·

Belgian Volition authoredVolitionRx’s subsidiary is the applicant for the following patent application covering its NuQNu.Q^®TM-V technology:

NuQNucleosomics^®-V Patent UK1115098.4andU.S. 61530304: WO2013030579: Method for Detecting Nucleosomes containing Histone Variants

Application Date: September 1, 2011

Status: Granted in United States and South Africa; Pending in Europe, United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa, India, Brazil, Japan, China, Singapore, Russia, South Korea, Mexico and Hong Kong

·

Singapore Volition authoredVolitionRx’s subsidiary is the applicant for the following patent application covering its NuQNu.Q^®TM-X technology:

NuQNucleosomics^®-X Patent UK1115095.0 and U.S. 61530295: WO2013030577: Method for detecting Nucleosomes containing Nucleotides

Application Date: September 1, 2011

Status: Granted in South Africa; Pending in Europe, United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa, India, Brazil, Japan, China, Singapore, Russia, South Korea, Mexico and Hong Kong

·

Singapore Volition authoredVolitionRx’s subsidiary is the applicant for the following patent application covering a NuQNu.Q^®TM-A blood test for detecting nucleosome adducts of cancer origin that circulate in the blood of cancer patients. The patent application covers both the use of these adducts as biomarkers and the methods for their detection.

NuQNucleosomics^®-A Patent UK112130.5 and U.S. 61568090: WO2013084002: Method for detecting Nucleosome Adducts

Application Date: December 7, 2011

Status: Granted in United States and South Africa; Pending in Europe, United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa, India, Brazil, Japan, China, Singapore, Russia, South Korea, Mexico and Hong Kong

·

Singapore Volition authoredVolitionRx’s subsidiary is the applicant for the following patent application covering NuQNu.Q^®TM-M blood tests for detecting nucleosomes containing modified histones of cancer origin that circulate in the blood of cancer patients. The patent application covers methods for their detection.

NuQNucleosomics^®-M US1770893: Patent WO2014131841: Method for detecting Histone Modifications in Nucleosomes

Application Date: February 28,^th, 2013

Status: Pending Worldwidein Europe and United States

·

Singapore Volition wasVolitionRx’s subsidiary is the applicant for and has been assigned the following patent:patent application:

US61770922:WO2014131845: Method for Predicting Therapy Efficacy using Nucleosome Structure Biomarkers

Application Date: February 28,^th, 2013

Status: Pending in Europe and United States

·

VolitionRx’s subsidiary is the applicant for the following patent application:

WO2016067029: Method for Enrichment of Circulating Tumor DNA

Application Date: October 29, 2016

Status: Pending Worldwide

·

VolitionRx’s subsidiary is the applicant for the following patent application:

WO2016092306: Method for the Detection of Hormone Sensitive Disease Progression

Application Date: December 10, 2016

Status: Pending Worldwide

Endometriosis Intellectual Property

·

Singapore Volition authoredVolitionRx’s subsidiary is the applicant for the following patent application for its endometriosis test:

Endometriosis Diagnostic UK1012662.1:WO2012013955: Method for Detecting the Presence of a Gynaecological Growth

Application Date: July 28, 2010

Status: Granted in Australia; Pending in United States, Canada, Europe

16 and Hong Kong

Future Intellectual Property Strategy

We intend to continue our development of the Nucleosomics^® and HyperGenomics^® technologies and will continue to apply for patents for future product developments. Our strategy is to protect the technologies and gain market exclusivity with patents in Europe and the U.S. and in other strategic countries. The protection ofpatents on the technologies underlying our products will thenshould provide multiple coverbroad coverage for each product. We believe that this will provide:

·

Market exclusivityproduct, including protection through multiple protection for each future product.

·

Full protection reaching at least to 2031 for each new productproducts developed using the NuQNu.Q^®TM-X, NuQNu.Q^®TM-V and NuQNu.Q^®TM-A technologies.

Trademarks

We also own a number of trademarks that protect our marks including “NuQ^®,” “Nu.Q^TM,” “Nucleosomics^®” and “HyperGenomics^®.”

Government Regulations

The health care industry, and thus our business, is subject to extensive federal, state, local and foreign regulation. Some of the pertinent laws have not been definitively interpreted by the regulatory authorities or the courts, and their provisions are open to a variety of subjective interpretations. In addition, these laws and their interpretations are subject to change.

