UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(MARK ONE)


☑			ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2020~~2022


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 1-12675 (Kilroy Realty Corporation)

Commission file number 000-54005 (Kilroy Realty, L.P.)

KILROY REALTY CORPORATION

KILROY REALTY, L.P.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Kilroy Realty Corporation	Maryland	95-4598246
	(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Kilroy Realty, L.P.	Delaware	95-4612685
	(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

12200 W. Olympic Boulevard, Suite 200, Los Angeles, California, 90064

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(310) 481-8400


(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)


Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Registrant	Title of each class	Name of each exchange on which registered	Ticker Symbol
Kilroy Realty Corporation	Common Stock, $.01 par value	New York Stock Exchange	KRC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:


Registrant			Title of each class
Kilroy Realty, L.P.			Common Units Representing Limited Partnership Interests

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Kilroy Realty Corporation Yes ☒ No ☐ Kilroy Realty, L. P. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act.

Kilroy Realty Corporation Yes ☐ No ☒ Kilroy Realty, L. P. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Kilroy Realty Corporation Yes ☒ No ☐ Kilroy Realty, L. P. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, ~~and posted on its corporate Web site, if any,~~ every Interactive Data File required to be submitted ~~and posted~~ pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit ~~and post~~ such files).

Kilroy Realty Corporation Yes ☒ No ☐ Kilroy Realty, L. P. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Kilroy Realty Corporation

☒

Large accelerated filer

☐

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Kilroy Realty, L.P.

☐

Large accelerated filer

☐

Accelerated filer

☒

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

Kilroy Realty Corporation Yes ☒ No ☐ Kilroy Realty, L. P. Yes ☒ No ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.

Kilroy Realty Corporation Yes ☐ No ☒Kilroy Realty, L. P. Yes ☐ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).

Kilroy Realty Corporation Yes ☐ No ☒Kilroy Realty, L. P. Yes ☐ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).

Kilroy Realty Corporation Yes ☐ No ☒ Kilroy Realty, L. P. Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting shares of common stock held by non-affiliates of Kilroy Realty Corporation was approximately ~~$6,728,133,187~~$6,078,528,830 based on the quoted closing price on the New York Stock Exchange for such shares on June 30, ~~2020.~~2022.

There is no public trading market for the common units of limited partnership interest of Kilroy Realty, L.P. As a result, the aggregate market value of the common units of limited partnership interest held by non-affiliates of Kilroy Realty, L.P. cannot be determined.

As of February ~~5, 2021, 116,369,096~~3, 2023, 117,087,139 shares of Kilroy Realty Corporation’s common stock, par value $.01 per share, were outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Kilroy Realty Corporation’s Proxy Statement with respect to its ~~2021~~2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed not later than 120 days after the end of the registrant’s fiscal year are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

This report combines the annual reports on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2020~~2022 of Kilroy Realty Corporation and Kilroy Realty, L.P. Unless stated otherwise or the context otherwise requires, references to “Kilroy Realty Corporation” or the “Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us” mean Kilroy Realty Corporation, a Maryland corporation, and its controlled and consolidated subsidiaries, and references to “Kilroy Realty, L.P.” or the “Operating Partnership” mean Kilroy Realty, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, and its controlled and consolidated subsidiaries.

The Company is a real estate investment trust, or REIT, and the general partner of the Operating Partnership. As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, the Company owned an approximate 99.0% common general partnership interest in the Operating Partnership. The remaining approximate 1.0% common limited partnership interests are owned by non-affiliated investors and certain directors and officers of the Company. As the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, the Company exercises exclusive and complete discretion over the Operating Partnership’s day-to-day management and control and can cause it to enter into certain major transactions including acquisitions, dispositions, and refinancings and cause changes in its line of business, capital structure and distribution policies.

There are a few differences between the Company and the Operating Partnership that are reflected in the disclosures in this Form 10-K. We believe it is important to understand the differences between the Company and the Operating Partnership in the context of how the Company and the Operating Partnership operate as an interrelated, consolidated company. The Company is a REIT, the only material asset of which is the partnership interests it holds in the Operating Partnership. As a result, the Company generally does not conduct business itself, other than acting as the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, issuing equity from time to time and guaranteeing certain debt of the Operating Partnership. The Company itself is not directly obligated under any indebtedness, but generally guarantees all of the debt of the Operating Partnership. The Operating Partnership owns substantially all of the assets of the Company either directly or through its subsidiaries, conducts the operations of the Company’s business and is structured as a limited partnership with no publicly-traded equity. Except for net proceeds from equity issuances by the Company, which the Company generally contributes to the Operating Partnership in exchange for units of partnership interest, the Operating Partnership generates the capital required by the Company’s business through the Operating Partnership’s operations, by the Operating Partnership’s incurrence of indebtedness or through the issuance of units of partnership interest.

Noncontrolling interests, stockholders’ equity and partners’ capital are the main areas of difference between the consolidated financial statements of the Company and those of the Operating Partnership. The common limited partnership interests in the Operating Partnership are accounted for as partners’ capital in the Operating Partnership’s financial statements and, to the extent not held by the Company, as noncontrolling interests in the Company’s financial statements. The differences between stockholders’ equity, partners’ capital and noncontrolling interests result from the differences in the equity issued by the Company and the Operating Partnership.

We believe combining the annual reports on Form 10-K of the Company and the Operating Partnership into this single report results in the following benefits:

•Combined reports better reflect how management and the analyst community view the business as a single operating unit;

•Combined reports enhance investors’ understanding of the Company and the Operating Partnership by enabling them to view the business as a whole and in the same manner as management;

•Combined reports are more efficient for the Company and the Operating Partnership and result in savings in time, effort and expense; and

•Combined reports are more efficient for investors by reducing duplicative disclosure and providing a single document for their review.

To help investors understand the significant differences between the Company and the Operating Partnership, this report presents the following separate sections for each of the Company and the Operating Partnership:

•Item ~~6. Selected Financial Data – Kilroy Realty Corporation;~~

•~~Item 6. Selected Financial Data – Kilroy Realty, L.P.;~~

•~~Item~~ 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations:

◦—Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Company; and

◦—Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership;

•consolidated financial statements;

•the following notes to the consolidated financial statements:

◦Note 8, Secured and Unsecured Debt of the Company;

◦Note 9, Secured and Unsecured Debt of the Operating Partnership;

◦Note 11, Noncontrolling Interests on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements;

◦Note 12, Noncontrolling Interests on the Operating Partnership’s Consolidated Financial Statements;

◦Note 13, Stockholders’ Equity of the Company;

◦Note 14, Partners’ Capital of the Operating Partnership;

◦Note 20, Net Income Available to Common Stockholders Per Share of the Company;

◦Note 21, Net Income Available to Common Unitholders Per Unit of the Operating Partnership;

◦Note 22, Supplemental Cash Flow Information of the Company; and

◦Note 23, Supplemental Cash Flow Information of the Operating ~~Partnership;~~

◦~~Note 25, Quarterly Financial Information of the Company (Unaudited); and~~

◦~~Note 26, Quarterly Financial Information of the Operating Partnership (Unaudited).~~Partnership.

This report also includes separate sections under Item 9A. Controls and Procedures and separate Exhibit 31 and Exhibit 32 certifications for the Company and the Operating Partnership to establish that the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer of each entity have made the requisite certifications and that the Company and Operating Partnership are compliant with Rule 13a-15 or Rule 15d-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and 18 U.S.C. §1350.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		Page
	PART I
Item 1.	Business	5
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	1617
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	3739
Item 2.	Properties	3840
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	4849
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	4849
	PART II
Item 5.	Market for Kilroy Realty Corporation’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	4950
	Market for Kilroy Realty, L.P.’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	50
~~Item 6.~~	~~Selected Financial Data – Kilroy Realty Corporation~~	52
	~~Selected Financial Data – Kilroy Realty, L.P.~~	5451
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	5653
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	9995
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	~~100~~96
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	~~100~~96
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	~~101~~97
Item 9B.	Other Information	~~105~~101
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	101
	PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	~~105~~101
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	~~105~~101
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	~~105~~101
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	~~105~~101
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	~~105~~101
	PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	~~106~~102
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	~~111~~107
	SIGNATURES	~~112~~108

PART I

This document contains certain “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, including, among other things, statements or information concerning our plans, objectives, capital resources, portfolio performance, results of operations, projected future occupancy and rental rates, lease expirations, debt maturities, potential investments, strategies such as capital recycling, development and redevelopment activity, projected construction costs, projected construction commencement and completion dates, projected square footage of space that could be constructed on undeveloped land that we own, projected rentable square footage of or number of units in properties under construction or in the development pipeline, anticipated proceeds from capital recycling activity or other dispositions and anticipated dates of those activities or dispositions, projected increases in the value of properties, dispositions, future executive incentive compensation, pending, potential or proposed acquisitions, plans to grow our net operating income and funds from operations, our ability to re-lease properties at or above current market rates, anticipated market conditions, demographics and other forward-looking financial data, as well as the discussion in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations -Factors That May Influence Future Results of Operations.” Forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations, beliefs and assumptions, and are not guarantees of future performance. Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to uncertainties, risks, changes in circumstances, trends and factors that are difficult to predict, many of which are outside of our control. Accordingly, actual performance, results and events may vary materially from those indicated or implied in the forward-looking statements, and you should not rely on the forward-looking statements as predictions of future performance, results or events. All forward-looking statements are based on information that was available and speak only as of the dates on which they were made. We assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statement that becomes untrue because of subsequent events, new information or otherwise, except to the extent we are required to do so in connection with our ongoing requirements under federal securities laws.

In addition, this report contains information and statistics regarding, among other things, the industry, markets, submarkets and sectors in which we operate, ~~the percentage by which certain~~whether our leases are above or below applicable market rents and the number of square feet of office and other space that could be developed from specific parcels of undeveloped land. We obtained this information and these statistics from various third-party sources and our own internal estimates. We believe that these sources and estimates are reliable but have not independently verified them and cannot guarantee their accuracy or completeness.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

The Company

Kilroy Realty Corporation (the “Company”) is a self-administered real estate investment trust (“REIT”) active in premier office, life science and mixed-use submarkets ~~along~~in the ~~West Coast.~~United States. We own, develop, acquire and manage real estate assets, consisting primarily of Class A properties in ~~the coastal regions of~~ Greater Los Angeles, San Diego County, the San Francisco Bay Area, ~~and~~ Greater Seattle and Austin, Texas, which we believe have strategic advantages and strong barriers to entry. Class A real estate encompasses attractive and efficient buildings of high quality that are attractive to tenants, are well-designed and constructed with above-average material, workmanship and finishes and are well-maintained and managed. We qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). We own our interests in all of our real estate assets through Kilroy Realty, L.P. (the “Operating Partnership”) and generally conduct substantially all of our operations through the Operating Partnership.

Our stabilized portfolio of operating properties was comprised of the following properties at December 31, ~~2020:~~2022:

Number of
Buildings Rentable
Square Feet Number of
Tenants
Percentage
Occupied (1)
Percentage Leased
Stabilized Office Properties (2)
117 14,620,166 447 91.2 % 94.3 %


	Number of Buildings	Rentable Square Feet	Number of Tenants	Percentage Occupied (1)		Percentage Leased
Stabilized Office Properties (2)	119	16,194,146	406	91.6	%	92.9	%

________________________

(1)Represents ~~physical and~~ economic occupancy.

(2)Includes stabilized life science and retail space.

Number of
Properties Number of Units 2020 Average Occupancy
Stabilized Residential Properties 2 808 72.0 %


	Number of Properties	Number of Units	2022 Average Occupancy
Stabilized Residential Properties	3	1,001	93.5	%

Our stabilized portfolio includes all of our properties with the exception of development ~~and redevelopment~~ properties currently committed for construction, under construction, or in the tenant improvement phase, redevelopment projects under construction, undeveloped land and real estate assets held for sale. We define redevelopment properties as those properties for which we expect to spend significant development and construction costs on the existing or acquired buildings pursuant to a formal plan, the intended result of which is a higher economic return on the property. We define properties in the tenant improvement phase as office and life science properties that we are developing or redeveloping where the project has reached cold shell condition and is ready for tenant improvements, which may require additional major base building construction before being placed in service. Projects in the tenant improvement phase are added to our stabilized portfolio once the project reaches the earlier of 95% occupancy or one year from the date of the cessation of major base building construction activities. Costs capitalized to construction in progress for development and redevelopment properties are transferred to land and improvements, buildings and improvements, and deferred leasing costs on our consolidated balance sheets at the historical cost of the property as the projects or phases of projects are placed in service.

During the year ended December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, we added ~~four~~two development projects and two redevelopment projects to our stabilized portfolio consisting of ~~750,370~~four buildings totaling 1,114,704 square feet of office and life science space in ~~San Francisco, California, 361,388 square feet of office space in Hollywood, California, 95,871 square feet of retail space~~Seattle, Washington and ~~608 residential units in~~ San Diego, California. We did not have any properties held for sale at December 31, 2022. As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, the following properties were excluded from our stabilized ~~portfolio. We did not have any redevelopment properties or properties held for sale at December 31, 2020.~~portfolio:


		Number of Properties/Projects	Estimated Rentable Square Feet (1)		Number of Properties/Projects	Estimated Rentable Square Feet (1)
In-process development projects - tenant improvement	In-process development projects - tenant improvement	3	1,080,000	In-process development projects - tenant improvement	1	734,000
In-process development projects - under construction ~~(2)~~	In-process development projects - under construction ~~(2)~~	3	856,000	In-process development projects - under construction ~~(2)~~	2	946,000
In-process redevelopment projects - under construction				In-process redevelopment projects - under construction	2	100,000

________________________

(1)Estimated rentable square feet upon completion.

~~(2)In addition to the estimated office and life science rentable square feet noted above, development projects under construction also include 193 residential units.~~

Our stabilized portfolio also excludes our future development pipeline, which as of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, was comprised of ~~five~~eight future development sites, representing approximately 6164 gross acres of undeveloped land.

As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, all of our properties, development projects and ~~development~~redevelopment projects were owned and all of our business was conducted in the state of California with the exception of ~~eight~~ten stabilized office properties and one future development project located in the state of Washington and one development project in the tenant improvement phase and one future development project ~~located~~ in ~~the state of Washington.~~Austin, Texas. All of our properties, development projects and ~~development~~redevelopment projects are 100% owned, excluding four office properties owned by three consolidated property partnerships. Two of the three consolidated property partnerships, 100 First Street Member, LLC (“100 First LLC”) and 303 Second Street Member, LLC (“303 Second LLC”), each owned one office property in San Francisco, California through subsidiary REITs. As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, the Company owned a 56% common equity interest in both 100 First LLC and 303 Second LLC. The third consolidated property partnership, Redwood City Partners, LLC (“Redwood LLC”), owned two office properties in Redwood City, California. As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, the Company owned an approximate 93% common equity interest in Redwood LLC. The remaining interests in all three property partnerships were owned by unrelated third parties.

We own our interests in all of our real estate assets through the Operating Partnership and generally conduct substantially all of our operations through the Operating Partnership, of which we owned a 99.0% common general partnership interest as of December 31, ~~2020.~~2022. The remaining 1.0% common limited partnership interest in the Operating Partnership as of December 31, ~~2020~~2022 was owned by non-affiliated investors and certain of our executive officers and directors. With the exception of the Operating Partnership and our consolidated property partnerships, all of our subsidiaries are wholly-owned.

Available Information; Website Disclosure; Corporate Governance Documents

Kilroy Realty Corporation was incorporated in the state of Maryland on September 13, 1996 and Kilroy Realty, L.P. was organized in the state of Delaware on October 2, 1996. Our principal executive offices are located at 12200 W. Olympic Boulevard, Suite 200, Los Angeles, California 90064. Our telephone number at that location is (310) 481-8400. Our website is www.kilroyrealty.com. The information found on, or otherwise accessible through, our website is not incorporated into, and does not form a part of, this annual report on Form 10-K or any other report or document we file with or furnish to the SEC. All reports we will file with the SEC are available free of charge via EDGAR through the SEC website at www.sec.gov. All reports that we will file with the SEC will also be available free of charge on our website at www.kilroyrealty.com as soon as reasonably practicable after we file those materials with, or furnish them to, the SEC.

We use our website as a routine channel of distribution of company information, including press releases, presentations, and supplemental information, as a means of disclosing material non-public information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. Accordingly, investors should monitor our website in addition to following press releases, SEC filings, and public conference calls and webcasts. Investors and others can receive notifications of new information posted on our investor relations website in real time by signing up for email alerts.

The following documents relating to corporate governance are also available on our website under “Investors —Overview —Governance Documents” and available in print to any security holder upon request:

•Corporate Governance Guidelines;

•Code of Business Conduct and Ethics;

•Audit Committee Charter;

•Executive Compensation Committee Charter;

•Nominating / Corporate Governance Committee Charter; and

•Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability Committee Charter.

You may request copies of any of these documents by writing to:

Attention: Investor Relations

Kilroy Realty Corporation

12200 West Olympic Boulevard, Suite 200

Los Angeles, California 90064

We intend to disclose on our website under “Investors —Overview —Governance Documents” any amendment to, or waiver of, any provisions of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applicable to the directors and/or officers of the Company that would otherwise be required to be disclosed under the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission or the New York Stock Exchange.

Business and Growth Strategies

Growth Strategies. We believe that a number of factors and strategies will enable us to continue to achieve our objectives of long-term sustainable growth in Net Operating Income (defined below) and FFO (defined below) as well as maximization of long-term stockholder value. These factors and strategies include:

•the quality, ~~geographic location,~~ physical characteristics and operating sustainability of our ~~properties;~~properties, as well as our geographic presence in technology and life science market clusters;

•our ability to efficiently manage our assets as a low cost provider of commercial real estate through our seasoned management team possessing core capabilities in all aspects of real estate ownership, including property management, leasing, marketing, financing, accounting, legal, and construction and development management;

•our access to development, redevelopment, acquisition and leasing opportunities as a result of our extensive experience and significant working relationships with major West Coast property owners, corporate tenants, municipalities and landowners given our over ~~70-year~~75-year presence in the West Coast markets;

•our strong financial position that has and will continue to allow us to pursue attractive acquisition and development and redevelopment opportunities;

•our ability to capitalize on inflection points in a real estate cycle to add quality assets to our portfolio at substantial discounts to long-term value, through either acquisition, development or redevelopment. This includes expansion of our product offering into new submarkets where we believe operating and fundamental synergies give us a competitive advantage, as well as in life science properties, which are concentrated in our existing markets;

•our active development and redevelopment program and our future development pipeline of undeveloped land sites (see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations —Factors That May Influence Future Results of Operations” for additional information pertaining to the Company’s in-process and future development pipeline); and

•our capital recycling program (see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations —Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership” for additional information pertaining to the Company’s capital recycling program and related property and land dispositions);

•~~our strong financial position that has and will continue to allow us to pursue attractive acquisition and development and redevelopment opportunities.~~.

