UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

for the fiscal year ended December 31, 20222023

or

Commission file number: 1-31371

Oshkosh Corporation

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(920) 502-3400

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).☐

At June 30, 2022,2023, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s Common Stock held by non-affiliates was $5,369,063,6865,654,161,180 (based on the closing price of $82.14$86.59 per share on the New York Stock Exchange as of such date).

As of February 14, 2023,22, 2024, 65,431,76365,575,367 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock were outstanding.

OSHKOSH CORPORATION

FORM10-K INDEX

As used herein, the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refers to Oshkosh Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries. “Oshkosh” refers to Oshkosh Corporation, not including JLG Industries, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (JLG), Hinowa S.p.A (Hinowa) and JerrDan LLC (JerrDan), Oshkosh Defense, LLC (Oshkosh Defense) and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Pratt & Miller Engineering & Fabrications, LLC (Pratt Miller), Pierce Manufacturing Inc. (Pierce), JBT AeroTech and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (AeroTech), Maxi-Metal, Inc. (Maxi-Metal), McNeilus Companies, Inc. (McNeilus) and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Oshkosh Airport Products, LLC (Airport Products), Kewaunee Fabrications, LLC (Kewaunee), Oshkosh Commercial Products, LLC (Oshkosh Commercial), London Machinery Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary (London) and Iowa Mold Tooling Co., Inc. (IMT) or any other subsidiaries.

The “Oshkosh®“Oshkosh®,” “JLG®“JLG®,” “Oshkosh Defense®Defense®,” “Pierce®“Pierce®,” “McNeilus®“McNeilus®,” “Jerr-Dan®“Jerr-Dan®,” “Frontline™,” “London®,” “IMT®“IMT®,” “Pratt Miller®Miller®,” “Maxi-Metal®“Maxi-Metal®,” “Command Zone™,” “TAK-4®“TAK-4®,” “PUC™,” “Hercules™,” “Husky™,” “Ascendant™,” “SkyTrak®” and “ProPulse®“SkyTrak®,” “DaVinci™,” and “Volterra™” trademarks and related logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of the Company. All other product and service names referenced in this document are the trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.

All references herein to earnings per share refer to earnings per share assuming dilution, unless noted otherwise.

For ease of understanding, the Company refers to types of purpose-built vehicles and equipment for particular applications as “markets.” When the Company refers to “market” positions, these comments are based on information available to the Company concerning units sold by those companies currently manufacturing the same types of purpose-built vehicles and equipment as the Company and are therefore only estimates. Unless otherwise noted, these market positions are based on sales in the United States of America. There can be no assurance that the Company will maintain such market positions in the future.

Cautionary Statement About Forward-Looking Statements

The Company believes that certain statements in “Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and other statements located elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements other than statements of historical fact included in this report, including, without limitation, statements regarding the Company’s future financial position, business strategy, targets, projected sales, costs, earnings, capital expenditures, debt levels and cash flows, and plans and objectives of management for future operations, including those under the caption “Overview”“Fiscal 2024 Outlook” in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” are forward-looking statements. When used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “intend,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “should,” “project”“project,” “confident” or “plan” or the negative thereof or variations thereon or similar terminology are generally intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors, some of which are beyond the Company’s control, which could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. These factors include the extent of supply chain and logistics disruptions; the Company’s ability to increase prices or impose surcharges to raise margins or to offset higher input costs, including increased raw material, labor, freight and overhead costs; the Company’s ability to attract and retain production labor in a timely manner; the cyclical nature of the Company’s access equipment, commercialfire apparatus, refuse collection and fire & emergencyair transportation equipment markets, which are particularly impacted by the strength of U.S. and European economies and construction seasons; the Company’s estimates of access equipment demand which, among other factors, is influenced by historical customer buying patterns and rental company fleet replacement strategies; the impact of orders and costs on the U.S. Postal Service contract; the impact of severe weather, war, natural disasters or pandemics that may affect the Company, its suppliers or its customers; the Company’s ability to increase prices or impose surcharges to raise margins or to offset higher input costs, including increased raw material, labor, freight and overhead costs; the Company's ability to accurately predict future input costs associated with Defense contracts; the Company’s ability to attract and retain production labor in a timely manner; the Company's ability to successfully integrate the AeroTech acquisition and to realize the anticipated benefits associated with the same; the strength of the U.S. dollar and its impact on Company exports, translation of foreign sales and the cost of purchased materials; the Company’s ability to predict the level and timing of orders for indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity contracts with the U.S. federal government; budget uncertainty for the U.S. federal government, including risks of future budget cuts, the impact of continuing resolution funding mechanisms and the potential for shutdowns; the impact of any U.S. Department of Defense solicitation for competition for future contracts to produce military vehicles; the impacts of orders from the U.S. Postal Service; the impact of severe weather, war, natural disasters or pandemics that may affect the Company, its suppliers or its customers; risks related to the collectability of receivables, particularly for those businesses with exposure to construction markets; the cost of any warranty campaigns related to the Company’s products; risks associated with international operations and sales, including compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act; risks that a trade war and related tariffs could reduce the competitiveness of the Company’s products; the Company’s ability to comply with complex laws and regulations applicable to U.S. government contractors; cybersecurity risks and costs of defending against, mitigating and responding to data security threats and breaches impacting the Company; the Company’s ability to successfully identify, complete and integrate other acquisitions and to realize the anticipated benefits associated with the same; and risks related to the Company’s ability to successfully execute on its strategic road map and meet its long‐termlong-term financial goals. Additional information concerning these and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements is contained in Item 1A of Part I of this report.

All forward-looking statements, including those under the caption “Overview”“Fiscal 2024 Outlook” in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” speak only as of February 21, 2023.29, 2024. The Company assumes no obligation, and disclaims any obligation, to update information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Investors should be aware that the Company may not update such information until the Company’s next quarterly earnings conference call, if at all.

PARTI

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

In October 2021, the Company changed its fiscal year end from September 30 to December 31. Accordingly, the Company reported a transition quarter that ran from October 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021. Fiscal 20202021 relates to the year ended September 30, 2021. Fiscal 2022 and Fiscal 2021fiscal 2023 relate to the years ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2021, respectively. Fiscal 2022 relates to the year ended December 31, 2022.2022 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Effective January 31, 2023, the Company formed a new reporting segment called Vocational. Thethe Vocational segment was created by combining the historical Fire & Emergency segment and Commercial segment businesses, which all design, develop and manufacture purpose-built vocational vehicles for people in communities around the world who do tough work. The discussions below speakbusinesses. All information has been recast to conform to the Company’s segments as of December 31, 2022 unless noted otherwise.new reporting segments.

The Company

Oshkosh Corporation is an innovative industrial technology company focused on the design, development and manufacturer that innovatesmanufacture of purpose-built vehicles and equipment forthat enhance safety, maximize productivity, lower total cost of ownership and simplify fleet management to support those who perform some of the access, defense, fire & emergency, refuse collection and concrete placement markets.most difficult jobs in the world. Each of our products and technologies is designed with the customer in mind,focused on customer-centric innovation, from the four-wheel drive system that the Company patented in 1917 to the latest advances in electrification, autonomy, active safety and intelligent and connected products.

The Company is comprised ofmaintains 12 industry-leading brands across fourthree reportable segments for financial reporting purposes:segments: Access, Equipment, Defense, Fire & Emergency and Commercial,Vocational, which comprised 48%51%, 26%22%, 13% and 13%,27% respectively, of the Company’s consolidated net sales in fiscal 2022.2023. Oshkosh’s leading brands include a wide range of purpose-built vehicles and equipment to serve a diverse groupset of industries.end markets. This allows Oshkosh to leverage innovations and efficiencies across the enterprise, including technology, supply chain, materials integration and manufacturing processes and facilities to create a leading industrial technology company in its end markets.processes. The Company madegenerated approximately 19%, 25%, 33% and 35%33% of its net sales for fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, and 2020, respectively, tofrom the U.S. government, a substantial majority of which were under multi-year contracts and programs in the defense vehicle market. See Note 2324 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for financial information related to the Company’s businessreportable segments.

JLG is a designerThe Access segment designs and manufacturer ofmanufactures access and material handling equipment for use in a wide range of construction, industrial, agricultural and maintenance applications to safely position workers and materials at height. JLG’sheight under industry-leading brands, JLG and SkyTrak. The Access segment's customer base includes equipment rental companies, construction contractors, manufacturing companies and home improvement centers. The Access Equipment segment also includes Jerr-Dan towing and recovery vehicles (wreckers and carriers).

The Defense segment designs, producesmanufactures and sustains best-in-class specialty vehicles and mobility systems. In 1981, Oshkosh Defense was awarded the first Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT) contractsystems for the DoD, and thereafter, it developed into the U.S.United States Department of Defense’sDefense (DoD) leading supplier of severe-duty, heavy-payload tactical trucks, manufacturing vehicles that perform a variety of demanding tasks such as hauling tanks, missile systems, ammunition, fuel, troops and cargo for combat units. In 2009, Oshkosh Defense became the DoD’s sole producer of the Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV). In 2018, after successful completion of the original five-year requirements contract and several contract extensions, the DoD awarded Oshkosh Defense the FMTV A2 contract for the design, development, production and support of the next generation of FMTV. The Company is currently nearing completion of the production verification testing phase of the FMTV A2 contract and will begin operational testing of the vehicle in 2024. In 2015, Oshkosh Defense extended its position into the light-payloadexports tactical wheeled vehicle category by capturing the DoD’s Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) program. Oshkosh Defense can accept vehicle orders on the JLTV contract through the first quarter of fiscal 2024, with deliveries into 2025. The DoD conducted a full and open competition for follow-on JLTV production in which Oshkosh Defense participated. In February 2023, the DoD awarded the JLTV follow on contractvehicles to another company. JLTV accounted for sales of $1.33 billion in fiscal 2022.approved foreign customers. In February 2021, the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) awarded Oshkosh Defense an indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity (IDIQ)a contract to produce the Next Generation Delivery Vehicle (NGDV), the USPS’s first large-scale fleet procurement in three decades.. The competitively awarded contract allows for the delivery of up to 165,000 vehicles over a 10-year period. In June 2021, the U.S. Army awarded Oshkosh Defense a six-year contract to integrate a Medium Caliber Weapons System onto Stryker Double V Hull Infantry Carrier Vehicles.period with 50,000 vehicles currently under contract. In addition, the Defense segment offers engineering and product development services

1

to customers in the motorsports and multiple ground vehicle markets through Pratt Miller. TheIn July 2023, the Defense segment also designs and manufacturessold its snow removal equipmentapparatus business for airports.$17.1 million.

The Fire & EmergencyVocational segment includes the Pierce, Maxi-Metal, McNeilus, AeroTech, IMT, Frontline Communications and Oshkosh S-Series businesses. The Pierce and Maxi-Metal brands, leading manufacturers ofbusinesses design and manufacture commercial and custom and commercial firefighting vehicles and equipment in North America.fire apparatus. The segment also includes Oshkosh Airport Products aircraft rescue and firefighting (ARFF) vehicles under the Oshkosh brand name, as well as Frontline Communications brandedCommunications-branded simulators, command vehicles and other communication vehicles. Primary customers include fire departments, airports, municipalities, broadcasters and television stations.

The Commercial segmentMcNeilus designs and manufactures refuse collection rear-vehicles and front-discharge concrete placement vehicles,components. In August 2023, the Company acquired JBT AeroTech (AeroTech) from John Bean Technologies Corporation for $803.6 million. AeroTech designs and manufactures airport ground support equipment and gate equipment and provides airport services to commercial airlines and airports. IMT designs and manufactures field service vehicles and truck mounted cranes undertruck-mounted cranes. Oshkosh S-Series designs and manufactures front discharge concrete mixer vehicles. Vocational segment sales are made primarily to municipal and commercial customers in the McNeilus, London Machinery and IMT brands. Customers include municipalities, and private refuse companies, as well as ready-mix, mining and construction businesses.Americas. In March 2023, the Vocational segment divested its rear discharge concrete mixer business for $32.9 million.

Competitive Strengths

The following competitive strengths support the Company’s business strategy:

Strong Market Positions. The Company has developed strong market positions and brand recognition in its core businesses, which it attributes to its reputation for quality products, technology innovation, advanced engineering, market leading innovation, vehicle and equipment performance, reliability, customer service and low total cost of ownership. The Company maintains leading market shares in nearly all of its businesses and is the sole-source supplier of a number of vehicles to the DoD.

Diversified Product Portfolios. The Company believes its broad product portfolios and end markets serve to diversify its sources of revenues,revenue, mitigate the impact of economic cyclicality and provide multiple platforms for both organic and inorganic growth. The Company’s product portfoliosprovide extensive opportunities to bundle products for sale to customers, co-locate manufacturing, leverage purchasing power and share innovation and technology within and between segments. For each of its target markets, the Company has developed advanced technology or acquired a broad product line in an effort to become a single-source provider of purpose-built vehicles and equipment, parts and service and related products to support its customers. In addition, the Company has established an extensive domestic and international distribution network for purpose-built vehicles and equipment tailored to each market.

Quality Products and Customer Service. The Company has developed strong brand recognition for its products as a result of its commitment to meet the stringent product quality and reliability requirements of its customers in the purpose-built vehicle and equipment markets it serves. The Company frequently achieves premium pricing due to the quality, durability and low total cost of ownership of its products and its commitment to providing high quality lifecycle support through extensive parts and service support programs.

Innovative and Proprietary Components.Solutions. The Company’s advanced design and engineering capabilities have contributed to the development of innovative and/or proprietary, severe-duty componentssolutions that enhance vehicle and equipment performance, reduce manufacturing costs and strengthen customer relationships. The Company’s advanced design and engineering capabilities have also allowed it to integrate many of these componentssolutions across various segments and product lines, which enhances its ability to compete for new business and reduces its costs to manufacture its products compared to manufacturers who simply assemble purchased components. The Company has been a supplier of electric-powered products for more than 20 years and recently launched several new products that leverage zero emissions electrification for mobility across all segments.

Flexible and Efficient Manufacturing. The Company believes it has competitive advantages over larger vehicle manufacturers in its purpose-built vehicle and equipment markets due to its product quality, manufacturing flexibility purchasing power and distribution networks. The Company also believes it has competitive advantages over smaller vehicle and equipment manufacturers due to volumes that offer purchasing power, technology and manufacturing sharing opportunities across product lines.

Strong Management Team. The Company is led by President and Chief Executive Officer John C. Pfeifer. Mr. Pfeifer is complemented by an experienced senior management team that has been assembled through internal promotions and external hires. The Company’s Board of Directors maintains a robust succession planning process for its executive officers to ensure strong business continuity.

2

Business Strategy

The Company has evolved itsCompany's business strategy to focus on its most important priorities. The strategy is grounded in itsthe Company's purpose of making a difference in people’s lives.the lives of the people in our communities who do the toughest work. The strategy is reflected in three simple words: Innovate. Serve. Advance.

Innovate.Innovate. The Company innovates customer solutions by combining leading technology and operational strength to empower and protect the everyday hero. The Company is developing and integrating advanced technologies to fulfill its purpose in areas such as electrification, autonomy and active safety as well as intelligent and connected products.

Serve.Serve. The Company serves and supports customers with a relentless focus throughout the product lifecycle. The Company believes that lifecycle services provide a robust growth opportunity while offering stability throughout business cycles.

Advance. The Company advances by expanding into new markets and geographies to make a difference around the world. The Company expects to continue to grow across the world and expand into new categories both organically, as with the USPS program win in the last mile delivery vehicle market, and inorganically through investments and acquisitions.

Products

Oshkosh Corporation is focused on the following core segments of the purpose-built vehicle and equipment markets:

Access Equipment segment. JLG is a leading designer and manufacturer of aerial work platforms and telehandlers used in a wide variety of construction, industrial and maintenance applications to safely position workers and materials at height. In addition, through a long-term license with Caterpillar Inc. that extends to 2025,through 2024, JLG produces Caterpillar-branded telehandlers for distribution through the worldwide Caterpillar Inc. dealer network. Caterpillar-branded telehandlers accounted for $410.0 million in sales in fiscal 2023. JLG also offers a broad range of parts and accessories, including technical support and training, and reconditioning services. In fiscal 2023, JLG introduced an all-new line of telehandlers for farming and ranching operations, designed and manufactured to help customers get more done in less time. Access Equipment customers include equipment rental companies, construction contractors, manufacturing companies and home improvement centers. JLG’s products are marketed worldwide through independent rental companies and distributors that purchase these products and then rent or sell them and provide service support, as well as through other sales and service branches or organizations.

