased implementation of a standardized ERP system across our global organization which will replace much of our existing disparate core financial systems. The upgraded ERP will initially convert our internal operations, manufacturing, finance, human capital resources management and customer relationship systems to cloud-based platforms. This new ERP system will provide for standardized processes and integrated technology solutions that enable us to better leverage automation and process efficiency.efficiency, transforming how we connect people, products and processes to operate as OneASTEC. An implementation of this scale is a major financial undertaking and has required, and will continue to require, substantial time and attention of management and key employees. We have materially completed the ERP global design in 2022, launched the human capital resources module throughout our domestic sites in January 2023 and expect to convert the operations of one manufacturing site along with Corporate in 2023 to set the foundation before accelerating the implementation at additional manufacturing sites. We anticipate incurring total costs associated with the ERP implementation in the range of $125 to $150 million, with an estimated $25 to $30 million incurred per year beginning in 2022.

Costs incurred during 2021the year ended December 31, 2022 were $13.4$25.5 million, which represent costs directly associated with the SFG initiativeinitiatives and which cannot be capitalized in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These costs are included in "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Additionally, at December 31, 2022, we have capitalized $17.8 million in deferred implementation costs associated with the ERP implementation that will be amortized ratably over the remaining contract term once the ERP is ready for use, of which $1.2 million and $16.6 million were included in "Prepaid expenses and other assets" and "Other long-term assets" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively.

Our financial performance is affected by a number of factors, including the cyclical nature and varying conditions of the markets we serve. Demand in these markets fluctuates in response to overall economic conditions and is particularly sensitive to the amount of public sector spending on infrastructure development, privately funded infrastructure development and changes in the prices of liquid asphalt, oil, natural gas and steel. In addition, many of our markets are highly competitive, and our products compete worldwide with similar products produced and sold by a number of other manufacturers and dealers that produce and sell similar products.dealers.

We ended 20202021 with a strong backlog of orders, which has grown throughout 2021 across our global organization as well as in bothcontinued to grow during 2022, but at a slower pace than we experienced during the Infrastructure Solutions and Materials Solutions segments.prior year. The backlog of orders as of December 31, 20212022 was $762.6$912.7 million compared to $360.5$762.6 million as of December 31, 2020,2021, an increase of $402.1$150.1 million or 111.5%19.7%. Increased orders were driven by pent-uphigher demand both customer retail andfrom the continuation of dealer inventory replenishment following economic uncertainty in 2020 as a result of COVID-19 as well as in anticipation of futureand the infrastructure investment by the United States' government under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act ("IIJA") enacted in November 2021. Additionally,The higher demand has contributed to longer lead times. In addition, we are continuing to experience constrained production cycles due to increased lead times for certain

production materials, parts and supplies and manufacturing labor shortages which have and may continue to impact our ability to satisfy the orders in our backlog in a manner that meets the timelines of our customers.

Federal funding provides a significant portion of all highway, street, roadway and parking construction in the United States. We believe that federal highway funding influences the purchasing decisions of our customers, who are typically more amenable to making capital equipment purchases with long-term federal legislation in place. Federal transportation funding under the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act expired December 3, 2021. As noted above, the U.S. government enacted the IIJA in November 2021. The IIJA allocates $548 billion in government spending to new infrastructure over the five-year period concluding in 2026, with certain amounts specifically allocated to fund highway and bridge projects. We believe that multi-year highway programs (such as the IIJA) will have the greatest positive impact on the road construction industry and allow our customers to plan and execute longer-term projects.

Significant portions of our revenues from the Infrastructure Solutions segment relate to the sale of equipment involved in the production, handling, recycling or application of asphalt mix. Liquid asphalt is a by-product of oil refining. An increase or decrease in the price of oil impacts the cost of asphalt, which is likely to alter demand for asphalt and therefore affect demand for certain of our products. While increasing oil prices may have a negative financial impact on many of our customers, our equipment can use a significant amount of reclaimed asphalt pavement, thereby partially mitigating the effect of increased oil prices on the final cost of asphalt for the customer. We continue to develop products and initiatives to reduce the amount of oil and related products required to produce asphalt. While oilOil prices have increased throughout 2021 itsand 2022, reaching a peak in the third quarter and subsequently stabilizing during the fourth quarter of 2022. Entering 2023, oil prices continue to remain at relatively high levels with price volatility makesmaking it difficult to predict the costs of oil-based products used in road construction such as liquid asphalt and gasoline. Oil prices have routinely fluctuated in recent years and are expected to continue to fluctuate in the future. Based on the current macroeconomic environment, including the ongoing impact of the conflict in Ukraine, we expectanticipate that oil prices will continue to increase into 2022.remain at relatively high levels in 2023.