“Net Operating Income” ~~subsequent to the adoption of Financial Standards Accounting Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842 (“Topic 842”) on January 1, 2019~~ is defined as consolidated operating revenues (rental income and other property income) less consolidated operating expenses (property expenses, real estate taxes and ground leases). Prior to the adoption of Topic 842 we defined Net Operating Income as consolidated operating revenues (rental income, tenant reimbursements and other property income) less consolidated operating expenses (property expenses, real estate taxes, provision for bad debts and ground leases). “FFO” is Funds From Operations available to common stockholders and common unitholders calculated in accordance with the 2018 Restated White Paper on FFO approved by the Board of Governors of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“~~NAREIT”~~Nareit”). (See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations —Results of Operations” and “—Non-GAAP Supplemental Financial Measures: Funds ~~From~~

From Operations” for a reconciliation of these measures to generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) net income available to common stockholders.)

Operating Strategies. We focus on enhancing long-term growth in Net Operating Income and FFO from our properties by:

•maximizing cash flow from our properties through active leasing, early renewals and effective property management;

•structuring leases to maximize returns;

•managing portfolio credit risk through effective underwriting, including the use of credit enhancements and interests in collateral to mitigate portfolio credit risk;

•managing operating expenses through the efficient use of internal property management, leasing, marketing, financing, accounting, legal, and construction and development management functions;

•maintaining and developing long-term relationships with a diverse tenant base;

•continuing to effectively manage capital improvements to enhance our properties’ competitive advantages in their respective markets and ~~improve the efficiency of~~integrate technology to enhance efficiencies with building ~~systems;~~management systems, security operation centers and tenant experience solutions to provide a premium experience to our tenant base while reducing operating costs;

•continuing to expand our management team with individuals who have extensive regional and product-type experience and are highly knowledgeable in their respective markets and product types; and

•attracting and retaining motivated employees by providing financial and other incentives to meet our operating and financial goals.

Development and Redevelopment Strategies. We and our predecessors have developed office properties primarily located in California since 1947. As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, we had ~~three projects~~one development project in the tenant improvement phase totaling approximately ~~1,080,000~~734,000 square feet of office space and ~~three~~two development projects under construction totaling approximately ~~856,000~~946,000 square feet of office and life science ~~space and 193 residential units.~~space. In addition, ~~our~~we had two redevelopment projects under construction totaling approximately 100,000 square feet. Our future development pipeline was comprised of ~~five~~eight potential development sites representing approximately 6164 gross acres of undeveloped land on which we believe we have the potential to develop over ~~6.0~~6.5 million square feet of office, life science, laboratory, residential and retail space, depending upon economic conditions. Our strategy with respect to development and redevelopment is to:

•own land sites in highly populated, amenity rich locations that are attractive to a broad array of tenants;

•be the premier provider of modern and collaborative office, life science and mixed-use projects on the West Coast and in Austin, Texas with a focus on design and environment;

•maintain a disciplined approach by commencing development when appropriate based on market conditions, focusing on leasing, developing in stages or phasing, and cost control;

•reinvest capital from dispositions of selective assets into new state-of-the-art development and acquisition opportunities with higher cash flow and rates of return or future redevelopment when possible;

•execute on our development projects under construction and future development pipeline, including expanding entitlements; and

•evaluate redevelopment opportunities in supply-constrained markets because such efforts generally achieve similar returns to new development with reduced entitlement risk and shorter construction periods.

We may engage in the additional development or redevelopment of office, life science and mixed-use properties when market conditions support a favorable risk-adjusted return on such development or redevelopment. We expect

that our significant working relationships with tenants, municipalities and landowners on the West Coast and in Austin, Texas will give us further access to development and redevelopment opportunities. We cannot ensure that we will be able to successfully develop or redevelop any of our properties or that we will have access to additional development or redevelopment opportunities.

Acquisition Strategies. We believe we are well positioned to opportunistically acquire ~~opportunistic~~ properties and development and redevelopment opportunities as the result of our extensive experience, strong financial position and ability to access capital. We continue to focus on growth opportunities in West Coast and Austin, Texas markets populated by knowledge and ~~creative based~~creative-based tenants in a variety of industries, including technology, media, healthcare, life sciences, entertainment and professional services. Against the backdrop of market volatility, we expect to manage a strong balance sheet, execute on our development program and selectively evaluate opportunities that add immediate Net Operating Income to our portfolio or play a strategic role in our future growth and that:

•provide attractive yields and significant potential for growth in cash flow from property operations;

•present growth opportunities in our existing or other strategic markets; and

•demonstrate the potential for improved performance through intensive management, repositioning, capital investment and leasing that should result in increased occupancy and rental revenues.

Financing Strategies. Our financing policies and objectives are determined by our board of directors. Our goal is to limit our dependence on leverage and maintain a conservative ratio of debt-to-total market capitalization. As of December 31, 2020, our total debt as a percentage of total market capitalization was 37.0%, which was calculated based on the quoted closing price per share of the Company’s common stock of $57.40 on December 31, 2020 (see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations —Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Company —Capitalization” for additional information). Our financing strategies include:

•maintaining financial flexibility, including a low secured to unsecured debt ratio;

•maximizing our ability to access a variety of both public and private capital sources;

•maintaining a staggered debt maturity schedule in which the maturity dates of our debt are spread over several years to limit risk exposure at any particular point in the capital and credit market cycles;

•completing financing in advance of the need for capital;

•managing interest rate exposure by generally maintaining a greater amount of fixed-rate debt as compared to variable-rate debt; and

•maintaining our credit ratings.

We utilize multiple sources of capital, including borrowings under our unsecured term loan facility, unsecured revolving credit facility, proceeds from the issuance of public or private debt or equity securities and other bank and/or institutional borrowings and our capital recycling program, including strategic venture sources. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain capital as needed on terms favorable to us or at all. (See the discussion under the caption “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations —Factors That May Influence Future Results of Operations” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”)

Sustainability Strategies. Our longstanding leadership in sustainability in real estate is globally recognized, and ~~we achieved carbon neutral operations before year-end 2020 per the~~our commitment ~~we made in 2018~~ to ~~achieve this goal.~~advancing progress toward our sustainability ambitions remains strong. Our vision is a resilient portfolio that minimizes the environmental impact of the development and operation of our buildings while maximizing the health and productivity of our tenants, employees and communities as well as our financial returns. Management and our board of directors, through the Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability Committee (the ~~“Committee”~~“CSR&S Committee”) established in April 2018, currently oversee and advance the Company’s corporate social responsibility and sustainability initiatives. They recognize that community engagement and sustainable

~~engagement and sustainable~~ operations benefit ~~all of~~ our ~~constituencies~~investors, tenants, and other stakeholders and are key to preserving our Company’s value and credibility.

As a result of our commitment to sustainability, we have been ~~ranked first~~listed as a member of the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index since 2017, and have consistently received high rankings in sustainability performance ~~in North America in the Listed Office category~~ by the Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmark (“GRESB”) ~~seven times and have also earned~~. In 2022, we were proud to be named the GRESB Regional Sector Leader in the Americas for Development (Diversified), earning the highly competitive GRESB “Green Star” designation in each of the last eight years for ranking in the top 25% of companies worldwide in sustainability performance. GRESB also named us the Global Sector Leader in Listed Office and Listed Office Development in 2020.5 Star designation. We have been recognized with the US EPA ENERGY STAR® Partner of the Year Sustained Excellence Award for the last ~~six~~seven years, ~~NAREIT’s~~Nareit’s Leader in the Light Award in the Listed Office category for eight of the last ~~seven~~nine years and ~~NAREIT’s~~Nareit’s Leader in the Light Most Innovative award in 2018 and 2020. We have also been included on Newsweek’s list of America’s Most Responsible Companies for the past ~~two~~four years. For excellence in creating a diverse, equitable and inclusive culture, we are listed on the Bloomberg Gender Equality Index, which measures companies on female leadership and talent pipeline, equal pay and gender pay parity, inclusive culture, sexual harassment policies and pro-women brand.

We manage our properties to offer the maximum degree of utility and operational efficiency to our tenants. We ~~offer tenant sustainability programs focused~~collaborate with our tenants on ~~helping our tenants~~efforts to reduce their energy and water consumption and increase ~~their~~ recycling diversion and compost rates. We incorporate green lease language into 100% of our new leases, ~~including~~and the majority of our leases also include a cost recovery clause for resource-efficiency related capital ~~expenditures in full-service gross leases, which seek to align tenant and landlord interests on energy, water and waste efficiency.~~expenditures. Green leases (also known as aligned leases, high performance leases or energy efficient leases) aim to align the financial and energy incentives of building owners and tenants so they can work together to save money, conserve resources and ensure the efficient operation of buildings. We have won the Institute for Market Transformation’s (“IMT’s”) Green Lease Leaders award ~~five times.~~ for nine consecutive years.

Energy consumption, water consumption, and greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions data for the periods indicated based on the most recent available information, ~~in process of~~which was subject to an independent limited assurance engagement by DNV GL Business Assurance USA, Inc., are as follows:

Energy consumption:*


Year (1)	Year (1)	Energy Consumption Data Coverage as % of Total Floor Area (2)		Total Energy Consumed by Floor Area with Data Coverage (MWh) (3)	% of Energy Generated From Renewable Sources (4)		Like-for-Like Change in Energy Consumption of Floor Area with Data Coverage (5)		% of Eligible Portfolio that has Obtained an Energy Rating and is Certified to ENERGY STAR (6)		Year (1)	Energy Consumption Data Coverage as a % of Total Floor Area (2)		Total Energy Consumed by Floor Area with Data Coverage (MWh) (3)	% of Energy Generated From Renewable Sources (4)		Like-for-Like Change in Energy Consumption of Floor Area with Data Coverage (5)		% of Eligible Portfolio that has Obtained an Energy Rating and is Certified to ENERGY STAR (6)
2021											2021	100	%	242,577	72	%	(2)	%	79	%
2020											2020	100	%	257,113	55	%	(13)	%	76	%
2019	2019	99	%	287,100	18	%	(2)	%	70	%	2019	99	%	277,177	18	%	(2)	%	70	%
2018		98	%	310,592	13	%	(2)	%	77	%
2017		96	%	309,248	5	%	(1)	%	73	%

Water consumption:*


Year (1)	Year (1)	Water Withdrawal Data Coverage as a % of Total Floor Area (7)		Total Water Withdrawn by Portfolio (m3) (8)	Like-for-like Change in Water Withdrawn for Floor Area with Data Coverage (5)		Year (1)	Water Withdrawal Data Coverage as a % of Total Floor Area (7)		Total Water Withdrawn by Portfolio (m3) (8)	Like-for-like Change in Water Withdrawn for Floor Area with Data Coverage (5)
2021							2021	100	%	649,982	(2)	%
2020							2020	100	%	659,051	(31)	%
2019	2019	98	%	833,493	(2)	%	2019	98	%	803,499	(6)	%
2018		96	%	941,348	5	%
2017		98	%	960,920	—	%

~~GHG Emissions:~~*

Year (1)
Scope 1 GHG Data Coverage as a % of Total Floor Area (9)
Scope 1 GHG Emissions (Tonnes CO2) (10)
Like-for-like Change in Scope 1 GHG Emissions Data (5)
2019 100 % 3,082 6 %
2018 99 % 3,145 (4) %
2017 100 % 4,120 6 %

Year (1)
Scope 2 Location-Based GHG Data Coverage as a % of Total Floor Area (11)
Scope 2 Location-Based GHG Emissions (Tonnes CO2) (12)
Like-for-like Change in Scope 2 Location-Based GHG Emissions Data (5)
2019 100 % 25,438 (5) %
2018 99 % 29,844 (6) %
2017 99 % 36,504 (10) %
GHG Emissions:


Year (1)	Scope 1 GHG Data Coverage as a % of Total Floor Area (9)		Scope 1 GHG Emissions (Tonnes CO2) (10)	Like-for-like Change in Scope 1 GHG Emissions Data (5)
2021	100	%	3,710	13	%
2020	100	%	3,000	(11)	%
2019	100	%	3,082	6	%


Year (1)	Year (1)	Scope 2 Market-Based GHG Data Coverage as a % of Total Floor Area (11)		Scope 2 Market-Based GHG Emissions (Tonnes CO2) (12)	Like-for-like Change in Scope 2 Market-Based GHG Emissions Data (5)		Year (1)	Scope 2 Location-Based GHG Data Coverage as a % of Total Floor Area (11)		Scope 2 Location-Based GHG Emissions (Tonnes CO2) (12)	Like-for-like Change in Scope 2 Location-Based GHG Emissions Data (5)
2021							2021	100	%	19,378	(5)	%
2020							2020	100	%	23,122	(21)	%
2019	2019	100	%	24,718	(8)	%	2019	100	%	25,438	(5)	%
2018		99	%	29,844	(12)	%
2017		99	%	35,375	N/A


Year (1)	Scope 2 Market-Based GHG Data Coverage as a % of Total Floor Area (11)		Scope 2 Market-Based GHG Emissions (Tonnes CO2) (12)	Like-for-like Change in Scope 2 Market-Based GHG Emissions Data (5)
2021	100	%	—	—	%
2020	100	%	—	(100)	%
2019	100	%	24,718	(8)	%

_____________________

*DNV GL Business Assurance USA, Inc. is in the process of completing a Type 2, moderate level assurance assessment, using the AA1000AS (2008) assurance standard to assure the content of our sustainability report, including energy consumption, water consumption and GHG emissions data. GHG emissions reporting follows the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBSCD)/World Resources Institute (WRI) Greenhouse Gas Protocol. However, DNV GL Business Assurance USA, Inc. has yet to complete its procedures with respect to such assessment and, as such, our final energy consumption, water consumption and GHG emissions data may differ from the data set forth above.

(1)Full ~~2020~~2022 calendar year energy, water and GHG emissions data is not available until after March 30, ~~2021.~~2023.

(2)Percentage based on gross square footage of portfolio floor area with complete energy consumption data coverage as of the end of the applicable year. Floor area is considered to have complete energy consumption data coverage when energy consumption data (i.e., energy types and amounts consumed) is obtained by the Company for all types of energy consumed in the relevant floor area during the fiscal year, regardless of when such data was obtained.

(3)Energy includes energy purchased from sources external to the Company and its tenants or produced by the Company or its tenants themselves (self-generated) and energy from all sources, including direct fuel usage, purchased electricity, and heating, cooling and steam energy. Total energy consumption based on floor area with complete energy consumption data coverage as of the end of the applicable year.

(4)Renewable sources include renewable energy the Company directly produced and renewable energy the Company purchased if purchased through a renewable power purchase agreement that explicitly includes renewable energy certificates (“RECs”) or Guarantees of Origin (“GOs”), a Green-e Energy Certified utility or supplier program or other green power products that explicitly include RECs or GOs or for which Green-e Energy Certified RECs are paired with grid electricity. Percentage is based total energy consumption during the applicable year.

(5)Data reported on a like-for-like comparison excludes assets that have been acquired or disposed over the past twenty-four months as of the end of the applicable year.

(6)Eligible portfolio represents our office and residential properties that have had 50% or greater occupancy for 12 consecutive months at any point during the applicable year. Percentage is based on rentable square footage of our eligible portfolio that has obtained an energy rating and is certified to ENERGY STAR® as of the end of the applicable year.

(7)Percentage based on gross square footage of portfolio floor area with complete water withdrawal data coverage as of the end of the applicable year. Floor area is considered to have complete water withdrawal data coverage when water withdrawal data (i.e., amounts withdrawn) is obtained by the Company for the relevant floor area during the fiscal year, regardless of when such data was obtained.

(8)Water sources include ~~surface water (including water from wetlands, rivers, lakes and oceans), groundwater, rainwater collected directly and stored by the Company, wastewater obtained from other entities,~~ municipal water supplies or supply from other water ~~utilities.~~utilities and reclaimed or captured rainwater collected directly and stored by the Company. Total water withdrawal based on floor area with complete water withdrawal data coverage as of the end of the applicable year.

(9)Percentage based on gross square footage of portfolio floor area with complete Scope 1 GHG emissions data coverage as of the end of the applicable year. Floor area is considered to have complete Scope 1 GHG emissions data coverage when GHG emission data (i.e., amounts emitted) is obtained by the Company for the relevant floor area during the fiscal year, regardless of when such data was obtained.

(10)Scope 1 emissions represent those produced by consuming onsite natural gas procured by the Company.

(11)Percentage based on gross square footage of portfolio floor area with complete Scope 2 GHG emissions data coverage as of the end of the applicable year. Floor area is considered to have complete Scope 2 GHG emissions data coverage when GHG emission data is obtained by the Company for the relevant floor area during the fiscal year, regardless of when such data was obtained.

(12)Scope 2 emissions represent those produced by consuming onsite electricity procured by the Company.

We build our current development and redevelopment projects to Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (“LEED”) specifications. All of our office development projects ~~are designed to achieve~~pursue LEED certification, ~~either LEED~~at the Platinum or ~~Gold.~~Gold level.

We are actively pursuing LEED certification for approximately ~~856,000~~946,000 square feet of office and life science space of under ~~construction.~~construction development projects. In addition, an analysis of energy and water performance is included in our standard due

diligence process for acquisitions, and reducing energy use year over year is ~~a comprehensive goal~~an ongoing aspect of our operational strategy. This is accomplished through systematic energy auditing, mechanical, lighting and other building upgrades, optimizing operations and engaging tenants. During the past few years, we

have significantly enhanced the sustainability profile of our portfolio, ending ~~2020~~2022 with ~~68%~~71% of our properties LEED certified, ~~69%~~65% of our eligible stabilized office properties ENERGY STAR certified and ~~100%~~89% of our eligible stabilized residential properties ENERGY STAR certified (in each case as a percentage of our total or eligible rentable square feet as of December 31, ~~2020)~~2022).

We identify climate change as a risk to our Company, its tenants and our other stakeholders, an opportunity for long-term value creation and a key driver in long-term strategic business decisions. These risks and opportunities include transitional risks such as policy, market, technology and reputational concerns, as well as physical risks, and are a focus area for the board of directors and management. Climate-related risks and opportunities are governed by the board of directors through the CSR&S Committee. In 2018, the CSR&S Committee endorsed the recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD) and tasked management with assessing and reporting against climate related risk for the Company. ~~Recognizing the importance of reducing the Company’s greenhouse gas impact on the environment, in 2018 we committed~~We are proud to ~~achieving~~have achieved carbon neutral operations ~~by December 31,~~in 2020 and 2021, and we ~~achieved~~expect to achieve this ~~goal.~~goal for a third time in 2022. This means that the entirety of our scope 1 and scope 2 emissions is offset through a combination of energy efficiency measures, ~~and both~~ onsite and offsite ~~renewables. This exceeds~~renewables, renewable energy credits (RECs), and verified carbon offsets. We continue to track and report on our progress toward our short-term and long-term carbon reduction goals previously validated by Science-Based Targets. Science-Based Targets is a collaboration between the Carbon Disclosure Project, the United Nations Global Compact, the World Resources Institute and the World Wide Fund for Nature, which independently assesses and approves the carbon reduction goals of companies.

Significant Tenants

As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, our 15 largest tenants in terms of annualized base rental revenues represented approximately ~~49.1%~~46.5% of our total annualized base rental revenues, defined as annualized monthly contractual rents from existing tenants as of December 31, ~~2020.~~2022. Annualized base rental revenue includes the impact of straight-lining rent escalations and the amortization of free rent periods and excludes the impact of the following: amortization of deferred revenue related tenant-funded tenant improvements, amortization of above/below market rents, amortization for lease incentives due under existing leases and expense reimbursement revenue.

