UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C.  20549
__________________________
FORM 10-K
[X]ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20162018
 
                                                                       OR
[ ]TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
    For the transition period _________ to _________
    
Commission File Number: 0-16120
 
SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
   
South Carolina 57-08580504
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
238 Richland Avenue Northwest, Aiken, South Carolina 29801
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (803) 641-3000
   
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None
   
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share
  (Title of Class)
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  YES [ ] NO    X[X]

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    YES [ ]  NO [ X ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes YES [ X   No ] NO [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).
Yes YES [ X   No ] NO [ ]

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.       X  

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company.  See the definitions of "large accelerated filer,"filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company" and "smaller reporting"emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (Check one):
Large accelerated filer
[ ]
Accelerated filer 
[ ]
Non-accelerated filer 
[ ]
Smaller reporting company [ X
]		Emerging growth company [ ]

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13 (a) of the Exchange Act. [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  YES [ ]  NO [ X ]

As of March 20, 2017,22, 2019, there were issued and outstanding 2,945,4742,955,357 shares of the registrant's Common Stock, which are traded on the over-the-counter market through the OTC "Electronic Bulletin Board" under the symbol "SFDL."  The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the average of the bid and asked price of such stock as of June 30, 2016,2018, was $39.2$49.1 million.  (The exclusion from such amount of the market value of the shares owned by any person shall not be deemed an admission by the registrant that such person is an affiliate of the registrant.)
 
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

1.Portions of the Registrant's Annual Report to Stockholders for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2016.2018.  (Part II)
2.Portions of the Registrant's Proxy Statement for the 20172019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.  (Part III)



Forward-Looking Statements

This Form 10-K, including information included or incorporated by reference, contents, and future filings by Security Federal Corporation ("Company") on Form 10-Q, and Form 8-K, and future oral and written statements by the Company and its management may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.  These statements relate to our financial condition, results of operations, plans, objectives, future performance or business. Forward-looking statements are not statements of historical fact, are based on certain assumptions and are generally identified by use of the words "believes," "expects," "anticipates," "estimates," "forecasts," "intends," "plans," "targets," "potentially," "probably," "projects," "outlook" or similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as "may," "will," "should," "would" and "could." Forward-looking statements include statements with respect to our beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, expectations, assumptions and statements about, among other things, expectations of the business environment in which we operate, projections of future performance and operations or financial condition, perceived opportunities in the market, potential future credit experience, and statements regarding our mission and vision. These forward-looking statements are based upon current management's expectations and may, therefore, involve risk and uncertainties. Our actual results, performance, or achievements may differ materially from those suggested, expressed, or implied by forward-looking statements as a result of a wide variety or range of factors, including, but not limited to:
the credit risks of lending activities, including changes in the level and trend of loan delinquencies and write-offs and changes in our allowance for loan losses and provision for loan losses that may be affected by deterioration in the housing and commercial real estate markets which may lead to increased losses and non-performing assets in our loan portfolio, and may result in our allowance for loan losses not being adequate to cover actual losses, and require us to materially increase our reserves;
changes in general economic conditions, either nationally or in our market areas;
changes in the levels of general interest rates, and the relative differences between short and long term interest rates, deposit interest rates, our net interest margin and funding sources;
fluctuations in the demand for loans, the number of unsold homes, land and other properties and fluctuations in real estate values in our market areas;
secondary market conditions for loans and our ability to sell loans in the secondary market;
results of examinations of the Company by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ("Federal Reserve") and our bank subsidiarythe Bank by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") and the South Carolina State Board of Financial Institutions ("State Board"), or other regulatory authorities, including the possibility that any such regulatory authority may, among other things, require us to increase our reserve for loan losses, write-down assets, change our regulatory capital position or affect our ability to borrow funds or maintain or increase deposits, or impose additional requirements or restrictions on us, any of which could adversely affect our liquidity and earnings;
legislative or regulatory changes that adversely affect our business, including the effect of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act; changes in regulatory policies and principles, or the interpretation of regulatory capital requirements or other rules, including as a result of Basel III;
our ability to attract and retain deposits;
increases in premiums for deposit insurance;
our ability to control operating costs and expenses;
our ability to implement our business strategies;
the use of estimates in determining the fair value of certain of our assets, which estimates may prove to be incorrect and result in significant declines in valuation;
difficulties in reducing risk associated with the loans on our balance sheet;
staffing fluctuations in response to product demand or the implementation of corporate strategies that affect our workforce and potential associated charges;
computerdisruptions, security breaches, or other adverse events, failures or interruptions in, or attacks on, our information technology systems or on which we depend could fail or experience a security breach;the third-party vendors who perform several of our critical processing;
our ability to retain key members of our senior management team;
costs and effects of litigation, including settlements and judgments;
our ability to manage loan delinquency rates;
increased competitive pressures among financial services companies;
changes in consumer spending, borrowing and savings habits;
the availability of resources to address changes in laws, rules, or regulations or to respond to regulatory actions;
our ability to pay dividends on our common stock and preferred stock;
adverse changes in the securities markets;

i


inability of key third-party providers to perform their obligations to us;
changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the financial institution regulatory agencies or the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB"), including additional guidance and interpretation on accounting issues and details of the implementation of new accounting methods; and
other economic, competitive, governmental, regulatory, and technological factors affecting our operations, pricing, products and services and the other risks described elsewhere in this document.

These developments could have an adverse impact on our financial position and our results of operations.

Any of the forward-looking statements that we make may turn out to be wrong because of the inaccurate assumptions we might make because of the factors set forth above or because of other factors we cannot foresee. Because of these and other uncertainties, our actual future results may be materially different from those expressed in any forward-looking statements made by or on our behalf. Therefore, these factors should be considered in evaluating the forward-looking statements, and undue reliance should not be placed on such statements. We undertake no responsibility to update or revise any of these forward-looking statements.

As used throughout this report, the terms "we," "our," or "us" refer to Security Federal Corporation and our consolidated subsidiary, Security Federal Bank.
 
Available Information

The Company provides a link on its investor information page at www.securityfederalbank.com to the Securities and Exchange Commission's  ("SEC") website (www.sec.gov) for purposes of providing copies of its annual report to shareholders, annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and press releases.  Theseamendments to these reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we have electronically filed such material with, or furnished such material to, the SEC. Other than an investor’s own internet access charges, these filings are available free of charge and also can be obtainedat the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. The information contained on the Company’s website is not included as part of, or incorporated by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330.reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K.


ii


PART I

Item 1.  Business

Security Federal Corporation

Security Federal Corporation (the "Company") was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in July 1987 for the purpose of becoming the savings and loan holding company for Security Federal Bank ("Security Federal" or the "Bank") upon the Bank's conversion from mutual to stock form (the "Conversion").  Effective August 17, 1998, the Company changed its state of incorporation from Delaware to South Carolina.  On December 28, 2011, the Company reorganized into a bank holding company in connection with the Bank's conversion from a federally chartered stock savings bank to a South Carolina chartered commercial bank. As a result of the reorganization, the Federal Reserve became the Company's primary federal regulator. On January 17, 2013, the Board of Directors of the Company determined to change the Company's fiscal year end from March 31 to December 31. As a result of this change, the Company filed a Transition Report on Form 10-K for the nine-month transition period from April 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012.

As a South Carolina corporation, the Company is authorized to engage in any activity permitted by South Carolina General Corporation Law.  The Company is a one bank holding company.  Through the bank holding company structure, it is possible to expand the size and scope of the financial services offered beyond those currently offered by the Bank.  The holding company structure also provides the Company with greater flexibility than the Bank would have to diversify its business activities, through existing or newly formed subsidiaries, or through acquisitions or mergers of financial institutions as well as other companies.  There are no current arrangements, understandings or agreements regarding any such acquisition.  Future activities of the Company, other than the continuing operations of Security Federal, will be funded through dividends from Security Federal and through borrowings from third parties.  See "Regulation - Regulation of the Company - Dividends" and "Taxation." Activities of the Company may also be funded through sales of additional securities or income generated by other activities of the Company.  At this time, there are no plans regarding sales of additional securities or other activities.

At December 31, 2016,2018, the Company had assets of $812.7$912.6 million, deposits of $654.1$767.5 million and shareholders' equity of $71.1$80.5 million.

The executive office of the Company is located at 238 Richland Avenue Northwest, Aiken, South Carolina 29801, and its telephone number is (803) 641-3000.

Security Federal Bank

General.  Security Federal is a South Carolina chartered commercial bank headquartered in Aiken, South Carolina.  Security Federal, with 1416 branch offices in Aiken, Lexington, Richland and LexingtonSaluda counties, South Carolina and Columbia County, Georgia, was originally chartered under the name Aiken Building and Loan Association on March 27, 1922.  It received its federal charter and changed its name to Security Federal Savings and Loan Association of Aiken on March 7, 1962, and later changed its name to Security Federal Savings Bank of South Carolina, on November 11, 1986.  Effective April 8, 1996, the Bank changed its name to Security Federal Bank.  The Bank converted from the mutual to the stock form of organization on October 30, 1987.  As mentioned above, effective December 28, 2011, Security Federal converted from a federally chartered stock savings bank to a South Carolina chartered commercial bank. As a result of the conversion to a South Carolina commercial bank, the Bank is regulated by the South Carolina State Board of Financial Institutions ("State Board") and the FDIC. The Bank will open its 17th branch office in Augusta, Georgia in 2019.

The principal business of Security Federal is accepting deposits from the general public and originating commercial real estate loans, commercial business loans, consumer loans, as well as mortgage loans to buy or refinance one-to-four family residential real estate.  The Bank also originates construction loans on single-family residences, multi-family dwellings and projects, and commercial real estate, as well as loans for the acquisition, development and construction of residential subdivisions and commercial projects. In addition, the Bank operates Security Federal Trust and Investments, as a division of the Bank that offers trust, financial planning and financial management services.

Security Federal has one active wholly owned subsidiary, Security Federal Insurance Inc. ("SFINS"), which is an insurance agency subsidiary that offers auto, business, health and home insurance. Security Federal InsuranceSFINS also has a wholly owned subsidiary, Collier Jennings Financial Corporation, which has three wholly owned subsidiaries: Security Federal Auto Insurance, The Auto Insurance Store Inc., and Security Federal Premium Pay Plans Inc.  Security Federal Premium Pay Plans Inc. has one wholly owned insurance premium finance subsidiary and also has an ownership interest in four other insurance premium finance subsidiaries. Security Federal also has one inactive subsidiary, Security Financial Services Corporation, which was formed in 1975.



Corporation.

Security Federal's income is derived primarily from interest and fees earned in connection with its lending activities, and its principal expenses are interest paid on savings deposits and borrowings and operating expenses.




Selected Consolidated Financial Information.  This information is incorporated by reference to pages 7 and 8 of the Company’s 20162018 Annual Report to Shareholders (“Annual Report”).

Rate/Volume Analysis.  This information is incorporated by reference to page 2018 of the Annual Report.

Yields Earned and Rates Paid.  This information is incorporated by reference to page 2119 of the Annual Report.

Lending Activities

General.  Security Federal's principal lending activities are making loans on commercial real estate and one-to-four family residential real estate. The Bank originates fixed rate residential real estate loans for sale in the secondary market and adjustable rate mortgage loans ("ARMS") to be held in its portfolio.  The Bank also originates construction loans on single family residences, multi-family dwellings and commercial real estate, and loans for the acquisition, development and construction of residential subdivisions and commercial projects.   To a lesser extent, the Bank originates consumer loans and commercial business loans.

The loan-to-value ratio, maturity and other provisions of loans made by the Bank reflect its policy of making the maximum loan permissible consistent with applicable regulations, established lending policies and market conditions.  The Bank requires title insurance (or acceptable legal opinions on smaller loans secured by real estate) and, fire insurance, and flood insurance where applicable, on loans secured by improved real estate.





Loan Portfolio Composition.  The following table sets forth information concerning the composition of the Bank's loan portfolio, including loans held for sale, in dollar amounts and in percentages by type of loan, and presents a reconciliation of total loans receivable before net items.

At December 31,At December 31,
2016 2015 2014 2013 20122018 2017 2016 2015 2014
Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount PercentAmount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent
(Dollars in Thousands)(Dollars in Thousands)
TYPE OF LOAN:                                      
Real estate loans:                                      
Residential real estate $72,366
 19.5% $70,762
 20.7% $75,099
 21.5% $77,169
 20.7% $88,895
 21.6%$72,501
 16.2% $71,867
 17.7% $72,366
 19.5% $70,762
 20.7% $75,099
 21.5%
Owner occupied residential construction 9,858
 2.6
 8,074
 2.4
 4,049
 1.2
 7,069
 1.9
 6,553
 1.6
13,246
 3.0
 12,440
 3.1
 9,858
 2.6
 8,074
 2.4
 4,049
 1.2
Total residential real estate loans82,224
 22.1
 78,836
 23.1
 79,148
 22.7
 84,238
 22.6
 95,448
 23.2
85,747
 19.2
 84,307
 20.8
 82,224
 22.1
 78,836
 23.1
 79,148
 22.7
Commercial loans:                                      
Commercial business16,279
 4.4
 12,514
 3.7
 10,564
 3.0
 7,775
 2.1
 8,064
 2.0
28,087
 6.3
 26,778
 6.6
 16,279
 4.4
 12,514
 3.7
 10,564
 3.0
Commercial real estate 208,958
 56.2
 187,934
 55.0
 196,107
 56.1
 220,311
 59.1
 241,268
 58.8
268,688
 60.2
 228,818
 56.4
 208,958
 56.2
 187,934
 55.0
 196,107
 56.1
Multi-family 13,641
 3.7
 12,149
 3.6
 13,424
 3.8
 8,089
 2.2
 9,656
 2.3
7,272
 1.6
 8,996
 2.2
 13,641
 3.7
 12,149
 3.6
 13,424
 3.8
Total commercial loans238,878
 64.3
 212,597
 62.2
 220,095
 62.9
 236,175
 63.4
 258,988
 63.1
304,047
 68.1
 264,592
 65.2
 238,878
 64.3
 212,597
 62.2
 220,095
 62.9
Consumer loans:                                      
Deposit account 400
 0.1
 487
 0.1
 627
 0.2
 656
 0.2
 942
 0.2
491
 0.1
 647
 0.1
 400
 0.1
 487
 0.1
 627
 0.2
Home equity lines 24,615
 6.6
 24,163
 7.1
 24,157
 6.9
 25,156
 6.7
 26,330
 6.4
27,732
 6.2
 28,690
 7.1
 24,615
 6.6
 24,163
 7.1
 24,157
 6.9
Consumer first and second mortgages5,527
 1.5
 6,959
 2.0
 7,905
 2.3
 9,385
 2.5
 11,393
 2.8
3,954
 0.9
 4,827
 1.2
 5,527
 1.5
 6,959
 2.0
 7,905
 2.3
Premium finance 4,250
 1.1
 3,409
 1.0
 3,260
 0.9
 2,626
 0.7
 2,644
 0.6
4,896
 1.1
 4,904
 1.2
 4,250
 1.1
 3,409
 1.0
 3,260
 0.9
Other 15,876
 4.3
 15,362
 4.5
 14,442
 4.1
 14,383
 3.9
 15,286
 3.7
19,835
 4.4
 17,694
 4.4
 15,876
 4.3
 15,362
 4.5
 14,442
 4.1
Total consumer loans50,668
 13.6
 50,380
 14.7
 50,391
 14.4
 52,206
 14.0
 56,595
 13.7
56,908
 12.7
 56,762
 14
 50,668
 13.6
 50,380
 14.7
 50,391
 14.4
Total loans 371,770
 100.0% 341,813
 100.0% 349,634
 100.0% 372,619
 100.0% 411,031
 100.0%446,702
 100.0% 405,661
 100.0% 371,770
 100.0% 341,813
 100.0% 349,634
 100.0%
Less:                                      
Loans in process 3,526
   2,903
   1,379
   3,465
   2,002
  7,225
   6,805
   3,526
   2,903
   1,379
  
Deferred fees and discount165
   62
   24
   (5)   5
  252
   142
   165
   62
   24
  
Allowance for loan losses 8,356
   8,275
   8,357
   10,242
   11,318
  9,171
   8,221
   8,356
   8,275
   8,357
  
Total loans receivable$359,723
   $330,573
   $339,874
   $358,917
   $397,706
  $430,054
   $390,493
   $359,723
   $330,573
   $339,874
  





The following table sets forth information concerning the composition of the Bank's loan portfolio, including loans held for sale, in dollar amounts and in percentages by type of loan, and presents a reconciliation of total loans receivable before net items.

At December 31,At December 31,
2016 2015 2014 2013 20122018 2017 2016 2015 2014
Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount PercentAmount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent
(Dollars in Thousands)(Dollars in Thousands)
TYPE OF LOAN:
                                      
Fixed rate loans                                      
Residential real estate $17,336
 4.7% $14,158
 4.1%
 $12,832
 3.7% $11,061
 3.0% $15,479
 3.8%$17,473
 3.9% $17,746
 4.3% $17,336
 4.7% $14,158
 4.1% $12,832
 3.7%
Commercial business and commercial real estate203,032
 54.6
 180,285
 52.7
 185,862
 53.2
 201,048
 54.0
 208,604
 50.7
264,654
 59.2
 222,952
 55.0
 203,032
 54.6
 180,285
 52.7
 185,862
 53.2
Consumer 22,310
 6.0
 22,286
 6.5
 21,983
 6.2
 22,482
 6.0
 24,503
 6.0
25,447
 5.7
 24,407
 6.0
 22,310
 6.0
 22,286
 6.5
 21,983
 6.2
Total fixed rate loans $242,678
 65.3
 $216,729
 63.4
 $220,677
 63.1
 $234,591
 63.0
 $248,586
 60.5
$307,574
 68.9
 $265,105
 65.3
 $242,678
 65.3
 $216,729
 63.4
 $220,677
 63.1
Adjustable rate loans                                      
Residential real estate $64,888
 17.5
 $64,678
 18.9
 $66,316
 19.0
 $73,177
 19.6
 $79,969
 19.5
$68,274
 15.3
 $66,561
 16.4
 $64,888
 17.5
 $64,678
 18.9
 $66,316
 19.0
Commercial business and commercial real estate 35,846
 9.6
 32,312
 9.5
 34,233
 9.8
 35,127
 9.4
 50,384
 12.2
39,393
 8.8
 41,640
 10.3
 35,846
 9.6
 32,312
 9.5
 34,233
 9.8
Consumer 28,358
 7.6
 28,094
 8.2
 28,408
 8.1
 29,724
 8.0
 32,092
 7.8
31,461
 7.0
 32,355
 8.0
 28,358
 7.6
 28,094
 8.2
 28,408
 8.1
Total adjustable rate loans129,092
 34.7
 125,084
 36.6
 128,957
 36.9
 138,028
 37.0
 162,445
 39.5
139,128
 31.1
 140,556
 34.7
 129,092
 34.7
 125,084
 36.6
 128,957
 36.9
Total loans $371,770
 100.0% $341,813
 100.0% $349,634
 100.0% $372,619
 100.0% $411,031
 100.0%$446,702
 100.0% $405,661
 100.0% $371,770
 100.0% $341,813
 100.0% $349,634
 100.0%
Less                                      
Loans in process $3,526
   $2,903
   $1,379
   $3,465
   $2,002
  $7,225
   $6,805
   $3,526
   $2,903
   $1,379
  
Deferred fees and discounts165
   62
   24
   (5)   5
  252
   142
   165
   62
   24
  
Allowance for loan losses 8,356
   8,275
   8,357
   10,242
   11,318
  9,171
   8,221
   8,356
   8,275
   8,357
  
Total loans receivable $359,723
   $330,573
   $339,874
   $358,917
   $397,706
  $430,054
   $390,493
   $359,723
   $330,573
   $339,874
  

As of December 31, 2016,2018, the total amount of loans due after December 31, 2017,2019, which have predetermined or fixed interest rates was $171.7$212.8 million, and the total amount of loans due after that date which have floating or adjustable interest rates was $113.5$126.3 million.





The following schedule illustrates the maturities of Security Federal's loan portfolio, including loans held for sale, at December 31, 2016.2018.  Mortgages which have adjustable or renegotiable interest rates are shown as maturing in the period when the contract is due.  This schedule does not reflect the effects of possible prepayments or enforcement of due-on-sale clauses.
Residential
Real Estate
 
Owner Occupied Residential
Real Estate
Construction
 Consumer 
Commercial Construction
and A&D
 
Commercial
Business
and
Commercial
Real Estate
 Total Loans
Residential
Real Estate
 
Owner Occupied Residential
Real Estate
Construction
 Consumer 
Commercial Construction
and A&D
 
Commercial
Business
and Other
Commercial
Real Estate
 Total Loans
(In Thousands)(In Thousands)
Six months or less (1)$4,198
 $7,061
 $10,225
 $11,612
 $12,265
 $45,361
$2,988
 $10,765
 $10,942
 $35,478
 $17,525
 $77,698
Over six months to one year69
 2,797
 1,020
 11,616
 25,653
 41,155
330
 2,394
 983
 8,405
 18,189
 30,301
Over one year to three years929
 —
 5,523
 5,357
 75,548
 87,357
696
 87
 5,491
 13,763
 72,706
 92,743
Over three to five years738
 —
 5,831
 2,744
 57,554
 66,867
1,498
 —
 7,901
 5,065
 74,516
 88,980
Over five to ten years1,615
 —
 8,529
 337
 25,288
 35,769
1,522
 —
 10,911
 6,107
 43,123
 61,663
Over ten years 64,817
 —
 19,540
 144
 10,760
 95,261
65,467
 —
 20,680
 1,298
 7,872
 95,317
Total$72,366
 $9,858
 $50,668
 $31,810
 $207,068
 $371,770
$72,501
 $13,246
 $56,908
 $70,116
 $233,931
 $446,702
_____________________
(1)Includes demand loans, loans having no stated maturity, overdraft loans and equitypersonal line of credit loans.

The commercial construction and acquisition and development ("A&D") loans category includes all loans made to builders to finance the A&D of residential neighborhoods and also any construction loans made to builders to finance the construction of individual one- to four-family residences. Construction loans made to owners to finance the construction of a residence are included in the owner occupied residential real estate construction loan category.

Loan Originations/ Renewals, Purchases and Sales.  The following table shows the loan origination including renewals of previously funded loans, purchase, sale and repayment activities of the Bank for the periods indicated.
Years Ended December 31, Nine Months Ended
December 31,		Years Ended December 31,
2016 2015 2014 2013 20122018 2017 2016 2015 2014
(In Thousands)(In Thousands)
Originated/ Renewed:                  
Adjustable rate - residential real estate$19,851
 $14,298
 $11,758
 $13,021
 $6,986
$24,625
 $21,676
 $19,851
 $14,298
 $11,758
Fixed rate - residential real estate (1)35,435
 24,181
 23,617
 28,892
 24,136
42,940
 42,069
 35,435
 24,181
 23,617
Consumer 18,441
 11,540
 10,635
 10,840
 7,315
22,268
 21,466
 18,441
 11,540
 10,635
Commercial business and commercial real estate190,914
 130,241
 116,169
 172,694
 113,629
204,940
 168,474
 190,914
 130,241
 116,169
Total loans originated/ renewed 264,641
 180,260
 162,179
 225,447
 152,066
294,773
 253,685
 264,641
 180,260
 162,179
Loans Purchased5,005
 —
 —
 —
 —
253
 5,500
 5,005
 —
 —
Less:                  
Loans Sold:                  
Fixed rate - residential real estate 33,654
 23,583
 22,986
 32,272
 22,037
45,345
 41,977
 33,654
 23,583
 22,986
Adjustable rate- residential real estate—
 —
 —
 —
 725
—
 —
 —
 —
 —
Fixed rate - commercial real estate—
 —
 —
 —
 996
—
 100
 —
 —
 —
Transfers to OREO1,026
 4,363
 1,638
 3,861
 2,456
436
 581
 1,026
 4,363
 1,638
Principal repayments205,009
 160,135
 160,540
 227,726
 159,856
208,205
 182,636
 205,009
 160,135
 160,540
Increase (decrease) in other items, net807
 1,481
 (3,942) 377
 (3,199)1,480
 3,121
 807
 1,481
 (3,942)
Net increase (decrease) $29,150
 $(9,302) $(19,043) $(38,789) $(30,805)$39,560
 $30,770
 $29,150
 $(9,302) $(19,043)

__________
(1) Includes newly originated fixed rate loans held for sale and construction/permanent loans converted to fixed rate loans and sold.







