In some cases, forward-looking statements can be identified by terms such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “continue,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “projects,” “should” or “will” or the negative thereof, variations thereof and similar expressions. Such statements are based on management’s current expectations and are subject to risks and uncertainties, which may cause actual results to differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements. In particular, this Annual Report on Form 10-K addresses top-line results regarding data from PERSIST-2, our Phase 3 trial of pacritinib for the treatment of patients with myelofibrosis whose platelet counts are less than or equal to 100,000 per microliter. Meaningful interpretation of PERSIST-2 may not be possible because the pre-specified minimum evaluable patient goal was not met. The statements are based on assumptions about many important factors and information currently available to us to the extent we have thus far had an opportunity to fully and carefully evaluate such information in light of all surrounding facts, circumstances, recommendations and analyses. There can be no assurance that such expectations or any of the forward-looking statements will prove to be correct, and actual results could differ materially from those projected or assumed in the forward-looking statements. We urge you to carefully review the disclosures we make concerning risks and other factors that may affect our business and operating results, including those made under Part I, Item 1, “Business,” Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and any risk factors contained in subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q that we file with the U.S. SecuritiesSEC.
In addition, statements that “we believe” and Exchange Commission,similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this report, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or the SEC.incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.
We do not intend to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to conform these statements to actual results or changes in our expectations. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which apply only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, all references to “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” and “CTI” mean CTI BioPharma Corp. and our subsidiaries, except where it is otherwise made clear.
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PART I
Item 1. Business
Overview
We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on the acquisition, development and commercialization of novel targeted therapies covering a spectrum offor blood-related cancers that offer a unique benefit to patients and their healthcare providers. Our goal is to build a profitable company by generating income from products we develop and commercialize, either alone or with partners. We are currently concentratingconcentrate our efforts on treatments that target blood-related cancers where there is an unmet medical need. In particular, we are primarily focused on evaluating pacritinib, our sole product candidate currently in active development, for the treatment of adult patients with myelofibrosis and the further development of PIXUVRI worldwide,myelofibrosis. In addition, we have recently started developing pacritinib for which our partner, Les Laboratoires Servier and Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, or collectively Servier, has commercialization rights outside the United States, or the U.S.
Pacritinib
Our Strategy
Our objective is to become a leader in the acquisition, development and commercialization of novel therapeutics for the treatment of blood-related cancers. The key elements of our strategy to achieve these objectives are to:
•Develop Pacritinib in Myelofibrosis and Additional Indications.Myelofibrosis. We intend to develop and commercialize pacritinib for adult patients with myelofibrosis and potentially additional indications.
myelofibrosis.•Evaluate Strategic Product Collaborations to Accelerate Development and Commercialization. Where we believe it may be beneficial, we intend to evaluate additional collaborations to broaden and accelerate clinical trial development and potential commercialization of our product candidates. Collaborations have the potential to generate non-equity based operating capital, supplement our own internal expertise and provide us with access to the marketing, sales and distribution capabilities of our collaborators in specific territories.
•Identify and Acquire Additional Pipeline Opportunities. Our current Historically, we have built our candidate pipeline is the result ofusing multiple approaches, including through licensing and acquiring assets that we believe were initially undervalued opportunities. We plan to continue to seek out additional product candidates in an opportunistic manner.
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Product and Development Portfolio
The following table summarizes our current product and development portfolio as of March 7, 2018:the date of this report:
Oncology Market Overview and Opportunity
According to the American Cancer Society, or ACS, cancer is the second leading cause of death in the U.S.,United States, resulting in close to 609,640more than 600,000 deaths annually, or more than 1,670 people1,600 deaths per day. Approximately 1.71.9 million new cases of cancer wereare expected to be diagnosed in 20182021 in the United States. While the exact prevalence of myelofibrosis is uncertain, a U.S. study presented at the 2012 American Society of Hematology reported a prevalence rate of 5.7 myelofibrosis cases per 100,000 people, indicating that there are approximately 17,000 myelofibrosis patients in the United States. The most commonly used methods for treating patients with cancer are surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Patients usually receive a combination of these treatments depending upon the type and extent of their disease.
We believe our expertise in blood-related cancers, together with our ability to identify unique therapies that address unmet medical needs that are potentially less toxic and more effective at treating and curing patients, may fill a significant unmet medical need for cancer patients.
Pacritinib
Overview
Pacritinib
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of c-fms,JAK2, IRAK1, JAK2FLT3 and FLT3.CSF1R. We believe pacritinib has the potential to be delivered as a single agent or in combination therapy regimens.
In August 2014, pacritinib was granted Fast Track designation bySeptember 2020, we reached an agreement with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, to submit a New Drug Application, or NDA, for the potential accelerated approval of pacritinib as a treatment of intermediate and high riskfor myelofibrosis including, but not limited to patients with disease-relatedsevere thrombocytopenia, patients experiencing treatment-emergent thrombocytopeniaand in October 2020 we commenced our rolling NDA submission. The NDA is based on other JAK2 therapy or patients who are intolerantthe available data from our completed Phase 3 PERSIST-1 and PERSIST-2 trials and the Phase 2 PAC203 dose-ranging trial. Completion of or whose symptoms are sub-optimally managed on, other JAK2 therapy.the NDA submission is anticipated in the first quarter of 2021. The FDA’s Fast Track processongoing Phase 3 PACIFICA trial is designedexpected to facilitate the developmentbe completed as a post-marketing commitment.
PERSIST-1 and expedite the review of drugs to treat serious conditions and fill an unmet medical need.PERSIST-2 Trials
Pacritinib was evaluated in two Phase 3 clinical trials, collectively known as the PERSIST program, for patients with myelofibrosis, with onemyelofibrosis. The PERSIST-1 trial evaluated pacritinib in a broad set of patients without limitations on platelet counts, the PERSIST-1 trial; and the otherPERSIST-2 trial evaluated pacritinib in patients with low platelet counts, the PERSIST-2 trial.counts. Myelofibrosis is a rare blood cancer associated with significantly reduced quality of life and shortened survival. As the disease progresses, the body slows production of important blood cells and within one year of diagnosis, the incidence of disease-related thrombocytopenia (very low blood platelet counts), severe anemia and red blood cell transfusion requirements increase significantly. Among other complications, most patients with myelofibrosis present with enlarged spleens (splenomegaly), as well as many other potentially devastating physical symptoms such as abdominal discomfort, bone pain, feeling full after eating little, severe itching, night sweats and extreme fatigue. Currently patients with very low blood platelets, so called severe thrombocytopenia, (<50,000/µL) or those ineligible to receive, intolerant of or have insufficient response to the approved JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor havelimited or no effective treatment options. PatientsMyelofibrosis patients with severe thrombocytopenia have poor survival following discontinuation of therapy with the approved JAK1/JAK2 therapy. We believe pacritinib may offer effective treatment of splenomegaly and disease-related symptoms forin patients following prior exposure to the approved JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor and / or those with severe thrombocytopenia.
PERSIST-1 was a randomized (2:1), open-label, multi-center Phase 3 trial comparingevaluating the efficacy and safety of pacritinib with that of best available therapy other thancompared to BAT excluding JAK inhibitors, in 327 patients with myelofibrosis, without exclusion for low platelet counts. The primary endpoint for PERSIST-1 was the proportion of patients achieving a 35 percent or greater reduction in spleen volume from baseline to Week 24 as measured by MRI or CT, when compared with physician-specified BAT, excluding treatment with JAK2 inhibitors. The secondary endpoint was the percentage of patients achieving a 50 percent or greater reduction in Total Symptom Score, or TSS, from baseline to week 24 as measured by tracking specific symptoms on a form, or Patient Reported Outcome, or PRO, instrument. At study entry, 46 percent of patients were thrombocytopenic; 32 percent of patients had platelet counts less than 100,000 per microliter (<100,000/µL); and 16 percent of patients had platelet counts less than 50,000 per microliter (<50,000/µL); normal platelet counts range from 150,000 to 450,000 per microliter. At the time of initiation of the trial, PERSIST-1 utilized the Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Symptom Assessment Form, or MPN-SAF TSS, the PRO instrument developed by Mayo Clinic, to measure TSS reduction. We collaborated with Mayo Clinic and the FDA and developed a modified instrument to be used as the endpoint for pacritinib clinical development. As a result, we amended the PERSIST-1 trial protocol to replace the original MPN-SAF TSS instrument with a new instrument, known as the MPN-SAF TSS 2.0, which is also being used for recording patient-reported outcomes for the PERSIST-2 trial. In connection with this amendment, we increased patient enrollment in the PERSIST-1 study from 270 to 327 patients.
In May 2015, data from PERSIST-1 showed that compared to BAT (exclusive of a JAK inhibitor) pacritinib therapy resulted in a significantly higher proportion of patients with spleen volume reductionSVR and control of disease-related symptoms meeting the primary endpoint of the trial. Results were presented at a late-breaking oral session at the 51st Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. Additionally, in June 2015, results from PERSIST-1 PRO and other quality of life measures presented at a late-breaking oral session at the 20th Congress of the European Hematology Association showed significant improvements in symptom score with pacritinib therapy compared to BAT (exclusive of a JAK inhibitor) across the symptoms reported in the presentation.
Additionally, 25 percent of patients treated with pacritinib who were severely anemic and transfusion dependent - requiring at least six units of blood in the 90 days prior to study entry - became transfusion independent, compared to zero patients treated with BAT (p<0.05). Among patients with the lowest baseline platelets (<50,000/µL) who received treatment with pacritinib, a significant increase in platelet counts was observed over time compared to BAT (p=0.003) - with a 35 percent increase in platelet counts from baseline to Week 24.
The most common adverse events, occurring in 10 percent or more of patients treated with pacritinib within 24 weeks, of any grade, were: mild to moderate diarrhea, nausea, anemia, thrombocytopenia and vomiting. Of the patients treated with pacritinib, 3three discontinued therapy and 13 patients required dose interruption (average one week) for diarrhea. Patients received a daily full dose of pacritinib over the duration of treatment. Gastrointestinal symptoms typically lasted for approximately one week and few patients discontinued treatment due to side effects. There were no Grade 4 gastrointestinal events reported.
The PERSIST-2 trial was a randomized (2:1), open-label, multi-center registration-directed Phase 3 trial evaluating pacritinib compared to BAT, including the approved JAK inhibitor dosed according to product label, for patients with myelofibrosis whose platelet counts are less than or equal to 100,000 per microliter (≤100,000/µL). Patients were randomized to receive 200 mg pacritinib twice daily, 400 mg pacritinib once daily or BAT. In October 2013, we reached an agreement with the FDA on a Special Protocol Assessment, or SPA, for the PERSIST-2 trial regarding the planned design, endpoints and statistical analysis approach of the trial. The SPA is a written agreement between us and the FDA regarding the design, endpoints and planned statistical analysis approach of the trial to be used in support of a NDA submission. Under the SPA, the agreed upon co-primary endpoints are the percentage of patients achieving a 35% or greater reduction in spleen volume measured by MRI or CT scan from baseline to Week 24 of treatment and the percentage of patients achieving a TSS reduction of 50 percent or greater using eight key symptoms as measured by the modified MPN-SAF TSS 2.0 diary from baseline to Week 24. The design of PERSIST-1 and PERSIST-2 allowed for patients on the BAT arm to crossover and receive treatment with pacritinib if their disease progresses or after they achieve the 24-week measurement endpoint. Although crossover design
The PERSIST-2 trial met one of the co-primary endpoints showing a statistically significant response rate in SVR in patients with myelofibrosis treated with pacritinib combining the once- and twice-daily arms compared to BAT. Although theThe PERSIST-2 trial did not meet the other co-primary endpoint of greater than 50 percent reduction in TSS, the results approached marginal significance compared to BAT.TSS. Although secondary objectives could not be evaluated formally due to the study not achieving one of the primary objectives, when the two pacritinib dosing arms were evaluated separately versus BAT, pacritinib given twice daily showed a higher percent of SVR and TSS responses compared to BAT; whereas, pacritinib given once daily showed only a higher percent SVR responses compared to BAT.
The most common treatment-emergent AEs,adverse events, occurring in 20 percent or more of patients treated with pacritinib within 24 weeks, of any grade, were gastrointestinal (generally manageable diarrhea, nausea and vomiting) and hematologic (anemia and thrombocytopenia) and were generally less frequent for BID versus QD administration. The most common serious treatment-emergent AEsadverse events (incidence of ≥5 percent reported in any treatment arm irrespective of grade) were anemia, thrombocytopenia, pneumonia and acute renal failure none of which exceeded 8 percent individually in any arm.
In February 2015, we received a recommendation from the Independent Data Monitoring Committee, or IDMC, in place at the time to terminate the PERSIST-1 trial and hold enrollment of new patients in the PERSIST-2 trial. The IDMC’s recommendation was based on non-statistically significant safety concerns, including mortality, in patients on pacritinib, particularly those who crossover after 24 weeks. On February 8, 2016, the FDA notified us that a full clinical hold had been placed on pacritinib clinical studies.
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PAC203 Trial
In January 2017, the FDA removed the full clinical hold following review of our complete response submission which included, among other items, final Clinical Study Reports for both PERSIST-1 and 2-2 trials and a dose-exploration clinical trial protocol that the FDA requested.
In April 2018, we amended the protocol to complete enrollment by mid-2018. We expectexpand the sample size to havea maximum of 150 patients (or 50 patients per arm) to collect additional data for the safety and efficacy analyses. In July 2018, we announced that the IDMC for the PAC203 trial completed its planned interim data from PAC203 by the endreview of the second quarter of 2018PAC203 trial and topline data inthat the first quarter of 2019.
In December 2019, we announced top-line efficacy and safety data for the PAC203 trial. Pacritinib was shown to be generally well tolerated across dosing cohorts. The majority of non-hematological adverse events were mild or moderate in severity and, with an indication statementthe exception of diarrhea, were considered unlikely related to pacritinib. The most common non-hematologic adverse events were gastrointestinal, including diarrhea (23.6%) and nausea (23.6%), and occurred more commonly in patients treated at 200 mg BID (31/54, 57.4%) than at lower doses (100 mg BID: 23/55, 41.8%, 100 mg QD: 22/52, 42.3%). These events were largely grade 1 or 2 in severity. Diarrhea was generally manageable with standard antidiarrheal agents, and only one patient (at 200mg BID) required drug discontinuation due to any gastrointestinal event (diarrhea).
The most common hematologic adverse events were thrombocytopenia and anemia, both occurring at higher frequencies at the 200 mg BID dose (35.2 percent and 24.1 percent respectively); this did not, however, lead to higher rates of Grade 3/4 hemorrhage at higher doses (200 mg BID: 5.6 percent; 100 mg BID: 0 percent; 100 mg QD: 7.7 percent; all Grade 3). Similarly, the highest dose saw no excess in Grade 3/4 cardiac (200 mg BID: 3.7 percent; 100 mg BID: 7.3 percent; 100 mg QD: 5.8; all grade 3). There were 10 Grade 5 (fatal) adverse events: 3 at 200 mg BID (sepsis, respiratory failure, subdural hematoma), 3 at 100 mg BID (disease progression, subdural hemorrhage, heart failure), and 4 at 100 mg QD (disease progression, general physical health deterioration, sepsis, tuberculosis).
The 200 mg BID arm had the highest observed rates of SVR ≥35 percent (200 mg BID: 9.3 percent; 100 mg BID: 1.8 percent; 100 mg QD: 0.0 percent). Of the 5 patients with SVR ≥35 percent at the 200 mg BID dose, 4 had platelet counts <50,000/µL, representing a 17 percent (4/24) response rate among patients with severe thrombocytopenia. Though a dose response relationship was not observed in total symptom score (TSS) based on the PERSIST-1 trial data. In its initial assessment report,threshold of 50 percent reduction in symptom score, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, or CHMP, determined thatmedian percent decrease in TSS (including fatigue) did show deeper reductions with escalating doses, with best response at 200 mg BID. At Week 24, the current application is not approvable at this pointpercent change in TSS from baseline was highest in the 200 mg pacritinib BID group (median ‑27.3%) compared with the other treatment groups (100 mg pacritinib BID group: median ‑16.0%; 100 mg pacritinib QD group: median ‑3.1%). Of the TSS (including fatigue) responders, baseline cytopenias were common: 8 of 12 had hemoglobin <10g/dL, and 4 of 12 had platelet counts <50,000/µL.
PACIFICA Phase 3 Trial
In June 2019, we attended a Type B meeting with the FDA to review cycle becausethe results of major objectionsthe PAC203 study. Based on FDA feedback at that meeting, we designed a randomized Phase 3 study of pacritinib to compare the safety and efficacy of 200 mg BID of pacritinib to Physician's Choice in adult myelofibrosis patients with severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count of less than
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50,000 per microliter) an indication that has been recognized by the areasFDA as an important unmet serious medical need. In July 2019, we received scientific advice from the EMA on the study’s design.
The selection of efficacy, safety (hematologicalthe 200 mg BID dose and cardiovascular toxicity)dosing schedule for the Phase 3 study was determined using the results of the PAC203 study together with dose- and the overall risk-benefit profile of pacritinib. Subsequentexposure-response analyses using all available data from pacritinib clinical trial. In July 2019, a draft protocol for that Phase 3 study was submitted to the filingFDA and we received their feedback on the design in September 2019 and October 2019, which included a suggestion that we amend the design to include change in total symptom score, or TSS, as a co-primary endpoint. We completed a Type C meeting with the FDA in December 2019 and received additional input from the FDA on key elements of the MAA, datadesign of the Phase 3 study including changes that could allow for an accelerated approval NDA filing and that we would power the study for TSS but it would remain a secondary endpoint.
In January 2020, we received the FDA's preliminary comments from a Type A meeting request and reached an agreement on the second phasefinal design changes to our PACIFICA pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial, including changes to the statistical analysis plan that would allow for an accelerated approval pathway for pacritinib. We have amended our PACIFICA Phase 3 trial of pacritinib, PERSIST-2, were reported. These data suggest that pacritinib may show clinical benefit in patients who
PRE-VENT Phase 3 Trial
In April 2020, in response to the D120 LoQpublic health crisis due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, we initiated PRE-VENT, a Phase 3 trial evaluating pacritinib in May 2018.hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19. PRE-VENT, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study will compare pacritinib plus Standard of Care, or SOC, versus placebo plus SOC in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19, including those with a current or prior diagnosis of cancer. The primary endpoint of the trial will assess the proportion of patients who progress to invasive mechanical ventilation and/or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or die by Day 28. We primarily requestedcommenced enrollment of PRE-VENT in the extensionsecond quarter of 2020 in order to provide the EMA with new pharmacokinetic analyses that include dataUnited States and currently anticipate the reporting of interim analysis from the ongoing phasePRE-VENT trial in mid-2021.
Patients enrolled in PRE-VENT will be randomized 1:1 to receive pacritinib (400 mg once on Day 1, then 200 mg twice daily from Day 2 PAC203 study. Theto Day 120 LoQ were received by14) plus SOC or placebo plus SOC. Assigned treatment will continue up to Day 14 or until the Company in November 2017 and included Major Objections in areas including efficacy, safety (including hematological, cardiovascular and infectious toxicities) and other concerns includingpatient experiences intolerable adverse events, withdraws consent, initiates another investigational therapy or until the sizestudy is terminated. Assigned therapy may be given for an additional seven days (for a total of 21 days) at the discretion of the data setinvestigator and with medical monitor approval. In the pharmacokinetic analysesevent of the two dosing regimens studied in PERSIST-2. The extension request was submitted following a clarification meetinghospital discharge, patients will complete treatment with the rapporteurassigned therapy as an outpatient.
As a JAK2, IRAK1 and co-rapporteurCSF1R inhibitor, pacritinib may ameliorate the effects of cytokine storm, a pathological immune reaction that can be triggered by viral infection and memberscan lead to serious complications, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, or ARDS. Multiple inflammatory cytokines are upregulated in patients with severe COVID-19, including IL-1 and IL-6, and some patients have evidence of over-active macrophage activation. As a JAK2/IRAK1 inhibitor, pacritinib may ameliorate the EMA. We also plan to address with the EMA deficiencies identified ineffects of cytokine storm via inhibition of IL-6 and IL-1 signaling. Furthermore, as a January 2018 interim GCP inspection report which concluded that PERSIST-2 was in most aspects conducted in compliance with GCP and internationally accepted ethical standards, but compliance was not verified in the areasCSF1R inhibitor, pacritinib may mitigate effects of protocol compliance, safety reporting and data integrity, where significant deficiencies were cited.macrophage activation syndrome.
Development in Other Indications
In December 2014, we announced results of a preclinical analysis of kinase inhibition by pacritinib that demonstrated a unique kinome profile among agents in development for myelofibrosis and suggests potential therapeutic benefit across a broad spectrum of blood-related cancers. Pacritinib’s potent inhibition of FLT3, c-fms, IRAK1 and c-kitCSF1R highlight its potential therapeutic utility in other indications,diseases, such as AML, MDS, CMMLCLL, GvHD, autoimmune diseases and CLL,breast cancer, some of which are currently being evaluated in investigator sponsored trials, or ISTs.
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In December 2020, results from an IST evaluating pacritinib’s ability to prevent GvHD were presented in an oral presentation at the American Society for Hematology conference. In this study, pacritinib was administered in combination with sirolimus and tacrolimus to patients who had undergone allogeneic stem cell transplantation for hematologic malignancies, which resulted in a significant reduction in the expected acute GvHD rates in patients within the first 100 days of therapy as compared to historical data. The Phase I portion of the study identified a biologically active and safe dose of pacritinib (100 mg twice daily) for use in this indication and showed preliminary evidence of efficacy in prevention of GvHD without compromising transplant outcomes and without any new safety concerns. Enrollment in Phase II of the study is ongoing.
In October 2016, we regained worldwide rights for the development and commercialization of pacritinib following termination of the Pacritinib License Agreement with Baxalta. For additional information relating to the termination of the Pacritinib License Agreement, see “License Agreements and Additional Milestone Activities - Baxalta” below.
License Agreements and Additional Milestone Activities
Baxalta
In November 2013, we entered into a Development, Commercialization and License Agreement, dated as of November 14, 2013, with Baxter International Inc., or Baxter, for the development and commercialization of pacritinib for use in oncology and potentially additional therapeutic areas, or the Original Pacritinib License Agreement. The Original Pacritinib License Agreement, thewhich was subsequently amended in June 2015. Baxter assigned its rights and obligations to which Baxter had assigned to Baxalta, was amended by the License Amendment, effective June 8, 2015. Under the Original Pacritinib License Agreement, as amended by the License Amendment, orunder the Pacritinib License Agreement Baxalta hadto Baxalta. Under the Pacritinib License Agreement, we granted to Baxter an exclusive, worldwide (subject to co-promotion rights discussed below), royalty-bearing, non-transferable, and (under certain circumstances outside of the United States) sub-licensable license (which was sub-licensable under certain circumstances)to our know-how and patents relating to pacritinib. Licensed products
In October 2016, we entered into the Asset Return and Termination Agreement, or the Baxalta Termination Agreement,with Baxalta. Pursuant to the Baxalta Termination Agreement, the Pacritinib License Agreement was terminated in its entirety (other than with respect to certain customary provisions that survive termination, including those pertaining to confidentiality and indemnification), the Pacritinib License Agreement has no further force or effect, and all rights and obligations of the Company and Baxalta under the Pacritinib License Agreement consisted of products in which pacritinib is an ingredient.were terminated.