For further information on our 15 largest tenants and the composition of our tenant base, see “Item 2. Properties —Significant Tenants.”

Competition

We compete with several developers, owners, operators and acquirers of office and life science, undeveloped land and other commercial real estate, including mixed-use and residential real estate, many of which own properties similar to ours in the same submarkets in which our properties are located. For further discussion of the potential impact of competitive conditions on our business, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”

Segment and Geographic Financial Information

During ~~2020~~2022 and ~~2019,~~2021, we had one reportable segment, our office and life science properties segment. For information about our office property revenues and long-lived assets and other financial information, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations —Results of Operations.”

Human Capital Resources

As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, we employed ~~252~~259 people through the Operating Partnership ~~Kilroy Services, LLC,~~ and Kilroy Realty TRS, Inc. We believe that relations with our employees are good.

Our human capital development goals and initiatives are focused on enhancing employee growth, satisfaction and wellness while maintaining a diverse and thriving culture. Several of our human capital development initiatives include the following:

Diversity. We are committed to cultivating a diverse culture of inclusion that makes a positive difference in our employees’ lives and have developed targeted training to improve workplace diversity, equity and ~~inclusion.~~inclusion, including mandatory unconscious bias training for all employees. For excellence in creating a diverse, equitable and inclusive culture, for the fourth year in a row, the Company has been named to Bloomberg’s Gender Equality Index, which measures companies on female leadership and talent pipeline, equal pay and gender pay parity, inclusive culture, sexual harassment policies and pro-women brand. As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, two of our ~~employees were:~~seven directors (or approximately 29%) were female.

•TOTAL WORKFORCE~~59% female; 41% male~~ (1)

•~~45% ethnically diverse (i.e., Asian, African American, Hispanic or Latino and other (Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander and two or more))~~

________________________

(1)As of December 31, 2022.

Training and Education. We support the continual development of our employees through various training and education programs throughout their tenure at the Company, from onboarding to skill building to leadership development. We also conduct annual performance and career development reviews for all ~~employees.~~employees, and employee satisfaction surveys where we provide a summary of the feedback received by employees and actions taken in response to such feedback to our workforce.

Employee Health. The physical and mental health and wellness of our employees is of central importance to our culture. We evaluate our group health and ancillary benefits annually to ensure our benefits package is robust and periodically conduct an annual wellness and satisfaction survey to help us better tailor our employee health and wellness programs. In 2022, we increased our focus on and support towards mental health and wellness by providing our employees more education on self-care as well as offering an increased variety of resources they could utilize. Also in the fourth quarter of 2022, we put a focus on financial wellness by offering a variety of educational events, web workshops and financial tips all aimed at helping our employees improve their overall financial well-being.

Strong Communities and Healthy Planet. We are deeply aware that our buildings are part of the larger community and that we thrive when the communities around us thrive. We are proud to make these communities better places to live and work through our volunteerism and philanthropy initiatives. In the fourth quarter of 2022, we launched our annual tradition of Week of Service, dedicated to giving back to the communities in which we operate. The company wide initiative gave our team added opportunities to connect with local organizations and meaningful causes in the spirit of community enrichment and employee volunteerism. Over 150 employees assisted 14 organizations and donated more than 350 volunteer hours during Week of Service.

~~Fostering Company Culture~~Competitive Benefits and ~~Providing Support to Employees During COVID-19 Pandemic.~~Compensation. In accordance with local and state government guidance and social distancing recommendations, almost all of our corporate employees have worked remotely since March 2020. To protect and foster the Company’s culture during the COVID-19 pandemic, we formed an inter-regional and inter-departmental taskforce that organized challenges, surveys, virtual events and other remote programming to keep our employees connected while working from home. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations —Overview and Background—COVID-19 Response.”

Our compensation program is designed to, among other things, attract, retain and incentivize talented and experienced individuals in the highly competitive West Coast and Austin, Texas employment and commercial real estate markets. ~~We use~~While many companies leverage a mix of competitive salaries and ~~other~~ancillary benefits to attract and retain ~~these individuals.~~

their people, we have gone beyond those traditional structures and placed more emphasis on offering an expanded comprehensive benefits program including enhanced paid pregnancy and parental leave benefits, parental leave coaching, healthy snacks and well-being programming and activities provided by the company in alignment with our core values.

1314

Environmental Regulations and Potential Liabilities

Government Regulations Relating to the Environment. Many laws and governmental regulations relating to the environment are applicable to our properties, and changes in these laws and regulations, or their interpretation by agencies and the courts, occur frequently and may adversely affect us.

Existing conditions at some of our properties. Independent environmental consultants have conducted Phase I or similar environmental site assessments on all of our properties. We generally obtain these assessments prior to the acquisition of a property and may later update them as required for subsequent financing of the property, if a property is slated for disposition, or as requested by a tenant. Consultants are required to perform Phase I assessments to American Society for Testing and Materials standards then-existing for Phase I site assessments and typically include a historical review, a public records review, a visual inspection of the surveyed site, and the issuance of a written report. These assessments do not generally include any soil or groundwater sampling or subsurface investigations; however, if a Phase I does recommend that soil or groundwater samples be taken or other subsurface investigations take place, we generally perform such recommended actions. Depending on the age of the property, the Phase I may have included an assessment of asbestos-containing materials or a separate hazardous materials survey may have been conducted. For properties where asbestos-containing materials were identified or suspected, an operations and maintenance plan was generally prepared and implemented.

Historical operations at or near some of our properties, including the presence of underground or above ground storage tanks, various sites uses that involved hazardous substances, the landfilling of hazardous substances and solid waste, and migration of contamination from other sites, may have caused soil or groundwater contamination. In some instances, (i) the prior owners of the affected properties conducted remediation of known contamination in the soils on our properties, (ii) we are required to conduct further environmental clean-up and environmental closure activities at certain properties, ~~and~~or (iii) residual contamination could pose environmental, health, and safety risks if not appropriately addressed. We may need to investigate or remediate contaminated soil, soil gas, landfill gas, and groundwater, and we may also need to conduct landfill closure and post-closure activities, including, for example, the implementation of groundwater and methane monitoring systems and impervious cover, and the costs of such work could exceed projected or budgeted amounts. To protect the health and safety of site occupants and others, we may be required to implement and operate safeguards, including, for example, vapor intrusion mitigation systems and building protection systems to address methane. We may need to modify our methods of construction or face increased construction costs as a result of environmental conditions, and we may face obligations under agreements with governmental authorities with respect to the management of such environmental conditions. If releases from our sites migrate offsite, or if our site redevelopment activities cause or contribute to a migration of hazardous substances, neighbors or others could make claims against us, such as for property damage, personal injury, or cost recovery.

As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, we had accrued environmental remediation liabilities of approximately ~~$71.3~~$80.5 million recorded on our consolidated balance sheets in connection with certain of our in-process and future development projects. The accrued environmental remediation liabilities represent the remaining costs we estimate we will incur prior to and during the development process at various development acquisition sites. These estimates, which we developed with the assistance of third party experts, consist primarily of the removal of contaminated soil, treatment of contaminated groundwater in connection with dewatering efforts, performing environmental closure activities, constructing remedial systems and other related costs ~~since we~~that are ~~required to dispose of any existing contaminated soil, and sometimes perform other environmental closure or remedial activities,~~necessary when we develop new buildings at these sites. It is possible that we could incur additional environmental remediation costs in connection with these development projects. However, potential additional environmental costs cannot be reasonably estimated at this time and certain changes in estimates could occur as the site conditions, final project timing, design elements, actual soil conditions and other aspects of the projects, which may depend upon municipal and other approvals beyond the control of the Company, are determined. See Note 18 “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements included in this report for additional information.

Other than the accrued environmental liabilities recorded in connection with certain of our development projects, we are not aware of any such condition, liability, or concern by any other means that would give rise to material environmental liabilities. However, our assessments may have failed to reveal all environmental conditions, liabilities, or compliance concerns; there may be material environmental conditions, liabilities, or

compliance concerns that arose at a property after the review was completed; future laws, ordinances, or regulations

may impose material additional environmental liability; and environmental conditions at our properties may be affected in the future by tenants, third parties, or the condition of land or operations near our properties, such as the presence of underground storage tanks or migrating plumes. We cannot be certain that costs of future environmental compliance will not have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, the quoted trading price of our securities, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to security holders.

Use of hazardous materials by some of our tenants. Some of our tenants handle hazardous substances and wastes on our properties as part of their routine operations. Environmental laws and regulations may subject these tenants, and potentially us, to liability resulting from such activities. We generally require our tenants in their leases to comply with these environmental laws and regulations and to indemnify us for liabilities arising out of or related to their operations and any ~~related liabilities.~~non-compliance with environmental laws. As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, other than routine cleaning materials and chemicals used in routine office operations, approximately ~~4-6%~~5-7% of our tenants handled hazardous substances and/or wastes on approximately ~~1-3%~~1-2% of the aggregate square footage of our properties as part of their business operations. These tenants are primarily involved in the life sciences business. The hazardous substances and wastes are primarily comprised of diesel fuel for emergency generators and small quantities of lab and light manufacturing chemicals including, but not limited to, alcohol, ammonia, carbon dioxide, cryogenic gases, dichlorophenol, methane, naturalyte acid, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, and oxygen which are routinely used by life science companies. We are not aware of any material noncompliance, liability, or claim relating to hazardous or toxic substances or petroleum products in connection with any of our properties, and management does not believe that on-going activities by our tenants will have a material adverse effect on our operations.

Costs related to government regulation and private litigation over environmental matters. Under applicable environmental laws and regulations, we may be liable for the costs of removal, remediation, or disposal of certain hazardous or toxic substances present or released on our properties. These laws could impose liability without regard to whether we are otherwise responsible for, or even knew of, the presence or release of the hazardous materials. Government investigations and remediation actions may have substantial costs, and the presence or release of hazardous substances on a property could result in governmental clean-up actions, personal injury actions, or similar claims by private plaintiffs.

Potential environmental liabilities may exceed our environmental insurance coverage limits, transactional indemnities or holdbacks. We carry what we believe to be commercially reasonable environmental insurance. Our environmental insurance policies are subject to various terms, conditions and exclusions. Similarly, in connection with some transactions we obtain environmental indemnities and holdbacks that may not be honored by the indemnitors, may be less than the resulting liabilities or may otherwise fail to address the liabilities adequately. Therefore, we cannot provide any assurance that our insurance coverage or transactional indemnities will be sufficient or that our liability, if any, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, quoted trading price of our securities, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to security holders.

1516

SUMMARY RISK FACTORS

The following section sets forth a summary of material factors that may adversely affect our business and operations. For a more extensive discussion of these factors, see “1A. Risk Factors” contained in this report.

•The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and restrictions intended to prevent its spread, could adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to security holders.

•Global market, economic and geopolitical conditions may adversely affect our business, results of operations, liquidity and financial condition and those of our tenants.

•Many of our costs, such as operating and general and administrative expenses, interest expense and real estate acquisition and construction costs, could be adversely impacted by periods of heightened inflation.

•All of our properties are located in California, ~~and~~ greater Seattle, Washington and Austin, Texas and we may therefore be susceptible to adverse economic conditions and regulations, as well as natural disasters, in those areas.

•Our performance and the market value of our securities are subject to risks associated with our investments in real estate assets and with trends in the real estate industry.

•We depend upon significant tenants, and the loss of a significant tenant could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, ability to borrow funds and cash flows.

•Downturns in tenants’ businesses may reduce our revenues and cash flows.

•A large percentage of our tenants operate in a concentrated group of industries and downturns in these industries could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

•We may be unable to renew leases or re-lease available space.

•We are subject to governmental regulations that may affect the development, redevelopment and use of our properties.

•We may not be able to meet our debt service obligations.

•The covenants in the agreements governing the Operating Partnership’s unsecured revolving credit facility, unsecured term loan facility and note purchase agreements may limit our ability to make distributions to the holders of our common stock.

•A downgrade in our credit ratings could materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.

•An increase in interest rates would increase our interest costs on variable rate debt and new debt and could adversely affect our ability to refinance existing debt, conduct development, redevelopment and acquisition activity and recycle capital.

•We face significant competition, which may decrease the occupancy and rental rates of our properties.

•In order to maintain the quality of our properties and successfully compete against other properties, we must periodically spend money to maintain, repair and renovate our properties, which reduces our cash flows.

•Potential casualty losses, such as earthquake losses, may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

•We may be unable to complete acquisitions and successfully operate acquired properties.

•There are significant risks associated with property acquisition, development and redevelopment.

•Joint venture investments could be adversely affected by our lack of sole decision-making authority, our reliance on co-venturers’ financial condition, and disputes between us and our co-venturers and could expose us to potential liabilities and losses.

•We own certain properties subject to ground leases and other restrictive agreements that limit our uses of the properties, restrict our ability to sell or otherwise transfer the properties and expose us to the loss of the properties if such agreements are breached by us, terminated or not renewed.

•We may invest in securities related to real estate, which could adversely affect our ability to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders.

•We face risks associated with security breaches through cyber attacks, cyber intrusions or otherwise, as well as other significant disruptions of our information technology (IT) networks and related systems.

•An increase in interest rates could increase our interest costs on variable rate debt and new debt and could adversely affect our ability to refinance existing debt, conduct development, redevelopment and acquisition activity and recycle capital.

•The actual density of our undeveloped land holdings and/or any particular land parcel may not be consistent with our potential density estimates.

•Loss of our key personnel could harm our operations and financial performance and adversely affect the quoted trading price of our securities.

•Our growth depends on external sources of capital that are outside of our control and the inability to obtain capital on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all, could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

•The Chairman of our board of directors and Chief Executive Officer has substantial influence over our affairs.

•Loss of the Company’s REIT status would have significant adverse consequences to us and the value of the Company’s common stock.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

The following section sets forth material factors that may adversely affect our business and operations. The following factors, as well as the factors discussed in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations —Factors That May Influence Future Results of Operations” and other information contained in this report, should be considered in evaluating us and our business.

Risks Related to our Business and Operations

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and restrictions intended to prevent its spread, could adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to security holders. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic which continues to evolve, and restrictions intended to prevent its spread, have impacted the markets in which we conduct our business and where our tenants are located. All the states where we own properties and/or have development projects (i.e., California and Washington) initially reacted to the COVID-19 pandemic by instituting quarantines, restrictions on travel, “shelter in place” rules, stay-at-home orders, density limitations, social distancing measures, restrictions on types of business that may continue to operate and/or restrictions on types of construction projects that may continue. Although some state governments and other authorities were in varying stages of lifting or modifying some of these measures, all the states where we own properties and/or have development projects have been forced to reinstitute these measures and may, in the future, impose new, more restrictive measures, if the risks, or the perception of the risks, related to the COVID-19 pandemic worsen at any time. Furthermore, although in certain cases, exceptions are available for essential retail, research and laboratory activities, essential building services, such as cleaning and maintenance, and certain essential construction projects, there can be no assurance that such exceptions will enable us to avoid adverse impacts on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to security holders. For instance, some of the activities of our parking, retail space and co-working tenants are not covered by the exceptions listed above, and we have seen weakness and a material reduction in rent

collections from these tenants that may continue for an indeterminate period pending a cessation of the adverse impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic, and restrictions intended to prevent its spread. In addition, there can be no assurance as to how long restrictions intended to prevent the spread of COVID-19 may remain in place in the states and cities where we own properties, and even if such restrictions are lifted, they may be reinstituted at a later date. If such restrictions remain in place for an extended period of time, we may experience further reductions in rents from our tenants.

~~Across all property types, we collected approximately 97% of our total gross rent billings for the year ended December 31, 2020, including~~ ~~100%~~ ~~from all of our top 15 tenants and as of February 1, 2021, we had collected~~ ~~95%~~ ~~of our January 2021 total gross rent billings, including~~ ~~100%~~ from all of our top 15 tenants. Although we are and will continue to be actively engaged in rent collection efforts related to uncollected rent, as well as working with certain tenants who have requested rent deferrals (particularly those occupying retail space), we can provide no assurance that such efforts or our efforts in future periods will be successful. In addition, we are and will continue to be actively engaged in discussions with certain tenants regarding the adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, and restrictions intended to prevent its spread, and may afford certain additional accommodations.

In addition, we may be required to continue to comply with “social distancing” at our properties and development projects and we may be subject to certain conditions, including requiring contractors to develop COVID-19 control, mitigation, and recovery plans and satisfy certain requirements before work can continue or commence, which may increase costs, perhaps substantially. We expect to comply with any state or local requirements. Our development projects could in the future be affected by moratoriums on construction. To the extent any city issues a moratorium, we may be subject to such a moratorium unless the applicable state or city grants an exclusion for these projects because certain of our development projects may qualify as essential construction projects.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and restrictions intended to prevent its spread, could have significant adverse impacts on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to security holders in a variety of ways that are difficult to predict. Such adverse impacts could depend on, among other factors:

•the financial condition of our tenants - many of which are in the technology, media, healthcare, life sciences, entertainment and professional services industries - and their ability or willingness to pay rent in full on a timely basis;

•~~state, local, federal and industry-initiated efforts that may adversely affect landlords, including us, and their ability to collect rent and/or enforce remedies for the failure to pay rent;~~

•~~our need to defer or forgive rent and restructure leases with our tenants and our ability to do so on favorable terms or at all;~~

•~~significant job losses in the industries of our tenants, which may decrease demand for our office and retail space, causing market rental rates and property values to be negatively impacted;~~

•our ability to stabilize or lease-up our development projects, renew leases or re-lease available space in our proprieties on favorable terms or at all, including as a result of a general decrease in demand for our office and retail space, deterioration in the economic and market conditions in the markets in which we own properties or due to restrictions intended to prevent the spread of COVID-19 that frustrate our leasing activities;

•a severe and prolonged disruption and instability in the global financial markets, including the debt and equity capital markets, all of which have already experienced and may continue to experience significant volatility, or deterioration in credit and financing conditions, may affect our or our tenants’ ability to access capital necessary to fund our respective business operations or replace or renew maturing liabilities on a timely basis, on attractive terms or at all and may adversely affect the valuation of financial assets and liabilities, any of which could affect our and our tenants’ ability to meet liquidity and capital expenditure requirements;

•a refusal or failure of one or more lenders under our revolving credit facility to fund their respective financing commitments to us may affect our ability to access capital necessary to fund our business operations and to meet our liquidity and capital expenditure requirements;

•the ability of potential buyers of properties identified for potential future capital recycling transactions to obtain debt financing, which has been and may continue to be constrained for some potential buyers;

•~~a reduction in the values of our properties that could result in impairments or limit our ability to dispose of them at attractive prices or obtain debt financing secured by our properties;~~

•complete or partial shutdowns of one or more of our tenants’ manufacturing facilities or distribution centers, temporary or long-term disruptions in our tenants’ supply chains from local, national and international suppliers or delays in the delivery of products, services or other materials necessary for our tenants’ operations, which could force our tenants to reduce, delay or eliminate offerings of their products and services, reduce or eliminate their revenues and liquidity and/or result in their bankruptcy or insolvency;

•our ability to avoid delays or cost increases associated with building materials or construction services necessary for construction that could adversely impact our ability to continue or complete construction as planned, on budget or at all;

•our and our tenants’ ability to manage our respective businesses to the extent our and their management or personnel are impacted in significant numbers by the COVID-19 pandemic and are not willing, available or allowed to conduct work; and

•~~our and our tenants’ ability to ensure business continuity in the event our continuity of operations plan is not effective or improperly implemented or deployed during the COVID-19 pandemic.~~

The rapid development and fluidity of this situation precludes any prediction as to the ultimate adverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or restrictions intended to prevent its spread. Nevertheless, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and restrictions intended to prevent its spread, and the current financial, economic and capital markets environment and future developments in these and other areas present material risks and uncertainties with respect to our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to security holders and could also have a material adverse effect on the market value of our securities. Moreover, to the extent any of these risks and uncertainties adversely impact us in the ways described above or otherwise, they may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks set forth in this “Risk Factors” section.