Both United States federal and state governmental agencies continue to subject the health care industry to intense regulatory scrutiny, including heightened civil and criminal enforcement efforts. As indicated by work plans and reports issued by these agencies, the federal government will continue to scrutinize, among other things, the marketing, labeling, promotion, manufacturing and export of diagnostic health care products. Our diagnostic products fall within the IVD medical device category and are subject to FDA clearance or approval in the United States.

The federal government also has increased funding in recent years to fight health care fraud, and various agencies, such as the United States Department of Justice, the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services, or OIG, and state Medicaid fraud control units, are coordinating their enforcement efforts.

In Europe, medical devices are regulated by self-certification through the CE Mark system. Under the system, developers and manufacturers must operate a Quality System and validate medical devices in a limited clinical trial to demonstrate the manufacturer has met analytical and clinical performance criteria. We have implemented an International Organization for Standardization standard - ISO 13485 - quality management system for the design and manufacture of medical devices. ISO 13485 addresses managerial awareness of regulatory requirements, control systems, inspection and traceability, device design, risk and performance criteria as well as verification for corrective and preventative measures for device failure. Medical device companies such as ours are subject to pre-market compliance assessments from Notified Bodies, a certification organization which the national authority (the competent authority) of a European Union member state designates to carry out one or more of the conformity assessment procedures. ISO 13485 certification establishes conformity to specific European Union directives related to medical devices and allows CE Marking and sale of the device. The European Union has recently proposed terms that would impose additional requirements to obtain a CE Mark, which could result in delays and further expense, in terms of staff costs, to us as compared to the current CE Mark approval process, as the new regulations will require each product submission to be thoroughly audited by Notified Bodies, instead of the current self-certification process. The EU Medical Devices Regulation, or MDR, and IVD Regulation, or IVDR, are both in the final stages of the legislative procedure and are estimated to be furnished sometime in early 2017.  The MDR and IVDR are expected to come into effect in 2020 and 2022, respectively.

We will also be required to comply with numerous other federal, state, and local laws relating to matters such as safe working conditions, industrial safety, and labor laws. We may incur significant costs to comply with such laws and regulations in the future, and lack of compliance could have material adverse effects on our operations.

We believe that we have structured our business operations to comply with applicable legal requirements. However, it is possible that governmental entities or other third parties could interpret these laws differently and assert otherwise.

Please refer to the section below titled “Government Approval” for additional information.

Government Approval

All of our intended products are designed to be non-invasive, meaning they cannot harm the subject other than through misdiagnosis. Our strategy is to go through the process of obtaining regulatory approval for IVD products to be used clinically on cancer patients. Conformité Européenne, or CE Marking, is a mandatory conformity mark for certain products placed on the market in the European Union, including medical devices and IVD tests. CE Marking ensures that the manufacturer’s product conforms to the essential requirements of the relevant European health, safety and environmental protection legislation. We intend to first focus on obtaining regulatory approval in Europe, (CE Marking), due to the grant of the NuQNu.Q^®TM patent in Europe and the relatively fast European CE Marking process. We currently anticipate this will be followed closely by licensing to CLIA labs for a LDT in the United States, and/or regulatory submissions in the United States and in the rest of the world. In many territories, the European CE Mark is sufficient to place products on the clinical market and, where it is not, it often simplifies the regulation processes. To date, we have not begun the CE Marking or FDA approval process for any of our tests currently under development.

Europe–Europe – CE Marking

Manufacturers in the European Union and abroad must meet CE Marking requirements, where applicable, in order to market their products in Europe. The CE Mark certifies that a product has met EUEuropean Union health, safety, and environmental requirements which ensure consumer safety.

To receive the CE Mark, our diagnostic products must meet certain requirements as set forth in the In-Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Directive. The requirements to procure CE Marking for In-Vitro Diagnostic MedicalIVD medical device products are:

·

analytical validation of the products;

·

clinical validation of the products (which can be retrospective clinical studies using biobank patient samples, i.e. blood samples from historic patients);

·

implementation of regulatory compliant manufacture;

·

implementation of a Quality System; and

·

certification from the International Organization for Standardization (this last requirement is not technically required but will aid the regulatory approval process in Europe and the United States).