In October 2016, we regained worldwide rightsresumed primary responsibility for the development and commercialization of pacritinib following terminationas a result of the Pacritinib LicenseBaxalta Termination Agreement withand are no longer eligible to receive cost sharing or milestone payments for pacritinib’s development from Baxalta.
Pursuant to the termination, Baxalta paid usTermination Agreement, we are required to make a one-time cashmilestone payment to Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, or Takeda, in the amount of approximately $10.3 million as reimbursement for certain expenses incurred by us or to be incurred. In exchange, we have agreed to provide a one-time payment to Baxalta, upon the first regulatory approval or any pricing and reimbursement approvals of a product containing pacritinib,pacritinib. Baxalta was acquired by Shire plc in the amount of approximately $10.3 million which represents certain amounts paid2016, and Shire plc was subsequently acquired by Baxalta for the benefit of the pacritinib program manufacturing efforts. We have also agreed not to transfer, license, sublicense or otherwise grant rights with respect to intellectual property of pacritinib unless the transferee/licensee/sublicensee agrees to be bound by the terms of the Asset Return and Termination Agreement with Baxalta.Takeda in 2019.
S*BIO
We acquired the compounds SB1518 (which is referred to as “pacritinib”) and SB1578, which inhibit JAK2 and FLT3, from S*BIO in May 2012. Under our agreement with S*BIO, we are required to make milestone payments to S*BIO up to an aggregate amount of $132.5 million if certain U.S., E.U.EU and Japanese regulatory approvals are obtained and if certain worldwide net sales thresholds are met in connection with any pharmaceutical product containing or comprising any compound that we acquired from S*BIO for use for specific diseases, infections or other conditions. At our election, we may pay up to 50%50 percent of any milestone payments to S*BIO through the issuance of shares of our common stock or shares of our preferred stock convertible into our common stock. In addition, S*BIO will be entitled to receive royalty payments from us at incremental rates in the low single-digits based on certain worldwide net sales thresholds on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis.
Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
In June 2005, we entered into an acquisition agreement with Cephalon, Inc., or Cephalon, pursuant to which we divested the compound, TRISENOX. Cephalon was subsequently acquired by Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., or Teva. Under this agreement, we have the right to receive up to $100 million in payments upon achievement by Teva of specified sales and development milestones related to TRISENOX. To date, we have received $50.0$60.0 million of such potential milestone payments as a result of having achieved certain sales milestones.
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Other Agreements
We have several agreements with clinical research organizations, or CROs, third-party manufacturers and distributors that have durations of greater than one year for the development and distribution of certain of our compounds.
Patents and ProprietaryOther Intellectual Property Rights
We dedicate significant resources to protecting our intellectual property, which is important to our business. We have filed numerous patent applications in the U.S.United States and various other countries seeking protection of inventions originating from our research and development, and we have also obtained rights to various patents and patent applications under licenses with third parties and through acquisitions. Patents have been issued on many of these applications. We have pending patent applications or issued patents in the U.S.United States and foreign countries directed to PIXUVRI, pacritinib tosedostat and other product candidates. However, the lives of these patents are limited. Patents for the individual products extend for varying periods according to the date of the patent filing or grant and the legal term of patents in the various countries where patent protection is obtained.
Our U.S. and foreign composition of matter patents for pacritinib expire as follows: USU.S. patents expire in May 2028 (method) / January 2029 (compound) / March 2030 (salt); foreign patents expire in November 2026 (compound)(method and compound) / December 2029 (salt). Pacritinib has orphan drug designation for myelofibrosis in theWe expect our U.S. and the E.U.
Each patent may be eligible for future patent term restoration of up to five years under certain circumstances. Also, regulatory exclusivity tied to the protection of clinical data may be complementary to patent protection. During a period of regulatory exclusivity, competitors generally may not use the original applicant’s data as the basis for a generic application. In the U.S.,United States, the data protection generally runs for five years from first marketing approval of a new chemical entity, extended to seven years for an orphan drug indication. Pacritinib has orphan drug designation for myelofibrosis in the United States and the European Union.
In the absence of aaddition to our patent rights, we would,rely, to the extent possible, need to rely on unpatented technology,trade secrets and contractual protections for our know-how and confidential information.other unpatented technology. Ultimately, to the lack or expiration atextent any given time of aour product candidates are not protected by patent to protect our compounds may allowrights, our competitors would be free to copy the underlyinguse inventions and betterembodied in our product candidates to which they have access to compete with us.
The risks and uncertainties associated with our intellectual property, including our patents, are discussed in more detail in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”
Manufacturing, Distribution and Associated Operations
Our manufacturing strategy utilizes third party contractors for the procurement and manufacture, as applicable, of raw materials, active pharmaceutical ingredients and finished drug product, as well as for labeling, packaging, storage and distribution of our compounds and associated supply chain operations. As our business continuesclinical development activities continue to expand, we expect that our manufacturing, distribution and related operational requirements will increase correspondingly. Additionally, in October 2016, we resumed primary responsibility for the development and commercialization of pacritinib as a result of the termination of the Pacritinib License Agreement. The development and commercialization of a major product candidate like pacritinib without a collaborative partner wouldhas significantly increaseincreased our manufacturing, distribution and related operational requirements.requirements, and we expect such increases to continue as we advance the clinical development of pacritinib.
Each third party contractor will always undergoundergoes a formal qualification process by CTIour subject matter experts prior to signingour entry into any service agreement and initiating any manufacturing work. We currently have a commercial supply arrangement for PIXUVRI and pacritinib.
Integral to our manufacturing strategy is our quality control and quality assurance program, which includes standard operating procedures and specifications with the goal that our compounds are manufactured in accordance with current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMPs, and other applicable global regulations. The cGMP compliance includes strict adherence to regulations for quality control, quality assurance and the maintenance of records and documentation. Manufacturing facilities for products and product candidates must meet cGMP requirements, and commercialized products must have acquired FDA, EMA and any other applicable regulatory approval. In this regard, we expect to continue to rely on contract manufacturers to produce sufficient quantities of our compounds in accordance with cGMPs for use in clinical trials and distribution.
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We believe our operational strategy of utilizing qualified outside vendors in the foregoing manner allows us to direct our financial and managerial resources to development and commercialization activities, rather than to the establishment and maintenance of a manufacturing and distribution infrastructure.
Competition
Competition in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries is intense. We face competition from a variety of companies focused on developing oncology drugs. We compete with large pharmaceutical companies and with other specialized biotechnology companies. In addition to the specific competitive factors discussed below, new anti-cancer drugs that may be developed and marketed in the future could compete with our various compounds.
Companies that complete clinical trials, obtain required regulatory approvals and commence commercial sales of their products before us may achieve a significant competitive advantage if their products work through a similar mechanism as our products and if the approved indications are similar. A number of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies are developing new products for the treatment of the same diseases being targeted by us. In some instances, such products have already entered late-stage clinical trials or received FDA or European Commission approval. However, cancer drugs with distinctly different mechanisms of action are often used together in combination for treating cancer, allowing several different products to target the same cancer indication or disease type. Such combination therapy is typically supported by clinical trials that demonstrate the advantage of combination therapy over that of a single-agent treatment.
We believe that our ability to compete successfully will be based on our ability to create and maintain scientifically advanced technology, develop proprietary products, attract and retain scientific personnel, obtain patent or other protection for our products, obtain required regulatory approvals and manufacture and successfully market our products, either alone or through outside parties. We will continue to seek licenses with respect to technology related to our field of interest and may face competition with respect to such efforts. See the risk factor, “We face direct and intense competition from our competitors in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, and we may not compete successfully against them.” in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding the risks and uncertainties we face due to competition in our industry.
Government Regulation
We are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other federal, state, and local regulatory agencies. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or the FDCA, and its implementing regulations set forth, among other things, requirements for the testing, development, manufacture, quality control, safety, effectiveness, approval, labeling, storage, record keeping, reporting, distribution, import, export, advertising and promotion of our products. In addition to FDA regulation, we are also subject to additional legal and regulatory requirements at both the federal and state levels in the United States. Our activities in other countries will be subject to regulation that is similar in nature and scope as that imposed in the U.S.,United States, although there can be important differences. Additionally, some significant aspects of regulation in the E.U.European Union are addressed in a centralized way through the EMA and the European Commission, but country-specific regulation by the competent authorities of the E.U.EU member states remains essential in many respects.
U.S. Regulation
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In the U.S.,United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the FDCA and its implementing regulations, including through review and approval of NDAs. NDAs require extensive studies and submission of a large amount of data by the applicant. There are also additional laws and regulations, administered by the FDA and other government agencies, that are applicable to the development, approval, manufacture, marketing, promotion, sale, pricing and distribution of drugs.
Drug Development
Preclinical Testing. Before testing any compound in human subjects in the U.S.,United States, a company must generate extensive preclinical data. Preclinical testing generally includes laboratory evaluation of product chemistry and formulation, as well as toxicological and pharmacological studies in several animal species to assess the quality and safety of the product. Animal studies must be performed in compliance with the FDA’s Good Laboratory Practice regulations and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal Welfare Act.
IND Application. Human clinical trials in the U.S.United States cannot commence until an IND application is submitted and becomes effective. A company must submit preclinical testing results to the FDA as part of the IND application, and the FDA must evaluate whether there is an adequate basis for testing the drug in initial clinical studies in human volunteers. Unless the FDA raises concerns, the IND application becomes effective 30 calendar days following its receipt by the FDA. Once human clinical trials have commenced, the FDA may stop the clinical trials by placing them on “clinical hold” because of concerns about the safety of the product being tested, or for other reasons.
Clinical Trials. Clinical trials involve the administration of the drug to healthy human volunteers or to patients, under the supervision of a qualified investigator. The conduct of clinical trials is subject to extensive regulation, including compliance with the FDA’s bioresearch monitoring regulations and Good Clinical Practice, or GCP requirements, which establish standards for conducting, recording data from and reporting the results of, clinical trials, and are intended to assure that the data and reported results are credible and accurate, and that the rights, safety, and well-being of study participants are protected. Clinical trials must be conducted under protocols that detail the study objectives, parameters for monitoring safety, and the efficacy criteria, if any, to be evaluated. Each protocol is reviewed by the FDA as part of the IND application. In addition, each clinical trial must be reviewed, approved, and conducted under the auspices of an institutional review board, or IRB, at the institution conducting the clinical trial. Companies sponsoring the clinical trials, investigators, and IRBs also must comply with regulations and guidelines for obtaining informed consent from the study subjects, complying with the protocol
and investigational plan, adequately monitoring the clinical trial and timely reporting adverse events. Foreign studies conducted under an IND application must meet the same requirements that apply to studies being conducted in the U.S.United States. Data from a foreign study not conducted under an IND application may be submitted in support of an NDA if the study was conducted in accordance with GCP and the FDA is able to validate the data.
A study sponsor is required to submit certain details about active clinical trials and clinical trial results to the National Institutes of Health for public posting on http://clinicaltrials.gov. Human clinical trials typically are conducted in three sequential phases, although the phases may overlap with one another:
•Phase 1 clinical trials include the initial administration of the investigational drug to humans, typically to a small group of healthy human subjects, but occasionally to a group of patients with the targeted disease or disorder. Phase 1 clinical trials generally are intended to determine the metabolism and pharmacologic actions of the drug, the side effects associated with increasing doses, and, if possible, to gain early evidence of effectiveness.
•Phase 2 clinical trials generally are controlled studies that involve a relatively small sample of the intended patient population, and are designed to develop data regarding the product’s effectiveness, to determine dose response and the optimal dose range and to gather additional information relating to safety and potential adverse effects.
•Phase 3 clinical trials are conducted after preliminary evidence of effectiveness has been obtained, and are intended to gather the additional information about safety and effectiveness necessary to evaluate the drug’s overall risk-benefit profile, and to provide a basis for physician labeling. Generally, Phase 3 clinical development programs consist of expanded, large-scale studies of patients with the target disease or disorder to obtain statistical evidence of the efficacy and safety of the drug, or the safety, purity, and potency of a biological product, at the proposed dosing regimen.
The sponsoring company, the FDA or the IRB may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Further, success in early-stage clinical trials does not assure success in later-stage clinical trials. Data obtained from clinical activities are not always conclusive and may be subject to alternative interpretations that could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval.
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The FDA and IND application sponsor may agree in writing on the design and size of clinical trials intended to form the primary basis of an effectiveness claim in an NDA application. This process is known as a Special Protocol Assessment, or SPA. These agreements may not be changed after the clinical trials begin, except in limited circumstances. The existence of a SPA, however, does not assure approval of a product candidate. For additional information relating to drug development, see Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Drug Approval
Assuming successful completion of the required clinical testing, the results of the preclinical studies and of the clinical trials, together with other detailed information, including information on the manufacture and composition of the investigational product, are submitted to the FDA in the form of an NDA requesting approval to market the product for one or more indications. The testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort and financial resources. Submission of an NDA requires payment of a substantial review user fee to the FDA. The FDA will review the application and may deem it to be inadequate to support commercial marketing, and there can be no assurance that any product approval will be granted on a timely basis, if at all. The FDA may also seek the advice of an advisory committee, typically a panel of clinicians practicing in the field for which the product is intended, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of the advisory committee. We are not permitted to market our drugs in the United States until we receive approval of an NDA from the FDA.
The FDA has various programs, including breakthrough therapy, fast track, priority review and accelerated approval, that are intended to expedite or simplify the process for reviewing drugs and/or provide for approval on the basis of surrogate endpoints. Generally, drugs that may be eligible for one or more of these programs are those for serious or life-threatening conditions, those with the potential to address unmet medical needs and those that provide meaningful benefit over existing treatments. We cannot be sure that any of our drugs will qualify for any of these programs, or that, if a drug does qualify, the review time will be reduced or the product will be approved.
Before approving a NDA, the FDA usually will inspect the facility or the facilities where the product is manufactured, tested and distributed and will not approve the product unless cGMP compliance is satisfactory. If the FDA evaluates the NDA and the manufacturing facilities as acceptable, the FDA may issue an approval letter, or in some cases, a complete response letter. A complete response letter contains a number of conditions that must be met in order to secure final approval of the NDA. When and if those conditions have been met to the FDA’s satisfaction, the FDA will issue an approval letter. The approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug for specific indications. As a condition of approval, the FDA may
require post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the product’s safety or efficacy, or impose other post-approval commitment conditions.
In some circumstances, post-marketing testing may include post-approval clinical trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials, which are used primarily to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended population, particularly for long-term safety follow-up. In addition, the FDA may require a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, to ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks. A REMS can include medication guides, physician communication plans and elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries or other risk mitigation tools.
After approval, certain changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications, making certain manufacturing changes or making certain additional labeling claims, are subject to further FDA review and approval. Obtaining approval for a new indication generally requires that additional clinical trials be conducted. For additional information relating to drug development, see Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Post-Approval FDA Requirements
Holders of an approved NDA are required to: (i) report certain adverse reactions to the FDA; (ii) comply with certain requirements concerning advertising and promotional labeling for their products; and (iii) continue to have quality control and manufacturing procedures conform to cGMP after approval. The FDA periodically inspects the sponsor’s records related to safety reporting and/or manufacturing and distribution facilities; this latter effort includes assessment of compliance with cGMP. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production, quality control and distribution to maintain cGMP compliance. Future FDA inspections may identify compliance issues at manufacturing facilities that may disrupt production or distribution, or require substantial resources to correct. In addition, discovery of problems with a product after approval may result in restrictions on a product, manufacturer or holder of an approved NDA, including withdrawal of the product from the market.
Failure to comply with applicable U.S. requirements may subject us to administrative or judicial sanctions, such as clinical holds, FDA refusal to approve pending NDAs or supplemental applications, warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions and/or criminal prosecution. For additional information relating to post-approval requirements, see Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Advertising and Promotion
Under the FDCA and other laws, we are prohibited from promoting our products for off-label uses, or uses not approved by the FDA. This means that in the U.S., we may not make claims about the safety or effectiveness of our products and may not proactively discuss or provide information on the uses of our products that are not approved by the FDA, unless otherwise allowed by the FDA by policy or other guidance. Marketing of prescription drugs is also subject to additional laws and regulations through federal and state agencies tasked with consumer protection. After approval in the U.S., we must comply with these law and regulations, as well as FDA’s regulation of drug promotion and advertising, including restrictions on off-label promotion. For additional information relating to restrictions related to advertising and promotion, see Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Health Care Fraud and Abuse
If we receive approval for one or more of our products in the United States, our operations and business arrangements with third-parties (including but not limited to researchers, healthcare professionals, consultants, payors, and customers) will be subject to additional healthcare laws, regulations and enforcement by federal and state governments in the United States. Such laws include, without limitation, state and federal anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, false claims, price reporting, and physician sunshine laws.
Anti-Kickback Laws
The Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits companies and individuals from offering, paying, soliciting, or receiving remuneration to induce or reward referrals of business that will be paid for by federal health care programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid. We are also required to comply with other state anti-kickback statutes and other limitations on gifts and payments to physicians and reporting of payments to certain third parties, among other requirements. Failure to abide by anti-kickback statutes can result in civil and criminal enforcement actions and/or sanctions. Likewise, federal and state false claims laws, including the federal False Claims Act and similar state statutes, prohibit knowingly submitting, or causing to be submitted, false claims or false or fraudulent statements material to a false claim to government health care programs. Pharmaceutical companies are frequent targets of false claims lawsuits, which may result in treble damages, penalties, and potential exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs. The civil monetary penalties statute imposes penalties against any person or entity that, among other things, is determined to have presented or caused to be presented a claim to a federal health program that the person knows or should know is for an item or service that was not provided as claimed or is false or fraudulent. Anti-kickback laws, false claims laws, and civil monetary penalty statutes often overlap and may also be enforced in conjunction. Some of our pre-commercial activities are subject to these laws. For additional information relating to our obligations under health care fraud and abuse laws, see Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, or FCPA, and similar worldwide anti-bribery laws in non-U.S. jurisdictions generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to non-U.S. officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. The United States Department of Justice and Securities and Exchange Commission jointly enforce the FCPA, and those agencies have, in recent years, emphasized FCPA enforcement against pharmaceutical companies.
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In some countries, we may interact with health care professionals or other officials that meet the definition of a foreign government official for the purposes of the FCPA. We are subject to the FCPA’s prohibitions against unauthorized payments or offers of payments by our employees or agents. If we were determined to have violated the FCPA, we could be subject to substantial fines, penalties, and other legal or equitable sanctions. For additional information relating to our obligations under the FCPA and anti-bribery laws, see Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Third-Party Reimbursement
The coverage and reimbursement status of our products, if and when approved, is subject to significant uncertainty. Sales of and revenue from our products will depend on coverage and reimbursement decisions by third-party payors, including government health programs, managed care organizations, and private health insurers. Prices at which we or our customers seek reimbursement for our products can be subject to challenge, reduction, or denial by payors. Government health programs, private insurers, are increasingly trying to reduce the costs of pharmaceuticals, and any future legislative, regulatory, or contractual developments could affect the coverage and reimbursement status of our products, if and when approved. For additional information relating to product reimbursement, see Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Data Privacy and Protection
The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, and implementing regulations, create requirements relating to the privacy and security of individually identifiable health information. HIPAA regulations govern the manner in which certain health information may be used and disclosed, and require the adoption of administrative, physical, and technical safeguards to protect such information. HIPAA and HITECH requirements are applicable to covered entities, which are (1) health plans, (2) health care clearinghouses, and (3) health care providers who electronically transmit certain health information. Those requirements are also applicable, in many instances, to business associates of covered entities. In some cases, depending on our business operations and contractual agreements, including through the conduct of clinical trials, we are subject to HIPPA requirements. Non-compliance with these laws and regulations can result in significant fines, penalties, damages, loss of goodwill or business opportunities, and reputational harm. There are also additional federal, state, and local privacy laws and regulations in the U.S. that may apply to us now or in the future and that require that we take measures to protect the privacy and security of certain information we gather and use in our business. For example, in June 2018, California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act, or CCPA, which took effect on January 1, 2020. The law requires businesses collecting information about California consumers to disclose what personal information is collected about a consumer and the purposes for which that personal information is used, disclose what personal information is sold or shared for a business purpose, and to whom, and delete information or stop selling such information upon request (subject to exceptions). For additional information relating to our obligations under data privacy laws, see Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Non-U.S. Regulation
Before our medicinal products can be marketed outside of the U.S.,United States, they aremust be subject to regulatory approval similar to that required in the U.S., although theUnited States. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, including requirements to conduct additional clinical trials, that may be required, product licensing, safety reporting, post-authorization requirements, marketing and promotion, interactions with healthcare professionals, pricing and reimbursement may vary widely from country to country. No action can be taken to market any product in a country until an appropriate approval application has been approved by the regulatory authorities in that country. The current approval process varies from country to country, and the time spent in gaining approval varies from that required for FDA approval. In certain countries, the sales price of a product must also be approved. The pricing review period often begins after market approval is granted. Even if a product is approved by a regulatory authority, satisfactory prices may not be approved for such product.
Conduct of clinical trials in the European Union
Similar to the United States, the various phases of non-clinical and clinical research in the European Union are subject to significant regulatory controls. Although EU Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC, or the Clinical Trials Directive, has sought to harmonize the EU clinical trials regulatory framework, setting out common rules for the control and authorization of clinical trials in the European Union, EU Member States have transposed and applied the provisions of the Clinical Trials Directive in a manner that is not always uniform. This has led to variations in the rules governing the conduct of clinical trials in the individual EU Member States. The European Union has, therefore, adopted Regulation (EU) No 536/2014, or the Clinical Trials Regulation. The Clinical Trials Regulation, which will replace the Clinical Trials Directive, introduces a complete overhaul of the existing regulation of clinical trials for medicinal products in the European Union, including a new coordinated
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procedure for authorization of clinical trials that is reminiscent of the mutual recognition procedure for marketing authorization of medicinal products, and increased obligations on sponsors to publish clinical trial results. The effectiveness of the Clinical Trials Regulation has been postponed several times due to technical difficulties with the underlying IT systems that are still ongoing. Currently it is expected to become effective in December 2021.