Global market, economic and geopolitical conditions may adversely affect our business, results of operations, liquidity and financial condition and those of our tenants. Our business may be adversely affected by global market, economic and geopolitical conditions, including general global economic and political uncertainty and dislocations in the credit markets. If these conditions become more volatile or worsen, our and our tenant’s business, results of operations, liquidity and financial condition and those of our tenants may be adversely affected as a result of the following consequences, among others:

•the financial condition of our tenants, many of which are technology; life science and healthcare; finance, insurance and real estate; media and professional business and other service firms, may be adversely affected, which may result in tenant defaults under leases due to bankruptcy, lack of liquidity, operational failures or for other reasons;

•significant job losses in the financial and professional services industries may occur, which may decrease demand for our office space, causing market rental rates and property values to be negatively impacted;

•our ability to obtain financing on terms and conditions that we find acceptable, or at all, may be limited, which could reduce our ability to pursue acquisition and development opportunities and refinance existing

debt, reduce our returns from our acquisition and development activities and increase our future interest expense;

•reduced values of our properties may limit our ability to dispose of assets at attractive prices or to obtain debt financing secured by our properties and may reduce the availability of unsecured loans; and

•one or more lenders under the Operating Partnership’s unsecured revolving credit facility could refuse to fund their financing commitment to us or could fail and we may not be able to replace the financing commitment of any such lenders on favorable terms, or at all.

Many of our costs, such as operating and general and administrative expenses, interest expense and real estate acquisition and construction costs, could be adversely impacted by periods of heightened inflation. In recent months, the consumer price index has increased substantially. Federal policies and recent global events, such as the rising price of oil and the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, may have exacerbated, and may continue to exacerbate, increases in the consumer price index.

A sustained or further increase in inflation could have an adverse impact on our operating expenses incurred in connection with, among others, the property-related contracted services such as repairs and maintenance, janitorial, utilities, security and insurance. Our operating expenses, with the exception of ground lease rental expenses, may be recoverable through our lease arrangements. In general, the office and life science properties are leased to tenants on a triple net, modified net, full service gross or modified gross basis. Under a triple net lease, the tenants pay their proportionate share of real estate taxes, operating costs and utility costs. A modified net lease is similar to a triple net lease, except the tenants are obligated to pay their proportionate share of certain operating expenses directly to the service provider. Under a full service gross lease, we are obligated to pay the tenant’s proportionate share of real estate taxes, insurance and operating expenses up to the amount incurred during the “base year,” which is typically the tenant’s first year of occupancy. The tenant pays its proportionate share of increases in expenses above the base year. A modified gross lease is similar to a full service gross lease, except tenants are obligated to pay their proportionate share of certain operating expenses, usually electricity, directly to the service provider. At December 31, 2022, 43% of our properties were leased to tenants on a triple net basis, 25% of our properties were leased to tenants on a full service gross basis, 24% were leased to tenants on a modified gross basis, and 8% were leased to tenants on a modified net basis, in each case as a percentage of our annualized base rental revenue.

During inflationary periods, we expect to recover some increases in operating expenses from our tenants through our existing lease structures. As a result, we do not believe that inflation would result in a material adverse effect on our net operating income and operating cash flows at the property level. However, there can be no assurance that our tenants would be able to absorb these expense increases and be able to continue to pay us their portion of operating expenses, capital expenditures and rent. Also, due to rising costs, our tenants may be unable to continue operating their businesses altogether. Alternatively, our tenants may decide to relocate to areas with lower rent and operating expenses where we may not currently own properties, and our tenants may cease to lease properties from us. Such adverse impacts on our tenants may cause increased vacancies, which may add pressure to lower rents and increase our expenditures for re-leasing. If we are unable to retain our tenants or withstand increases in operating expenses, capital expenditures and leasing costs, we may be unable to meet our financial expectations, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to security holders.

Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation costs, technology services and professional service fees. Rising inflation rates may require us to provide compensation increases beyond historical annual increases, which may increase our compensation costs. Similarly, technology services and professional service fees are also subject to the impact of inflation and expected to increase proportionately with increasing market prices for such services. Consequently, inflation may increase our general and administrative expenses over time and may adversely impact our results of operations and cash flows.

In March 2022, the Federal Reserve began, and it has continued and is expected to continue, to raise interest rates in an effort to curb inflation. Our exposure to increases in interest rates in the short term is limited to our variable-rate borrowings, which consist of borrowings under our unsecured term loan facility and unsecured revolving credit facility. As of December 31, 2022, we had no borrowings under our unsecured revolving credit facility and $200.0 million outstanding under our unsecured term loan facility. However, the effect of inflation on interest rates could increase our financing costs over time, either through near-term borrowings on our floating-rate lines of credit or refinancing of our existing borrowings that may incur higher interest expenses related to the issuance of new debt. For more information, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors—Risks Related to our Indebtedness—An increase in interest rates would increase our interest costs on variable rate debt and new debt and could adversely affect our ability to refinance existing debt, conduct development, redevelopment and acquisition activity and recycle capital.”

In addition, historically, during periods of increasing interest rates, real estate valuations have generally decreased as a result of rising capitalization rates, which tend to be positively correlated with interest rates. Consequently, prolonged periods of higher interest rates may negatively impact the valuation of our portfolio and result in the decline of the quoted trading price of our securities and market capitalization, as well as lower sales proceeds from future dispositions.

As of December 31, 2022, approximately 91.8% of our leases (as a percentage of our annualized base rental revenue) contained effective annual rent escalations of at least 3%. We have long-term lease agreements with our tenants, of which an average of approximately 10.0% (based on leased rentable square footage) expire each year over the next ten years. We believe that these annual lease expirations allow us to reset these leases to market rents upon renewal or re-leasing and that annual rent escalations within our long-term leases are generally sufficient to offset the effect of inflation on non-recoverable costs, such as general and administrative expenses and interest expense. However, the impact of the current elevated rate of inflation may not be adequately offset by some of our annual rent escalations, and it is possible that the resetting of rents from our renewal and re-leasing activities would not fully offset the impact of the current inflation rate. As a result, during inflationary periods in which the inflation rate exceeds the annual rent escalation percentages within our lease contracts, we may not adequately mitigate the impact of inflation, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Additionally, inflation may have a negative effect on the construction costs necessary to complete our development and redevelopment projects, including, but not limited to, costs of construction materials, labor and services from third-party contractors and suppliers. We rely on a number of third-party suppliers and contractors to supply raw materials, skilled labor and services for our construction projects. Certain increases in the costs of construction materials can often be managed in our development and redevelopment projects through either general budget contingencies built into our overall construction costs estimates for each of our projects or guaranteed maximum price construction contracts, which stipulate a maximum price for certain construction costs and shift inflation risk to our construction general contractors. However, no assurance can be given that our budget contingencies would accurately account for potential construction cost increases given the current severity of inflation and variety of contributing factors or that our general contractors would be able to absorb such increases in costs and complete our construction projects timely, within budget, or at all.

We have not encountered significant difficulty collaborating with our third-party suppliers and contractors and obtaining materials and skilled labor, and we have not experienced significant delays or increases in overall project costs due to the factors discussed above. While we do not rely on any single supplier or vendor for the majority of our materials and skilled labor, we may experience difficulties obtaining necessary materials from suppliers or vendors whose supply chains might become impacted by economic or political changes, shortages of shipping containers and/or means of transportation, or difficulties obtaining adequate skilled labor from third-party contractors in a tightening labor market. It is uncertain whether we would be able to source the essential commodities, supplies, materials and skilled labor timely or at all without incurring significant costs or delays, particularly during times of economic uncertainty resulting from events outside of our control, including, but not limited to, effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, federal policies and the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict.

Higher construction costs could adversely impact our investments in real estate assets and expected yields on our development and redevelopment projects, which may make otherwise lucrative investment opportunities less profitable to us. Our reliance on a number of third-party suppliers and contractors may also make such investment opportunities unattainable if we are unable to sufficiently fund our projects due to significant cost increases, or are unable to obtain the resources and materials to do so reasonably due to disrupted supply chains. As a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to security holders could be adversely affected over time.

All of our properties are located in California, ~~and~~ greater Seattle, Washington and Austin, Texas and we may therefore be susceptible to adverse economic conditions and regulations, as well as natural disasters, in those areas. Because all of our properties are concentrated in California, ~~and~~ greater Seattle, Washington and Austin, Texas, we may be exposed to greater economic risks than if we owned a more geographically dispersed portfolio. Further, within California, our properties are concentrated in Greater Los Angeles, San Diego County and the San Francisco Bay Area, exposing us to risks associated with those specific areas. We are susceptible to adverse developments in the economic and regulatory environments of California, ~~and~~ greater Seattle and Austin, Texas (such as periods of economic slowdown or recession, business layoffs or downsizing, industry slowdowns, relocations of businesses, increases in real estate and other taxes, costs of complying with governmental regulations or increased regulation and other factors), as well as adverse weather conditions and natural disasters that occur in those areas (such as earthquakes, wind, landslides, droughts, fires, floods and other events). For example, many of our assets are in zones that have been impacted by drought and, as such, face the risk of increased water costs and potential fines and/or penalties for high consumption. In addition, California is also regarded as more litigious and more highly regulated and taxed than many other states, which may reduce demand for office space in California.

Any adverse developments in the economy or real estate market in California and the surrounding region, or in greater Seattle or Austin, Texas or any decrease in demand for office space resulting from the California or greater Seattle or Austin, Texas regulatory or business environment could impact our ability to generate revenues sufficient to meet our operating expenses or other obligations, which would adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, the quoted trading price of our securities and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders.

Our performance and the market value of our securities are subject to risks associated with our investments in real estate assets and with trends in the real estate industry. Our economic performance and the value of our real estate assets and, consequently the market value of the Company’s securities, are subject to the risk that our properties may not generate revenues sufficient to meet our operating expenses or other obligations. A deficiency of this nature would adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, the quoted trading price of our securities, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders.

Events and conditions applicable to owners and operators of real estate that are beyond our control and could impact our economic performance and the value of our real estate assets may include:

•local oversupply or reduction in demand for office, mixed-use or other commercial space, which may result in decreasing rental rates and greater concessions to tenants;

•inability to collect rent from tenants;

•vacancies or inability to rent space on favorable terms or at all;

•inability to finance property development and acquisitions on favorable terms or at all;

•increased operating costs, including insurance premiums, utilities and real estate taxes;

•costs of complying with changes in governmental regulations;

•the relative illiquidity of real estate investments;

2021

•declines in real estate asset valuations, which may limit our ability to dispose of assets at attractive prices or obtain or maintain debt financing;

•changing submarket demographics;

•changes in space utilization by our tenants due to technology, economic conditions and business culture;

•the development of harmful mold or other airborne toxins or contaminants that could damage our properties or expose us to third-party liabilities; and

•property damage resulting from seismic activity or other natural disasters.

We depend upon significant tenants, and the loss of a significant tenant could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, ability to borrow funds and cash flows. As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, our 15 largest tenants represented approximately ~~49.1%~~46.5% of total annualized base rental ~~revenues.~~revenues on a prospective basis. See further discussion on the composition of our tenants by industry and our largest tenants under “Item 2. Properties —Significant Tenants.”

Our financial condition, results of operations, ability to borrow funds and cash flows would be adversely affected if any of our significant tenants fails to renew its lease(s), renew its lease(s) on terms less favorable to us, or becomes bankrupt or insolvent or otherwise unable to satisfy its lease obligations.

Downturns in tenants’ businesses may reduce our revenues and cash flows. For the year ended December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, we derived approximately ~~99.3%~~99.0% of our revenues from rental income. A tenant may experience a downturn in its business, which may weaken its financial condition and result in its failure to make timely rental payments or result in defaults under our leases. In the event of default by a tenant, we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as landlord and may incur substantial costs in protecting our investment.

The bankruptcy or insolvency of a major tenant also may adversely affect the income produced by our properties. If any tenant becomes a debtor in a case under federal bankruptcy law, we cannot evict the tenant solely because of the bankruptcy. In addition, the bankruptcy court might permit the tenant to reject and terminate its lease with us. Our claim against the tenant for unpaid and future rent could be subject to a statutory cap that might be substantially less than the remaining rent actually owed under the lease. Therefore, our claim for unpaid rent would likely not be paid in full. Any losses resulting from the bankruptcy of any of our existing tenants could adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, the quoted trading price of our securities, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders.

A large percentage of our tenants operate in a concentrated group of industries and downturns in these industries could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, as a percentage of our annualized base rental revenue for the stabilized portfolio, 58% of our tenants operated in the technology industry, ~~13%~~18% in the life science and health care industries, ~~11%~~8% in the media industry, 7%6% in the finance, insurance and real estate industries, 4% in the professional, business and other services industries and 7%6% in other industries. As we continue our development and potential acquisition activities in markets populated by knowledge and creative based tenants in the technology and media industries, our tenant mix could become more concentrated, further exposing us to risks associated with those industries. For a further discussion of the composition of our tenants by industry, see “Item 2. Properties —Significant Tenants.” An economic downturn in any of these industries, or in any industry in which a significant number of our tenants currently or may in the future operate, could negatively impact the financial condition of such tenants and cause them to fail to make timely rental payments or default on lease obligations, fail to renew their leases or renew their leases on terms less favorable to us, become bankrupt or insolvent, or otherwise become unable to satisfy their obligations to us. As a result, a downturn in an industry in which a significant number of our tenants operate could adversely affect our financial conditions, result of operations and cash flows.

We may be unable to renew leases or re-lease available space. Most of our income is derived from the rent earned from our tenants. We had office space representing approximately ~~8.8%~~8.4% of the total square footage of our stabilized office properties that was not occupied as of December 31, ~~2020.~~2022. In addition, leases representing approximately ~~4.4%~~10.3% and ~~6.6%~~7.9% of the leased rentable square footage of our properties are scheduled to expire in ~~2021~~

2023 and ~~2022,~~2024, respectively. ~~Of the leases scheduled to expire in 2021 and 2022, 21% and 4% of the rentable square footage scheduled to expire was re-leased, respectively, as of December 31, 2020.~~ Above market rental rates on some of our properties may force us to renew or re-lease expiring leases at rates below current lease rates. We cannot provide any assurance that leases will be renewed, available space will be re-leased or that our rental rates will be equal to or above the current rental rates. If the average rental rates for our properties decrease, existing tenants do not renew their leases, or available space is not re-leased, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, the quoted trading price of our securities, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders could be adversely affected. For additional information on our scheduled lease expirations, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations —Factors That May Influence Future Results of Operations.”

We are subject to governmental regulations that may affect the development, redevelopment and use of our properties. Our properties are subject to regulation under federal laws, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (the “ADA”), pursuant to which all public accommodations must meet federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons, and state and local laws addressing earthquake, fire and life safety requirements. Although we believe that our properties substantially comply with requirements under applicable governmental regulations, none of our properties have been audited or investigated for compliance by any regulatory agency. If we were not in compliance with material provisions of the ADA or other regulations affecting our properties, we might be required to take remedial action, which could include making modifications or renovations to our properties. Federal, state, or local governments may also enact future laws and regulations that could require us to make significant modifications or renovations to our properties. If we were to incur substantial costs to comply with the ADA or any other regulations, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, the quoted trading price of our securities, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders could be adversely affected.

Our properties are subject to land use rules and regulations that govern our development, redevelopment and use of our properties, such as Title 24 of the California Code of Regulations (“Title 24”), which prescribes building energy efficiency standards for residential and nonresidential buildings in the State of California. If we were not in compliance with material provisions of Title 24 or other regulations affecting our properties, we might be required to take remedial action, which could include making modifications or renovations to our properties. Changes in the existing land use rules and regulations and approval process that restrict or delay our ability to develop, redevelop or use our properties (such as potential restrictions on the use and/or density of new developments, water use and other uses and activities) or that prescribe additional standards could have ana material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows, the quoted trading price of our securities, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders.

Epidemics, pandemics or other outbreaks, and restrictions intended to prevent their spread, could adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to security holders. Epidemics, pandemics or other outbreaks of an illness, disease or virus that affect the markets in which we conduct our business and where our tenants are located, and actions taken to contain or prevent their further spread, could have significant adverse impacts on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, liquidity and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to security holders in a variety of ways that are difficult to predict. Epidemics, pandemics or other outbreaks of an illness, disease or virus, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, could result in significant governmental measures being implemented to control the spread of such illness, disease or virus, including quarantines, restrictions on travel, “shelter in place” rules, stay-at-home orders, density limitations, social distancing measures, restrictions on types of business that may continue to operate and/or restrictions on types of construction projects that may continue, which could adversely affect our ability and their respective abilities to adequately manage our respective businesses. Although most state governments and other authorities have lifted or reduced restrictions relating to the COVID-19 pandemic, they and others may reinstitute these measures in the future, or impose new, more restrictive measures, if the risks, or the perception of the risks, related to the COVID-19 pandemic worsen at any time, including as a result of the spread of new variants of the virus or other illness. If any such restrictions remain in place for an extended period of time, we may experience

reductions in rents from our tenants. Although we will continue to be actively engaged in rent collection efforts related to uncollected rent, as well as working with certain tenants who request rent deferrals (particularly those occupying retail space), we can provide no assurance that such efforts or our efforts in future periods will be successful. Moreover, to the extent any of these risks and uncertainties adversely impact us in the ways described above or otherwise, they may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks set forth in this “Risk Factors” section.

We face significant competition, which may decrease the occupancy and rental rates of our properties. We compete with several developers, owners and operators of office, undeveloped land and other commercial real estate, including mixed-use and residential real estate, many of which own properties similar to ours in the same submarkets in which our properties are located but which have lower occupancy rates than our properties. Therefore, our competitors have an incentive to decrease rental rates until their available space is leased. If our competitors offer space at rental rates below the rates currently charged by us for comparable space, we may be pressured to reduce our rental rates below those currently charged in order to retain tenants when our tenant leases expire. As a result, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, the quoted trading price of our securities, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders may be adversely affected.