JLG also arranges equipment financing and leasing solutions for its customers, primarily through third-party funding arrangements with independent financial companies, and occasionally provides credit support in connection with these financing and leasing arrangements. Financing arrangements that JLG offers or arranges through this segment include various types of rental fleet loans and leases, as well as floor plan and retail financing. Terms of these arrangements vary depending on the type of transaction, but typically range from 36 to 72 months and generally require the customer to be responsible for maintenance of the equipment and to bear the risk of damage to or loss of the equipment.

The Company, through its Jerr-Dan brand, is a leading designer manufacturer and marketermanufacturer of towing and recovery equipment in the U.S. The Company believes Jerr-Dan is recognized as an industry leader in quality and innovation. Jerr-Dan offers a broad line of carriers, wreckers and rotators. In addition to manufacturing equipment, Jerr-Dan provides its customers with one-stop service support and generates revenue from the installation of equipment, as well as the sale of chassis and service parts.

Defense segment. Oshkosh Defense has designed and sold products to the DoD for over 100 years and also exports tactical wheeled vehicles to approved foreign customers. By successfully responding to the DoD’s changing vehicle requirements, Oshkosh Defense has become thea leading manufacturer of heavy, medium, and light tactical wheeled vehicles and related sustainment services for the DoD. Oshkosh Defense designs and manufactures vehicles that perform a variety of demanding tasks such as hauling tanks, missile systems, ammunition, fuel, troops and cargo for a broad range of missions. Oshkosh Defense’s proprietary product line of military heavy-payload tactical wheeled vehicles includes the Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT), the Heavy Equipment Transporter (HET), the Palletized Load System (PLS), and the Logistic Vehicle System Replacement (LVSR). Oshkosh Defense’s proprietary medium-payload military tactical wheeled vehicles include the Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement (MTVR). Oshkosh Defense’s light-payload military tactical wheeled vehicles include the Mine Resistant Ambush Protected-All Terrain Vehicle (M-ATV), which was specifically designed with superior survivability as well as extreme off-road mobility, and the JLTV,Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV), the Company’s newest and most technologically advanced member of the light-payload vehicle category designed to protect, sustain and provide mobility for personnel and payloads across the full spectrum of military operations.

3

In 2009, the DoD awarded Oshkosh Defense a contract to be the sole producer of FMTVsthe Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV) under the U.S. Army’s FMTV Rebuy program. Originally a five-year requirements contract, the DoD extended the FMTV Rebuy program several times to allow for the delivery of vehicles and trailers through fiscal 2021. In February 2018, the DoD awarded Oshkosh Defense the FMTV A2 contract for the design, development, production and support of a fleet of future generation FMTVs. The FMTV A2 contract is a firm-fixed price requirements contract that initially covers a five-year delivery period starting in 2021, with a customer optionoptions for two additional years. The Company is currently nearing completionyears, both of which were exercised by the production verification testing phase of thecustomer in fiscal 2023. These option exercises extend FMTV A2 contract and will begin operational testing of the vehicle in 2024.deliveries into 2026.

In 2015, the DoD awarded Oshkosh Defense a new Family of Heavy Tactical Vehicles (FHTV) contract for the recapitalization of HEMTT, HET and PLS vehicles as well as associated logistics and configuration management support. The contract was a

five-year requirements contract for the continued remanufacturing of FHTVs. In April 2021, the DoD awarded Oshkosh Defense ana three-year FHTV extension contract. The contract, is a three-year requirements contract for FHTVs. Thisand in fiscal 2023 an additional one-year extension contract couldwas awarded. These extension contracts extend FHTV deliveries intothrough 2025.

In 2015, Oshkosh Defense extended its position into the light-payload tactical wheeled vehicle category when the DoD awarded Oshkosh Defense an eight-year, fixed price JLTV contract valued at $6.7 billion for production and delivery of 16,901 of these technologically enhanced vehicles and related sustainment services. The Company delivered its first production JLTVs to the U.S. Army in September 2016. The program achieved the full rate production milestone decision in fiscal 2019. In fiscal 2021, the Army authorized an increase toincreased the contract ceiling from 16,901 vehicles to 23,163. Under the current JLTV contract, Oshkosh Defense can accept vehicle orders through the first quarter of 2024 with deliveries into 2025.23,163 vehicles. The U.S. Army, which purchased Government Purpose Rights to the Oshkosh JLTV design, conducted a full and open competition for follow-on JLTV production in which Oshkosh Defense participated. In February 2023, the DoD awarded the JLTV follow on contract to another company. Under the current JLTV accountedcontract, Oshkosh Defense accepted vehicle orders through November 2023 with deliveries into 2025. As the Company owns the design rights, it remains the only manufacturer that can supply JLTVs for international customers through Direct Commercial Sales and will continue to support NATO, Allied and Coalition Forces in modernizing their militaries with the JLTV’s battlefield-proven payload, performance and protection. DoD JLTV sales, of $1.33including related aftermarket parts, were $0.98 billion, $1.41 billion and $1.63 billion in fiscal 2022.2023 and 2022 and 2021, respectively.

In June 2021, the U.S. Army awarded Oshkosh Defense a six-year contract worth up to $943 million to integrate the Medium Caliber Weapons System onto Stryker Double V Hull Infantry Carrier Vehicles. This contract award represents the Defense segment’s entrance into the adjacent combat vehicles market.

In February 2021, the Company was notified that the USPS selected Oshkosh Defense to build the NGDV. The IDIQindefinite delivery, indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contract allows the USPS to purchase up to 165,000 units over ten years. The NGDV provides the USPS the ability to significantly modernize its delivery fleet with improved safety, reliability, sustainability and cost-efficiency while providing a much better working experience for the nation’s postal carriers. The Company’s offering provides the USPS with both zero-emission battery electric vehicles (BEV) and fuel efficient, low emission internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. The vehicle design also provides the USPS with the flexibility of converting ICE units to BEV in the future. The initial award for $482 million provided for engineering to finalize the production vehicle design and tooling and factory build-out activities that are necessary prior to vehicle production. In March 2022, the USPS placed its first vehicle order for 50,000 NGDVs, valued at nearly $3.0 billion, including a minimum of 10,019 BEVs. The contract allowsallowed the flexibility, when funding is provided, to increase the percentage of BEVs to be produced even after an order is placed.at a later date. In December 2022,fiscal 2023, the USPS announced that it anticipates increasing the quantity of vehiclesmodel mix on the initial awardfirst vehicle order was modified to 60,000, of which at least 45,000 will be BEVs.increase the BEV quantity to 35,000 and decrease the ICE quantity to 15,000. The modifications added $591 million to the contract value. The Company expects to begin delivering production vehicles in 2024.

In June 2021, the U.S. Army awarded Oshkosh Defense a six-year contract worth up to $943 million to integrate the Medium Caliber Weapons System onto Stryker Double V Hull Infantry Carrier Vehicles. This contract award represents the Defense segment’s entrance into the adjacent combat vehicles market.

The Defense segment also designs and manufactures snow removal vehicles. The Company’s specially designed airport snow removal vehicles are used by some of the largest airports in the world and military bases in the United States. The Company believes that the reliability of its high-performance snow removal vehicles and the speed with which they clear airport runways contribute to its strong position in this market.

Through Pratt Miller, the Company offers advanced engineering, product development and innovation services to the motorsport and multiple ground vehicle markets.

4Vocational segment.

Fire & Emergency segment. Through Pierce and Maxi-Metal, the Company is the leading domesticNorth American designer and manufacturer of fire apparatus assembled on custom chassis, designed and manufactured to meet the demanding requirements of firefighters. Pierce also designs and manufactures fire apparatus assembled on commercially available chassis, which are produced for multiple end-customer applications. Pierce’s engineering expertise allows it to design its vehicles to meet stringent industry guidelines and government regulations for safety and effectiveness. Pierce primarily serves domestic municipal customers, but also sells fire apparatus to the DoD, airports, universities and large industrial companies, and in international markets. Pierce’s history of innovation, research and development in consultation with firefighters has resulted in a broad product line that features a wide range of innovative, high-quality custom and commercial firefighting equipment with advanced fire suppression capabilities. In an effort to be a single-source supplier for its customers, Pierce offers a full line of custom and commercial fire apparatus and emergency vehicles, including pumpers, aerial platform,platforms, ladder and tiller trucks, tankers, light-, medium- and heavy-duty rescue vehicles, wildland rough terrain response vehicles, mobile command and control centers, bomb squad vehicles, hazardous materials control vehicles and other emergency response vehicles. Through Maxi-Metal, acquired in June 2022, the Company is a designer and manufacturer of fire apparatus and utility vehicles for the Canadian market.

The Company, throughThrough Oshkosh Airport Products, the Company is a leader in the design and sale of ARFF vehicles to domestic and international airports. These highly-specialized vehicles are required to be in service at most airports worldwide to support commercial airlines in the event of an emergency. Many of the largest airports in the United States including LaGuardia International Airport, John F. Kennedy International Airport, O’Hare International Airport, Denver International Airport, Baltimore-Washington International Airport, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Tampa International Airport, Philadelphia International Airport and San Francisco International Airport, are served by the Company’s ARFF vehicles. The U.S. government also maintains a fleet of ARFF vehicles that are used to support military operations throughout the world. Internationally, the Company’s vehicles serve among others, Beijing, China and more than fifty other airports in China; Singapore; Indonesia; Quebec, Canada; Abu Dhabi, UAE; and Birmingham, Cardiff, Manchester and Liverpool, United Kingdom. In addition, the Company has recently delivered ARFF vehiclesworldwide, with recent deliveries to airports in Mexico, Japan, Romania, Canada, GhanaLatin America, the Middle East, the United Kingdom and the Cayman Islands.China. The Company believes that the performance and reliability of its ARFF vehicles contribute to the Company’s strong position in this market.

Through its Frontline Communications brand, the Company is a leading manufacturer, system designer and integrator of broadcast vehicles, including electronic field production trailers, satellite news gathering and electronic news gathering vehicles for broadcasters and command trucks for local and federal governments along with beinggovernments. The Company is also a leading supplier of military simulator shelters and trailers under the Oshkosh Specialty Vehicles (OSV) brand. The Company’s broadcast vehicles have been used worldwide to televise the NFL Super Bowl, the FIFA World Cup and the Olympics. Its command vehicles have supported the disaster relief efforts for FEMA and everyday incident response for federal and local law enforcement, emergency management agencies and fire departments.

The Company offers two- to fifteen-year municipal lease financing programs to its Fire & Emergency segment customers in the U.S. through the Pierce Financial Solutions program, provided by PNC Equipment Finance. Programs include competitive lease financing rates, creative and flexible finance arrangements and the ease of one-stop shopping for customers’ equipment and financing. The Company typically provides credit support in connection with these financing and leasing arrangements.

Commercial segment. Through McNeilus, the Company is a leading designer and manufacturer of refuse collection vehicles for the waste services industry throughout the Americas. Through the Oshkosh Commercial, McNeilus and London,S-Series, the Company is a leading designer and manufacturer of front- and rear-dischargefront discharge concrete mixers for the concrete ready-mix industry throughout the Americas. On January 31, 2023,industry.

Through AeroTech, the Company announcedis a leading designer and manufacturer of aviation ground support products and gate equipment for commercial airlines, airports, air freight carriers, ground handling and military customers. AeroTech specializes in special purpose aviation ground support products such as cargo loaders and push-back tractors for airlines and air cargo companies. Terminal facilities and commercial aviation are supported by the planned divestiture of the rear-discharge concrete mixerJetway passenger boarding bridge and related air and power products. AeroTech's facility services business which it expects to closespecializes in the first quartermaintenance, servicing, and operation of 2023.key airport facility systems such as HVAC, gate equipment, and baggage systems. AeroTech facility services also provides contracting, project management, design, and installation services for the critical and complex baggage systems and other key facility operations.

Through IMT, the Company is a leading North American designer and manufacturer of field service vehicles and truck-mounted cranes for the construction, equipment dealer, building supply, utility, tire service, railroad and mining industries.

The Company believesoffers two- to fifteen-year municipal lease financing programs to its Commercial segment vehiclesPierce customers in the U.S. through the Pierce Financial Solutions program, provided by PNC Equipment Finance. Financing programs include competitive lease financing rates, flexible finance arrangements and equipment have a reputation for market leading innovation, which drives enhanced safetythe ease of one-stop shopping to meet the finance needs of Pierce customers. The Company typically provides credit support in connection with these financing and reliability, lowering total cost of ownership.

leasing arrangements. The Company also arranges equipment financing and leasing solutions for its other Vocational segment customers, primarily through third-party funding arrangements with independent financial companies, and occasionally provides credit support in connection with these financing and leasing arrangements.

5

Marketing, Sales, Distribution and Service

The Company believes it differentiates itself from many of its competitors by tailoring its distribution to the needs of its purpose-built vehicle and equipment markets and with its national and global sales and lifecycle service capabilities. Distribution personnel demonstrate to customers how to use the Company’s products properly. In addition, the Company’s flexible distribution is focused on meeting customers on their terms, whether on a job site, in an evening public meeting or at a municipality’s office, compared to the showroom sales approach of the typical dealer of large vehicle manufacturers. The Company backs all products with same-day parts shipment, and its service technicians are available in person or by telephone to domestic customers 365 days a year. The Company believes its dedication to keeping its products in-service in demanding conditions worldwide has contributed to customer loyalty.

The Company provides its salespeople, representatives and distributors with product and sales training on the operation and specifications of its products. The Company’s engineers, along with its product managers, develop operating manuals and provide field support at vehicle delivery.

U.S. dealers and representatives enter into agreements with the Company that allow for termination by either party generally upon 90 days’ notice, subject to applicable laws. Dealers and representatives, except for those utilized by JLG and IMT, are generally not permitted to market and sell competitive products.

Access Equipment segment. JLG’s products are marketed across six continents through independent rental companies and distributors that purchase JLG products and then rent or sell them and provide service support, as well as through other Company owned sales and service branches. JLG maintains a broad worldwide internal sales force. Sales employees are dedicated to specific major customers, channels or geographic regions. JLG’s international sales employees are spread among international sales and service offices throughout the world.

The Company markets its Jerr-Dan-branded carriers, wreckers and rotators through its extensive network of independent distributors.

Defense segment. While Oshkosh Defense sells a substantial portion of its domestic defense products directly to principal branches of the DoD, it also sells defense products to numerous international militariesgovernments around the globe and has expanded into adjacent markets. Oshkosh Defense maintains a liaison office in Washington, D.C. to represent its interests with the U.S. Congress, the offices of the Executive Branch of the U.S. government, the Pentagon, as well as international embassies and government agencies.globe. Oshkosh Defense locates its business development, consultants and engineering professionals near its customers’ principal commands, both domestically and internationally. Oshkosh Defense sells and services defense products to approved international governments as Direct Commercial Sales or Foreign Military Sales via U.S. government channels. Oshkosh Defense supports international sales through international sales offices, as well as through dealers, distributors and representatives.

In addition to marketing its current tactical wheeled vehicle offerings and competing for new contracts, Oshkosh Defense actively works with its customers to develop new applications for its vehicles and expand its services.

Logistics services are increasingly important to Oshkosh Defense. The Company believes that its proven worldwide logistics capabilities, invoicing and electronic payment systems have significantly contributed to the expansion of its defense parts and service business. Oshkosh Defense maintains a large parts distribution warehouse in Milwaukee, Wisconsin to fulfill stringent parts delivery schedule requirements, as well as satellite facilities near DoD bases in the U.S., Europe, Asia and the Middle East.

The Company’s snow removal business uses a combination of internal sales and service representatives and distributor locations to focus on the sale of snow removal vehicles, principally to airports, but also to municipalities, counties and other governmental entities in the U.S. and Canada. In addition, the Company maintains offices in Dubai, UAE; Beijing, China; and Singapore to support airport product vehicle sales and aftermarket sales and support in Europe, the Middle East, China and Southeast Asia.Vocational segment.