We actively manage our global supply chain for any identified constraints and volatility. ChallengesSupply chain constraints have eased recently, however we do see challenges related to our supply chain, including potential labor shortagesvendor capacity continue to occur, albeit at our vendors and logistics partners and the availabilitya decreasing number of shipping containers, cargo ships and unloading space,suppliers. As a result, we have continued to drive increasedexperienced elevated lead times forin certain components used in our manufacturing processes. We are continuing to focus on identifying and qualifying alternative suppliers wherever possible, which has helped alleviate the challenges in our supply chain. We also continually monitor potential future supply costs and availability in an effort to proactively address challenges that might occur. We cannot estimate the full impact that any future disruptions might have on our operations. We will continue to monitor potential future supply costs and availability.

In addition, we have experienced a shortage of necessary production personnel and increasing labor costs to attract staff in our manufacturing operations. This has resulted in a variety of challenges in running our operations efficiently to meet strong customer demand. We continue to adjust our production schedules and manufacturing workload distribution, outsource components, implement efficiency improvements and actively modify our recruitment process and compensation and benefits to attract and retain production personnel in our manufacturing facilities.

Whenever possible, we attempt to cover increased costs of production by adjusting the prices of our products. Backlog fulfillment times from the initial order to completing the contracted sale vary and can extend past twelve months.months with the growth we have experienced in the backlog. For this reason, we have limitations on our ability to pass on cost increases to our customers on a short-term basis. In addition, the markets we serve are competitive in nature, and competition limits our ability to pass through cost increases in many cases. Through our operational excellence initiatives, we also strive to minimize the effect of inflation through cost reductions and improved manufacturing efficiencies.

Net sales increased $72.8$179.0 million or 7.1%16.3% to $1,097.2$1,274.5 million in 20212022 from $1,024.4$1,095.5 million in 2020.2021. The increase in net sales was primarily driven by changes in the volume, pricing and mix of sales that generated increases in (i) equipment andsales of $141.1 million, (ii) parts and component sales of $45.2$34.6 million, and $29.8 million, respectively, partially offset by decreases in used equipment and(iii) service and equipment installation salesrevenue of $7.3$7.1 million and $3.4(iv) freight revenue of $4.2 million respectively. Additionally, we recognized $33.1 million of net incremental sales from acquired businesses partially offset by reduceddecreased used equipment sales of $4.2 million and other revenue of $3.8 million primarily driven by higher utilization of our interest subsidy programs offered to certain of our dealer customers. Included in these net increases is $4.4 million of incremental net sales from the exit of our Enid oil and gas drilling product lines of $25.0 million.an acquired business. Sales reported by our foreign subsidiaries in U.S. dollars for 20212022 would have been $11.6$18.6 million lowerhigher had exchange foreign exchange rates been the same as 2020the 2021 rates.

Domestic sales for 20212022 were $842.1$1,014.3 million or 76.7%79.6% of net sales compared to $817.0$842.1 million or 79.8%76.9% of net sales for 2020,2021, an increase of $25.1$172.2 million or 3.1%20.4%. Domestic sales increased primarily due to: (i) net incremental sales of $26.0 million from acquired businesses, (ii) $19.1$144.3 million higher equipment sales and (iii) $14.6(ii) $25.6 million of higher parts and components sales.component sales, (iii) $4.7 million higher service and equipment installation revenue and (iv) $4.7 million higher freight revenue. These increases were partially offset by: (i) reduced sales from the exitby decreased other revenue of $3.6 million primarily driven by higher utilization of our Enid oilinterest subsidy programs offered to certain of our dealer customers and gas drilling product lines of $24.0 million, (ii) lower used equipment sales of $6.2$3.5 million. Included in these net increases is $2.3 million and (iii) reduced service and equipment installationof incremental net sales of $4.2 million.from an acquired business.