In addition to interest earned on loans, the Bank receives loan origination fees or "points" for originating loans.  Loan origination points are a percentage of the principal amount of the loan which are charged to the borrower for the creation of the loan.  The Bank's loan origination fees are generally 1% on conventional residential mortgages, and 0.25% to 1% on commercial real estate loans and commercial business loans.  

Total fee income (including amounts amortized to income as yield adjustments) received by the Bank from loan originations was $450,000$726,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016.2018.

Loan origination and commitment fees are volatile sources of income.  These fees vary with the volume and type of loans and commitments made and purchased and with competitive conditions in mortgage markets, which in turn are governed by the demand for and availability of money.

The following table shows deferred mortgage loan origination fees recognized as income by the Bank expressed as a percentage of the dollar amount of total mortgage loans originated (and retained in the Bank's portfolio) and purchased during the periods indicated and the dollar amount of deferred loan origination fees at the end of each respective period.
 Years Ended December 31,
 2016 2015 2014 2013
 (Dollars in Thousands)
Net deferred mortgage loan origination fees earned during the period (1)
$23
 $23
 $23
 $27
        
Mortgage loan origination fees earned as a percentage of total portfolio mortgage loans originated during the period0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2%
        
Net deferred mortgage loan origination fees (costs) in loan portfolio at end of period   $(27) $18
 $23
 $30
 Years Ended December 31,
 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014
 (Dollars in Thousands)  
Net deferred mortgage loan origination fees earned during the period (1)
$21
 $(13) $23
 $23
 $23
          
Mortgage loan origination fees earned as a percentage of total portfolio
    mortgage loans originated during the period
0.1% (0.1)% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2%
          
Net deferred mortgage loan origination fees (costs) in loan portfolio at
    end of period   
$359
 $13
 $(27) $18
 $23

__________
(1)Includes amounts amortized to interest income as yield adjustments; does not include fees earned on loans sold.

The Bank also receives other fees and charges related to existing loans, conversion fees, assumption fees, late charges and other fees collected in connection with a change in borrower or other loan modifications.

Security Federal currently sells substantially all conforming fixed rate loans with terms of 15 years or greater in the secondary mortgage market.  These loans are sold in order to provide a source of funds and as one of the strategies available to close the gap between the maturities of the Bank's interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.  Currently, most fixed rate, long-term mortgage loans are being originated based on Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae") and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac") underwriting standards.

Secondary market sales are made to other banks or institutional investors.  Generally all loans sold to investors are without recourse.  For the past several years, substantially all loans have been sold on a servicing released basis. During the year ended December 31, 2016,2018, Security Federal sold $33.7$45.3 million in fixed rate residential loans on a servicing released basis in the secondary market.  Loans closed but not yet settled with banks or other investors, are carried in the Bank's "loans held for sale" portfolio.  At December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank had $4.2$1.8 million of loans held for sale.  These loans are fixed rate residential loans that have been originated in the Bank's name and have closed.  Virtually all of these loans have commitments to be purchased by investors and the majority of these loans were price locked in by price with the investors on the same day or shortly after the loan was price locked in with the Bank's customers.  Therefore, these loans present very little market risk for the Bank.  The Bank usually delivers loans to, and receives funding from, the investor within 30 days.  Security Federal originates all of its loans held for sale on a "best efforts" basis which means that the Bank suffers no penalty if it is unable to deliver a loan to a potential investor.

Federal law restricts the Bank's permissible lending limits to one borrower to the greater of $500,000 or 15% of unimpaired capital and surplus.  At December 31, 2018, the Bank's legal lending limit under this restriction was $14.8 million.  At that date, the Bank's largest loan relationship to a single borrower was $11.7 million, comprised of three loans for commercial properties. These loans were performing in accordance with their repayment terms at December 31, 2018.  South Carolina law restricts the Bank's permissible lending limits to one borrower to 10% of unimpaired capital unless prior approval is granted by a two-thirds vote of the Board of Directors, in which case the limit is increased to 15% of unimpaired capital.  During 2018, the Board approved an increase in the Bank's lending limit to a single borrower to 15% of unimpaired capital.




Loan Solicitation and Processing.  The Bank actively solicits mortgage loan applications from existing customers, real estate agents, builders, real estate developers and others.  The Bank also receives mortgage loan applications as a result of customer referrals and from walk-in customers. Detailed loan applications are obtained to determine the borrower's creditworthiness and ability to repay.  The more significant items on loan applications are verified through the use of credit reports, financial statements and confirmations. After analysis of the loan application and property or collateral involved, including an appraisal of the property (residential appraisals are obtained through independent fee appraisers), a lending decision is made in accordance with the underwriting guidelines of the Bank. These guidelines are generally consistent with Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae guidelines for residential real estate loans.  With respect to commercial real estate loans, the Bank also reviews the capital adequacy of the business, the income potential of the property, the ability of the borrower to repay the loan and honor its other obligations, and general economic and industry conditions.


Upon receipt of a loan application and all required related information from a prospective borrower, the loan application is submitted for approval or rejection. The residential mortgage loan underwriters approve loans which meet Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae underwriting requirements. The Chairman of the Company, the Chief Executive Officer of the Company and the Bank, the President of the Bank, the Executive Vice President/Business Development, the Senior Vice President/Chief Lending Officer and Senior Vice President/Mortgage Lending individually have the authority to approve loans of $500,000 or less, except as set forth above for conforming conventionally underwritten, single family mortgage loans, which are approved by the underwriters.  Loans in excess of $500,000 and up to $1.0 million require the approval of any three of the following: Chairman of the Company, the Chief Executive Officer of the Company and the Bank, the President of the Bank, the President of the Company, the Executive Vice President/Business Development, the Senior Vice President/Chief Lending Officer, the Vice Chairman of the Executive Committee or the Secretary of the Executive Committee.  Any loan in excess of $1.0 million must be approved by the Bank's Executive Committee, which operates as the Bank's Loan Committee.  The loan approval limits discussed above are the aggregate of all loans to any one borrower or entity, not including loans that are secured by the borrower's primary residence, and are conventionally underwritten.
The general policy of Security Federal is to issue loan commitments to qualified borrowers for a specified term, generally a for a period of 45 days or less.  With management approval, commitments may be extended for up to an additional 45 days.  At December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank had $165,000$991,000 in outstanding commitments on mortgage loans not yet closed compared to none$1.3 million at December 31, 2015.2017. Security Federal had outstanding commitments available on all lines of credit (including letters of credit, commercial, undisbursed loans in process, home equity, VISA,credit cards and other consumer loans) totaling $80.3$83.7 million at December 31, 2016.2018.  See Note 18 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in the Annual Report.

Residential Real Estate Lending.  At December 31, 20162018 the Bank had $82.2$85.7 million or 22.1%19.2% of the Bank's total outstanding loan portfolio in residential real estate loans. These loans can have adjustable or fixed rates and include permanent one- to four-family residential mortgage loans as well as construction loans for single family dwellings to owner-occupants.
Security Federal offers a variety of ARMs which offer adjustable rates of interest, payments, loan balances or terms to maturity which vary according to specified indices.  The Bank's ARMs generally have a loan term of 15 to 30 years with initial rate adjustments every one, three, five or seven years during the term of the loan.  After the initial rate adjustment, the loan rate then adjusts annually.  Most of the Bank's ARMs contain a 200 basis point limit as to the maximum amount of change in the interest rate at any adjustment period and a 500 or 600 basis point limit over the life of the loan. The Bank generally originates ARMs to retain in its portfolio. These loans are generally made consistent with Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae guidelines. When they do not, mitigating factors are present to make it a sound loan. During the year ended December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank originated $55.3$67.6 million in residential real estate loans, 35.9%36.5% of which had adjustable interest rates. At December 31, 2016,2018, residential ARMs totaled $64.9$68.3 million or 17.5%15.3% of the Bank's loan portfolio. At December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank also held approximately $17.3$17.5 million or 4.7%3.9% of the loan portfolio in longer term fixed rate residential mortgage loans.  Currently, the Bank sells the majority of its longer term fixed rate mortgage loans at origination.
There are unquantifiable risks resulting from possible increased costs to the borrower as a result of periodic repricing.  Despite the benefits of ARMs to the Bank's asset/liability management program, these loans also pose potential additional risks, primarily because as interest rates rise, the underlying payment by the borrower rises, increasing the potential for default.  At the same time, marketability of the underlying property may be adversely affected by higher interest rates.
When making a one- to four-family residential mortgage loan, the Bank evaluates both the borrower's creditworthiness and his or her general ability to make principal and interest payments, and the value of the property that will secure the loan.  The Bank generally makes loans on one- to four-family residential properties in amounts of 95% or less of the appraised value of the collateral.  When loans are made for amounts which exceed 80% of the appraised value of the underlying real estate, the Bank's general policy is to require private mortgage insurance on the portion of the loan in excess of 80% of the appraised value.  In general, the Bank restricts its residential lending to South Carolina and the nearby Augusta, Georgia market.



Construction loans are generally made for periods of six months to one year with either adjustable or fixed rates.  At December 31, 2016,2018, residential construction loans on one- to four-family dwellings to owner-occupants totaled $9.9$13.2 million, or 2.7%3.0%, of the Bank's loan portfolio. On loans of this type, the Bank seeks to evaluate the financial condition and prior performance of the builder, as well as the borrower's creditworthiness and his or her general ability to make principal and interest payments, and the value of the property that will secure the loan. On construction loans offered to individuals (non-builders), the Bank offers a construction/permanent loan.  The one year construction portion of the loan has a fixed rate ranging currently from 2.75%3.25% to 6.25% depending on which ARM program the borrower has chosen for the permanent portion of the loan after the construction period.  The borrower pays interest on the loan during the construction phase.  After construction, the loan then automatically converts, depending on the borrower's upfront selection, to a one year ARM, a three year/one year ARM, or a five year/one year ARM loan in which the borrower will pay principal and interest.  The borrower also has the option, after the construction period only, to convert the loan to a fixed rate residential mortgage loan which the Bank immediately sells on the secondary market on a servicing released basis.




Commercial Real Estate, Commercial Business and Multi-Family Loans.  The commercial business loans originated by the Bank are primarily secured by business equipment, furniture and fixtures, inventory and receivables, or are unsecured. At December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank had $16.3$28.1 million, or 4.4%6.3% of its total loan portfolio, in commercial business loans.  A total of $964,000,$762,000, or 5.9%2.7% of these loans were unsecured at December 31, 2016.2018.

The commercial real estate loans originated by the Bank are primarily secured by non-residential commercial properties, churches, hotels, residential developments, single family construction loans to builders for speculative dwellings or pre-sold homes, lot loans to builders,land lots, income property developments, and undeveloped land.  At December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank had $222.6$276.0 million, or 59.9%61.8% of its total loan portfolio, in commercial real estate loans and multi-family loans. Included in these loans at December 31, 20162018 was $9.6$23.7 million in A&D loans with terms of typically two to three years. Also included in commercial real estate loans was $15.1$12.3 million in loans for the construction of single family dwellings to builders with a term of typically one year.

The multi-familyMulti-family loans originated by the Bank are primarily secured by commercial residential properties including apartment complexes, condominiums or townhouses, and loans for acquisition and development of, or improvements to multi-family residential properties. At December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank had $13.6$7.3 million, or 3.7%1.6% of its total loan portfolio, in multi-family loans.

The following table summarizes the Bank's commercial real estate, multi-family, and commercial business loans by geographic market area at December 31, 2016.2018.
Aiken County
Area
 Midlands Area, SC 
Metro
Augusta, GA
 Other TotalAiken County, SC Midlands Area, SC Metro Augusta, GA Other Total
(In Thousands)(In Thousands)
Commercial real estate $85,371
 $46,976
 $44,857
 $31,754
 $208,958
$83,005
 $82,374
 $65,163
 $38,146
 $268,688
Multi-family 5,061
 5,766
 1,748
 1,066
 13,641
5,176
 1,331
 765
 —
 7,272
Commercial business 9,396
 2,422
 1,666
 2,795
 16,279
11,616
 6,779
 4,947
 4,745
 28,087
Total $99,828
 $55,164
 $48,271
 $35,615
 $238,878
$99,797
 $90,484
 $70,875
 $42,891
 $304,047

Loans secured by commercial real estate are typically written for amortization terms of 10 to 20 years. Commercial loans not secured by real estate are typically based on terms of three to 60 months. Both commercial real estate loans and commercial business loans not secured by real estate can be originated on adjustable or fixed rate terms.  Adjustable rates are tied to the prime rate as quoted in The Wall Street Journal and typically adjust on a daily basis. Since 2009, the Bank has instituted floors of typically 4% to 6% (currently 4%) on newly originated adjustable rate commercial business and commercial real estate loans. If ceilings are used, the loan will typically require a balloon payment in 60 months or less. Fixed rate loans on commercial real estate usually require a balloon payment in 36 to 60 months. Fixed rate loans on non-real estate collateral are generally amortizing in five years or less.

Commercial real estate lending entails significant additional credit risk when compared to residential lending. Commercial real estate loans typically involve large loan balances to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers.  Because payments on loans secured by commercial properties often depend upon the successful operation and management of the properties, repayment of these loans may be affected by adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy.  In order to minimize the risks associated with this type of loan, the Bank generally limits the maximum loan-to-value ratio for commercial real estate to a range of 65% to 80%, based on appraisals of the property at the time of the loan by appraisers designated by the Bank, and strictly scrutinizes the credit history, financial condition and cash flow of the borrower, the quality of the collateral and the expertise of management of the property securing the loan.




Although the creditworthiness of the business and its principals is of primary consideration, the underwriting process also includes a comparison of the value of the security, if any, in relation to the proposed loan amount. A&D loans secured by improved lots generally involve greater risks than residential mortgage lending because these loans are more difficult to evaluate. If the estimate of value proves to be inaccurate, in the event of default and foreclosure, we may be confronted with a property, the value of which is insufficient to assure full payment.



Commercial business lending generally involves greater risk than residential mortgage lending and involves risks that are different from those associated with lending that is secured by real estate. Real estate lending is generally considered to be collateral based lending with loan amounts based on predetermined loan-to-collateral values, and liquidation of the underlying real estate collateral is viewed as the primary source of repayment in the event of borrower default. Although commercial business loans often have equipment, inventory, accounts receivable or other business assets as collateral, the liquidation of collateral in the event of a borrower default is often not a sufficient source of repayment because accounts receivable may be uncollectible and inventories and equipment may be obsolete or of limited use, among other conditions. Accordingly, the repayment of a commercial business loan depends primarily on the creditworthiness of the borrower (and any guarantors), while liquidation of collateral is a secondary and often insufficient source of repayment. The Bank seeks to minimize these risks by strictly scrutinizing the borrower's current financial condition, ability to pay, past earnings and payment history.  In addition, the current financial condition and payment history of all principals are reviewed.  Typically, the Bank requires the principal or owners of a business to guarantee all loans made to their business by the Bank.  Although the creditworthiness of the business and its principals is of primary consideration, the underwriting process also includes a comparison of the value of the security, if any, in relation to the proposed loan amount.

Federal law restricts the Bank's permissible lending limits to one borrower to the greater of $500,000 or 15% of unimpaired capital and surplus.  At December 31, 2016, the Bank's legal lending limit under this restriction was $14.5 million.  At that date, the Bank's largest loan relationship to a single borrower was $9.2 million.  South Carolina law restricts the Bank's permissible lending limits to one borrower to 10% of unimpaired capital unless prior approval is granted by a two-thirds vote of the Board of Directors, in which case the limit is increased to 15% of unimpaired capital.  The Bank's lending limit at 10% of unimpaired capital was $9.7 million at December 31, 2016.

Consumer Loans.  The Bank originates consumer loans for any personal, family or household purpose, including the financing of home improvements, loans to individuals for residential lots for a future home, automobiles, boats, mobile homes, recreational vehicles and education.  The Bank also makes consumer first and second mortgage loans secured by residences.  These loans typically do not qualify for sale in the secondary market, but are generally not considered sub-prime lending.lending by the Bank's regulators. In addition, the Bank offers home equity lines of credit.  Home equity loans are secured by mortgage liens on the borrower's principal or second residence. Home equity lines are open end lines of credit where the borrowers pay a minimum of interest only monthly on drawn lines.  The terms are for a maximum period of 20 years and the rate is a variable rate tied to prime and floats monthly.  Margins range from zeronone to one percent.  2.5%. 

In 2012, the Bank instituted interest rate floors, which currently range from 3.25% to 4.25%, on new originations and a maximum loan-to-value ratio of 80% forif the first mortgagesmortgage was originated by Security Federal and 60% for70% if the first mortgagesmortgage was originated by other lenders. Previously, the maximum loan-to-value ratio was 90%, but was decreased because of the 2008 economic recession.another lender.  At December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank had $24.6$27.7 million of home equity lines of credit outstanding and $26.0$26.0 million of additional commitments of home equity lines of credit.  The Bank also makes secured and unsecured lines of credit available.  Although consumer loans involve a higher level of risk than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans, they generally provide higher yields and have shorter terms to maturity than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans.  At December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank had $50.7$56.9 million, or 13.6%12.7% of its loan portfolio, in consumer loans.
 
The Bank's underwriting standards for consumer loans include a determination of the applicant's payment history on other debts and an assessment of ability to meet existing obligations and payments on the proposed loan.  The stability of the applicant's monthly income is determined by verification of gross monthly income from primary employment, and from any verifiable secondary income.  Although creditworthiness of the applicant is of primary consideration, the underwriting process also includes a comparison of the value of the security, if any, in relation to the proposed loan amount.

The Bank also has a credit card program.  As of December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank had issued 3,427 Visa3,712 Mastercard credit cards with total approved credit lines of $7.4$8.4 million, of which $2.5$2.6 million was outstanding on that date.

Loan Delinquencies and Defaults

General.  The Bank's collection procedures provide that when a real estate loan is approximately 20 days past due, the borrower is contacted by mail and payment is requested.  If the delinquency continues for another 10 days, subsequent efforts are made to contact the delinquent borrower and establish a program to bring the loan current.  In certain instances, the Bank may modify the loan or grant a limited moratorium on loan payments to enable the borrower to reorganize his financial affairs.  If the loan continues in a delinquent status for 60 days or more, the Bank generally initiates foreclosure proceedings after the customer has been notified by certified mail.  The Bank institutes the same collection procedure for its commercial real estate loans.  




Delinquent Loans.  The following table sets forth information concerning delinquent loans at December 31, 2016.2018.  
Real Estate Non-Real Estate  Real Estate Non-Real Estate  
Residential Commercial Consumer 
Commercial
Business
  Residential Commercial Consumer 
Commercial
Business
  
Number Amount Number Amount Number Amount Number Amount TotalNumber Amount Number Amount Number Amount Number Amount Total
Loans delinquent for:(Dollars in Thousands)  (Dollars in Thousands)  
30 - 59 days4
 $654
 11
 $1,720
 42
 $625
 5
 $536
 $3,535
—
 $—
 12
 $1,557
 42
 $556
 5
 $205
 $2,318
60 - 89 days—
 —
 1
 256
 5
 120
 2
 69
 445
4
 332
 3
 424
 10
 248
 5
 106
 1,110
90 days and over17
 2,488
 20
 2,640
 8
 242
 1
 145
 5,515
4
 498
 13
 1,635
 7
 1,120
 2
 19
 3,272
Total delinquent loans21
 $3,142
 32
 $4,616
 55
 $987
 8
 $750
 $9,495
8
 $830
 28
 $3,616
 59
 $1,924
 12
 $330
 $6,700

Classified Assets.  Federal regulations provide for the classification of loans and other assets such as debt and equity securities considered to be of lesser quality as "substandard," "doubtful" or "loss" assets.  The regulations require commercial banks to classify their own assets and to establish prudent general allowances for loan losses for assets classified "substandard" or "doubtful."  For the portion of assets classified as "loss," an institution is required to either establish specific allowances of 100% of the amount classified or charge off such amount.  In addition, the State Board and/or FDIC may require the establishment of a general allowance for losses based on assets classified as "substandard" and "doubtful" or based on the general quality of the asset portfolio of a Bank.  See "Regulation - Regulation of the Bank."

The Company uses a risk based approach based on the following credit quality measures consistent with regulatory guidelines when analyzing the loan portfolio: pass, caution, special mention, and substandard. These indicators are used to rate the credit quality of loans for the purposes of determining the Company’s allowance for loan losses. Pass loans are loans that are performing and are deemed adequately protected by the net worth of the borrower or the underlying collateral value. These loans are considered to have the least amount of risk in terms of determining the allowance for loan losses. Loans that are graded as substandard are considered to have the most risk. These loans typically have an identified weakness or weaknesses and are inadequately protected by the net worth of the borrower or collateral value. All loans 90 days or more past due are automatically classified in this category. The caution and special mention categories fall in between the pass and substandard grades and consist of loans that do not currently expose the Company to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification but possess weaknesses.

At December 31, 2016, $12.92018, $14.6 million of the total loan balance were classified "substandard" compared to $18.4$11.7 million at December 31, 2015.2017. At December 31, 2016, $19.32018, $20.4 million were designated as "special mention" compared to $18.1$23.8 million at December 31, 2015.2017. At December 31, 2016, $76.22018, $60.6 million were designated as “caution” compared to $49.1$60.1 million at December 31, 2015.2017. The Bank had no loans classified as "doubtful" or "loss" at December 31, 20162018 and 2015.2017. According to generally accepted accounting principles, the Bank is required to account for certain loan modifications or restructuring as a “troubled debt restructuring” ("TDRs"). In general, the modification or restructuring of a debt is considered a TDR if the Bank, for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that would not otherwise be considered. As of December 31, 2016,2018, there were $4.6$1.4 million in TDRs compared to $6.7$4.1 million at December 31, 2015.2017.  The Bank's classification of assets is consistent with FDIC regulatory classifications.

Non-performing Assets.  Loans are placed on non-accrual status when the collection of principal and/or interest becomes doubtful.  In addition, all loans are placed on non-accrual status when the loan becomes 90 days or more contractually delinquent.  All consumer loans more than 90 days delinquent are charged against the consumer loan allowance for loan losses unless there is adequate collateral which is in the process of being repossessed or foreclosed on.  At December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank had $4.6$1.4 million in TDRs which involved restructuring the borrower's interest rate or principal on a loan or making other concessions on loans at a rate materially less than the market rate.  Other loans of concern are those loans (not delinquent more than 60 days) that management has determined need to be closely monitored as the potential exists for increased risk on these loans in the future.  Non-performing loans are reviewed monthly on a loan by loan basis.  Charge-offs, whether partial or in full, associated with these loans will vary based on estimates of recovery for each loan.