We are currently engagedThe first Nu.Q^TM-X assay received a CE Mark in September 2015 and our R&D, manufacturing and distribution facility, Belgian Volition received EN ISO 13485, 2012 certification (an internationally recognized quality system) at the first two requirements listed abovestart of 2016.  In April 2016 we received a CE Mark for the first NuQNu.Q^®TM-X assay.-V (variant) and Nu.Q^TM-T (total) assays Nu.Q^TM-V001 and Nu.Q^TM-T003, respectively. Additionally, in December 2016 we received a CE Mark on our Nu.Q^TM Colorectal Cancer Screening Triage Test. The remaining requirements listed above are general requirements that apply to all of our intended products. In compliance with the In-Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Directive and the CE Marking process, we have ensured that all development and validation is carried out in a manner consistent with regulatory approval. Additionally, we have maintained proper records so that our future products can be approved as quickly and simply as possible. We have engaged a regulatory advisor to lead the Company in meeting the last requirement for all of our future products. All of these requirements must be completed prior to the submission of an application for CE Marking. We will submit applications, which will contain a dossier of all relevant analytical, clinical and manufacturing data following retrospective clinical studies which we expect will require a total of approximately six (6) months to complete. We estimate the cost of obtaining CE Marking will be approximately $500,000 per NuQNu.Q^®TM panel. We expect to apply for CE Marking for the NuQ^®-X assay in 2015. Sales of our clinical products can occur in Europe once CE Marking has been granted.

17

In Europe, IVD companies currently are able to self-certify that they meet the appropriate regulatory requirements and are subject to inspection for enforcement. European agencies conduct market surveillance to ensure the provisions of the applicable Directive have been met for products marketed within the European Union. In pursuit of this goal, surveillance authorities will:

·

audit commercial, industrial and storage premises;

·

visit work places and other premises where products are put into service and used;

·

organize random checks; and

·

take samples of products for examination and testing.

If a product is found to be noncompliant, corrective action will depend on and be appropriate to the level of noncompliance. OthersThose responsible for the noncompliance of the product will also be held accountable as well.accountable. Penalties, which may include imprisonment, are determined by national law.

U.S. Regulations  

U.S–Laboratory Developed TestFood and Drug Administration

A laboratory-developed test, or LDT, is a type of in-vitro diagnostic test that is designed, manufactured and used within a single laboratory. LDTs can be single or multianalyte tests used to help diagnose a patient’s state of health. LDTs cannot be used directly for disease screening, asIn the United States, IVD products are regulated by the FDA as medical devices. There are two principal regulatory pathways to receive authorization to market IVDs, a 510(k) or PMA. The FDA makes a risk-based determination as to which pathway a particular IVD is eligible. In addition, since July 2012 with the enactment of the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act, or FDASIA, ade novo pathway is directly available for certain low to moderate risk devices that would regulate this.not qualify for the 510(k) notification pathway due to lack of a predicate device. The information that must be submitted to the FDA in order to obtain clearance or approval to market a new medical device varies depending on how the medical device is classified by the FDA. Medical devices are classified into one of three classes on the basis of their level of risk and the controls deemed by the FDA to be necessary to reasonably assure their safety and effectiveness. Class I devices are subject to “general controls,” including establishment registration, device listing, labeling, reporting and recordkeeping, and adherence to FDA’s quality system regulations, which are device-specific good manufacturing practices. Class II devices are subject to the general controls and also special controls, including guidance documents, performance standards, and postmarket surveillance. Class III devices are subject to most of the previously identified requirements as well as to a PMA. Most Class I devices are exempt from the requirement for 510(k) to the FDA; most Class II devices require the submission and clearance of a 510(k) to the FDA prior to commercial marketing; and Class III devices require submission and a PMA. Device manufacturers and PMA holders are also subject to numerous postmarketing requirements.

The FDA whilecan require the submission of clinical data to support 510(k) clearance,de novo reclassification, or a PMA. Clinical studies undertaken in the United States are subject to FDA requirements applicable to investigational device exemptions, or IDEs, institutional review boards, or IRBs, review and approval, and informed consent of the study subjects.