Clinical trials must currently be conducted in accordance with the requirements of the Clinical Trials Directive and applicable good clinical practice standards, as implemented into national legislation by the individual EU Member States. Under the current regime, before a clinical trial can be initiated it must be approved in each EU Member State where there is a site at which the trial is to be conducted by two separate entities: the National Competent Authority, or NCA, and one or more Ethics Committees. Under the current regime all suspected unexpected serious adverse reactions to the investigated drug that occur during the clinical trial must be reported to the NCA and to the Ethics Committees of the EU Member State where they occur.
In the E.U.,European Union, pediatric data or an approved Pediatric Investigation Plan, or PIP, or deferral or waiver, must be approved by the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, prior to submission of a marketing authorization application to the EMA or to the competent authorities of the EU Member States; an application must include the results of studies as described in an approved PIP, unless the medicine is exempt because of a deferral or waiver. In most EU countries, companies are also required to have an approved PIP before enrolling pediatric patients in a clinical trial.
Marketing authorization procedures in the European Union and post-marketing obligations
In the European Union, medicinal products may only be placed on the market after a related marketing authorization, or MA, has been granted. Marketing authorizations for medicinal products can be obtained through several different procedures founded on the same basic regulatory process. These are through the centralized procedure, the mutual recognition procedure, the decentralized procedure, or a national procedure (for medicinal products sold in a single EU Member State only). The centralized procedure is mandatory for certain medicinal products, including orphan medicinal products, medicinal products derived from certain biotechnological processes, advanced therapy medicinal products and certain other new medicinal products containing a new active substance for the treatment of certainAIDS, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, autoimmune and viral diseases. It is optional for certain othermedicinal products includingcontaining a new active substance that is not yet authorized in the European Economic Area, or the EEA, and for medicinal products that areconstitute significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovations, or whosefor which grant of a marketing authorization through the centralized procedure would be in the interest of publicpatients or animal health.health at EU level. The centralized procedure allows a company to submit a single application to the EMA which will provide a positive opinion regarding the application if it meets certain quality, safety, and efficacy requirements. Based on the positive opinion of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, or CHMP, at EMA, the European Commission takes ahas final decisionauthority for granting the marketing authorization within 67 days after receipt of the CHMP opinion to grant a centralized marketing authorization which is valid in all 28 E.U.EU Member States and three of the four European Free Trade Association, statesor EFTA countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway).
The maximum timeframe for the evaluation of a marketing authorization application in the European Union is 210 days, subject to extension if additional questions need to be addressed. The initial marketing authorization granted in the European Union is valid for five years. The authorization may be renewed and remain valid for an unlimited period unless the national competent authority or the European Commission decides on justified grounds to proceed with one additional five year renewal period; applications for renewal must be made to the EMA at least nine months before the five-year period expires. The renewal of a marketing authorization is subject to a re-evaluation of the risk-benefit balance of the product by the national competent authority ofauthorities or the Reference Member State.EMA.
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Similar to accelerated approval regulations in the U.S.,United States, conditional marketing authorizations can be granted in the E.U.European Union by the European Commission in exceptional circumstances. A conditional marketing authorization can be granted for medicinal products where, a number of criteria are fulfilled; i) although comprehensive clinical data referring to the safety and efficacy of the medicinal product have not been supplied, a number of criteria are fulfilled; i) the benefit/risk balance of the product is positive, ii) it is likely that the applicant will be in a position to provide the comprehensive clinical data, iii) unmet medical needs will be fulfilled by the grant of the marketing authorization and iv) the benefit to public health of the immediate availability on the market of the medicinal product concerned outweighs the risk inherent in the fact that additional data are still required. A conditional marketing authorization must be renewed annually. Under the provisions of the conditional marketing authorization for PIXUVRI, our former product candidate, we arewere required to complete a post-marketing Phase 3 study to further investigate the effects of using PIXUVRI in a defined group of patients who had received prior treatment with rituximab. We submitted the related clinical study report to the EMA in November 2018.
In the European Union, innovative medicinal products that are subject to marketing authorization on the basis of a full dossier and which do not fall within the scope of the concept of global marketing authorization qualify for eight years of data exclusivity upon marketing authorization and ten years of market exclusivity. The eight years' data exclusivity prevents regulatory authorities in the European Union from referencing the innovator’s data in assessing an application for authorization of a generic or biosimilar medicinal product for eight years from the data of authorization of the innovative product. After this period has expired a generic or biosimilar marketing authorization application may be submitted, and the innovator’s data may be referenced in the application. However, even if the generic product or biosimilar products is authorized it cannot be marketed in the European Union during the ten year marketing exclusivity period. This market exclusivity period may be extended for a further year to a maximum of 11 years if, during the first eight years of those ten years, the marketing authorization holder obtains an authorization for one or more new therapeutic indications which, during the scientific evaluation prior to their authorization, are held to bring a significant clinical benefit in comparison with existing therapies.
Pricing and reimbursement in the European Union
Even if a product receivesis subject to a marketing authorization in the E.U.,European Union, there can be no assurance that reimbursement for such product will be secured on a timely basis or at all. Individual countries comprising theThe EU member states, rather than the EU, have jurisdiction across the region over patient reimbursement or pricing matters. Therefore, we will need to expend significant effort and expense to establish and maintain reimbursement arrangements in the various countries comprising the E.U. and may never succeed in obtaining widespread reimbursement arrangements therein.
In a number of EU Member States we may be subject to cost-cutting measures, such as lower maximum prices, lower or lack of reimbursement coverage and reference pricing mechanisms.
incentives to use cheaper, usually generic, products as an alternative. Health Technology Assessment, or HTA, of medicinal products is becoming an increasingly common part of the pricing and reimbursement procedures in some E.U. Member States. These E.U.EU Member States, include the U.K, France, Germany and Sweden.including countries representing major markets. The HTA process, which is governed by the national laws of these countries, is the procedure according to which the assessment of the public health impact, therapeutic impact and the economic and societal impact of use of a given medicinal product in the national healthcare systems of the individual country is conducted.conducted; ultimately, HTA measures the added value of a new health technology compared to existing ones. The extentoutcome of HTA regarding specific medicinal products will often influence the pricing and reimbursement status granted to whichthese medicinal products by the competent authorities of individual EU Member States. On January 31, 2018, the European Commission adopted a proposal for a regulation on health technologies assessment. This legislative proposal is intended to boost cooperation among EU Member States in assessing health technologies, including new medicinal products, and providing the basis for cooperation at the EU level for joint clinical assessments in these areas. The proposal provides that EU Member States will be able to use common HTA tools, methodologies, and procedures across the European Union, working together in four main areas, including joint clinical assessment of the innovative health technologies with the most potential impact for patients, joint scientific consultations whereby developers can seek advice from HTA authorities, identification of emerging health technologies to identify promising technologies early, and continuing voluntary cooperation in other areas. Individual EU Member States will continue to be responsible for assessing non-clinical (e.g., economic, social, ethical) aspects of health technology, and making decisions on pricing and reimbursement. The European Commission has stated that the role of the draft HTA regulation is not to influence pricing and reimbursement decisions are influenced byin the individual EU Member States, but there can be no assurance that the draft HTA ofregulation will not have effects on pricing and reimbursement decisions.
Therefore, we will need to expend significant effort and expense to establish and maintain reimbursement arrangements in the specific medicinal product vary between E.U. Member States.various countries comprising the European Union and may never succeed in obtaining widespread reimbursement arrangements therein.
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Post-Approval Regulation
The holder of an E.U.EU marketing authorization for a medicinal product must also comply with E.U.EU pharmacovigilance legislation and its related regulations and guidelines, which entail many requirements for conducting pharmacovigilance, or the assessment and monitoring of the safety of medicinal products. These rules can impose on centralholders of marketing authorization
More generally, non-compliance with pharmacovigilance obligations can lead to the variation, suspension or withdrawal of the marketing authorization for the product or imposition of financial penalties or other enforcement measures. In the E.U., PIXUVRI's label includes an inverted black triangle, which indicates that it is subject to additional monitoring, as a condition of authorization of PIXUVRI.
The manufacturing process for medicinal products in the E.U.European Union is highly regulated and regulators may shut down manufacturing facilities that they believe do not comply with regulations. Manufacturing requires a manufacturing authorization, and the manufacturing authorization holder must comply with various requirements set out in the applicable E.U.EU laws, regulations and guidance, including Directive 2001/83/EC, Directive 2003/94/EC, Regulation (EC) No 726/2004 and the European Commission Guidelines for Good Manufacturing Practice. These requirements include compliance with E.U.EU cGMP standards when manufacturing medicinal products and active pharmaceutical ingredients, including the manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients outside of the E.U.European Union with the intention to import the active pharmaceutical ingredients into the E.U.European Union. Similarly, the distribution of medicinal products into and within the E.U.European Union is subject to compliance with the applicable E.U.EU laws, regulations and guidelines, including the requirement to hold appropriate authorizations for distribution granted by the competent authorities of the E.U.EU Member States.
We and our third-party manufacturers are subject to cGMP, which are extensive regulations governing manufacturing processes, stability testing, record keeping, and quality standards as defined by the EMA, the European Commission, the competent authorities of E.U.EU Member States and other regulatory authorities. The EMA reviews Periodic Safety Update Reports forCompanies may be subject to civil, criminal or administrative sanctions. These include suspension of manufacturing authorization in case of non-compliance with the EU or EU Member States’ requirements governing the manufacturing of medicinal products authorized in the E.U. If the EMA has concerns that the risk benefit profile of a product has varied, it can adopt an opinion advising that the existing marketing authorization for the product be suspended or varied and can advise that the marketing authorization holder be obliged to conduct post-authorization safety studies. The EMA opinion is submitted for approval by the European Commission. Failure by the marketing authorization holder to fulfill the obligations for which the approved opinion provides can undermine the on-going validity of the marketing authorization.
products.
Sales and Marketing Regulations
In the E.U.,European Union, the advertising and promotion of our products are subject to E.U.EU Member States’ laws governing promotion of medicinal products, interactions with physicians, misleading and comparative advertising and unfair commercial practices. In addition, other legislation adopted by individual E.U.EU Member States may apply to the advertising and promotion of medicinal products. These laws require that promotional materials and advertising in relation to medicinal products comply with the product’s Summary of Product Characteristics, or SmPC, as approved by the competent authorities. Promotion of a medicinal product that does not comply with the SmPC is considered to constitute off-label promotion. The off-label promotion of medicinal products is prohibited in the E.U..European Union. The applicable laws at E.U.EU level and in the individual E.U.EU Member
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States also prohibit the direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription-only medicinal products. Violations of the rules governing the promotion of medicinal products in the E.U.European Union could be penalized by administrative measures, fines and imprisonment. These laws may further limit or restrict the advertising and promotion of our products to the general public and may also impose limitations on our promotional activities with health care professionals.
Anti-Corruption Legislation
Our business activities outside of the U.S.United States are subject to anti-bribery or anti-corruption laws, regulations, industry self-regulation codes of conduct and physicians’ codes of professional conduct or rules of other countries in which we operate, including the U.K. Bribery Act of 2010.
Interactions between pharmaceutical companies and physicians are also governed by strict laws, regulations, industry self-regulation codes of conduct and physicians’ codes of professional conduct developed at both E.U.EU level and in the individual E.U.EU Member States. The provision of benefits or advantages to physicians to induce or encourage the prescription, recommendation, endorsement, purchase, supply, order or use of medicinal products is prohibited in the E.U..European Union. Violation of these laws could result in substantial fines and imprisonment. Payments made to physicians in certain E.U.EU Member States also must be publicly disclosed. Moreover, agreements with physicians must often be the subject of prior notification and approval by the physician’s employer, his/her competent professional organization, and/or the competent authorities of the individual E.U.EU Member States. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in reputational risk, public reprimands, administrative penalties, fines or imprisonment.
Data Privacy and Protection
Data protection laws and regulations have been adopted at E.U.the EU level with related implementing laws in individual E.U.EU Member States which impose significant compliance obligations. For example, the E.U.EU General Data Protection Directive, as implementedRegulation, which entered into national laws by the E.U. Member States,force in May 2018, imposes strict obligations and restrictions on the ability to collect, analyze and transfer personal data, including health data from clinical trials and adverse event reporting.reporting and provides for significant monetary and other sanctions in the case of non-compliance.
As the General Data Protection Regulation entered into force recently, guidance on implementation and compliance practices are still being developed, updated or otherwise revised. Although the General Data Protection Regulation is intended to provide for a high level of harmonization across the EU, Member States may still implement certain variations, and data protection authorities may enforce the General Data Protection Regulation and national laws differently, which adds to the complexity of processing personal data in the European Union.
Furthermore, there is a growthtrend towards the public disclosure of clinical trial data in the E.U.European Union which also adds to the complexity of processing health data from clinical trials. Such public disclosure obligations are provided in the new E.U.EU Clinical Trials Regulation (which is replacing the EU Clinical Trials Directive), EMA disclosure initiatives, and voluntary commitments by industry. Data protection authorities from the different E.U. Member States may interpret the E.U. Data Protection Directive and national laws differently, which adds to the complexity of processing personal data in the E.U., and guidance on implementation and compliance practices are often updated or otherwise revised.industry, among other sources. Failing to comply with these lawsobligations could lead to government investigations, enforcement actions and significant penalties against us, harm to our reputation, and adversely impact our business and operating results. Apart from exceptional circumstances,The uncertainty regarding the E.U.interplay between different regulatory frameworks, such as the Clinical Trials Regulation and the General Data Protection Directive prohibitsRegulation, further adds to the transfer of personal datacomplexity that we face with regard to countries outside of the European Economic Area, that are not considered by the European Commission to provide an adequate level of data protection including the U.S.regulation.
Consequences of Non-Compliance
Failure to comply with applicable requirements may subject us to administrative or judicial sanctions, such as clinical holds, refusal of regulatory authorities to approve or authorize pending product applications, warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, financial penalties and/or criminal prosecution.
Environmental Regulation
In connection with our research and development activities, we are subject to federal, state and local laws, rules, regulations and policies, both internationally and domestically, governing the use, generation, manufacture, storage, air emission, effluent discharge, handling, treatment, transportation and disposal of certain materials, biological specimens and wastes and employee safety and health matters. Although we believe that we have complied with these laws, regulations and policies in all material respects and have not been required to take any significant action to correct any noncompliance, we may be required to incur significant costs to comply with environmental and health and safety regulations in the future. Our research
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and development involves the controlled use of hazardous materials, including, but not limited to, certain hazardous chemicals and radioactive materials. Although we believe that our safety procedures for handling and disposing of such materials comply with applicable law and regulations, the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials cannot be eliminated. In the event of such an accident, we could be held liable for any damages that result and any such liability not covered by insurance could exceed our resources. See the risk factor, “We may be subject to claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of thesehazardous materials.” in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding the risks and uncertainties we face due to the use of hazardous materials.
Employees
As of December 31, 2017,2020, we employed 5723 individuals, in the U.S., including 1 employee at our majority-owned subsidiary Aequus Biopharma, Inc., or Aequus, and 1 employee in Italy.22 of whom were full-time. Our U.S. employees do not have a collective bargaining agreement. Our employee in Italy is subject to a collective bargaining agreement. We believe our relations with our employees are good.
Corporate Information
This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes our trademarks and registered trademarks, including “CTI BioPharma.” Each other trademark, trade name or service mark appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K belongs to its holder.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
This Annual Report on Form 10-Kreport contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. The occurrence of any of the risks described below and elsewhere in this document including the risk that our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, operating results or prospects and the trading price of our securities. Additional risks and uncertainties that we do not presently know or that we currently deem immaterial may also harm our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects and the trading price of our securities.
We expect to continue to incur net losses, and we may never achieve profitability.
We were incorporated in 1991 and have incurred a net operating loss every year since our formation. As of December 31, 2017,2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $2.2$2.3 billion, and we expect to continue to incur net losses. As part of our business plan, we will need to continue to conduct research, development, testing and regulatory compliance activities with respect to our compounds and ensure the procurement of manufacturing and drug supply services, the costs of which, together with projected general and administrative expenses, is expected to result in operating losses for the foreseeable future. There can be no assurances that we will ever achieve profitability.
Our business and future success depends on our ability to receive cost sharing or milestone paymentssuccessfully develop, obtain regulatory approval for pacritinib’sand commercialize pacritinib. Pacritinib is our sole product candidate in active development from Baxalta. Because obtainingand has not yet received regulatory approval.
Obtaining regulatory approval requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and without additional financing, we lack sufficient resources to pursue the terminationdevelopment of this collaborative partnership could negatively impact our ability to successfully develop and commercialize pacritinib. We currently have no commitments or arrangements for any significant additional financing to fund the development and commercial launch of pacritinib, and we maywill need to seek additional funding, which may not be available or may not be available on favorable terms. We could also seek another collaborative partnership for the development and commercialization of pacritinib, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all.
If ourwe partner pacritinib, we may have to relinquish valuable economic rights and would potentially forgo additional economic benefits that could be realized if we continued the development and commercialization collaborationsactivities alone. Even if pacritinib receives approval from regulatory authorities for one or more indications, we would need to incur significant expenses to support the commercialization and launch of pacritinib, which investment may never be realized if sales are not successful,insufficient.
Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of health epidemics, including the recent COVID-19 global pandemic, in regions where third parties for which we rely, as in Clinical Research Organizations, or if we are unableCROs, have clinical trial sites or other business operations and may result in significant disruptions to enter into additional collaborations, we may not be able to effectively develop and/or commercialize our compounds,clinical trials, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Our business is heavily dependenthas been adversely affected and may continue to be adversely affected by the effects of health epidemics, including the ongoing worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, in regions where we have clinical trial sites or other business operations and has resulted in and may continue to result in significant disruptions to our clinical trials.On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a global health emergency because of a new strain of novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China and the risks to the international community as the virus spreads globally beyond its point of origin. In March 2020, the WHO declared the coronavirus outbreak a pandemic, which virus has spread throughout the world, including to geographies where we are conducting the PACIFICA Phase 3 trial and the PRE-VENT Phase 3 trial. Further, the President of the United States declared the COVID-19 pandemic a national emergency. Similarly, numerous states have declared a state of emergency related to the spread of COVID-19 and/or issued executive orders directing all individuals living in their respective states to stay at their place of residence for an indefinite period of time (subject to certain exceptions to facilitate authorized necessary activities) to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. These states and others have repeated and may continue to repeat these mitigation steps in the future. The spread of this pandemic has caused significant volatility and uncertainty in U.S. and international markets. This has resulted in an economic downturn and may disrupt our business and delay our clinical trials and timelines.
Quarantines, shelter-in-place and similar government orders have been enacted in each of the geographies in which we are conducting our clinical trials and such orders, shutdowns or other restrictions on the successconduct of business operations could
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continue to remain in place for extended periods of time or subsequently reinstated, thereby further affecting our clinical trials. The patient populations that are eligible for our clinical trials are immune-compromised and are at higher risk for becoming infected with COVID-19. As COVID-19 affects the parts of the world where we are conducting our clinical trials, and the patients involved with these clinical trials become infected with COVID-19, we may have more adverse events and deaths in our clinical trials as a result.
We have faced and may continue to face difficulties enrolling patients in our clinical trials as the patient populations that are eligible for our clinical trials are impacted by COVID-19. Patient enrollment may be further delayed due to the diversion of healthcare resources, such as hospitals serving as our clinical trial sites and hospital staff supporting the conduct of our development and commercialization collaborations. In particular, underclinical trials, away from the Restated Agreement with Servier, we rely heavily on Servierconduct of clinical trials, toward the COVID-19 pandemic.
Additionally, if our clinical trial patients are unable to collaborate with ustravel to develop and commercialize PIXUVRI. Asour clinical trial sites as a result of quarantines or other restrictions resulting from COVID-19, we may experience higher drop-out rates or delays in our dependenceclinical trials. Similarly, we may struggle to recruit and retain patients and principal investigators and site staff who, as healthcare providers, may have heightened exposure to COVID-19. Any such delays in enrollment hinder our ability to obtain clinical data on our relationship with Servier, the success or commercial viabilityschedule we currently predict.
Travel restrictions continue to be implemented throughout the world in an effort to contain COVID-19, and several countries have expanded screenings of PIXUVRI is, to a certain extent, beyond our control. travelers.
We are subject to a number of specific risks associated with our dependence on our collaborative relationship with Servier, including but not limitedmay experience additional disruptions due to the following: possible disagreements asCOVID-19 pandemic that could severely impact our business and clinical trials, including:
•evidence from the PRE-VENT Phase 3 trial showing increased adverse events in trial participants, which could affect the safety profile and/or acceptability of our application to the timing, natureFDA;
•delays in clinical sites receiving the supplies and extent of development plans for the respective compound, includingmaterials needed to conduct our clinical trials, or regulatory approval strategy; including interruption in global shipping that may affect the transport of clinical trial materials;
•changes in their respective personnel who are keylocal regulations as part of a response to the collaboration efforts; any changesCOVID-19 pandemic which may require us to change the ways in their respective business strategies adversewhich our clinical trials are conducted, which may result in unexpected costs, or to our interests, whetherdiscontinue the clinical trials altogether;
•interruption of key clinical trial activities, such as clinical trial site monitoring, due to limitations on travel imposed or recommended by federal or state governments, employers and others, or interruption of clinical trial subject visits and study procedures, the occurrence of which could affect the integrity of clinical trial data;
•delays in connectionnecessary interactions with a change of control or otherwise; possible disagreements regarding ownership of proprietary rights; the ability to meet our financiallocal regulators, ethics committees, and other contractual obligations under the respective agreements;important agencies and the possibilitycontractors due to limitations in employee resources or forced furlough of government employees;
•limitations in employee resources that Servier could elect to terminate their agreement with us pursuant to “at-will” termination clauses or breach their agreement with us. Furthermore, the contingent financial returns under our collaboration with Servier depends in large partwould otherwise be focused on the achievementconduct of development and commercialization milestones andour clinical trials, including because of sickness of employees or their families or the abilitydesire of employees to generate applicable product salesavoid contact with large groups of people;
•refusal of the FDA to trigger royalty payments. Therefore, our success, and any associated future financial returns to us and our investors, will depend in large part on the performance of Servier. If our existing collaborations fail, or if we do not successfully enter into additional collaborations when needed, we may be unable to further develop and commercialize the applicable compounds, generate revenues to sustain or grow our business or achieve profitability, which would harm our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects.
•interruption or delays to our sourced discovery and clinical activities.
The spread of COVID-19, which has caused a broad impact globally, may materially affect us economically. While the potential economic impact brought by, and the withdrawalduration of, COVID-19 may be difficult to assess or predict, a widespread pandemic could result in significant disruption of global financial markets, reducing our ability to access capital, which could in the future negatively affect our liquidity. In addition, a recession or market correction resulting from the spread of COVID-19 could materially affect our business and the value of our common stock.