International sales for 20212022 were $255.1$260.2 million or 23.3%20.4% of net sales compared to $207.4$253.4 million or 20.2%23.1% of net sales for 2020,2021, an increase of $47.7$6.8 million or 23.0%2.7%. International sales increased primarily due to: (i) $26.1 million higher equipment sales mainly from COVID-19 related temporary site closures in the prior year, (ii) $15.2 million ofto higher parts and componentscomponent sales and (iii)service revenue of $9.0 million and $2.4 million, respectively. These increases were partially offset by $3.2 million lower equipment sales. Included in these net increases is $2.1 million of incremental net sales of $7.1 million from an acquired businesses.business.

Consolidated gross profit for 20212022 was $251.7$264.1 million or 22.9%20.7% of net sales as compared to $240.1$249.5 million or 23.4%22.8% of net sales in 2020,2021, an increase of $11.6$14.6 million or 4.8%5.9%. The increase was primarily driven by: (i)by the impact of net favorable volume, pricing and mix that generated $39.8$131.8 million higher gross profit, (ii) $16.8 million in manufacturing efficiencies, (iii) net incremental gross profit of $5.6 million from acquired businesses and (iv) reduced costs from the exit of our Enid oil and gas drilling product lines of $2.9 million.profit. These increases were partially offset by the impact of inflation on materials, labor and overhead of $53.5 million.$104.0 million and manufacturing inefficiencies of $14.9 million largely due to logistics and manufacturing throughput disruptions.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for 20212022 were $216.1 million or 17.0% of net sales compared to $200.6 million or 18.3% of net sales compared to $166.9 million or 16.3% of net sales for 2020,2021, an increase of $33.7$15.5 million or 20.2%7.7%, primarily due to: (i) $12.1 million increased costs for centralizationrelated to our SFG transformation program, (ii) $3.2 million of exhibit, promotional and infrastructure effortstravel costs due to the return of in-person industry conferences and business activities, (iii) $2.8 million incremental expenses associated with MINDS, (iv) $2.0 million of acquisition and integration related costs mainly associated with the acquisition of MINDS and (v) increased net payroll and employee benefit costs due to increased headcount throughout our organization partially offset by lower health insurance claims experience and reduced deferred compensation program costs associated with our transformation initiatives, (ii) $12.9 million of higher technology and software licensing costs, (iii) $5.4 million of incremental expenses for acquired businesses and (iv) $2.1 million of higher amortization expense.stock price changes. These increases were partially offset by decreaseslower depreciation and amortization expense of $7.1$3.7 million forand reduced expenses associated with closed locations and $4.9 millionrelated to closing a site location of lower trade show and promotional expenses.$2.1 million.

Research and development expenses increased $4.4$5.0 million or 19.9%18.9% to $31.5 million in 2022 from $26.5 million in 2021 from $22.1 million in 2020. During 2021, we increased efforts related to2021. Increased research and development of new productscosts were primarily driven by higher prototype materials costs and improvements to existing product lines as well as adaptation of those products to other markets as compared to prior year that experienced COVID-19 constraints and restructuring.increased personnel-related expenses.

We are in the process of a strategic transformation under which we have completed various restructuring and right-sizing actions. Restructuring, asset impairment charges and the net gain on the sale of property and equipment for the yearyears ended December 31, 20212022 and 20202021 are presented below:below and relate primarily to our SFG initiatives and recent leadership change: 

See Note 22, "StrategicStrategic Transformation and Restructuring, Impairment and Other Asset Charges",Charges, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for discussion of the individual restructuring actions taken and the impairment charges recorded.

Income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $5.0 million, reflecting a 113.6% effective tax rate compared to an income tax benefit of $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, was $1.4 million compared to income tax benefit of $1.2 million for 2020. Thereflecting a (15.2)% effective tax rates for 2021 and 2020 were (8.5)% and (2.6)%, respectively.rate. Our effective tax rates are affected by recurring items which are generally consistent from period to period, as well as discrete items that may occur in any given period but are not consistent from period to period.

The items having the most significant impact on the effective tax rate for 2022 include discrete tax expense for a foreign valuation allowance of $5.5 million for net operating losses ("NOLs") at our Brazilian subsidiary partially offset by the net benefits of $2.1 million for research and development tax credits and $0.9 million from the foreign derived intangible income deduction. The items having the most significant impact on the effective tax rate for 2021 include a benefit from net releases of valuation allowances of $8.1 million primarily related to net operating losses ("NOLs"), where deductions exceed taxable income,NOLs at our Brazilian subsidiary, the dissolution of Astec Mobile Machinery GmbH ("AMM") during the yearand German subsidiaries and a net benefit of $4.1$2.3 million for research and development tax credits. These benefits werecredits partially offset by a $4.4 million change inprovision from the NOLsdissolution of our foreign entities. Significantly impactingGermany subsidiary. Future utilization of our NOLs and state tax credit carryforwards is evaluated on a periodic basis, and the 2020 income tax benefit was a net discrete tax benefit of $9.5 million resulting from provisions of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act"). Among other provisions, the CARES Act modified the NOL carryback provisions, which allowed usvaluation allowance is adjusted accordingly. There is no guarantee that we will not incur additional valuation allowances to carryback its 2018 NOL to prior tax years. This change not only favorably impacted the timing of the NOL benefit, but also increased the tax benefit amount as the federal tax rates in the prior years (35%) were higher than the current federal tax rate (21%).our NOLs.