In order to maintain the quality of our properties and successfully compete against other properties, we must periodically spend money to maintain, repair and renovate our properties, which reduces our cash flows. If our properties are not as attractive to current and prospective tenants in terms of rent, services, condition or location as properties owned by our competitors, we could lose tenants or suffer lower rental rates. As a result, we may from time to time be required to make significant capital expenditures to maintain the competitiveness of our properties. There can be no assurances that any such expenditure would result in higher occupancy or higher rental rates, or deter existing tenants from relocating to properties owned by our competitors.

Potential casualty losses, such as earthquake losses, may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We carry comprehensive liability, fire, extended coverage, rental loss, and terrorism insurance covering all of our properties. Management believes the policy specifications and insured limits are appropriate given the relative risk of loss, the cost of the coverage and industry practice. We do not carry insurance for generally uninsurable losses such as loss from riots or acts of God. In addition, all of our West Coast properties are located in earthquake-prone areas. We carry earthquake insurance on our properties in an amount and with deductibles that management believes are commercially reasonable. However, the amount of our earthquake insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover losses from earthquakes. We may also discontinue earthquake insurance on some or all of our properties in the future if the cost of premiums for earthquake insurance exceeds the value of the coverage discounted for the risk of loss. If we experience a loss that is uninsured or which exceeds policy limits, we could lose the capital invested in the damaged properties as well as the anticipated future cash flows from those properties. Further, if the damaged properties are subject to recourse indebtedness, we would continue to be liable for the indebtedness, even if the properties were irreparable.

We may not be able to rebuild our existing properties to their existing specifications if we experience a substantial or comprehensive loss of such properties. In the event that we experience a substantial or comprehensive loss of one of our properties, we may not be able to rebuild such property to its existing specifications. Further, reconstruction or improvement of such property could potentially require significant upgrades to meet zoning and building code requirements or be subject to environmental and other legal restrictions.

Our business is subject to risks associated with climate change and our sustainability strategies. Climate change could trigger extreme weather and changes in precipitation, temperature, and air quality, all of which may result in physical damage to, or a decrease in demand for, our properties located in the areas affected by these conditions. Should the impact of climate change be severe or occur for lengthy periods of time, our financial condition or results of operations would be adversely affected.

Recognizing the importance of climate change and reducing our greenhouse gas impact on the environment, as part of our sustainability strategies, we achieved carbon neutral operations in 2020 and 2021 per the commitment we made in ~~2018.~~2018 and we expect to achieve this goal again for the third time in 2022. This means that the entirety of our scope 1 and scope 2 emissions are now offset through a combination of energy efficiency measures and both onsite and offsite renewables. Scope 1 emissions represent those produced by onsite natural gas consumption procured by us, and Scope 2 emissions represent those produced by onsite electricity consumption procured by us. Our own efforts to reduce our greenhouse gas impact on the environment and/or comply with changes in federal and state laws and regulations on climate change could result in significant capital expenditures to improve the energy efficiency of our existing properties or properties we may acquire. Changes to such law and regulations could also result in increased operating costs at our properties (for example, through increased utility costs). Moreover, if we are unable to maintain carbon neutral operations or comply with laws and regulations on climate change, our reputation among our tenants and investors may be damaged and we may incur fines and/or penalties.

Our properties are located in West Coast markets of the United ~~States.~~States and in Austin, Texas. To the extent that climate change impacts changes in weather patterns, our markets could experience increases in extreme weather and rising sea levels. For example, many of our assets are in zones that have been impacted by drought and, as such, face the risk of increased water costs and potential fines and/or penalties for high consumption. We endeavor to understand these risks through the use of climate change modeling analysis. We mitigate risks uncovered through this analysis through, for example, comprehensive, proactive water reduction efforts throughout our portfolio, including domestic fixture upgrades, cooling tower optimizations, a comprehensive leak detection program and irrigation systems retrofits. We also incorporate green lease language into 100% of our new leases, ~~including~~and the majority of our leases also include a cost recovery clause for resource-efficiency related capital expenditures, ~~in full-service gross leases,~~ which aim to align our and our tenant’s interests on energy, water and waste efficiency. In addition, we are building our current development projects to LEED specifications, and all of our office development projects are now designed to achieve LEED certification, either LEED Platinum or Gold. However, there can be no assurances that we will successfully mitigate the risk of increased water costs and potential fines and/or penalties for high consumption or that we will be able to fully recoup any capital expenditures we incur in connection with our green leases. Moreover, there can be no assurance that our development projects will be able to achieve the anticipated LEED certifications or that any of our sustainability strategies will result in reduced operating costs, higher occupancy or higher rental rates or deter our existing tenants from relocating to properties owned by our competitors. Over time, these conditions could result in

declining demand for space at our properties or in our inability to operate the buildings as currently intended or at all. Climate change may also have indirect effects on our business by increasing the cost of, or decreasing the availability of, property insurance on terms we find acceptable or at all, or by increasing the cost of energy or water. There can be no assurance that climate change will not have a material adverse effect on our properties, operations or business.

We are subject to environmental and health and safety laws and regulations, and any costs to comply with, or liabilities arising under, such laws and regulations could be material. As an owner, operator, manager, acquirer and developer of real properties, we are subject to environmental and health and safety laws and regulations. Certain of these laws and regulations impose joint and several liability, without regard to fault, for investigation and clean-up costs on current and former owners and operators of real property and persons who have disposed of or released hazardous substances into the environment. At some of our properties, there are asbestos-containing materials, or tenants routinely handle hazardous substances as part of their operations. In addition, historical operations and conditions, including the presence of underground storage tanks, various site uses that involved hazardous substances, the landfilling of hazardous substances and solid waste, and migration of contamination from other sites, have caused soil or groundwater contamination at or near some of our properties. Although we believe that the prior owners of the affected properties or other persons may have conducted remediation of known contamination at many of these properties, not all such contamination has been remediated, further clean-up or environmental closure activities at certain of these properties is or may be required, and residual contamination could pose environmental, health, and safety risks if not appropriately addressed. We may need to investigate or remediate contaminated soil, soil gas, landfill gas, and groundwater, and we may also need to conduct landfill closure and post-closure activities, including, for example, the implementation of groundwater and methane monitoring systems and impervious cover, and the costs of such work could exceed projected or budgeted amounts. To protect the health and safety of site occupants and others, we may be required to implement and operate safeguards, including, for example, vapor intrusion mitigation systems and building protection systems to address methane. We may need to modify our methods of construction or face increased construction costs as a result of environmental conditions, and we may

face obligations under agreements with governmental authorities with respect to the management of such environmental conditions. If releases from our sites migrate offsite, or if our site redevelopment activities cause or contribute to a migration of hazardous substances, neighbors or others could make claims against us, such as for property damage, personal injury, cost recovery, or natural resources damage. As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, we had accrued environmental remediation liabilities of approximately ~~$71.3~~$80.5 million recorded on our consolidated balance sheets in connection with certain of our in-process and future development projects. The accrued environmental remediation liabilities represent the costs we estimate we will incur when we commence development at various development acquisition sites. These estimates, which we developed with the assistance of third party experts, consist primarily of the removal of contaminated soil, performing environmental closure activities, construction remedial systems, and other related costs since we are required to dispose of any existing contaminated soil, and sometimes perform other environmental closure or remedial activities, when we develop new office properties asat these sites. It is possible that we could incur additional environmental remediation costs in connection with future development projects. However, potential additional environmental costs cannot be reasonably estimated at this time and certain changes in estimates could occur as the site conditions, final project timing, design elements, actual soil conditions and other aspects of the projects, which may depend upon municipal and other approvals beyond the control of the Company, are determined. Unknown or unremediated contamination or compliance with existing or new environmental or health and safety laws and regulations could require us to incur costs or liabilities that could be material. See “Item 1. Business —Environmental Regulations and Potential Liabilities” and Note 18 “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements included in this report.

We may be unable to complete acquisitions and successfully operate acquired properties. We continually evaluate the market of available properties and may continue to acquire office or mixed-use properties and undeveloped land when strategic opportunities exist. Our ability to acquire properties on favorable terms and successfully operate them is subject to various risks, including the following:

•we may potentially be unable to acquire a desired property because of competition from other real estate investors with significant capital, including both publicly traded and private REITs, institutional investment funds and other real estate investors;

•even if we are able to acquire a desired property, competition from other real estate investors may significantly increase the purchase price;

•even if we enter into agreements for the acquisition of a desired property, we may be unable to complete such acquisitions because they remain subject to customary conditions to closing, including the completion of due diligence investigations to management’s satisfaction;

•we may be unable to finance acquisitions on favorable terms or at all;

•we may spend more than budgeted amounts in operating costs or to make necessary improvements or renovations to acquired properties;

•we may lease acquired properties at economic lease terms different than projected;

•we may acquire properties that are subject to liabilities for which we may have limited or no recourse; and

•we may be unable to complete an acquisition after making a nonrefundable deposit and incurring certain other acquisition-related costs.

If we cannot finance property acquisitions on favorable terms or operate acquired properties to meet financial expectations, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, the quoted trading price of our securities and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders could be adversely affected.

There are significant risks associated with property acquisition, development and redevelopment. We may be unable to successfully complete and operate acquired, developed and redeveloped properties, and it is possible that:

•we may be unable to lease acquired, developed or redeveloped properties on lease terms projected at the time of acquisition, development or redevelopment or within budgeted timeframes;

•the operating expenses at acquired, developed or redeveloped properties may be greater than projected at the time of acquisition, development or redevelopment, resulting in our investment being less profitable than we expected;

•we may not commence or complete development or redevelopment properties on schedule or within budgeted amounts or at all;

•we may not be able to develop or redevelop the estimated square footage and other features of our development and redevelopment properties;

•we may suspend development or redevelopment projects after construction has begun due to changes in economic conditions or other factors, and this may result in the write-off of costs, payment of additional costs or increases in overall costs when the development or redevelopment project is restarted;

•we may expend funds on and devote management’s time to acquisition, development or redevelopment properties that we may not complete and as a result we may lose deposits or fail to recover expenses already incurred;

•we may encounter delays or refusals in obtaining all necessary zoning, land use, and other required entitlements, and building, occupancy, and other required governmental permits and authorizations;

•we may encounter delays or unforeseen cost increases associated with building materials or construction services resulting from trade tensions, disruptions, tariffs, duties or restrictions or an outbreak of an epidemic or pandemic;

•we may encounter delays, refusals, unforeseen cost increases and other impairments resulting from third-party litigation; and

•we may fail to obtain the financial results expected from properties we acquire, develop or redevelop.

If one or more of these events were to occur in connection with our acquired properties, undeveloped land, or development or redevelopment properties under construction, we could be required to recognize an impairment loss. These events could also have an adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, the quoted trading price of our securities, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders.

While we historically have acquired, developed and redeveloped office properties in California and greater Seattle markets, over the past ~~few~~two years we have acquired properties in ~~greater Seattle,~~Austin, Texas, where we currently have ~~eight stabilized office properties,~~ one development project in the tenant improvement phase and one future development ~~project, and~~project. We may in the future acquire, develop or redevelop properties for other uses and expand our business to other geographic regions where we expect the development or acquisition of property to result in favorable risk-adjusted returns on our investment. Presently, we do not possess the same level of familiarity with other outside markets, which could adversely affect our ability to acquire, develop or redevelop properties or to achieve expected performance.

We face risks associated with the development and operation of mixed-use commercial properties. We ~~are~~ currently ~~developing,~~operate, and in the future may develop, properties either alone or through joint ventures that are known as “mixed-use” developments. This means that in addition to the development of office space, the project may also include space for residential, retail or other commercial purposes. Generally, we have less experience developing and managing non-office/life science real estate. As a result, if a development project includes non-office/life science space, we may develop that space ourselves or seek to partner with a third-party developer with more experience. If we do not partner with such a developer, or if we choose to develop the space ourselves, we would be exposed to specific risks associated with the development and ownership of non-office/life science real estate. In addition, if

we elect to participate in the development through a joint venture, we may be exposed to the risks associated with the failure of the other party to complete the development as expected, which could require that we identify another joint venture partner and/or complete the project ourselves (including providing any necessary financing). In the case of residential properties, these risks include competition for prospective tenants from other operators whose properties may be perceived to offer a better location or better amenities or whose rent may be perceived as a better value given the quality, location and amenities that the tenant seeks. With residential properties, we will also compete against apartments, condominiums and single-family homes that are for sale or rent. Because we have less experience with residential properties, we ~~may~~ retain third parties to manage these properties. IfAs such, we ~~decide to wholly own a non-office project and hire a third-party manager, we could be~~are dependent on ~~that party~~these third parties and ~~its~~their key personnel to provide services to us, and we may not find a suitable replacement if the management agreement is terminated, or if key personnel leave or otherwise become unavailable to us.

Joint venture investments could be adversely affected by our lack of sole decision-making authority, our reliance on co-venturers' financial condition, and disputes between us and our co-venturers and could expose us to potential liabilities and losses. In addition to the 100 First LLC and 303 Second LLC strategic ventures and the Redwood City Partners, LLC venture, we may continue to co-invest in the future with third parties through partnerships, joint ventures or other entities, or through acquiring non-controlling interests in, or sharing responsibility for, managing the affairs of a property, partnership, joint venture or other entity, which may subject us to risks that may not be present with other methods of ownership, including the following:

•we would not be able to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding the property, partnership, joint venture or other entity, which would allow for impasses on decisions that could restrict our ability to sell or transfer our interests in such entity or such entity’s ability to transfer or sell its assets;

•partners or co-venturers might become bankrupt or fail to fund their share of required capital contributions, which could delay construction or development of a property or increase our financial commitment to the partnership or joint venture;

•partners or co-venturers may pursue economic or other business interests, policies or objectives that are competitive or inconsistent with ours;

•if we become a limited partner or non-managing member in any partnership or limited liability company, and such entity takes or expects to take actions that could jeopardize our status as a REIT or require us to pay tax, we may be forced to dispose of our interest in such entity;

•disputes between us and partners or co-venturers may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and/or directors from focusing their time and effort on our business; and

•we may, in certain circumstances, be liable for the actions of our third-party partners or co-venturers.

We own certain properties subject to ground leases and other restrictive agreements that limit our uses of the properties, restrict our ability to sell or otherwise transfer the properties and expose us to the loss of the properties if such agreements are breached by us, terminated or not renewed. As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, we owned fourteen office buildings located on various land parcels and in various regions, which we lease individually on a long-term ~~basis. As of December 31, 2020, we had approximately 2.0 million aggregate rentable square feet, or 14.0% of our total stabilized portfolio, of rental space located on these leased parcels~~basis and we may in the future invest in additional properties that are subject to ground leases or other similar restrictive arrangements. As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately 1.6 million aggregate rentable square feet, or 9.7% of our total stabilized portfolio, and one development project in the tenant improvement phase totaling approximately 734,000 square feet, located on these leased parcels. Many of these ground leases and other restrictive agreements impose significant limitations on our uses of the subject property, restrict our ability to sell or otherwise transfer our interests in the property or restrict our leasing of the property. These restrictions may limit our ability to timely sell or exchange the properties, impair the properties’ value or negatively impact our ability to find suitable tenants for the properties. In addition, if we default under the terms of any particular lease, we may lose the ownership rights to the property subject to the lease. Upon expiration of a lease, we may not be able to renegotiate a new lease on favorable terms, if at all. The loss of the ownership rights to these properties or an increase of rental expense could have ana material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash

flow, the quoted trading price of our securities, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders.

Real estate assets are illiquid, and we may not be able to sell our properties when we desire. Our investments in our properties are relatively illiquid, limiting our ability to sell our properties quickly in response to changes in economic or other conditions. In addition, the Code generally imposes a 100% prohibited transaction tax on the Company on profits derived from sales of properties held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, which effectively limits our ability to sell properties other than on a selected basis. These restrictions on our ability to sell our properties could have ana material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, the quoted trading price of our securities, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders.

We may invest in securities related to real estate, which could adversely affect our ability to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders. We may purchase securities issued by entities that own real estate and may, in the future, also invest in mortgages. In general, investments in mortgages are subject to several risks, including:

•borrowers may fail to make debt service payments or pay the principal when due;

•the value of the mortgaged property may be less than the principal amount of the mortgage note securing the property; and

•interest rates payable on the mortgages may be lower than our cost for the funds used to acquire these mortgages.

Owning these securities may not entitle us to control the ownership, operation and management of the underlying real estate. In addition, we may have no control over the distributions with respect to these securities, which could adversely affect our ability to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders.

We face risks associated with short-term liquid investments. From time to time, we have significant cash balances that we invest in a variety of short-term investments that are intended to preserve principal value and maintain a high degree of liquidity while providing current income. These investments may include (either directly or indirectly):

•direct obligations issued by the U.S. Treasury;

•obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies;

•taxable municipal securities;

•obligations (including certificates of deposits) of banks and thrifts;

•commercial paper and other instruments consisting of short-term U.S. dollar denominated obligations issued by corporations and banks;

•repurchase agreements collateralized by corporate and asset-backed obligations;

•both registered and unregistered money market funds; and

•other highly rated short-term securities.

Investments in these securities and funds are not insured against loss of principal. Under certain circumstances we may be required to redeem all or part of our investment, and our right to redeem some or all of our investment may be delayed or suspended. In addition, there is no guarantee that our investments in these securities or funds will be redeemable at par value. A decline in the value of our investment or a delay or suspension of our right to redeem may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

Our property taxes could increase due to reassessment or property tax rate changes. We are required to pay state and local taxes on our properties. In addition, the real property taxes on our properties may increase as our properties are reassessed by taxing authorities or as property tax rates change. For example, under a current California law commonly referred to as “Proposition 13,” property tax reassessment generally occurs as a result of a “change in ownership” of a property, as specifically defined for purposes of those rules. Because the property taxing authorities may not determine whether there has been a “change in ownership” or the actual reassessed value of a property for a period of time after a transaction has occurred, we may not know the impact of a potential reassessment for a considerable amount of time following a particular transaction or construction of a new property. Therefore, the amount of property taxes we are required to pay could increase substantially from the property taxes we currently pay or have paid in the past, including on a retroactive basis. In addition, from time to time voters and lawmakers have announced initiatives to repeal or amend Proposition 13 to eliminate its application to commercial property and/or introduce split tax roll legislation. Such initiatives, if successful, would increase the assessed value and/or tax rates applicable to commercial property in California, including our properties. An increase in the assessed value of our properties or our property tax rates could adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, the quoted trading price of our securities, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders.

Our business could be adversely impacted if there are deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting. The design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting may not prevent all errors, misstatements or misrepresentations. While management will continue to review the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, there can be no guarantee that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective in accomplishing all control objectives all of the time. Deficiencies, including any material weakness, in our internal control over financial reporting that may occur in the future could result in misstatements of our results of operations, restatements of our financial statements, or otherwise adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, the quoted trading price of our securities, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders.