Fire & Emergency segment. The Company believes the geographic breadth, size and quality of its Pierce fire apparatus sales and service organization are competitive advantages in a market characterized by a few large manufacturers and numerous small, regional competitors. Pierce’s fire apparatus are sold through an extensive network of independent sales and service

6

organizations with hundreds of sales representatives in the U.S. and Canada, which combine broad geographical reach with high frequency of contact with fire departments and municipal government officials. These sales and service organizations are supported by product and marketing support professionals and contract administrators at Pierce. The Company believes high frequency of contact and local presence are important to cultivate major, and typically infrequent, purchases involving the city or town council, fire department, purchasing, finance and mayoral offices, among others, that may participate in a fire apparatus bid and selection process. After the sale, Pierce’s nationwide local parts and service capability is available to help municipalities maintain peak readiness for this vital municipal service.

Pierce also sells directly to the DoD and other U.S. government agencies. Many of the Pierce fire apparatus sold to the DoD are placed in service at U.S. military bases, camps and stations overseas. Additionally, Pierce sells fire apparatus to international municipal and industrial fire departments through a network of international dealers.

The Company markets its Maxi-Metal vehicles through a combination of direct sales representatives and a network of distributors. Certain of these representatives and distributors also handle Pierce products.

The Company markets its Frontline Communications-branded broadcastOshkosh-branded ARFF vehicles through a combination of direct sales representatives and dealerships domestically and an extensive network of representatives and distributors in international markets. Certain of these international representatives and distributors also handle Pierce products.

The Company markets its OSV branded shelters through sales representatives and its Frontline Communications-branded command vehicles through both sales representatives and dealer organizations that are directed at government and commercial customers.

The Company markets its Oshkosh-branded ARFF vehicles through a combination of direct sales representatives domestically and an extensive network of representatives and distributors in international markets. Certain of these international representatives and distributors also handle Pierce products.

Commercial segment. The Company believes its network of representatives and dealers is a competitive advantage in refuse collection vehicle and concrete placement markets, particularly in the U.S. waste services industry where principal competitors distribute through dealers and to a lesser extent in the ready-mix concrete industry, where several competitors in part use dealers. The Company believes its distribution model allows for a more tailored distribution approach in the U.S. refuse collection vehicle and concrete mixer markets, whereas dealers frequently offer a broad and mixed product line, and accordingly, the time dealers tend to devote to refuse collection vehicle and concrete mixer sales activities is limited.

The Company has also established an extensive network of representatives and dealers throughout the Americas for the sale of McNeilus-branded refuse collection vehicles and Oshkosh-, McNeilus- and London-branded concrete mixers to international customers. The Company coordinates among its various businesses to respond to large international sales tenders with its most appropriate product offering for the tender.

The Company utilizes an extensive network of representatives and dealers supported by hundreds of internal and external sales and service representatives in North America to sell and service refuse collection vehicles and front- and rear-dischargefront-discharge concrete mixers. The Company believes this network represents one of the largest refuse collection vehicle distribution networks in the U.S. The Company believes its network of representatives and dealers is a competitive advantage in the refuse collection vehicle market, where principal competitors distribute through dealers. The Company believes its distribution model allows for a more tailored distribution approach in the U.S. refuse collection vehicle market, whereas dealers frequently offer a broad and mixed product line, and accordingly, the time dealers tend to devote to refuse collection vehicle sales activities is limited.

The Company also performs sales and service activities at the Company’s manufacturing facilities. Service centers located throughout the U.S. provide sales, service and parts distribution to customers in their geographic regions.

The Company believes thishas also established an extensive network represents one of representatives and dealers throughout the largestAmericas for the sale of McNeilus-branded refuse collection vehiclevehicles and Oshkosh-branded front-discharge concrete mixer distribution networks inmixers to international customers. The Company coordinates among its various businesses to respond to large international sales tenders with its most appropriate product offering for the U.S.tender.

AeroTech sales are conducted through a team of direct sales personnel strategically located across the globe and through an extensive network of sales agents.

IMT distributes its products through a wide network of dealers in overmore than one hundred locations worldwide. International dealers are primarily located in Central and South America, Australia and Asia and are primarily focused on mining and construction markets.

Manufacturing

The Company manufactures its products at 2934 significant manufacturing facilities. To reduce production costs, the Company maintains a continuing emphasis on the development of proprietary components, self-sufficiency in fabrication, just-in-time inventory management, improvement in production flows and interchangeability of components among product lines, creation of jigs and fixtures to ensure repeatability of quality processes, utilization of robotics, and performance measurement to assure progress toward cost reduction targets. The Company encourages employee involvement to improve production processes and product quality.

7

The Company uses a common Quality Management System globally to support the delivery of consistent, high-quality products and services to customers. The Company requires employees at all levels to understand customer and supplier requirements, measure performance, develop systems and procedures to prevent product nonconformance and continually improve all work processes. The Company educates and trains all employees at its facilities in quality principles. The Company utilizes quality gates in its manufacturing facilities to identify issues early in the process and to analyze root cause at the source, resulting in fewer defects and less rework. The Company’s Quality Management System is based on ISO 9001, a set of internationally-accepted requirements established by the International Organization for Standardization. ISO 9001 certification indicates that a company has established and follows a rigorous set of standards aimed at achieving customer satisfaction by following a process-based approach to identify and control the quality needs of suppliers, inputs, critical processes and outputs. The Quality Management System helps ensure that the Company is continually improving and sharing successful practices across the organization. TheFacilities for the majority of AeroTech and the following brands are ISO 9001 certified: JLG, Jerr-Dan, Hinowa, Oshkosh Defense, Pierce, McNeilus, Maxi-Metal, Frontline Jerr-DanCommunications and Oshkosh Airport Products.

The Company has a team of employees dedicated to leading the implementation of the Company’s simplification initiatives. The team is comprised of members with diverse backgrounds in quality, lean, data analytics, product and process engineering, and culture change management. Simplification includes lean tools to eliminate waste and to provide better value for customers. It also guides customer satisfaction assessments to help identify opportunities to improve the customer experience with the Company. Within the Company’s facilities, simplification projects have contributed to manufacturing efficiency gains, materials management improvements, quality enhancements and reduced leadcycle times. Simplification projects have also freed up manufacturing capacity to support production increases.

Engineering, Research and Development

The Company believes itsis an innovator of purpose-built vehicles and equipment. Our technology and product development teams include more than 1,800 talented engineers with expertise across many disciplines including vehicle design, simulation, software and electronics. As a leading industrial technology company, we have facilities around the world with extensive engineering, research and development capabilities havecapabilities. Our team members are committed to building safer, more responsible machines.

Customer-centric innovation has been a strategic focus of our organization for over 100 years, starting in 1917, when we introduced a breakthrough four-wheel drivetrain that gave customers the confidence to go places they never thought they could. In 2005, Oshkosh’s TerraMax completion of the historic robotic Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Grand Challenge established the company as an early leader in off road autonomy.

Currently, we leverage disruptive technologies in several key drivers of its marketplace success. areas including electrification, autonomy, active-safety, advanced analytics and artificial intelligence. By designing and building innovative products that revolutionize the way work is done, we are empowering people to be more productive, more efficient and more sustainable in what they do and how they serve.

The Company maintains multiple facilitiesis securing its heritage of innovation for the future through new product developmentresearch, ideation challenges, competitions and testingan open framework that leverages technology partners and strategic acquisitions. Our recent affiliation with Carnegie Foundry, a staffleader in autonomous robotics and artificial intelligence, and our acquisition of approximately 1,600 engineersPratt Miller, a leader in autonomous and technicians who are dedicatedconnected systems, expand our technological capabilities. Partnerships with leading universities such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Wisconsin - Madison, as well as our corporate venture capital investments, give us access to improving existing products, developmentcutting edge research and testing of new vehicles, equipment and components and sustaining its production activities. a robust talent pipeline.

The Company prepares multi-yearbelieves it is uniquely positioned to transition technology and deliver new products at greater speed across our businesses to create differentiation within the markets we serve. Recent product development and technology plans for each of its markets and measures progress against those plans each month.

Virtually all of the Company’s sales of fire apparatus and broadcast vehicles require some level of custom engineering to meet customer specifications and changing industry standards. Engineering is also a critical factor in defense vehicle markets due to the severe operating conditions under which the Company’s vehicles are utilized, new customer requirements and stringent government documentation requirements. Product innovation is highly important to meeting customers’ changing requirements. Accordingly, in addition to new product development engineers and technicians, the Company maintains an additional permanent staff of engineers and engineering technicians to sustain its production activities.

Recent examples of the Company’s product innovationlaunches include the Pierce Volterra, North America’s first electric fire truck; the McNeilus Volterra, North America’s first fully integrated electric refuse collection vehicle; the JLG DaVinci lift, anthe world’s first all-electric scissor lift that leverages highly sophisticated technology including linear actuators in place of traditional hydraulic cylinders in an elegant design to bring industry defining productivitylift; and serviceability to both rental companiesJLG ClearSky Smart Fleet, the construction industry’s first two-way fleet management and end users in the access equipment market. The Company’s Fire & Emergency segment introduced the revolutionary Volterra platform of electric vehicles to meet the critical needs of fire departments while providing the operational performance customers expect from Pierce fire apparatus. The Volterra platform offers zero emissions, reduced noise, an electro-mechanical infinitely variable transmission (EMIVT), integrated onboard batteriescommunication platform. As work environments and industry-leading operational range for full-shift operation. The Volterra is available as both a customer pumper for municipal applications and an ARFF vehicle.challenges evolve, Oshkosh responds with better, more advanced products.

Competition

In all of the Company’s segments, competitors include smaller, specialized manufacturers as well as large, mass producers. The Company believes that, in its purpose-built vehicle and equipment markets, it has been able to effectively compete against large, mass producers due to its product quality, manufacturing flexibility purchasing power and distribution networks. In addition, the Company believes it has competitive advantages over smaller vehicle and equipment manufacturers due to volumes that offer purchasing power, technology and manufacturing sharing opportunities across product lines. The Company believes that its competitive cost structure, strategic global purchasing capabilities, engineering expertise, product quality and global distribution and service systems have enabled it to compete effectively.

8

Certain of the Company’s competitors have greater financial, marketing, manufacturing, distribution and governmental affairs resources than the Company. There can be no assurance that the Company’s products will continue to compete effectively with the products of competitors or that the Company will be able to retain its customer base or improve or maintain its profit margins on sales to its customers, all of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Access Equipment segment. JLG operates in the global construction, maintenance and industrial equipment markets. JLG’s competitors range from some of the world’s largest multi-national construction equipment manufacturers to small single-product niche manufacturers. Within this global market, competition for sales of aerial work platform equipment includes Genie Industries, Inc. (a subsidiary of Terex Corporation), Skyjack Inc. (a subsidiary of Linamar Corporation), Haulotte Group, Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group Co., Ltd. (XCMG), Zhejiang Dingli Machinery Co., Ltd. and numerous other manufacturers. Global competition for sales of telehandler equipment includes J C Bamford Excavators Ltd., the Manitou Group, Merlo SpA, Genie Industries, Inc., Haulotte Group, Skyjack Inc. and numerous other manufacturers. In addition, JLG faces competition from numerousa number of manufacturers of other niche products such as boom vehicles, cherry pickers, skid steer loaders, mast climbers, straight mast and vehicle-mounted fork-lifts, rough-terrain and all-terrain cranes, vehicle-mounted cranes, portable material lifts, various types of material handling equipment, scaffolding and the common ladder that offer functionality that is similar to or overlaps that of JLG’s products. Principal methods of competition include brand awareness, product innovation and performance, price, quality, service and support, product availability and the extent to which a company offers single-source customer solutions. The Company believes its competitive strengths include: premium brand names; broad and single-source product offerings; product quality; product residual values that are generally higher than competitors’ units; worldwide distribution; safety record; service and support network; global procurement scale; and extensive manufacturing capabilities.

The principal competitor for Jerr-Dan-branded products is Miller Industries, Inc. Principal methods of competition for carriers, wreckers and rotators include product quality and innovation, product performance, price and service. The Company believes its competitive strengths in this market include its high quality,high-quality, innovative and high-performance product line and its cost competitive manufacturing capabilities.

Defense segment. Oshkosh Defense produces heavy- and medium-payload, Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP)medium- and light-payload tactical wheeled vehicles for the military and security forcesmilitaries around the world and postal delivery vehicles for the USPS.world. Competition for sales of these vehicles includes, among others, Navistar Defense LLC (a subsidiary of Cerberus Capital Management, LP), General Dynamics Corporation, AM General LLC (a subsidiary of KPS Capital Partners, LP), BAE Systems

plc and General Motors Defense, Utilimaster (a subsidiary of The Shyft Group), Morgan Olson (a subsidiary of JB Poindexter & Co., Inc.), Workhorse Group and Rivian.Defense. The principal method of competition in the Defense segmentfor defense vehicles involves a competitive bid process that takes into accountconsiders factors as determined by the customer, such as price, product performance, product lifecycle costs, small and disadvantaged business participation, product quality, adherence to bid specifications, production capability, project management capability, past performance and product support. Usually, the Company’s vehicle systems must also pass extensive testing. The Company believes that its competitive strengths include: strategic global purchasing capabilities; extensive pricing/costing and defense contracting expertise; a significant installed base of vehicles currently in use throughout the world; flexible and high-efficiency vertically-integrated manufacturing capabilities; patented and/or proprietary vehicle components such as the TAK-4 family of independent suspension systems, Oshkosh power transfer cases and Command Zone integrated vehicle diagnostics; weapons and communications integration; ability to develop new and improved product capabilities responsive to the needs of its customers; product quality; and aftermarket parts sales and service capabilities.

The Weapon Systems Acquisition Reform Act requires competition for defense programs in certain circumstances. Accordingly, it is possible that the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps will conduct competitions for programs for which the Company currently has contracts upon the expiration of the existing contracts. Competition for these and other domestic programs could result in future contracts being awarded based upon different competitive factors than those described above and would primarily include price, production capability and past performance. The U.S. government has become more aggressive in seeking to acquire the design rights to the Company’s current and potential future programs to facilitate competition for manufacturing our vehicles. The willingness of the bidders to license their design rights to the DoD was an evaluation factor in the JLTV and FMTV A2 contract competitions. Certain of the Company’s contracts with the DoD, including the JLTV and FMTV A2 contracts, require that the Company effectively transfer the “technical know-how” necessary to produce and support the vehicles and/or other deliverables within the contract to the customer.

9

The Competition in Contracting Act requires competition for U.S. defense programs in most circumstances. Competition for DoD programs currently supplied by the Company could result in the U.S. government awarding future contracts to another manufacturer or the U.S. government awarding the contracts to the Company at lower prices and operating margins than the Company experiences under current contracts.

Oshkosh Defense also produces postal delivery vehicles for the USPS. Competition for sales of delivery vehicles includes, among others, Utilimaster (a subsidiary of The Company’s principal competitors for snow removal vehicle sales are M-B Companies,Shyft Group), Morgan Olson (a subsidiary of JB Poindexter & Co., Inc. (owned by Aebi Schmidt Holding AG)), Wausau-Everest LP (owned by AlamoWorkhorse Group Inc.)Incorporated and Overaasen AS. Principal methods of competition are product performance, price, service, product quality and innovation. The Company believes its competitive strengths in these airport markets include its high-quality, innovative products and a strong service support network.Rivian Automotive Inc.

Fire & EmergencyVocational segment. The Company produces and sells custom and commercial firefighting vehicles in the U.S.North America and abroad under the Pierce and Maxi-Metal brands and broadcast and command vehicles in the U.S. and abroad under the Frontline brand.brands. Competitors for firefighting vehicles include Rosenbauer International AG; E-One, Inc., Ferrara Fire Apparatus, Inc., Spartan ER, and Kovatch Mobile Equipment Corp. (all four owned by REV Group, Inc.); and numerous smaller, regional manufacturers. Principal methods of competition include brand awareness, ability to meet or exceed customer specifications, price, lead times, the extent to which a company offers single-source customer solutions, product innovation, product quality, dealer distribution and service and support. The Company believes that its competitive strengths include: recognized, premium brand name; nationwide network of independent Pierce dealers; extensive, high-quality and innovative product offerings, which include single-source customer solutions for aerials, pumpers and rescue units; large-scale and high-efficiency custom manufacturing capabilities; and proprietary technologies such as the PUC vehicle configuration, TAK-4 independent suspension system, Hercules and Husky foam systems, Command Zone electronics, Volterra parallel-electric drivetrain and the Ascendant family of aerial fire trucks.