Clinical Trials of Devices

Clinical trials for a medical device must be conducted in accordance with FDA requirements, including informed consent from study participants, review and approval by an IRB at each institution where a trial will be conducted, financial disclosure by clinical investigators, and listing of appropriate studies on ClinicalTrials.gov. Additionally, FDA approval of an IDE application must be obtained in order to conduct a clinical trial of “significant risk” devices, which are devices that present a potential for serious risk to the health, safety, or welfare of a subject, including devices that are of substantial importance in diagnosing or treating disease, or preventing impairment of human health. Sponsors of clinical trials are responsible for monitoring the studies, and for recordkeeping and reporting. The FDA may prevent clinical trials from moving forward, and may suspend or terminate trials once initiated. The FDA may inspect sponsor records, clinical investigators, and clinical sites involved in clinical trials. The FDA may take enforcement action for non-compliance with any of these requirements.

510(k) Premarket Notification

A 510(k) notification requires the sponsor to demonstrate that a medical device is substantially equivalent to another marketed device, termed a “predicate device”, that is legally marketed in the United States and for which a PMA was not required. A device is substantially equivalent to a predicate device if it alwayshas the same intended use and same technological characteristics as the predicate or has the same intended use but different technological characteristics, where the information submitted to the FDA does not raise new questions of safety or effectiveness and demonstrates that the device is at least as safe and effective as the legally marketed predicate device.

The FDA’s performance goal review time for a 510(k) notification is 90 days from the date of receipt. In practice, however, the review process often takes significantly longer. After its initial review, the FDA may require additional information, including clinical data, in order to make a decision regarding the claims of substantial equivalence. Clinical studies of IVD products are typically designed with the primary objective of obtaining analytical or clinical performance data. If the FDA believes that the device is not substantially equivalent to a predicate device, it will issue a “Not Substantially Equivalent” letter and designate the device as a Class III device, which will require the submission and approval of a PMA before the new device may be marketed. Under certain circumstances, the sponsor may submit ade novo petition to the FDA to reclassify the new device as a Class I or Class II device.

If a predicate device does not exist, the FDA may make a risk-based determination that the device is eligible forde novo reclassification and premarket review instead of requiring a PMA. Thede novo process is similar to clearance of the 510(k), and typically requires the submission of clinical data to support the reclassification. Ade novo petition can be submitted either prior to the submission of a 510(k) when no predicate device can be identified, or after the FDA determines that a new device is “not substantially equivalent” due to lack of an appropriate predicate device. Under the FDASIA, the FDA may “decline to undertake a classification” if the FDA either (1) identifies a legally marketed predicate device that would be appropriate for a 510(k), or (2) determines that the device is not low to moderate risk or that general controls would be inadequate to control the risks and special controls cannot be developed. The statute directs the FDA to classify the device within 120 days following receipt of thede novo application.

Premarket Approval

The PMA process is more complex, costly and time consuming than the 510(k) process. A PMA must be supported by manufacturing data, preclinical data, and more detailed and comprehensive scientific evidence, including clinical data, to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the medical device for its intended purpose. If the device is determined to present a “significant risk,” the sponsor may not begin a clinical trial until it submits an application for an investigational device exemption, or IDE, to the FDA and obtains approval from the FDA to begin the trial.

After the PMA is submitted, the FDA has 45 days to make a threshold determination that the PMA is sufficiently complete to permit a substantive review. If the PMA is deemed not sufficiently complete, the FDA will issue a “refuse to file” determination. If the PMA is complete, the FDA will file the PMA and begin a substantive review of the application. The FDA is subject to a performance goal review time for a PMA that is 180 days from the date of filing, although in practice the total review time is longer. Questions from the FDA, requests for additional data, additional testing and submissions by the applicant, and referral to an advisory committee may delay the process considerably. Indeed, the total process may take several years and there is no guarantee that the PMA will ever be approved. Even if approved, the FDA may limit the indication for which the device may be marketed. The FDA may also request additional clinical studies or registries as a condition of approval or even after the PMA is approved. Any changes to the medical device may require a supplemental PMA to be submitted and approved. In addition, annual reports and other reports are required.