The backlog of orders at December 31, 20212022 was $762.6$912.7 million compared to $360.5$762.6 million at December 31, 2020,2021, an increase of $402.1$150.1 million or 111.5%19.7%. Domestic and international backlogs increased $346.4$146.3 million or 123.4%23.3% and $55.7$3.8 million or 69.7%2.8%, respectively. The backlog increased $231.1$117.8 million to $449.3$567.1 million in the Infrastructure Solutions segment and increased $171.0$27.9 million to $313.3$341.2 million in the Materials Solutions segment. The Corporate and Other backlog represents our controls and automation business and totaled $4.4 million as of December 31, 2022. Increased orders were driven by pent-uphigher demand both customer retail andfrom the continuation of dealer inventory replenishment following economic uncertainty in 2020 as a result of COVID-19 as well as in anticipation of futureand the infrastructure investment by the United States' government combined with slower production cycles dueunder the IIJA enacted in November 2021. The higher demand has contributed to increasedlonger lead times for certain production materials, parts and supplies and manufacturing labor shortages.times.

Sales in this segment were $748.0$847.4 million for 2022 compared to $743.4 million for 2021, compared to $702.8 million for 2020, an increase of $45.2$104.0 million, or 6.4%14.0%. The increase was primarily driven by a positive impact of changes in thefavorable net volume, pricing and the mix of sales that generated increases inincreased (i) new equipment andsales of $78.4 million, (ii) parts and componentscomponent sales of $28.8$20.3 million, and $18.0 million respectively, partially offset by decreases in used equipment and(iii) service and equipment installation salesrevenue of $6.3$5.3 million and $2.8 million, respectively. Additionally, we recognized $33.1 million(iv) freight revenue of net incremental sales from acquired businesses$2.6 million. These increases were partially offset by reducedlower used equipment sales from the exit of our Enid oil and gas drilling product lines of $25.0$3.1 million.

Domestic sales for the Infrastructure Solutions segment increased by $13.0$103.4 million, or 2.2%17.2%, for 20212022 compared to 20202021 primarily due toto: (i) $26.0 million of net incremental sales from acquired businesses, (ii) increased new equipment sales of $14.2$80.1 million, and (iii)(ii) increased parts and component sales of $6.1$18.1 million, (iii) increased service and equipment installation sales of $4.5 million and (iv) increased freight revenue of $2.6 million. These increases were partially offset by: (i) reduced sales from the exit of our Enid oil and gas drilling product lines of $24.0 million, (ii) $4.8 million ofby lower used equipment sales and (iii) $3.5 million of lower service and equipment installation sales.$2.7 million.

International sales for the Infrastructure Solutions segment increased $32.2$0.6 million, or 28.2%0.4%, for 20212022 compared to 2020 driven by: (i) increased equipment sales of $14.6 million, (ii)2021 primarily due to increased parts and component sales of $11.9$2.2 million and (iii) $7.1 millionpartially offset by lower equipment sales of net incremental sales from acquired businesses.$1.7 million.

Sales in this segment were $349.2$422.7 million for 2022 compared to $352.1 million for 2021, compared to $321.6 million for 2020, an increase of $27.6$70.6 million or 8.6%20.1%. The increase was primarily driven by the favorable impact of changes innet volume, pricing and the mix of sales that generated increases inincreased new equipment and parts and componentscomponent sales of $16.4$59.1 million and $11.8$14.1 million, respectively. These increases were partially offset by decreased other revenue of $4.5 million primarily driven by increased utilization of our interest subsidy programs offered to some of our dealer customers.