The global pandemic of COVID-19 continues to rapidly evolve. The ultimate impact of the original MAA in Europe. WhileCOVID-19 pandemic or a similar health epidemic is highly uncertain and subject to change. We do not yet know the full extent of potential delays or impacts on our business, our clinical holdtrials, healthcare systems or the global economy as a whole. However, any one or a combination of these events could have an adverse effect on pacritinibthe operation of and results from our clinical trials, has been removedwhich could prevent or delay us from obtaining approval for pacritinib.
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We face direct and a new MAA has been validatedintense competition from our competitors in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, and we may not compete successfully against them.
Competition in the oncology market is intense and is accentuated by the EMA, our dose-exploration trial for pacritinibrapid pace of technological and further clinical trials for pacritinib could be subject to further delay orproduct development. We anticipate that we could be prevented from further studying pacritinib or seeking its commercialization.
In addition to the EMA about how PERSIST-2 data might address the major objections and how to integrate the data into the current application, we withdrew the original MAA, and submitted aspecific competitive factors discussed above, new applicationanti-cancer drugs or drugs for the treatment of patients with myelofibrosis who have thrombocytopenia (platelet counts less than 100,000 per microliter). The new MAA was validated by the EMA in July 2017. Validation confirmsCOVID-19 that the submission is complete and initiates the centralized review process by the CHMP. The CHMP review period is 210 days, excluding question or opinion response periods, after which the CHMP opinion is reviewed by the European Commission, which usually issues a
Even if ourpacritinib or other compounds we may develop are successful in clinical trials and receive regulatory approvals, we or our collaboration partners may not be able to successfully commercialize them.
The development and ongoing clinical trials for ourpacritinib and other compounds we may develop may not be successful and, even if they are, the resulting products may never be successfully developed into commercial products.products or gain market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payors or the medical community. Even if we are successful in our clinical trials and in obtaining other regulatory approvals, the respectiveour products may not reach or remain in the market for a number of reasons including:
If we are unable or decide not to successfully commercialize PIXUVRIestablish internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, we will pursue collaborative arrangements regarding the sales and marketing of our products, however, there can be no assurance that we will be able to establish or maintain such collaborative arrangements on commercially reasonable terms, or if we are able to do so, that they will have effective sales forces. Any revenue we receive will depend upon the efforts of such third parties, which may not be successful. We may have little or no control over the marketing and sales efforts of such third parties and our revenue from product sales may be lower than if we had commercialized our product candidates ourselves. We also face competition in our search for third parties to assist us with the sales and marketing efforts of our product candidates.
Pacritinib or other compounds we may develop may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could halt their development, prevent their regulatory approval, limit their commercial potential or result in significant negative consequences.
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It is possible that the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities may not agree with our assessment of the safety profile of pacritinib or other compounds we may develop in the future. Undesirable side effects caused by pacritinib could cause us, institutional review boards, our CROs, the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or discontinue development and could result in a clinical hold on any clinical trial, or the denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities for any or all targeted indications. This, in turn, could prevent us from commercializing pacritinib and generating revenues from its sale. In addition, if pacritinib or other compounds we may develop in the future cause serious or unexpected side effects or are associated with other safety risks after receiving marketing approval, a number of potential significant negative consequences could result.
We will need to raise additional funds to operate our business, but additional funds may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Any inability to raise required capital when needed could harm our liquidity, financial condition, business, operating results and prospects.
We have substantial operating expenses associated with the development of pacritinib, and we have significant contractual payment obligations. In addition, we believe that our present financial resources will only be sufficient to fund our operations into the second quarter of 2021. This raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as planned,a going concern and we will need to raise substantial additional capital in the near term in order to fund our operations through and beyond the second quarter of 2021 and to continue as a going concern thereafter. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our assessment. Uncertainty regarding our ability to continue as a going concern could also have a material and adverse impact on the price of our common stock, which could negatively impact our ability to raise sufficient funds for the development and commercialization of pacritinib and continue as a going concern. In addition, cash forecasts and capital requirements are subject to change as a result of a variety of risks and uncertainties. Developments in and expenses associated with our clinical trials and other research and development activities may consume capital resources earlier than planned. Due to these and other factors, any forecast for the period for which we will have sufficient resources to fund our operations, as well as any other operational or business projection we have disclosed, or may disclose, may fail.
We will need to acquire additional funds in order to develop our business, continue the development and prepare for the potential commercialization of pacritinib. We may seek to raise such capital through public or private equity financings, partnerships, collaborations, joint ventures, disposition of assets, debt financings or restructurings, bank borrowings or other sources of financing. However, our ability to raise capital is subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, constraints and consequences.
For these and other reasons, additional funding may not be available on favorable terms or at all. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or equity-linked securities, our stockholders may experience dilution. If we fail to obtain additional capital when needed, we may be required to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of our research and development programs, reduce our general and administrative expenses, be unable to attract and retain highly qualified personnel, refrain from making our contractually required payments when due (including debt payments) and/or be forced to cease operations, liquidate our assets and possibly seek bankruptcy protection. Any of these consequences could harm our business, financial condition, operating results and prospectsprospects.
We are dependent on third-party service providers for a number of critical operational activities. Any failure or delay in these undertakings by third parties could harm our business.
Our business is dependent on the performance by third parties of their responsibilities under contractual relationships. In particular, we rely heavily on third parties for the manufacture and testing of our compounds. We do not have internal analytical laboratory or manufacturing facilities to allow the testing or production of our compounds in compliance with Good Laboratory Practices, or GLP, and current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP. As a result, we rely on third parties to supply us in a timely manner with manufactured products or product candidates. We may not be harmed.able to adequately manage and oversee the manufacturers we choose, they may not perform as agreed or they may terminate their agreements with us. In particular, we depend on third-party manufacturers to conduct their operations in compliance with GLP and cGMP or similar standards imposed by U.S. and/or applicable foreign regulatory authorities, including the FDA and EMA. Any of these regulatory authorities may take action against a contract manufacturer who violates GLP and cGMP. Failure of our manufacturers to comply with FDA, EMA or other applicable regulations may cause us to curtail or stop the manufacture of such products until we obtain regulatory compliance, and could subject us to penalties.
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of the manufacturing of drug supply to successor vendors, we could face logistical, scaling or other challenges that may adversely affect supply. Furthermore, in order to ultimately obtain and maintain applicable regulatory reviewsapprovals, any manufacturers we utilize are required to consistently produce the respective compounds in commercial quantities and obligations often result in significant expenseof specified quality or execute fill-finish services on a repeated basis and marketing limitations,document their ability to do so, which is referred to as process validation. Even if our compound manufacturing processes obtain regulatory approval and any failuresufficient supply is available to complete clinical trials necessary for regulatory approval, there are no guarantees we will be able to supply the quantities necessary to effect a commercial launch of the applicable drug, or once launched, to satisfy such ongoing obligations, including, in particular,demand. Any shortage could also impair our post-authorization commitment trialability to deliver contractually required supply quantities to applicable collaborators, as well as to complete any additional planned clinical trials.
We also rely on third-party service providers for PIXUVRI, could negatively affect our business, financial condition, operating results or prospects.
In addition, we depend on medical institutions and CROs (together with their respective agents) to conduct clinical trials and associated activities in compliance with Good Clinical Practices, or GCP, and in accordance with our timelines, expectations and requirements. To the extent any such third parties are delayed in achieving or fail to meet our clinical trial enrollment expectations, fail to conduct our trials in accordance with GCP or study protocol or otherwise take actions outside of our control or without our consent, our business may also impose new restrictionsbe harmed. Furthermore, we conduct clinical trials in foreign countries, subjecting us to additional risks and challenges, including as a result of the engagement of foreign medical institutions and foreign CROs, who may be less experienced with regard to regulatory matters applicable to us and may have different standards of medical care.
With regard to certain of the foregoing clinical trial operations and stages in the manufacturing and distribution chain of our compounds, we rely on continued product marketing or may requiresingle vendors. In the withdrawalevent pacritinib is approved, we will initially have only one commercial supplier for pacritinib. The use of single vendors for core operational activities, such as clinical trial operations, manufacturing and distribution, and the resulting lack of diversification, exposes us to the risk of a product frommaterial interruption in service related to these single, outside vendors. As a result, our exposure to this concentration risk could harm our business.
We are party to a loan and security agreement that contains operating and financial covenants that may restrict our business and financing activities and we may be required to repay the market ifoutstanding indebtedness in an event of default, which could have a material adverse eventseffect on our business.
In November 2017, we entered into a loan and security agreement with Silicon Valley Bank, which was amended in May 2018, the proceeds of unanticipated severitywhich were partially used to repay in full all outstanding indebtedness under a prior loan and security agreement.
Borrowings under this loan and security agreement are secured by substantially all of our assets except intellectual property and subject to certain other exceptions. The loan and security agreement restricts our ability to take various actions, and we are required under our loan agreement and security agreement to comply with various affirmative covenants, which may restrict our ability to finance our operations, engage in business activities or frequency are discovered following approval. In addition, regulatory agencies may impose post-approval/post-authorization clinical trials, such asexpand or fully pursue our ongoing PIX306 trialbusiness strategies. A breach of PIXUVRI required by the EMA. We cannot predict the outcomeany of PIX306these restrictions or whether we will be able to complete the associated requirementscovenants could result in a timely manner. default under the loan and security agreement, which could cause all of the outstanding indebtedness under the facility to become immediately due and payable.
If we are unable to submit the requisite PIX306 clinical study report by the due date in December 2018recruit, retain, integrate and motivate senior management, other key personnel and directors, or if such persons are unable to obtain an extensionperform effectively, our business could suffer.
Our future success depends, in part, on our ability to continue to attract and retain senior management, other key personnel and directors to enable the execution of such deadline,our business plan and to identify and pursue new opportunities. Additionally, our productivity and the quality of our operations are dependent on our ability to integrate and train our new personnel quickly and effectively.
If we are unable to continue to provide directors and officers sufficient liability insurance at affordable rates or at all, or if directors and officers perceive our ability to do so in the future to be limited, it may become increasingly more difficult to attract and retain management and qualified directors to serve on our Board of Directors.
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The loss of the services of senior management, other key personnel or directors and/or the inability to timely attract or integrate such persons could significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our development and strategic objectives and may adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.
We may encounter difficulties in managing our expected growth and in expanding our operations successfully.
Advancing our lead product candidate, pacritinib, through the product development and, if approved, commercialization process will require us to develop or expand our development, regulatory, manufacturing, medical affairs, marketing and sales capabilities or contract with third parties to provide these capabilities for us. We must also successfully integrate the employees and operations related to the development of pacritinib. Maintaining additional relationships and managing our future growth will impose significant added responsibilities on members of our management. We must be able to manage our development efforts and clinical trials effectively, hire, train and integrate additional management, development, medical affairs, administrative and sales and marketing personnel, improve our managerial, development, operational and finance systems, and expand our facilities, all of which may impose a strain on our administrative and operational infrastructure. Our future financial performance will depend, in part, on our ability to manage this growth effectively. We may not be able to accomplish these tasks; which failure could prevent us from successfully developing and commercializing pacritinib.
If we are otherwise unable to satisfyin-license or acquire additional product candidates, our future product portfolio and potential profitability could be harmed.
One component of our business strategy is the in-licensing and acquisition of drug compounds developed by other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies or academic research laboratories, such as pacritinib. Competition for new promising compounds and commercial products canbe intense. If we are not able to identify future in-licensing or acquisition opportunities and enter into arrangements on acceptable terms, our future product portfolio and potential profitability could be harmed.
We may owe additional amounts for VATrelated to our operations in Europe.
Our European operations are subject to the Value Added Tax, or VAT, which is usually applied to all applicable requirements,goods and services purchased and sold throughout Europe. We historically carried out research and development activities in Italy and incurred value added tax, or VAT, from Italian suppliers on the acquisition of goods and services in Italy. This VAT should be considered as an input VAT credit. We treated the majority of our conditional marketing authorizationsales made in Italy without output VAT (on the basis that the supplies should be considered outside the scope of Italian VAT). This resulted in the value of input VAT exceeding the value of output VAT, and accordingly we submitted a refund claim for PIXUVRIthe VAT. The Italian Tax Authority, or the ITA, has challenged the treatment of the sales transactions and claimed that the sales transactions made by us should have been subject to output VAT.
Further information pertaining to these cases can be found in Part II, Item 8, "Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies" and is incorporated by reference herein. If the final decision of the Italian Supreme Court is unfavorable to us, or if, in the interim, the ITA were to make a demand for payment and we were to be unsuccessful in suspending collection efforts, we may be revoked.requested to pay to the ITA an amount up to €4.3 million, or approximately $5.3 million converted using the currency exchange rate as of December 31, 2020, including interest and penalties for the period lapsed between the date in which the assessments were issued and the date of effective payment.
We are currently, and may in the future be, subject to regulatory matters and legal claims, including possible securities, derivative, consumer protection and other failuretypes of proceedings pursued by individuals, entities or regulatory bodies. See Part II, Item 8, "Notes to comply with applicable regulations couldConsolidated Financial Statements - Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies " regarding the regulatory matters and legal claims in which we are currently involved. Litigation and regulatory proceedings are subject to inherent uncertainties, and we have had and may in the future have unfavorable rulings and settlements. Adverse outcomes may result in warningsignificant monetary damages and penalties or untitled letters, product recalls, interruption of manufacturinginjunctive relief against us. It is possible that our financial condition and commercial supply processes, withdrawal or seizure of products, suspensionoperating results could be harmed in any period in which the effect of an applicable wholesale distribution authorization and/or distribution of products, operating restrictions, injunctions, suspension of licenses, revocationunfavorable final outcome becomes probable and reasonably estimable. If an unfavorable ruling were to occur in any of the applicable product’s approvallegal proceedings we are or authorization, other administrative or judicial sanctions (including civil penalties and/or criminal prosecution) and/or unanticipated related expendituremay be subject to, resolve shortcomings, which could negatively affect our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects could be harmed. The ultimate outcome of litigation and other claims is subject to inherent uncertainties, and our view of these matters may change in the future.
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In addition, our insurance is subject to high deductibles and there is no guarantee that the insurance will cover any specific claim that we currently face or prospects.may face in the future, or that it will be adequate to cover all potential liabilities and damages. In the event of negative publicity resulting from allegations of wrong-doing and/or an adverse outcome under any currently pending or future lawsuit, our business could be materially harmed.
We have substantial tax loss carryforwards for U.S. federal income tax purposes, but our listings onability to use such carryforwards to offset future income or tax liability is limited under section 382 of the NASDAQ Capital Market,Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, as a result of prior changes in the stock ownership of our company. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carryforwards, or other pre-change tax attributes, to offset U.S. federal and state taxable income and taxes may be subject to limitations. Moreover, future changes in the NASDAQ, or trading on the NASDAQ may otherwise be halted or suspended, which may make it more difficult for investors to sellownership of our stock, including those resulting from issuance of shares of our common stock and consequentlyupon exercise of outstanding warrants, may negatively impact the price of our common stock.
We could be subject to fully use one or more registration statements on SEC Form S-3. additional income tax liabilities.
We have relied significantly on shelf registration statements on SEC Form S-3 for most of our financings in recent years, so any such limitations may harm our abilityare subject to raise the capital we need. Trading in our common stock has been halted or suspended on the NASDAQincome taxes in the pastUnited States and certain foreign jurisdictions. We use significant judgment in evaluating our worldwide income-tax provision. During the ordinary course of business, we conduct many transactions for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. We are subject to audit in various jurisdictions, and such jurisdictions may alsoassess additional income tax against us. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of tax audits and any related litigation could be haltedmaterially different from our historical income-tax provisions and accruals. The results of an audit or suspendedlitigation could have a material effect on our operating results or cash flows in the future on the NASDAQ due to marketperiod or trading conditions at the discretion of the NASDAQ. Any halt or suspension in the trading in our common stock may negatively impact the market price of our common stock.periods for which that determination is made.
We may be unablesubject to obtainclaims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of hazardous materials.
Our research and development activities involve the controlled use of hazardous materials, chemicals and various radioactive compounds. We are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations, both internationally and domestically, governing the use, manufacture, storage, handlings, treatment, transportation and disposal of such materials and certain waste products and employee safety and health matters. In the event of such an accident, we could be held liable for any damages that result and any such liability not covered by insurance could exceed our resources.
If we or the third parties upon whom we depend are adversely affected by natural disasters or other events, our business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not adequately protect us from such interruptions.
Our headquarters are located in Seattle, Washington. Any unplanned event, such as flood, fire, explosion, earthquake, tsunami, extreme weather condition, power shortage, power outage, telecommunication failure, or other natural or man-made accidents or incidents could disrupt our operations. If a quorum for meetingsnatural disaster or other event occurred that prevented us from using all or a significant portion of our shareholdersheadquarters, that damaged critical infrastructure, such as the manufacturing facilities of our third-party contract manufacturers, or obtain requisite shareholder approval and, consequently,that otherwise disrupted operations, it may be unabledifficult or, in certain cases, impossible for us to take certain corporate actions, including financing activities.
event of a serious disaster or similar event. We are required under the NASDAQ Marketplace Rules to obtain shareholder approval for any issuance of additional equity securities that would comprise more than 20% of the total shares of our common stock outstanding before the issuance of such securities sold at a discount to the greater of book or market value in an offering that is not deemed to be a “public offering” by the NASDAQ Marketplace Rules,may incur substantial expenses as well as under certain other circumstances. We have in the past and may in the future issue additional equity securities that would comprise more than 20% of the total shares of our common stock outstanding in order to fund our operations. However, we might not be successful in obtaining the required shareholder approval for any future issuance that requires shareholder approval pursuant to applicable rules and regulations, particularly in light of difficulties we have had in the past in obtaining a quorum and obtaining the requisite vote. If we are unable to obtain financing or our financing options are limited due to shareholder approval difficulties, such failure may harm our ability to continue operations.
We will incur a variety of costs for, and may never realize the anticipated benefits of, acquisitions, collaborations or other strategic transactions.
We evaluate and undertake acquisitions, collaborations and other strategic transactions from time to time. The process of negotiating these transactions, as well as integrating any acquisitions and implementing any strategic alliances, may result in operating difficulties and expenditures. In addition, these transactions may require significant management attention that would otherwise be available for ongoing development of our business, whether or not any such transaction is ever consummated. These undertakings could also result in potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities and/or amortization expenses related to intangible assets, and we may never realize the anticipated benefits.
Risks Related to the Development, Clinical Testing and Regulatory Approval of Our Product Candidates
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The regulatory approval process for pacritinib has been subject to delay and uncertainty. While the dose-exploration trial for pacritinib has been completed, further registration of clinical trials for pacritinib could be subject to further delay or we could be prevented from further studying pacritinib or seeking its commercialization, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Although the independent data monitoring committee, or IDMC, completed its fourth and final interim safety review in May 2019 and recommended that the PAC203 Phase 2 trial continue without modification, we cannot be certain that the PACIFICA Phase 3 trial will be sufficient for regulatory approval. Even if the current primary endpoint of the PACIFICA Phase 3 trial is achieved, the FDA may determine that the benefit/risk profile of pacritinib at the dose selected for the PACIFICA Phase 3 trial does not support approval based on the results of such trial, previously identified FDA concerns regarding safety and dosing limitations of pacritinib, including FDA concerns identified in connection with our previous PERSIST-1 and 2 trials, or otherwise. We also cannot be certain of the anticipated timing of the results from the PACIFICA Phase 3 trial. The FDA may request additional information regarding pacritinib or require us to pursue new clinical safety trials with changes to, among other things, protocol, study design or sample size, which could cause significant delays in completion of these studies.
Additionally, in July 2019 we announced an expanded access program, or EAP, for pacritinib for patients in the PAC203 Phase 2 trial. Patients who receive access to unapproved drugs through compassionate use or EAPs have life-threatening illnesses and generally have exhausted all other available therapies. In April 2020 we announced the initiation of PRE-VENT, a Phase 3 trial evaluating pacritinib in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19.The risk for serious adverse events, including those which may be unrelated to pacritinib, in these patient populations is high and could have a negative impact on the safety profile of pacritinib, which could cause significant delays or impair our ability to obtain regulatory approval for pacritinib.
The submission of new marketing applications, complying with any additional requests for information from the FDA or EMA or making any changes to study design or sample size may be time-consuming, expensive and delay or prevent our ability to continue to study pacritinib. If we are unable to adequately address any previous or further recommendations, concerns, requests, or objections in a manner satisfactory to the FDA or EMA, as applicable, in a timely manner, or at all, we could be delayed or prevented from seeking commercialization of pacritinib.
We may amend the clinical protocols for our product candidates. The protocol amendment process requires review and approval by several review bodies, who may not accept the amendments in the form submitted, or at all, which may delay our planned enhancements to the clinical development program and/or limit or change the type of information we may gather from our studies.
In early October 2019, we received correspondence from the FDA asking us to consider incorporating change in TSS at week 24 as a co-primary endpoint for the PACIFICA Phase 3 trial. In January 2020, we reached agreement on an accelerated approval pathway for pacritinib. In March 2020, we submitted an amended PACIFICA pivotal Phase 3 trial protocol to allow for the primary analysis of SVR rates on the first 168 patients, with an end-of-study analysis of TSS and OS following the full enrollment of 348 patients. Such a change to the trial protocol will require an increase in the number of patients evaluated over the course of the trial, as well as the costs and time required to complete the trial. Making any changes to clinical protocols is time-consuming and expensive and may delay or prevent our ability to continue to study pacritinib. If our changes to the trial design do not adequately address any previous or further recommendations, concerns, requests, or objections in a manner satisfactory to the FDA or EMA, as applicable, in a timely manner, or at all, we could be delayed or prevented from seeking commercialization of pacritinib.
If development and commercialization collaborations we enter into are not successful, or if we are unable to enter into additional collaborations, we may not be able to effectively develop and/or commercialize our compounds, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Historically, we have entered into development and commercialization collaborations to help advance the development of our product candidates. We evaluate collaboration opportunities from time to time and if we enter into such collaborations in the future, our business may become increasingly dependent on the success of such collaborations. Additionally, if we do not successfully enter into additional collaborations when needed, we may be unable to further develop and commercialize the applicable compounds, generate revenues to sustain or grow our business or achieve profitability, which would harm our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects.
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Compounds that appear promising in research and development may fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of applicable regulatory authorities, and top-line or preliminary clinical trial data reports may ultimately differ from actual results, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Compounds that appear promising in research and development may fail to reach later stages of development.
In addition, followingfrom time to time, we report top-line data for clinical trials. Top-line results may differ from future results, or different conclusions or considerations may qualify such results once existing data have been more fully evaluated. In addition, third parties, including regulatory agencies, may not accept or agree with our assumptions, estimations, calculations or analyses or may interpret or weigh the consummationimportance of a transaction,data differently, which could impact the value of the particular program, the approvability or commercialization of the particular compound and our business in general.