Requirements Applicable to Marketed Devices

The FDA Quality System Regulations, or QSRs, impose requirements for design control and validation, management review, complaint handling and investigation, labeling control, servicing and recordkeeping, among others. The FDA also regulates device imports and exports. Manufacturers are required to submit medical device reports for deaths or serious injuries associated with the use of their devices, and for malfunctions that could cause or contribute to a death or serious injury. The FDA also requires reporting of certain corrections or removals of devices. Labeling and promotional activities are subject to regulation by the FDA, and certain device advertising is subject to regulation by the Federal Trade Commission.

Laboratory Developed Tests

Although the FDA has claimed for many years that it has the powerstatutory authority to regulate laboratory-developed tests, or LDTs, historicallyas medical devices, the agency has not enforced the more stringent premarket review and other applicable FDA requirements for manygenerally exercised enforcement discretion toward them. LDTs especially the relatively simple labare tests that are available ondeveloped, validated, and offered as testing services by a limited basis. FDA refers to its prior decision to not overtly regulate LDTs as involving its exercise of “enforcement discretion.”  In the absence of the FDA actively regulating LDTs, the primary federal agency exercising control over LDTs has been the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or the CMS,clinical laboratory, and these tests are regulated under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments,Act, or CLIA. A CLIA certified laboratory is requiredThe FDA has stated that it will take enforcement action against any specific LDT if necessary to determine, validate and submit performance characteristics on around 50 known and 50 unknown samples including:

·

Accuracy;

·

Precision;

·

Analytical sensitivity;

·

Analytical specificity to include interfering substances;

·

Reportable range of test results forprotect the test system;

·

Reference intervals (normal values); and

·

Any other performance characteristic required for test performance.

On July 31, 2014public health. In recent years, the FDA notified Congresshas indicated that it is reconsidering its policy of the Agency’s intent to issue a draft oversight framework for LDTs based on risk to patients rather than whether a conventional manufacturer or a single laboratory made them. The FDA issued draft guidance on October 3, 2014 regarding its oversight of LDTs which was subject to public comment until February 2, 2015. This oversight includes pre-market review for higher-risk LDTs although the framework would be phased in over many years. There is uncertainty regarding the impactenforcement discretion and even the legal status of the FDA’s decision with challenges expected in the US courts. The initial focus for the FDA is on high-risk test categories which includes definitive diagnosis in the absence of a confirmatory technique. Within a CLIA lab, specific claims for use of the Nucleosomics^® technology will therefore be limited, for example, to adjunctive diagnostics, such as identification of circulating blood nucleosomes associated with colorectal cancer. Confirmation of diagnosis will be provided by colonoscopy as with the fecal test.

We do not intend to establish a CLIA laboratory in the United States due to the costs and time frame associated with this. Pending completion of our review ofreviewing the regulatory environment in the United States, including the effect of the Draft Guidance, we aim initiallyrequirements that it will apply to enter the United States market by identifying a licensing partner for the Nucleosomics^® technology for establishment of an LDT for adjunctive diagnostics to aid in colorectal cancer diagnosis.LDTs.

United States–FDA Approval

Our diagnostic products are designated as “medical devices” by the FDA. Among other things, the FDA regulates the research, testing, manufacturing, safety, labeling, storage, recordkeeping, pre-market clearance or approval, marketingCLIA and promotion, and sales and distribution of medical devices in the United States to ensure that medical devices distributed domestically are safe and effective for their intended uses. In addition, the FDA regulates the export of medical devices manufactured in the United States to international markets. We estimate the cost of obtaining FDA approval to be approximately $5 million per product. FDA approval is more expensive and will likely take at least twice as long as CE Marking in Europe.

18

Unless an exemption applies, each medical device that we wish to market in the United States must first receive either clearance of a 510(k) pre-market notification or approval of a Product Market Approval, or PMA, from the FDA. The FDA’s 510(k) clearance process usually takes from three to twelve months, but it can take significantly longer and clearance is never guaranteed. The process of obtaining PMA approval is much more costly, lengthy and uncertain. It generally takes from one to three years and approval is not guaranteed. The FDA decides whether a device must undergo either the 510(k) clearance or PMA approval process based upon statutory criteria. These criteria include the level of risk that the agency determines is associated with the device and a determination of whether the product is a type of device that is similar to devices that are already legally marketed. Devices deemed to pose relatively less risk are placed in either Class I or II. Class III devices are those devices which are deemed by the FDA to pose the greatest risk, such as life-sustaining, life-supporting or implantable devices, have a new intended use, or use advanced technology that is not substantially equivalent to that of a legally marketed device. In the United States, cancer diagnostics usually are considered Class III products, the highest classification (in Europe, cancer diagnostics are not in the high classification group except for home use). As such, our future products may have to undergo the full PMA process of the FDA.