Domestic sales for the Materials Solutions segment increased $12.1$66.5 million or 5.3%27.7% for 20212022 compared to 2020 primarily due to2021 driven by: (i) increased new equipment of $62.1 million (ii) increased parts and component sales of $8.5$7.4 million and (iii) increased equipment salesfreight revenue of $5.0 million$2.1 million. These increases were partially offset by lower used equipment sales.decreased other revenue of $4.5 million primarily driven by increased utilization of our interest subsidy programs offered to certain of our dealer customers.

International sales for the Materials Solutions segment increased $15.5$4.1 million or 16.6%3.7% for 20212022 compared to 20202021 primarily due to increased equipment sales of $11.4 million and increased parts and component sales of $3.3$6.7 million relatedpartially offset by lower new equipment sales of $3.0 million.

Segment Operating Adjusted EBITDA is the measure of segment profit or loss used by our Chief Executive Officer, whom is determined to be the chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), to evaluate performance and allocate resources to the recovery from COVID-19 related temporary site closuresoperating segments. Segment Operating Adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP financial measure, is defined as net income or loss before the impact of interest income or expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization and certain other adjustments that are not considered by the CODM in the prior year.evaluation of ongoing operating performance. This non-GAAP financial measure can be useful to investors in understanding operating results and the performance of our core business from management's perspective. Our presentation of Segment Operating Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similar measures used by other companies and is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have occurred had each reportable segment been an independent, stand-alone entity during the periods presented. See Note 19, Operations by Industry Segment and Geographic Area, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a reconciliation of Segment Operating Adjusted EBITDA to total consolidated net income attributable to controlling interest.

Segment profitOperating Adjusted EBITDA for the Infrastructure Solutions segment was $53.0$73.0 million for 2022 compared to $73.9 million for 2021, compared to $53.8 million for 2020, a decrease of $0.8$0.9 million or 1.5%1.2%. The decrease in segment profit resulted primarily from the impact of higher inflation on materials, labor and overhead costs of $33.1 million and increased general and administrative costs of $6.6 million. These increased costs were partially offset by: (i) the impact of favorable volume, pricing and mix that generated $25.1 million higher gross profit, (ii) reduced losses from divested businesses of $7.0 million, (iii) $4.0 million of increased manufacturing efficiencies and (iv) $3.1 million in decreased restructuring costs.

Segment Operating Adjusted EBITDA for the Materials Solutions segment was $44.5 million for 2022 compared to $39.1 million for 2021, an increase of $5.4 million or 13.8%. The increase in Segment Operating Adjusted EBITDA resulted primarily from the impact of favorable volume, pricing and mix that generated $14.7$51.3 million higher gross profit partially offset by the impact of higher inflation on materials, labor and overhead costs of $37.2 million and manufacturing inefficiencies $7.9 million due to supply chain and logistics disruptions. Incorporated in these increased costs is a $1.8 million impact of annual incentive compensation, which was recorded in Corporate and Other in the prior year period and has been reflected in the Materials Solutions segment in the current year.

Corporate and Other operations had net expenses of $46.5 million for 2022 compared to $48.2 million for 2021, a decrease of $1.7 million or 3.5%. The decrease in expenses was primarily driven by: (i) lower net annual incentive compensation of $2.0 million due to $6.4 million that was recorded within Infrastructure Solutions and Materials Solutions in the current year as compared to within Corporate in the prior year period, (ii) $11.5reduced consulting fees of $1.7 million and (iii) reduced deferred compensation program cost driven by our stock price changes of $1.5 million. These decreases were partially offset by increases in manufacturing efficiencies, (iii) $5.5 million reduced income tax expenseinternal headcount and (iv) reducedshare-based compensation expenses associated with closed locations of $4.1$2.8 million.

Our primary sources of liquidity and capital resources are cash and cash equivalents on hand, borrowing capacity under a $150.0$250.0 million revolving credit facility (the "Credit Facility") and cash flows from operations. We had $134.1As of December 31, 2022, our total liquidity was $232.0 million, consisting of $62.8 million of cash and cash equivalents available for operating purposes and $169.2 million available for additional borrowings under our revolving credit facility, to the extent our compliance with financial covenants permits such borrowings. Our foreign subsidiaries held $27.0 million of cash and cash equivalents available for operating purposes and is considered to be indefinitely invested in those jurisdictions.