The main competitor for broadcastCompany produces and sells command vehicles is Accelerated Media Technologies.in the U.S. and abroad under the Frontline Communications brand. The principal competition for command vehicles is LDV, Inc., MBF Industries, Inc., Nomad Global Communication Solutions, Incorporated, Farber Specialty Vehicles, Inc. and Matthews Specialty Vehicles, Inc.

Airport Products manufactures ARFF vehicles for sale in the U.S. and abroad. Oshkosh’s competitors for ARFF vehicle sales are Rosenbauer International AG and E-One, Inc.

Commercial segment. McNeilusThe Company produces refuse collection vehicles for North America and international markets.markets under the McNeilus brand. Competitors in the refuse collection vehicles market include The Heil Company (a subsidiary of Dover Corporation), New Way Trucks, Labrie Enviroquip Group (owned by Wynnchurch Capital) and other regional competitors. The principal methods of competition are product innovation, quality productand performance, service and price. The Company competes for municipal business

and large commercial business in the Americas, which is generally based on lowest qualified bid. The Company believes its competitive strengths in the Americas refuse collection vehicle markets include: strong brand recognition; innovative and comprehensive product offerings; a reputation for high-quality products; ability to offer factory-installed compressed natural gas fuel systems; ability to integrate refuse collection bodies with electric chassis; the offering of a fully integrated electric refuse vehicle; large-scale and high-efficiency manufacturing; and an extensive network of sales and service centers located throughout the U.S.

AeroTech supplies aviation-related fixed gate equipment and ground support equipment (GSE) for North American and international markets. AeroTech passenger boarding bridges are produced under the Jetway brand. Competitors include China International Marine Containers (Group) Co., Ltd. and TK Elevator. The Company competes in the gate equipment space based on a robust design and strong manufacturing capability, supported by capable project management and technical product support. The Company produces AeroTech GSE products under numerous brands. The principal competition for ground support equipment includes TLD Group and ITW GSE Inc. as well as other regional competitors. The Company competes for business based on total cost of ownership, product support and technology. Sophisticated, repeat customers are key to AeroTech GSE's success.

The Company also produces front- and rear-dischargefront-discharge concrete mixers for the Americas under the Oshkosh McNeilus and London brands.brand. Competition for front-discharge concrete mixer sales includes Beck Industrial, Con-Tech Manufacturing, Inc., Terex Corporation and other regional competitors.Corporation. Principal methods of competition are price, service, product features, product quality and product availability. The Company believes its competitive strengths include: strong brand recognition; large-scale and high-efficiency manufacturing; extensive product offerings;innovation; high product quality; innovative control systems; ability to offer factory-installed compressed natural gas fuel systems; a significant installed base of front-discharge concrete mixers in use in the marketplace; and its nationwide network of sales and service centers.

IMT is a manufacturer of field service vehicles and truck-mounted cranes for the construction, equipment dealer, building supply, utility, tire service, railroad and mining industries. IMT’s principal field service vehicle competition is from Auto Crane Company (owned by Ramsey Industries, Inc.), Stellar Industries, Inc., Maintainer Corporation of Iowa, Inc., the Knapheide Manufacturing Company and other regional companies. Competition in truck-mounted cranes comes primarily from European companies including Palfinger AG, Cargotec Corporation and Fassi Group SpA. Principal methods of competition are product quality, price and service. The Company believes its competitive strengths include its high-quality products, global distribution network and low-cost manufacturing capabilities.

10

Government Contracts

Approximately 25%19% of the Company’s net sales for fiscal 20222023 were made to the U.S. government, a substantial majority of which were under multi-year contracts and programs in the defense vehicle market. Accordingly, a significant portion of the Company’s sales are subject to risks specific to doing business with the U.S. government, including uncertainty of economic conditions, changes in government policies and requirements that may reflect rapidly changing military and political developments, the availability of funds and the ability to meet specified performance thresholds. Multi-year contracts may be conditioned upon continued availability of congressional appropriations and are impacted by uncertainty regarding federal budget pressures. Variances between anticipated budget and congressional appropriations may result in a delay, reduction or termination of these contracts.

Oshkosh Defense’s sales are substantially dependent upon periodic awards of new contracts, the purchase of base vehicle quantities and the exercise of options under existing contracts. The funding of U.S. government programs is subject to an annual congressional budget authorization and appropriation process. In years when the U.S. government has not completed its budget process before the end of its fiscal year, government operations are typically funded pursuant to a “continuing resolution”, which allows federal government agencies to operate at spending levels approved in the previous budget cycle but does not authorize new spending initiatives. When the U.S. government operates under a continuing resolution, delays can occur in the procurement of the products, services and solutions that Oshkosh Defense provides and may result in new initiatives being delayed or canceled, or funds could be reprogrammed away from Oshkosh Defense’s programs to pay for higher priority operational needs. In years when the U.S. government fails to complete its budget process or to provide for a continuing resolution, a federal government shutdown may result. This could in turn result in the delay or cancellation of key programs, which could have a negative effect on the Company’s cash flows and adversely affect the Company’s future results. In addition,

payments to contractors for services performed during a federal government shutdown may be delayed, which would have a negative effect on the Company’s cash flows.

Contract awards that Oshkosh Defense receives may be subject to protests by competing bidders. These protests, if successful, could result in the customer revoking part or all of any defense contract it awards to Oshkosh Defense and an inability on the part of Oshkosh Defense to recover amounts it has expended during the protest period in anticipation of initiating work under any such contract.

Under firm, fixed-price contracts with the U.S. government, the price paid to the Company is generally not subject to adjustment to reflect the Company’s actual costs, except costs incurred as a result of contract changes ordered by the U.S. government. The Company generally attempts to negotiate with the U.S. government the amount of increased compensation to which the Company is entitled for government-ordered changes that result in higher costs. If the Company is unable to negotiate a satisfactory agreement to provide such increased compensation, then the Company may file an appeal with the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals or the U.S. Claims Court. The Company has no such appeals pending. The Company seeks to mitigate risks with respect to fixed-price contracts by executing firm, fixed-price contracts where possible with its suppliers of significant components for the duration of the Company’s contracts.

U.S. government contracts generally permit the government to terminate a contract, in whole or part, at the government’s convenience. If the U.S. government exercises its rights under this clause the contractor is entitled to payment for the allowable costs incurred and a reasonable profit on the work performed to date. The U.S. government can also terminate a contract for default. If a contract is terminated for default, the contractor is generally entitled to payment for work that has been accepted by the U.S. government. Termination for default may expose the Company to loss on work not yet accepted by the government and have a negative impact on the Company’s ability to obtain future orders and contracts. The U.S. government’s right to terminate its contracts has not had a material effect on the operations or financial condition of the Company.

11

The Company, as a U.S. government contractor, is subject to financial audits and other reviews by the U.S. government relating to the performance of, and the accounting and general practices relating to, U.S. government contracts. Like most large government contractors, the Company is audited and reviewed by the government on a continual basis. Costs and prices under such contracts may be subject to adjustment based upon the results of such audits and reviews. Additionally, such audits and reviews can lead to civil, criminal or administrative proceedings. Such proceedings could involve claims by the government for fines, penalties, compensatory and treble damages, restitution and/or forfeitures. Under government regulations, a company or one or more of its subsidiaries can also be suspended or debarred from government contracts or lose its export privileges based on the results of such proceedings. The Company believes that the outcome of all such audits and reviews that are now pending will not have a material effect on its financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Suppliers

The Company is dependent on its supplierssources raw materials and subcontractorscomponents domestically and internationally to meet commitments to its customers, and many components are procured or subcontracted on a sole-source basis with a number of domestic and foreign companies.customers. Components for the Company’s products are generally available from a number of suppliers, although the transition to a new supplier may require several months to conclude. The Company purchases chassissome sole sourced components such as vehicle frames, engines, transmissions, radiators, axles, tires, drive motors, bearings and hydraulic components and vehicle body options, such as cranes, cargo bodies and trailers, from third-party suppliers. These body options may be manufactured specific to the Company’s requirements; however, most of the body options could be manufactured by other suppliers or the Company itself. Through reliance on this supply network for the purchase of certain components, the Company is able to reduce many of the pre-production and fixed costs associated with the manufacture of these components and vehicle body options. The Company purchases a large amount of fabrications and outsources certain manufacturing services, each generally from small companies located near its facilities. While providing low-cost services and product surge capability, such companies oftenwould require additional management attention during difficult economic conditions or contract start-up.time to transition. The Company also purchases complete vehicle chassis from truck chassis suppliers in its Commercial segmentAccess and to a lesser extent, in its Fire & Emergency and Access EquipmentVocational segments. Increasingly, the Company is sourcing components globally, which may involve additional inventory requirements and introduces additional foreign currency exposures.

The Company has developed global sourcing strategies to meet its production needs while building upon long-term supplier relationships and leveraging the scale of its enterprise. The supply base is expected to maintain or continuously improve levels of quality, delivery, cost and the agility to meet changes in market demands. The Company also maintains an extensive qualification, on-site inspection, assistance and performance measurement system to attempt tohelp control risks associated with reliance on suppliers. Risks are monitored by the Company to minimize the likelihood of a supply disruption, including supplier capacity, financial health, cybersecurity, geopolitical events and adverse weather conditions that would affect production and logistics.

The Company occasionally experiences problems with supplieralso invests in advanced technologies to provide visibility and subcontractor performance and component, chassis and body availability and must identify alternate sourcesimproved orchestration of its supply and/or address related warranty claims from customers.

While the Company purchases many costly components such as chassis, engines and transmissions, it manufactures certain proprietary components and systems. These components include front drive steer axles, transfer cases, transaxles, cabs, the TAK-4 independent suspension system, Hercules and Husky compressed air foam systems, the Command Zone vehicle control system, body structures and many smaller parts that add uniqueness and value to the Company’s products.chain. The Company believes controllingthese investments have improved and will continue to improve the production of these components provides a significant competitive advantageoverall efficiency and also serves to reduce the production costsperformance of the Company’s products.business’ global supply chain.

Intellectual Property

Patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets and licenses are important into the operation of the Company’sCompany's business. OneWe expect to continue growing our intellectual property portfolio as we pursue advanced innovations in electrification, autonomy, active safety, sophisticated analytics and artificial intelligence. We believe our patented technologies in aggregate are important to the operation of management’s objectives is developing proprietary componentsour business and its competitive position. We leverage technology across our segments to providebring progressive solutions to customers around the world. Some of our newest patents include the Electromechanical Infinitely Variable Transmissions (EMIVT) on Pierce Volterra electric fire trucks, CartSeeker autonomous functionality on McNeilus refuse collection vehicles and Self-Leveling technology on JLG boom lifts. Certain Oshkosh Corporation trademarks including the Oshkosh name and logomark, along with each of its business unit brands contribute to the business’ identity. These marks, among others, are an integral part of the Company’s customers with advanced technological solutions at attractive prices. The Company believes patents for the TAK-4business and TAK-4i independent suspension systems provide the Company with a competitive advantage in the Defense and Fire & Emergency segments dueimportant to its performance and cost. In the Defense segment, the TAK-4 or TAK-4iindependent suspension systems have been incorporated into the U.S. Marine Corps’ MTVR and LVSR programs, the U.S. Army’s PLS A1 program, the MRAP-Joint Program Office M-ATV program, the JLTV program and the FMTV A2 program. In the Fire & Emergency segment, TAK-4 independent suspension systems are standard on many Pierce custom fire trucks and Global Striker ARFF vehicles.future success.

As part of the Company’s long-term alliance with Caterpillar Inc., the Company acquired a non-exclusive, non-transferable worldwide license to use certain Caterpillar Inc. intellectual property through 2024 in connection with the design and manufacture of Caterpillar Inc.’s current telehandler products. Additionally, Caterpillar Inc. assigned to JLG certain patents and patent applications relating to the Caterpillar-branded telehandler products.

12

The Company holds trademarks for “Oshkosh,” “Oshkosh Defense,” “TAK-4,” “ProPulse,” “JLG,” “SkyTrak,” “Pierce,” “Maxi-Metal,” “McNeilus,” “Jerr-Dan,” “London,” “IMT,” “Pratt Miller,” “DaVinci” and “Volterra” among others. These trademarks are considered to be important to the future success of the Company’s business.

Environmental Matters

The Company is subject to a wide variety of local, state, and federal environmental laws in the U.S., as well as in other countries where the Company conducts business. Our facilities, operations and products are subject to increasingly stringent environmental laws and regulations globally, including laws and regulations governing air emissions, noise, releases to soil and discharges to water and the generation, handling, storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal of non-hazardous and hazardous waste materials. Some environmental laws impose strict, retroactive, and joint and several liability for the release of hazardous substances, even for conduct that was lawful at the time it occurred, or for the conduct of, or conditions caused by prior operators, predecessors or other third parties. With respect to acquired properties and businesses, the Company conducts due diligence into potential exposure to environmental liabilities but cannot be certain that it has identified or will identify all adverse environmental conditions.

We believe that our policies, practices, and procedures are properly designed to prevent unreasonable risk of environmental damage and the consequent financial liability to the Company. Nevertheless, we could incur substantial costs as a result of non-compliance with or liability for cleanup or other costs or damages under environmental laws. Also, we may be subject to other more stringent environmental laws in the future. If more stringent environmental laws are enacted in the future, these laws could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Human Capital Management

As of December 31, 2022,2023, the Company had approximately 15,00017,300 employees, approximately 9,00010,800 of whom are production employees. The Company tracks its human capital management performance by measuring numerous relevant elements relating to its employees, including but not limited to, safety and diversity and inclusion.

The United Auto Workers (UAW) Union represented approximately 1,4251,300 production employees at the Company’s Oshkosh, Wisconsin facilities; the Boilermakers, Iron Shipbuilders, Blacksmiths and Forgers Union (Boilermakers) represented approximately 175185 employees at the Company’s Kewaunee, Wisconsin facility; and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters Union (Teamsters)United Steelworkers represented approximately 120235 team members at the Company’s Ogden, Utah facility. Additional employees with union representation include approximately 45 employees at the Company’s Garner, Iowa facility. facility who are represented by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters Union (Teamsters); approximately 70 employees in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania who are represented by the Eastern Millwright Regional Council; and approximately 25 employees in Orange County, California who are represented by the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers.

The Company’s agreement with the UAW expires in September 2027. The Company’s five-year agreement with the Boilermakers expires in May 2027. The Company’s three-yearUnited Steelworkers agreement with the Teamsters extends through October 2023.expires in August 2024. In addition, approximately 60%55% of the Company’s 2,3002,700 employees located outside of the U.S. are represented by separate works councils or unions.

People First Culture. Culture.The Company maintains a People First culture that includes investing in team members’ safety, engagement, wellbeing, and personal and professional development, as well as diversity and inclusion. The Company believes its People First culture is a strength, and the Company intends to continue building upon that culture to drive long-term,

sustainable performance across the business. In 2022, 64%fiscal 2023, 63% of global production and office team members participated in the Company’s Global Engagement Survey. Engagement across the enterprise was 7.3 out of 10.

The Company expects all team members to adhere to the highest ethical standards every day. The Company’sCompany requires all team members to complete training on our Code of Ethics & Conduct also knownreferred to as “The Oshkosh Way”. The Oshkosh Way lays outprovides specific guidance to all our employees, outlining how they are expected to act with the Company’s core valuesintegrity that has defined Oshkosh since we were founded over 100 years ago. In addition, we maintain a global ethics and standardscompliance helpline to allow for ethical behavior.concerns of potential violations of the Code, global policies, or the law to be reported.