The following table sets forth the amounts and categories of risk elements in the Bank's loan portfolio.
At December 31,At December 31,
2016 2015 2014 2013 20122018 2017 2016 2015 2014
(Dollars in Thousands)(Dollars in Thousands)
Loans Delinquent 60 to 89 Days:                  
Residential Real Estate$—
 $1,144
 $1,087
 $1,363
 $1,795
$332
 $—
 $—
 $1,144
 $1,087
Consumer 120
 282
 91
 235
 212
248
 85
 120
 282
 91
Commercial Business 69
 —
 100
 —
 36
106
 102
 69
 —
 100
Commercial Real Estate 256
 930
 1,095
 2,047
 4,852
424
 365
 256
 930
 1,095
Total $445
 $2,356
 $2,373
 $3,645
 $6,895
$1,110
 $552
 $445
 $2,356
 $2,373
Total as a percentage of total assets 0.05% 0.29% 0.29% 0.43% 0.77%0.12% 0.06% 0.05% 0.29% 0.29%
                  
Non-Accruing Loans :         
Loans Delinquent 90 or more Days
or Non-Accruing Loans :
         
Residential Real Estate$2,488
 $3,307
 $3,061
 $4,608
 $3,758
$2,085
 $1,949
 $2,488
 $3,307
 $3,061
Consumer 242
 576
 574
 398
 646
1,275
 319
 242
 576
 574
Commercial Business 145
 178
 247
 33
 87
124
 109
 145
 178
 247
Commercial Real Estate 2,640
 2,973
 9,860
 4,973
 13,913
3,564
 3,341
 2,640
 2,973
 9,860
Total $5,515
 $7,034
 $13,742
 $10,012
 $18,404
$7,048
 $5,718
 $5,515
 $7,034
 $13,742
Total as a percentage of total assets 0.68% 0.88% 1.66% 1.18% 2.07%0.77% 0.66% 0.68% 0.88% 1.66%
TDRs (1)
$4,595
 $6,714
 $9,630
 $12,394
 $15,941
$1,369
 $4,114
 $4,595
 $6,714
 $9,630
OREO$2,721
 $4,361
 $3,230
 $3,947
 $6,754
$722
 $1,116
 $2,721
 $4,361
 $3,230
Allowance for loan losses $8,356
 $8,275
 $8,357
 $10,242
 $11,318
$9,171
 $8,221
 $8,356
 $8,275
 $8,357
__________
(1) Includes sixthree loans with a combined balance of $1.1 million$419,000 at December 31, 20162018 that are also included in the Non-Accruing Loans section of this table.

Non-performing loans decreased $1.5increased $1.3 million or 21.6%23.3% to $5.5 million at December 31, 2016 from $7.0 million at December 31, 2015 primarily due to a decrease in non-performing residential real estate loans, which decreased $819,000 or 24.8% to $2.52018 from $5.7 million at December 31, 20162017.The largest increase in non-performing loans was in the consumer loans category, which increased $956,000 or 299.7% to $1.3 million at December 31, 2018 compared to $319,000 at December 31, 2017. Non-performing consumer loans at December 31, 2018 consisted of 12 loans to 12 borrowers with an average loan balance of $106,000, the largest of which was a home equity line of credit with a balance of $843,000.

Non-performing commercial real estate loans increased $224,000 or 6.7% to $3.6 million at December 31, 2018 from $3.3 million at December 31, 2015.2017. The balance in non-performing commercial real estate loans at December 31, 2018 consisted of 18 loans to 15 borrowers with an average loan balance of $198,000 compared to 24 loans to 20 borrowers with an average loan balance of $139,000 at December 31, 2017. Of the non-performing commercial real estate loans at December 31, 2018, $3.3 million consisted of 14 loans secured by commercial buildings or first mortgages on principal residences throughout the Bank's market area to 12 different borrowers. Loans secured by principal residences are considered commercial real estate if they were business purpose loans. The remaining non-performing commercial real estate loans at December 31, 2018 consisted of $18,000 for one acquisition and development loan and $235,000 for three loans secured by raw land to three separate borrowers. At December 31, 2018, our largest non-performing commercial real estate loan had a balance of $1.4 million and is secured by a commercial building.

Non-performing loans within the residential real estate loan category increased $136,000 or 7.0% to $2.1 million at December 31, 2018 from $1.9 million at December 31, 2017. Non-performing residential real estate loans at December 31, 20162018 consisted of 14 loans to 14 borrowers with an average loan balance of $149,000, the largest of which was $374,000. At December 31, 2017, non-performing residential real estate loans consisted of 17 loans to 17 borrowers with an average loan balance of $146,000, the largest of which was $352,000. At December 31, 2015, non-performing residential real estate loans consisted of 24 loans to 24 borrowers with an average loan balance of $138,000, the largest of which was $386,000.
Non-performing commercial real estate loans decreased $333,000 or 11.2% to $2.6 million at December 31, 2016 from $3.0 million at December 31, 2015. The balance in non-performing commercial real estate loans at December 31, 2016 consisted of 20 loans to 17 borrowers with an average loan balance of $132,000 compared to 17 loans to 14 borrowers with an average balance of $175,000 at December 31, 2015. Of the non-performing commercial real estate loans at December 31, 2016, $1.7 million consisted of 11 loans secured by commercial buildings or first mortgages on principal residences throughout the Bank's market area to 9 different borrowers. These loans, even though secured by principal residences, are considered commercial real estate because they were business purpose loans. The remaining non-performing commercial real estate loans at December 31, 2016 consisted of $335,000 for two loans secured by builder lots to two borrowers; $233,000 for six loans secured by raw land to six separate borrowers; and $406,000 for one loan secured by a church building. At December 31, 2016, our largest non-performing commercial real estate loan had a balance of $557,000 and was secured by a commercial building.
Also included in non-accruing loans at December 31, 2016 were eight consumer loans totaling $242,000 and one commercial business loan totaling $145,000.  Of the eight consumer loans on non-accrual status at December 31, 2016, the largest had a balance of $89,000.    
At December 31, 2016,2018, there were no accruing loans equal to or more than 90 days delinquent. For the year ended December 31, 2016,2018, the interest income not recognized that would have been recognized with respect to non-accruing loans, had such loans been current in accordance with their original terms and with respect to TDRs, had such loans been current in accordance with their original terms, totaled $687,000$760,000 compared to $679,000$830,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015.2017.  For the year ended


December 31, 20162018 actual interest recorded on these loans was $261,000$329,000 compared to $296,000$214,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015.



2017.

Troubled Debt Restructurings. The Bank identifies and reviews all loans to be restructured based on an assessment of the borrower's credit status. This assessment is a continuous process that involves a review of the financial statements and prospects for repayment, payment delinquency, non-accrual status, and risk rating.

Not all loan modifications are TDRs. The Bank designates a loan modification as a TDR when the following two conditions are present: the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, and because of this difficulty, the Bank grants a concession it would not otherwise consider. Typically these concessions involve a change in the interest rate, maturity date or payment amount or some combination of each. These concessions rarely result in the forgiveness of principal or interest. TDRs are considered impaired and are initially reported as non-performing loans on non-accrual status. Non-performing TDRs may be returned to accrual status when payment in full of all amounts due under the restructured terms is anticipated and the borrower has demonstrated a sustained payment history which is typically six months.

The Bank did not modify any loans that were considered to be TDRs during the year ended December 31, 2016.2018. The Bank had 12seven loans totaling $4.6$1.4 million at December 31, 20162018 which were TDRs modified in prior years, compared to 16 loanseight TDRs totaling $6.7$4.1 million at December 31, 2015.2017. The 12seven TDRs consisted of one consumer loan secured by a first mortgage on a residential dwelling and two automobiles totaling $60,000; one unsecured consumer loan with a balance of $21,000;$12,000 and 10six commercial real estate loans to 9five separate borrowers, the largest of which had a balance of $2.5 million$482,000 at December 31, 2016.2018. The commercial real estate loans were secured primarily by first mortgages on one single family residence, two lots, one commercial building one hotel, three churches and three parcels of land. churches.

At December 31, 2016, two TDRs totaling $599,000 that had previously been2018, one TDR, restructured as TDRs wereduring a previous year, with a balance of $374,000 was in default. Neither loan had been restructured within the last 12 months. All of the remaining TDRs were current at December 31, 2016.2018. The Bank considers any loan 30 days or more past due to be in default.

Potential Problem Loans. Potential problem loans include substandard loans that are not already included as non-accrual loans or TDRs and special mention loans where management has become aware of information regarding possible borrower credit issues for borrowers that could potentially cause doubt about their ability to comply with current repayment terms. At December 31, 20162018 and 2015,2017, the Bank had identified $26.7$27.9 million and $29.5$29.7 million, respectively, of potential problem loans through its internal loan review procedures.

Repossessed Assets.  OREO had a balance of $2.7 million$722,000 at December 31, 20162018 and consisted of the following real estate properties: ninethree single-family residences, 14 acres of residential land, and 22 lots within residential subdivisionsthree parcels of commercial land located throughout our market areaareas in South Carolina and Georgia; eight lots within a subdivision and the adjacent 22.96 acres of land in Aiken, South Carolina; four parcels of commercial land and two commercial buildings in Aiken, South Carolina.

Provision for Losses on Loans.  Security Federal recognizes that it will experience credit losses during the course of making loans and that the risk of loss will vary with, among other things, the type of loan being made, the creditworthiness of the borrower over the term of the loan and, in the case of a secured loan, the quality of the underlying security for the loan.  The Bank seeks to establish and maintain sufficient reserves for estimated losses on specifically identified loans and real estate where such losses can be estimated.  Additionally, general reserves for estimated possible losses are established on specified portions of the Bank's portfolio such as consumer loans and higher risk residential construction mortgage loans based on management's estimate of the potential loss for loans which normally can be classified as higher risk.  Specific and general reserves are based on, among other criteria: (1) the risk characteristics of the loan portfolio, (2) current economic conditions on a local as well as a statewide basis, (3) actual losses experienced historically and (4) the level of reserves for possible losses in the future.  

At December 31, 2016,2018, the allowance for loan losses or reserve was $8.4$9.2 million.  In determining the adequacy of the reserve for loan losses, management reviews past experience of loan charge-offs, the level of past due and non-accrual loans, the size and mix of the portfolio, general economic conditions in the market area, and individual loans to identify potential credit problems.  Commercial business, commercial real estate and consumer loans were $289.5$361.0 million, or 77.9%80.8% of the total loan portfolio, at December 31, 2016.2018.  Although these types of loans carry a higher level of credit risk than conventional residential mortgage loans, the level of reserves reflects management's continuing evaluation of this risk based on the Bank's past loss experience. At December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank's ratio of loans delinquent more than 60 days to total assets was 0.73%0.48%.  The reserve is management's best estimate for offsetting risk for our estimated possible losses. There can be no guarantee that the estimate is adequate or accurate.  







Management believes that reserves for loan losses are at a level adequate to provide for inherent loan losses.  Although management believes that it has considered all relevant factors in its estimation of future losses, future adjustments to reserves may be necessary if conditions change substantially from the assumptions used in making the original estimations.  Regulators will from time to time evaluate the allowance for loan losses which is subject to adjustment based upon the information available to the regulators at the time of their examinations.

The following table sets forth an analysis of the Bank's allowance for loan losses during the dates indicated.
 Years Ended December 31, Nine Months Ended December 31,
 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012
 (Dollars in Thousands)
Balance at beginning of period $8,275
 $8,358
 $10,242
 $11,318
 $14,615
Provision for loan losses  500
 —
 450
 2,645
 1,975
Charge-offs:         
Residential real estate  197
 217
 359
 1,118
 647
Commercial business and commercial real estate524
 773
 2,383
 3,884
 6,488
Consumer   242
 527
 372
 207
 287
Total charge-offs   963
 1,517
 3,114
 5,209
 7,422
Recoveries:   
  
  
  
Residential real estate   11
 94
 136
 273
 57
Commercial business and commercial real estate446
 1,186
 585
 1,156
 2,075
Consumer            87
 154
 59
 59
 18
Total recoveries    544
 1,434
 780
 1,488
 2,150
Balance at end of period      $8,356
 $8,275
 $8,358
 $10,242
 $11,318
Ratio of net charge-offs to average loans outstanding during the period (1)    
0.12% 0.02% 0.66% 0.99% 1.72%

(1) Annualized for the nine month period ended December 31, 2012
 Years Ended December 31,
 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014
 (Dollars in Thousands)
Balance at beginning of period $8,221
 $8,356
 $8,275
 $8,358
 $10,242
Provision for loan losses  925
 300
 500
 —
 450
Charge-offs:         
Residential real estate  46
 212
 197
 217
 359
Commercial business and commercial
   real estate
385
 435
 524
 773
 2,383
Consumer   225
 184
 242
 527
 372
Total charge-offs   656
 831
 963
 1,517
 3,114
Recoveries:       
  
Residential real estate   2
 2
 11
 94
 136
Commercial business and commercial
   real estate
569
 319
 446
 1,186
 585
Consumer            110
 75
 87
 154
 59
Total recoveries    681
 396
 544
 1,434
 780
Balance at end of period      $9,171
 $8,221
 $8,356
 $8,275
 $8,358
Ratio of net (recoveries) charge-offs to
   average loans outstanding during the
    period  
(0.01)% 0.11% 0.12% 0.02% 0.66%


The following table summarizes the distribution of the Bank's allowance for loan losses at the dates indicated.  The entire allowance is available to absorb losses from all loan categories.

December 31,December 31,
2016 2015 2014 2013 20122018 2017 2016 2015 2014
Amount % of Total
Loans		 Amount % of Total
Loans		 Amount % of Total
Loans		 Amount % of Total
Loans		 Amount % of Total
Loans		Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Amount % of Total Amount % of Total
(Dollars in Thousands)(Dollars in Thousands)
Residential Real Estate $1,360
 16.3% $1,323
 16.0% $1,392
 22.2% $1,706
 22.6% $1,522
 23.2%$1,190
 13.0% $1,233
 15.0% $1,360
 16.3% $1,323
 16.0% $1,392
 16.7%
Consumer 997
 11.9
 1,063
 12.8
 887
 14.5
 848
 14.0
 1,001
 13.7
1,204
 13.1
 1,145
 13.9
 997
 11.9
 1,063
 12.8
 887
 10.6
Commercial Business883
 10.6
 774
 9.4
 159
 3.0
 426
 2.1
 619
 2.0
924
 10.1
 1,011
 12.3
 883
 10.6
 774
 9.4
 159
 1.9
Commercial Real Estate5,116
 61.2
 5,115
 61.8
 5,920
 60.3
 7,261
 61.3
 8,176
 61.1
5,853
 63.8
 4,832
 58.8
 5,116
 61.2
 5,115
 61.8
 5,920
 70.8
Total $8,356
 100.0% $8,275
 100.0% $8,358
 100.0% $10,241
 100.0% $11,318
 100.0%$9,171
 100.0% $8,221
 100.0% $8,356
 100.0% $8,275
 100.0% $8,358
 100.0%





Subsidiaries

At December 31, 2016,2018, Security Federal's net investment in its subsidiaries (including loans to subsidiaries) totaled $5.7$6.5 million.  In addition to investments in subsidiaries, federal institutions are permitted to invest an unlimited amount in operating subsidiaries engaged solely in activities which a commercial bank may engage in directly.

Security Federal Insurance, Inc. ("SFINS")Inc.  SFINS, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Bank, was formed during the year ended March 31, 2002 and began operating during the December 2001 quarter.  SFINS is an insurance agency offering auto, business, health and home insurance, and premium finance.   The operations of SFINS are included in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.Statements contained in the Annual Report.

Collier Jennings Financial Corporation.  Collier Jennings Financial Corporation is a subsidiary of SFINS, a subsidiary of the Bank, which is described above.  The Company acquired the insurance and insurance premium finance businesses of Collier Jennings Financial Corporation and its subsidiaries, Security Federal Auto Insurance, Inc., The Auto Insurance Store, Inc., and Security Federal Premium Pay Plans, Inc. (the "Collier-Jennings Companies"), effective June 30, 2006.

Investment Activities

Investment securities.  The Bank has authority to invest in various types of liquid assets, including U.S. Treasury obligations and securities of various federal agencies, certificates of deposit at insured institutions, mutual funds, bankers' acceptances and federal funds.  The Bank may also invest a portion of its assets in certain commercial paper and corporate debt securities.  See "Regulation - Regulation of the Bank."

As a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") System, Security Federal must maintain minimum levels of investments that are liquid assets as defined in Federal regulations.  See "Regulation - Regulation of the Bank - Federal Home Loan Bank System."  Liquidity may increase or decrease depending upon the availability of funds and comparative yields on investments in relation to the return on loans.

Historically, the Bank has maintained its liquid assets at a level believed adequate to meet requirements of normal daily activities, repayment of maturing debt and potential deposit outflows.  Management regularly reviews and updates cash flow projections to assure that adequate liquidity is provided.




The following table sets forth the fair value of the Company's portfolio of securities and other investments, excluding mortgage-backed securities, at the dates indicated.
December 31,December 31,
2016 2015 2014 2013 20122018 2017 2016 2015 2014
(In Thousands)  (In Thousands)  
Interest bearing deposit at FHLB $179
 $490
 $2,252
 $321
 $226
$311
 $238
 $179
 $490
 $2,252
Certificates of deposits at financial institutions2,445
 3,445
 2,095
 2,100
 1,729
1,200
 1,950
 2,445
 3,445
 2,095
Total other investments $2,624
 $3,935
 $4,347
 $2,421
 $1,955
$1,511
 $2,188
 $2,624
 $3,935
 $4,347
         
Investment Securities:                  
Available for Sale:                  
FHLB securities $998
 $1,932
 $13,247
 $12,671
 $6,165
$—
 $—
 $998
 $1,932
 $13,247
Federal Farm Credit Bank ("FFCB") bonds—
 1,988
 5,668
 5,366
 —
—
 —
 —
 1,988
 5,668
Fannie Mae bonds —
 1,004
 1,004
 1,975
 —
—
 —
 —
 1,004
 1,004
Student Loan Pools12,886
 8,522
 —
 —
 —
Small Business Administration ("SBA") bonds 101,906
 111,417
 108,127
 100,824
 96,462
125,447
 124,248
 101,906
 111,417
 108,127
Tax exempt municipal bonds 71,535
 76,066
 62,495
 61,315
 37,482
61,330
 62,356
 71,535
 76,066
 62,495
Taxable municipal bonds 1,991
 —
 —
 —
 —
1,978
 1,997
 1,991
 —
 —
Equity securities 368
 310
 307
 256
 75
155
 155
 368
 310
 307
Total securities available for sale $176,798
 $192,717
 $190,848
 $182,407
 $140,184
$201,796
 $197,278
 $176,798
 $192,717
 $190,848
         
Held to Maturity:                  
FHLB securities $—
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $7,996
$—
 $1,997
 $—
 $—
 $—
FFCB securities —
 —
 —
 —
 6,796
Fannie Mae bonds —
 —
 —
 —
 2,022
Freddie Mac bonds —
 —
 —
 —
 1,998
977
 986
 —
 —
 —
SBA bonds —
 —
 —
 —
 5,866
Equity securities —
 —
 —
 —
 155
Total securities held to maturity $—
 $—
 $—
 $—
 $24,833
$977
 $2,983
 $—
 $—
 $—
Total securities (1) $176,798
 $192,717
 $190,848
 $182,407
 $165,017
$202,773
 $200,261
 $176,798
 $192,717
 $190,848
         
FHLB stock 2,777
 2,215
 3,145
 5,017
 6,179
2,204
 2,932
 2,777
 2,215
 3,145
Total securities and FHLB stock (1) $179,575
 $194,932
 $193,993
 $187,424
 $165,023
$204,977
 $203,193
 $179,575
 $194,932
 $193,993
_____________________
(1)      Does not include mortgage-backed securities.

At December 31, 2016,2018, the Company did not have any investment securities (exclusive of obligations of the U.S. Government and federal agencies) issued by any one entity with a total book value in excess of 10% of its shareholders' equity. SBA bonds are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government and carry a zero percent risk base when calculating risk based assets for regulatory capital purposes. Student Loan Poolsare typically 97% guaranteed by the U.S. government. The FHLB, FFCB, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are government sponsored enterprises ("GSEs") and the securities and bonds issued by GSEs are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government.  







The following table sets forth the maturities or repricing of investment securities, not including mortgage-backed securities, and FHLB stock at December 31, 2016,2018, and the weighted average yields of such securities and FHLB stock (calculated on the basis of the cost and effective yields weighted for the scheduled maturity of each security).  Tax equivalent yields on tax exempt municipal bonds are calculated using a 34%21% tax rate.  Callable securities are shown at their likely call dates based on current interest rates.  The table was prepared using amortized cost.  SBA bonds are based on maturity dates without the effect of scheduled payments or anticipated prepayments.
Maturing or Repricing December 31, 2016Maturing or Repricing December 31, 2018
Within One Year After One But Within Five Years After Five But Within Ten Years After Ten Years Balance
Outstanding		Within One Year After One But Within Five Years After Five But Within Ten Years After Ten Years Balance
Outstanding
Amount Yield Amount Yield Amount Yield Amount Yield Amount YieldAmount Yield Amount Yield Amount Yield Amount Yield Amount Yield
(Dollars in Thousands)(Dollars in thousands)
GSE securities $998
 2.05% $—
 —% $—
 —% $—
 —% $998
 2.05%$998
 2.05% $—
 —% $—
 —% $—
 —% $998
 2.05%
Student Loan pools12,934
 3.09
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 $12,934
 3.09
SBA bonds 81,810
 2.00
 1,750
 2.68
 10,176
 2.72
 7,545
 2.66
 101,281
 2.14
110,463
 3.03
 632
 2.59
 6,094
 2.80
 8,588
 2.96
 125,777
 3.01
Tax exempt municipal bonds—
 —
 528
 1.70
 61,539
 2.93
 10,182
 3.63
 72,249
 3.02
506
 1.70
 8,232
 3.57
 44,750
 3.02
 6,654
 4.05
 60,142
 3.19
Taxable municipal bonds—
 —
 2,021
 2.39
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,021
 2.39
—
 —
 1,998
 2.83
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,998
 2.83
FHLB stock (1) 2,215
 4.78
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,215
 4.78
2,204
 6.59
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 2,204
 6.59
Other equity securities 250
 1.93
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 250
 1.93
155
 4.49
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 155
 4.49
Total (2) $85,273
 2.08% $4,299
 2.42% $71,715
 2.90% $17,727
 3.22% $179,014
 2.53%$127,260
 3.08% $10,862
 3.38% $50,844
 3.00% $15,242
 3.44% $204,208
 3.10%
___________
(1)   FHLB stock has no stated maturity date.
(2)   Excludes mortgage-backed securities with a total amortized cost of $209.2$207.9 million and a yield of 2.26%2.93%.

For information regarding the market value of the Bank's securities portfolios, see Notes 2 and 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in the Annual Report.

Mortgage-backed Securities.  Security Federal has a portfolio of available for sale and held to maturity mortgage-backed securities in its portfolio.securities. Mortgage-backed securities can serve as collateral for borrowings and, through repayments, as a source of liquidity.  Under the Bank's risk-based capital requirement, mortgage-backed securities have a risk weight of 20% (or 0% in the case of Government National Mortgage Association ("Ginnie Mae") securities) compared to the 50% risk weight carried by residential loans.  

The following table sets forth the composition of the mortgage-backed securities available for sale portfolio at fair value and the held to maturity portfolio at amortized cost at the dates indicated.

December 31,December 31,
2016 2015 2014 2013 20122018 2017 2016 2015 2014
(In Thousands)(In Thousands)
Available for sale, at fair value:                  
Freddie Mac $32,084
 $29,973
 $41,348
 $40,721
 $28,560
$48,771
 $34,931
 $32,084
 $29,973
 $41,348
Fannie Mae 24,219
 30,518
 36,882
 34,339
 45,002
25,934
 23,756
 24,219
 30,518
 36,882
Ginnie Mae 109,222
 118,539
 160,623
 173,537
 141,170
80,232
 102,106
 109,222
 118,539
 160,623
Private Label19,736
 3,767
 —
 —
 —
29,523
 26,903
 19,736
 3,767
 —
Total $185,261
 $182,797
 $238,853
 $248,597
 $214,732
$184,460
 $187,696
 $185,261
 $182,797
 $238,853
Held to maturity, at cost:                  
Freddie Mac $7,836
 $7,604
 $—
 $—
 $4,060
$6,256
 $6,857
 $7,836
 $7,604
 $—
Fannie Mae 1,436
 1,761
 —
 —
 —
3,109
 1,280
 1,436
 1,761
 —
Ginnie Mae 16,312
 20,508
 —
 —
 47,179
13,274
 15,946
 16,312
 20,508
 —
Total $25,584
 $29,873
 $—
 $—
 $51,239
$22,639
 $24,083
 $25,584
 $29,873
 $—



At December 31, 2016,2018, the Company did not have any mortgage-backed securities (exclusive of obligations of agencies of the U.S. Government) issued by any one entity with a total book value in excess of 10% of shareholders equity.



Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae mortgage-backed securities are GSE issued securities.  GSE securities are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government.  The private label CMO securities are issued by non-governmental real estate mortgage investment conduits, which are also not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government.  Ginnie Mae mortgage-backed securities are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government.

For information regarding the market values of Security Federal's mortgage-backed securities portfolio, see Notes 2 and 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in the Annual Report.

The following table sets forth the final maturities or initial repricings,repricing, whichever occurs first, and the weighted average yields of the mortgage-backed securities at December 31, 2016.2018.  Not considered in the preparation of the table below is the effect of scheduled payments or anticipated prepayments.  The table is prepared using amortized cost.

The Earliest of Maturing or Repricing December 31, 2016The Earliest of Maturing or Repricing December 31, 2018
Less than
1 Year
 
1 to 5
Years
 
5 to 10
Years
 
Over
10 Years
 
Balance
Outstanding
Less than
1 Year
 
1 to 5
Years
 
5 to 10
Years
 
Over
10 Years
 
Balance
Outstanding
Amount Yield Amount Yield Amount Yield Amount Yield Amount YieldAmount Yield Amount Yield Amount Yield Amount Yield Amount Yield
(Dollars in Thousands)(Dollars in Thousands)
Fannie Mae$14,625
 1.17% $1,315
 2.76% $3,101
 3.13% $6,100
 3.19% $25,141
 1.98%$10,921
 1.55% $1,338
 4.51% $720
 4.20% $16,105
 3.27% $29,084
 2.70%
Freddie Mac5,029
 1.43
 3,574
 2.62
 11,548
 2.51
 19,730
 2.78
 39,881
 2.52
2,153
 3.00
 7,451
 2.45
 4,032
 2.87
 41,917
 2.75
 55,553
 3.02
Ginnie Mae50,652
 1.43
 7,175
 3.04
 4,202
 3.26
 62,200
 2.60
 124,229
 2.17
47,068
 2.93
 1,770
 3.11
 2,331
 2.99
 42,469
 2.71
 93,638
 2.86
Private Label18,025
 2.73
 —
 —
 —
 —
 1,966
 1.60
 19,991
 2.62
22,003
 3.15
 —
 —
 —
 —
 7,652
 3.01
 29,655
 3.23
Total $88,331
 1.65% $12,064
 2.89% $18,851
 2.78% $89,996
 2.66% $209,242
 2.26%$82,145
 2.81% $10,559
 2.82% $7,083
 3.04% $108,143
 3.04% $207,930
 2.93%


Sources of Funds

Deposit accounts have traditionally been a principal source of the Bank's funds for use in lending and for other general business purposes.  In addition to deposits, the Bank derives funds from loan repayments, cash flows generated from operations (including interest credited to deposit accounts), FHLB of Atlanta advances, borrowings from the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, ("Federal Reserve"), the salesales of investment securities, sales of securities under agreements to repurchase, and loan sales.  See "- Borrowings""Borrowings" below and Note 10 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in the Annual Report.  Scheduled loan payments are a relatively stable source of funds while deposit inflows and outflows and the related cost of such funds have varied widely.  FHLB of Atlanta advances, borrowings from the Federal Reserve Bank and the sale of securities under agreements to repurchase may be used on a short-term basis to compensate for seasonal reductions in deposits or deposit inflows at less than projected levels and may be used on a longer term basis in support of expanded lending activities.  The availability of funds from loan and investment sales is influenced by general interest rates.  See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" contained in the Annual Report.
 
Deposits.  The Bank attracts both short-term and long-term deposits from the general public by offering a wide assortment of account types and rates. The Bank offers regular savings accounts, checking accounts, various money market accounts, fixed interest rate certificates with varying maturities, negotiated rate $100,000 or above jumbo certificates of deposit ("Jumbo CDs") and individual retirement accounts.

At December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank had $40.3$33.1 million in brokered deposits.   The Bank believes that, based on its experience over the past several years, its savings and transaction accounts are stable sources of deposits.




The following table sets forth the dollar amount of savings deposits in the various types of deposit programsbalances at the dates indicated.

December 31,December 31,
2016 2015 2014 20132018 2017 2016 2015 2014
Amount 
Percent
of Total
 Amount Percent
of Total		 Amount Percent
of Total		 Amount Percent
of Total		Amount 
Percent
of
Total
 Amount Percent
of Total		 Amount 
Percent
of
Total
 Amount 
Percent
of
Total
 Amount 
Percent
of
Total
(Dollars in Thousands)(Dollars in Thousands)
Interest Rate Range for 2016:               
Savings accounts 0% - 0.10%$36,523
 5.6% $31,192
 4.8% $28,623
 4.3% $24,485
 3.7%
NOW and other transaction accounts 0% - 0.20%171,133
 26.1
 155,766
 23.9
 143,422
 21.7
 136,697
 20.8
Money market funds 0.00% - 0.50%230,902
 35.3
 229,017
 35.1
 234,819
 35.6
 240,631
 36.5
Interest Rate Range for 2018:Interest Rate Range for 2018:                
Savings accounts
0% - 0.14%
$48,392
 6.3% $42,927
 6.1% $36,523
 5.6% $31,192
 4.8% $28,623
 4.3%
NOW accounts 0% - 1.98%219,515
 28.6
 197,435
 28.1
 171,133
 26.1
 155,766
 23.9
 143,422
 21.7
Money market
funds 0% - 2.23%
261,136
 34.0
 231,653
 33.0
 230,902
 35.3
 229,017
 35.1
 234,819
 35.6
Total non-certificates$438,558
 67.0% $415,975
 63.8% $406,864
 61.6% $401,813
 61.0%$529,043
 68.9% $472,015
 67.2% $438,558
 67.0% $415,975
 63.8% $406,864
 61.6%
                                  
Certificates: 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
  
 

  
  
  
  
  
  
  
0.00-1.99%$214,903
 32.9% $227,235
 34.8% $227,473
 34.5% $226,750
 34.4%$190,867
 24.9% $228,982
 32.6% $214,903
 32.9% $227,235
 34.8% $227,473
 34.5%
2.00-2.99%642
 0.1
 8,887
 1.4
 25,605
 3.9
 28,849
 4.4
47,587
 6.2
 1,110
 0.2
 642
 0.1
 8,887
 1.4
 25,605
 3.9
3.00-3.99%—
 —
 —
 —
 173
 —
 1,285
 0.2
—
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 173
 —
Total certificates215,545
 33.0% 236,122
 36.2% 253,251
 38.4% 256,884
 39.0%238,454
 31.1% 230,092
 32.8% 215,545
 33.0% 236,122
 36.2% 253,251
 38.4%
Total deposits$654,103
 100.0% $652,097
 100.0% $660,115
 100.0% $658,697
 100.0%$767,497
 100.0% $702,107
 100.0% $654,103
 100.0% $652,097
 100.0% $660,115
 100.0%


The Bank relies upon locally obtained Jumbo CDs to maintain its deposit levels.  At December 31, 2016,2018, Jumbo CDs constituted $119.2$151.5 million or 18.2%19.7% of the Bank's total deposits.  At December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank held $6.8$36.3 million in public funds which consisted of $2.6$31.0 million in certificates of deposit and $4.2$5.3 million in demand deposit accounts.

The following table sets forth the deposit flows at the Bank during the periods indicated.
Years Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2016 2015 2014 20132018 2017 2016 2015 2014
(In Thousands)(In Thousands)
Opening balance $652,097
 $660,115
 $658,697
 $676,339
$702,107
 $654,103
 $652,097
 $660,115
 $658,697
Net deposits 2,006
 (8,018) 1,418
 (17,642)65,390
 48,004
 2,006
 (8,018) 1,418
Ending balance 654,103
 652,097
 660,115
 658,697
767,497
 702,107
 654,103
 652,097
 660,115
Net increase (decrease) $2,006
 $(8,018) $1,418
 $(17,642)$65,390
 $48,004
 $2,006
 $(8,018) $1,418
Percent increase (decrease) 0.31% (1.21)% 0.22% (2.61)%9.31% 7.34% 0.31% (1.21)% 0.22%





The following table shows rate and maturity information for the Bank's certificates of deposit as of December 31, 2016.

2018.
 
0-
1.99%
 
2.00-
2.99%
 Total
Certificate accounts maturing in quarter ending:(In Thousands) 
March 31, 2017  $39,248
 $—
 $39,248
June 30, 201736,761
 —
 36,761
September 30, 2017    27,045
 —
 27,045
December 31, 2017  28,431
 —
 28,431
March 31, 201819,923
 —
 19,923
June 30, 201811,286
 —
 11,286
September 30, 2018    5,045
 —
 5,045
December 31, 2018  4,130
 —
 4,130
March 31, 20192,454
 —
 2,454
June 30, 20192,968
 —
 2,968
September 30, 2019 6,539
 —
 6,539
December 31, 20193,499
 —
 3,499
Thereafter  27,574
 642
 28,216
Total     $214,903
 $642
 $215,545
 
0-
1.99%
 
2.00-
2.99%
 Total
Certificate accounts maturing in quarter ending:(In Thousands) 
March 31, 2019$54,938
 $2,000
 $56,938
June 30, 201927,721
 6,360
 34,081
September 30, 2019    28,762
 7,203
 35,965
December 31, 2019  21,687
 12,101
 33,788
March 31, 202013,081
 2,929
 16,010
June 30, 20207,281
 6,037
 13,318
September 30, 2020 5,062
 4,271
 9,333
December 31, 20203,478
 1,191
 4,669
March 31, 20218,468
 381
 8,849
June 30, 20214,156
 573
 4,729
September 30, 20216,568
 2,702
 9,270
December 31, 2021827
 316
 1,143
Thereafter  8,838
 1,523
 10,361
Total     $190,867
 $47,587
 $238,454


The following table indicates the amount ofsummarizes the Bank's deposits of $100,000 or more by time remaining until maturity at December 31, 2016.2018.
Maturity Period
Certificates
of Deposit
 
Savings, NOW and
Money Market Accounts
 
Certificates
of Deposit
 
Savings, NOW and
Money Market Accounts
(In Thousands) (In Thousands)
Three months or less $18,075
 $252,963
 $40,274
 $319,943
Over three through six months 17,720
 —
 22,607
 —
Over six through twelve months29,897
 —
 40,633
 —
Over twelve months 53,539
 —
 48,026
 —
Total $119,231
 $252,963
 $151,540
 $319,943


Borrowings

As a member of the FHLB of Atlanta, the Bank is required to own capital stock in the FHLB of Atlanta and is authorized to apply for advances from the FHLB of Atlanta.  Each FHLB credit program has its own interest rate, which may be fixed or variable, and range of maturities.  The FHLB of Atlanta may prescribe the acceptable uses to which these advances may be put,utilized as well as limitations on the size of the advances and repayment provisions.  At December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank had $48.4$34.0 million in outstanding advances from the FHLB of Atlanta.  See Note 10 of  the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in the Annual Report for information regarding the maturities and rate structure of the Bank's FHLB advances.  Federal law contains certain collateral requirements for FHLB advances.  See "Regulation - Regulation of the Bank - Federal Home Loan Bank System."

At December 31, 2016,2018, the Company had $5.2 million in junior subordinated debentures.  The debentures accrue and pay distributions quarterly at a floating rate of three-month LIBOR plus 170 points which was equal to 2.66%4.49% at December 31, 2016.2018.  The debentures were callable by the Company in September 2011, and quarterly thereafter, with a final maturity date of December 15, 2036.  See Note 12 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in the Annual Report for more information.




On December 1, 2009, the Company issued $6.1 million in convertible senior debentures. The debentures will mature on December 1, 2029 and accrue interest at the rate of 8.0% per annum until maturity or earlier redemption or repayment. Interest on the debentures is payable on June 1 and December 1 of each year, commencing June 1, 2010. The debentures are convertible into the Company's common stock at a conversion price of $20 per share at the option of the holder at any time prior to maturity. The convertible senior debentures are redeemable, in whole or in part, at the option of the Company at any time on or after December 1, 2019,2020, at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the debentures to be purchased plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the date of redemption. See Note 13 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in the Annual Report for more information.

On October 31, 2016, the Company repurchased all 22,000 shares of its Fixed Rate Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series B (“Series B Preferred Stock”) from the United States Department of the Treasury (“U.S. Treasury”) for $21.3 million plus accrued but unpaid interest of $93,000 for a total payment of $21.4 million. In connection with this repurchase, the Company obtained a $14.0 million unsecured term loan from another financial institution. The loan will mature on October 1, 2019 and accrues and pays interest quarterly at a floating rate of the Wall Street Journal Prime index minus 30 basis points, which was equal to 3.45%4.95% at December 31, 2016.2018. See Note 11 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in the Annual Report for more information.

The following table sets forth the maximum month-end balance and average balance of all borrowings for the periods indicated.
Years Ended December 31, Nine Months Ended December 31,Years Ended December 31,
2016 2015 2014 2013 20122018 2017 2016 2015 2014
(In Thousands)  (In Thousands)  
Maximum Balance:                  
FHLB advances $56,500
 $47,300
 $90,300
 $103,156
 $113,168
$61,618
 $51,680
 $56,500
 $47,300
 $90,300
Other borrowings 12,598
 10,340
 10,781
 9,873
 10,226
14,258
 13,096
 12,598
 10,340
 10,781
Note payable14,000
 —
 —
 —
 —
8,500
 13,000
 14,000
 —
 —
Junior subordinated debentures 5,155
 5,155
 5,155
 5,155
 5,155
5,155
 5,155
 5,155
 5,155
 5,155
Senior convertible debentures 6,084
 6,084
 6,084
 6,084
 6,084
6,064
 6,084
 6,084
 6,084
 6,084
Average Balance: 
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
FHLB advances $40,848
 $37,484
 $70,739
 $92,718
 $110,380
$42,971
 $45,779
 $40,848
 $37,484
 $70,739
Other borrowings 9,318
 8,560
 9,450
 9,270
 9,669
13,230
 11,517
 9,318
 8,560
 9,450
Note payable2,369
 —
 —
 —
 —
5,089
 11,120
 2,369
 —
 —
Junior subordinated debentures 5,155
 5,155
 5,155
 5,155
 5,155
5,155
 5,155
 5,155
 5,155
 5,155
Senior convertible debentures 6,084
 6,084
 6,084
 6,084
 6,084
6,064
 6,075
 6,084
 6,084
 6,084

At December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank had $9.3$10.7 million in retail repurchase agreements with an average rate of 0.15%0.25%.  These repurchase agreements are included in "Other borrowings" in the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Annual Report and in the table above.




The following table sets forth information as to the Bank's borrowings and the weighted average interest rates thereon at the dates indicated.
December 31,December 31,
2016 2015 2014 2013 20122018 2017 2016 2015 2014
(Dollars in Thousands)(Dollars in Thousands)
Balance at Year End:                  
FHLB advances $48,395
 $34,640
 $52,900
 $87,740
 $105,257
$34,030
 $51,680
 $48,395
 $34,640
 $52,900
Other borrowings 9,338
 6,412
 8,523
 8,003
 9,317
10,698
 11,307
 9,338
 6,412
 8,523
Note payable13,000
 —
 —
 —
 —
2,363
 8,500
 13,000
 —
 —
Junior subordinated debentures 5,155
 5,155
 5,155
 5,155
 5,155
5,155
 5,155
 5,155
 5,155
 5,155
Senior convertible debentures 6,084
 6,084
 6,084
 6,084
 6,084
6,064
 6,064
 6,084
 6,084
 6,084
                  
Weighted Average Interest Rate at Year End: 
  
  
  
   
  
  
  
  
FHLB advances 1.05% 3.87% 3.87% 3.23% 3.72%1.66% 1.34% 1.05% 3.87% 3.87%
Other borrowings 0.15
 0.15
 0.15
 0.15
 0.20
0.25
 0.15
 0.15
 0.15
 0.15
Note payable3.45
 —
 —
 —
 —
4.95
 3.95
 3.45
 —
 —
Junior subordinated debentures 2.66
 2.21
 1.94
 1.94
 2.01
4.49
 2.66
 2.21
 1.94
 —
Senior convertible debentures 8.00
 8.00
 8.00
 8.00
 8.00
8.00
 8.00
 8.00
 8.00
 8.00
                  
During Fiscal Year:                  
FHLB advances 1.71% 3.52% 3.71% 3.79% 3.97%1.49% 1.21% 1.71% 3.52% 3.71%
Other borrowings 0.15
 0.15
 0.18
 0.20
 0.25
0.24
 0.15
 0.15
 0.15
 0.18
Note payable3.26
 —
 —
 —
 —
4.56
 3.78
 3.26
 —
 —
Junior subordinated debentures 2.42
 2.02
 1.96
 2.00
 2.17
3.91
 2.93
 2.42
 2.02
 1.96
Senior convertible debentures 8.00
 8.00
 8.00
 8.00
 8.00
8.00
 8.00
 8.00
 8.00
 8.00


Competition

The Bank serves the counties of Aiken, Lexington, Richland and Lexington,Saluda, South Carolina, and Columbia County, Georgia through its 1416 full service branch offices located in Aiken, Ballentine, Clearwater, Columbia, Graniteville, Langley, Lexington, North Augusta, Ridge Spring, Wagener, and West Columbia, South Carolina, and a branch office in Columbia County, Evans, Georgia. The newest branch in Ballentine, South Carolina opened in December 2015 and during 2016 we began construction of our newest branch location in Evans, Georgia, which is scheduled to open in 2017.

Security Federal faces strong competition both in originating loans and in attracting deposits.  Competition in originating loans comes primarily from other commercial banks, federal savings institutions, mortgage bankers and credit unions who also make loans in the Bank's market area.  area, and more recently, financial technology (or “FinTech”) companies. 
The Bank competes for loans principally on the basis of the interest rates and loan fees it charges, the types of loans it makes and the quality of services it provides to borrowers.

The Bank faces substantial competition in attracting deposits from federal savings institutions, commercial banks, money market and mutual funds, credit unions and other investment vehicles.  The ability of the Bank to attract and retain deposits depends on its ability to provide an investment opportunity that satisfies the requirements of investors as to rate of return, liquidity, risk and other factors.  The Bank attracts a significant amount of deposits through its branch offices primarily from the communities in which those branch offices are located.  Therefore, competition for those deposits is principally from federal savings institutions, credit unions and commercial banks located in the same communities. FinTech companies also compete for consumer deposit relationships. The Bank competes for these deposits by offering a variety of deposit accounts at competitive rates, convenient business hours, online/mobile services, and convenient branch locations with interbranch deposit and withdrawal privileges at each.





Personnel

At December 31, 2016,2018, the Company employed 199211 full-time and 2022 part-time employees. The Bank's employees are not represented by any collective bargaining agreement. Management of the Bank considers its relations with its employees to be good.

Executive Officers. The following table sets forth information regarding the executive officers of the Company and the Bank.
  
Age at
December 31,
 Position
Name 20162018 Company Bank
J. Chris Verenes 6062 Chief Executive Officer 
Chief Executive Officer and
   Chairman of the Board
Roy G. Lindburg 5658 President —
Richard T. Harmon 6163 — President
Jessica T. Cummins 3638 Chief Financial Officer Chief Financial Officer
 
Biographical Information. The following is a description of the principal occupation and employment of the executive officers of the Corporation and the Bank during at least the past five years:

J. Chris Verenes is Chief Executive Officer of the Company and Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of the Bank, positions he has held since January 1, 2012 and January 1, 2011, respectively.  Prior to that he had served as President of the Bank since 2004.  Before joining the Bank he held a variety of management positions with Washington Group International, an engineering and construction company that manages and operates major government sites throughout the United States for the Department of Energy.  He was Director of Planning and Administration from 2001 to January 2004, Chief of Staff during 2001, Director of Strategic Programs for the business unit from 2000 to 2001 and Deputy Manager of Business Development from 1996 to 2000.  Prior to his employment by Washington Group International, Mr. Verenes served as Controller for Riegel Textile Corporation, as Director of Control Data and Business and Technology Center, and as Executive Director of the South Carolina Democratic Party.

Roy G. Lindburg was appointed President of the Company effective June 2014. Prior to that, he served as the Chief Financial Officer of the Company and the Bank since January 1995.  He was named Executive Vice President and appointed to the Company's and the Bank's Boards of Directors in 2005. Prior to joining Security Federal, Mr. Lindburg was employed by Keokuk Bancshares/First Community Bank in Keokuk, Iowa from 1986 to 1994. Mr. Lindburg is a Certified Public Accountant.

Richard T. Harmon was appointed President of the Bank effective June 2014. Prior to that, he served as the Bank's Chief Lending Officer since 2011. He was appointed to the Company’s and the Bank’s respective Boards of Directors in 2013. Prior to joining the Bank, Mr. Harmon was employed with Regions Bank from 1998 to 2007 as Senior Vice President of Construction Lending. From 1985 to 1998, he was employed at Palmetto Federal Savings Bank of South Carolina serving in a variety of positions related to branch operations and lending.

Jessica T. Cummins was appointed Chief Financial Officer of the Company and the Bank effective June 2014. Prior to that, she served as the Treasurer of the CompanyBank since 2007. She was appointed to the Company’s and the Bank’s respective Boards of Directors in 2018. Prior to joining the Company and the Bank, in 2007. Prior to 2007, Ms. Cummins was employed by Elliott Davis LLC in their Financial Services practice, specializing in financial institutions with an emphasis on publicly traded companies. Ms. Cummins is a Certified Public Accountant.


REGULATION




REGULATION
The following is a brief description of certain laws and regulations which are applicable to the Company and the Bank. Descriptions of laws and regulations here and elsewhere in this Form 10-K do not purport to be complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the actual laws and regulations. Legislation is introduced from time to time in the United States Congress or in the South Carolina State Legislature that may affect the operations of the Company and the Bank. In addition, the regulations governing the Company and the Bank may be amended from time to time by the State Board, the FDIC, the Federal Reserve, the SEC and the Consumer Protection Financial Bureau (“CFPB”). Any such legislation or regulatory changes in the future could have an adverse effect on our operations and financial condition. We cannot predict whether any such changes may occur.

As a bank holding company, the Company is subject to examination and supervision by, and is required to file certain reports with, the Federal Reserve. The Company also is subject to the rules and regulations of the SEC under the federal securities laws. The Bank, as a state-chartered commercial bank, is subject to regulation and oversight by the State Board, the applicable provisions of South Carolina law and by the regulations of the State Board adopted thereunder.  The Bank also is subject to regulation and examination by the FDIC, which insures its deposits to the maximum extent permitted by law.

The laws and regulations affecting depository institutions and their holding companies have changed significantly particularly in connection with the enactment of The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (“Dodd-Frank Act”). Among other changes, the Dodd-Frank Act established the CFPB as an independent bureau of the Federal Reserve. The CFPB assumed responsibility for the implementation of the federal financial consumer protection and fair lending laws and regulations and has authority to impose new requirements.requirements under these laws. The Bank is subject to consumer protection regulations issued by the CFPB, but as a smaller financial institution, the Bank is generally subject to supervision and enforcement by the FDIC and the State Board with respect to our compliance with federal and state consumer financial protection laws and CFPB regulationsregulations.
2018 Regulatory Reform

ManyIn May 2018, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act (the “Act”), was enacted to modify or remove certain financial reform rules and regulations, including some of those implemented under the Dodd-Frank Act. While the Act maintains most of the regulatory structure established by the Dodd-Frank Act, it amends certain aspects of the Dodd-Frankregulatory framework for depository institutions with assets of less than $10 billion and for large banks with assets of more than $50 billion. Many of these changes could result in meaningful regulatory changes for community banks such as Sound Community Bank, and their holding companies.
The Act, are subject to delayed effective dates and/or rulemakingamong other matters, expands the definition of qualified mortgages which may be held by a financial institution and simplifies the regulatory capital rules for financial institutions and their holding companies with total consolidated assets of less than $10 billion by instructing the federal banking agencies. Their impactregulators to establish a single Community Bank Leverage Ratio of between 8 and 10 percent. Any qualifying depository institution or its holding company that exceeds that ratio will be considered to have met generally applicable leverage and risk-based regulatory capital requirements and any qualifying depository institution that exceeds the new ratio will be considered to be “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action rules.
The Act also expands the category of holding companies that may rely on operations cannot yet fully be assessed. The Dodd-Frank Act has resulted in, and may continue to result in, increased regulatory burden and increased compliance, operating and interest expense for the Small Bank theHolding Company and the financial services industry in general. However, in February 2017, the President issued an executive order that a policy of his administration would be making regulation efficient, effective,Savings and appropriately tailored, and directed certain regulatory agencies to review and identify laws and regulations that inhibit federal regulationLoan Holding Company Policy Statement of the U.S. financial system inFederal Reserve by raising the maximum amount of assets a manner consistent with the policies stated in the executive order. Any changes in laws or regulation as a resultqualifying holding company may have from $1 billion to $3 billion. A major effect of this review could result in a repeal, amendmentchange is to or delayed implementationexclude such holding companies from the minimum capital requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act. In addition, the Act includes regulatory relief for community banks regarding regulatory examination cycles, call reports, the Volcker Rule (proprietary trading prohibitions), mortgage disclosures and risk weights for certain high-risk commercial real estate loans.
It is difficult at this time to predict when or how any new standards under the Act will ultimately be applied to us or what specific impact the Act and the yet-to-be-written implementing rules and regulations will have on community banks.