On December 19, 2022, we entered into a new credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement") with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto, which replaced the previously existing credit facility with a borrowing capacity of $150.0 million and a maturity date of December 29, 2023 (the "Previous Credit Facility"). The Credit Agreement provides for (i) a revolving credit facility (consisting of revolving credit loans and swingline loans) and a letter of credit facility, in an aggregate amount of up to $250.0 million, (ii) an incremental credit facility in an aggregate amount not to exceed $125.0 million (the “Credit Facilities”) and (iii) a maturity date of December 19, 2027.

We had $78.0 million in outstanding borrowings under the Credit Facilities at December 31, 2021, of which $21.7 million was held by our foreign subsidiaries. We did not have any2022 and no outstanding borrowings on the Previous Credit Facility at December 31, 2021 or 2020. In addition, no borrowings were made under the Credit Facility during 2021 or 2020.2021. Our outstanding letters of credit totaling $2.5$2.8 million decreased borrowing availability to $147.5$169.2 million under the revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2021.2022. We anticipate continuing to utilize the Credit Facilities with more frequency in the near-term to support our domestic working capital needs in response to supply chain disruptions. The revolving credit facility agreementCredit Agreement contains certain financial covenants, including provisions concerning required levelsrequirements related to our Consolidated Total Net Leverage Ratio and Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio, each as defined in the agreement. Failure to satisfy these covenants could result in the accelerated repayment of annual net income and minimum tangible net worth.our indebtedness. We were in compliance with the financial covenants of the Credit FacilityFacilities at December 31, 2021.2022. Due to the increased borrowings under our Credit Facilities and higher interest rates, we expect our interest expense in 2023 to be significantly higher than in prior years.

Certain of our international subsidiaries in South Africa, Australia, Brazil, Canada and the United Kingdom each have separate credit facilities with local financial institutions primarily to finance short-term working capital needs, as well as to cover foreign exchange contracts, performance letters of credit, advance payment and retention guarantees. In addition, the Brazilian subsidiary maintains an independent credit facility at a separate financial institution and also enters into order anticipation agreements on a periodic basis. Both the outstanding borrowings under the credit facilities of the international subsidiaries and the order anticipation agreements are recorded in "Short-term debt" in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Each of the credit facilities are generally guaranteed by Astec Industries, Inc. and/or secured with certain assets of the local subsidiary.

The following table summarizes cash flows during the years 2023 to 2024, $16.7 million during the years 2025 to 2026ended December 31, 2022 and $6.5 million after 2026. These cash payments are exclusive of the separately contracted implementation costs that are project-based and are committed at each phase of the implementation.2021, respectively:

Our operating activities were a $73.9 million in 2021net use of cash during 2022 as compared to 2020. The primary driversproviding net cash of the$7.4 million during 2021. This decrease is primarily due to: (i) higher net cash usages in our operating cash flows wereassets and liabilities of $49.1 million mainly driven by the increase of inventories on hand of $44.9 million due to higher backlog and supply chain logistics challenges of $98.5 million, the timing of receivablesdisruptions and other contract assets of $43.0 million and payable/prepaid income taxes of $29.6 million and(ii) lower net income adjusted for non-cash items of $29.0$33.7 million. These decreases were partially offset by increases related to the timing of accounts payable payments of $39.4 million and higher customer deposits of $37.7 million associated with higher backlog amounts in the current year.

Net cash used in investing activities decreasedincreased by $2.5$34.8 million in 2021during 2022 as compared to 20202021 primarily due to acquisitions occurring in the prior year that did not recur in 2021 partially offset by higher proceeds from the saleincreased purchases of property and equipment of $20.6 million in part due to our manufacturing facility transformation initiative and divestiture activitythe acquisition of MINDS in 2020 that did not recur in 2021 combined withthe second quarter of 2022 at a purchase price of $17.8 million, net of cash acquired. These cash outflows were partially offset by increased cash inflows of $3.8 million from disposals of property and equipment expenditures in 2021.

Our financing activities increased by $1.7provided net cash of $60.1 million during 2022 as opposed to a net use of $12.1 million in cash during 2021 as compared to 2020 primarily due to higher withholding tax payments on the vestingincreased net proceeds from borrowings of share-based compensation awards.$83.5 million partially offset by repurchases of stock under our share repurchase program of $10.1 million in 2022.