If the development of pacritinib is delayed or fails, or if top-line or preliminary clinical trial data reported differ from actual results, of operationsour development costs may increase and the market price of our common stockability to commercialize pacritinib may be affected by factors different from those that affected our results of operations and the market price of our common stock prior to such acquisition. Any of the foregoing consequences resulting from transactions of the type described aboveharmed, which could harm our business, financial condition, operating results or prospects.
If we encounter difficulties enrolling patients in our clinical trials, our clinical development activities could be delayed or otherwise adversely affected.
We may experience difficulties in patient enrollment in our clinical trials for a variety of reasons. The timely completion of clinical trials in accordance with their protocols depends, among other things, on our ability to enroll a sufficient number of patients who remain in the trial until its conclusion. Additionally, our clinical trials compete with other clinical trials for similar product candidates. This competition reduces the number and types of patients and qualified clinical investigators available to us. Since the number of qualified clinical investigators is limited, we expect to conduct some of our clinical trials at the same clinical trial sites that some of our competitors use, which will reduce the number of patients who are available for our clinical trials in such clinical trial site. We may also encounter difficulties finding a clinical trial site at which to conduct our trials. Moreover, because our product candidates are experimental, potential patients and their doctors may be inclined to use conventional therapies rather than enroll patients in any one of our clinical trials.
Delays in patient enrollment may result in increased costs or affect the timing or outcome of our planned clinical trials, which could prevent completion of these clinical trials and adversely affect our ability to advance the development of pacritinib or other compounds we may develop.
We may be required to suspend, repeat or terminate clinical trials if they are not conducted in accordance with regulatory requirements, the results are negative or inconclusive, or the trials are not well-designed.
Regulatory agencies, IRBs or data safety monitoring boards may at any time recommend the temporary or permanent discontinuation of our clinical trials or request that we cease using investigators in the clinical trials if they believe that the clinical trials are not being conducted in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements, or that they present an unacceptable safety risk to participants. Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with GCPs or other applicable foreign regulatory authority guidelines. In addition, clinical trials must be conducted with product candidates produced in accordance with applicable cGMPs. Clinical trial data may be rejected by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities or clinical trials may be suspended by the FDA, foreign regulatory authorities, or us for various reasons.
If we elect or are forced to suspend or terminate a clinical trial of any of our current or future product candidates, the commercial prospects for that product will be harmed and our ability to generate product revenue from that product may be delayed or eliminated. Furthermore, any of these events could prevent us or our partners from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product and could substantially increase the costs of commercializing our product candidates and impair our ability to generate revenue from the commercialization of these products either by us or by our collaboration partners.
If we are unable to expedite the regulatory approval process for pacritinib in our clinical trials, we may be required to pursue strategic alternatives for the development of pacritinib and/or our company, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
The FDA may grant accelerated approval to a product designed to treat a serious or life-threatening condition that provides meaningful therapeutic benefit over available therapies upon a determination that the product has an effect on a surrogate endpoint or intermediate clinical endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. A surrogate endpoint under an accelerated approval pathway may be used in cases in which the advantage of a new drug over available therapy
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may not be a direct therapeutic advantage, but is a clinically important improvement from a patient and public health perspective. Even if a product candidate is granted accelerated approval based on a surrogate endpoint, such accelerated approval is contingent on the sponsor’s agreement to conduct one or more post-approval confirmatory trials that demonstrate a clinical benefit. Moreover, the FDA may withdraw approval of a product candidate or indication approved under the accelerated approval pathway for a variety of reasons.
In January 2020, we reached agreement on an accelerated approval pathway for pacritinib and in September 2020, we reached an agreement with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, to submit a New Drug Application, or NDA, for the potential accelerated approval of pacritinib as a treatment for myelofibrosis patients with severe thrombocytopenia. In October 2020, we commenced our rolling NDA submission. The NDA is based on the available data from our completed Phase 3 PERSIST-1 and PERSIST-2 trials and the Phase 2 PAC203 dose-ranging trial. Completion of the NDA submission is anticipated in the first quarter of 2021.
We or any collaboration partners we may work with may not obtain or maintain the regulatory approvals required to develop or commercialize pacritinib or any other compounds we may develop in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We are subject to rigorous and extensive regulation by the FDA in the United States and by comparable agencies in other jurisdictions, including the EMA in the European Union. Pacritinib is currently in clinical development. Pacritinib may not be marketed in the United States until it has been approved by the FDA and may not be marketed in other jurisdictions until it has received approval from the appropriate foreign regulatory agencies, and requires development and extensive clinical investigation before submission of any regulatory application for marketing approval. Obtaining regulatory approval requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and we may not be able to obtain approval of pacritinib or any other product candidate on a timely basis, or at all. Preclinical and clinical data can be interpreted in different ways, which could delay, limit or preclude regulatory approval. The FDA, the EMA and other foreign regulatory agencies can delay, limit or deny approval of a compound for many reasons. In particular, if pacritinib is not approved at all or quickly enough to provide net revenues to defray our operating expenses, our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects could be harmed.
Disruptions at government agencies could negatively affect the review of our regulatory submissions.
The ability of the FDA to review and clear or approve regulatory submissions can be affected by a variety of factors. Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for new drugs, medical devices, and biologics or modifications to cleared or approved drugs, medical devices, and biologics to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, over the last several years, the U.S. government has shut down several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, have had to furlough critical FDA employees and stop critical activities.
Separately, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the FDA postponed certain of its manufacturing facility inspections. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, or if global health concerns continue to impact the FDA or other regulatory authorities, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA or other regulatory authorities to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
The pharmaceutical business is subject to increasing government price controls and other restrictions on pricing, reimbursement and access to drugs, which could adversely affect our future revenues and profitability.
To the extent our products are developed, commercialized and introduced to market, they may not be considered cost-effective and third-party or government reimbursement might not be available or sufficient. Globally, governmental and other third-party payors are becoming increasingly aggressive in attempting to contain health care costs by strictly controlling, directly or indirectly, pricing and reimbursement and, in some cases, limiting or denying coverage altogether on the basis of a variety of justifications, and we expect pressures on pricing and reimbursement from both governments and private payors inside and outside the United States to continue.
Post-approval or authorization regulatory reviews and obligations often result in significant expense and marketing limitations, and any failure to satisfy such ongoing obligations could negatively affect our business.
Even if a product receives regulatory approval or authorization, as applicable, we are and will continue to be subject to numerous regulations and statutes regulating the manner of obtaining reimbursement for and selling the product. Regulatory authorities may also impose new restrictions on continued product marketing or may require the withdrawal of a product from the market if adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency are discovered following approval.
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Any other failure to comply with applicable regulations could result in warning or untitled letters from the FDA, which could negatively affect our business, financial condition, operating results or prospects.
We may be subject to fines, penalties, injunctions and other sanctions if we are deemed to be promoting the use of our products for non-FDA-approved, or off-label, uses.
Our business and future growth depend on the development, ultimate sale and use of products that are subject to FDA, EMA and or other regulatory agencies regulation, clearance and approval. Under the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic ActFDCA and other laws, we are prohibited from promoting our products for off-label uses.uses, or uses not approved by the FDA. We may also be subject to various federal and state physician payment transparency laws, including the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act. This means that in the U.S.,United States, we may not make claims about the safety or effectiveness of our products and may not proactively discuss or provide information on the useuses of our products except asthat are not approved by the FDA, unless otherwise allowed by the FDA.FDA by policy or other guidance.
In addition,the United States, we are subject to various state and federal fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the federal False Claims Act. There are similar laws in other countries. These laws may impact, among other things, the sales, marketing and education programs for our products. The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits persons from knowingly and willingly soliciting, offering, receivingAny allegation, investigation, or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in exchange for or to induce either the referralviolation of an individual, or the furnishing or arranging for a good or service, for which payment may be made under a federalthese domestic health care program. The federal False Claims Act prohibits persons from knowingly filing,fraud and abuse laws could result in government or causing to be filed, a false claim to, or the knowing useinternal investigations, significant diversion of false statements to obtain payment from the federal government. Suits filed under the False Claims Act can be brought by any individual on behalf of the government and such individuals, commonly known as “whistleblowers,” may share in any amounts paid by the entity to the government in fines or settlement. Many states have also adopted laws similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and False Claims Act.
For our sales and results of operations.
operations outside the United States, we are similarly subject to various heavily-enforced anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws, such as the FCPA, as amended, U.K. Bribery Act, and similar laws around the world. We are dependent on third-party service providers for a number of critical operational activities including, in particular, for the manufacture, testing and distribution of our compounds and associated supply chain operations, as well as for clinical trial activities. Any failure or delay in these undertakings by third parties could harm our business.
We leverage various third parties to sell our products and conduct our business abroad. We, our commercial partners and our other third-party intermediaries, including collaborators and licensees, may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities and may be held liable for the transitioncorrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party business partners and intermediaries, our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, collaborators, licensees and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities.
Any violation of the manufacturingFCPA, other applicable anti-bribery, anti-corruption laws, and anti-money laundering laws could result in whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, loss of PIXUVRIexport privileges, severe criminal or civil sanctions and, pacritinib drug supplyin the case of the FCPA, suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracts, which could have a material and adverse effect on our reputation, business, operating results and prospects. In addition, responding to successor vendors, respectively, we could face logistical, scalingany enforcement action or related investigation may result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees.
Our employees, collaborators and other personnel may engage in misconduct or other challenges that may adversely affect supply. Furthermore, in order to ultimately obtain and maintain applicable regulatory approvals, any manufacturers we utilize are required to consistently produce the respectiveimproper activities, which could have a material adverse impact on our business.
We also rely on third-party service providers for certain warehousing, transportation, sales, order processing, distribution and cash collection services. With regard to the distribution of our compounds, we depend on third-party distributors to act in accordance with GDP, and the distribution process and facilities are subject to continuing regulation by applicable regulatory authorities with respect to the distribution and storage of products.
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Various laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Any such failure and/or any failure by us to monitor their services and to plan for and manage our short and long term requirements underlying such servicesmisconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in shortageregulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. We have adopted a code of the compound, delays in or cessation of clinical trials, failureconduct applicable to obtain or revocation of product approvals or authorizations, product recalls, withdrawal or seizure of products, suspension of an applicable wholesale distribution authorization and/or distribution of products, operating restrictions, injunctions, suspension of licenses, other administrative or judicial sanctions (including civil penalties and/or criminal prosecution) and/or unanticipated related expenditures to resolve shortcomings. Such consequences could have a significant impact on our business, financial condition, operating results or prospects.
Risks Related to a new president and chief executive officer.Our Intellectual Property
If any of our license agreements for intellectual property underlying our compoundsproduct candidates are terminated, we may lose the right to develop or market that product.product candidate.
We have acquired or licensed intellectual property from third parties, including patent applications and patents relating to intellectual property for PIXUVRI, pacritinib and tosedostat.pacritinib. Some of our product development programs depend on our ability to maintain rights under these arrangements.license agreements relating to this licensed intellectual property. Each licensor of this intellectual property has the power to terminate its agreement with us if we fail to meet our obligations under these licenses. We may not be able to meet our obligations under these licenses.that agreement. If we default under any license agreement,of these agreements, we may lose our right to market and sell any products based on the intellectual property licensed technologyunder these agreements and may be forced to cease operations, liquidate our assets and possibly seek bankruptcy protection. Bankruptcy may result in the termination of agreements pursuant to which we license certain intellectual property rights.these agreements.
We hold rights under numerous patents that we have acquired or licensed or that protect inventions originating from our research and development, and the expiration of any of these patents may allowwould enable our competitors to copyuse the inventions that are currently protected.the subject of such patents in competition with us.
We dedicate significant resources to protecting our intellectual property, which is important to our business. We have filed numerous patent applications in the U.S.United States and various other countries seeking protection of inventions originating from our research and development, and we have also obtained rights to various patents and patent applications under licenses with third parties and through acquisitions. Patents have been issued on many of these applications. We have pending patent applications or issued patents in the U.S.United States and foreign countries directed to PIXUVRI, pacritinib tosedostat and other product candidates. However, the lives of these patents are limited. Patents for the individual products extend for varying periods according to the date of the patent filing or grant and the legal term of patents in the various countries where patent protection is obtained.
In the absence of aaddition to our patent rights, we would,rely, to the extent possible, need to rely on unpatented technology,trade secret and contractual protections for our know-how and confidential information.other unpatented technology. Ultimately, to the lack or expiration atextent any given time of aour product candidates are not protected by patent to protect our compounds may allowrights our competitors would be free to copy the underlyinguse inventions and betterembodied in our product candidates to which they have access to compete with us.
If we fail to adequately protect our intellectual property, our competitive position and the potential for long-term success could be harmed.
Development and protection of our intellectual property are critical to our business. If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property, competitors may be able to practice our technologies. Our success dependstechnologies, including the inventions embodied in part on our ability to:product candidates.
We also rely upon trade secrets to protect our proprietary know-how and continuing technological innovation to enable us to remain competitive. Third parties may independently develop such know-how or innovations or otherwise obtain access to oursuch know-how or technology. While
we require our employees, consultants, and corporate partners and other third parties with access to our proprietary information to enter into confidentiality agreements, these agreements may not be honored.honored and may be difficult to enforce.
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Patent litigation is widespread in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry, and any patent litigation in which we become involved could harm our business.
Moreover, third parties may challenge the patents that have been issued or licensed to us. We do not believe that PIXUVRI, pacritinib or any of the other compounds we are currently developing infringe upon the rights of any third parties nor do we believe that they are materially infringed upon by third parties; however, thereThere can be no assurance that our technologyproduct candidates or technologies will not be found in the future to infringe upon the rights of others or be infringed upon by others. In such a case, others may assert infringement claims against us, and should we be found to infringe upon their patents, or otherwise impermissibly utilize their intellectual property, we might be forced to pay damages, potentially including treble damages, if we are found to have willfully infringed on such parties’ patent rights.damages. In addition to any damages we might have to pay, we may be required to obtain licenses from the holders of this intellectual property, enter into royalty agreements or redesign our compounds so as not to utilize this intellectual property, each of which may prove to be uneconomical or otherwise impossible. Conversely, we may not always be able to successfully pursue our claims against others that infringe upon our technology and the technology exclusively licensed from any third parties. Thus, the proprietary nature of our technology or technology licensed by us may not provide adequate protection against competitors.
Furthermore, our employees may be subject to claims that we or these employees have used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of the former employers. If we are unsuccessful in our defense of such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose the right to use valuable intellectual property rights relating to our product candidates or technologies. A loss of key research personnel work product could hamper or prevent our ability to commercialize certain potential products, which could severely harm our business. Even if infringementsuch claims against us are without merit, or if we challenge the validity of issued patents that are asserted against us, lawsuits in which such claims could be asserted or challenges could be made take significant time, may, even if resolved in our favor, be expensive and divert management attention from other business concerns.activities requiring attention. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation relating to intellectual property could limit our ability to continue our operations.
We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.
Filing, prosecuting, enforcing and defending patents on our product or product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our or our licensors’ intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we and our licensors may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our and our licensors’ inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our and our licensors’ inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our and our licensors’ technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we and our licensors have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our product and product candidates and our and our licensors’ patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
The illegal distributionmarket price of shares of our common stock is extremely volatile, which may affect our ability to raise capital in the future and sale by third partiesmay subject the value of counterfeit versionsyour investment in our securities to sudden decreases.
The market price for securities of biopharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, including ours, historically has been highly volatile, and the market from time to time has experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are unrelated to the operating performance of such companies. For example, during the 12-month period ended March 10, 2021, our stock price ranged from a productlow of $0.62 to a high of $4.03. Fluctuations in the market price or stolen product couldliquidity of our common stock may harm the value of your investment in our common stock. The Nasdaq Stock Market, or the Nasdaq, and biopharmaceutical companies in particular, have a negative impact on our reputationexperienced extreme price and business.
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We may owe additional amounts for VATrelatednot be able to maintain our operations in Europe.
We have in the interim, the ITA were to make a demand for payment and we were to be unsuccessful in suspending collection efforts, we may be requested to pay to the ITA an amount up to €3.9 million or approximately $4.7 million converted using the currency exchange rate as of December 31, 2017, plus collection fees, notification expenses and additional interest for the period lapsed between the date in which the assessments were issued and the date of effective payment.
Future financing, strategic and other activities may require us to increase the number of authorized shares in our certificate of incorporation. An inability to secure requisite stockholder approval for such increases could materially and adversely impact our ability to fund our operations.
At our 2020 annual meeting of stockholders, we sought and received approval of an amendment to our certificate of incorporation to increase the total number of authorized shares and the total number of authorized shares of our common stock and we may seek approval to increase the number of authorized shares again in the future. Without future additional proceedings and/or allegationsincreases in the number of wrong-doing,authorized shares, we may be constrained in our ability to raise capital when needed, and may lose important business opportunities, which could adversely affect our financial performance, growth and ability to continue our operations. Even if we obtain approval to further increase the number of authorized shares, we are required under the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules to obtain stockholder approval for certain issuances of additional equity securities. However, we might not be successful in obtaining the required stockholder approval for any future issuance that requires stockholder approval pursuant to applicable rules and regulations. If we are unable to obtain financing or our financing options are limited due to stockholder approval difficulties, such failure may harm our financial conditionability to continue operations.
Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents, under Delaware law and operating results.in other applicable instruments could make removal of incumbent management or an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult.
If we fail to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, which could adversely effect on investoraffect our investors' confidence, our business and the trading prices of our securities.
If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, we may be unable to provide financial information in a timely and reliable manner within the time periods required for our financial reporting under SEC rules and regulations. Internal controls over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements or omissions in our financial statements because of their inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error, the circumvention or overriding of controls or fraud. We have recently implemented a reduction in force in 2018, which may result in changes to occur in our internal controls over financial reporting. The changes could relate to different employees performing internal control activities than those who have previously performed those activities or revisions to our actual control activities as we evaluate the appropriate internal control structure after our workforce reduction. A changing internal control environment increases the risk that our system of internal controls is not designed effectively or that internal control activities will not occur as designed. The occurrence of or failure to remediate a significant deficiency material weakness may adversely affect our reputation and business and the market price of shares of our common stock.
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Raising additional capital could cause you to reduce future income tax liability.
As of December 31, 2020, options to purchase 15,595,933 shares of our common stock uponwith a weighted-average exercise price of $2.09 per share were outstanding. The exercise of outstanding warrants,any of these options would result in dilution to current stockholders. Further, because we will need to raise additional capital to fund our operations and clinical development programs, we may further limit our ability to use our net operating losses.
These future issuances of common stock or common stock-related securities, together with the exercise of outstanding options and financial condition.any additional shares of common stock issued in connection with acquisitions, if any, may result in further dilution to our existing stockholders, and new investors could gain rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock.
The trading market for our common stock. Sharesstock is influenced by the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If too few securities or industry analysts cover our company, the market price of our common stock will also rank junior to any shares ofwould likely be negatively impacted. If securities and industry analysts who cover us downgrade our preferredcommon stock that we may issue inor publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the future.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
We currently lease approximately 66,000 square feet of space at 3101 Western Avenue in Seattle, Washington. The lease commenced in May 2012 and expires in April 2022. Approximately 44,000 square feet of space at this address has been subleased commencing December 2017 and ending April 2022. We also lease approximately 4,700 square feet of warehouse space in Seattle, Washington under a lease expiring in May 2018. We believe our existing and planned facilities are adequate to meet our present requirements. We anticipate that additional space will be available, when needed, on commercially reasonable terms.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related ShareholderStockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Our common stock is currently traded under the symbol “CTIC” on the NASDAQ Capital Market. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low reported sales prices per share of our common stock as reported on the NASDAQNasdaq Capital Market.
| High | Low | ||||||
| 2016 | |||||||
| First Quarter | $ | 13.20 | $ | 2.51 | |||
| Second Quarter | $ | 5.80 | $ | 3.07 | |||
| Third Quarter | $ | 4.58 | $ | 3.16 | |||
| Fourth Quarter | $ | 5.80 | $ | 3.60 | |||
| 2017 | |||||||
| First Quarter | $ | 6.48 | $ | 3.87 | |||
| Second Quarter | $ | 4.52 | $ | 2.70 | |||
| Third Quarter | $ | 3.84 | $ | 3.07 | |||
| Fourth Quarter | $ | 3.45 | $ | 2.45 | |||
Dividend Policy
We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock and do not currently anticipate declaring or paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance operations. Any future determination relating to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on a number of factors, including future earnings, capital requirements, financial conditions, future prospects, contractual restrictions and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant.