Regulation of the Bank

The Bank is an FDIC-insured, state-chartered commercial bank and is subject to various statutory requirements and rules and regulations promulgated and enforced primarily by the FDIC and the State Board. These statutes, rules, and regulations relate to insurance of deposits, required reserves, allowable investments, loans, mergers, consolidations, issuance of securities, payment of dividends, establishment of branches and other aspects of the business of the Bank. The FDIC has broad authority to prohibit the Bank from engaging in what it determines to be unsafe or unsound banking practices. In addition, federal law imposes a number of restrictions on state-chartered, FDIC-insured banks, and their subsidiaries. These restrictions range fromcover many matters, examples of


which include prohibitions against engaging as a principal in certain activities toand the requirement of prior notification of branch closings. The Bank is not a member of the Federal Reserve System.

The Bank is required to file periodic reports with the FDIC and the State Board and is subject to periodic examinations and evaluations by those regulatory authorities. Based on these evaluations, the regulators may revalue the assets of an institution and require that it establish specific reserves to compensate for the differences between the determined value and the book value of these assets. The FDIC and the State Board may each accept the results of an examination by the other in lieu of conducting an independent examination.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The Deposit Insurance Fund ("DIF") of the FDIC insures deposits in the Bank up to $250,000 per separately insured depositordeposit ownership right or category and such insurance is backed by the full faith and credit of the United States Government. As insurer, the FDIC imposes deposit insurance premiums (assessments) and is authorized to conduct examinations of and to require reporting by FDIC-insured institutions. For the year ended December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank paid $434,000$278,000 in FDIC premiums. The assessment base for these premiums is the Bank’s total average consolidated assets less average tangible capital.

Prior to July 1, 2016,Under the FDIC assessed deposit insurance premiums on each FDIC-insured institution quarterly based on annualized ratesFDIC's regulations, the assessment base for one of four risk categories, applied to its assessment rate. An institution's assessment basea bank is equal to its total average consolidated total assets minus itsless average tangible equity (defined as Tier 1 capital). An institution with assets reported


in its Call Report that have not exceeded $10 billion for at least four consecutive quarters and has been federally insured for at least five years is considered an established small institution and is assigned to one of four risk categories based on its capital, supervisory ratings, and other factors. The Bank is considered an established small institution. Well-capitalized institutions that were financially sound with only a few minor weaknesses were assigned to Risk Category I. Risk Categories II, III and IV present progressively greater risks tocapital. Currently, the DIF. A range of initialFDIC’s base assessment rates appliedare 3 to each Risk Category, adjusted downward30 basis points and are subject to certain adjustments. For institutions with less than $10 billion in assets, rates are determined based on unsecured debt issued by the institution and, except for an institution in Risk Category I, adjusted upward if the institution's brokered deposits exceed 10% of its domestic deposits, to produce total base assessment rates. Total base assessment rates ranged from 2.5 to 9 basis points for Risk Category I, 9 to 24 basis points for Risk Category II, 18 to 33 basis points for Risk Category III, and 30 to 45 basis points for Risk Category IV, all subject to further adjustment upward if the institution held more than a de minimis amount of unsecured debt issued by another FDIC-insured institution.

On April 26, 2016, the FDIC adopted a final rule that, effective July 1, 2016, changed the method of calculating assessments for established small institutions effective the quarter following the DIF reserve ratio reaching 1.15%, which occurred on June 30, 2016. Under the final rule, the FDIC established assessment rates for established small institutions based on an institution's weighted average CAMELS componentsupervisory ratings and certain financial ratios. The four risk categories noted above were eliminated. Total baseNo institution may pay a dividend if it is in default on its federal deposit insurance assessment.
In addition, federally insured institutions are required to pay a Financing Corporation ("FICO") assessment rates range from 1.5in order to 16 basis points for institutions with CAMELS composite ratings of 1 or 2, 3fund the interest on bonds issued to 30 basis points for those with a CAMELS composite score of 3, and 11 to 30 basis points for those with CAMELS composite scores of 4 or 5, subject to certain adjustments. Assessment rates are expected to decreaseresolve thrift failures in the future as1980's. For the reserve ratio increases in specified increments to the 1.35% ratio required by the Dodd-Frank Act. Formerly, the required reserve ratio was 1.15%.
An institution that has reported on its Call Reports total assets of $10 billion or more for at least four consecutive quarters is considered a large institution and is assessed under a complex scorecard method employing many factors, including weighted average CAMELS ratings; a performance score; leverage ratio; ability to withstand asset-related stress; certain measures of concentration, core earnings, core deposits, credit quality, and liquidity; and a loss severity score and loss severity measure. Total base assessment rates for these institutions currently range from 1.5 to 40 basis points, subject to certain adjustments, and are expected to decrease in the future as the reserve ratio increases in specified increments.

The Dodd-Frank Act directs the FDIC to offset the effects of higher assessments due to the increase in the reserve ratio on established small institutions by charging higher assessments to large institutions. To implement this mandate, large and highly complex institutions must pay an annual surcharge of 4.5 basis points on their assessment base beginning July 1, 2016. If the DIF reserve ratio has not reached 1.35% byquarter ended December 31, 2018, the FDIC plans to impose a shortfallFICO assessment on large institutions on March 31, 2019. The FDIC may increase or decrease its rates by 2rate was 0.32 basis points without further rule-making. In an emergency, the FDIC may also impose a special assessment.
Since established small institutions will be contributing to the DIF while the reserve ratio remains between 1.15% and 1.35% and the large institutions are paying a surcharge, the FDIC will provide assessment credits to the established small institutions for the portion(annualized) of their assessments that contribute to the increase. When the reserve ratio reaches 1.38%, the FDIC will automatically apply an established small institution's assessment credits to reduce its regular deposit insurance assessments.

In addition to the assessment for deposit insurance, institutions are required to make paymentsbase, computed on bonds issued in the late 1980s by the Financing Corporation to recapitalize a predecessor deposit insurance fund.assets. These assessments which may be revised based upon the level of DIF deposits, will continue until the remaining bonds maturehave matured in the years 2017 throughSeptember 2019. This payment is established quarterly and is an annual rate of 0.56 basis points of assessable assets for December 31, 2016. The Financing Corporation was chartered in 1987 solely for the purpose of functioning as a vehicle for the recapitalization of the deposit insurance system. For 2016,2018, the Bank incurred approximately $40,000$24,000 in these assessments.

The FDIC may terminate the deposit insurance of any insured depository institution if it determines after a hearing that the institution has engaged or is engaging in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, order or any condition imposed by an agreement with the FDIC.  It also may suspend deposit insurance temporarily during the hearing process for the permanent termination of insurance if the institution has no tangible capital.  If insurance of accounts is terminated, the accounts at the institution at the time of the termination, less subsequent withdrawals, shall continue to be insured for a period of six months to two years, as determined by the FDIC.  Management is not aware of any existing circumstances which would result in termination of the Bank's deposit insurance.

A significant increase in insurance premiums would likely have an adverse effect on the operating expenses and results of operations of the Bank.  There can be no prediction as to what changes in insurance assessment rates may be made in the future.
    


Prompt Corrective Action. Federal statutes establish a supervisory framework based on five capital categories: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized. An institution's category depends upon where its capital levels are in relation to relevant capital measures, which include a risk-based capital measures, a common equity Tier 1 ("CET1") measure, a leverage ratio capital measure and certain other factors. The well-capitalized category is described below in "Capital Requirements". An institution that is not well capitalized is subject to certain restrictions on brokered deposits, including restrictions on the rates it can offer on its deposits, generally. Any institution which is neither well capitalized nor adequately capitalized is considered undercapitalized.

Undercapitalized institutions are also subject to certain prompt corrective action requirements, regulatory controls and restrictions that become more extensive as an institution becomes more severely undercapitalized. Failure by institutions to comply with applicable capital requirements would, if unremedied, result in progressively more severe restrictions on their activities and lead to enforcement actions, including, but not limited to, the issuance of a capital directive to ensure the maintenance of required capital levels and, ultimately, the appointment of the FDIC as receiver or conservator. Banking regulators will take prompt corrective action with respect to depository institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. Additionally, approval of any regulatory application filed for review by the banking agencies may be dependent on compliance with capital requirements.

At December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank was categorized as "well capitalized" under the prompt corrective action regulations of the FDIC. For additional information, see "Capital Requirements" below and Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Annual Report.



Capital Requirements. Effective January 1, 2015 (with some changes transitioned into full effectivenesscertain provisions phased in over two to fourseveral years), the Company and the Bank became subject to new capital adequacy requirements adopted by the Federal Reserve and the FDIC, which created a new required ratio for common equity Tier 1 ("CET1")CET1 capital,increased the minimum leverage and Tier 1 capital ratios, changed the risk-weightings of certain assets for purposes of the risk-based capital ratios, created an additional capital conservation buffer over the required capital ratios, and changed what qualifies as capital for purposes of meeting the capital requirements. These regulations implement the regulatory capital reforms required by the Dodd Frank Act and the “Basel III” requirements.

Under the new capital regulations, the minimumcapital ratios applicable to the Company and the Bank are: (1) a CET1 capital ratio of 4.5% of risk-weighted assets; (2) a Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.0% of risk-weighted assets; (3) a total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% of risk-weighted assets; and (4) a leverage ratio (the ratio of Tier 1 capital to average total adjusted assets) of 4.0%.  CET1 generally consists of common stock; retained earnings; accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) unless an institution elects to exclude AOCI from regulatory capital; and certain minority interests; all subject to applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions. Tier 1 capital generally consists of CET1 and noncumulative perpetual preferred stock. Tier 2 capital generally consists of other preferred stock and subordinated debt meeting certain conditions plus an amount of the allowance for loan and lease losses up to 1.25% of assets. Total capital is the sum of Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital.

In addition to the minimum capital requirements, the Bank must maintain a new capital conservation buffer, must be maintained by the Bank which consists of additional CET1 capital greater than 2.5% of risk-weighted assets above the required minimum levels in order to avoid limitations on paying dividends, repurchasing shares, and paying discretionary bonuses. The new capital conservation buffer requirement was phased in beginning on January 1, 2016 when a buffer greater than 0.625% of risk-weighted assets was required. The capital conservation buffer will increaserequired, increasing each year until the capital conservation buffer requirement is fully phased in on January 1, 2019

There are a number of changes in what constitutes regulatory capital, which are subject to transition periods. These changes include the phasing-out of certain instruments as qualifying capital. The Bank does not have any of these instruments. Mortgage servicing rights and certain deferred tax assets over designated percentages of CET1 are deducted from capital, subject to a transition period ending December 31, 2017. In addition, Tier 1 capital includes accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), which includes all unrealized gains and losses on available for sale debt and equity securities, subject to a transition period ending December 31, 2017. Because of the Bank's asset size, it was not considered an advanced approaches banking organization and elected to take a one-time option to permanently opt-out of the inclusion of unrealized gains and losses on available for sale debt and equity securities in its capital calculations.

The risk-weighting of assets for the calculation of risk-based ratios also were changed to better reflect credit risk and other risk exposures. These include a 150% risk weight (up from 100%) for certain high volatility commercial real estate acquisition, development and construction loans and for non-residential mortgage loans that are 90 days or more past due or otherwise on non-accrual status; a 20% (up from 0%) credit conversion factor for the unused portion of a commitment with an original maturity of one year or less that is not unconditionally cancellable; and a 250% risk weight (up from 100%) for mortgage servicing rights and deferred tax assets that are not deducted from capital.


2019.
To be considered well-capitalized,well capitalized, a depository institution must have a CET1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 6.5%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 8.0%, a total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10.0% and, a Tier 1 leverageCET1 capital ratio of at least 6.5% and a leverage ratio of at least 5.0% .
and not be subject to an individualized order, directive or agreement under which its primary federal banking regulator requires it to maintain a specific capital level.
At December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank met the requirements to be "well capitalized" and met the fully phased-in capital conservation buffer requirement. Management monitors the capital levels of the Bank to provide for current and future business opportunities and to meet regulatory guidelines for “well capitalized” institutions.

The Financial Accounting Standards Board has adopted a new accounting standard for US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles that will be effective for us for our first fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2019. This standard, referred to as Current Expected Credit Loss, or CECL, requires FDIC-insured institutions and their holding companies (banking organizations) to recognize credit losses expected over the life of certain financial assets. CECL covers a broader range of assets than the current method of recognizing credit losses and generally results in earlier recognition of credit losses. Upon adoption of CECL, a banking organization must record a one-time adjustment to its credit loss allowances as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption equal to the difference, if any, between the amount of credit loss allowances under the current methodology and the amount required under CECL. For a banking organization, implementation of CECL is generally likely to reduce retained earnings, and to affect other items, in a manner that reduces its regulatory capital. The federal banking regulators (the Federal Reserve and the FDIC) have adopted a rule that gives a banking organization the option to phase in over a three-year period the day-one adverse effects of CECL on its regulatory capital.
The FDIC also has the authority to establish individual minimum capital requirements in appropriate cases upon a determination that an institution's capital level is or may become inadequate in light of particular risks or circumstances. Management of the Bank believes that, under the current regulations, the Bank will continue to meet its minimum capital requirements in the foreseeable future.

For a complete description of the Bank's required and actual capital levels on December 31, 2016,2018, see Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Annual Report.
    
Federal Home Loan Bank System. The Bank is a member of the FHLB of Atlanta, which is one of 11 regional FHLBs that administer the home financing credit function of financial institutions. The FHLBs are subject to the oversight of the Federal Housing Finance Agency and each FHLB serves as a reserve or central bank for its members within its assigned region. The FHLBs are funded primarily from proceeds derived from the sale of consolidated obligations of the FHLB System and makesmake loans or advances to members in accordance with policies and procedures established by the Board of Directors of the FHLB, which are subject to the oversight of the Federal Housing Finance Board. All advances from the FHLB are required to be fully secured by sufficient collateral as determined by the FHLB. In addition, all long-term advances are required to provide funds for residential home financing. At December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank had $48.4$34.0 million of outstanding advances from the FHLB of Atlanta under an available credit facility of $240.2$270.6 million, which is limited to available collateral. See "Business - Sources of Funds - Borrowings."


As a member, the Bank is required to purchase and maintain stock in the FHLB of Atlanta. At December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank had $2.8$2.2 million in FHLB stock, which was in compliance with this requirement. In past years, the Bank has received substantial dividends on its FHLB stock. These dividend yields have averaged 6.16% for the year ended December 31, 2018; 4.96% for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 4.70% for the year ended December 31, 2016; 4.40% for the year ended December 31, 2015; and 3.86% for the year ended December 31, 2014.2016.

The FHLBs continue to contribute to low- and moderately-priced housing programs through direct loans or interest subsidies on advances targeted for community investment and low- and moderate-income housing projects. These contributions have in the past affected adversely the level of FHLB dividends paid and could continue to do so in the future. These contributions could also have an adverse effect on the value of FHLB of Atlanta stock in the future. A reduction in value of the Bank's FHLB of Atlanta stock may result in a corresponding reductiondecrease in net income and possibly the Bank's capital.

Affiliate Transactions. The Company and the Bank are separate and distinct legal entities. Federal laws strictly limit the ability of banks to engage in certain transactions with their affiliates, including their bank holding companies. Transactions deemed to be a "covered transaction" under Section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act and between a subsidiary bank and its parent company or the nonbank subsidiaries of the bank holding company are limited to 10% of the bank subsidiary's capital and surplus and, with respect to the parent company and all such nonbank subsidiaries, to an aggregate of 20% of the bank subsidiary's capital and surplus. Further, covered transactions that are loans and extensions of credit generally are required to be secured by eligible collateral in specified amounts. Federal law also requires that covered transactions and certain other transactions listed in Section 23B of the Federal Reserve Act between a bank and its affiliates be on terms as favorable to the bank as transactions with non-affiliates.

Community Reinvestment Act. The Bank is also subject to the provisions of the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 ("CRA"), which requires the appropriate federal bank regulatory agency to assess a bank's recordbank’s performance under the CRA in meeting the credit needs of the community serviced by the bank,Bank, including low and moderate income neighborhoods. The regulatory agency's assessment of thea bank's record is made available to the public. Further, an assessment is required of any bank which has applieda bank’s CRA performance rating must be considered in connection with a bank’s application to, among other things, establish a new branch office that will accept deposits, relocate an existing office or merge or consolidate with, or acquire the assets or assume the liabilities of, a federally regulated financial institution.institution, and in connection with certain applications by a bank holding company, such as bank acquisitions. The Bank received an "outstanding" rating during its most recent examination.
    
Dividends. Dividends from the Bank constitute the major source of funds for dividends which may be paid by the Company to shareholders. The amount of dividends payable by the Bank to the Company depends upon the Bank's earnings and capital position, and is limited by federal and state laws, regulations and policies.policies, including the capital conservation buffer requirement discussed above. South Carolina banking regulations restrict the amount of dividends that the Bank can pay to the Company, and may require prior approval before declaration and payment of any excess dividend.



The amount of dividends actually paid during any one period will be strongly affected by the Bank's management policy of maintaining a strong capital position. Federal law further provides that no insured depository institution may pay a cash dividend if it would cause the institution to be "undercapitalized," as defined in the prompt corrective action regulations. Moreover, the federal bank regulatory agencies also have the general authority to limit the dividends paid by insured banks if such payments should be deemed to constitute an unsafe and unsound practice.

Activities and Investments of Insured State-Chartered Financial Institutions. Federal law generally limits the activities and equity investments of FDIC-insured, state-chartered banks to those that are permissible for national banks. An insured state bank is not prohibited from, among other things, (i) acquiring or retaining a majority interest in a subsidiary, (ii) investing as a limited partner in a partnership the sole purpose of which is direct or indirect investment in the acquisition, rehabilitation or new construction of a qualified housing project, provided that such limited partnership investments may not exceed 2% of the bank's total assets, (iii) acquiring up to 10% of the voting stock of a company that solely provides or reinsures directors', trustees' and officers' liability insurance coverage or bankers' blanket bond group insurance coverage for insured depository institutions, (iv) acting as agent for a customer in many capacities, and (v) acquiring or retaining the voting shares of a depository institution if certain requirements are met.

Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve Board requires that all depository institutions maintain reserves on transaction accounts or non-personal time deposits. These reserves may be in the form of cash or non-interest-bearing deposits with the regional Federal Reserve Bank. Negotiable order of withdrawal (NOW)("NOW") accounts and other types of accounts that permit payments or transfers to third parties fall within the definition of transaction accounts and are subject to the reserve requirements, as are any non-personal time deposits at a savings bank. As of December 31, 2016,2018, the Bank's deposit with the Federal Reserve Bank and vault cash exceeded its reserve requirements.



Standards for Safety and Soundness. The federal banking regulatory agencies have prescribed, by regulation, guidelines for all insured depository institutions relating to internal controls, information systems and internal audit systems; loan documentation; credit underwriting; interest rate risk exposure; asset growth; asset quality; earnings; and compensation, fees and benefits. The guidelines set forth the safety and soundness standards that the federal banking agencies use to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired. Each insured depository institution must implement a comprehensive written information security program that includes administrative, technical, and physical safeguards appropriate to the institution’s size and complexity and the nature and scope of its activities. The information security program must be designed to ensure the security and confidentiality of customer information, protect against any unanticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of such information, protect against unauthorized access to or use of such information that could result in substantial harm or inconvenience to any customer, and ensure the proper disposal of customer and consumer information. Each insured depository institution must also develop and implement a risk-based response program to address incidents of unauthorized access to customer information in customer information systems. If the FDIC determines that an institution fails to meet any of these guidelines, it may require an institution to submit to the FDIC an acceptable plan to achieve compliance.

Environmental Issues Associated with Real Estate Lending. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act ("CERCLA"), a federal statute, generally imposes strict liability on all prior and present "owners and operators" of sites containing hazardous waste. However, Congress acted to protect secured creditors by providing that the term "owner and operator" excludes a person whose ownership is limited to protecting its security interest in the site. Since the enactment of the CERCLA, this "secured creditor exemption" has been the subject of judicial interpretations which have left open the possibility that lenders could be liable for cleanup costs on contaminated property that they hold as collateral for a loan. To the extent that legal uncertainty exists in this area, all creditors, including the Bank, that have made loans secured by properties with potential hazardous waste contamination (such as petroleum contamination) could be subject to liability for cleanup costs, which costs often substantially exceed the value of the collateral property.

Privacy Standards. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999 (“GLBA”) modernized the financial services industry by establishing a comprehensive framework to permit affiliations among commercial banks, insurance companies, securities firms and other financial service providers. The Bank is subject to FDIC regulations implementing the privacy protection provisions of the GLBA.Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999. These regulations require the Bank to disclose its privacy policy, including informing consumers of its information sharing practices and informing consumers of their rights to opt out of certain practices.

Bank Secrecy Act / Anti-Money Laundering Laws. The Bank is subject to the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering laws and regulations, including the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001. These laws and regulations require the Bank to implement policies, procedures, and controls to detect, prevent, and report money laundering and terrorist financing and to verify the identity of their clients. Violations of these requirements can result in substantial civil and criminal sanctions. In addition, provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act require the federal financial institution regulatory agencies to consider the effectiveness of a financial institution’s anti-money laundering activities when reviewing mergers and acquisitions.

Other Consumer Protection Laws and Regulations. The Dodd-Frank Act established the CFPB and empowered it to exercise broad regulatory, supervisory and enforcement authority with respect to both new and existing consumer financial protection laws. The Bank is subject to consumer protection regulations issued by the CFPB, but as a financial institution with assets of less than $10 billion, the Bank is generally subject to supervision and enforcement by the FDIC and the State Board with respect to our compliance with federal and state consumer financial protection laws and CFPB regulations.



The Bank is subject to a broad array of federal and state consumer protection laws and regulations that govern almost every aspect of its business relationships with consumers. While the list set forth below is not exhaustive, these include the Truth-in-Lending Act, the Truth in Savings Act, the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, the Expedited Funds Availability Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, the Right to Financial Privacy Act, the Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act, the Consumer Leasing Act, the Fair Credit Billing Act, the Homeowners Protection Act, the Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act, laws governing flood insurance, laws governing consumer protections in connection with the sale of insurance, federal and state laws prohibiting unfair and deceptive business practices, and various regulations that implement some or all of the foregoing. These laws and regulations mandate certain disclosure requirements and regulate the manner in which financial institutions must deal with customers when taking deposits, making loans, collecting loans, and providing other services. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations can subject the Bank to various penalties, including but not limited to, enforcement actions, injunctions, fines, civil liability, criminal penalties, punitive damages, and the loss of certain contractual rights.







Regulation of the Company

General. The Company, as the sole shareholder of the Bank, is a registered bank holding company with the Federal Reserve. Bank holding companies are subject to comprehensive regulation by the Federal Reserve under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended ("BHCA"), and the regulations promulgated thereunder. This regulation and oversight is generally intended to ensure that the Company limits its activities to those allowed by law and that it operates in a safe and sound manner without endangering the financial health of the Bank.