A clinical trial may be required in support of a 510(k) submission and is generally required for a PMA application. These trials generally require an effective Investigational Device Exemption, or IDE, from the FDA for a specified number of patients, unless the product is exempt from IDE requirements or deemed a non-significant risk device eligible for more abbreviated IDE requirements. The IDE application must be supported by appropriate data, such as animal and laboratory testing results.State Clinical trials may begin 30 days after the submission of the IDE application unless the FDA or the appropriate institutional review boards at the clinical trial sites place the trial on clinical hold.

Once the application and approval process is complete and the product is placed on the clinical diagnostics market, regardless of the classification or pre-market pathway, it remains subject to significant regulatory requirements. The FDA may impose limitations or restrictions on the uses and indications for which the product may be labeled and promoted. Medical devices may only be marketed for the uses and indications for which they are cleared or approved. FDA regulations prohibit a manufacturer from promoting a device for an unapproved or “off-label” use. Manufacturers that sell products to laboratories for research or investigational use in the collection of research data are similarly prohibited from promoting such products for clinical or diagnostic tests.

Further, our future manufacturing processes and those of our future suppliers will be required to comply with the applicable portions of the FDA’s Quality Systems Regulations, which cover the methods and documentation of the design, testing, production, processes, controls, quality assurance, labeling, packaging and shipping of our intended products. Domestic facility records and manufacturing processes are subject to periodic unscheduled inspections by the FDA. The FDA also may inspect foreign facilities that export products to the United States.Laboratory Laws

The FDA has broad regulatoryis responsible for the complexity categorization of commercially marketed IVD tests under CLIA, placing them into one of three categories based upon the potential risk to public health in reporting erroneous results. The categories were devised on the basis of the complexity of the test, and enforcement powers. Ifinclude waived tests, tests of moderate complexity, and tests of high complexity.

The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, regulates clinical laboratories under CLIA. Laboratories that perform testing on human specimens for the FDA determinespurpose of providing information for diagnosis, prevention or treatment of disease or assessment of health are subject to CLIA, which imposes quality standards for laboratory testing to ensure the accuracy, reliability and timeliness of patient test results.

Laboratories performing moderate- or high-complexity testing must meet various CLIA requirements applicable to personnel, operations, establishment and verification of performance specifications, proficiency testing, patient test management, quality control, and quality assurance. CLIA certified laboratories are typically subject to survey and inspection every two years to assess compliance with program standards. Sanctions can be applied against a laboratory that weis found to be out of compliance with CLIA requirements, including, among others, suspension, limitation, or revocation of a CLIA certificate.

Laboratories may also seek accreditation by the College of American Pathologists, or CAP. CAP is an independent, non-governmental organization approved by CMS to inspect laboratories to determine compliance with CLIA requirements. The CAP Laboratory Accreditation Program is an internationally recognized program that utilizes teams of practicing laboratory professionals as inspectors, and accreditation by CAP can often be used to meet CLIA or state certification requirements.

In addition to CLIA, States also have failedlaws that apply to comply with applicable regulatoryclinical laboratories, including state licensing laws. Some states impose requirements it can impose a variety of enforcement actions ranging from public warning letters, fines, injunctions, consent decrees and civil penalties to suspension or delayed issuance of approvals, seizure or recall of our future products, total or partial shutdown of production, withdrawal of approvals or clearances already granted, and criminal prosecution. The FDA canthat are more stringent than CLIA requirements. State laws may also require us to repair, replacedetailed review of a laboratory’s technical procedures or refund the costscientific validation of products that we manufactured or distributed. Furthermore, the regulation and enforcement of diagnostics and equipment by the FDA is an evolving area that is subject to change. While we believe that we are and will continue to be in compliance with the current regulatory requirements and policies of the FDA, the FDA may impose more rigorous regulations or policies that may expose us to enforcement actions or require a change in our business practices. If any of these events were to occur, it could materially adversely affect us.laboratory tests.