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| Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) | Average Price Paid per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Programs | Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs | ||||||||
| October 1 – October 31, 2017 | 6,799 | $ | 3.31 | — | — | |||||||
| November 1 – November 30, 2017 | 345 | $ | 2.79 | — | — | |||||||
| December 1 – December 31, 2017 | 775 | $ | 2.63 | — | — | |||||||
| Total | 7,919 | $ | 3.22 | — | — | |||||||
| 12/31/2012 | 12/31/2013 | 12/31/2014 | 12/31/2015 | 12/30/2016 | 12/29/2017 | ||||||||||||||||||
| CTI BioPharma Corp. | $ | 100.00 | $ | 146.92 | $ | 181.54 | $ | 94.62 | $ | 31.35 | $ | 20.62 | |||||||||||
| NASDAQ Stock Index (U.S.) | $ | 100.00 | $ | 133.48 | $ | 150.12 | $ | 150.84 | $ | 170.46 | $ | 206.91 | |||||||||||
| NASDAQ Pharmaceutical Index | $ | 100.00 | $ | 135.68 | $ | 165.28 | $ | 174.27 | $ | 172.37 | $ | 205.33 | |||||||||||
Item 6. Selected Financial Data
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||||||||
| (In thousands, except per share data) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: | |||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues: | |||||||||||||||||||
| Product sales, net(1) | $ | 853 | $ | 4,127 | $ | 3,472 | $ | 6,909 | $ | 2,314 | |||||||||
| License and contract revenue(2) | 24,293 | 53,278 | 12,644 | 53,168 | 32,364 | ||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | 25,146 | 57,405 | 16,116 | 60,077 | 34,678 | ||||||||||||||
| Operating costs and expenses: | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of product sold(1) | 364 | 1,377 | 1,940 | 895 | 137 | ||||||||||||||
| Research and development | 32,866 | 64,961 | 76,627 | 64,596 | 33,624 | ||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 31,435 | 45,306 | 53,962 | 56,241 | 42,443 | ||||||||||||||
| Acquired in-process research and development(3) | — | — | — | 21,859 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Other operating (income) expense, net | — | (5,077 | ) | 253 | 2,719 | — | |||||||||||||
| Total operating costs and expenses, net | 64,665 | 106,567 | 132,782 | 146,310 | 76,204 | ||||||||||||||
| Loss from operations | (39,519 | ) | (49,162 | ) | (116,666 | ) | (86,233 | ) | (41,526 | ) | |||||||||
| Non-operating income (expense): | |||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (1,872 | ) | (2,614 | ) | (2,104 | ) | (1,947 | ) | (1,026 | ) | |||||||||
| Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs | (163 | ) | (214 | ) | (390 | ) | (729 | ) | (513 | ) | |||||||||
| Foreign exchange gain (loss) | 817 | (484 | ) | (703 | ) | (4,435 | ) | 61 | |||||||||||
| Other non-operating expense | (94 | ) | (479 | ) | (900 | ) | (885 | ) | (546 | ) | |||||||||
| Total non-operating expense, net | (1,312 | ) | (3,791 | ) | (4,097 | ) | (7,996 | ) | (2,024 | ) | |||||||||
| Net loss before noncontrolling interest | (40,831 | ) | (52,953 | ) | (120,763 | ) | (94,229 | ) | (43,550 | ) | |||||||||
| Noncontrolling interest | 161 | 944 | 1,341 | 862 | 807 | ||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to CTI | (40,670 | ) | (52,009 | ) | (119,422 | ) | (93,367 | ) | (42,743 | ) | |||||||||
| Deemed dividends on preferred stock | (4,350 | ) | — | (3,200 | ) | (2,625 | ) | (6,900 | ) | ||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to common shareholders | $ | (45,020 | ) | $ | (52,009 | ) | $ | (122,622 | ) | $ | (95,992 | ) | $ | (49,643 | ) | ||||
| Basic and diluted net loss per common share(4) | $ | (1.24 | ) | $ | (1.86 | ) | $ | (6.51 | ) | $ | (6.46 | ) | $ | (4.35 | ) | ||||
Shares used in calculation of basic and diluted net loss per common share(4) | 36,445 | 27,948 | 18,837 | 14,853 | 11,419 | ||||||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated Balance Sheets Data: | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 43,218 | $ | 44,002 | $ | 128,182 | $ | 70,933 | $ | 71,639 | |||||||||
| Working capital | 27,666 | 15,178 | 62,566 | 44,165 | 60,446 | ||||||||||||||
| Total assets | 54,886 | 63,843 | 144,197 | 92,122 | 93,464 | ||||||||||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt(5) | 444 | 7,949 | 37,371 | 9,014 | 3,155 | ||||||||||||||
| Long-term debt, less current portion(5) | 13,575 | 11,311 | 19,124 | 8,198 | 9,893 | ||||||||||||||
| Other liabilities | 5,469 | 3,615 | 4,141 | 5,882 | 5,657 | ||||||||||||||
| Common stock purchase warrants | — | — | — | 1,445 | 13,461 | ||||||||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | (2,195,346 | ) | (2,150,326 | ) | (2,098,317 | ) | (1,975,695 | ) | (1,879,703 | ) | |||||||||
| Total shareholders’ equity | 16,090 | 7,757 | 47,413 | 38,478 | 42,758 | ||||||||||||||
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical information, some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, future financial performance, expense levels and liquidity sources, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should read the “Risk Factors” section of this report for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.
Overview
We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on the acquisition, development and commercialization of novel targeted therapies covering a spectrum offor blood-related cancers that offer a unique benefit to patients and their healthcare providers. Our goal is to build a profitable company by generating income from products we develop and commercialize, either alone or with partners. We are currently concentratingconcentrate our efforts on treatments that target blood-related cancers where there is an unmet medical need. In particular, we are primarily focused on evaluating pacritinib, our sole product candidate currently in active development, for the treatment of adult patients with myelofibrosis and the further development of PIXUVRI worldwide,myelofibrosis. In addition, we have recently started developing pacritinib for which our partner, Les Laboratoires Servier and Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, or collectively Servier, has commercialization rights outside the United States.
Pacritinib is an investigational oral kinase inhibitor with specificity for the treatmentJAK2, IRAK1 and CSF1R. The JAK family of adult patients with multiply relapsed or refractory aggressive B-cell NHL. The trialenzymes is being conducted as a post-authorization requirement of conditional marketing authorization. If positive, the results from this trial could support broader indications. Top-line resultscentral component in signal transduction pathways, which are expected by the end of the first half of 2018.
We have historically funded our operations through the U.S. The increase in product sales,sale of equity securities, funding received from our licensees and collaborators and debt financing. We do not expect to achieve or sustain profitability for the foreseeable future. We had a net loss of $0.7$52.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the year ended2020 and an accumulated deficit of $2.3 billion as of December 31, 2015 was2020, primarily due to pricing and volume variances between the periods presented, partially offset by a decline in the average exchange rate of the British pound for our pound-denominated sales.
| Years ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||
| Servier | Milestone and license revenue | $ | 12,665 | $ | 7,998 | $ | 1,702 | |||||
| Development services revenue | 1,098 | 639 | 103 | |||||||||
| Royalty revenue | 530 | 204 | 24 | |||||||||
| Total Servier | 14,293 | 8,841 | 1,829 | |||||||||
| Teva | Milestones revenue | 10,000 | — | 10,000 | ||||||||
| Total Teva | 10,000 | — | 10,000 | |||||||||
| Baxalta | Milestone and license revenue | — | 32,000 | — | ||||||||
| Development services revenue | — | 12,437 | 815 | |||||||||
| Total Baxalta | — | 44,437 | 815 | |||||||||
| Total license and contract revenue | $ | 24,293 | $ | 53,278 | $ | 12,644 | ||||||
| Years ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
| Compounds under development: | |||||||||||
| PIXUVRI | $ | 7,419 | $ | 12,009 | $ | 14,465 | |||||
| Pacritinib | 13,135 | 32,150 | 36,152 | ||||||||
| Opaxio | (18 | ) | 98 | 626 | |||||||
| Tosedostat | (3 | ) | 1,587 | 920 | |||||||
| Operating expenses | 12,286 | 18,494 | 23,212 | ||||||||
| Research and preclinical development | 47 | 623 | 1,252 | ||||||||
| Total research and development expenses | $ | 32,866 | $ | 64,961 | $ | 76,627 | |||||
We have incurred significant operating losses to date and certain other manufacturing costsexpect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for at least the next 12 to 24 months. We anticipate that our expenses will increase as we:
•continue our research and clinical development of PIXUVRI were capitalized as inventory. Operating expenses include personnel costspacritinib;
•seek regulatory and an allocation of occupancy, depreciation and amortization expenses associated with developing these compounds. Research and preclinical development costs primarily include costs associated with external laboratory services associated with the compound under development by Aequus Biopharma, Inc. We are not able to capture the total cost of each compound because we do not allocate operating expenses to all of our compounds. External direct costs incurred by us as of December 31, 2017 were $127.8 million for PIXUVRI (excluding costs prior to our 2004 merger with Novuspharma S.p.A, formerly a public pharmaceutical company located in Italy), $128.3 millionmarketing approvals for pacritinib (excluding costsif we successfully complete the remainder of its anticipated clinical development paths;
•maintain, protect and expand our intellectual property portfolio; and
•prepare for pacritinib prior to our acquisitionand execute the commercialization of certain assets from S*BIO in May 2012 and $29.1 million of in-process research and development expenses associated with the acquisition of certain assets from S*BIO), $228.0 million for Opaxio and $13.9 million for tosedostat (excluding costs for tosedostat prior to our co-development and license agreement with Chroma Therapeutics Limited, or Chroma, in 2011 and $21.9 million of inprocess research and development expenses associated with the acquisition of certain assets from Chroma).pacritinib.
Factors Affecting Our Performance
Research and development expenses decreased to $32.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $65.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease of $32.1 million was primarily attributed to to a $19.0 million decrease in pacritinib development costs as a result of the full clinical hold, a $4.6 million reduction of PIXUVRI trial costs and medical affairs and manufacturing activities in the E.U., a $1.6 million decrease in tosedostat drug manufacturing and development costs, a $6.2 million decrease in operating expenses associated with supporting our research and development efforts primarily due to a decline in personnel and a $0.7 million decrease in other development costs.Development Activities
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to provide the nature, timing and estimated costs of the efforts necessary to complete the development of pacritinib
Additionally, we continue to evaluate and manage the impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic on our operations and the conduct of our clinical trials, including considerations of the vulnerable nature of the patient population participating in our trials, reduced or halted activities at our clinical trial sites, and an increase in fatalities or other adverse events due to medical problems related to the COVID-19 global pandemic and the benefits of continued patient access to pacritinib. Even after a clinical trial is enrolled, preclinical and clinical data can be interpreted in different ways, which could delay, limit or preclude regulatory approval and advancement of this compound through the development process.
Regulatory agencies, including the FDA and EMA, regulate many aspects of a product candidate’s life cycle, including research and development and preclinical and clinical testing. We or regulatory authorities may suspend clinical trials at any time on the basis that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks. For example,In addition, based on February 8, 2016,our interactions with regulatory authorities, we have sought, and may in the FDA placed a fullfuture seek, changes to the protocol of clinical hold on pacritinib.trials if we believe such changes may enhance the probability of approval or are necessary to protect patient safety. Such changes, if any, would impact the size, timing and cost of clinical development. Even if our drugs progressa product candidate progresses successfully through initial human testing in clinical trials, theyit may fail in later stages of development. development, including as a result of a failure to adequately demonstrate safety or efficacy to the satisfaction of applicable regulatory authorities.A number of companies in the pharmaceutical industry, including us, have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials, even after reporting promising results in earlier trials. For these reasons, among others, we cannot estimate the date on which clinical development of ourany product candidatescandidate will be completed, if ever, or when we will generate material net cash inflows from PIXUVRI or be able to begin commercializing pacritinib tosedostat or Opaxio to generate material net cash inflows. In order to generate revenue from any of these compounds, ourany product candidates needcandidate needs to be developed to a stage that will enable us to commercialize, sell or license related marketing rights to third parties.
We may also enter into collaboration agreements for the development and commercialization of our product candidates. We cannot control the amount and timing of resources our collaborators devote to product candidates, which may also result in delays in the development or marketing of products. Because of these risks and uncertainties, we cannot accurately predict when or whether we will successfully complete the development of any of our product candidates or the ultimate product development cost.costs.
The risks and uncertainties associated with completing development on schedule and the consequences to operations, financial position and liquidity if the project is not timely completed are discussed in more detail in our risk factors, which can be found in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”Factors” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Our license and administrative expenses. Selling, generalcontract revenues reflect the earned amount of upfront payments and administrative expensesmilestone payments under our product collaborations. We did not have any revenue for the year ended December 31, 2020. Total revenues were $31.4$3.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared2019. Loss from operations was $47.8 million and $40.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Results of operations may vary substantially from year to $45.3year and from quarter to quarter and, as a result, you should not rely on them as being indicative of our future performance.
As of December 31, 2020, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $52.5 million.
Results of Operations
Years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
License and contract revenues. License and contract revenues are summarized as follows (in thousands):
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| Years ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Servier | Development services revenue | $ | — | $ | 99 | |||||||||||||||
| Royalty revenue | — | 446 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other revenue | — | 2,800 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | — | $ | 3,345 | ||||||||||||||||
License and contract revenues for the year ended December 31, 2019 included $0.1 million of development services revenue relating to the reimbursement of certain regulatory agency costs. Other revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019 included a one-time revenue in the amount of $2.2 million recognized in connection with the Asset Purchase Agreement with Les Laboratoires Servier and Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, or collectively Servier. In addition, other revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019 included $0.6 million of revenue related to transition period activities pursuant to the terms of the Termination Agreement with Servier.
Operating costs and expenses
Research and development expenses. Our research and development expenses for compounds under development and preclinical development were as follows (in thousands):
| Years ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||
| Compounds under development: | |||||||||||||||||
| Pacritinib | $ | 20,463 | $ | 16,706 | |||||||||||||
| PIXUVRI | — | 1,290 | |||||||||||||||
| Unallocated operating expenses | 5,480 | 6,111 | |||||||||||||||
| Total research and development expenses | $ | 25,943 | $ | 24,107 | |||||||||||||
Costs for our compounds include external direct expenses such as principal investigator fees, charges from contract research organizations, or CROs, and contract manufacturing fees incurred for preclinical, clinical, manufacturing and regulatory activities associated with preparing the compounds for submissions of NDAs or similar regulatory filings to the FDA, the EMA or other regulatory agencies outside the United States and Europe, as well as upfront license fees for acquired technology. Operating expenses include our personnel costs and an allocation of occupancy, depreciation and amortization expenses associated with developing our compounds. We are not able to capture the total cost of each compound because we do not allocate operating expenses to all of our compounds. Cumulative to date external direct costs incurred by us through December 31, 2020 were $183.4 million for pacritinib (excluding costs for pacritinib prior to our acquisition of certain assets from S*BIO in May 2012 and $29.1 million of in-process research and development expenses associated with the acquisition of certain assets from S*BIO). We do not anticipate incurring additional expenses related to PIXUVRI, as the Amended and Restated Exclusive License and Collaboration Agreement, or the Restated Agreement, with Servier was terminated in February 2019, and all of our rights and responsibilities for PIXUVRI were transferred and assigned globally to Servier pursuant to the Asset Purchase Agreement with Servier during the year ended December 31, 2019.
Research and development expenses increased to $25.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 and $54.02020 compared to $24.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015.
2019. The decrease in 2017 from 2016increase of $1.8 million between periods was primarily due to decreases of $11.2 million in personnel costs, $0.7 million in travel costs, $0.2 million in professional fees for marketing initiatives related to our drug candidate, pacritnib, $0.4 million in pacritnib promotional costs previously shared with our collaboration partner, Baxalta, $0.4 million in other professional services associated with PIXUVRI, $1.6 million in legal fees, $0.3 million in general administrative costs and $0.3 million in other expenses. These decreases were offset by $1.2 million primarily relatedattributable to a loss associated with the December 2017 sublease of approximately 44,000 square feet of our office space.
Restructuring expenses. In December 2018, we announced a plan to Novartis as a resultreduce our workforce in order to improve efficiencies, reduce costs within the organization and preserve capital for pacritinib development. For the year ended December
38
31, 2019, we recorded $0.8 million of the milestone achieved under the same agreement in February 2015 relatingrestructuring expenses related to the reimbursement approval for PIXUVRI in Spain.employee separation costs. There waswere no other operating expense or incomesuch expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017. Certain payments are required under2020 as we fully recognized the Novartis Termination Agreement.restructuring expenses during the first quarter of 2019.
Other operating expenses. Other operating expense of $4.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 relates to a full provision for uncollectability of our Italian VAT receivables and deposit. See Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 11. Collaboration, Licensing1. Description of Business and Milestone Agreements" Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - Italian Value Added Tax Receivable for further details. There was no such expense for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Non-operating income and expenses
Interest income. Interest income was $0.2 million and $1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Interest income was primarily related to our short-term investments and cash equivalent securities. The change was primarily due to decreases in short-term investments and interest rates for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to 2019.
Interest expense. Interest expense iswas $0.5 million and $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Interest expense was related to our secured term loan. The change between periods primarily relates to a lower average loan principal balance outstanding as well as a lower average interest rate during the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to 2019.
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs. Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs of $0.5 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, were primarily related to our senior secured term loans and was $1.9 million, $2.6 million and $2.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Interest expense decreased by $0.7 million between 2016 and 2017 primarily due to the declining principal balance and refinancingloan.
(Loss) gain on dissolution of our senior secured term
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We have funded our operations with proceeds from the sales and restricted cash. the issuance of equity securities, payments pursuant to license and collaboration agreements and the incurrence of debt. As of December 31, 2017,2020, we had $43.2$52.5 million in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash.short-term investments.
Rights offering. In March 2020, we issued 15.7 million shares of our common stock at a $1.00 per share price and 4,429 shares of our Series X Preferred Stock at a $10,000 per share price, collecting net proceeds of $59.1 million upon completion of our rights offering.
At-The-Market Equity Offering. In November 2019, we entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement℠ with Jefferies LLC to sell shares of our common stock, having aggregate sales proceeds of up to $15.0 million, from time to time, through an “at the market” equity offering program under which Jefferies acted as sales agent. In November and December 2020, we sold 2.1 million shares of our common stock for net proceeds of approximately $7.2 million after compensation to Jefferies. As discussed in Note 16. Subsequent Events to our consolidated financial statements, in January 2021 we entered into a new Open Market Sale Agreement℠ with Jefferies LLC to sell shares of our common stock having aggregate sales proceeds of up to $50.0 million, and received approximately $3.0 million in net proceeds as of the date of filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Loan Agreement. In November 2017, we entered into a Loan and Security Agreement with Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB, which agreement was amended in May 2018, the proceeds of which were partially used to repay in full all outstanding indebtedness under our Loan and Security Agreement, dated March 26, 2013, as amended, with Hercules Technology Growth Capital, Inc., or Hercules (and certain of its affiliates). As of December 31, 2020, we had an outstanding principal balance under our secured term loan agreement of $4.9 million. We are required to pay interest plus principal payments in the approximate amount of $0.5 million per month until November 1, 2021, with the final principal plus interest payment totaling approximately $0.4 million as well as a back-end fee of $1.4 million. These borrowings are secured by a first priority security interest on substantially all of our personal property except our intellectual property and subject to certain other exceptions. In addition, the secured term loan agreement requires us to comply with restrictive covenants, including those that limit our operating flexibility
39
and ability to borrow additional funds. A failure to make a required loan payment or a covenant breach could lead to an event of default, and in such case, all amounts then outstanding may become due and payable immediately.
Historical Cash Flows
Net cash used in operating activities. Net cash used in operating activities totaled $39.3was $42.2 million $76.7 million and $95.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The decrease in net cash used in operating activities forduring the year ended December 31, 2017 as2020 compared to $27.8 million for the same period in 20162019. The increase was primarily due to revenue generated in 2019, the decrease in researchtiming of payments and accruals and the 2019 collection of 2018 receivables from license and development and selling, general and administrative expenses, and an increase in license and contract revenue receipts. The decrease in net cash used in operating activities forservices arrangements. During the year ended December 31, 20162019, we received €3.0 million (or $3.3 million using the currency exchange rate as comparedof the date of cash receipt) relating to the same periodattainment of a regulatory milestone in 2015 was primarily dueNovember 2018 under the Restated Agreement with Servier and also collected $10.0 million from Teva relating to increased receipts from license and contract revenue and decreases in spending for research and development and selling, general and administrative expenses, as well as timingthe December 2018 achievement of cash payments related to operating activities between the two periods.a worldwide net sales milestone of TRISENOX.
Net cash used in(used in) provided by investing activities. Net cash used in investing activities totaled $38,000, $0.1was $9.6 million and $0.1 million forduring the yearsyear ended December 31, 2017, 20162020, and 2015, respectively andnet cash provided by investing activities was $28.1 million during the same period in 2019. The change was primarily relatesdue to purchasesthe amounts of property and equipment.short-term investments matured between periods.
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities. Net cash provided by financing activities totaled $39.0 million and $152.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2015, respectively. Net cash used in financing activities was $7.4$61.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.
In October 2016, we resumed primary responsibility for the development and commercialization of pacritinib as a result of the termination of the Pacritinib License Agreement. We currently have no commitments or arrangements for any additional financing to fund the development and commercial launch of pacritinib, and we may need to seek additional funding. The development and commercialization of a major product candidate like pacritinib without a collaborative partner will require a substantial amount of our time and financial resources, and as a result, we could experience a decrease in our liquidity and a new demand on our capital resources. For additional information relating to the Pacritinib License Agreement, see Part II,I, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 11. Collaboration, Licensing and Milestone Agreements." which is incorporated herein by reference.1, “Business - License Agreements - Baxalta” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Capital Resources
We have prepared our consolidated financial statements assuming that we will continue as a going concern, which contemplates realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. WeHowever, we believe that, as of the date of the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our present financial resources together with payments projected to be received under certain contractual agreements and our ability to control costs, will only be sufficient to fund our operations throughinto the firstsecond quarter of 2020. However,2021. This raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern and we will need to raise substantial additional capital in the near term in order to fund our operations through and beyond the second quarter of 2021 and to continue as a going concern thereafter. See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our assessment. Further, we have incurred net losses since inception and expect to generate losses for the foreseeable future, primarily due to research and development costs for PIXUVRI, pacritinib, and tosedostat.pacritinib. Because of our reacquisition of worldwide rights for pacritinib, we are no longer be eligible to receive cost sharing or milestone payments for pacritinib’s development from Baxalta, and losses related to research and development for pacritinib will increase.have increased. We have historically funded our operations through equity financings, borrowings and funds obtained under product collaborations, any or all of which may not be available to us in the future.
As of December 31, 2017,2020, our available cash, cash equivalents and restricted cashshort-term investment totaled $43.2$52.5 million. We had an outstanding principal balance under our senior secured term loan agreement of $16.0 million. In February 2018, we received approximately $64.2$4.9 million in net proceeds from the public offeringas of common stock as discussed in Part II, Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 21. Subsequent Events," which is incorporated herein by reference. In addition, we received a $10.0 million milestone payment from Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. relating to the achievement of a milestone for FDA approval of TRISENOX for first line treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia.December 31, 2020.
Financial resource forecasts are subject to change as a result of a variety of risks and uncertainties. Changes in manufacturing, developments in and expenses associated with our clinical trials and the other factors identified under “Capital Requirements” below may consume capital resources earlier than planned. Additionally, following our and Servier’s mutual termination of our collaborative agreement, we may notare no longer eligible to receive anticipatedadditional revenues or payments from Servier relating to PIXUVRI. Although we received a $10.0 million milestone payments or achieve projectedpayment from Teva in February 2019, which was recognized as revenue in 2018 relating to the achievement of a worldwide net sales from PIXUVRI.milestone of TRISENOX, the achievement of the remaining milestones is uncertain at this time. Due to these and other factors, the foregoing forecast for the period for which we will have sufficient resources to fund our operations may fail.be inaccurate.
Capital Requirements
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We maywill need to acquire additional funds in order to develop our business.business and continue the development of pacritinib. We may seek to raise such capital through public or private equity financings, partnerships, collaborations, joint ventures, disposition of assets, debt financings or restructurings, bank borrowings or other sources of financing. However, we have a limited number of authorized shares of common stock available for issuance and additional funding may not be available on favorable terms or at all. If additional funds are raised by issuing equity securities, substantial dilution to existing shareholdersstockholders may result. If we fail to obtain additional capital when needed, our ability to operate as a going concern will be harmed, and we may be required to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of our research and development programs and/or reduce our selling, general and administrative expenses, be unable to attract and retain highly qualified personnel, be unable to obtain and maintain contracts necessary to continue our operations and at affordable rates with competitive terms, refrain from making our contractually required payments when due (including debt payments) and/or may be forced to cease operations, liquidate our assets and possibly seek bankruptcy protection.
Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:
•disruptions or other delays to our business and clinical trials resulting from the ongoing worldwide COVID-19 pandemic;
•developments in and expenses associated with our research and development activities;
•changes in manufacturing;
•our clinical development plans and any changes that we may initiate or that may be requested by the FDA or other assets;regulators;
•regulatory approval developments;
•our ability to generate sales of PIXUVRI in the U.S.;any approved product;
•our ability to execute appropriate collaborations for development and commercialization activities;
•our ability to reach milestones triggering payments under certain of our contractual arrangements;
•acquisitions of compounds or other assets;
•litigation and other disputes;
•competitive market developments; and
•other unplanned business developments.
| Contractual Obligations | Payments Due by Period | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total | Less than 1 Year | 1-3 Years | 4-5 Years | More than 5 Years | |||||||||||||||
| Operating leases: | |||||||||||||||||||
| Facilities (1) | $ | 11,051 | $ | 2,487 | $ | 5,116 | $ | 3,448 | $ | — | |||||||||
| Long-term debt (2) | 16,000 | 444 | 10,667 | 4,889 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Interest on long-term debt (2) | 2,696 | 1,039 | 1,484 | 173 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Purchase commitments (3) | 3,349 | 3,349 | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Other obligations (4) | 2,876 | 1,436 | — | 1,440 | — | ||||||||||||||
| $ | 35,972 | $ | 8,755 | $ | 17,267 | $ | 9,950 | $ | — | ||||||||||
Impact of Inflation
In the opinion of management, inflation has not had a material effect on our operations including selling prices, capital expenditures and operating expenses.operations.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Management makes certain judgments and uses certain estimates and assumptions when applying accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S.United States in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements. We evaluate our estimates and judgments on an on-going basis and base our estimates on historical experience and on assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our experience and assumptions form the basis for our judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Given the global economic climate and additional or unforeseen effects from the COVID-19 pandemic, these estimates are becoming more challenging. Actual results may vary from what we anticipate and different assumptions or estimates about the future could change our reported results. We believe the following estimates are the most critical to us, in that they are important to the portrayal of our consolidated financial statements and require our subjective or complex judgment in the preparation of our consolidated financial statementsstatements:
Research and Development Expenses
We accrue expenses for clinical trial activities performed by CROs based upon the estimated amount of work completed on each trial. The significant factors used in estimating accruals include the number of patients enrolled, the number of active clinical sites, clinical milestones achieved, the duration for which the patients have been enrolled in the trial, and other criteria
41
related to the efforts of our vendors. We monitor patient enrollment levels and related activities to the extent possible through internal reviews, review of contractual terms and correspondence with CROs. We base our estimates on the best information available at the time. However, these estimates will be subject to change as additional information becomes available, which will allow us to make a more accurate estimate in future periods. In that event, we may be required to record adjustments to research and development expenses in future periods when the actual level of activity becomes more certain. Amounts ultimately incurred in relation to amounts accrued for these services may be substantially higher or lower than our estimates. Depending on the timing of payments to vendors and estimated services provided, we record net prepaid or accrued expenses related to these costs.
Leases
Our operating lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As our leases do not provide a readily determinable implicit rate of return, we use our incremental borrowing rate to derive the present value of lease payments, which is the rate of interest that we would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. The other areas that would involve our significant judgment and estimates include the determination of whether an arrangement is a lease or contains a lease, identification of lease modifications and reassessment events, and impairment of right-of-use assets.
Equity-based Compensation Expense
Equity-based compensation expense for all equity-based payment awards made to employees and directors is recognized and measured based on estimated fair values. For option valuations, we have elected to utilize the Black-Scholes valuation method in order to estimate the fair value of options on the date of grant. The risk-free interest rate is based on the implied yield currently available for United States Treasury securities at maturity with an equivalent term. We have not declared or paid dividends on our common stock and do not currently expect to do so in the future. The expected term of options represents the period that our equity-based awards are expected to be outstanding and was determined based on historical weighted average holding periods and projected holding periods for the remaining unexercised options. Consideration was given to the contractual terms of our equity-based awards, vesting schedules and expectations of future employee behavior. Expected volatility is based on the annualized daily historical volatility, including consideration of the implied volatility and market prices of traded options for comparable entities within our industry. These assumptions underlying the Black-Scholes valuation model involve management’s best estimates.
Generally accepted accounting principles for equity-based compensation also require that we recognize compensation expense for only the portion of awards expected to vest. Therefore, we apply an estimated forfeiture rate that we derive from historical employee termination behavior. If the actual number of forfeitures differs from our estimates, adjustments to compensation expense may be required in future periods. For performance-based awards that do not include market-based conditions, we record share-based compensation expense only when the performance-based milestone is deemed probable of achievement. We utilize both quantitative and qualitative criteria to judge whether milestones are probable of achievement. For awards with market-based performance conditions, we recognize the grant-date fair value of the award over the derived service period regardless of whether the underlying performance condition is met.
Contingencies
Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
For a description of recently issued and adopted accounting pronouncements, including the expected effects on our results of operations and financial condition, refer to Part II, Item 8, "Financial“Financial Statements and Supplementary Data - Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 1. Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,"” which is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
43
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
| Page | |||||
44
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of
CTI BioPharma Corp.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of CTI BioPharma Corp. (the “Company”)Company) as of December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, shareholders’stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the threetwo years in the period ended December 31, 2017,2020, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a)(ii)(collectively(collectively referred to as the “financial statements”).consolidated) financial statements. In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as ofat December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the threetwo years in the period ended December 31, 2017,2020, in conformity with accounting principlesU.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
The Company’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company'sCompany’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOBPublic Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the auditsaudit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Accrued Clinical Trial Expenses
45
| Description of the Matter | As of December 31, 2020, the Company recorded $3.5 million for accrued clinical trial expenses. As described in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s expense accruals for clinical trials are based on estimates of contracted services provided by third-party vendors not yet billed. Management is required to make estimates of outstanding obligations to those third-party vendors as of period end regardless of how timely invoices are sent to the Company and whether or not billing terms under vendor contracts coincide with the timing of when services are provided. Accrual estimates are based on a number of factors, including management’s knowledge of the research and development programs and clinical activities, invoicing to date, and the provisions in vendor contracts. If possible, the Company obtains information regarding unbilled services directly from its service providers and performs procedures to challenge these estimates based on its internal understanding of the services provided to date. However, the Company may also be required to estimate these services based on information available to its internal clinical or administrative staff if such information is not able to be obtained timely from its service providers. Auditing accrued clinical trial expenses is complex because of the judgments applied by management to determine the commencement and completion date of vendor tasks and the extent of work performed during the reporting period for services not yet billed by contracted third-party vendors. | ||||
| How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit | We obtained an understanding of the Company’s process for estimating the accrued clinical trial expenses. To test the estimate of accrued clinical trial expenses, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, direct confirmation of billed and unbilled amounts with a sample of the Company’s third-party vendors. We confirmed progress of contracted clinical activities with third-party vendors and compared such data to the Company’s estimates of progress as reflected in their accrual models. We further tested the accuracy of the calculations; the reliability, completeness and relevance of management’s data utilized; and the reasonableness of the assumptions used in management’s accrual models by testing actual invoices paid to date, agreeing inputs back to contractual terms and holding discussions with clinical or administrative staff outside of the finance function to corroborate progress and estimated level of expended effort incurred by the Company’s third-party vendors. | ||||
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2005.2018.
March 7, 201817, 2021
46
CTI BIOPHARMA CORP.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share amounts)
| December 31, 2017 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2020 | December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||
| ASSETS | ASSETS | |||||||||||||||||
| Current assets: | Current assets: | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 27,218 | $ | 44,002 | Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 40,394 | $ | 31,144 | |||||||||
| Restricted cash | 16,000 | — | ||||||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable | 4 | 378 | ||||||||||||||||
| Receivable from collaborative arrangements | 1,278 | 7,778 | ||||||||||||||||
| Inventory, net | 550 | 1,525 | ||||||||||||||||
| Short-term investments | Short-term investments | 12,057 | 2,522 | |||||||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 1,874 | 2,141 | Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 1,874 | 1,914 | |||||||||||||
| Total current assets | 46,924 | 55,824 | Total current assets | 54,325 | 35,580 | |||||||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | 2,365 | 3,023 | Property and equipment, net | 719 | 1,235 | |||||||||||||
| Other assets | 5,597 | 4,996 | Other assets | 3,197 | 9,465 | |||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 54,886 | $ | 63,843 | Total assets | $ | 58,241 | $ | 46,280 | |||||||||
| LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY | ||||||||||||||||||
| LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY | LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY | |||||||||||||||||
| Current liabilities: | Current liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | 2,588 | $ | 7,227 | Accounts payable | $ | 1,637 | $ | 0 | |||||||||
| Accrued expenses | 13,890 | 24,765 | Accrued expenses | 7,191 | 11,606 | |||||||||||||
| Current portion of deferred revenue | 912 | 103 | ||||||||||||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt | 444 | 7,949 | Current portion of long-term debt | 4,455 | 4,812 | |||||||||||||
| Other current liabilities | 1,424 | 602 | Other current liabilities | 3,755 | 2,070 | |||||||||||||
| Total current liabilities | 19,258 | 40,646 | Total current liabilities | 17,038 | 18,488 | |||||||||||||
| Deferred revenue, less current portion | 494 | 514 | ||||||||||||||||
| Long-term debt, less current portion | 13,575 | 11,311 | Long-term debt, less current portion | 0 | 4,455 | |||||||||||||
| Other liabilities | 5,469 | 3,615 | Other liabilities | 1,174 | 5,407 | |||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | 38,796 | 56,086 | Total liabilities | 18,212 | 28,350 | |||||||||||||
| Commitments and contingencies | ||||||||||||||||||
| Shareholders' equity: | ||||||||||||||||||
| Preferred stock, no par value: | ||||||||||||||||||
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) | Commitments and contingencies (Note 14) | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||
| Stockholders' equity: | Stockholders' equity: | |||||||||||||||||
| Preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share: | Preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share: | |||||||||||||||||
| Authorized shares - 33,333 | Authorized shares - 33,333 | |||||||||||||||||
| Series N-3 Preferred Stock, $2,000 stated value per share, 22,500 shares designated, 575 and 0 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively | 1,090 | — | ||||||||||||||||
| Common stock, no par value: | ||||||||||||||||||
| Authorized shares - 81,500,000 and 41,500,000 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively | ||||||||||||||||||
| Issued and outstanding shares - 42,969,494 and 28,228,602 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively | 2,222,341 | 2,170,300 | ||||||||||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (6,272 | ) | (6,655 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Series O Preferred Stock, 12,575 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Aggregate liquidation preference of $25,150 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019) | Series O Preferred Stock, 12,575 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Aggregate liquidation preference of $25,150 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019) | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||
| Series X Preferred Stock, 4,429 shares and 0 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively (Aggregate liquidation preference of $44,290 and $0 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively) | Series X Preferred Stock, 4,429 shares and 0 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively (Aggregate liquidation preference of $44,290 and $0 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively) | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||
| Common stock, $0.001 par value per share: | Common stock, $0.001 par value per share: | |||||||||||||||||
| Authorized shares - 166,500,000 and 131,500,000 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively | Authorized shares - 166,500,000 and 131,500,000 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively | |||||||||||||||||
| Issued and outstanding shares - 75,896,884 and 57,979,725 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively | Issued and outstanding shares - 75,896,884 and 57,979,725 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively | 76 | 58 | |||||||||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | Additional paid-in capital | 2,367,958 | 2,299,186 | |||||||||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive income | Accumulated other comprehensive income | 2 | 0 | |||||||||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | (2,195,346 | ) | (2,150,326 | ) | Accumulated deficit | (2,328,007) | (2,275,556) | |||||||||||
| Total CTI shareholders' equity | 21,813 | 13,319 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total CTI stockholders' equity | Total CTI stockholders' equity | 40,029 | 23,688 | |||||||||||||||
| Noncontrolling interest | (5,723 | ) | (5,562 | ) | Noncontrolling interest | 0 | (5,758) | |||||||||||
| Total shareholders' equity | 16,090 | 7,757 | ||||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | $ | 54,886 | $ | 63,843 | ||||||||||||||
| Total stockholders' equity | Total stockholders' equity | 40,029 | 17,930 | |||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 58,241 | $ | 46,280 | |||||||||||||
See accompanying notes.
47
CTI BIOPHARMA CORP.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
| Revenues: | |||||||||||
| Product sales, net | $ | 853 | $ | 4,127 | $ | 3,472 | |||||
| License and contract revenue | 24,293 | 53,278 | 12,644 | ||||||||
| Total revenues | 25,146 | 57,405 | 16,116 | ||||||||
| Operating costs and expenses: | |||||||||||
| Cost of product sold | 364 | 1,377 | 1,940 | ||||||||
| Research and development | 32,866 | 64,961 | 76,627 | ||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 31,435 | 45,306 | 53,962 | ||||||||
| Other operating (income) expense, net | — | (5,077 | ) | 253 | |||||||
| Total operating costs and expenses, net | 64,665 | 106,567 | 132,782 | ||||||||
| Loss from operations | (39,519 | ) | (49,162 | ) | (116,666 | ) | |||||
| Non-operating expense: | |||||||||||
| Interest expense | (1,872 | ) | (2,614 | ) | (2,104 | ) | |||||
| Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs | (163 | ) | (214 | ) | (390 | ) | |||||
| Foreign exchange gain (loss) | 817 | (484 | ) | (703 | ) | ||||||
| Other non-operating expense | (94 | ) | (479 | ) | (900 | ) | |||||
| Total non-operating expense, net | (1,312 | ) | (3,791 | ) | (4,097 | ) | |||||
| Net loss before noncontrolling interest | (40,831 | ) | (52,953 | ) | (120,763 | ) | |||||
| Noncontrolling interest | 161 | 944 | 1,341 | ||||||||
| Net loss attributable to CTI | (40,670 | ) | (52,009 | ) | (119,422 | ) | |||||
| Deemed dividends on preferred stock | (4,350 | ) | — | (3,200 | ) | ||||||
| Net loss attributable to common shareholders | $ | (45,020 | ) | $ | (52,009 | ) | $ | (122,622 | ) | ||
| Basic and diluted net loss per common share | $ | (1.24 | ) | $ | (1.86 | ) | $ | (6.51 | ) | ||
Shares used in calculation of basic and diluted net loss per common share | 36,445 | 27,948 | 18,837 | ||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||
| License and contract revenues | $ | 0 | $ | 3,345 | |||||||||||||
| Operating costs and expenses: | |||||||||||||||||
| Research and development | 25,943 | 24,107 | |||||||||||||||
| General and administrative | 17,626 | 19,155 | |||||||||||||||
| Restructuring expenses | 0 | 794 | |||||||||||||||
| Other operating expenses | 4,200 | 0 | |||||||||||||||
| Total operating costs and expenses | 47,769 | 44,056 | |||||||||||||||
| Loss from operations | (47,769) | (40,711) | |||||||||||||||
| Non-operating income (expense): | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | 204 | 1,172 | |||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (511) | (1,002) | |||||||||||||||
| Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs | (521) | (521) | |||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange loss | (80) | (281) | |||||||||||||||
| (Loss) gain on dissolution of subsidiary | (3,774) | 1,320 | |||||||||||||||
| Total non-operating (income) expense, net | (4,682) | 688 | |||||||||||||||
| Net loss before noncontrolling interest | (52,451) | (40,023) | |||||||||||||||
| Noncontrolling interest | 0 | 3 | |||||||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (52,451) | $ | (40,020) | |||||||||||||
| Basic and diluted net loss per common share | $ | (0.74) | $ | (0.69) | |||||||||||||
| Shares used in calculation of basic and diluted net loss per common share | 71,141 | 57,974 | |||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes.
48
CTI BIOPHARMA CORP.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(In thousands)
| Year Ended December 31, | Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2020 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss before noncontrolling interest | $ | (40,831 | ) | $ | (52,953 | ) | $ | (120,763 | ) | Net loss before noncontrolling interest | $ | (52,451) | $ | (40,023) | ||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss): | Other comprehensive income (loss): | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | (3,927 | ) | 947 | 2,160 | Foreign currency translation adjustments | 0 | (2,323) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Unrealized foreign exchange gain (loss) on intercompany balance | 4,303 | (1,162 | ) | (2,585 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other-than-temporary impairment on available-for-sale securities | — | 520 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net unrealized income (loss) on securities available-for-sale | 7 | (8 | ) | (28 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unrealized foreign exchange gain on intercompany balance | Unrealized foreign exchange gain on intercompany balance | 0 | 957 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net unrealized gain on securities available-for-sale | Net unrealized gain on securities available-for-sale | 2 | 16 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | 383 | 297 | (453 | ) | Other comprehensive income (loss) | 2 | (1,350) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive loss | (40,448 | ) | (52,656 | ) | (121,216 | ) | Comprehensive loss | (52,449) | (41,373) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | 161 | 944 | 1,341 | Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | 0 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive loss attributable to CTI | $ | (40,287 | ) | $ | (51,712 | ) | $ | (119,875 | ) | Comprehensive loss attributable to CTI | $ | (52,449) | $ | (41,370) | ||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes.
49
CTI BIOPHARMA CORP.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS'STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(In thousands)
| Accumulated Other | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preferred Stock | Common Stock | Comprehensive | Accumulated | Noncontrolling | Shareholders' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | Income (Loss) | Deficit | Interest | Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2014 | — | $ | — | 17,676 | $ | 2,023,949 | $ | (6,499 | ) | $ | (1,975,695 | ) | $ | (3,277 | ) | $ | 38,478 | ||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs | — | — | 1,000 | 15,147 | — | — | — | 15,147 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of Series N-1 preferred stock, net of issuance costs | 50.0 | 46,611 | 46,611 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conversion of Series N-1 preferred stock to common stock | (50.0 | ) | (46,611 | ) | 4,000 | 46,611 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Value of beneficial conversion features related to preferred stock | — | — | — | 3,200 | — | — | — | 3,200 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of Series N-2 preferred stock, net of issuance costs | 55.0 | 52,409 | — | — | — | — | — | 52,409 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Conversion of Series N-2 preferred stock to common stock | (55.0 | ) | (52,409 | ) | 5,000 | 52,409 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Expiry of exercise price provision features related to common stock purchase warrant | — | — | — | 150 | — | — | — | 150 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity-based compensation | — | — | 393 | 14,828 | — | — | — | 14,828 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock option exercises | — | — | 8 | 156 | — | — | — | 156 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | — | — | — | (1,341 | ) | (1,341 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Expiry of mezzanine equity | — | — | — | 1,445 | — | — | — | 1,445 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | — | — | (31 | ) | (595 | ) | — | — | — | (595 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Deemed dividends on preferred stock | — | — | — | — | — | (3,200 | ) | — | (3,200 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2015 | — | — | — | — | — | (119,422 | ) | — | (119,422 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | — | — | — | — | (453 | ) | — | — | (453 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2015 | — | $ | — | 28,046 | $ | 2,157,300 | $ | (6,952 | ) | $ | (2,098,317 | ) | $ | (4,618 | ) | $ | 47,413 | ||||||||||||
| Equity-based compensation | — | — | 207 | 13,324 | — | — | — | 13,324 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | — | — | — | (944 | ) | (944 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other | — | — | (24 | ) | (324 | ) | — | — | — | (324 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2016 | — | — | — | — | — | (52,009 | ) | — | (52,009 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | — | — | — | — | 297 | — | — | 297 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2016 | — | $ | — | 28,229 | $ | 2,170,300 | $ | (6,655 | ) | $ | (2,150,326 | ) | $ | (5,562 | ) | $ | 7,757 | ||||||||||||
| Issuance of Series N-3 preferred stock, net of issuance costs | 22.5 | 42,669 | — | — | — | — | — | 42,669 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Conversion of Series N-3 preferred stock to common stock | (21.9 | ) | (41,579 | ) | 14,616 | 41,579 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Value of beneficial conversion features related to preferred stock | — | — | — | 4,350 | — | — | — | 4,350 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of warrants | — | — | — | 470 | — | — | — | 470 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity-based compensation | — | — | 150 | 5,746 | — | — | — | 5,746 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | — | — | — | (161 | ) | (161 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other | — | — | (26 | ) | (104 | ) | — | — | — | (104 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Deemed dividends on preferred stock | — | — | — | — | — | (4,350 | ) | — | (4,350 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2017 | — | — | — | — | — | (40,670 | ) | — | (40,670 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | — | — | — | — | 383 | — | — | 383 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2017 | 0.6 | $ | 1,090 | 42,969 | $ | 2,222,341 | $ | (6,272 | ) | $ | (2,195,346 | ) | $ | (5,723 | ) | $ | 16,090 | ||||||||||||
| Additional | Accumulated Other | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preferred Stock | Common Stock | Paid-in | Comprehensive | Accumulated | Noncontrolling | Stockholders' | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | Capital | (Loss) Income | Deficit | Interest | Equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at January 1, 2019 | 13 | $ | 0 | 57,986 | $ | 58 | $ | 2,294,025 | $ | 1,350 | $ | (2,236,739) | $ | (5,755) | $ | 52,939 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cumulative effect adjustments related to adoption of accounting standards | — | — | — | — | (7) | — | 1,203 | — | 1,196 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity-based compensation | — | — | — | — | 5,166 | — | — | — | 5,166 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | — | — | (6) | — | 2 | — | — | — | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noncontrolling interest | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (3) | (3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2019 | — | — | — | — | — | — | (40,020) | — | (40,020) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | — | — | — | — | — | (1,350) | — | — | (1,350) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2019 | 13 | $ | 0 | 57,980 | $ | 58 | $ | 2,299,186 | $ | 0 | $ | (2,275,556) | $ | (5,758) | $ | 17,930 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs | — | — | 17,770 | 18 | 22,607 | — | — | — | 22,625 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conversion of Series X preferred stock to common stock | �� | — | 3 | — | 3 | — | — | — | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reclassification of Series X preferred stock from mezzanine equity | 4 | — | — | — | 43,637 | — | — | — | 43,637 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dissolution of majority-owned subsidiary | — | — | — | — | (1,949) | — | — | 5,758 | 3,809 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity-based compensation | — | — | — | — | 4,317 | — | — | — | 4,317 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | — | — | 144 | — | 157 | — | — | — | 157 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2020 | — | — | — | — | — | — | (52,451) | — | (52,451) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | — | — | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2020 | 17 | $ | 0 | 75,897 | $ | 76 | $ | 2,367,958 | $ | 2 | $ | (2,328,007) | $ | 0 | $ | 40,029 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes.