Our current assets increased to $641.7$696.4 million at December 31, 2022 from $636.0 million at December 31, 2021, from $565.8 million at December 31, 2020, an increase of $75.9$60.4 million or 13.4%9.5%. The increase is due primarily to increases inincreased inventories of $53.3$94.7 million increasesdriven by supply chain disruptions resulting in maintaining elevated inventory levels, increased trade and other net receivables and contract assets net of $28.2$28.4 million, increases in prepaidthe recording of $15.4 million of assets at our closed Tacoma site as held for sale and refundable income taxes of $10.7 million and increases inincreased prepaid expenses and other assets of $6.0 million$4.7 million. These increases were partially offset by decreases indecreased cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $24.2$68.4 million, the net sale of short-term trading securities of $4.7 million and decreased prepaid and refundable income taxes of $4.6 million. Accounts receivable days outstanding increaseddecreased from 45.3 in 2020 to 50.3 in 2021.2021 to 44.5 in 2022.

Our current liabilities increased to $225.3$274.0 million at December 31, 2022 from $223.3 million at December 31, 2021, from $170.3 million at December 31, 2020, an increase of $55.0$50.7 million or 32.3%22.7%. The increase is primarily due to increases inincreased accounts payable of $30.8$25.0 million, increases inincreased customer deposits of $26.0$9.3 million, and increasesadditional net borrowings of $6.8 million on short-term debt facilities in order to meet working capital needs at certain of our international sites, increased accrued payroll andemployee related liabilities of $2.8$4.7 million partially offset by decreases inand increased other accruedcurrent liabilities of $4.8$3.4 million.

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Application of these principles requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts as reported in the consolidated financial statements. Accounting policies that are critical to aid in understanding and evaluating the results of operations and financial position include the following:

Depending on the terms of the arrangement with the customer, recognition of a portion of the consideration received may be deferred and recorded as a contract liability if we have to satisfy a future obligation, such as to provide installation assistance, service work to be performed in the future without charge, floor plan interest to be reimbursed to our dealer customers, payments for extended warranties, for annual rebates given to certain high volume customers or for obligations for future estimated returns to be allowed based upon historical trends. Other contract assets and liabilities are typically not material as a percentage of total assets or total liabilities, respectively.

Certain contracts include terms and conditions through which we recognize revenues upon completion of equipment production, which is subsequently stored at one of our plants at the customer's request. Revenue is recorded on such contracts upon the customer's assumption of title and transfer of control and when collectibility is probable. In addition, there must be a fixed schedule of delivery of the goods consistent with the customer's business practices, we must not have retained any specific performance obligations such that the earnings process is not complete, and the goods must have been segregated from our inventory prior to revenue recognition.

We have certain sales containing multiple performance obligations, whereby revenue attributable to the sale of a product is recognized when the product is shipped, and the revenue attributable to services provided with respect to the product (such as installation services) is recognized when the service is performed. Consideration is allocated to deliverables using observable

market prices from stand-alone performance obligations or a cost plus margin approach when one is not available. Otherwise, we use third-party evidence of selling price or our best estimate of the selling price for the deliverables. We evaluate sales with multiple performance obligations to determine whether revenue related to individual elements should be recognized separately or as a combined unit. In addition to the previously mentioned general revenue recognition criteria, we only recognize revenue on individual delivered elements when there is objective and reliable evidence that the delivered element has a determinable value to the customer on a standalone basis and there is no right of return.

We have certain sales orders on which we record revenue over time based upon the ratio of costs incurred to estimated total costs.

Goodwill is tested for impairment by either performing a qualitative evaluation or a quantitative test. The qualitative evaluation is an assessment of factors that includes, but is not limited to, the macroeconomic conditions, industry and competitive environment conditions, overall financial performance, business specific events and market considerations to determine whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit's fair value is less than its carrying amount. We may elect not to perform the qualitative assessment for some or all reporting units and perform the quantitative impairment test. The quantitative goodwill mightimpairment test requires us to compare the carrying value of the reporting unit's net assets to the fair value of the reporting unit. We determine fair values of each reporting unit using an equally weighted combination of the discounted cash flow method, a form of the income approach, and the guideline public company method, a form of the market approach. This analysis requires significant assumptions, including projected net sales, projected earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization, terminal growth rates, the cost of capital, the selection of appropriate guideline companies and related valuation multiples. Our estimates are subject to change given the inherent uncertainty in predicting future results. Additionally, the discount rate and the terminal growth rate are based on our judgment of the rates that would be impaired.utilized by a hypothetical market participant.

No goodwill impairment charges were recognized in 2022 or 2021. Goodwill impairment charges of $1.6 million were recognized in 2020. See Note 2, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies, and Note 7, Goodwill, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for a detail of the testing management performed for goodwill impairment, goodwill reported by segment and impairment charges recorded in 2020.recorded.