We face risks associated with security breaches through cyber attacks, cyber intrusions or otherwise, as well as other significant disruptions of our information technology (IT) networks and related systems. We face risks associated with security breaches, whether through cyber attacks or cyber intrusions over the Internet, malware, computer viruses, attachments to e-mails, persons inside our organization or persons with access to systems inside our organization, and other significant disruptions of our IT networks and related systems. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber attack or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Our IT networks and related systems are essential to the operation of our business and our ability to perform day-to-day operations (including managing our building systems), and, in some cases, may be critical to the operations of certain of our tenants. ~~There~~

The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors oversees our risk management processes related to cybersecurity. It meets no less frequently than annually with our IT personnel and senior management to discuss recent trends in cyber risks and our strategy to defend our IT networks, business and building systems and information against cyber attacks and intrusions. Under the oversight of the Audit Committee, we implemented our cybersecurity standards and overall program by reference to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) Cyber Security Framework. As part of our overall cybersecurity program:

•we have implemented a continuous improvement methodology including, but not limited to, ongoing enhancements to processes and controls, quarterly control reviews, annual policy reviews, annual penetration tests and annual investments in our security infrastructure;

•we annually assess our cybersecurity program against the NIST framework and periodically engage an outside consulting firm to conduct the assessment;

•we conduct regular cybersecurity awareness training exercises for our employees and primary on-site providers, including ongoing phishing simulations to raise awareness of spoofed or manipulated electronic communications and other critical security threats; and

•we maintain a written Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan that establishes a framework and guidelines for responding to cybersecurity incidents that may compromise the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our information and systems.

However, there can be no assurance that our efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of IT networks and related systems will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. Like other businesses, we have been and expect to continue to be subject to unauthorized access, mishandling or misuse, computer viruses or malware, cyber attacks and other events of varying degrees. Historically, these events have not adversely affected our operations or business and were not individually or in the aggregate material.

However, in the future, events such as these or other significant disruptions involving our IT networks and related systems could, among other things:

•result in unauthorized access to, destruction, loss, theft, misappropriation or release of proprietary, confidential, sensitive or otherwise valuable information of ours or others, including personally identifiable and account information that could be used to compete against us or for disruptive, destructive or otherwise harmful purposes and outcomes;

•result in unauthorized access to or changes to our financial accounting and reporting systems and related data;

•result in the theft of funds;

•result in our inability to maintain building systems relied on by our tenants;

•require significant management attention and resources to remedy any damage that results;

•subject us to regulatory penalties or claims for breach of contract, damages, credits, penalties or terminations of leases or other agreements; or

•damage our reputation among our tenants and investors.

These events could have an adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, the quoted trading price of our securities, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders.

The actual density of our undeveloped land holdings and/or any particular land parcel may not be consistent with our potential density estimates. As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, we estimate that our ~~five~~eight future development sites, representing approximately 6164 gross acres of undeveloped land, provide more than ~~6.0~~6.5 million square feet of potential density. We caution you not to place undue reliance on the potential density estimates for our undeveloped land holdings and/or any particular land parcel because they are based solely on our estimates, using data currently available to us, and our business plans as of December 31, ~~2020.~~2022. The actual density of our undeveloped land holdings and/or any particular land parcel may differ substantially from our estimates based on numerous factors, including our inability to obtain necessary zoning, land use and other required entitlements, as well as building, occupancy and other required governmental permits and authorizations, and changes in the entitlement, permitting and authorization processes that restrict or delay our ability to develop, redevelop or use undeveloped land holdings at anticipated density levels. Moreover, we may strategically choose not to develop, redevelop or use our undeveloped land holdings to their maximum potential density or may be unable to do so as a result of factors beyond our control, including our ability to obtain capital on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all, to fund our development and redevelopment activities. We can provide no assurance that the actual density of our undeveloped

land holdings and/or any particular land parcel will be consistent with our potential density estimates. For additional information on our development program, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations —Factors That May Influence Future Results of Operations.”

Loss of our key personnel could harm our operations and financial performance and adversely affect the quoted trading price of our securities. The leadership and performance of John Kilroy, the Chairman of our board of directors and our Chief Executive Officer, plays a key role in the success of the Company. He is integral to the Company’s success for many reasons, including that he has a strong national orand regional reputation in our industry and investment community. In addition, he has significant relationships with investors, lenders, tenants and industry personnel, which benefit the Company.

If workers providing services at our properties were to engage in a strike or other work stoppage or interruption, our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity could be materially adversely affected. Although we believe that our relations with our service providers are good, if disputes with our service providers arise or if workers providing services at our properties engage in a strike or other work stoppage or interruption, we could experience a significant disruption of, or inefficiencies in, our operations or at our properties or incur higher labor costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Risks Related to Our Indebtedness

We may not be able to meet our debt service obligations. As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, we had approximately ~~$4.0~~$4.3 billion aggregate principal amount of indebtedness, of which ~~$5.3~~$5.8 million in principal payments will be paid during the year ~~ended~~ending December 31, ~~2021.~~2023. Our total debt at December 31, ~~2020~~2022 represented ~~37.0%~~48.5% of our total market capitalization (which we define as the aggregate of our long-term debt and the market value of the Company’s common stock and the Operating Partnership’s common units of limited partnership interest, or common units, based on the closing price per share of the Company’s common stock as of that date). For the calculation of our market capitalization and additional information on debt maturities, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations —Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Company —Capitalization” and “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations —Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Operating Partnership —Liquidity Uses.”

Our ability to make payments on and to refinance our indebtedness and to fund our operations, working capital, and capital expenditures, depends on our ability to generate cash flow in the future. Our cash flow is subject to general economic, industry, financial, competitive, operating, legislative, regulatory, environmental and other factors, many of which are beyond our control.

The instruments and agreements governing some of our outstanding indebtedness (including borrowings under the Operating Partnership’s unsecured term loan facility, unsecured revolving credit facility and note purchase agreements) contain provisions that require us to repurchase for cash or repay that indebtedness under specified circumstances or upon the occurrence of specified events (including upon the acquisition by any person or group of more than a specified percentage of the aggregate voting power of all the Company’s issued and outstanding voting stock, upon certain changes in the composition of a majority of the members of the Company’s board of directors, if the Company or one of its wholly-owned subsidiaries ceases to be the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership or if the Company ceases to own, directly or indirectly, at least 60% of the voting equity interests in the Operating Partnership), and our future debt agreements and debt securities may contain similar provisions or may require that we repay or repurchase or offer to repurchase for cash the applicable indebtedness under specified circumstances or upon the occurrence of specified changes of control of the Company or the Operating Partnership or other events. We may not have sufficient funds to pay our indebtedness when due (including upon any such required repurchase, repayment or offer to repurchase), and we may not be able to arrange for the financing necessary to make those payments or repurchases on favorable terms or at all. In addition, our ability to make required payments on our indebtedness when due (including upon any such required repurchase, repayment or offer to repurchase) may be limited by the terms of other debt instruments or agreements. Our failure to pay amounts due in respect of any of our indebtedness when due would generally constitute an event of default under the instrument governing that indebtedness, which could permit the holders of that indebtedness to require the immediate repayment of that indebtedness in full and, in the case of secured indebtedness, could allow them to sell the collateral securing that

indebtedness and use the proceeds to repay that indebtedness. Moreover, any acceleration of or default in respect of any of our indebtedness could, in turn, constitute an event of default under other debt instruments or agreements, thereby resulting in the acceleration and required repayment of that other indebtedness.

Any of these events could materially adversely affect our ability to make payments of principal and interest on our indebtedness when due and could prevent us from making those payments altogether.

We cannot assure you that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or that future sources of cash will be available to us in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay amounts due on our indebtedness or to fund our other liquidity needs, including cash distributions to stockholders necessary to maintain the Company’s REIT qualification. Additionally, if we incur additional indebtedness in connection with future acquisitions or for any other purpose, our debt service obligations could increase.

We may need to refinance all or a portion of our indebtedness on or before maturity. Our ability to refinance our indebtedness or obtain additional financing will depend on, among other things:

•our financial condition, results of operations and market conditions at the time; and

•restrictions in the agreements governing our indebtedness.

As a result, we may not be able to refinance our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms or at all. If we do not generate sufficient cash flow from operations, and additional borrowings or refinancings or proceeds of asset sales or other sources of cash are not available to us, we may not have sufficient cash to enable us to meet all of our obligations. Accordingly, if we cannot service our indebtedness, we may have to take actions such as seeking additional equity financing, delaying capital expenditures, or entering into strategic acquisitions and alliances. Any of these events or circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, the trading price of our securities and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders. In addition, foreclosures could create taxable income without accompanying cash proceeds, which could require us to borrow or sell assets to raise the funds necessary to pay amounts due on our indebtedness and to meet the REIT distribution requirements discussed below, even if such actions are not on favorable terms.

The covenants in the agreements governing the Operating Partnership’s unsecured revolving credit facility, unsecured term loan facility and note purchase agreements may limit our ability to make distributions to the holders of our common stock. The Operating Partnership’s ~~$750.0~~$1.1 billion unsecured revolving credit facility, $400.0 million unsecured ~~revolving credit~~term loan facility and note purchase agreements contain financial covenants that could limit the amount of distributions payable by us on our common stock and any preferred stock we may issue in the future. We rely on cash distributions we receive from the Operating Partnership to pay distributions on our common stock and any preferred stock we may issue in the future and to satisfy our other cash needs. The agreements governing the unsecured revolving credit facility and the note purchase agreements provide that, if the Operating Partnership fails to pay any principal of, or interest on, any borrowings or other amounts payable under such agreement when due or during any other event of default under such revolving credit facility and the unsecured private placement notes, the Operating Partnership may make only those partnership distributions that result in distributions to us in an amount sufficient to permit us to make distributions to our stockholders that we reasonably believe are necessary to (a) maintain our qualification as a REIT for federal and state income tax purposes and (b) avoid the payment of federal or state income or excise tax. Any limitation on our ability to make distributions to our stockholders, whether as a result of these provisions in the unsecured revolving credit facility, the unsecured term loan facility, the note purchase agreements or otherwise, could have a material adverse effect on the market value of our common stock.

A downgrade in our credit ratings could materially adversely affect our business and financial condition. The credit ratings assigned to the Operating Partnership’s debt securities and any preferred stock we may issue in the future could change based upon, among other things, our results of operations and financial condition. These ratings are subject to ongoing evaluation by credit rating agencies, and we cannot assure you that any rating will not be changed or withdrawn by a rating agency in the future if, in its judgment, circumstances warrant. Moreover, these credit ratings do not apply to our common stock and are not recommendations to buy, sell or hold our common stock or any other securities. If any of the credit rating agencies that have rated the Operating Partnership’s debt securities or any preferred stock we may issue in the future downgrades or lowers its credit rating, or if any credit rating

agency indicates that it has placed any such rating on a so-called “watch list” for a possible downgrading or lowering or otherwise indicates that its outlook for that rating is negative, it could have a material adverse effect on our costs and availability of capital, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our financial condition,

results of operations, cash flows, the trading price of our securities, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders.

An increase in interest rates ~~could~~would increase our interest costs on variable rate debt and new debt and could adversely affect our ability to refinance existing debt, conduct development, redevelopment and acquisition activity and recycle capital. As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, we had ana $1.1 billion unsecured revolving credit facility and a $400.0 million unsecured term loan facility, each bearing interest at a variable rate on any amount drawn and outstanding. ~~There~~As of December 31, 2022, there was no amount outstanding ~~on the~~under our unsecured revolving credit facility ~~at December 31, 2020.~~and $200.0 million was outstanding under our unsecured term loan facility. However, we may borrow on the revolving credit facility, borrow additional amounts on the term loan facility, or incur additional variable rate debt in the future. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including general economic conditions and policies of various governmental and regulatory agencies and, in particular, the Federal Reserve Board. If the Federal Reserve Board increases the federal funds rate, overall interest rates will likely rise. Interest rate increases would increase ~~so could~~ our interest costs for any variable rate debt and for new ~~debt. This increased cost~~debt, which could in turn make the financing of any development, redevelopment and acquisition activity costlier. Rising interest rates could also limit our ability to refinance existing debt when it matures or cause us to pay higher interest rates upon refinancing and increase interest expense on refinanced indebtedness. In addition, an increase in interest rates could decrease the amount third parties are willing to pay for our assets, thereby limiting our ability to recycle capital and our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic or other conditions.

We manage a portion of our exposure to interest rate risk by accessing debt with staggered maturities, and we may in the future mitigate this risk through the use of derivative instruments, including interest rate swap agreements or other interest rate hedging agreements, including swaps, caps and floors. While these agreements are intended to lessen the impact of rising interest rates on us, they also expose us to the risks that counter parties may fail to honor their obligations, that we could incur significant costs associated with the settlement of these agreements, that the amount of income we earn from hedging transactions may be limited by federal tax provisions governing REITs, that these agreements may cause us to pay higher interest rates on our debt obligations than would otherwise be the case and that underlying transactions could fail to qualify as highly-effective cash flow hedges under the accounting guidance. As a result, failure to hedge effectively against interest rate risk, if we choose to engage in such activities, could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, the quoted trading price of our securities, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders.

Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure

Our growth depends on external sources of capital that are outside of our control and the inability to obtain capital on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all, could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. The Company is required under the Code to distribute at least 90% of its taxable income (subject to certain adjustments and excluding any net capital gain), and the Operating Partnership is required to make distributions to the Company to allow the Company to satisfy these REIT distribution requirements. Because of these distribution requirements, the Operating Partnership is required to make distributions to the Company, and we may not be able to fund future capital needs, including any necessary acquisition financing, from operating cash flow. Consequently, management relies on third-party sources of capital to fund our capital needs. We may not be able to obtain financing on favorable terms or at all. Any additional debt we incur will increase our leverage. Access to third-party sources of capital depends, in part, on general market conditions and the availability of credit, the market’s perception of our growth potential, our current and expected future earnings, our cash flows and cash distributions and the quoted trading price of our securities. If we cannot obtain capital from third-party sources, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, the quoted trading price of our securities, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders may be adversely affected.

3234

Our common limited partners have limited approval rights, which may prevent us from completing a change of control transaction that may be in the best interests of all our security holders. The Company may not withdraw as the Operating Partnership’s general partner or transfer its general partnership interest in the Operating Partnership without the approval of the holders of at least 60% of the units representing common partnership interests, including the common units held by the Company in its capacity as the Operating Partnership’s general partner. In addition, the Company may not engage in a merger, consolidation or other combination or the sale of substantially all of its assets or such similar transaction, without the approval of the holders of 60% of the common units, including the common units held by the Company in its capacity as the Operating Partnership’s general partner. The right of our common limited partners to vote on these transactions could limit our ability to complete a change of control transaction that might otherwise be in the best interest of all our security holders.

~~In certain circumstances, our limited partners must approve our dissolution and the disposition of properties contributed by the limited partners.~~ For as long as limited partners own at least 5% of all of the Operating Partnership’s partnership interests, we must obtain the approval of limited partners holding a majority of the units representing common limited partnership interests before we may dissolve. As of December 31, 2020, limited partners owned approximately 1.0% of the Operating Partnership’s partnership interests, of which 0.7% was owned by John Kilroy. In addition, we agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to minimize the tax consequences to certain common limited partners resulting from the repayment, refinancing, replacement, or restructuring of debt, or any sale, exchange, or other disposition of any of our other assets. The exercise of one or more of these approval rights by the limited partners could delay or prevent us from completing a transaction that may be in the best interest of all our security holders.

The Chairman of our board of directors and Chief Executive Officer has substantial influence over our affairs. John Kilroy is the Chairman of our board of directors and our Chief Executive Officer. John Kilroy beneficially owned, as of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, approximately ~~1.4%~~1.3% of the total outstanding shares of our common stock. The percentage of outstanding shares of common stock beneficially owned includes ~~330,451~~453,986 shares of common stock, ~~515,127~~275,672 restricted stock units (“RSUs”) that were vested and held by John Kilroy at December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, and assumes the exchange into shares of our common stock of the 783,192 common units of the Operating Partnership held by John Kilroy (which may be exchanged for an equal number of shares of our common stock).

Pursuant to the Company’s charter, no stockholder may own, actually or constructively, more than 7.0% (by value or by number of shares, whichever is more restrictive) of our outstanding common stock without obtaining a waiver from the board of directors. In connection with the Company’s initial public offering, the board of directors waived the ownership limits with respect to John Kilroy, members of his family and some of their affiliated entities. These named individuals and entities may own either actually or constructively, in the aggregate, up to 19.6% of our common stock, excluding Operating Partnership units that are exchangeable into shares of our common stock. Consequently, John Kilroy has substantial influence over the Company, and because the Company is the manager of the Operating Partnership, over the Operating Partnership, and could exercise his influence in a manner that is not in the best interest of our stockholders, noteholders or unitholders. Also, John Kilroy may, in the future, have a substantial influence over the outcome of any matters submitted to our stockholders or unitholders for approval.

There are restrictions on the ownership of the Company’s capital stock that limit the opportunities for a change of control at a premium to existing security holders. Provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law, the Company’s charter and bylaws and the Operating Partnership’s partnership agreement may delay, deter, or prevent a change of control of the Company, or the removal of existing management. Any of these actions might prevent our security holders from receiving a premium for their shares of common stock or common units over the then-prevailing market price of the shares of our common stock.

In order for the Company to qualify as a REIT under the Code, its stock must be beneficially owned by 100 or more persons during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months (other than the first year for which an election to be a REIT has been made) or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year. Also, not more than 50% of the value of the outstanding shares of the Company’s stock may be owned, actually or constructively, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Code to include certain entities) during the last half of a taxable year (other than the first year for which an election to be a REIT has been made). The Company’s charter contains restrictions on the ownership and transfer of its capital stock that are intended to assist the Company in complying with these requirements and continuing to qualify as a REIT. No single stockholder may own, either actually or constructively,

absent a waiver from the board of directors, more than 7.0% (by value or by number of shares, whichever is more restrictive) of the Company’s outstanding common stock.

The constructive ownership rules under the Code are complex and may cause stock owned actually or constructively by a group of related individuals and/or entities to be owned constructively by one individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition of less than the applicable ownership limit of a particular class of the Company’s capital stock could, nevertheless, cause that individual or entity, or another individual or entity, to constructively own stock in excess of, and thereby subject such stock to, the applicable ownership limit.

The board of directors may waive the ownership limits if it is satisfied that the excess ownership would not jeopardize the Company’s REIT status and if it believes that the waiver would be in our best interest. The board of directors has waived the ownership limits with respect to John Kilroy, members of his family and some of their affiliated entities. These named individuals and entities may own either actually or constructively, in the aggregate, up to 19.6% of our outstanding common stock, excluding common units that are exchangeable into shares of common stock.

If anyone acquires shares in excess of any ownership limits without a waiver, the transfer to the transferee will be void with respect to the excess shares, the excess shares will be automatically transferred to a trust for the benefit of a qualified charitable organization, and the purported transferee or owner will have no rights with respect to those excess shares.

The Company’s charter contains provisions that may delay, deter or prevent a change of control transaction. The following provisions of the Company’s charter may delay or prevent a change of control over us, even if a change of control might be beneficial to our security holders, deter tender offers that may be beneficial to our security holders, or limit security holders’ opportunity to receive a potential premium for their shares and/or units if an investor attempted to gain shares beyond the Company’s ownership limits or otherwise to effect a change of control:

•the Company’s charter authorizes the board of directors to issue up to 30,000,000 shares of the Company’s preferred stock, including convertible preferred stock, without stockholder approval. The board of directors may establish the preferences, rights and other terms, including the right to vote and the right to convert into common stock any shares issued. The issuance of preferred stock could delay or prevent a tender offer or a change of control even if a tender offer or a change of control was in our security holders’ interest; and

•the Company’s charter states that any director, or the entire board of directors, may be removed from office at any time, but only for cause and then only by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two thirds of the votes of the Company’s capital stock entitled to be cast in the election of directors.