The Company’s connections to its communities through charitable giving, leadership and volunteering efforts have long been an important part of the Company’s culture and team member engagement. The Company’s teams creatively identified opportunities to volunteer in 2022fiscal 2023 donating over 18,00021,300 hours to the communities in which they live and work.

For the last nine10 years, the Company has held the Oshkosh Excellence Awards (OEAs), an annual competition and recognition event that invites team members to submit innovative ideas to foster improvements for its culture, operations, products and customers. Over 500 nominations were submitted in 2022,fiscal 2023, with 36% focused on Cheers to Peers, our peer recognition program, highlighting the Company’s team members’ commitment to putting people first.

13

Talent and Learning. Learning.The Company’s business strategy is enabled by its ability to attract, develop and retain world-class talent. In 2022,fiscal 2023, the Company returned toincreased its in person leadership development, relaunchingwith multiple programs of Lens of Leadership, its signature development program for team members at the director level and above. The Company continued a series of executive leadership development events and expanded virtual learning opportunities to all managers on topics of engagement, performance, diversity, equity and inclusion. Team members of the Company logged over 74,000204,000 learning hours in 2022.

fiscal 2023. The Company leveraged its recently upgraded its enterprise Learning Management System to enable all team members to access learning content on its technology platform. platform, leading to a significant increase in learning hours for fiscal 2023.

Strategic succession planning, future leader pipelines and critical role depth were reviewed and updated during 2022.fiscal 2023. All leaders are expected to complete regular check-ins to provide feedback, review annual goal progress and hold career development conversations with team members to help ensure alignment, drive engagement and facilitate strong business outcomes.

Health and Safety. The Company focuses on protecting the health and safety of its team members. The Company takes a proactive collaborative approach to managing safety is committed to achieving zero workplace injuriesensure our workforce returns home safely each and has consistently improved its safety performance over the past few years.every day. Safety Management System maturity, OSHA VPP Star progression, ergonomic advancements and strong safety collaborationactive team member involvement have led to year over year improvements inimproved risk mitigation and injury rate reductions.reduction within our operations.

The Company offers a competitive, inclusive and empowering benefit platform to help ensure that no matter where team members are in their wellbeing journey, they are supported in their physical, financial and emotional goals. In 2022,fiscal 2023, the Company cared for over 24,00025,000 team members and their families on its medical plan. The Company introduced expanded fertility and family planningpaid parental leave benefits to support team members as they grow their families. In addition, the Company supported team members’ return toinvestment in their health care post-COVID pandemic by providing a financial incentive to complete an annual preventive exam.

The Company has set several goals and benchmarks for Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) performance, using both internal goals and federal standards. In fiscal 2023, the Company earned the Equality 100 Award from the Human Rights Campaign in recognition of its inclusive corporate policies and benefits. The Company’s diversity representation is published in its 20222023 Sustainability Report, and the Company is driving proactive programs to improve its diverse employee representation. The Company measures diverse hires for full-time U.S. non-production positions and has a goal that 50% of such hires be diverse in any given year. Diverse hires include ethnicity, gender, veteran and disability status. In 2022, 49%fiscal 2023, 51% of the Company’s hires for full-time U.S. non-production positions were diverse.

Seasonal Nature of Business

In theThe Company’s Access Equipment and Commercial segments,JLG business tends to be seasonal with an increase in sales occurring in the spring and summer months that constitute the traditional construction season in the northern hemisphere. In addition, sales are generally lower in the three

months ended December 31 in all segments due to the relatively high number of holidays in the United States, which reduce available production and shipping days.

14

Available Information

The Company maintains a website with the address www.oshkoshcorp.com. The Company is not including the information contained on the Company’s website as a part of, or incorporating it by reference into, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The Company makes available free of charge (other than an investor’s own Internet access charges) through its website its Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company electronically files such materials with, or furnishes such materials to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

The Company’sCompany's financial position, results of operations and cash flows are subject to various risks, many of which are not exclusively within the Company’sCompany's control, which may cause actual performance to differ materially from historical or projected future performance. Investors should carefully consider information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K in light of the risk factors described below.

Business and Operational Risks

Our markets are highly cyclical. Declines in these markets could have a material adverse effect on our operating performance.

The access equipment market is highly cyclical and impacted (i) by the strength of economies in general and customers’ perceptions concerning the timing of economic cycles, (ii) by residential and non-residential construction spending, including mega projects, (iii) by the ability of rental companies to obtain third-party financing to purchase revenue generating assets, (iv) by capital expenditures of rental companies in general, including the rate at which they replace aged rental equipment, which is impacted in part by historical purchase levels, (v) by the timing of regulatory standard changes, and (vi) by other factors, including oil and gas related activity. Fire apparatus markets are cyclical later in an economic cycle and are impacted by the economy generally and by municipal tax receipts and capital expenditures. Refuse collection vehicle markets are also cyclical and impacted by the strength of economies in general, by municipal tax receipts and by the size and timing of capital expenditures, including replacement demand, by large waste haulers. Air transportation equipment markets are also cyclical and impacted by the rates of expansion, consolidation and replacement of equipment within the air transportation equipment markets which in turn are driven by the global demand for air transportation services. If demand for our products is lower than what we or the market expect, due to a recession or other factors, then there could be an adverse effect on our net sales, financial condition, profitability and/or cash flows.

Our performance under the USPS contract may not be what we expect.

In February 2021, the USPS selected us to build its NGDV. The IDIQ contract allows for the purchase of up to 165,000 units over 10 years. To date, we have received orders for the engineering to finalize the production vehicle design, for tooling and factory build-out activities that are necessary prior to vehicle production and for the first 50,000 vehicles. As of December 31, 2023, we have recorded deferred contract costs of $710.7 million that primarily relate to the NGDV program. The USPS contract and our performance under the contract are subject to the following risks, among others, that could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and/or cash flows:

We are dependent upon third-party suppliers, making us vulnerable to supply shortages and price increases.

We have experienced, and in the future are likely to experience, significant disruption or termination of the supply of some of our parts, materials, components and final assemblies that we obtain from suppliers or subcontractors. For example, the rapid increaseglobal supply chains have not yet fully returned to pre-pandemic levels. In addition, conflicts in demand in the U.S. economy and periodic localized lockdowns invarious parts of the world, resulting from spikes in novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection rates hasincluding Ukraine, Israel and the Middle East have caused and is expected to continue to cause, significant stress on global supply chains. In addition, the war in Ukraine has caused and is likely to cause further strains in the global supply chain.chain and may do so in the future. Delays in obtaining parts, materials, components and final assemblies may result from a number of factors affecting our suppliers including capacity constraints, labor constraints, supplier product quality issues, suppliers’ impaired financial condition and suppliers’ allocations to other purchasers. Such disruptions have resulted and could further result in higher manufacturing inefficienciescosts caused by us havingan inefficient parts flow to wait for parts to arrive onour production lines, could delay sales and could result in a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and/or cash flows.

We are dependent on our suppliers of engines, chassis, batteries and other power sources to continue to timely deliver such components that meet applicable emissions regulations and customer preferences. If we fail to have adequate relationships with suppliers that will supply appropriate engines, chassis, batteries and powertrain componentsother power sources to us or fail to timely receive appropriate components from our suppliers, that could result in ourus being placed in an uncompetitive position or without finished product when needed.

Fluctuations in prices of raw materials and other inputs may adversely impact our results.

We purchase, directly and indirectly through component purchases, significant amounts of steel, aluminum and other commodities. Steel, aluminum and other commodity prices have historically been highly volatile. Costs for these items may remain elevated or continue to increase and/or remain elevated in the future due to one or more of the following:following, among others: a sustained economic recovery,recovery; the level of tariffs that the U.S. imposes on imported steel and aluminum,aluminum; the outbreak of war or other hostilitiesconflicts in regions of the world that produce the commodities, orthe raw materials that go into the commodities or through which the commodities are transported; or a weakening U.S. dollar.

In addition, the cost of parts, materials, components or final assemblies has increased and may continue to significantly increase for reasons other than changes in commodity prices, including the significant inflation that we are currently experiencing.continue to experience. Factors such as supply and demand, freight costs, availability of transportation, the cost of manufacturing labor, availability of labor, inventory levels, the level of imports, the imposition of duties and tariffs and other trade barriers and general economic conditions may affect the price of our parts, materials, components or final assembly purchases.

Increases in parts, materials, components or final assemblies costs negatively impact the profitability of orders in backlog as prices on a portion of those orders are fixed. If we are not able to recover cost increases through surcharges or permanent price increases to our customers, then such increases will have an adverse effect on our financial condition, profitability and/or cash flows. Furthermore, surcharges andor permanent price increases may not be accepted by our customers, resulting in them

15

choosing to order from our competitors instead of us or delaying orders to us. Any significant decrease in orders could have an adverse effect on our net sales, financial condition, profitability and/or cash flows. Additionally, if costs decrease and we are unable to negotiate timely component cost decreases commensurate with any decrease in costs, then our higher component costs could put us at a material disadvantage as compared to our competition which could have a material adverse effect on our net sales, financial condition, profitability and/or cash flows.

Labor issues may adversely impact our results.

Our production, or the production of our suppliers, could be disrupted by labor issues including availability of skilled workforce in locations in which we and our suppliers operate due to competition, absenteeism, public health issues, strikes or other factors. In addition, our production schedules assume the availability of sufficient workforce in areas in which our facilities operate at anticipated labor rates. If sufficient workforce is not available or rates are higher than we anticipate, it could have an adverse effect on our net sales, financial condition, profitability and/or cash flows.

Our dependency on contracts with U.S. and foreign government agencies subjects us to a variety of risks that could materially reduce our revenues or profits.

We are dependent on U.S. and foreign government contracts for a substantial portion of our business. Approximately 25%19% of our net sales in fiscal 20222023 were to the U.S. government. That business is subject to the following risks, among others, that could have a material adverse effect on our operating performance:

16

Our markets are highly cyclical. Declines in these markets could have a material adverse effect on our operating performance.

The access equipment market is highly cyclical and impacted (i) by the strength of economies in general and customers’ perceptions concerning the timing of economic cycles, (ii) by residential and non-residential construction spending, (iii) by the ability of rental companies to obtain third-party financing to purchase revenue generating assets, (iv) by capital expenditures of rental companies in general, including the rate at which they replace aged rental equipment, which is impacted in part by historical purchase levels, (v) by the timing of regulatory standard changes, and (vi) by other factors, including oil and gas related activity. Refuse collection vehicle markets are also cyclical and impacted by the strength of economies in general, by municipal

17

tax receipts and by the size and timing of capital expenditures, including replacement demand, by large waste haulers. The ready-mix concrete market that we serve is highly cyclical and impacted by the strength of the economy generally, by the number of housing starts and by other factors that may have an effect on the level of concrete placement activity, either regionally or nationally. Fire & emergency markets are cyclical later in an economic cycle and are impacted by the economy generally and by municipal tax receipts and capital expenditures. If demand for our products is lower than what we or the market expect, due to a recession or other factors, then there could be an adverse effect on our net sales, financial condition, profitability and/or cash flows.

Labor issues may adversely impact our results.

Our production could be disrupted by labor issues including, absenteeism, public health issues (e.g., COVID-19), stay-at-home orders, availability of skilled workforce in locations we operate due to competition or other factors. In addition, our production schedules assume the availability of sufficient workforce in areas that our facilities operate at anticipated labor rates. If sufficient workforce is not available or rates are higher than we anticipate, it could have an adverse effect on our sales, financial condition, profitability and/or cash flow.

The USPS may not purchase quantities from us that we expect.

In February 2021, the USPS notified us that it selected us to build its NGDV. The IDIQ contract allows for the purchase of up to 165,000 units over 10 years. To date, we have received orders for the engineering to finalize the production vehicle design, for tooling and factory build-out activities that are necessary prior to vehicle production and for the first 50,000 vehicles. The USPS contract and our performance under the contract are subject to the following risks, among others, that could have a material adverse effect on our operating performance:

Our results could be adversely affected by severe weather, natural disasters, and other events in the locations in which we or our customers or suppliers operate.

We have manufacturing and other operations in locations prone to severe weather and natural disasters, including tornados, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes or tsunamis that could disrupt our operations. Our suppliers and customers also have operations in such locations. Epidemics and pandemics, such as COVID-19, could also affect our operations or those of our suppliers or customers, which could disrupt our operations. Severe weather, a natural disaster or other conditions or events that result in a prolonged disruption to our operations, or the operations of our customers or suppliers, could delay delivery of parts, materials or components to us or sales to our customers and could have a material adverse effect on our net sales, financial condition, results of operations and/or cash flows.

18

Disruptions within our dealer network could adversely affect our business.

Although we sell the majority of our products directly to the end user, we market, sell and service products through a network of independent dealers in the Fire & EmergencyVocational segment and in a limited number of markets for the Access Equipment and Commercial segments.segment. As a result, our business with respect to these products is influenced by our ability to establish and manage new and existing relationships with dealers. While we have relatively low turnover of dealers, from time to time, we or a dealer may choose to terminate the relationship as a result of difficulties that our independent dealers experience in operating their businesses due to economic conditions or other factors or as a result of an alleged failure by us or an independent dealer to comply with the

terms of our dealer agreement. We do not believe our business is dependent on any single dealer, in which the loss of which would have a sustained material adverse effect upon our business. However, disruption of dealer coverage within a specific state or other geographic market could cause difficulties in marketing, selling or servicing our products and have an adverse effect on our net sales, financial condition, results of operations and/or cash flows.

In addition, our ability to terminate our relationship with a dealer is limited due to state dealer laws, which generally provide that a manufacturer may not terminate or refuse to renew a dealer agreement unless it has first provided the dealer with required notices. Under many state laws, dealers may protest termination notices or petition for relief from termination actions. Responding to these protests and petitions may cause us to incur costs and, in some instances, could lead to litigation resulting in lost opportunities with other dealers or lost sales opportunities, which may have an adverse effect on our net sales, financial condition, results of operations and/or cash flows.

Consolidation within our customer and dealer bases may impact our strategy, pricing and product margins.

Significant consolidation in our customer and dealer bases could enhance the influence of customers and dealers over our business strategy. Intensified consolidation in the industries we serve may provide our customers and dealers with additional leverage in negotiations around our product and service offerings. For example, the Access Equipment segment’s largest customers are rental companies that serve the end user equipment rental markets. Should larger access equipment customers continue to grow through the acquisition of smaller rental companies, their buying influence may grow and may impact the competitive environment within the industry. Similarly, the Fire & Emergency segment’sfire apparatus market distribution channel is comprised of a relatively small number of dealers that if they were to consolidate may create additional pricing pressure, as well as concentrated credit exposures, as our reliance on a smaller group of larger individual dealerships increases. If that trend in customer and dealer consolidation continues, it could have an unfavorable impact on our pricing and product margins.

Competition and Strategy Risks

We face significant competition in the markets we serve.

The markets in which we operate are highly competitive. We compete worldwide with a number of other manufacturers that produce and sell similar products. Our products primarily compete on the basis of brand awareness, product innovation, performance, quality, reliability, availability, price, service and support, ability to meet customer specifications and the extent to which a company offers single-source customer solutions. Certain of our competitors have greater financial, marketing, manufacturing, distribution and governmental affairs resources than we do, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage. We also face pricing pressure from international competitors that attempt to gain domestic market share through importing and selling products at below market prices, particularly in the Access Equipment segment. If competition in our industry intensifies or if our current competitors lower their prices for competing products, we may lose sales or be required to lower the prices we charge for our products. We cannot provide any assurance that our products will continue to compete effectively with the products of competitors or that we will be able to retain our customer base or improve or maintain our profit margins on sales to our customers.

We produce Caterpillar-branded telehandlers for distribution through the Caterpillar Inc. dealer network through a long-term license with Caterpillar Inc. that ends in 2024. Caterpillar-branded telehandlers accounted for $410.0 million in sales in fiscal 2023. If we are unable to replace the Caterpillar-branded revenue through sales or our telehanders, including our new agricultural telehandlers, the expiration of the Caterpillar license could have a material adverse effect on our net sales, financial condition, results of operations and/or cash flows.

We may not realize all of the anticipated benefits of our acquisitions.