As a bank holding company, the Company is required to file with the Federal Reserve semi-annual and periodic reports and such additional information as the Federal Reserve may require and is subject to regular examinations by the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve may examine the Company, and any of its subsidiaries, and charge the Company for the cost of the examination. The Federal Reserve also has extensive enforcement authority over bank holding companies, including, among other things, the ability to assess civil money penalties, to issue cease and desist or removal orders and to require that a holding company divest subsidiaries (including its bank subsidiaries). In general, enforcement actions may be initiated for violations of law and regulations and unsafe or unsound practices.

The Bank Holding Company Act. Under the BHCA, the Company is supervised by the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve has a policy that a bank holding company is required to serve as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary banks and may not conduct its operations in an unsafe or unsound manner. In addition, the Dodd-Frank Act and earlier Federal Reserve policy provide that a bank holding company should serve as a source of strength to its subsidiary bank by having the ability to provide financial assistance to its subsidiary bank during periods of financial distress to the bank, and should maintain the financial flexibility and capital raising capacity to obtain additional resources for assisting its subsidiary bank. A bank holding company's failure to meet its obligation to serve as a source of strength to its subsidiary banks will generally be considered by the Federal Reserve to be an unsafe and unsound banking practice or a violation of the Federal Reserve's regulations or both. No regulations have yet been proposed by the Federal Reserve to implement the source of strength doctrine required byprovisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. The Company and any subsidiaries that it may control are considered "affiliates" within the meaning of the Federal Reserve Act, and transactions between the Bank and affiliates (except subsidiaries of the Bank) are subject to numerous restrictions. With some exceptions, the Company and its subsidiaries, are prohibited from tying the provision of various services, such as extensions of credit, to other services offered by the Company, or by its affiliates.

Acquisitions. The BHCA prohibits a bank holding company, with certain exceptions, from acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5% of the voting shares of any company that is not a bank or bank holding company and from engaging directly or indirectly in activities other than those of banking, managing or controlling banks, or providing services for its subsidiaries. Under the BHCA, the Federal Reserve is authorized to approve the ownership of shares by a bank holding company in any company, the activities of which the Federal Reserve has determined to be so closely related to the business of banking or managing or controlling banks as to be a proper incident thereto. The list of activities determined by regulation to be closely related to banking within the meaning of the BHCA includes, among other things: operating a savings institution, mortgage company, finance company, credit card company or factoring company; performing certain data processing operations; providing certain investment and financial advice; underwriting and acting as an insurance agent for certain types of credit-related insurance; leasing property on a full-payout, non-operating basis; selling money orders, travelers' checks and U.S. Savings Bonds; real estate and personal property appraising; providing tax planning and preparation services; and, subject to certain limitations, providing securities brokerage services for customers.




Capital Requirements. BankAs discussed above, pursuant to the Act, effective August 30, 2018, bank holding companies are subject to capital adequacy requirements of the Federal Reserve under the BHCA and the regulations of the Federal Reserve. For a bank holding company with less than $1.0$3.0 billion in consolidated assets are generally no longer subject to the Federal Reserve’s capital regulations, which are essentially the same as the capital guidelines apply on a bank only basis andregulations applicable to the Federal Reserve expects the holding company's subsidiary bank to be well-capitalizedBank described under the prompt corrective action regulations.caption “Capital Requirements” above. If the Company waswere subject to regulatory guidelines for bank holding companies with $1.0$3.0 billion or more in assets at December 31, 2016, it2018, the Company would have exceeded all regulatory capital requirements. The Federal Reserve expects a holding company's subsidiary banks to be well capitalized under the prompt corrective action regulations. For additional information, see Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Annual Report.

    Interstate Banking. The Federal Reserve may approve an application of a bank holding company to acquire control of, or acquire all or substantially all of the assets of, a bank located in a state other than such holding company's home state, without regard to whether the transaction is prohibited by the laws of any state except with respect to the acquisition of a bank that has not been in existence for the minimum time period, not exceeding five years, specified by the law of the host state. The Federal Reserve may not approve an application if the applicant controls or would control more than 10% of the insured deposits in the United States or 30% or more of the deposits in the target bank's home state or in any state in which the target bank maintains a branch. Federal law does not affect the authority of states to limit the percentage of total insured deposits in the state that may be


held or controlled by a bank holding company to the extent such limitation does not discriminate against out-of-state banks or bank holding companies. Individual states may also waive the 30% state-wide concentration limit contained in the federal law.

The federal banking agencies are authorized to approve interstate merger transactions without regard to whether such transaction is prohibited by the law of any state, unless the home state of one of the banks adopted a law prior to June 1, 1997 which applies equally to all out-of-state banks and expressly prohibits merger transactions involving out-of-state banks. Interstate acquisitions of branches will be permitted only if the law of the state in which the branch is located permits such acquisitions. Interstate mergers and branch acquisitions willare also be subject to the nationwide and statewide insured deposit concentration amounts described above. De novo interstate branching banks are generally permissible, subject to application requirements.

Dividends. As a South Carolina corporation, the Company is subject to restrictions on the payment of dividends under South Carolina law. In addition, the Company is an entity separate and distinct from its principal subsidiary, Security Federal Bank, and derives substantially all of its revenue in the form of dividends from this subsidiary. Accordingly, the Company is, and will be, dependent upon dividends from the Bank to pay the principal of and interest on its indebtedness, to satisfy its other cash needs and to pay dividends on its common stock. The Company is also subject to certain federal regulatory considerations. The Federal Reserve has issued a policy statement on the payment of cash dividends by bank holding companies, which expresses the Federal Reserve's view that a bank holding company should pay cash dividends only to the extent that the company's net income for the past year is sufficient to cover both the cash dividends and a rate of earningearnings retention that is consistent with the company's capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition, and that it is inappropriate for a company experiencing serious financial problems to borrow funds to pay dividends. Dividends are also subject to restriction if the capital conservation buffer requirement is not met.
    
Stock Repurchases. Bank holding companies, except for certain "well-capitalized" and highly rated bank holding companies, are required to give the Federal Reserve prior written notice of any purchase or redemption of its outstanding equity securities if the consideration for the purchase or redemption, when combined with the net consideration paid for all such purchases or redemptions during the preceding 12 months, is equal to 10% or more of their consolidated net worth. The Federal Reserve may disapprove a purchase or redemption if it determines that the proposal would constitute an unsafe or unsound practice or would violate any law, regulation, Federal Reserve order, or any condition imposed by, or written agreement with, the Federal Reserve.

Federal Securities Laws. The Company’s common stock is registered with the SEC under Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).  We are subject to information, proxy solicitation, insider trading restrictions and other requirements under the Exchange Act.

The Dodd-Frank Act. On July 21, 2010, the Dodd-Frank Act was signed into law. The Dodd-Frank-Act imposed new restrictions and an expanded framework of regulatory oversight for financial institutions, including depository institutions and implements new capital regulations that the Company and the Bank are subject to and that are discussed above under the section entitled “- Regulation of the Bank - Capital Requirements.”

In addition, amongAmong other changes,requirements, the Dodd-Frank Act requires public companies, like the Company, to (i) provide their shareholders with a non-binding vote (a) at least once every three years on the compensation paid to executive officers and (b) at least once every six years on whether they should have a “say on pay” vote every one, two or three years; (ii) have a separate, non-binding shareholder vote regarding golden parachutes for named executive officers when a shareholder vote takes place on mergers, acquisitions, dispositions or other transactions that would trigger the parachute payments; (iii) provide disclosure in


annual proxy materials concerning the relationship between the executive compensation paid and the financial performance of the issuer; and (iv) amend Item 402 of Regulation S-K to require companies to disclose the ratio of the Chief Executive Officer's annual total compensation to the median annual total compensation of all other employees. For certain of these changes, the implementing regulations have not been promulgated, so the full impact of the Dodd-Frank Act on public companies cannot be determined at this time.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.  As a public company that files periodic reports with the SEC under the Exchange Act, the Company is subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), which addresses, among other issues, corporate governance, auditing and accounting, executive compensation and enhanced and timely disclosure of corporate information. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act represents significant federal involvement in matters traditionally left to state regulatory systems, such as the regulation of the accounting profession, and to state corporate law, such as the relationship between a board of directors and management and between a board of directors and its committees. Our policies and procedures have been updated to comply with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
    
Jumpstart Our Business Startups ("JOBS") Act. The JOBS Act was signed into law on April 5, 2012 and allows banks and bank holding companies to terminate the registration of a class of securities under Section 12(g) and Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act if such class is held of record by less than 1,200 persons, an increase from the prior 300 person threshold. The SEC issued proposed rules on August 29, 2012 and on December 18, 2014 and has also mandated rules under Title III of the JOBS Act. The Company's Board continues to evaluate the costs and advantages and disadvantages of being an SEC registered company and the affectseffects of deregistering its shares of common stock, including among other things, the resulting decrease in the liquidity of its shares.



TAXATION

Federal Taxation

General.  The Company and the Bank report their income on a calendar year basis using the accrual method of accounting and are subject to federal income taxation in the same manner as other corporations with some exceptions, including particularly the Bank's reserve for bad debts discussed below.  The following discussion of tax matters is intended only to summarize certain pertinent federal income tax matters and is not a comprehensive description of the tax rules applicable to the Bank or the Company.

Distributions.  To the extent that the Bank makes "nondividend distributions" to the Company, these distributions will be considered to result in distributions from the balance of its bad debt reserve as of December 31, 1987 (or a lesser amount if the Bank's loan portfolio decreased since December 31, 1987) and then from the supplemental reserve for losses on loans ("Excess Distributions"), and an amount based on the Excess Distributions will be included in the Bank's taxable income.  Nondividend distributions include distributions in excess of the Bank's current and accumulated earnings and profits, distributions in redemption of stock and distributions in partial or complete liquidation.  However, dividends paid out of the Bank's current or accumulated earnings and profits, as calculated for federal income tax purposes, will not be considered to result in a distribution from the Bank's bad debt reserve.  The amount of additional taxable income created from an Excess Distribution is an amount that, when reduced by the tax attributable to the income, is equal to the amount of the distribution.  Thus, if the Bank makes a "nondividend distribution," then approximately one and one-half times the Excess Distribution would be includable in gross income for federal income tax purposes, assuming a 34%21% corporate income tax rate (exclusive of state and local taxes).  See "Regulation - Regulation of the Bank - Dividends” for limits on the payment of dividends by the Bank.  The Bank does not intend to pay dividends that would result in a recapture of any portion of its tax bad debt reserve.

Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax.  The Internal Revenue Code imposes a tax onTax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) effective January 1, 2018, repealed the corporate alternative minimum tax at a rate of 20% on a base of regular taxable income plus certain tax preferences, called alternative minimum taxable income. The alternative minimum tax is payable(AMT), allowing corporations to fully apply any unused AMT credit. At December 31, 2017, the extent such alternative minimum taxable income is in excess of an exemption amount. Net operating losses can offsetCompany had no more than 90% of alternative minimum taxable income. Certain payments of alternative minimum tax may be used as credits against regular tax liabilities in future years. The Company did not have an alternative minimum taxAMT credit carryforward at December 31, 2016.to apply against the 2018 tax liability.

Net Operating Loss Carryovers. AUnder the Tax Act, a financial institution may carry backcarryforward net operating losses toindefinitely. As of December 31, 2018, management determined it is more likely than not that the preceding two taxable years and forward tototal deferred tax asset will be realized except for the succeeding 20 taxable years. This provision applies to losses incurred in taxable years beginning after August 2009. The Company had nodeferred tax asset associated with state net operating loss carryforwards, at December 31, 2016.and, accordingly, has established a valuation allowance only for this item. The change in the valuation allowance was $21,000.




Dividends-Received Deduction.  The Company may exclude from its income dividends received from the Bank as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company that files a consolidated return with the Bank. The corporate dividends-received deduction is 100%, or 80%, in the case of dividends received from corporations with which a corporate recipient does not file a consolidated tax return, depending on the level of stock ownership of the payer of the dividend. Corporations that own less than 20% of the stock of a corporation distributing a dividend may deduct 70% of dividends received or accrued on their behalf.

Audits.  The Company, the Bank and its consolidated subsidiaries have been audited or their books closed without audit by the IRS with respect to consolidated federal income tax returns through March 31, 2012.2013.  See Note 14 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in the Annual Report for additional information regarding income taxes.

State Taxation

South Carolina has adopted the Internal Revenue Code as it relates to commercial banks, effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986.  The Bank is subject to South Carolina income tax at the rate of 4.5%.  The Bank has not been audited by the State of South Carolina during the past five years.

The Company's income tax returns have not been audited by federal or state authorities within the last five years.  For additional information regarding income taxes, see Note 14 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in the Annual Report.





Item 1A. Risk Factors.

An investment in our common stock involves various risks which are particular to Security Federal Corporation, our industry, and our market area. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information included in this report and out filings with the SEC. In addition to the risks and uncertainties described below, other risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, capital levels, liquidity, cash flows, results of operations and prospects. The market price of our common stock could decline significantly due to any of these identified or other risks, and you could lose some or all of your investment.

Risks Related to our Business

Our business may be adversely affected by downturns in the national economy and in the economies in our market areas.
Our operations are significantly affected by the general economic conditions of the states of South Carolina and Georgia and the specific local markets in which we operate. Our entire real estate portfolio consists primarily of loans secured by properties located in Aiken, Richland, and Lexington Counties in South Carolina and Columbia Countyand Richmond Counties in Georgia. A decline in the economies of these fourfive counties in which we operate, which we consider to be our primary market area, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
While real estate values and unemployment rates have recently improved, a deterioration in economic conditions in the market areas we serve could result in loan losses beyond that which is provided for in our allowance for loan losses and could result in the following consequences, any of which could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations:
loan delinquencies, problem assets and foreclosures may increase;
we may increase our allowance for loan losses;
demand for our products and services may decline, possibly resulting in a decrease in our total loans or assets;
collateral for our loans, especially real estate, may decline in value, exposing us to increased risk of loss on existing loans, reducing customers’ borrowing power, and reducing the value of assets and collateral associated with existing loans;
the net worth and liquidity of loan guarantors may decline, impairing their ability to honor commitments to us; and
the amount of our low-cost or noninterest-bearing deposits may decrease

A decline in local economic conditions may have a greater effect on our earnings and capital than on the earnings and capital of larger financial institutions whose real estate loan portfolios are geographically diverse. Many of the loans in our portfolio are secured by real estate. Deterioration in the real estate markets where collateral for a mortgage loan is located could negatively affect the borrower’s ability to repay the loan and the value of the collateral securing the loan. Real estate values are affected by various other factors, including changes in general or regional economic conditions, governmental rules or policies and natural disasters such as earthquakes. If we are required to liquidate a significant amount of collateral during a period of reduced real estate values, our financial condition and profitability could be adversely affected. Adverse changes in the regional and general economy could reduce our growth rate, impair our ability to collect loans and generally have a negative effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our allowance for loan losses may prove to be insufficient to absorb losses in our loan portfolio.
Lending money is a substantial part of our business and each loan carries a certain risk that it will not be repaid in accordance with its terms or that any underlying collateral will not be sufficient to assure repayment. This risk is affected by, among other things:
cash flow of the borrower and/or the project being financed;
the changes and uncertainties as to the future value of the collateral, in the case of a collateralized loan;
the duration of the loan;
the character and creditworthiness of a particular borrower; and
changes in economic and industry conditions.

We maintain an allowance for loan losses, which is a reserve established through a provision for loan losses charged to expense, which we believe is appropriate to provide for probable losses in our loan portfolio. The amount of this allowance is determined by our management through periodic reviews and consideration of several factors, including, but not limited to:


our general reserve, based on our historical default and loss experience and certain macroeconomic factors based on management's expectations of future events;
our specific reserve, based on our evaluation of impaired loans and their underlying collateral; and
an unallocated reserve to provide for other credit losses inherent in our portfolio that may not have been contemplated in the other loss factors.



The determination of the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses inherently involves a high degree of subjectivity and requires us to make significant estimates of current credit risks and future trends, all of which may undergo material changes. If our estimates are incorrect, the allowance for loan losses may not be sufficient to cover losses inherent in our loan portfolio, resulting in the need for additions to our allowance through an increase in the provision for loan losses. Deterioration in economic conditions affecting borrowers, new information regarding existing loans, identification of additional problem loans and other factors, both within and outside of our control, may increase our loan charge-offs and/or may otherwise require an increase in the allowance for loan losses. Our allowance for loan losses was 2.30%2.10% of total loans outstanding and 101.5%118.0% of non-performing loansassets at December 31, 2016. 2018.

The Financial Accounting Standards Board has adopted a new accounting standard referred to as Current Expected Credit Loss (CECL) which will require financial institutions to determine periodic estimates of lifetime expected credit losses on loans and recognize the expected credit losses as allowances for credit losses. This will change the current method of providing allowances for credit losses only when they have been incurred and are probable, which may require us to increase our allowance for loan losses, and may greatly increase the types of data we would need to collect and review to determine the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses. This accounting pronouncement is expected to be applicable to us for our first fiscal year after December 15, 2019. We are evaluating the impact the CECL accounting model will have on our accounting, but expect to recognize a onetime cumulative-effect adjustment to the allowance for loan losses as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the new standard is effective. We cannot yet determine the magnitude of any such one-time cumulative adjustment or of the overall impact of the new standard on our financial condition or results of operations. The federal banking regulators, including the Federal Reserve and the FDIC, have adopted a rule that gives a banking organization the option to phase in over a three-year period the day-one adverse effects of CECL on its regulatory capital.

In addition, bank regulatory agencies periodically review our allowance for loan losses and may require us to increase our provision for loan losses or recognize additional loan charge-offs. Any increases in the provision for loan losses may result in a decrease in net income and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and capital.

If our non-performing assets increase, our earnings will be adversely affected.

At December 31, 2016,2018, our non-performing assets (which consist of non-accruing loans and OREOOREO) were $8.2$7.8 million, or 1.0%0.9% of total assets. Our non-performing assets adversely affect our net income in various ways:

we record interest income only on a cash basis for nonaccrual loans and any non-performing investment securities;
we do not record interest income for OREO;
we provide for probable loan losses through a current period charge to the provision for loan losses;
non-interest expense increases when we write down the value of properties in our OREO portfolio to reflect changing market values or recognize other-than-temporary impairment on non-performing investment securities;
there are legal fees associated with the resolution of problem assets, as well as carrying costs, such as taxes, insurance, and maintenance fees related to our OREO; and
the resolution of non-performing assets requires the active involvement of management, which can distract them from more profitable activity.

If additional borrowers become delinquent and do not pay their loans and we are unable to successfully manage our non-performing assets, our losses and troubled assets could increase significantly, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our loan portfolio includeslevel of commercial and multifamily real estate loans with a higher risk of loss.may expose us to increased lending risks.

At December 31, 2016,2018, commercial and multifamily real estate loans were $222.6$276.0 million or 59.9%62.0% of our total loan portfolio. TheseThe credit risk related to these types of loans is considered to be greater than the risk related to one-to-four-family residential loans because the repayment of commercial and multi-family real estate loans typically involve higher principal amounts than other types of loans. Repayment is dependent uponon the successful operation and income being generated fromstream of the property securing the loan in amounts sufficient to cover operating expenses and debt service,the value of the real estate securing the loan as collateral, which maycan be adverselysignificantly affected by changes in the economy or local market conditions. In addition, some of our commercial real estate loans are not fully amortizing and contain large balloon payments upon maturity. These balloon payments may require the borrower to either sell or refinance the underlying property in order to make the balloon payment, which may increase the risk of


default or non-payment. This risk was exacerbated in the recent recession and could remain an elevated risk in the current slow recovery economic environment. These loans also generally have relatively large balances to single borrowers or related groups of borrowers. Accordingly, if we make any errors in judgment in the collectibilitycollectability of our commercial real estate loans, any resulting charge-offs may be larger on a per loan basis than those incurred with our residential or consumer loan portfolios.

Included within Consequently, this could materially adversely affect our future earnings. Finally, if foreclosure occurs on a commercial real estate loan, the holding period for the collateral, if any, typically is longer than for a one-to-four-family residence because the secondary market for most types of commercial and multi-family real estate is not readily liquid, so we have less opportunity to mitigate credit risk by selling part or all of our interest in these assets.

Our construction and land loans are based upon estimates of costs and the value of the completed project.
We originate construction loans on single-family residences, multi-family dwellings and projects, and commercial real estate, as well as loans for the acquisition and development ("A&D") loans.and construction of residential subdivisions and commercial projects. We originate these loans whether or not the collateral property underlying the loan is under contract for sale. At December 31, 2016,2018, commercial construction and A&D loans were $9.6totaled $70.1 million or 2.6%15.7% of our total loan portfolio. Also
At that date, A&D loans were $23.7 million or 5.3% of our total loan portfolio. At December 31, 2018, included in our commercial real estate loansloan portfolio was $15.1$12.3 million, or 4.1%2.8% of our total loan portfolio, in loans for the speculative construction of single family dwellings to builders. ThisAt December 31, 2018, our residential loan portfolio included $13.2 million or 3.0% of our total loan portfolio of owner occupied residential construction loans.
Construction and A&D lending involves additional risks when compared with permanent residential lending because funds are advanced upon the collateral for the project based on an estimate of costs that will produce a future value at completion. Because of the uncertainties inherent in estimating construction costs, as well as the market value of the completed project and the effects of governmental regulation on real property, it is relatively difficult to evaluate accurately the total funds required to complete a project and the completed project loan-to-value ratio. Changes in the demand, such as for new housing and higher than anticipated building costs, may cause actual results to vary significantly from those estimated. For these reasons, this type of lending containsalso typically involves higher loan principal amounts and is often concentrated with a small number of builders. A downturn in housing, or the inherent difficulty in estimating bothreal estate market, could increase loan delinquencies, defaults and foreclosures, and significantly impair the value of our collateral and our ability to sell the collateral upon foreclosure. Some of our builders have more than one loan outstanding with us and also have residential mortgage loans for rental properties with us. Consequently, an adverse development with respect to one loan or one credit relationship can expose us to a property'ssignificantly greater risk of loss.
In addition, during the term of most of our commercial construction loans, no payment from the borrower is required since the accumulated interest is added to the principal of the loan through an interest reserve. As a result, these loans often involve the disbursement of funds with repayment substantially dependent on the success of the ultimate project and the ability of the borrower to sell or lease the property or obtain permanent take-out financing, rather than the ability of the borrower or guarantor to repay principal and interest. If our appraisal of the value atof a completed project proves to be overstated, we may have inadequate security for the repayment of the loan upon completion of construction of the project and the estimated cost (including interest)may incur a loss. Because construction loans require active monitoring of the building process, including cost comparisons and on-site inspections, these loans are more difficult and costly to monitor. Increases in market rates of interest may have a more pronounced effect on construction loans by rapidly increasing the end-purchasers’ borrowing costs, thereby reducing the overall demand for the project. If the estimate ofProperties under construction cost provesare often difficult to sell and typically must be completed in order to be inaccurate, wesuccessfully sold which also complicates the process of working out problem construction loans. This may be requiredrequire us to advance additional funds beyondand/or contract with another builder to complete construction. Furthermore, in the amount originally committed to permit completioncase of the project. If the estimate of value upon completion proves to be inaccurate, we may be confronted at, or prior to, the maturity of the loan with a project the value of which is insufficient to assure full repayment. In addition, speculative construction loans, to a builder are oftenthere is the added risk associated with homes that are not pre-sold,identifying an end-purchaser for the finished project. Land loans also pose additional risk because of the lack of income being produced by the property and thusthe potential illiquid nature of the collateral. These risks can also be significantly impacted by supply and demand conditions.
A&D loans pose a greater potential risk to us than construction loans to individuals on their personal residences. Loans on land under development or held for future construction also poses additional risk because of the lack of income being produced by the property and the potential illiquid nature of the collateral. These risks can be significantly impacted by supply and demand conditions. As a result, this type of lending often involves the disbursement of substantial funds with repayment dependent on the success of the ultimate project and the ability of the borrower to develop, sell or lease the property, rather than the ability of the borrower or guarantor to independently repay principal and interest. MostThere was one non-performing A&D loan with a balance of $18,000 at December 31, 2018. A material increase in our construction loans are for the construction of single family residences. Reflecting the


current slowdown in the residential market, the secondary market for land and construction loans is not readily liquid, so we have less opportunity to mitigate our credit risk by selling part or all of our interest in these loans. If we foreclose on a construction loan, our holding period for the collateral typically may be longer than we have historically experienced because there are fewer potential purchasers of the collateral. The decline in the number of potential purchasers has contributed to the decline in the value of these loans. Accordingly, charge-offs onnon-performing construction and landdevelopment loans may be larger than those incurred by other segmentscould have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of our loan portfolio.operation.