The board of directors may change investment and financing policies without stockholder or unitholder approval. Our board of directors determines our major policies, including policies and guidelines relating to our acquisition, development and redevelopment activities, leverage, financing, growth, operations, indebtedness, capitalization and distributions to our security holders. Our board of directors may amend or revise these and other policies and guidelines from time to time without stockholder or unitholder approval. Accordingly, our stockholders and unitholders will have limited control over changes in our policies and those changes could adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, the quoted trading price of our securities, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders.

We are not limited in our ability to incur debt. Our financing policies and objectives are determined by the board of directors. Our goal is to limit our dependence on leverage and maintain a conservative ratio of debt to total market capitalization. However, our organizational documents do not limit the amount or percentage of indebtedness, funded or otherwise, that we may incur. As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, we had approximately ~~$4.0~~$4.3 billion aggregate principal amount of indebtedness outstanding, which represented ~~37.0%~~48.5% of our total market capitalization. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations —Liquidity and Capital Resources of the Company —Capitalization” for a calculation of our market capitalization. These ratios may be increased or decreased without the consent of our unitholders or stockholders. Increases in the amount of debt outstanding would result in an increase in our debt service costs, which could adversely affect cash flow and

our ability to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders. Higher leverage also increases the risk of default on our obligations and limits our ability to obtain additional financing in the future.

We may issue additional common units and shares of capital stock without unitholder or stockholder approval, as applicable, which may dilute unitholder or stockholder investment. The Company may issue shares of our common stock, preferred stock or other equity or debt securities without stockholder approval, including the issuance of shares to satisfy REIT dividend distribution requirements. Similarly, the Operating Partnership may offer its common or preferred units for contributions of cash or property without approval by our stockholders or the Operating Partnership’s unitholders. Existing security holders have no preemptive rights to acquire any of these

securities, and any issuance of equity securities under these circumstances may dilute a unitholder's or stockholder's investment.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of the Company’s securities, or the perception that this could occur, could result in decreasing the quoted trading price per share of the Company’s common stock and of the Operating Partnership’s publicly-traded notes. Management cannot predict whether future issuances of shares of the Company’s common stock, or the availability of shares for resale in the open market will result in decreasing the market price per share of the Company’s common stock. As of December 31, ~~2020, 116,035,827~~2022, 116,878,031 shares of the Company’s common stock were issued and outstanding.

As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, the Company had reserved for future issuance the following shares of common stock: 1,150,574 shares issuable upon the exchange, at the Company’s option, of the Operating Partnership’s common units; approximately ~~1.5~~1.1 million shares remained available for grant under our 2006 Incentive Award Plan (see Note 15 “Share-Based and Other Compensation” to our consolidated financial statements included in this report); approximately ~~1.6~~1.0 million shares issuable upon settlement of time-based RSUs; and a maximum of ~~1.5~~2.0 million shares contingently issuable upon settlement of RSUs subject to the achievement of market and/or performance ~~conditions; and 9,000 shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding options.~~conditions. The Company has a currently effective registration statement registering 10.7 million shares of our common stock for possible issuance under our 2006 Incentive Award Plan. The Company has a currently effective registration statement registering ~~1,649,760~~783,192 shares of our common stock for possible issuance to and resale by certain holders of the Operating Partnership’s common units. That registration statement also registers ~~94,441~~453,986 shares of common stock held by John Kilroy for possible resale. Consequently, if and when the shares are issued, they may be freely traded in the public markets.

Risks Related to Taxes and the Company’s Status as a REIT

Loss of the Company’s REIT status would have significant adverse consequences to us and the value of the Company’s common stock. The Company currently operates in a manner that is intended to allow it to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes under the Code. If the Company were to lose its REIT status, the Company would face adverse tax consequences that would substantially reduce the funds available for distribution to its stockholders for each of the years involved because:

•the Company would not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to its stockholders in computing the Company’s taxable income and would be subject to regular U.S. federal corporate income tax;

•the Company could be subject to increased state and local taxes; and

•unless entitled to relief under statutory provisions, the Company could not elect to be taxed as a REIT for four taxable years following the year during which the Company was disqualified.

In addition, if the Company failed to qualify as a REIT, it would not be required to make distributions to its stockholders. As a result of all these factors, the Company’s failure to qualify as a REIT also could impair our ability to expand our business and raise capital, and could adversely affect the value and quoted trading price of the Company’s common stock.

the Company, holds its assets through a partnership. The determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control may affect the Company’s ability to continue to qualify as a REIT. For example, to qualify as a REIT, at least 95% of the Company’s gross income in any year must be derived from qualifying sources. Also, the Company must make distributions to its stockholders aggregating annually at least 90% of the Company’s net taxable income (subject to certain adjustments and excluding any net capital gains). In addition, legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions may adversely affect the Company’s security holders or the Company’s ability to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes or the desirability of an investment in a REIT relative to other investments. Although management believes that we are organized and operate in a manner to permit the Company to continue to qualify as a REIT, we cannot provide assurances that the Company has

qualified or will continue to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes. We have not requested and do not plan to request a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) regarding the Company’s qualification as a REIT.

To maintain the Company’s REIT status, we may be forced to borrow funds during unfavorable market conditions. To qualify as a REIT, the Company generally must distribute to its stockholders at least 90% of the Company’s net taxable income each year (subject to certain adjustments and excluding any net capital gains), and the Company will be subject to regular corporate income taxes to the extent that it distributes less than 100% of its net capital gains or distributes at least 90%, but less than 100%, of its net taxable income each year. In addition, the Company will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which distributions it pays in any calendar year are less than the sum of 85% of its ordinary income, 95% of its net capital gains, and 100% of its undistributed income from prior years. To maintain the Company’s REIT status and avoid the payment of federal income and excise taxes, the Operating Partnership may need to borrow funds and distribute or loan the proceeds to the Company so it can meet the REIT distribution requirements even if the then-prevailing market conditions are not favorable for these borrowings. These borrowing needs could result from differences in timing between the actual receipt of income and inclusion of income for federal income tax purposes, or the effect of nondeductible capital expenditures, the creation of reserves or required debt or amortization payments.

If a transaction intended to qualify as a Section 1031 Exchange is later determined to be taxable or if we are unable to identify and complete the acquisition of a suitable replacement property to effect a Section 1031 Exchange, we may face adverse consequences, and if the laws applicable to such transactions are amended or repealed, we may not be able to dispose of properties on a tax deferred basis. When possible, we dispose of properties in transactions that are intended to qualify as Section 1031 Exchanges. It is possible that the qualification of a transaction as a Section 1031 Exchange could be successfully challenged and determined to be currently taxable or that we may be unable to identify and complete the acquisition of a suitable replacement property to effect a Section 1031 Exchange. In such case, our taxable income and the Company’s ~~and~~ earnings and profits could increase. This could increase the dividend income to the Company’s stockholders by reducing any return of capital they received. In some circumstances, the Company may be required to pay additional dividends or, in lieu of that, corporate income tax, possibly including interest and penalties. As a result, we may be required to borrow funds in order to pay additional dividends or taxes and the payment of such taxes could cause us to have less cash available to distribute to the Company’s stockholders. In addition, if a Section 1031 Exchange ~~were~~was later ~~to be~~ determined to be taxable, we may be required to amend our tax returns for the applicable year in question, including any information reports we sent the Company’s stockholders. Moreover, under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “2017 Tax Legislation”), for exchanges completed after December 31, 2017, unless the property was disposed of or received in the exchange on or before such date, Section 1031 of the Code permits exchanges of real property only. It is possible that additional legislation could be enacted that could further modify or repeal the laws with respect to Section 1031 Exchanges, which could make it more difficult or not possible for us to dispose of properties on a tax deferred basis.

Dividends payable by REITs, including the Company, generally do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends. “Qualified dividends” payable to U.S. stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates generally are subject to tax at preferential rates. Subject to limited exceptions, dividends payable by REITs are not eligible for these reduced rates and are taxable at ordinary income tax rates. The more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate qualified dividends could cause investors who are individuals, trusts and estates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the shares of REITs, including the shares of our capital stock. However, non-corporate stockholders, including individuals, generally may deduct up to 20%

of dividends from a REIT, other than capital gain dividends and dividends treated as qualified dividend income, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026.

The tax imposed on REITs engaging in “prohibited transactions” may limit our ability to engage in transactions which would be treated as sales for federal income tax purposes. A REIT’s net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% penalty tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. Although we do not intend to hold any properties that would be characterized as held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our business, unless a sale or disposition qualifies under certain statutory safe harbors, such characterization is a factual determination and no guarantee can be given that the IRS would agree with our characterization of our properties or that we will always be able to make use of the available safe harbors.

Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities or liquidate otherwise attractive investments. To qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, the Company must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of its income, the nature and diversification of its assets, the amounts it distributes to its stockholders and the ownership of its capital stock. If the Company fails to comply with one or more of the asset tests at the end of any calendar quarter, the Company must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing its REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. In order to meet these tests, we may be required to forego investments we might otherwise make or to liquidate otherwise attractive investments. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our performance and reduce amounts available for distribution to the Company’s stockholders.

Legislative or regulatory action could adversely affect our stockholders or us. In recent years, numerous legislative, judicial and administrative changes have been made to the federal income tax laws applicable to investments in REITs and similar entities. Additional changes to tax laws are likely to continue to occur in the future, and any such changes may adversely impact the Company’s ability to qualify as a REIT, its tax treatment as a REIT, our ability to comply with contractual obligations or the tax treatment of our stockholders and limited partners. Also, the law relating to the tax treatment of other entities, or an investment in other entities, could change, making an investment in such other entities more attractive relative to an investment in a REIT.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

3739

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

General

Our stabilized portfolio of operating properties was comprised of the following properties at December 31, ~~2020:~~2022:

Number of
Buildings Rentable
Square Feet Number of
Tenants
Percentage
Occupied (1)
Percentage Leased
Stabilized Office Properties (2)
117 14,620,166 447 91.2 % 94.3 %


	Number of Buildings	Rentable Square Feet	Number of Tenants	Percentage Occupied (1)		Percentage Leased
Stabilized Office Properties (2)	119	16,194,146	406	91.6	%	92.9	%

_______________________

(1)Represents ~~physical and~~ economic occupancy.

(2)Includes stabilized life science and retail space.

Number of
Properties Number of Units 2020 Average Occupancy
Stabilized Residential Properties 2 808 72.0 %


	Number of Properties	Number of Units	2022 Average Occupancy
Stabilized Residential Properties	3	1,001	93.5	%

Our stabilized portfolio includes all of our properties with the exception of development ~~and redevelopment~~ properties currently committed for construction, under construction or in the tenant improvement phase, redevelopment properties under construction, undeveloped land, and real estate assets held for sale. We define redevelopment properties as those properties for which we expect to spend significant development and construction costs on the existing or acquired buildings pursuant to a formal plan, the intended result of which is a higher economic return on the property. We define properties in the tenant improvement phase as office and life science properties that we are developing or redeveloping where the project has reached cold shell condition and is ready for tenant improvements, which may require additional major base building construction before being placed in service. Projects in the tenant improvement phase are added to our stabilized portfolio once the project reaches the earlier of 95% occupancy or one year from the date of the cessation of major base building construction activities. Costs capitalized to construction in progress for development and redevelopment properties are transferred to land and improvements, buildings and improvements, and deferred leasing costs on our consolidated balance sheets at the historical cost of the property as the projects or phases of projects are placed in service.

During the year ended December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, we added ~~four~~two development projects and two redevelopment projects to our stabilized portfolio consisting of ~~750,370~~four buildings totaling 1,114,704 square feet of office ~~in San Francisco, California, 361,388 square feet of office~~and life science space in ~~Hollywood, California, 95,871 square feet of retail space~~Seattle, Washington and ~~608 residential units in~~ San Diego, California. We did not have any properties held for sale at December 31, 2022. As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, the following properties were excluded from our stabilized ~~portfolio. We did not have any redevelopment properties or properties held for sale at December 31, 2020.~~portfolio:


		Number of Properties/Projects	Estimated Rentable Square Feet (1)		Number of Properties/Projects	Estimated Rentable Square Feet (1)
In-process development projects - tenant improvement	In-process development projects - tenant improvement	3	1,080,000	In-process development projects - tenant improvement	1	734,000
In-process development projects - under construction ~~(2)~~	In-process development projects - under construction ~~(2)~~	3	856,000	In-process development projects - under construction ~~(2)~~	2	946,000
In-process redevelopment projects - under construction				In-process redevelopment projects - under construction	2	100,000

________________________

(1)Estimated rentable square feet upon completion.

~~(2)In addition to the estimated office and life science rentable square feet noted above, development projects under construction also include 193 residential units.~~

We own our interests in all of our real estate assets through the Operating Partnership. All our properties are held in fee, except for the fourteen office buildings that are held subject to five long-term ground leases for the land (see Note 18 “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements included in this report for additional information regarding our ground lease obligations).

In general, the office and life science properties are leased to tenants on a full service gross, modified gross or triple net basis. Under a full service gross lease, we are obligated to pay the tenant’s proportionate share of real estate taxes, insurance and operating expenses up to the amount incurred during the tenant’s first year of occupancy (“Base Year”). The tenant pays its pro-rata share of increases in expenses above the Base Year. A modified gross lease is similar to a full service gross lease, except tenants are obligated to pay their proportionate share of certain operating expenses, usually electricity, directly to the service provider. In addition, some office and life science properties, primarily in the Greater Seattle region and certain properties in certain submarkets in the San Francisco Bay Area and Greater Los Angeles, are leased to tenants on a triple net basis, pursuant to which the tenants pay their proportionate share of real estate taxes, operating costs and utility costs. At December 31, 2022, 43% of our properties were leased to tenants on a triple net basis, 25% of our properties were leased to tenants on a full service gross basis, and 24% were leased to tenants on a modified gross basis.

We believe that all of our properties are well maintained and do not require significant capital improvements. As of December 31, ~~2020,~~2022, we managed all of our stabilized office properties through internal property managers.

~~Office Properties~~Significant Tenants

~~The following table sets forth certain information relating to each~~As of ~~the stabilized office properties owned~~December 31, 2022, our 15 largest tenants in terms of annualized base rental revenues represented approximately 46.5%of our total annualized base rental revenues, defined as annualized monthly contractual rents from existing tenants as of December 31, ~~2020.~~

Property Location No. of
Buildings Year Built/
Renovated Rentable
Square Feet
Percentage
Occupied at
12/31/2020 (1)
Annualized
Base Rent
(in $000’s) (2)
Annualized Rent Per Square Foot (2)
Greater Los Angeles
3101-3243 La Cienega Boulevard,
Culver City, California (3) 19 2008-2017 151,908 91.9 % $ 6,390 $ 45.75
2240 East Imperial Highway,
El Segundo, California (4) 1 1983/ 2008 122,870 100.0 % 3,950 32.15
2250 East Imperial Highway,
El Segundo, California (5) 1 1983 298,728 100.0 % 10,206 34.31
2260 East Imperial Highway,
El Segundo, California (4) 1 1983/ 2012 298,728 100.0 % 10,510 35.18
909 North Pacific Coast Highway,
El Segundo, California (6) 1 1972/ 2005 244,136 89.4 % 8,184 37.98
999 North Pacific Coast Highway,
El Segundo, California (7) 1 1962/ 2003 128,588 93.6 % 3,854 34.73
1350 Ivar Avenue,
Los Angeles, California (3) 1 2020 16,448 100.0 % 1,013 61.58
1355 Vine Street,
Los Angeles, California (3) 1 2020 183,129 100.0 % 10,909 59.57
1375 Vine Street,
Los Angeles, California (3) 1 2020 159,236 100.0 % 9,805 61.58
1395 Vine Street,
Los Angeles, California (3) 1 2020 2,575 100.0 % 161 62.65
6115 West Sunset Boulevard,
Los Angeles, California (8) 1 1938/ 2015 26,105 73.1 % 1,145 59.98
6121 West Sunset Boulevard,
Los Angeles, California (3) 1 1938/ 2015 91,173 100.0 % 4,612 50.59
1525 North Gower Street,
Los Angeles, California (4) 1 2016 9,610 100.0 % 650 67.61
1575 North Gower Street,
Los Angeles, California (9) 1 2016 251,245 100.0 % 16,141 64.24
1500 North El Centro Avenue,
Los Angeles, California (10) 1 2016 104,504 27.9 % 1,967 67.41
6255 Sunset Boulevard,
Los Angeles, California (11) 1 1971/ 1999 323,920 93.0 % 13,669 46.86
3750 Kilroy Airport Way,
Long Beach, California (10) 1 1989 10,718 62.9 % 92 29.89

Property Location No. of
Buildings Year Built/
Renovated Rentable
Square Feet
Percentage
Occupied at
12/31/2020 (1)
Annualized
Base Rent
(in $000’s) (2)
Annualized Rent Per Square Foot (2)
3760 Kilroy Airport Way,
Long Beach, California (10) 1 1989 166,761 94.7 % 5,058 32.02
3780 Kilroy Airport Way,
Long Beach, California (10) 1 1989 221,452 94.4 % 6,856 33.47
3800 Kilroy Airport Way,
Long Beach, California (10) 1 2000 192,476 88.9 % 5,551 32.44
3840 Kilroy Airport Way,
Long Beach, California (10) 1 1999 136,026 — % — —
3880 Kilroy Airport Way,
Long Beach, California (12) 1 1987/ 2013 96,923 100.0 % 2,839 29.29
3900 Kilroy Airport Way,
Long Beach, California (10) 1 1987 130,935 91.3 % 3,347 28.04
8560 West Sunset Boulevard,
West Hollywood, California (10) 1 1963/ 2007 74,842 94.1 % 4,947 70.89
8570 West Sunset Boulevard,
West Hollywood, California (13) 1 2002/ 2007 45,941 97.1 % 3,113 69.79
8580 West Sunset Boulevard,
West Hollywood, California (3) 1 2002/ 2007 7,126 — % — —
8590 West Sunset Boulevard,
West Hollywood, California (3) 1 2002/ 2007 55,302 85.6 % 1,637 34.58
12100 West Olympic Boulevard,
Los Angeles, California (14) 1 2003 152,048 66.0 % 6,038 60.17
12200 West Olympic Boulevard,
Los Angeles, California (10) 1 2000 150,832 90.2 % 6,899 67.98
12233 West Olympic Boulevard,
Los Angeles, California (15) 1 1980/ 2011 151,029 55.6 % 2,323 42.32
12312 West Olympic Boulevard,
Los Angeles, California (16) 1 1950/ 1997 76,644 100.0 % 4,096 53.44
1633 26th Street,
Santa Monica, California (10) 1 1972/ 1997 43,857 69.9 % 1,722 56.19
2100/2110 Colorado Avenue,
Santa Monica, California (10) 3 1992/ 2009 102,864 100.0 % 4,980 48.41
3130 Wilshire Boulevard,
Santa Monica, California (10) 1 1969/ 1998 90,074 97.6 % 4,009 45.62
501 Santa Monica Boulevard,
Santa Monica, California (17) 1 1974 76,803 91.7 % 4,912 69.72
Subtotal/Weighted Average –
Los Angeles and Ventura Counties 55 4,395,556 88.1 % $ 171,581 $ 45.41
San Diego County
12225 El Camino Real,
Del Mar, California (4) 1 1998 58,401 100.0 % $ 2,483 $ 42.52
12235 El Camino Real,
Del Mar, California (4) 1 1998 53,751 100.0 % 2,627 48.87
12340 El Camino Real,
Del Mar, California (18) 1 2002 89,272 50.1 % 1,615 36.11
12390 El Camino Real,
Del Mar, California (4) 1 2000 70,140 55.1 % 2,214 57.29
12348 High Bluff Drive,
Del Mar, California (19) 1 1999 39,193 85.3 % 1,363 40.79
12400 High Bluff Drive,
Del Mar, California (4) 1 2004 210,732 100.0 % 10,235 48.57
12770 El Camino Real,
Del Mar, California (20) 1 2016 73,032 66.1 % 2,205 56.52
12780 El Camino Real,
Del Mar, California (16) 1 2013 140,591 100.0 % 7,138 50.77
12790 El Camino Real,
Del Mar, California (21) 1 2013 78,836 59.2 % 2,768 59.28
3579 Valley Centre Drive,
Del Mar, California (4) 1 1999 54,960 13.0 % 367 51.30
3611 Valley Centre Drive,
Del Mar, California (22) 1 2000 130,109 40.6 % 2,876 54.40