We are continuously evaluating potential acquisitions to support our business strategy. For example, in August 2023, we completed our acquisition of AeroTech from JBT Corporation. As part of this evaluation process, we perform due diligence to identify potential risks associated with the potential transaction. We also make assumptions regarding future performance of the acquired business. We cannot provide any assurance we will be able to successfully achieve the benefits of any business acquisition due to a variety of risks, including the following:

If we are unable to continue to enhance existing products and develop new products that respond to customer needs and preferences, we may experience a decrease in demand for our products and our business could suffer.

One of our growth strategies is emphasizing our new product development as we seek to expand sales and margins by leading our core markets in the introduction of new or improved products and technologies.technologies or expanding our portfolio into adjacent markets. Our ability to match product improvements and new product offerings to diverse global customers’ anticipated needs for different types of products and

19

various product features and functions, at acceptable prices, is critical to our success. We may not be able to compete as effectively, and ultimately satisfy the needs and preferences of our customers, unless we can continue to improve existing products and develop new innovative products in the global markets in which we compete. While we spent $134 million, $113 million $103 million and $104$103 million for research and development in 2023, 2022 and fiscal 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, we cannot provide any assurance that this level of investment in research and development will be sufficient to maintain our competitive strength in product innovation, which could cause our business to suffer. Product improvements and new product introductions also require significant planning, design, development and testing at the technological, product and manufacturing process levels, and we may not be able to timely develop product improvements or new products. Our competitors’ new products may arrive in the market before our products arrive and be more attractive with more features and functions and/or lower prices than our products. If we are unable to provide continued technological improvements in our products that meet our customers’ or the industry’s expectations, then the demand for our products could be adversely affected.

In response to legislative, regulatory, investment community and societal concerns regarding global climate change and related efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions, including changes in customer preferences concerning global climate changes and related changes in regulations, we face greater pressure to develop products that generate less greenhouse gas emissions. Many manufacturers foresee sales of electric-powered vehicles and mobile equipment becoming increasingly important to their businesses, and we may not have the expertise or resources to successfully address these pressures on a cost-effective basis. While we are developingcontinue to develop and offeringoffer more propulsion choices in our products, such as electric-powered vehicles or mobile equipment with lower emissions, this will continue to require us to spend additional funds on product research and development and implementation costs and subject us to the risk that our competitors may respond to these pressures in a manner that gives them a competitive advantage. If we do not accurately predict, prepare for and respond to new kinds of technological innovations with respect to electric-powered vehicles or mobile equipment and other technologies that minimize emissions, competition from others could make our specialty vehicles or mobile equipment less desirable in the marketplace.

We are subject to fluctuations in exchange rates associated with our non-U.S. operations that could adversely affect our results of operations and may significantly affect the comparability of our results between financial periods.

Approximately 12%17% of our net sales in fiscal 20222023 were attributable to products sold outside of the United States, of which approximately 49%46% involved export sales from the United States. The majority of export sales are denominated in U.S. dollars. Sales that originate outside the United States are typically transacted in the local currencies of those countries. Fluctuations in foreign currency can have an adverse impact on our sales and profits as amounts that are measured in foreign currency are translated back to U.S. dollars. We have sales of inventory denominated in U.S. dollars to certain of our subsidiaries that have functional currencies other than the U.S. dollar. The exchange rates between many of these currencies and the U.S. dollar have fluctuated significantly in recent years and may fluctuate significantly in the future. Such fluctuations, in particular those with respect to the Euro, the Chinese renminbi, the Canadian dollar, the Mexican peso, the Australian dollar and the British pound sterling may have a material effect on our net sales, financial condition, profitability and/or cash flows and may significantly

affect the comparability of our results between financial periods. In addition, any further appreciation in the value of the U.S. dollar in relation to the value of the local currency of those countries where our products are sold will continue to increase our costs of goods in our foreign operations, to the extent such costs are payable in U.S. dollars, and impact the competitiveness of our product offerings in international markets.

We may not be able to expand international operations or increase sales and profitability consistent with our growth targets.

Expanding international operations and sales is a part of our growth strategy. International operations and sales are subject to various risks, including political, religious and economic instability, local labor market conditions, the imposition of foreign tariffs upon our products (which include tariffs in response to tariffs that the U.S. imposes) and other trade barriers, the impact of foreign government regulations and the effects of income and withholding taxes, sporadic order patterns, governmental expropriation, uncertainties or delays in collection of accounts receivable and differences in business practices. We may incur increased costs, including increased supply chain costs, and experience delays or disruptions in production schedules, product deliveries or payments in connection with international manufacturing and sales that could cause loss of revenues and earnings. Among other things, there are additional logistical requirements associated with international sales, which increase the amount of time between the completion of vehicle production and our ability to recognize related revenue. In addition, expansion into foreign markets requires the establishment of distribution networks and may require modification of products to meet local requirements or preferences. Establishment of distribution networks or modification to the design of our products to meet local requirements and preferences may take longer or be more costly than we anticipate and could have a material adverse effect

20

on our ability to achieve international sales growth. In addition, our entry into certain markets that we wish to enter may require us to establish a joint venture or face competition from national state-backed competitors. Identifying an appropriate joint venture partner and creating a joint venture could be more time consuming, more costly and more difficult than we anticipate. Local government policy and influence can also impact international competition, such as in China where a state-controlled economy favors local market participants.

We may not be able to execute on our business strategy.

The Company’s strategy is grounded in its purpose of making a difference in the lives of those who build, serve, and protect communities around the world. The strategy is reflected in three simple words: Innovate. Serve. Advance. We cannot provide any assurance we will be able to successfully execute our business strategy due to a variety of risks, including our inability to design new products that meet our customers’ requirements and bring them to market; higher costs than anticipated to launch new products or delays in new product launches; our inability to expand our aftermarket parts and services availability; and slow adoption of our products in emerging markets and/or our inability to successfully expand into new markets.

We may not realize all of the anticipated benefits of our acquisitions.

We are continuously evaluating potential acquisitions to support our business strategy. As part of this evaluation process, we perform due diligence to identify potential risks associated with the potential transaction. We also make assumptions regarding future performance of the acquired business. We cannot provide any assurance we will be able to successfully achieve the benefits of any business acquisition due to a variety of risks, including the following:

Financial Risks

We are subject to changes in contract estimates.

We account for substantially all long-term contracts in the Defense segment utilizing the cost to costcost-to-cost method of percentage-of-completion accounting. This accounting requires judgment relative to assessing risks, estimating revenues and costs and making assumptions regarding the timing of receipt of delivery orders from our government customer and technical issues. Due to the size and nature of these contracts, the estimationestimate of total revenues and costs is complicated and subject to many variables. We must make assumptions regarding expected increases in material costs, wages and employee benefits, engineering hours, productivity and availability of labor and allocated fixed costs. Changes to production costs, overhead rates, learning curves and/or supplier performance can also impact these estimates. For instance, cumulative catch-up adjustments on contracts in the Defense segment negatively impacted operating income by $44.9 million in fiscal 2022, primarily as a result of higher anticipated material and logistics costs. Furthermore, under the revenue recognition accounting rules, we can only include units in our estimates of overall contract profitability after we have received a firm delivery order for those units. Because new orders have the potential to significantly change the overall profitability of cumulative orders received to date, particularly early in the contract when fewer overall units are on order, the period in which we receive those orders from the government will impact the estimated life-to-date contract profitability. Changes in underlying assumptions, circumstances or estimates could have a material adverse effect on our net sales, financial condition and/or profitability.

21

We may experience losses in excess of our recorded reserves for doubtful accounts finance receivables, notes receivable and guarantees of indebtedness of others.

As of December 31, 2022,2023, we had consolidated gross receivables of $1.18$1.3 billion. In addition, we were subject to obligations to guarantee customer indebtedness to third parties of $731.1$668.5 million, under which we estimate our maximum exposure to be $121.6$104.9 million. We evaluate the collectability of receivables and our guarantees of indebtedness of others based on a combination of factors and establish reserves based on our estimates of potential current and future losses. In circumstances where we believe it is probable that a specific customer will have difficulty meeting its financial obligations, a specific reserve is recorded to reduce the net recognized receivable to the amount we expect to collect, and/or we recognize a liability for a guarantee we expect to pay, taking into account any amounts that we would anticipate realizing if we are forced to repossess the equipment that supports the customer’s financial obligations to us. We also establish additional reserves based upon our

perception of the quality of the current receivables, the current financial position of our customers, past collections experience, and existing and future market conditions. Prolonged or more severe economic weakness may result in additional requirements for reserves. During periods of economic weakness, the collateral underlying our guarantees of indebtedness of customers or receivables can decline sharply, thereby increasing our exposure to losses. We also face a concentration of credit risk as the Access Equipment segment’s ten largest debtors at December 31, 20222023 represented approximately 33%29% of our consolidated gross receivables. Some of these customers are highly leveraged. We may incur losses in excess of our recorded reserves if the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate or the full amount of any anticipated proceeds from the sale of the collateral supporting our customers’ financial obligations is not realized. Our cash flows and overall liquidity may be materially adversely affected if any of the financial institutions that finance our customer receivables become unable or unwilling, due to unfavorable economic conditions, a weakening of our or their financial position or otherwise, to continue providing such credit.

An impairment in the carrying value of goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets could negatively affect our operating results.

We have a substantial amount of goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets on our balance sheet as a result of acquisitions we have completed. At December 31, 2022,2023, approximately 86%75% of these intangibles were concentrated in the Access Equipment segment. We evaluate goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if potential interim indicators exist that could result in impairment. Events and conditions that could result in impairment include a prolonged period of global economic weakness, a decline in economic conditions or a slow, weak economic recovery, a sustained decline in the price of our common stock, adverse changes in the regulatory environment, adverse changes in the market share of our products, adverse changes in interest rates, or other factors leading to reductions in the long-term net sales or profitability that we expect. Determination of the fair value of a reporting unit includes developing estimates which are highly subjective and incorporate calculations that are sensitive to minor changes in underlying assumptions. Management’s assumptions change as more information becomes available. Changes in these events and conditions or other assumptions could result in an impairment charge in the future, which could have a significant adverse impact on our reported earnings.

Financing costs and restrictive covenants in our current debt facilities could limit our flexibility in managing our business and increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions.

Our credit agreement contains financial and restrictive covenants which, among other things, require us to maintain a leverage ratio. Our ability to meet the leverage ratio may be affected by a number of risks or events, including the risks described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and events beyond our control. The indentures governing our senior notes also contain restrictive covenants. Any failure by us to comply with these restrictive covenants or the financial and restrictive covenants in our credit agreement could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and debt service capability.

Our access to debt financing at competitive risk-based interest rates is partly a function of our credit ratings. A downgrade to our credit ratings could increase our interest rates, could limit our access to public debt markets, could limit the institutions willing to provide us credit facilities, and could make any future credit facilities or credit facility amendments more costly and/or difficult to obtain. In addition, a portion of our debtrevolving credit facility is subject to variable interest rates. An increase in general interest rates, as has occurred during the last year,2023, would also increase our cost of borrowing under our credit agreement.

22

Additional liabilities relating to changes in tax rates or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could adversely impact our financial condition and cash flow.

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and various non-U.S. jurisdictions. Our domestic and international tax liabilities are dependent upon the location of earnings among these different jurisdictions. Changes in our effective tax rate as a result of changes in tax laws or regulations and judicial or regulatory interpretations of those laws or regulations, the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in overall profitability, changes in U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets could adversely affect our future results of operations. In addition, certain tax policy efforts, including any tax law changes resulting from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the G20's inclusive framework on Base Erosion and Profit Sharing (BEPS), could adversely impact our tax rate and subsequent tax expense. In addition, the amount of income taxes that the Company pays is subject to ongoing audits by U.S. federal, state and local tax authorities and by non-U.S. tax authorities. If these audits result in assessments

different from amounts that the Company has reserved for potential tax liabilities, future financial results may include unfavorable adjustments to the Company’s tax liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.

Cybersecurity Risks

Increased cybersecurity threats and more sophisticated computer crime pose a risk to our systems, networks, operations, products and services.

As a defense contractor, we face many cyber and security threats that can range from attacks common to most industries, which could have financial or reputational consequences, to advanced persistent threats on our defense programs, which could involve information that is considered a matter of national security. We rely extensively on information technology systems and networks, some of which third partiesthird-parties manage, supporting a variety of business activities. Operating these information technology systems and networks and processing and maintaining related data in a secure manner is critical to our business operations and strategy. Information technology security threats, from user error to cybersecurity attacks designed to gain unauthorized access to our systems, networks and data, are increasing in frequency and sophistication. Cybersecurity attacks may range from random attempts to coordinated and targeted attacks, including sophisticated computer crime and advanced persistent threats. These threats pose a risk to the security of our systems and networks and the confidentiality, availability and integrity of our data. Cybersecurity attacks could also include attacks targeting the security, integrity and/or reliability of the hardware and software that we have installed in our products. It is possible that our information technology systems and networks, or those that third-parties manage or provide, could have vulnerabilities, which could go unnoticed for a period of time. Further, as a defense contractor, we face many cyber and security threats that can range from attacks common to most industries, which could have financial or reputational consequences, to advanced persistent threats on our defense programs, which could involve information that is considered a matter of national security. While we have utilized and continue to utilize various procedures and controls to mitigate such risks, we cannot assure that the actions and controls we have implemented and are implementing, or that we cause or have caused third-party service providers to implement, will be sufficient to protect our systems, information or other property. We have experienced cyber security threats and vulnerabilities in our systems and those of our third-party providers, and we have experienced viruses and attacks targeting our information technology systems and networks. Such prior events, to date, have not had a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. However, the potential consequences of a future material cybersecurity attack may include reputational damage, litigation with third-parties, government enforcement actions, penalties, disruption to our systems or operations of our facilities, unauthorized release of confidential or otherwise protected information, corruption of data, diminution in the value of our investment in research, development and engineering, and increased cybersecurity protection costs and unplanned remediation costs, which in turn could adversely affect our competitiveness, results of operations and financial condition.

Legal and Regulatory Risks

Our international sales and operations subject us to risks that may have a material adverse effect on our business.

As a result of our international operations and sales, we are subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and other laws that prohibit improper payments or offers of payments to foreign governments and their officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Our international activities create the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments in violation of the FCPA by one of our employees, consultants, sales agents or distributors, because these parties are not always subject to our control. Any violations of the FCPA could result in significant fines, criminal sanctions against us or our employees, and prohibitions on the conduct of our business, including our business with the U.S. government. We are also increasingly subject to export control regulations, including, without limitation, the United States Export Administration Regulations and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations. Unfavorable changes in the political, regulatory or business climate could have a material adverse effect on our net sales, financial condition, profitability and/or cash flows.

23

We may be required to make material expenditures or incur additional liabilities to comply with changes in environmental laws or climate change regulations or to meet the increasing societal expectations on companies to address climate change.

Both our products and the operation of our manufacturing facilities are subject to statutory and regulatory requirements. These include environmental requirements applicable to manufacturing and vehicle emissions, government contracting regulations, regulations impacting our supply chain and domestic and international trade regulations. A significant change to

these regulatory requirements could substantially increase manufacturing costs, which could make our business results more variable.

Climate change attributed to increased levels of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, has led to significant legislative, regulatory, investment community and societal efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions. These considerations may lead to new international, national, regional, or local legislation or regulatory response.responses. The legislation of greenhouse gases could result in unfavorable financial impactimpacts through various forms including taxation, emission allowances, fines, requirements for facilities improvement investment and higher energy costs. The impact of any future greenhouse gas legislation, regulatory, or product standard requirements is unknown, and therefore, we are uncertain of the potential impact that future changes may have.