Repayment of our commercial business loans is often dependent on the cash flows of the borrower, which may be unpredictable, and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value.

At December 31, 2016, we had $16.32018, $28.1 million or 4.4%6.3% of our total loans inwere commercial business loans. Commercial business lending involves risks that are different from those associated with residential and commercial real estate lending. Real estate lending is generally considered to be collateral based lending with loan amounts based on predetermined loan to collateral values and liquidation of the underlying real estate collateral being viewed as the primary source of repayment in the event of borrower default. Our commercial business loans are primarily made based on the cash flow of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The borrowers' cash flow may be unpredictable, and collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Although commercial business loans are often collateralized by equipment, inventory, accounts receivable, or other business assets, the liquidation of collateral in the event of default is often an insufficient source of repayment because accounts receivable may be uncollectible and inventories may be obsolete or of limited use, among other things. Accordingly, the repayment of commercial business loans depends primarily on the cash flow and credit worthiness of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower.

The level of our commercial real estate loan portfolio may subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny.

The FDIC, the Federal Reserve and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, have promulgated joint guidance on sound risk management practices for financial institutions with concentrations in commercial real estate lending. Under the guidance, a financial institution that, like us, is actively involved in commercial real estate lending should perform a risk assessment to identify concentrations. A financial institution may have a concentration in commercial real estate lending if, among other factors, (i) total reported loans for construction, land acquisition and development, and other land represent 100% or more of total capital or (ii) total reported loans secured by multi-family and non-farm residential properties, loans for construction, land acquisition and development and other land, and loans otherwise sensitive to the general commercial real estate market, including loans to commercial real estate related entities, represent 300% or more of total capital. The particular focus of the guidance is on exposure to commercial real estate loans that are dependent on the cash flow from the real estate held as collateral and that are likely to be at greater risk to conditions in the commercial real estate market (as opposed to real estate collateral held as a secondary source of repayment or as an abundance of caution). The purpose of the guidance is to guide banks in developing risk management practices and capital levels commensurate with the level and nature of real estate concentrations. The guidance states that management should employ heightened risk management practices including board and management oversight and strategic planning, development of underwriting standards, risk assessment and monitoring through market analysis and stress testing. Regulatory scrutiny of commercial real estate is generally at a ratio of 300% or more. At December 31, 2016,2018, total commercial real estate loans represented 280%287% of risk based capital plus the excess allowance for loan losses. While we believe we have implemented policies and procedures with respect to our commercial real estate loan portfolio consistent with this guidance, bank regulators could require us to implement additional policies and procedures consistent with their interpretation of the guidance that may result in additional costs to us.

Declines in property values have increased loan-to-value ratios on a significant portion of our one- to four-family loans and home equity lines of credit, which exposes us to greater risk of loss.

Many of our one- to four-family loans and home equity lines of credit are secured by liens on mortgage properties in which the borrowers have little or no equity because of the declines in home values in our primary market area. Residential loans with high combined loan-to-value ratios will be more sensitive to declining property values than those with lower combined loan-to-value ratios and therefore may experience a higher incidence of default and severity of losses. In addition, if the borrowers sell their homes, they may be unable to repay their loans in full from the sale proceeds. Further, the majority of our home equity lines of credit consist of second mortgage loans. For those home equity lines secured by a second mortgage, it is unlikely that we will be successful in recovering all or a portion of our loan proceeds in the event of default unless we are prepared to repay the first mortgage loan and such repayment and the costs associated with a foreclosure are justified by the value of the property. For these reasons, these loans may experience higher rates of delinquencies, defaults and losses.



Our real estate lending also exposes us to the risk of environmental liabilities.

In the course of our business, we may foreclose and take title to real estate, and we could be subject to environmental liabilities with respect to these properties. We may be held liable to a governmental entity or to third persons for property damage, personal injury, investigation, and clean-up costs incurred by these parties in connection with environmental contamination, or may be required to investigate or clean up hazardous or toxic substances, or chemical releases at a property. The costs associated with investigation or remediation activities could be substantial. In addition, as the owner or former owner of a contaminated site, we may be subject to common law claims by third parties based on damages and costs resulting from environmental contamination


emanating from the property. If we ever become subject to significant environmental liabilities, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

If our investments in real estate are not properly valued or sufficiently reserved to cover actual losses, or if we are required to increase our valuation reserves, our earnings could be reduced.

We obtain updated valuations in the form of appraisals and broker price opinions when a loan has been foreclosed upon and the property taken in as OREO, and at certain other times during the assets holding period. Our net book value in the loan at the time of foreclosure and thereafter is compared to the updated market value of the foreclosed property less estimated selling costs (fair value). A charge-off is recorded for any excess in the asset's net book value over its fair value. If our valuation process is incorrect, or if the property declines in value after foreclosure, the fair value of our investments in OREO may not be sufficient to recover our net book value in such assets, resulting in the need for additional charge-offs. Additional material charge-offs to our investments in OREO could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, bank regulators periodically review our OREO and may require us to recognize further charge-offs. Significant charge-offs, as required by such regulators, may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

OurWe may incur losses on our securities portfolio may be negatively impacted by fluctuationsas a result of changes in market value and interest rates.

OurFactors beyond our control can significantly influence the fair value of securities in our portfolio may be impactedand can cause potential adverse changes to the fair value of these securities. These factors include, but are not limited to, rating agency actions in respect of the securities, defaults by, fluctuations in market value, potentially reducing accumulatedor other comprehensive income and/adverse events affecting, the issuer or earnings. Fluctuations in market value may be caused bywith respect to the underlying securities, and changes in market interest rates lower market prices for securities and limited investor demand. Our securities portfolio is evaluated forcontinued instability in the capital markets. Any of these factors, among others, could cause other-than-temporary impairment. If this evaluation shows impairment to the actual impairments and realized and/or projected cash flows associated with one or more securities,unrealized losses in future periods and declines in other comprehensive income, which could have a potential loss to earnings may occur. Changes in interest rates can also have an adversematerial effect on our business, financial condition as our available-for-sale securities are reported at their estimated fair value, and therefore are impacted by fluctuations in interest rates. We increase or decrease our shareholders' equity byresults of operations. The process for determining whether impairment of a security is other-than-temporary usually requires complex, subjective judgments about the amount of change in the estimated fair valuefuture financial performance and liquidity of the available-for-sale securities, netissuer and any collateral underlying the security to assess the probability of taxes.receiving all contractual principal and interest payments on the security. There can be no assurance that the declines in market value will not result in other-than-temporary impairments of these assets, whichand would lead to accounting charges that could have a material adverse effect on our net income and capital levels. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we did not incur any other-than-temporary impairments on our securities portfolio.

Changes in interest rates may reduce our net interest income, and may result in higher defaults in a rising rate environment.

Our earnings and cash flows are largely dependent upon our net interest income. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including general economic conditions and policies of various governmental and regulatory agencies, and in particular, the Federal Reserve and other factors beyond our control.  In an attempt to help the overall economy, theBoard. The Federal Reserve has keptsteadily increased the targeted federal funds rate over the last three fiscal years to 2.50% at December 31, 2018. The Federal Reserve could make additional increases in interest rates low through its targeted Fed Funds rate. In December 2016, the Federal Reserve slightly increased the Fed Funds rate by 25 basis points and intends further increases during 20172019, subject to economic conditions. AsIf the Federal Reserve increases the Fed Fundstargeted federal funds rate, overall interest rates will likely rise, which may negatively impact both the housing markets by reducing refinancing activity and new home purchases and the U.S. economic recovery. In addition, deflationary pressures, while possibly lowering our operating costs, could have a significant negative effect on our borrowers, especially our business borrowers, and the values of collateral securing loans, which could negatively affect our financial performance.

We principally manage interest rate risk by managing our volume and mix of our earning assets and funding liabilities.
Changes in monetary policy, including changes in interest rates, could influence not only the interest we receive on loans and investments and the amount of interest we pay on deposits and borrowings, but these changes could also affect (i) our ability to originate loans and/or sell loans and obtain deposits, (ii) the fair value of our interest-earningfinancial assets and liabilities, which could negatively impact shareholders’ equity, and our ability to realize gains from the sale of such assets;assets, (iii) our ability to obtain and retain deposits in competition with other available investment alternatives;alternatives, (iv) the ability of our borrowers to repay adjustable or variable rate loans;loans, and (v) the average duration of our mortgage-backed securities portfolio and other interest-earning assets.  If the interest rates paid on deposits and other borrowings increase at a faster rate than the interest rates received on loans and other investments, our net interest income, and therefore earnings, could be adversely affected.   Earnings could also be adversely affected if the interest


rates received on loans and other investments fall more quickly than the interest rates paid on deposits and other borrowings. In a changing interest rate environment, we may not be able to manage this risk effectively. If we are unable to manage interest rate risk effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially affected.
Changes in interest rates could also have a negative impact on our results of operations by reducing the ability of borrowers to repay their current loan obligations or by reducing our margins and profitability. Our net interest margin is the difference between the yield we earn on our assets and the interest rate we pay for deposits and our other sources of funding. Changes in interest rates-up or down-could adversely affect our net interest margin and, as a result, our net interest income. Although the yield we earn on our assets and our funding costs tend to move in the same direction in response to changes in interest rates, one


can rise or fall faster than the other, causing our net interest margin to expand or contract. Our liabilities tend to be shorter in duration than our assets, so they may adjust faster in response to changes in interest rates. As a result, when interest rates rise, our funding costs may rise faster than the yield we earn on our assets, causing our net interest margin to contract until the yields on interest-earning assets catch up.

Changes in the slope of the “yield curve”, or the spread between short-term and long-term interest rates-could also reduce our net interest margin. Normally, the yield curve is upward sloping, meaning short-term rates are lower than long-term rates. Because our liabilities tend to be shorter in duration than our assets, when the yield curve flattens or even inverts, we could experience pressure on our net interest margin as our cost of funds increases relative to the yield we can earn on our assets. Also, interest rate decreases can lead to increased prepayments of loans and mortgage-backed securities as borrowers refinance their loans to reduce borrowing costs. Under these circumstances, we are subject to reinvestment risk as we may have to redeploy such repayment proceeds into lower yielding investments, which would likely hurt our income.
A sustained increase in market interest rates could adversely affect our earnings. A substantial amount of our loans have adjustable interest rates. As a result, these loans may experience a higher rate of default in a rising interest rate environment. Further, a significant portion of our adjustable rate loans have interest rate floors below which the loan's contractual interest rate may not adjust.  Approximately $129.1$139.1 million or 34.731.1% of our loan portfolio was comprised of adjustable or floating-rate loans atDecember 31, 2016,2018, and approximately $86.2$86.4 million, or 66.8%62.1%, of those loans contained interest rate floors, below which the loans' contractual interest rate may not adjust.  At December 31, 2016,2018, the weighted average floor interest rate of these loans was 4.49%4.26%.  At that date, approximately $53.0$19.7 million, or 61.5%22.8%, of these loans were at their floor interest rate. The inability of our loans to adjust downward can contribute to increased income in periods of declining interest rates, although this result is subject to the risks that borrowers may refinance these loans during periods of declining interest rates.  Also, when loans are at their floors, there is a further risk that our interest income may not increase as rapidly as our cost of funds during periods of increasing interest rates which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.  

Changes in interest rates also affect the value of our interest-earning assets, including our securities portfolio. Generally, the fair value of fixed-rate securities fluctuates inversely with changes in interest rates. Unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale are reported as a separate component of equity, net of tax. Decreases in the fair value of securities available for sale resulting from increases in interest rates could have an adverse effect on stockholders’ equity.

Although management believes it has implemented effective asset and liability management strategies to reduce the potential effects of changes in interest rates on our results of operations, any substantial, unexpected or prolonged change in market interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Also, our interest rate risk modeling techniques and assumptions likely may not fully predict or capture the impact of actual interest rate changes on our balance sheet. See Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Asset and Liability Management and Market Risk” included in the Annual Report.

Liquidity risk could impair our ability to fund operations and jeopardize our financial condition, growth and prospects.

Liquidity is essential to our business. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, the sale of loans or other sources could have a substantial negative effect on our liquidity. Our primary sources of liquidity are increases in deposits, advances, as needed, from the FHLB, borrowings, as needed, from the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond ("FRB") and other borrowings to fund our operations. Although we have historically been able to replace maturing deposits and advances if desired, we may not be able to replace such funds in the future if, among other things, our financial condition, the financial condition of the FHLB or FRB, or market conditions change. Factors that could detrimentally impact our access to liquidity sources include a decrease in the level of our business activity as a result of a downturn in the South Carolina or Georgia markets where our loans are concentrated, negative operating results, or adverse regulatory action against us. Our ability to borrow could also be impaired by factors that are not specific to us, such as a disruption in the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry in light of the recent turmoil faced by banking organizations or deterioration in credit markets. Deposit flows, calls of investment securities and wholesale borrowings, and the prepayment of loans and mortgage-related securities are also strongly influenced by such external factors as the direction of interest rates, whether actual or perceived, and competition for deposits and loans in the markets we serve. Furthermore, changes to the FHLB's underwriting guidelines for wholesale borrowings or lending policies may limit or restrict our ability to borrow, and could therefore have a significant adverse impact on our liquidity. In addition, the need to replace funds in the event of large-scale withdrawals of brokered deposits could require us to pay significantly higher interest rates on retail deposits or other wholesale funding sources, which would have an adverse impact on our net interest income and net income. A decline in available funding could adversely impact our ability to originate loans, invest in securities, meet our expenses, or to fulfill such obligations as repaying our borrowings or meeting deposit withdrawal demands.



Our financial flexibility will be severely constrained if we are unable to maintain our access to funding or if adequate financing is not available to accommodate future growth at acceptable interest rates. Although we consider our sources of funds adequate for our liquidity needs, we may seek additional debt in the future to achieve our long-term business objectives. Additional borrowings, if sought, may not be available to us or, if available, may not be available on reasonable terms. If additional financing sources are unavailable, or are not available on reasonable terms, our financial condition, results of operations, growth and future prospects could be materially adversely affected. Finally, if we are required to rely more heavily on more expensive funding sources to support future growth, our revenues may not increase proportionately to cover our costs. Additionally, collateralized public funds are bank deposits of state and local municipalities. These deposits are required to be secured by certain investment grade securities to ensure repayment, which on the one hand, tends to reduce our contingent liquidity risk by making these funds somewhat less credit sensitive, but on the other hand, reduces standby liquidity by restricting the potential liquidity of the pledged collateral. Although these fundshave historically have been a relatively stable source of funds for us, availability depends on the individual municipality's fiscal policies and cash flow needs. At December 31, 2016, $6.82018, $36.3 million of our deposits were public funds.


New or changing tax, accounting, and regulatory rules and interpretations could significantly impact strategic initiatives, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.


We operate in a highly regulated environment and may be adversely affected by changes in federalThe financial services industry is extensively regulated. Federal and state lawsbanking regulations are designed primarily to protect the deposit insurance funds and consumers, not to benefit our shareholders. These regulations that are expected to increase our costs ofmay sometimes impose significant limitations on operations.

As a state-chartered, federally insured commercial bank, the Bank is currently subject to extensive examination, supervision and comprehensive regulation by the FDIC and the State Board. The Company, as a bank holding company, is subject to examination, supervision and regulation by the Federal Reserve. These regulatory Regulatory authorities have extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities, including the ability to imposeimposition of restrictions on an institution's operations, reclassifythe classification of assets determineby the institution and the adequacy of an institution's allowance for loan losseslosses. These bank regulators also have the ability to impose conditions in the approval of merger and determine the levelacquisition transactions.
The significant federal and state banking regulations that affect us are described in this report under “Business - Regulation” in Item 1 of deposit insurance premiums assessed.

this Form 10-K. These regulations, along with the currently existing tax, accounting, securities, insurance, and monetary laws, regulations, rules, standards, policies, and interpretations control the methods by which financial institutions conduct business, implement strategic initiatives and tax compliance, and govern financial reporting and disclosures. These laws, regulations, rules, standards, policies, and interpretations are constantly evolving and may change significantly over time. Any new regulations or legislation, change in existing regulations or oversight, whether a change in regulatory policy or a change in a regulator’s interpretation of a law or regulation, could have a material impact on our operations, increase our costs of regulatory compliance and of doing business and and/or otherwise adversely affect us and our profitability. Additionally, actions by regulatory agencies or significant litigation against us and may lead to penalties that materially affect us. Further, changes in accounting standards can be both difficult to predict and involve judgment and discretion in their interpretation by us and our independent registered public accounting firms.firm. These changes could materially impact, potentially even retroactively, how we report our financial condition and results of our operations as could our interpretation of those changes.

As discussed under “Business - Regulation” in Item 1 of this Form 10-K, the Dodd-Frank Act has significantly changed the bank regulatory structure and will affect the lending, deposit, investment, trading and operating activities of financial institutions and their holding companies. The Dodd-Frank Act requires various federal agencies to adopt and implement a broad range of new rules and regulations, and to prepare numerous studies and reports for Congress. The federal agencies are given significant discretion in drafting and implementing rules and regulations, and consequently, many of the details and much of the impact of the Dodd-Frank Act We cannot predict what restrictions may not be known for many months or years. It is difficult at this time to predict when or how any new standards will ultimately be applied toimposed upon us or what specific impact the Dodd-Frank Act and the yet to be written rules and regulations for implementation will have on community banks. However, it is expected that at a minimum they will increase our operating and compliance costs and could increase our non-interest expense.

Any other additional changes in our regulation and oversight, whether in the form of new laws, rules or regulations, could likewise make compliance more difficult or expensive or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or prospects.

A new accounting standard will likely require us to increase our allowance for loan losses and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The FASB has adopted a new accounting standard that will be effective for the Company and the Bank after December 15, 2019.  This standard, referred to as Current Expected Credit Loss, or CECL, will require financial institutions to determine periodic estimates of lifetime expected credit losses on loans, and recognize the expected credit losses as allowances for loan losses.  This will change the current method of providing allowances for loan losses that are probable, which would likely require us to increase our allowance for loan losses, and to greatly increase the types of data we would need to collect and review to determine the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses.  Any increase in our allowance for loan losses or expenses incurred to determine the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

with future legislation.
Non-compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act, Bank Secrecy Act, or other laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions.
The USA PATRIOT Act and Bank Secrecy Acts and related regulations require financial institutions to develop programs to prevent financial institutions from being used for money laundering and terrorist activities. If such activities are detected, financial institutions are obligated to file suspicious activity reports with the U.S. Treasury’s Office of Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. These rules require financial institutions to establish procedures for identifying and verifying the identity of customers seeking to open new financial accounts and beneficial owners of accounts. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines or sanctions. In recentDuring the last few years, several banking institutions have received large fines for non-compliance with these laws and regulations. While we have developed policies and procedures designed to assist in compliance with these laws and regulations, no assurance can be given that these policies and procedures will be effective in preventing violations of these laws and regulations. If our policies and procedures are deemed deficient, we would be subject to liability, including fines and regulatory actions, which may include restrictions on our ability to pay dividends and the denial of regulatory approvals to proceed with certain aspects of our business plan, including acquisitions.



Failure to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing could also have serious reputational consequences for us. Any of these results could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
Our growth or future losses may require us to raise additional capital in the future, but that capital may not be available when it is needed, or the cost of that capital may be very high.
We are required by federal regulatory authorities to maintain adequate levels of capital to support our operations. We anticipate that our capital resources will satisfy our capital requirements for the foreseeable future. Nonetheless, we may at some


point need to raise additional capital to support continued growth or be required by our regulators to increase our capital resources. Our ability to raise additional capital, if needed, will depend on conditions in the capital markets at that time, which are outside our control, and on our financial condition and performance. Accordingly, we may not be able to raise additional capital, if needed, on terms that are acceptable to us. If we cannot raise additional capital when needed, our operations could be materially impaired and our financial condition and liquidity could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, if we are unable to raise additional capital when required by our banking regulators, we may be subject to additional adverse regulatory action.

An increase in interest rates, change in the programs offered by governmental sponsored entities ("GSE"), or our ability to qualify for such programs may reduce our mortgage revenues, which would negatively impact our non-interest income.
Our mortgage banking operations provide a portion of our non-interest income.  We generate mortgage revenues primarily from gains on the sale of single-family mortgage loans underwritten pursuant to programs currently offered by Freddie Mac and other non-GSE investors. These entities account for a substantial portion of the secondary market in residential mortgage loans. Any future changes in these programs, our eligibility to participate in such programs, the criteria for loans to be accepted or laws that significantly affect the activity of such entities could, in turn, materially adversely affect the success of our mortgage banking program and, consequently, our results of operations.

Mortgage loan production levels are sensitive to changes in economic conditions and can suffer from decreased economic activity, a slowdown in the housing market or higher interest rates. Generally, any sustained period of decreased economic activity or higher interest rates could adversely affect mortgage originations and, consequently, adversely affect income from mortgage lending activities.

In the past several years, as a result of government actions and other economic factors related to the economic downturn, interest rates have been at historically low levels. In December 2016,2018, the Federal Reserve slightly increased the targeted Fed Funds rate by 25 basis points for the secondfourth time within a year and intends further increases during 20172019 subject to economic conditions. As the Federal Reserve increases the Fed Funds rate, refinancing activity typically declines and new home purchases may be negatively impacted. To the extent that market interest rates increase in the future, our ability to originate mortgage loans held for sale may decrease, resulting in fewer loans that are available to be sold to investors. This would adversely affect our ability to generate mortgage revenues, and consequently noninterest income. Because interest rates depend on factors outside of our control, we cannot eliminate the interest rate risk associated with our mortgage operations.

Our results of operations will also be affected by the amount of non-interest expense associated with mortgage banking activities, such as salaries and employee benefits, occupancy, equipment and data processing expense and other operating costs. If we cannot generate a sufficient volume of loans for sale, our results of operations may be adversely affected. In addition, during periods of reduced loan demand, our results of operations may be adversely affected to the extent that we are unable to reduce expenses commensurate with the decline in loan originations. Finally, deteriorating economic conditions may also increase the potential for home buyers to default on their mortgages. In certain of these cases where we have originated loans and sold them to investors, we may be required to repurchase loans or provide a financial settlement to investors if it is proven that the borrower failed to provide full and accurate information on or related to their loan application or for which appraisals have not been acceptable or when the loan was not underwritten in accordance with the loan program specified by the loan investor. Such repurchases or settlements would alsoIf repurchase and indemnity demands increase on loans that we sell from our portfolios, our liquidity, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affect our net income.affected.