50
CTI BIOPHARMA CORP.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||
| Operating activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Net loss before noncontrolling interest | $ | (52,451) | $ | (40,023) | |||||||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Equity-based compensation expense | 4,317 | 5,166 | |||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 532 | 546 | |||||||||||||||
| Provision for Italian VAT receivables and deposit | 4,200 | 0 | |||||||||||||||
| Loss (gain) on dissolution of subsidiary | 3,774 | (1,320) | |||||||||||||||
| Other | (155) | 47 | |||||||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Receivables from license and development services arrangements | 0 | 13,674 | |||||||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other assets | 2,274 | 1,120 | |||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | (4,696) | (7,032) | |||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities | (42,205) | (27,822) | |||||||||||||||
| Investing activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of property and equipment | (17) | 0 | |||||||||||||||
| Purchases of short-term investments | (12,100) | (11,018) | |||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments | 2,500 | 39,150 | |||||||||||||||
| Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | (9,617) | 28,132 | |||||||||||||||
| Financing activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from rights offering, net of issuance costs | 59,108 | 0 | |||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from at-the-market equity offering, net of issuance costs | 7,157 | 0 | |||||||||||||||
| Cash paid for at-the-market equity offering costs | 0 | (275) | |||||||||||||||
| Repayment of debt | (5,333) | (5,333) | |||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from stock option exercises and ESPP stock issuance | 140 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 61,072 | (5,607) | |||||||||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | 0 | 2 | |||||||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 9,250 | (5,295) | |||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 31,144 | 36,439 | |||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | $ | 40,394 | $ | 31,144 | |||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
| Operating activities | |||||||||||
| Net loss before noncontrolling interest | $ | (40,831 | ) | $ | (52,953 | ) | $ | (120,763 | ) | ||
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: | |||||||||||
| Baxalta milestone revenue | — | (32,000 | ) | — | |||||||
| Share-based compensation expense | 5,746 | 13,324 | 14,828 | ||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 717 | 831 | 990 | ||||||||
| Loss on debt extinguishment | 163 | — | 1,211 | ||||||||
| Loss on sublease | 1,584 | — | — | ||||||||
| Provision for bad debts | — | 1,735 | — | ||||||||
| Reserve for excess, obsolete or unsalable inventory | — | 692 | 1,326 | ||||||||
| Other-than-temporary impairment on available-for-sale securities | — | 520 | — | ||||||||
| Noncash interest expense | 163 | 214 | 390 | ||||||||
| Noncash rent benefit | (648 | ) | (467 | ) | (409 | ) | |||||
| Change in value of warrant liability | — | — | (232 | ) | |||||||
| Other | (18 | ) | — | — | |||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Accounts receivable | 402 | (156 | ) | 1,555 | |||||||
| Receivable from collaborative arrangements | 6,579 | (9,476 | ) | — | |||||||
| Inventory | 1,120 | 567 | (402 | ) | |||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 326 | 1,609 | (402 | ) | |||||||
| Other assets | 63 | 355 | 826 | ||||||||
| Accounts payable | (4,730 | ) | (3,025 | ) | 4,368 | ||||||
| Accrued expenses | (11,096 | ) | 2,620 | 2,426 | |||||||
| Deferred revenue | 790 | (1,071 | ) | (918 | ) | ||||||
| Other liabilities | 374 | 1 | 3 | ||||||||
| Total adjustments | 1,535 | (23,727 | ) | 25,560 | |||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities | (39,296 | ) | (76,680 | ) | (95,203 | ) | |||||
| Investing activities | |||||||||||
| Purchases of property and equipment | (49 | ) | (137 | ) | (78 | ) | |||||
| Other | 11 | — | — | ||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (38 | ) | (137 | ) | (78 | ) | |||||
| Financing activities | |||||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of Series 21 preferred stock, net of issuance costs | — | — | (227 | ) | |||||||
| Proceeds from common stock offering, net of issuance costs | — | — | 15,147 | ||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of Series N-1 preferred stock, net of issuance costs | — | (37 | ) | 46,653 | |||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of Series N-2 preferred stock, net of issuance costs | — | (277 | ) | 52,800 | |||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of Series N-3 preferred stock, net of issuance costs | 42,669 | — | — | ||||||||
| Proceeds from Baxalta milestone advance, net of issuance costs | — | — | 31,922 | ||||||||
| Proceeds from Silicon Valley Bank debt, net of issuance costs | 15,971 | — | — | ||||||||
| Proceeds from Hercules debt, net of issuance costs | — | — | 10,820 | ||||||||
| Repayment of Hercules debt | (19,548 | ) | (5,452 | ) | (4,659 | ) | |||||
| Payment of a Hercules fee | — | (1,275 | ) | — | |||||||
| Payment of tax withholding obligations related to stock compensation | (87 | ) | (355 | ) | (604 | ) | |||||
| Other | (26 | ) | 30 | 165 | |||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 38,979 | (7,366 | ) | 152,017 | |||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | (429 | ) | 3 | 513 | |||||||
| Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (784 | ) | (84,180 | ) | 57,249 | ||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year | 44,002 | 128,182 | 70,933 | ||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year | $ | 43,218 | $ | 44,002 | $ | 128,182 | |||||
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||
| Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information | |||||||||||
| Cash paid during the period for interest | $ | 1,970 | $ | 4,446 | $ | 2,067 | |||||
| Supplemental disclosure of noncash financing and investing activities | |||||||||||
| Conversion of Series N-1 preferred stock to common stock | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 46,611 | |||||
| Conversion of Series N-2 preferred stock to common stock | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 52,409 | |||||
| Conversion of Series N-3 preferred stock to common stock | $ | 41,579 | $ | — | $ | — | |||||
| Repayment and issuance of Hercules debt | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 13,815 | |||||
| Baxalta milestone advance - earned in lieu of repayment | $ | — | $ | 32,000 | $ | — | |||||
| Debt issuance costs included in accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | 79 | $ | — | $ | — | |||||
| Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash paid during the period for interest | $ | 547 | $ | 1,044 | |||||||||||||
See accompanying notes.
51
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
CTI BioPharma Corp., together with its wholly-owned subsidiaries,subsidiary, also referred to collectively in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” and “CTI”,“CTI,” is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the acquisition, development and commercialization of novel targeted therapies covering a spectrum offor blood-related cancers that offer a unique benefit to patients and health caretheir healthcare providers. Our goal is to build a profitable company by generating income from products we develop and commercialize, either alone or with partners. We are currently concentratingconcentrate our efforts on treatments that target blood-related cancers where there is an unmet medical need. In particular, we are primarily focused on evaluating
pacritinib, our sole product candidate currently in active development, for the treatment of adult patients with myelofibrosis andmyelofibrosis. In addition, we have recently started developing pacritinib for use in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19, in response to the further development of PIXUVRI worldwide, for which our partners Les Laboratoires Servier and Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, or collectively Servier, have commercialization rights outside the United States, or the U.S.COVID-19 pandemic.
We operate in a highly regulated and competitive environment. The manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical products requires approval from, and is subject to, ongoing oversight by the Food and Drug Administration, or the FDA, in the United States, or the U.S., the European Medicines Agency, or the EMA, in the European Union, or the E.U.,EU, and comparable agencies in other countries. Obtaining approval for a new therapeutic product is never certain, may take many years and may involve the expenditure of substantial resources.
Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CTI, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, which includesubsidiary CTI Life Sciences Limited, or CTILS. We also retain ownership of our branch, CTI BioPharma Corp.- Sede Secondaria, or CTI (Europe) which has ceased operations. Systems Medicine LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary, was included in the consolidated financial statementsCTILS, until its dissolution in December 2017.
statements until its dissolution. All intercompany transactions and balances arewere eliminated in consolidation.
Liquidity
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern, which contemplates realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business within one year after the date the consolidated financial statements are issued. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board, or the FASB, Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40), ourOur management evaluates whether there are conditions or events, considered in aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued.
Our available cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash short-term investmentswere $43.2$52.5 million as of December 31, 2017. In February 2018, as discussed in Note 21. Subsequent Events,2020, and we completed the public offering of common stock and received approximately $64.2 million in net proceeds after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and other estimated offering expenses. In addition, we received a $10.0 million milestone payment from Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. relating to the achievement of a milestone for FDA approval of TRISENOX for first line treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. We believeexpect that our present financial resources together with payments projectedwill only be sufficient to be received under certain contractual agreementsmeet our obligations as they come due and our ability to control costs, will be sufficient to fund our operations at least throughinto the next twelve months from the datesecond quarter of 2021. Based on our evaluation completed pursuant to Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements-Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, these financial statements were issued. We previously disclosed that we hadfactors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, which was primarily due to lack of liquidity. This has since been alleviated as a result of the proceedsconcern.
Accordingly, we received from the public offering of common stock as well as the milestone payment.
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some or all of our research and development programs, be required to reduce our selling, general and administrative expenses, be unable to attract and retain highly-qualified personnel, be unable to obtain and maintain contracts necessary to continue our operations and at affordable rates with competitive terms, have to refrain from making our contractually required payments when due (including debt payments) and/or may be forced to cease operations, liquidate our assets and possibly seek bankruptcy protection. The amount of financing we require is dependent upon many factors relating to drug approval status and our commercialization plans, as well as our clinical trials. These factors include the number of clinical trial sites in a given clinical trial, the number of patients treated in a given clinical trial, the pace of patient enrollment and other matters that may impact clinical development, including changes to a clinical trial that we may initiate or that may be requested by the FDA or other regulators. There can be no assurance as to the amount of funding necessary to fund the development of pacritinib to completion or that we will be able to obtain this funding. In addition, our ability to comply with covenants under the loan and security agreement with Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB, may be affected by events beyond our control, and we may not be able to meet those covenants. A breach of any of these covenants, including a material adverse change in our business, operations or condition (financial or otherwise) could result in an event of default under the loan and security agreement, which could cause all of the outstanding indebtedness under the facility to become immediately due and payable. The accompanying consolidated consolidated financial statements do not include adjustments, if any, that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts reportedof assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of loss contingencies in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. For example, estimates include assumptionsEstimates are used in calculating reserves for, sales deductions such as rebates and returns of product sold, allowances for credit losses, and excess and obsolete inventory, recording share-based compensation expense,but not limited to, clinical accruals, the allocation of operating expenses, provision for loss contingencies, the fair value of financial instruments, our tax provision and related valuation allowance, and determining theincome taxes, useful lives of fixed assetsproperty and potentialequipment, commitments and contingencies, equity-based compensation forfeiture rates, collectability of receivables, and impairment of long-lived assets. Actualinvestments. Given the global economic climate and additional or unforeseen effects from the COVID-19 pandemic, these estimates are becoming more challenging, and actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
Certain Risks, Uncertainties and Concentrations
We source our drug products for clinical trials from a concentrated group of third-party contractors. If we are unable to obtain sufficient quantities of source materials, manufacture or distribute our products to customers from existing suppliers and service providers, or obtain the materials or services from other suppliers, manufacturers or distributors, certain research and development and sales activities may be delayed.
| December 31, 2017 | December 31, 2016 | December 31, 2015 | |||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 27,218 | $ | 44,002 | $ | 128,182 | |||||
| Restricted cash | 16,000 | — | — | ||||||||
| Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows | $ | 43,218 | $ | 44,002 | $ | 128,182 | |||||
Fair Value Measurementof Financial Instruments
Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received forto sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants onat the measurement date. Fair value measurements are based on a three-tier hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. There are three levels of inputs used to measure fair value with Level 1 having the highest priority and Level 3 having the lowest:
•Level 1 – Observable inputs, such as1—Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.and liabilities in active markets.
•Level 2 - Observable2—Valuations based on observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, inputs, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable directly or indirectly.can be corroborated by observable market data.
•Level 3 - Unobservable3—Valuations based on unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity, requiring an entity to develop itsreflecting our own assumptions. These valuations require significant judgment or estimation.
We measure the financial assets and liabilities fall within more than one level described above, the categorization isfair value of money market funds based on the lowest level inputclosing price reported by a fund sponsor from an actively traded exchange. We value all other securities using broker quotes that is significant toutilize observable market inputs. We did not hold cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments categorized as Level 3 assets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. The following table summarizes, by major security type, our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):
53
| December 31, 2020 | December 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost or Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Total Estimated Fair Value | Total Estimated Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash | $ | 385 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 385 | $ | 188 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | 40,009 | — | — | 40,009 | 28,957 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Level 2 securities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government and agency securities | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2,522 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate debt securities | 12,055 | 2 | 0 | 12,057 | 1,999 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments | $ | 52,449 | $ | 2 | $ | 0 | $ | 52,451 | $ | 33,666 | |||||||||||||||||||
There were no other financial instruments requiring fair value measurement as of the instrument.December 31, 2020 and 2019.
At December 31, 20172020 and 2016,2019, the carrying value of financial instruments such asour receivables and payables approximated their fair values due to their short-term maturities. The carrying value of our long-term debt approximated its fair value at December 31, 20172020 and 20162019 based on borrowing rates for similar loans and maturities.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
We consider all highly liquid instruments with original maturities of three months or less at the time acquired to be cash equivalents.
Italian Value Added Tax Receivable
We historically carried out research and development activities in Italy and incurred value added tax, or VAT, from Italian suppliers on the acquisition of goods and services in Italy. This VAT should be considered as an Input VAT credit. We treated the majority of our sales made in Italy without output VAT (on the basis that the supplies should be considered outside the scope of Italian VAT). This resulted in the value of input VAT exceeding the value of output VAT, and accordingly we submitted a refund claim for the VAT. The Italian Tax Authority, or the ITA, has challenged the treatment of the sales transactions and claimed that the sales transactions made by us should have been subject to output VAT. Our Italian VAT receivable was approximately €3.9 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. While we believe that our refund claim is valid, we concluded that the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic negatively impacted the collectability of our Italian VAT receivables and deposit. Accordingly, we recorded a full provision against our Italian VAT receivables and deposit in the amount of $4.2 million, which is included in Other operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020.
In addition, as disclosed in Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies, the ITA assessed us for additional VAT payments for services we provided in Italy, which we do not believe we owe. We have not recorded an amount in the financial statements for this contingent liability as we do not believe the potential payment of up to €4.3 million (or approximately $5.3 million converted using the currency exchange rate as of December 31, 2020), to the ITA is probable at this time.
Leases
Under ASC 842 - Leases, we determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. We recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with a term longer than 12 months. Leases are classified as operating or finance at lease commencement, which will affect the pattern and classification of expense recognition in our consolidated statements of operations.
Right-of-use assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As our leases do not provide a readily determinable implicit rate of return, we derive the present value of lease payments using our incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate of interest that we would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment.
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An operating lease right-of-use asset is measured at the amount of the lease liability, adjusted for prepaid or accrued lease payments, lease incentives received, unamortized initial direct costs and the impairment of the right-of-use asset. A lease may include options to extend or terminate the lease. When it is reasonably certain that we will exercise such an option, it is considered in the lease term. Right-of-use assets are tested for impairment in the same manner as long-lived assets used in operations. Leasehold improvements are capitalized at cost and amortized over the lesser of their expected useful life or the lease term.
Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term as part of Research and development expenses and General and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. Right-of-use assets are included in Other assets, and the current portion of lease liabilities and the non-current portion of lease liabilities are included in Other current liabilities and Other liabilities, respectively, in our consolidated balance sheets.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation commences at the time assets are placed in service. We calculate depreciation using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, ranging from three to five years for assets other than leasehold improvements. We amortize leasehold improvements over the lesser of their useful lives of 10 years or the term of the applicable lease.
Impairment of Long-lived Assets
We review our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of assets may not be fully recoverable or that the useful lives of these assets are no longer appropriate. If an impairment is indicated, the asset is written down to its estimated fair value.
Contingencies
We record liabilities associated with loss contingencies to the extent that we conclude that the occurrence of the contingency is probable and that the amount of the related loss is reasonably estimable. We record income from gain contingencies only upon the realization of assets resulting from the favorable outcome of the contingent event. See Note11.9. Collaboration, Licensing and Milestone Agreementsand Note 18. Legal Proceedings14. Commitments and Contingenciesfor further information regarding our current gain and loss contingencies.
Revenue Recognition
To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that we determine are within the scope of ASC 606, we perform the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the E.U. Revenuecontract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy a performance obligation. We apply the five-step model to arrangements that meet the definition of a contract under ASC 606 including when it is recognized when thereprobable that we will collect the consideration we are entitled to in exchange for goods or services we transfer to the customer. At contract inception, we assess the goods or services promised within each contract and determine those that are performance obligations, and assess whether each promised good or service is persuasive evidencedistinct. We recognize revenue for the amount of the existence of an agreement, delivery has occurred, prices are fixed or determinable, and collectabilitytransaction price that is assured. Where the revenue recognition criteria are not met, we defer the recognition of revenue by recording deferred
License and Development Services Arrangements
We recognize license and contract revenue under license and development services arrangements that are within the scope of each agreement. Upon the completionASC 606. The terms of these agreements may contain multiple performance obligations, which may include licenses and research and development activities. We evaluate these agreements under ASC 606 to determine distinct performance obligations. Prior to recognizing revenue, we make estimates of the performance obligation, such amounts will be recognized as revenue when collectabilitytransaction price, including any variable consideration that is reasonably assured.
55
fees, payments for research and development activities, reimbursement of the value of the delivered item(s) as a result of a specific outcome resulting from the entity's performance to achieve the milestone, (2) the consideration relates solely to past performance and (3) the consideration is reasonable relative to all of the deliverables and payment terms within the arrangement. We evaluate factors such as the scientific, regulatory, commercial and other risks that must be overcome to achieve the respective milestone, the level of effort and investment required to achieve the respective milestone and whether the milestone consideration is reasonable relative to all deliverables and payment terms in the arrangement in making this assessment. Non-refundable development and regulatory milestones that are expected to be achieved as a result of our efforts during the period of substantial involvement are considered substantive and are recognized as revenuecertain third-party costs, payments based upon the achievement of specified milestones, and royalty payments based on product sales derived from the milestone, assuming all other revenue recognition criteriacollaboration. If there are met.multiple, distinct performance obligations, we allocate the transaction price to each distinct performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. Revenue is recognized by measuring the progress toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligations using an input measure in accordance with ASC-340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs: Contracts with Customers.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development costs are expensed as incurred in accordance with the FASB ASC 730, Research and Development. Research and development expenses include related salaries and benefits, clinical trial and related manufacturing costs, contract and other outside service fees, and facilities and overhead costs related to our research and development efforts. Research and development expenses also consist of costs incurred for proprietary and collaboration research and development and include activities such as product registries and investigator-sponsored trials. In instances where we enter into agreements with third parties for research and development activities, we may prepay fees for services at the initiation of the contract. We record the prepayment as a prepaid asset and amortize the asset into research and development expense over the period of time the contracted research and development services are performed. Other types of arrangements with third parties may be fixed fee or fee for service, and may include monthly payments or payments upon completion of milestones or receipt of deliverables. We expense upfront license payments related to acquired technologies that have not yet reached technological feasibility and have no alternative future use.
Income Taxes
We record a tax provision for the anticipated tax consequences of our results of operations. The provision for income taxes is computed using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities, and for operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the currently enacted tax rates in effect for the years in which those tax assets and liabilities are expected to be realized or settled. We provide a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized.
Net Loss per Share
Basic net loss per common share is calculated based on the net loss attributable to common shareholders divided by the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period. The calculation of diluted net loss per common share excludes the potential conversion of all dilutive convertible securities, such as convertible debt and convertible preferred stock, using the if-converted method, and the potential exercise or vesting of other dilutive securities, such as options, warrants and restricted stock, using the treasury stock method, as their inclusion would have an anti-dilutive effect.
Immaterial Correction of an Error in Prior Periods
During the quarter ended June 30, 2020, we identified errors related to an overstatement of accumulated other comprehensive loss that arose from foreign currency losses recorded in 2007 to accumulated other comprehensive loss instead of net loss. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification 250, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections, we evaluated the materiality of the errors from quantitative and qualitative perspectives and concluded that the errors were immaterial to our financial statements. No amendments to previously filed interim or annual periodic reports were required. Consequently, we have adjusted for these errors by revising the historical financial statements presented herein. We recognized the cumulative effect of the error on periods prior to those that are presented herein by reducing unrealized loss of $12.0 million from accumulated other comprehensive loss and increasing accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2018. The correction did not have an impact on total assets, total stockholders’ equity, the consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, or cash flows.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
In April 2015,August 2018, the FASB issued a new accounting standardguidance which changes the presentation of debt issuance costs in financial statements. Under theeliminates certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements for all entities, requires public entities to disclose certain new standard, an entity presents such costs in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the related debt liability rather than as an asset. Amortization of the costs is reported as interest expense.information and modifies some disclosure requirements. The accounting standardguidance is effective for annual reporting periodsfiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015 and2019, including interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016.within those fiscal years. We adopted this guidance on January 1, 2020. The adoption of this accounting guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
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Recently Issued Accounting Standards
In July 2015, the FASB issued new accounting guidance on simplifying the measurement of inventory which requires
In October 2020, the FASB issued a new accounting guidance to provide incremental improvements to its Accounting Standards Codification on various topics. Such improvements include conforming amendments, clarifications to guidance, simplifications to wording or structure of cash flows.guidance, and other minor changes. For smaller reporting companies, the guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022. Early adoption is permitted for any annual or interim period for which financial statements have not been issued. The codification amendments do not change GAAP, therefore we do not expect the adoption of this accounting guidance to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Although there were several other new accounting pronouncements issued or proposed by the FASB, we do not believe any of these have had or will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Reclassifications
Certain prior year items have been reclassified to conform to current year presentation.
2. InventoryProperty and Equipment
| 2017 | 2016 | ||||||
| Finished goods | $ | 394 | $ | 477 | |||
| Work-in-process | 1,523 | 2,558 | |||||
| Inventory, gross | $ | 1,917 | $ | 3,035 | |||
| Reserve for excess, obsolete or unsalable inventory | $ | (1,367 | ) | $ | (1,510 | ) | |
| Inventory, net | $ | 550 | $ | 1,525 | |||
| 2017 | 2016 | 2020 | 2019 | |||||||||||||||
| Furniture and office equipment | $ | 4,552 | $ | 6,521 | Furniture and office equipment | $ | 663 | $ | 2,872 | |||||||||
| Leasehold improvements | 5,168 | 5,106 | Leasehold improvements | 5,140 | 5,140 | |||||||||||||
| Lab equipment | 209 | 201 | ||||||||||||||||
| 9,929 | 11,828 | 5,803 | 8,012 | |||||||||||||||
| Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization | (7,564 | ) | (8,805 | ) | Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization | (5,084) | (6,777) | |||||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | $ | 2,365 | $ | 3,023 | Property and equipment, net | $ | 719 | $ | 1,235 | |||||||||