Our global facilities, operations and products are subject to increasingly stringent environmental laws and regulations, including laws and regulations governing air emissions, noise, releases to soil and discharges to water and the generation, handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of non-hazardous and hazardous waste materials. Certain environmental laws impose strict, retroactive and joint and several liability for the release of hazardous substances, even for conduct that was lawful at the time it occurred, or for the conduct of, or conditions caused by, prior operators, predecessors or other third parties.third-parties. We could be subject to fines, cleanup costs or other costs or damages under environmental laws if we are not in compliance with environmental regulations. We may be subject to other more stringent environmental laws in the future that could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operation,operations and financial condition.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

The Company has no unresolved staff comments regarding its periodic or current reports from the staff of the SEC that were issued 180 days or more preceding December 31, 2022.2023.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

The Company maintains a cybersecurity risk management program, led by a Chief Information Security Officer (CISO), that is responsible for the Company’s overall cybersecurity strategy, policy, architecture, and cyber threat detection and response. The CISO, who reports to the Company’s Chief Information Officer (CIO), has a Bachelor degree in Information Systems and MBA and is a Certified Information Systems Security Professional with over a decade of professional cybersecurity experience. The program aligned industry frameworks and controls from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Leveraging these frameworks and controls allows the Company to identify the fundamental security capabilities and controls necessary to maintain and enhance the program. The Company utilizes a wide range of capabilities to maintain cybersecurity, including threat intelligence, multi-factor authentication, endpoint detection and response, and security automation.

As part of the cybersecurity risk management program, the Company has a set of Company-wide cybersecurity policies and procedures, including an Acceptable Use Policy as well as other policies covering subjects such as Access Control, Awareness and Training, Audit and Accountability, Configuration Management, Identification and Authentication, Media Protection, System and Communications Protection, and Incident Response. These policies and procedures go through an internal review process and are approved by appropriate members of management. The Company requires all personnel, including contingent workers and business partners handling information on the Company’s behalf to follow its cybersecurity policies and procedures. Regular training modules educate the Company’s team members on relevant cyber threats and trends and help prepare them for real-life phishing threats.

The Company implements processes to assess and manage risks associated with using third-party information system service providers. This risk assessment process assesses both the service provider's security posture as well as the security controls available from the third-party information system. The service provider’s security posture assessment includes reviewing any third-party party attestations as well as third-party controls in the following areas: assets, data flows, authentication, access, monitoring, response, and recovery. Depending on the type of system or data, additional controls may be assessed.

The Incident Response Plan includes processes for detecting, containing, and responding to incidents including processes for reporting incidents to management and the Board of Directors. The Company periodically performs simulations and tabletop exercises at a management level and incorporates external advisors as needed. The Company engages third-party services to conduct evaluations of its security controls, whether through penetration testing, independent audits or consulting on best practices to address cybersecurity risks.

Assessing, identifying and managing cybersecurity related risks are integrated into the Company's overall Organization Risk Management (ORM) program. Cybersecurity related risks are included in the risk universe that the ORM program evaluates to assess top risks to the enterprise on an annual basis. To the extent the ORM process identifies a heightened cybersecurity related risk, risk owners are assigned to develop risk mitigation plans, which are then tracked to completion.

The Board of Directors is responsible for general oversight of the Company's risk management program, including cybersecurity risks. The Board of Directors receives an annual report from senior management through the ORM program and material risk assessments and mitigation strategies, including with respect to cybersecurity risks.

The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors oversees management's processes for identifying and mitigating risks, including cybersecurity risks, to help align the Company's risk exposure with its strategic objectives. The CIO provides periodic updates to the Audit Committee on the status of the Company’s cybersecurity risk management program; the Company’s information systems, cybersecurity, data privacy and other risks; and the steps management has taken to identify, monitor and mitigate such risks. The Audit Committee is also briefed on cyber crisis contingency planning and incident recovery capabilities and matters related to any material cybersecurity incident the company may experience.

The Company's business strategy, results of operations and financial condition have not been materially affected by risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of previously identified cybersecurity incidents, but the Company cannot provide assurance that it will not be materially affected in the future by cybersecurity risks, threats or incidents. See Item 1A under the caption "Increased cybersecurity threats and more sophisticated computer crime pose a risk to our systems, networks, operations, products and services." for additional information on cybersecurity risks applicable to the Company.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

The Company believes its equipment and buildings are well maintained and adequate for its present and anticipated needs. As of December 31, 2022,2023, the Company operated in 2934 significant manufacturing facilities. The locations of the Company’s manufacturing facilities are provided in the table below:

The Company’s manufacturing facilities generally operate five days per week on one or two shifts, except for seasonal shutdowns for one- to three-week periods. The Company believes its manufacturing capacity could be significantly increased with limited capital spending by operating an additional shift at each facility.

The Company also performs contract maintenance services out of multiple warehousing and service facilities owned and/or operated by the U.S. government and third parties, including locations in the U.S., Japan and multiple other countries in Europe and the Middle East.

In addition to sales and service activities at the Company’s manufacturing facilities, the Company maintains a network of sales and service centers in the U.S. The Company uses these facilities primarily for sales and service of refuse collection vehicles and front-discharge concrete mixers. The Access Equipment segment also leases a number of small distribution, engineering, administration or service facilities throughout the world.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The Company is subject to environmental matters and legal proceedings and claims, including patent, antitrust, product liability, warranty and state dealership regulation compliance proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. Although the final results of all such matters and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company believes that the ultimate resolution of all such matters and claims will not have a material effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Personal injury actions and other. At December 31, 2022,2023, the estimated net liabilities for product and general liability claims totaled $41.2$50.1 million. Although the final results of all such matters and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company believes that the ultimate resolution of all such matters and claims, after considering the liabilities accrued with respect to all such matters and claims, will not have a material effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Actual results could vary, among other things, due to the uncertainties involved in litigation.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

25

INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

The following table sets forth certain information, as of February 21, 202329, 2024, concerning the Company’s executive officers. All of the Company’s executive officers serve terms of one year and until their successors are elected and qualified.

John C. Pfeifer. Mr. Pfeifer joined the Company in 2019 as Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer. In May 2020, Mr. Pfeifer assumed the position of President and Chief Operating Officer of the Company. He was promoted to his current position of President and Chief Executive Officer on April 2, 2021. Prior to joining the Company, he served as Senior Vice President and President - Mercury Marine, of Brunswick Corporation, a designer, manufacturer and marketer of marine engines and marine parts and accessories, from 2014 to 2019. Prior to that, Mr. Pfeifer served as Vice President and President - Mercury Marine of Brunswick Corporation from 2014 to 2018. Mr. Pfeifer is a director of The Manitowoc Company, Inc.

Ignacio A. Cortina. Mr. Cortina joined the Company in 2006 with the acquisition of JLG. He has held various roles of increasing responsibility, serving as the Company’s Vice President and Deputy General Counsel from 2011 to 2015 and Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary from 2015 to 2016. Prior to joining the Company, he spent seven years in private practice in the Washington, D.C. area. He was appointed to Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary in 2016. He was appointed to his current position of Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary in February 2023. Mr. Cortina is a director of Alliant Energy Corporation.

Jayanthi Iyengar. Ms. Iyengar joined the Company in January 2022 as Executive Vice President and Chief Technology and Strategic Sourcing Officer. Prior to joining the Company, she served as Chief Technology and Quality Officer - CNH Industrial N.V., a designer, manufacturer and marketer of agricultural machinery and construction equipment, from 2019 to January 2022. Prior to that, Ms. Iyengar served as Senior Vice President Chief Innovation & Technology Officer - Xylem Inc., a water technology provider, from 2015 to 2019. Prior to that, Ms. Iyengar served as Vice President, Aerospace Engineering & Technology Officer - Eaton Corporation, a multinational power management company, from 2012 to 2015. Ms. Iyengar is a director of Array Technologies, Inc.

James W. Johnson. Mr. Johnson joined the Company in 2007 as Director of Dealer Development for Pierce. He served as Senior Vice President of Sales and Marketing for Pierce from 2009 to 2010. He served as the Executive Vice President and President, Fire & Emergency Segment from 2010 to 2023. He was appointed to his current position of Executive Vice President and President, Vocational Segment in January 2023.

Frank R. Nerenhausen.Mahesh Narang. Mr. Nerenhausen joined the Company in 1986 and hasNarang previously served in various assignments, includingas Vice President - Cummins Inc., a designer, manufacturer, and distributor of Concrete & Refuse Sales & Marketinga broad portfolio of power solutions, including as President - Components at Cummins Inc. from 2021 to October 2023. In this role, he was responsible for McNeilusthe strategic direction and led all operational aspects of the company’s global Components business. Components manufactures and sells filtration products, aftertreatment systems, turbochargers, electronics, fuel systems, automated transmissions, axles, drivelines, brakes and suspension systems. Prior to that role, Mr. Narang held positions of increasing responsibility since joining Cummins in 2003, including as President - Cummins Emission Solutions from 2008 to 20102017- 2021. Cummins Emission Solutions is a designer, integrator, manufacturer and Executive Vice Presidentdistributor of exhaust aftermarket systems and President, Commercial Segment from 2010 to 2012.components. He was appointed to his current position of Executive Vice President and President, Access Segment in 2012.November 2023. Mr. Narang is a director of MOOG Inc.

Michael E. Pack. Mr. Pack joined the Company in 2006 as Senior Director of Financial Analysis and Controls and has served in various assignments in the Commercial, Access Equipment and Fire & Emergency segments, including Vice President Finance - Fire & Emergency from 2012 to 2020. He was appointed to his current position of Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in April 2020.

26

Jason P. Baab. Mr. Baab joined the Company in 2017 as Vice President of Corporate Development and was appointed to his current position of Senior Vice President, Corporate Development and Strategy in October 2021. Prior to joining the Company, he served as Vice President of Corporate Development for Fortune Brands Home & Security, Inc., a home and security products company, from 2013 to 2016.

Timothy S. Bleck. Mr. Bleck joined the Company in 2006 as Controller of the Commercial segment and served in that role to 2010. He served as Controller for the Defense segment from 2010 to 2015 and as Vice President Finance, Defense segment from 2015 until his appointment to his current position of Senior Vice President and President, Defense Segment in November 2022.

Bryan K. Brandt. Mr. Brandt joined the Company in 2016 as Vice President, Global Branding and Communications. He was appointed to his current position of Senior Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer in September 2018. Prior to joining the Company, he spent more than twenty years with Bemis Company, Inc., a global supplier of flexible packaging, in numerous positions of increasing responsibility, most recently as Vice President of Marketing and Transformation for Bemis North America from 2014 to 2016.

Thomas P. Hawkins. Mr. Hawkins joined the Company in September 2018 as Senior Vice President of Government Relations. Mr. Hawkins has 29 years of government service, most recently as the National Security Advisor with the Office of the Senate Republican Leader from 2007 to 2018.

Anupam Khare. Mr. Khare joined the Company in April 2018 as Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer. He previously served as the Executive Director - Digital Technology at United Technologies Corporation, a global technology products and services company that serves the building systems and aerospace industries, from 2015 to April 2018. Prior to that, Mr. Khare served in positions of increasing responsibility at Koch Industries, Inc., a manufacturer of a wide variety of products.

Emma M. McTague.McTague. Ms. McTague joined the Company in 2015 as Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer for the Access Equipment segment. She was appointed to her current position of Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer in February 2021. Ms. McTague is a director of Zurn Elkay Water Solutions Corporation.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Common Stock Repurchases

The following table sets forth information with respect to purchases of Common Stock made by the Company or on the Company’s behalf during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022:2023:

Common Stock Information

The Company’s Common Stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol OSK. As of February 14, 2023,22, 2024, there were 2,0381,939 holders of record of the Common Stock.

Item 12 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K contains certain information relating to the Company’s equity compensation plans.

The following information in this Item 5 is not deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act) or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, and will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Exchange Act, except to the extent the Company specifically incorporates it by reference into such a filing. The SEC requires the Company to include a line graph presentation comparing cumulative five yearfive-year Common Stock returns with a broad-based stock index and either a nationally recognized industry index or an index of peer companies selected by the Company. The Company has chosen to use the Standard & Poor’s MidCap 400 market index as the broad-based index and the companies currently in the Standard Industry Classification Code 371 Index (motor vehicles and equipment) (the SIC Code 371 Index) as a more specific comparison.

The comparisons assume that $100 was invested on September 30, 20172018 in each of: the Company’s Common Stock, the Standard & Poor’s MidCap 400 market index and the SIC Code 371 Index. The total return assumes reinvestment of dividends and is adjusted for stock splits. The fiscal 20222023 return listed in the charts below is based on closing prices per share on December 31, 2022.2023. On that date, the closing price for the Company’s Common Stock was $88.19.$108.41.

* $100 invested on September 30, 20172018 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends.

ITEM 6. RESERVED

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

GENERAL

The CompanyOshkosh Corporation is an innovative industrial technology company focused on the design, development and manufacturer that innovatesmanufacture of purpose-built vehicles and equipment forthat enhance safety, maximize productivity, lower total cost of ownership and simplify fleet management to support those who perform some of the access, defense, fire & emergency, refuse collection and concrete placement markets.most difficult jobs in the world. The Company is a leading global designer and manufacturer of aerial work platforms under the “JLG” brand name. The Company is among the worldwide leaders in the design and manufacturing of telehandlers under the “JLG” and “SkyTrak” brand names. Under the “Jerr-Dan” brand name, the Company is a leading domestic designer and manufacturer and marketer of towing and recovery equipment. The Company manufactures defense trucks under the “Oshkosh” brand name and is a leading designer and manufacturer of severe-duty, tactical wheeled vehicles for the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). and other militaries. The Company also designs and manufactures delivery vehicles for the United States Postal Service (USPS) and airport snow removal vehicles under the “Oshkosh” brand name. Under the “Pierce” and "Maxi-Metal" brand names, the Company is among the leading global designers and manufacturers of fire trucks assembled on both custom and commercial chassis. Under the “Frontline” brand name, the Company is a leading domestic designer, manufacturer and marketer of broadcast and command vehicles. The Company designs and manufactures Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting (ARFF) vehicles under the “Oshkosh” brand name. Under the “McNeilus” brand name, the Company designs and manufactures a wide range of automated, rear, front, side and top loading refuse collection vehicles. Under the “McNeilus,” “Oshkosh,” and “London”“Oshkosh” brand names,name, the Company designs and manufactures rear- and front-discharge concrete mixers. Under the “IMT” brand name, the Company is a leading domestic designer and manufacturer of field service vehicles and truck-mounted cranes. Under the “Jetway,” brand name, the Company is one of the leading global designers and manufacturers of aircraft passenger boarding bridges. Under the “Commander,” “LEKTRO” and "Tempest" brand names, the Company is one of the leading global designers and manufacturers of airport ground support equipment.

Major products manufactured and marketed by each of the Company’s business segments are as follows:

Access Equipment — aerial work platforms and telehandlers used in a wide variety of construction, industrial, institutional and general maintenance applications to position workers and materials at elevated heights, as well as carriers and wreckers. Access Equipment customers includeproducts are sold to equipment rental companies, construction contractors, manufacturing companies, home improvement centers and towing companies.

Defense — tactical vehicles, trailers, weapons system integration and parts sold to the U.S. military and to other militaries around the world and delivery vehicles for the USPS, and snow removal vehicles for military and civilian airports.USPS.

Fire & Emergency Vocational — custom and commercial firefighting vehicles and equipment, ARFFaircraft rescue and firefighting (ARFF) vehicles, simulators, mobile command and control vehicles and other emergency vehicles primarily sold to fire departments, airports and other governmental units, as well as broadcast vehicles sold to broadcasters and TV stations.

Commercial — refuseunits. Refuse collection vehicles sold to commercial and municipal waste haulers,haulers. Aviation ground support products, gate equipment and airport services provided to commercial airlines, airports, air-freight carriers, ground handling customers and the military. Front-discharge concrete mixers sold to ready-mix companies and fieldcompanies. Field service vehicles and truck-mounted cranes sold to mining, construction and other companies.

All estimates referred to in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” refer to the Company’s estimates as of February 21, 2023.29, 2024.

BASIS OF PRESENTATION

In October 2021, the Company’s changed its fiscal year end from September 30 to December 31. Accordingly, the Company reported a transition quarter that ran from October 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021. Fiscal 20202021 relates to the year ended September 30, 2021. Fiscal 2022 and Fiscal 20212023 relate to the years ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2021, respectively. Fiscal 2022 relates to the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company has presented the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income2022 and Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the year ended December 31, 2021 at the end of the “Results of Operations” section below for reference in the comparisons to fiscal 2022. The Company has presented the year ended December 31, 2021 as a comparison to its results for fiscal 2022 as it believes this comparison is more meaningful to a reader’s understanding of its fiscal 2022 results of operations than a comparison to fiscal 2021.