We are subject to certain risks in connection with our use of technology.
Our security measures may not be sufficient to mitigate the risk of a cyber attack. Communications and information systems are essential to the conduct of our business, as we use such systems to manage our customer relationships, our general ledger and virtually all other aspects of our business. Our operations rely on the secure processing, storage, and transmission of confidential and other information in our computer systems and networks. Although we take protective measures and endeavor to modify them as circumstances warrant, the security of our computer systems, software, and networks may be vulnerable to breaches, unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses, or other malicious code and cyber attacks that could have a security impact. If one or more of these events occur, this could jeopardize our or our customers' confidential and other information processed and stored in, and transmitted through, our computer systems and networks, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations or the operations of our customers or counterparties. We may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify our protective measures or to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities or other exposures, and we


may be subject to litigation and financial losses that are either not insured against or not fully covered through any insurance maintained by us. We could also suffer significant reputational damage.
Security breaches in our internet banking activities could further expose us to possible liability and damage our reputation. Increases in criminal activity levels and sophistication, advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries, vulnerabilities in third party technologies (including browsers and operating systems) or other developments could result in a compromise or breach of


the technology, processes and controls that we use to prevent fraudulent transactions and to protect data about us, our clients and underlying transactions. Any compromise of our security also could deter customers from using our internet banking services that involve the transmission of confidential information. We rely on standard internet security systems to provide the security and authentication necessary to effect secure transmission of data. TheseAlthough we have developed and continue to invest in systems and processes that are designed to detect and prevent security breaches and cyber-attacks and periodically test our security, these precautions may not protect our systems from compromises or breaches of our security measures, whichand could result in significant legal liability and significantlosses to us or our customers, our loss of business and/or customers, damage to our reputation, the incurrence of additional expenses, disruption to our business, our inability to grow our online services or other businesses, additional regulatory scrutiny or penalties, or our exposure to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our security measures may not protect us from systemssystem failures or interruptions. While we have established policies and procedures to prevent or limit the impact of systems failures and interruptions, there can be no assurance that such events will not occur or that they will be adequately addressed if they do. In addition, we outsource certain aspects of our data processing and other operational functions to certain third-party providers. While we select third-party vendors carefully, we do not control their actions. If our third-party providers encounter difficulties including those resulting from breakdowns or other disruptions in communication services provided by a vendor, failure of a vendor to handle current or higher transaction volumes, cyber-attacks and security breaches or if we otherwise have difficulty in communicating with them, our ability to adequately process and account for transactions could be affected, and our ability to deliver products and services to our customers and otherwise conduct business operations could be adversely impacted. Replacing these third-party vendors could also entail significant delay and expense. Threats to information security also exist in the processing of customer information through various other vendors and their personnel.

The occurrence of anyWe cannot assure you that such breaches, failures or interruptions will not occur or, if they do occur, that they will be adequately addressed by us or the third parties on which we rely. We may require usnot be insured against all types of losses as a result of third party failures and insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover all losses resulting from breaches, system failures or other disruptions. If any of our third-party service providers experience financial, operational or technological difficulties, or if there is any other disruption in our relationships with them, we may be required to identify alternative sources of such services, and we cannot assure you that we could negotiate terms that are as favorable to us, or could obtain services with similar functionality as found in our existing systems without the need to expend substantial resources, if at all. Further, the occurrence of any systems failure or interruption could damage our reputation and result in a loss of customers and business, could subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, or could expose us to legal liability. Any of these occurrences could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The board of directors oversees the risk management process, including the risk of cybersecurity, and engages with management on cybersecurity issues.

We rely on dividends from Security Federal Bank for substantially all of our revenue.
Security Federal Corporation is a separate and distinct legal entity from our principal subsidiary, Security Federal Bank, and receives substantially all of its revenue in the form of dividends from that subsidiary. Accordingly, Security Federal Corporation is, and will be, dependent upon dividends from Security Federal Bank to pay dividends on Security Federal Corporation's capital stock and interest and principal on its debt. Various federal and/or state laws and regulations limit the amount of dividends that Security Federal Bank may pay to Security Federal Corporation. In the event Security Federal Bank is unable to pay dividends, Security Federal Corporation may not be able to service its debt, pay obligations or pay dividends on its capital stock. The inability of Security Federal Corporation to receive dividends from Security Federal Bank could have a material adverse effect on Security Federal Corporation’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our exposure to operational risks may adversely affect us.
Similar to other financial institutions, we are exposed to many types of operational risk, including reputational risk, legal and compliance risk, the risk of fraud or theft by employees or outsiders, the risk that sensitive customer or Company data is compromised, unauthorized transactions by employees or operational errors, including clerical or record-keeping errors. Nationally, reported incidents of fraud and other financial crimes have increased. We have also experienced losses due to apparent fraud and other financial crimes. While we have policies and procedures designed to prevent such losses, there can be no assurance that such losses will not occur.



We are dependent on key personnel and the loss of one or more of those key personnel may materially and adversely affect our prospects.
Competition for qualified employees and personnel in the banking industry is intense and there are a limited number of qualified persons with knowledge of, and experience in, the community banking industry where Security Federal Bank conducts its business. The process of recruiting personnel with the combination of skills and attributes required to carry out our strategies is often lengthy. Our success depends to a significant degree upon our ability to attract and retain qualified management, loan origination, finance, administrative, marketing and technical personnel and upon the continued contributions of our management and personnel. In particular, our success has been and continues to be highly dependent upon the abilities of key executives, including our Chief Executive Officer, J. Chris Verenes, and certain other employees. In addition, our success has been and continues to be highly dependent upon the services of our directors, many of whom are at or nearing retirement age, and we may not be able to identify and attract suitable candidates to replace such directors.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.


Item 2.    Properties

At December 31, 2016,2018, Security Federal owned the buildings and land for 1011 of its branch offices and the operations center,center; leased the land and owned the improvements thereon for one of its offices,offices; and leased five of the remaining fivesix offices, including its main office.  The remaining branch, located in Ridge Spring, is neither owned or leased; however, Security Federal has made some capital improvements to the building, which had a net book value of $28,000 at December 31, 2018. The property related to the offices owned by Security Federal had a depreciated cost (including land) of approximately $12.7$16.7 million at December 31, 2016.2018.  At December 31, 2016,2018, the aggregate net book value of leasehold improvements (excluding furniture and equipment) associated with leased premises was $1.8$1.6 million.  In addition to the properties related to current Company offices, Security Federal owned fivefour other properties at December 31, 2016.2018.  The fivefour properties consist of (i) threetwo lots owned for future branch sites located in Aiken County, South Carolina; Columbia County, Georgia;Carolina and Richland County, South Carolina, which had a combined book value of $2.6$1.3 million at December 31, 2016,2018, (ii) another lot in Aiken County, South Carolina that will possibly be used for a new Operations Center, which had a book value of $236,000 at December 31, 2016, and2018, (iii) a property consisting of land and a building that is located adjacent to our 1705 Whiskey Road office, is currently leased and had a book value of $272,000$256,000 at December 31, 2016.2018, and (iv) a property consisting of land and a building located in Augusta, Georgia, which will be a future branch opening in 2019. The building is currently being renovated and had a net book value of $1.3 million at December 31, 2018.  The Company also rents the building located at 234 Richland Avenue, which is adjacent to our main office, and then subleases it to another business. See Note 5 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in the Annual Report.Report for additional information.


The following table sets forth the net book value of the offices owned (including land) and leasehold improvements on properties leased by Security Federal at December 31, 2016.2018.

Location 
Owned or
Leased
 
Lease
Expiration
Date
 
Date Facility
Opened/
Acquired
 
Gross
Square
Footage
 
Net Book
Value
 
Owned or
Leased
 
Lease
Expiration
Date
 
Date Facility
Opened/
Acquired
 
Gross
Square
Footage
 
Net Book
Value
Main Office:                    
  
238 Richland Avenue, N.W.
Aiken, South Carolina
 Leased 2026 2006 3,840 $651,000
 Leased 2026 2006 3,840 $589,000
    
Full Service Branch Offices:                    
  
100 Laurens Street, N.W.
Aiken, South Carolina
 Leased 2026 1959 3,840 651,000
 Leased 2026 1959 3,840 584,000
  
1705 Whiskey Road S.
Aiken, South Carolina
 Owned N/A 1980 10,000 766,000
 Owned N/A 1980 10,000 736,000
  
313 East Martintown Road
North Augusta, South Carolina
 Owned N/A 1973 4,356 719,000
 Owned N/A 1973 4,356 687,000
  
1665 Richland Avenue, W.
Aiken, South Carolina
 Owned N/A 1984 1,942 134,000
 Owned N/A 1984 1,942 12,700
  
Montgomery & Canal Streets
Masonic Shopping Center
Graniteville, South Carolina
 Leased 2017 1993 (1) 3,576 32,000
 Leased 2017  1993 (1) 3,576 13,000
  
2812 Augusta Road
Langley, South Carolina
 Owned N/A 1993 (1) 2,509 33,000
 Owned N/A  1993 (1) 2,509 73,000
  
4568 Jefferson Davis Highway
Clearwater, South Carolina
 Owned N/A 2008 2,287 1,320,000
 Owned N/A 2008 2,287 1,271,000
  
118 Main Street North
Wagener, South Carolina
 Owned N/A 1993 (1) 3,600 91,000
 Owned N/A  1993 (1) 3,600 202,000
  
1185 Sunset Boulevard
West Columbia, South Carolina
 Leased 2025 2000 10,000 5,000
 Leased 2025 2000 10,000 48,000
  
2587 Whiskey Road
Aiken, South Carolina
 Owned N/A 2006 4,000 1,190,000
 Owned N/A 2006 4,000 1,118,000
  
5446 Sunset Boulevard
Lexington, South Carolina
 Owned  (2) N/A 2003 9,200 886,000
       Owned (2) N/A 2003 9,200 820,000
  
1900 Assembly Street
Columbia, South Carolina
 Leased  (3) N/A 2007 6,000 415,000
       Leased (3) N/A 2007 6,000 395,000
  
7004 Evans Town Center
Evans, Georgia
 Owned N/A 2007 18,000 3,659,000
 Owned N/A 2007 18,000 3,421,000
  
1790 Dutch Fork Road Ballentine, South Carolina Owned N/A 2015 3,453 2,981,000
 Owned N/A 2015 3,453 2,873,000
5133 Washington Rd
Evans, Georgia
 Owned N/A 2017 13,500 4,400,000
636 East Main Street
Ridge Spring, South Carolina
 (4) N/A 2018 N/A 28,000
    
Operations Center:          
          
  
871 East Pine Log Road
Aiken, South Carolina
 Owned N/A 1988 14,460 1,003,000
 Owned N/A 1988 14,460 912,000
  
____________
(1)Represents acquisition date.
(2)Security Federal has a lease on the land for this office which expireswas renewed in 2018 butand has options through 2063.
(3)Security Federal has a lease on the land for this office which expires in 2027, but has options through 2047.
(4)Security Federal does not own or lease the branch located in Ridge Spring. The property is owned by the Town of Ridge Spring.




Item 3.     Legal Proceedings

The Company is involved as plaintiff or defendant in various legal actions arising in the course of its business.  It is the opinion of management, after consultation with counsel, that the resolution of these legal actions will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations.

Item 4.     Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.



PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

General.The information containedCompany’s stock is traded on the Over-The-Counter-Bulletin Board under the symbol “SFDL.OB.” As of December 31, 2018, the Company had approximately 277 shareholders of record, not including shares held in the section captioned "Shareholders Information - Price Rangestreet name, and 2,953,896 outstanding shares of Common Stock" and " - Dividends" in the Annual Report which is incorporated herein by reference.common stock.

Stock Repurchases.  The Company had no stock repurchases of its outstanding common stock during the year ended December 31, 2016. Prior to the Company’s repurchase of its shares of Series B Preferred Stock from the U.S. Treasury on October 31, 2016, the Company was subject to restrictions on its ability to repurchase its common stock pursuant to the terms of a securities purchase agreement between the Company and the U.S. Treasury.  Accordingly, no shares were repurchased during the year endedDecember 31, 2016.2018.

Equity Compensation Plan Information.  The equity compensation plan information presented under subparagraph (d) in Part III, Item 12 of this report is incorporated herein by reference.

Performance Graph. The following graph compares the cumulative total shareholder return on the Company's Common Stock with the cumulative total return on the NASDAQ Composite Index and a peer group of the SNL All Thrift Index. Total return assumes the reinvestment of all dividends and that the value of Common Stock and each index was $100 on December 31, 2011.2013.
chart-b8d82c3444435fe3b9e.jpg
 Period Ending Period Ending
Index 12/31/2011 12/31/2012 12/31/2013 12/31/2014 12/31/2015 12/31/2016 12/31/2013 12/31/2014 12/31/2015 12/31/2016 12/31/2017 12/31/2018
Security Federal Corporation $100.00 $105.00 $156.37 $238.00 $293.99 $490.91 $100.00 $152.20 $188.01 $313.93 $284.13 $259.94
NASDAQ Composite $100.00 $117.45 $164.57 $188.84 $201.98 $219.89 $100.00 $114.75 $122.74 $133.62 $173.22 $168.30
SNL Bank Index $100.00 $121.63 $156.09 $167.88 $188.78 $231.23 $100.00 $111.79 $113.69 $143.65 $169.64 $140.98

Source: SNL Financial LC, Charlottesville, VA



Item 6. Selected Financial Data

The information contained in the section captioned "Selected Consolidated Financial and Other Data" in the Annual Report is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 7.  Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The information contained in the section captioned "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in the Annual Report is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market risk is the risk of loss from adverse changes in market prices and rates.  Our market risk arises principally from interest rate risk inherent in our lending, investing, deposit and borrowings activities.  Management actively monitors and manages its interest rate risk exposure.  In addition to other risks that we manage in the normal course of business, such as credit quality and liquidity, management considers interest rate risk to be a significant market risk that could potentially have a material effect on our financial condition and result of operations.  The information contained in the section captioned "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Asset and Liability Management" in the Annual Report is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 8.  Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm*
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 20162018 and December 31, 2015*2017*
Consolidated Statements of Income For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 20152018, 2017 and 2014*2016*
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) IncomeFor the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 20152018, 2017 and 2014*2016*
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 20152018, 2017 and 2014*2016*
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows For the Years Ended December 31, 2016, 20152018, 2017 and 2014*2016*
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements*

* Contained in the Annual Report filed as an exhibit hereto and incorporated herein by reference.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

(a)      Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures: An evaluation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Section 13a-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Act")) was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and several other members of the Company's senior management as of the end of the period covered by this report.  The Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as currently in effect are effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or submits under the Act is (i) accumulated and communicated to the Company's management (including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer) in a timely manner, and (ii) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms.

(b)      Report of Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting:  The management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The internal control process has been designed under our supervision to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company's financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016,2018, utilizing the framework established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, management has determined that the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 20162018 is effective.



Our internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that pertain to the maintenance of records that accurately and fairly reflect, in reasonable detail, transactions and dispositions of assets; and provide reasonable assurances that: (1) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States; (2) receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and the directors of the Company; and (3) unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the Company's financial statements are prevented or timely detected.

All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

This annual report does not include an attestation report of the Company's independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management's report was not subject to attestation by the Company's independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to temporary rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit the Company to provide only management's report in this annual report.

(c)      Changes in Internal Controls: There have been no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 20162018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information

None.



PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The information contained under the section captioned "Proposal 1 - Election of Directors" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

For information regarding the executive officers of the Company and the Bank, see the information contained herein under the section captioned "Item 1.  Business -  Personnel - Executive Officers."

Audit Committee Financial Expert.  The Audit Committee of the Company is composed of Directors Moore (Chairperson), Alexander, Clyburn, Thomas and Simmons. Directors Moore, Clyburn and Alexander are "independent" as defined in the Nasdaq Stock Market listing standards.  The Board of Directors has determined there is no "audit committee financial expert" as defined by the SEC; however, the Board believes that the current members of the Audit Committee are qualified to serve based on their collective experience and background.  

Code of Ethics.  The Board of Directors has adopted a Code of Ethics for the Company's officers (including its senior financial officers), directors and employees.  The Code is applicable to the Company's principal executive officer and senior financial officers.  The Company has posted its Code of Ethics on its website www.securityfederalbank.com.

Compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act.  The information contained under the section captioned "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance" is included in the Company's Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

The information contained in the section captioned "Executive Compensation" in the Proxy Statement  is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12.  Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

(a)
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners. The information contained in the section captioned "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.



(b)
Security Ownership of Management. The information contained in the section captioned "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

(c)
Changes In Control. The Company is not aware of any arrangements, including any pledge by any person of securities of the Company, the operation of which may at a subsequent date result in a change in control of the Company.

(d)
Equity Compensation Plan Information. The following table sets forth certain information with respect to securities to be issued under the Company's equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2016.2018.
Plan category 
(a)
Number of securities
to be issued upon
exercise of
outstanding options, warrants and rights
 
(b)
Weighted-average
exercise price
of outstanding
options, warrants and rights
 
(c)
Number of securities
remaining available
for future issuance
under equity
compensation plans
(excluding securities reflected in column (a))
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders:      
1999 Stock Option Plan                                               17,000 $23.75 —
2006 Stock Option Plan                                               4,500 22.91 —
2008 Equity Incentive Plan — — 50,000
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders — — —
Total  21,500 $23.57 50,000
Plan category
(a)
Number of securities
to be issued upon
exercise of
outstanding options, warrants and rights
(b)
Weighted-average
exercise price
of outstanding
options, warrants and rights
(c)
Number of securities
remaining available
for future issuance
under equity
compensation plans
(excluding securities reflected in column (a))
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders:
2006 Stock Option Plan                                              —$——
2008 Equity Incentive Plan———
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders———
Total —$——



Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

Related Transactions.  The information contained in the section captioned "Meetings and Committees of the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance Matters - Corporate Governance - Related Party Transactions" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

Director Independence.  The information contained in the section captioned "Meetings and Committees of the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance Matters - Corporate Governance - Director Independence" in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

The information contained under the section captioned "Auditor" is included in the Company's Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.


PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

1.
Financial Statements. For a list of the financial statements filed as part of this report see Part II - Item 8.

2.
Financial Statement Schedules. All schedules have been omitted as the required information is either inapplicable or contained in the Consolidated Financial Statements or related Notes contained in the Annual Report filed as an exhibit hereto.

3.
Exhibits:
3.1
Articles of Incorporation, as amended (1)
3.2Articles of Amendment, including Certificate of Designation relating to the Company's Fixed Rate Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock Series B (2)
3.3
Amended and Restated Bylaws (3) (2)
4.1Form of Stock Certificate of the Company and other instruments defining the rights of security holders, including indentures (4)(3)
4.2Form of Certificate for the Series B Preferred Shares (2)
4.3
Form of Indenture with respect to the Company's 8.0% Convertible Senior Debentures Due 2029 (5)(4)
4.44.3
Specimen Convertible Senior Debenture Due 2029 (5)
4.5Letter Agreement (including Securities Exchange Agreement B Standard Terms, attached as Exhibit A) dated September 29, 2010 between the Company and the United States Department of the Treasury (2)
4.6Letter Agreement (including Securities Purchase Agreement B Standard Terms, attached as Exhibit A) dated September 29, 2010 between the Company and the United States Department of the Treasury (2)(4)
10.11993 Salary Continuation Agreements (6)(5) 
10.2Amendment One to 1993 Salary Continuation Agreements (7)(6) 
10.3
Form of 2006 Salary Continuation Agreement (8)(7)
10.4
Form of Security Federal Split Dollar Agreement (8)(7)
10.5
1999 Stock Option Plan (9) (8)
10.6
2002 Stock Option Plan (10) (9)
10.7
2006 Stock Option Plan (11)(10)
10.8
2008 Equity Incentive Plan (12)(11)
10.9
Form of incentive stock option agreement and non-qualified stock option agreement pursuant to the 2006 Stock Option Plan (11)(10)
10.1020042018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (13) (12)
10.11Incentive Compensation Plan (6)(5) 
10.12
Form of Compensation Modification Agreement (14) (13)
13
Annual Report to Shareholders
14
Code of Ethics (15)(14)
21
Subsidiaries of Registrant 
23.0
Consent of Elliott Davis, Decosimo, LLC 
25.0
Form T-1; Statement of Eligibility of Trustee (5)(4)
31.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
31.2
Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
32.0
Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
99.1Certification of Principal Executive Officer of Security Federal Corporation to Chief Compliance Officer of The Troubled Asset Relief Program Pursuant to 31 CFR § 30.15
99.2Certification of Principal Financial Officer of Security Federal Corporation to Chief Compliance Officer of The Troubled Asset Relief Program Pursuant to 31 CFR § 30.15



101.0The following materials from Security Federal Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016,2018, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (1) Consolidated Balance Sheets; (2) Consolidated Statements of Income; (3) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income; (4) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity; (5) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (6) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
___________
(1)Filed on June 26, 1998, as an exhibit to the Company's Proxy Statement and incorporated herein by reference.
(2)Incorporated by reference to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 30, 2010.
(3)Incorporated herein by reference to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 16, 2015.
(4)(3)Filed on August 12, 1987, as an exhibit to the Company's Registration Statement on Form 8-A and incorporated herein by reference.
(5)(4)Filed on July 13, 2009 as an exhibit to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-160553) and incorporated herein by reference.
(6)(5)Filed on June 28, 1993, as an exhibit to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-KSB and incorporated herein by reference.


(7)(6)Filed as an exhibit to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-QSB for the quarter ended September 30, 1993 and incorporated herein by reference.
(8)(7)Filed on May 24, 2006 as an exhibit to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 18, 2006 and incorporated herein by reference.
(9)(8)Filed on March 2, 2000, as an exhibit to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration Statement No. 333-31500) and incorporated herein by reference
(10)(9)Filed on January 3, 2003, as an exhibit to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration Statement No. 333-102337) and incorporated herein by reference.
(11)(10)Filed on August 22, 2006, as an exhibit to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration Statement No. 333-136813) and incorporated herein by reference.
(12)(11)Filed on November 12, 2008, as an exhibit to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration Statement No. 333-155295) and incorporated herein by reference.
(13)(12)Filed on June 18, 2004,March 28, 2018, as an exhibit to the Company's Proxy Statement and incorporated herein by reference.
(14)(13)Filed as an exhibit to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 23, 2008.
(15)(14)FiledThe Company elects to satisfy Regulation S-K §229.406(c) by posting its Code of Ethics on June 29, 2006, as an exhibit to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K and incorporated herein by reference.its website at www.securityfederalbank.com.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.




SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

SECURITY FEDERAL CORPORATION

Date:  March 20, 201722, 2019 /s/ J. Chris Verenes
  J. Chris Verenes
  Chief Executive Officer and Director
  (Duly Authorized Representative)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
By:/s/ J. Chris VerenesMarch 20, 201722, 2019
 J. Chris Verenes 
 Chief Executive Officer and Director 
 (Principal Executive Officer) 
   


By:/s/Jessica T. CumminsMarch 20, 201722, 2019
 Jessica T. Cummins 
 Chief  Financial Officer and Director 
 (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) 
   
By:/s/Roy G. LindburgMarch 20, 201722, 2019
 Roy G. Lindburg 
 President and Director 
   
By:/s/Richard T. HarmonMarch 20, 201722, 2019
 Richard T. Harmon 
 Director and President of Security Federal Bank 
   
By:/s/Timothy W. SimmonsMarch 20, 201722, 2019
 Timothy W. Simmons 
 Chairman of the Board and Director 
   
By:/s/Frank M. Thomas, Jr.March 20, 201722, 2019
 Frank M. Thomas, Jr. 
 Director 
   
By:/s/Gasper L. Toole IIIMarch 20, 201722, 2019
 Gasper L. Toole III 
 Director 
   
By:/s/Robert E. AlexanderMarch 20, 201722, 2019
 Robert E. Alexander 
 Director 


   
By:/s/Thomas L. MooreMarch 20, 201722, 2019
 Thomas L. Moore 
 Director 
   
By:/s/William ClyburnMarch 20, 201722, 2019
 William Clyburn 
 Director 
   
By:/s/Harry O. Weeks, Jr.March 20, 201722, 2019
 Harry O. Weeks, Jr. 
 Director 



INDEX TO EXHIBITS


Exhibit Number
 
13
Annual Report to Stockholders 
  
21
Subsidiaries of the Registrant 
  
23
Consent of Elliott Davis, Decosimo, LLC
  
31.1
Certification of Chief Executive Officer of Security Federal Corporation Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
  
31.2
Certification of Chief Financial Officer of Security Federal Corporation Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
  
32
Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Security Federal Corporation Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
99.1Certification of Principal Executive Officer of Security Federal Corporation To Chief Compliance Officer of the Troubled Asset Relief Program Pursuant to 31 CFR §30.15
99.2Certification of Principal Financial Officer of Security Federal Corporation To Chief Compliance Officer of the Troubled Asset Relief Program Pursuant to 31 CFR §30.15
  
101The following materials from Security Federal Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016,2018, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (1) Consolidated Balance Sheets; (2) Consolidated Statements of Income; (3) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income; (4) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity; (5) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (6) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements


51