Property Location No. of
Buildings Year Built/
Renovated Rentable
Square Feet
Percentage
Occupied at
12/31/2020 (1)
Annualized
Base Rent
(in $000’s) (2)
Annualized Rent Per Square Foot (2)
3661 Valley Centre Drive,
Del Mar, California (23) 1 2001 128,364 100.0 % 6,025 49.60
3721 Valley Centre Drive,
Del Mar, California (24) 1 2003 115,193 100.0 % 5,310 46.09
3811 Valley Centre Drive,
Del Mar, California (16) 1 2000 112,067 100.0 % 6,782 60.52
3745 Paseo Place,
San Diego, California (3) 1 2019 95,871 92.3 % 6,178 69.85
13280 Evening Creek Drive South,
I-15 Corridor, California (25) 1 2008 41,196 100.0 % 1,215 29.50
13290 Evening Creek Drive South,
I-15 Corridor, California (4) 1 2008 61,180 100.0 % 1,833 29.96
13480 Evening Creek Drive North,
I-15 Corridor, California (4) 1 2008 154,157 94.4 % 5,026 34.54
13500 Evening Creek Drive North,
I-15 Corridor, California (26) 1 2004 137,658 97.5 % 5,870 43.74
13520 Evening Creek Drive North,
I-15 Corridor, California (27) 1 2004 146,701 89.0 % 4,692 36.78
2305 Historic Decatur Road,
Point Loma, California (28) 1 2009 107,456 93.9 % 3,741 37.10
4690 Executive Drive,
UTC, California (10) 1 1999 47,846 76.4 % 1,200 32.84
Subtotal/Weighted Average –
San Diego County 22 2,146,706 85.2 % $ 83,763 $ 46.27
San Francisco Bay Area
4100 Bohannon Drive,
Menlo Park, California (3) 1 1985 47,379 100.0 % $ 2,640 $ 55.72
4200 Bohannon Drive,
Menlo Park, California (3) 1 1987 45,451 70.8 % 1,751 54.41
4300 Bohannon Drive,
Menlo Park, California (3) 1 1988 63,079 34.1 % 1,279 59.55
4400 Bohannon Drive,
Menlo Park, California (3) 1 1988 48,146 39.4 % 939 59.40
4500 Bohannon Drive,
Menlo Park, California (3) 1 1990 63,078 100.0 % 3,580 56.76
4600 Bohannon Drive,
Menlo Park, California (3) 1 1990 48,147 70.7 % 2,010 59.06
4700 Bohannon Drive,
Menlo Park, California (3) 1 1989 63,078 100.0 % 3,513 55.70
1290-1300 Terra Bella Avenue,
Mountain View, California (3) 1 1961 114,175 100.0 % 5,344 46.80
680 East Middlefield Road,
Mountain View, California (16) 1 2014 170,090 100.0 % 7,729 45.44
690 East Middlefield Road,
Mountain View, California (16) 1 2014 170,823 100.0 % 7,763 45.44
1701 Page Mill Road,
Palo Alto, California (3) 1 2015 128,688 100.0 % 8,461 65.75
3150 Porter Drive,
Palo Alto, California (3) 1 1998 36,886 100.0 % 3,277 88.83
900 Jefferson Avenue,
Redwood City, California (3) 1 2015 228,505 100.0 % 13,670 59.82
900 Middlefield Road,
Redwood City, California (3) 1 2015 118,764 100.0 % 6,983 59.05
100 Hooper Street,
San Francisco, California (3) 1 2018 394,340 94.0 % 23,403 63.16
100 First Street,
San Francisco, California (29) 1 1988 480,457 99.2 % 32,003 70.10
201 Third Street,
San Francisco, California (30) 1 1983 346,538 90.3 % 21,729 70.26
250 Brannan Street,
San Francisco, California (4) 1 1907/ 2001 100,850 100.0 % 10,323 102.36

Property Location No. of
Buildings Year Built/
Renovated Rentable
Square Feet
Percentage
Occupied at
12/31/2020 (1)
Annualized
Base Rent
(in $000’s) (2)
Annualized Rent Per Square Foot (2)
301 Brannan Street,
San Francisco, California (4) 1 1909/ 1989 82,834 100.0 % 7,580 91.51
303 Second Street,
San Francisco, California (31) 1 1988 784,658 82.9 % 50,506 77.92
333 Brannan Street,
San Francisco, California (32) 1 2016 185,602 100.0 % 18,138 97.73
345 Brannan Street,
San Francisco, California (4) 1 2015 110,050 99.7 % 10,815 98.55
350 Mission Street,
San Francisco, California (3) 1 2016 455,340 99.7 % 24,076 53.09
360 Third Street,
San Francisco, California (4) 1 2013 429,796 88.8 % 27,649 72.59
1800 Owens Street,
San Francisco, California (3) 1 2020 750,370 99.6 % 56,437 75.55
345 Oyster Point Boulevard,
South San Francisco, California (3) 1 2001 40,410 100.0 % 2,192 54.24
347 Oyster Point Boulevard,
South San Francisco, California (3) 1 1998 39,780 100.0 % 2,158 54.24
349 Oyster Point Boulevard,
South San Francisco, California (3) 1 1999 65,340 100.0 % 3,378 51.70
505 North Mathilda Avenue,
Sunnyvale, California (3) 1 2014 212,322 100.0 % 9,449 44.50
555 North Mathilda Avenue,
Sunnyvale, California (3) 1 2014 212,322 100.0 % 9,449 44.50
599 North Mathilda Avenue,
Sunnyvale, California (3) 1 2000 76,031 100.0 % 3,610 47.48
605 North Mathilda Avenue,
Sunnyvale, California (3) 1 2014 162,785 100.0 % 7,244 44.50
Subtotal/Weighted Average –
San Francisco 32 6,276,114 94.5 % $ 389,078 $ 65.96
Greater Seattle
601 108th Avenue North East,
Bellevue, Washington (33) 1 2000 488,470 93.7 % $ 17,338 $ 38.29
10900 North East 4th Street,
Bellevue, Washington (34) 1 1983 428,557 84.7 % 13,721 37.95
837 North 34th Street,
Lake Union, Washington (3) 1 2008 112,487 100.0 % 4,092 36.37
701 North 34th Street,
Lake Union, Washington (3) 1 1998 141,860 100.0 % 5,318 37.49
801 North 34th Street,
Lake Union, Washington (16) 1 1998 169,412 100.0 % 5,789 34.17
320 Westlake Avenue North,
Lake Union, Washington (3) 1 2007 184,644 100.0 % 8,221 44.53
321 Terry Avenue North,
Lake Union, Washington (3) 1 2013 135,755 100.0 % 5,713 42.09
401 Terry Avenue North,
Lake Union, Washington (16) 1 2003 140,605 100.0 % 7,008 49.84
Subtotal/Weighted Average –
Greater Seattle 8 1,801,790 94.7 % $ 67,200 $ 39.55
TOTAL/WEIGHTED AVERAGE 117 14,620,166 91.2 % $ 711,622 $ 53.97

~~____________________~~

~~(1)Based on all leases at the respective properties in effect as of December 31, 2020. Includes month-to-month leases as of December 31, 2020. Represents physical and economic occupancy.~~

~~(2)~~2022. Annualized base rental revenue includes the impact of straight-lining rent escalations and the amortization of free rent periods and excludes the impact of the following: amortization of deferred revenue related to tenant-funded tenant improvements, amortization of above/below market ~~rent,~~rents, amortization for lease incentives due under existing leases and expense reimbursement revenue. ~~Excludes month-to-month leases~~

For further information on our 15 largest tenants and ~~vacant space as~~the composition of our tenant base, see “Item 2. Properties —Significant Tenants.”

Competition

Segment and Geographic Financial Information

During 2022 and 2021, we had one reportable segment, our office and life science properties segment. For information about our office property revenues and long-lived assets and other financial information, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations —Results of Operations.”

As of December 31, ~~2020. Includes~~2022, all of our properties, development projects and redevelopment projects were owned and all of our business was conducted in the state of California with the exception of ten stabilized office properties and one future development project located in the state of Washington and one development project in the tenant improvement phase and one future development project located in Austin, Texas. As of December 31, 2022, all of our properties, development projects and redevelopment projects were 100% ~~of annualized base rent of~~owned, excluding four office properties owned by three consolidated property partnerships.

~~(3)For these properties, the leases are written on a triple net basis.~~

~~(4)For these properties, the leases are written on a modified gross basis.~~

~~(5)For this property, leases of approximately 264,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified gross basis and approximately 35,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis.~~

4212

Human Capital Resources

~~(6)~~
~~For this property, leases~~

As of ~~approximately 214,000 rentable square feet~~December 31, 2022, we employed 259 people through the Operating Partnership and Kilroy Realty TRS, Inc. We believe that relations with our employees are ~~written~~good.

Our human capital development goals and initiatives are focused on enhancing employee growth, satisfaction and wellness while maintaining a ~~full service gross basis~~diverse and ~~approximately 4,000 rentable square feet are written on a triple net basis.~~thriving culture. Several of our human capital development initiatives include the following:

~~(7)For this property, leases of approximately 110,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis and approximately 10,000 rentable square feet are written on a gross basis.~~

~~(8)~~For this property, leases of approximately 8,000 rentable square feet are written on a triple net basis, approximately 6,000 rentable square feet are written on a gross basis, and approximately 5,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis.

~~(9)For this property, leases of approximately 236,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified gross basis and approximately 15,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis.~~

~~(10)For these properties, the leases are written on a full service gross basis.~~

~~(11)~~For this property, leases of approximately 282,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis, approximately 15,000 rentable square feet are written on a triple net basis and approximately 4,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified gross basis.

~~(12)For this property, leases of approximately 50,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis and approximately 46,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified net basis.~~

~~(13)For this property, leases of approximately 26,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis and approximately 19,000 rentable square feet are written on a triple net basis.~~

~~(14)For this property, leases of approximately 74,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis and approximately 26,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified gross basis.~~

~~(15)For this property, leases of approximately 57,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified gross basis, approximately 10,000 rentable square feet are written on a gross basis.~~

~~(16)For these properties, the leases are written on a modified net basis.~~

~~(17)For this property, leases of approximately 67,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis and approximately 4,000 rentable square feet are written on a triple net basis.~~

~~(18)For this property, leases of approximately 23,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified gross basis and approximately 21,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis.~~

~~(19)For this property, leases of approximately 29,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis and approximately 4,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified gross basis.~~

~~(20)For this property, leases of approximately 45,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis and approximately 3,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified gross basis.~~

~~(21)For this property, leases of approximately 30,000 rentable square feet are written on a triple net basis and approximately 17,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified gross basis.~~

~~(22)For this property, leases of approximately 48,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified gross basis and approximately 5,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis.~~

~~(23)For this property, leases of approximately 87,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified gross basis and approximately 41,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis.~~

~~(24)For this property, leases of approximately 92,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified gross basis and approximately 23,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis.~~

~~(25)For this property, leases of approximately 37,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis and approximately 5,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified gross basis.~~

~~(26)For this property, leases of approximately 132,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis, and approximately 2,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified gross basis.~~

~~(27)For this property, leases of approximately 91,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified gross basis and approximately 39,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis.~~

~~(28)~~For this property, leases of approximately 74,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis, approximately 23,000 rentable square feet are written on a gross basis and approximately 4,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified gross basis.

~~(29)~~For this property, leases of approximately 297,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified gross basis, approximately 97,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis, approximately 75,000 rentable square feet are written on a gross basis, and approximately 8,000 rentable square feet are written on a triple net basis.

~~(30)~~For this property, leases of approximately 224,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis, approximately 76,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified gross basis, and approximately 13,000 rentable square feet are written on a triple net basis.

~~(31)~~For this property, leases of approximately 619,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified gross basis, approximately 84,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis, approximately 39,000 rentable square feet are written on a gross basis and approximately 23,000 rentable square feet are written on a triple net basis.

~~(32)For this property, leases of approximately 182,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified gross basis and approximately 4,000 rentable square feet are written on a triple net basis.~~

~~(33)~~Diversity. We are committed to cultivating a diverse culture of inclusion that makes a positive difference in our employees’ lives and have developed targeted training to improve workplace diversity, equity and inclusion, including mandatory unconscious bias training for all employees. For ~~this property, leases~~excellence in creating a diverse, equitable and inclusive culture, for the fourth year in a row, the Company has been named to Bloomberg’s Gender Equality Index, which measures companies on female leadership and talent pipeline, equal pay and gender pay parity, inclusive culture, sexual harassment policies and pro-women brand. As of December 31, 2022, two of our seven directors (or approximately ~~451,000 rentable square feet are written on a triple net basis and approximately 7,000 rentable square feet are written on a modified gross basis.~~

~~(34)For this property, leases of approximately 213,000 rentable square feet are written on a triple net basis and approximately 211,000 rentable square feet are written on a full service gross basis.~~29%) were female.

TOTAL WORKFORCE (1)

________________________

(1)As of December 31, 2022.

4313

Training and Education. We support the continual development of our employees through various training and education programs throughout their tenure at the Company, from onboarding to skill building to leadership development. We also conduct annual performance and career development reviews for all employees, and employee satisfaction surveys where we provide a summary of the feedback received by employees and actions taken in response to such feedback to our workforce.

Competitive Benefits and Compensation. Our compensation program is designed to, among other things, attract, retain and incentivize talented and experienced individuals in the highly competitive West Coast and Austin, Texas employment and commercial real estate markets. While many companies leverage a mix of competitive salaries and ancillary benefits to attract and retain their people, we have gone beyond those traditional structures and placed more emphasis on offering an expanded comprehensive benefits program including enhanced paid pregnancy and parental leave benefits, parental leave coaching, healthy snacks and well-being programming and activities provided by the company in alignment with our core values.

~~Stabilized Development Projects~~Environmental Regulations and Potential Liabilities

Historical operations at or near some of our properties, including the presence of underground or above ground storage tanks, various sites uses that involved hazardous substances, the landfilling of hazardous substances and solid waste, and migration of contamination from other sites, may have caused soil or groundwater contamination. In some instances, (i) the prior owners of the affected properties conducted remediation of known contamination in the soils on our properties, (ii) we are required to conduct further environmental clean-up and environmental closure activities at certain properties, or (iii) residual contamination could pose environmental, health, and safety risks if not appropriately addressed. We may need to investigate or remediate contaminated soil, soil gas, landfill gas, and groundwater, and we may also need to conduct landfill closure and post-closure activities, including, for example, the implementation of groundwater and methane monitoring systems and impervious cover, and the costs of such work could exceed projected or budgeted amounts. To protect the health and safety of site occupants and others, we may be required to implement and operate safeguards, including, for example, vapor intrusion mitigation systems and building protection systems to address methane. We may need to modify our methods of construction or face increased construction costs as a result of environmental conditions, and we may face obligations under agreements with governmental authorities with respect to the management of such environmental conditions. If releases from our sites migrate offsite, or if our site redevelopment activities cause or contribute to a migration of hazardous substances, neighbors or others could make claims against us, such as for property damage, personal injury, or cost recovery.

As of December 31, 2022, we had accrued environmental remediation liabilities of approximately $80.5 million recorded on our consolidated balance sheets in connection with certain of our in-process and future development projects. The accrued environmental remediation liabilities represent the remaining costs we estimate we will incur prior to and during the development process at various development acquisition sites. These estimates, which we developed with the assistance of third party experts, consist primarily of the removal of contaminated soil, treatment of contaminated groundwater in connection with dewatering efforts, performing environmental closure activities, constructing remedial systems and other related costs that are necessary when we develop new buildings at these sites. It is possible that we could incur additional environmental remediation costs in connection with these development projects. However, potential additional environmental costs cannot be reasonably estimated at this time and certain changes in estimates could occur as the site conditions, final project timing, design elements, actual soil conditions and other aspects of the projects, which may depend upon municipal and other approvals beyond the control of the Company, are determined. See Note 18 “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements included in this report for additional information.

Use of hazardous materials by some of our tenants. Some of our tenants handle hazardous substances and wastes on our properties as part of their routine operations. Environmental laws and regulations may subject these tenants, and potentially us, to liability resulting from such activities. We generally require our tenants in their leases to comply with these environmental laws and regulations and to indemnify us for liabilities arising out of or related to their operations and any non-compliance with environmental laws. As of December 31, 2022, other than routine cleaning materials and chemicals used in routine office operations, approximately 5-7% of our tenants handled hazardous substances and/or wastes on approximately 1-2% of the aggregate square footage of our properties as part of their business operations. These tenants are primarily involved in the life sciences business. The hazardous substances and wastes are primarily comprised of diesel fuel for emergency generators and small quantities of lab and light manufacturing chemicals including, but not limited to, alcohol, ammonia, carbon dioxide, cryogenic gases, dichlorophenol, methane, naturalyte acid, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, and oxygen which are routinely used by life science companies. We are not aware of any material noncompliance, liability, or claim relating to hazardous or toxic substances or petroleum products in connection with any of our properties, and management does not believe that on-going activities by our tenants will have a material adverse effect on our operations.

SUMMARY RISK FACTORS

•Global market, economic and geopolitical conditions may adversely affect our business, results of operations, liquidity and financial condition and those of our tenants.

•All of our properties are located in California, greater Seattle, Washington and Austin, Texas and we may therefore be susceptible to adverse economic conditions and regulations, as well as natural disasters, in those areas.