Effective October 1, 2022, the Company changed its method of accounting for certain inventory in the United States from the Last-in, First-Out (LIFO) method to the First-In, First-Out (FIFO) method. The FIFO method of accounting for inventory is preferable because it more accurately reflects the current value and physical flow of inventory, it improves comparability with

30

the Company’s peers and it harmonizes the accounting method for all of the Company’s inventories. The effects of the change in accounting method from LIFO to FIFO have been retrospectively applied to all periods presented in this Annual Report, including Management’s Discussion and Analysis. Refer to Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements in Part II Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information related to the change in accounting method.2023, respectively.

OVERVIEW

Fiscal 2023 was a very successful year for the Company, with growth in revenue, operating income and diluted earnings per share. Results for fiscal 2023 significantly exceeded our initial expectations for the year as the Company's initial guidance reflected modest supply chain improvements, which were expected to limit revenues and contribute to production

inefficiencies. Continued improvements in supply chain conditions, actions the Company has taken to improve production resiliency in a constrained supply environment, improved sales mix and disciplined pricing helped the Company achieve the improved performance. The Company entered 2021also completed the strategic acquisitions of JBT AeroTech (AeroTech) and Hinowa S.p.A. (Hinowa). These acquisitions advance our purpose — to make a difference in the midstlives of those who build, serve and protect communities across the COVID-19 pandemic, which negatively impacted its sales atglobe. Our acquisitions also broaden the end markets that we serve. In particular, we have increased our participation in the attractive air transportation support market with the AeroTech acquisition, an industry with strong secular growth projections. The Company has also made targeted investments in manufacturing capacity in order to meet the growing needs of our customers in the future. During the year, we made significant progress in preparing for the start of 2021, particularly in the Access Equipment segment. Higher COVID-19 infection rates also resulted in production challenges in both the Defense and Fire & Emergency segments in the first quarter of 2021. Toward the end of the first quarter of 2021, positive vaccination progress, andNext Generation Delivery Vehicles (NGDV) for the confidence that brought to the marketplace, caused the U.S. economy to begin to rebound. As a result, the Company experienced a strong returnUSPS in demand for many of its products. This rapid rebound coincided with significant supply chain and logistics disruptions across the globe, which in turn led to labor inefficiencies within the Company’s production facilities and higher freight costs to expedite parts. The rapid increase in business activity also caused the Company to experience significant inflation in materials, freight and labor costs. These global supply chain bottlenecks and inflationary conditions continued throughout fiscal 2022. The Company increased prices multiple times in its non-Defense segments in an effort to offset the higher input costs, but the realization of the price increases was not immediate due to existing backlog at the time the price increases were implemented. The difference in the timing of the realization of our price increases as compared to the impact of cost increases adversely impacted price/cost dynamics of the Company, particularly during the first half of fiscal 2022. Realized price increases largely caught up to cost increases in the back half of fiscal 2022, particularly in the Access Equipment and Commercial segments. The time to achieve price-cost neutrality in the Fire & Emergency segment is longer due to the nature of bonded orders for municipal customers.April 2024.

The Company grew revenues 4.1%16.6% in fiscal 20222023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021,fiscal 2022, resulting in diluted earnings per share of $2.63.$9.08. Earnings per share were lowersignificantly higher than earnings per share of $6.68 for the year ended December 31, 2021$2.63 in fiscal 2022 largely due to manufacturing inefficienciesimproved price/cost dynamics, the impact of higher gross margin associated with supply chain disruptions, the absence of a carryback of a U.S. net operating loss to previous tax years, unfavorablehigher sales volume, improved mix, favorable cumulative catch-up adjustments in the Defense segment on contracts in fiscal 2023 compared to unfavorable adjustments in fiscal 2022, the absence of a charge of $31.3 million associated with foreign anti-hybrid tax legislation due to comments made by taxing authorities of the applicable jurisdiction in 2022 and the absence of a loss on the settlement of a frozen defined benefit pension plan, offset in part by higher incentive compensation costs and increased operating expenses to support higher new product development spending.sales levels.

Fiscal 2023 results included amortization of intangible assets of $41.7 million, costs related to the acquisition of AeroTech of $12.9 million, a loss on the sale of an equity method investment of $7.8 million, amortization of inventory fair value step-up associated with the AeroTech acquisition of $7.1 million, net gains and losses on the sale of businesses of $5.3 million and restructuring costs of $4.4 million, offset in part by a gain on a settlement with the Company's pension advisor of $4.7 million. In aggregate, these items accounted for a net after-tax charge of $59.2 million, or $0.90 per share, in fiscal 2023. Fiscal 2022 results included an after-tax chargea loss of $25.7$33.6 million for the settlement of athe frozen pension plan, a charge of $18.1 million associated with foreign anti-hybrid tax legislation, an after-taxamortization of intangible assets of $11.6 million, a charge $6.4of $7.7 million for the impairment of intangible assets and an after-taxa charge of $4.6 million for the release of cumulative translation adjustment losses. In aggregate, these items accounted for a net $54.8 million, or $0.83 per share, charge in fiscal 2022. Results for the year ended December 31, 2021 included a $75.3 million tax benefit associated with the carryback of a U.S. net operating loss to prior years and an $11.7 million tax benefit associated with the release of a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets in Europe, offset in part by an after-tax charge of $3.9$63.7 million, associated with restructuring actions in the Access Equipment segment and an after-tax charge of $0.2 million associated with business acquisition costs in the Defense segment. In aggregate, these items accounted for a net $82.9 million, $1.20or $0.96 per share, benefit for the year ended December 31, 2021.in fiscal 2022.

The Company announced an increase in its quarterly dividend rate of 10.8%12.2%, to $0.41$0.46 per share, beginning in February 2023.2024. This was the Company’s ninthtenth straight year of a double-digit percentage increase to its dividend rate.

Effective January 31, 2023, the Company combined its Fire & Emergency and Commercial segment businesses into a new reporting segment called Vocational as all of the businesses design, develop and manufacture purpose-built vocational vehicles for people in communities around the world who do tough work. By combining these segments, the Company expects to drive enhanced efficiencies across the board, while better leveraging its scale in technology development at an accelerated pace. The Company believes the Vocational segment also serves as a platform for further organic and inorganic growth opportunities in several important end markets. The Company expects that the Vocational segment will initially generate annual revenues of over $2 billion with the opportunity to grow organically at a high single digit compound annual growth rate to nearly $3 billion with 12% plus operating margins over the next few years. The Company has also announced that it has entered into a definitive agreement to sell its rear discharge concrete mixer business, which is expected to occur by the end of the first quarter of fiscal 2023. The Company expects this will enable it to focus on attractive end markets that value technology and innovation that it believes will drive higher margins.

31

FISCAL 20232024 OUTLOOK

The Company estimates consolidated net sales will be in the range of $8.4$10.4 billion in fiscal 2023,2024, compared to $8.3$9.7 billion in fiscal 2022.2023. The Company expects consolidated operating income will be in the range of $530$925 million, resulting in diluted earnings per share in the range of $5.50. The fiscal 2023 estimate assumes an average share count of 65.7 million shares.$9.45. Included in the Company’sCompany's expectations is the adverse impactamortization of intangible assets of approximately $65 million, or $0.80 per share. Excluding amortization of intangible assets, the Company expects adjusted diluted earnings per share related to incentive compensation costs returning to typical levels and increased new product development investmentsbe in the range of approximately $0.30 per share.$10.25.

Demand remainsfor the Company's products has remained strong as indicated by order intake of $3.3$3.5 billion in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022,2023, leading to the Company’s record backlog of $14.1$16.8 billion on December 31, 2022.2023. The Company’s guidance reflects modestthe full year benefits of the Company's acquisitions completed in 2023, its pricing actions, its investments in growing capacity and incremental supply chain improvements, offset in fiscal 2023, butpart by lower JLTV sales and costs associated with preparing for the Company expects that supply chain impacts will continue to limit the Company’s revenues and contribute to production inefficiencies in fiscal 2023.start of NGDV production.

The Company believes Access segment net sales will be in the range of $4.2$5.2 billion in fiscal 2023,2024, a 6%4% increase compared to fiscal 20222023 net sales. The Company’s estimates reflect expectationsCompany experienced order growth in fiscal 2023 that resulted in the Access segment exiting the year largely booked for fiscal 2024. With strong market dynamics and continued normalization of improved pricing and a modest volume increase. Supply chain dynamics are expected to remainsupply chains, the limiting factor for more significant revenue growth as demand remains very robust. The Company expects operating margin in the Access segment in fiscal 20232024 will be in the range of 11%. The Company expects the 310 basis point improvement in14.8%, consistent with fiscal 2023. Fiscal 2024 operating margin compared to fiscal 2022 will be driven byexpectation for the full year benefit of improved pricing and improved absorption.Access segment includes an approximate $20 million increase in new product development costs.

The Company expects Defense segment net sales will be in the range of $2.0$2.1 billion in fiscal 2024, which is consistent with fiscal 2023 approximately $140 millionnet sales. The Company's expectation reflects lower than fiscal 2022. The Company expects that revenue will begin to grow in fiscal 2024 as the USPS NGDV production begins to ramp up.JLTV volumes, offset by higher Family of Medium Tactical Vehicle

and Family of Heavy Tactical Vehicle volumes. The Company expects Defense segment operating margin will be in the range of 4%2.1% in fiscal 2024, down from 4.4% in fiscal 2023. The Company expects unfavorable product mix and NGDV-related pre-production operating expensesstart-up costs to account for the mid-single digitlower operating margin.margin in fiscal 2024 as compared to fiscal 2023. The Company expects marginsNGDV first year production start-up costs combined with increased new product development will improve as new programs ramp upreduce operating income in the Defense segment by approximately $35 million in fiscal 2024.2024 as compared to fiscal 2023.

The Company expects Vocational segment net sales will be in the range of $2.2$3.1 billion in fiscal 2023, roughly flat2024, an increase of 20% compared to the fiscal 2022 combined revenue for the Fire & Emergency and Commercial segments.2023 net sales. The Company’s guidance forexpectation reflects the Vocational segment reflects modest volume increases, offset in part by the impactfull year benefit of the planned divestiture of the rear discharge concrete mixer businessAeroTech acquisition, which is expected to occur during the first quartercontribute approximately $420 million of incremental sales versus fiscal 2023. Similar to the Access segment, demand remains very strong, but the Company’s revenues are expected to be constrained in fiscal 2023 by supply chain dynamics.

The Company expects Vocational segment operating margin in the Vocational segmentfiscal 2024 will be in the range of 7.5%, reflecting the impact of constrained output and manufacturing inefficiencies due9.4% as compared to supply chain dynamicsand the impact of price-protected orders. Vocational segment7.2% in fiscal 2023. The segment's operating income margins aremargin is expected to grow beyond fiscal 2023increase in 2024 as municipal customer orders in backlog for delivery in fiscal 2024 were booked at significantly higher prices and the Company expects margin benefit over time from the integration of the two segments.prices.

The Company estimates corporate expenses in fiscal 20232024 will be approximately $170$180 million, approximately $29 millionwith higher than fiscal 2022 driven by a return ofnew product development investments expected to largely offset lower incentive compensation costs. The Company estimates net interest expense will be approximately $90 million in fiscal 2024 as compared to typical levels and increased investments$53.8 million in growth initiatives and new product development.fiscal 2023. The Company estimates the tax rate for fiscal 20232024 will be approximately 25%.24.5% and the average share count will be approximately 66.2 million shares.

The Company expects consolidated net sales in the first quarter of fiscal 20232024 to be in the range of $2.1$2.5 billion, down approximately $100 million versusconsistent with the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022.2023. The Company expects the lower revenue to be driven by the timing of deliveriessequential growth in sales and operating income margins in the Access and Vocational segments as well asto be offset by lower Defense sales in the Defense segment.and operating income margins. The Company expects earnings per share in the first quarter of fiscal 20232024 will be in the range of $1.00,$2.05, reflecting the lower sales and unfavorable order mix in the Defense segment, andoffset in part by the return of incentive compensation costs to typicaltarget levels. Based on these factors, the Company expects that the first quarter will be the lowest quarter of fiscal 2023 for diluted earnings per share.

32

RESULTS OF OPERATIONSOPERATIONS- FISCAL 2023 COMPARED WITH FISCAL 2022

CONSOLIDATED RESULTS - YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2022

The following table presents consolidated results (in millions):

The following table presents net sales by geographic region based on product shipment destination (in millions):

Fiscal 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021 (unaudited)

Consolidated net sales increased as a result of improved pricing ($467 million), offset in part by the unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rates ($57 million), lowerhigher consolidated volume ($52630 million), higher pricing in response to higher input costs ($401 million) and unfavorable cumulative catch-up adjustments on contracts in the Defense segmentinclusion of sales related to acquisitions ($27365 million).

The decreaseincrease in consolidated gross margin was due to higher material & logistics costs (580improved pricing (320 basis points) and higher manufacturing costs (130 basis points) largely as a result of supply chain disruptions, offset in part by improved pricing (430sales mix (120 basis points).

The decreaseincrease in consolidated selling, general and administrative expenses was generally a result of lowerhigher incentive compensation costs ($4668 million), offset in part by higher salariesoperating costs related to acquired businesses ($1132 million), higher reserves for credit lossesincreased information technology costs ($1015 million), higher softwareacquisition costs related to AeroTech ($913 million) and increased traveladvertising costs ($511 million).

The decreaseincrease in consolidated amortization relates to the acquisitions of AeroTech and Hinowa during fiscal 2023.

The increase in consolidated operating income was primarily due to unfavorable material & logistics costsimproved price ($482401 million), manufacturing inefficiencies ($119 million)the impact of higher gross margin associated with supply chain disruptions,higher sales volume ($138 million), improved sales mix ($112 million) and the absence of unfavorable cumulative catch-up adjustments on contracts in the Defense segment ($42 million), higher engineering and new product development spending ($32 million) and higher operating expenses ($2845 million), offset in part by improved pricing ($467 million) and lowerhigher incentive compensation costs ($58110 million), higher manufacturing costs ($49 million) and increased operating expenses to support higher sales levels in the Access segment ($38 million).

33

The following table presents consolidated non-operating changes (in millions):

Fiscal 2022 ComparedInterest expense, net of interest income increased in fiscal 2023 due to Year Ended December 31, 2021 (unaudited)increased borrowings on the Company's revolving credit facility and lower cash holdings as a result of the acquisition of AeroTech.

Other miscellaneous income (expense) primarily related toMiscellaneous, net includes gains and losses on investments, net foreign currency transaction gains and losses, and non-service costs of the Company’s pension plans. Fiscal 2022 resultsMiscellaneous income, net in fiscal 2023 included a charge of $33.6 million forgain on a settlement with the Company's pension advisor ($5 million) and gains on foreign currency transactions ($5 million). Miscellaneous expense, net in fiscal 2022 included a loss on the settlement of a frozen pension plan. Foreign currency transactions resulted in losses of $6.9 million in fiscal 2022 and gains of $4.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Results included anplan ($34 million), unrealized loss on an investment of $10.3 million in fiscal 2022($10 million) and $10.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.losses on foreign currency transactions ($7 million).

Income tax expense in fiscal 2022 included a charge of $31.3 million as the Company revised its interpretation of certain foreign anti-hybrid tax legislation based upon comments from the corresponding taxing authorities. Results for the year ended December 31, 2021 included discrete tax benefits of $91.3 million, primarily related to the carryback of the net operating loss to previous tax years with higher federal statutory tax rates ($75.3 million) and the reversal of a tax valuation allowance recorded against certain foreign net deferred tax assets in Europe ($11.7 million). See Note 67 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of the effective tax rate compared to the U.S. statutory tax rate.

Gains and losses of unconsolidated affiliates primarily represented changes in the Company’s equity method investments. During the first quarter of fiscal 2023, the Company wrote down its investment in an equity interest in an entity in Mexico by $6 million based on the estimated fair market value of the entity. The Company completed the sale of its interest in the entity during the third quarter of fiscal 2023, resulting in an additional loss of $2 million.

SEGMENT RESULTS

Access Equipment

The following table presents the Access Equipment segment results (in millions):

Fiscal 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021 (unaudited)