Intangible assets with definite lives are tested for impairment if conditions exist that indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Risk factors that may be considered include an economic downturn in the general economy, a geographic market or the commercial and residential construction industries, a change in the assessment of future operations as well as the cyclical nature of our industry and the customization of the equipment we sell, each of which may cause adverse fluctuations in operating results. Other risk factors considered would be an increase in the price or a decrease in the availability of oil that could reduce the demand for our products in addition to the significant fluctuations in the purchase price of raw materials not recoverable through selling price increases that could have a negative impact on the cost of production and gross profit as well as others more fully described in the Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. An impairment charge is recorded when the carrying value of the definite lived intangible asset is not recoverable by the cash flows generated from the use of the asset. Some of the inputs used in the impairment testing are highly subjective and are affected by changes in business factors and other conditions. Changes in any of the inputs could have an effect on future tests and result in impairment charges.

The useful lives of identifiable intangible assets are determined after considering the specific facts and circumstances related to each intangible asset. Factors considered when determining useful lives include the contractual term of any agreement, the history of the asset, our long-term strategy for the use of the asset, any laws or other local regulations which could impact the useful life of the asset, and other economic factors, including competition and specific market conditions. Intangible assets that are deemed to have definite lives are amortized, generally on a straight-line basis, over their useful lives, ranging from 23 to 19 years.

and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. We periodically assess the need to establish valuation allowances against our deferred tax assets to the extent we no longer believe it is more likely than notmore-likely-than-not that the tax assets will be fully utilized. Judgment is required in determining the provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities and the valuation allowance recorded against net deferred tax assets. Liabilities for uncertain income tax positions are based on a two-step process. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than notmore-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step requires an estimate and measurement of the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement. It is inherently difficult and subjective to estimate such amounts, as we must determine the probability of various possible outcomes. We reevaluate these uncertain tax positions on a quarterly basis or when new information becomes available. These reevaluations are based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in facts or circumstances, changes in tax law, successfully settled issues under audit, expirations due to statutes and new audit activity. Such a change in recognition or measurement could result in the recognition of a tax benefit or an increase to accrued taxes.

See Note 2, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements applicable to us and the impact of those standards on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

We are exposed to changes in interest rates, primarily from our domestic Credit FacilityFacilities and our international credit facilities and term loan andloan. Our domestic Credit Facilities include a $250.0 million revolving credit facilities. Afacility, which bears interest based on market rates plus an applicable margin as defined in the Credit Agreement. Based on the outstanding balance on our domestic Credit Facilities of $78.0 million as of December 31, 2022, a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in the interest rates would not have materially affecteda $0.8 million impact on our annualized interest expense for the years endedexpense. We had no borrowings outstanding on our prior credit facility as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 due to low outstanding balances and borrowings during the respective periods.2021. We do not hedge variable interest.

We are subject to foreign exchange risk at our foreign operations. Foreign operations represent 18.9%26.9% and 22.2%23.7% of total assets at December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, respectively, and 14.7%17.1% and 12.1%17.2% of total net sales for the years ended December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, respectively. Each period, the balance sheets and related results of operations of our foreign subsidiaries that are denominated in non-U.S. dollar currencies are translated from their functional foreign currency into U.S. dollars for reporting purposes. As the U.S. dollar strengthens against those foreign currencies, the foreign denominated net assets and operating results become less valuable in our reporting currency. When the U.S. dollar weakens against those currencies, the foreign denominated net assets and operating results become more valuable in our reporting currency. At each reporting date, the fluctuation in the value of the net assets and operating results due to foreign exchange rate changes is recorded as an adjustment to "Accumulated other comprehensive incomeloss" in equity.the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We view our investments in foreign subsidiaries as long-term and do not hedge the net investments in foreign subsidiaries.

From time to time, our foreign subsidiaries enter into transactions not denominated in their functional currency. In these situations, we evaluate the need to hedge those transactions against foreign currency rate fluctuations. When we determine a need to hedge a transaction, the subsidiary enters into a foreign currency exchange contract. We do not apply hedge accounting to these contracts and, therefore, recognize the fair value of these contracts in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the change in the fair value of the contracts in current earnings.

Due to the limited exposure to foreign exchange rate risk, a 10% fluctuation in the foreign exchange rates at December 31, 20212022 or 20202021 would not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.