Product Development and Plan of Operations

NuQNu.Q^®TM Assays (Cancer and Other Conditions):

·

Research Use OnlyIn-Vitro Diagnostics Market

§

The NuQ^® suite of assays has been released for the RUO market.

·

In-Vitro Diagnostics Market

§o

CE Marking (Europe):  A pilot NuQThe first Nu.Q^®TM panel of 3 assays underwent external third party retrospective clinical validations during 2012 which took approximately nine (9) months to complete. A larger NuQ^® panel of assays commenced large scale retrospective clinical validations in 2013 which will continue during 2015. Once the retrospective validations are completed, the tests will be submitted for-X biomarker assay received a CE Mark approval. We estimate the cost of obtainingin September 2015. In April 2016 we received a CE Marking will be approximately $500,000.

19Mark for Nu.Q^TM-V (variant) and Nu.Q^TM-T (total) assays Nu.Q^TM-V001 and Nu.Q^TM-T003, respectively.  Additionally, in December 2016 we received a CE Mark on Nu.Q^TM Colorectal Cancer Screening Triage Test.

§o

FDA Approval (United States): FDA approval for CRC screening applications is expected to require longer large scalelarge-scale prospective clinical validation studies andincluding U.S. trials. Our FDA PMA clinical trial process is expected to commence in 20152017 and be completed in 2017.2019. When the trial is completed, the data will be submitted to the FDA for United States market approval.PMA. We estimate the cost of obtaining FDA approvalPMA will be approximately $5 million, with the understanding that up to $50 million may ultimately be required depending on a multitude of factors as previously discussed. As an intermediate step we will seek 510(k) approval for use of Nu.Q^TM as a symptomatic adjunct test (used in combination with other tests to identify at risk patients). This abbreviated process is expected to begin in 2017 and complete in 2018 with an estimated cost of between $1.5 million and $2 million.

We completed initial external testing on a variety of cancers in 2012-2013 based on our Nucleosomics^® technology. Cancers were selected by medical need and commercial value and large scale retrospective (CE Mark) and prospective (FDA) clinical validation studies for the cancers identified as most promising in the 2012 studies commenced in 2013. We expect to produce a rolling pipeline of products for different types of cancers over the next three (3)one to five (5) years.

NuQNu.Q^®TM Clinical Diagnostic Products:

·

Centralized Laboratory Market

§o

License of Nucleosomics^® technology to a global diagnostics company: We may license our Nucleosomics^® technology on a non-exclusive basis to a global diagnostics company. The approximate licensing fees have not yet been determined. As of the date of this Report, weWe have not entered into any agreements with diagnostic companies or established an anticipated timeframe for licensing our Nucleosomics^® technology.

§o

Sell manual and/or semi-manual ELISA plates to centralized laboratories:We may sell manual and/or semi-automated 96 well ELISA plates for use by centralized laboratories. The approximate manufacturing costs or sales price have not yet been determined. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not entered into anyWe are in discussions or negotiations with diagnostic companies or established an anticipated timeframe regarding the sale of ELISA plates.several groups to distribute our products in multiple regions.

§o

Point-of-Care Devices: We intend to enter the point-of-care clinical market in Europe in 2017 and in the United States in 2018.18 months after launching on the manual platform. The approximate manufacturing costs or sales price per device have not yet been determined. As of the date of this Report, weWe have not entered into any discussions or negotiations regarding the manufacture or sale of these devices.

§o

Disposable Tests for Doctor’s Office or Home Use: We intend to contract with a specialist company to adapt the NuQNu.Q^®TM tests to the doctor’s office or home use system and to contract with a manufacturer for the production of these tests. The sale of these tests will initially be for professional use only (doctors) and will likely be released at a later time for non-professional home use. The approximate manufacturing costs or sales price per test have not yet been determined. As of the date of this Report, weWe have not entered into any discussions or negotiations with a specialist company or manufacturer. We do not yet have an estimated timeframe for the manufacture or sale of these tests.

If we do not have enough funds to fully implement our business plan, we will be forced to scale back our plan of operations and our business activities, increase our anticipated timeframes to complete each milestone or seek additional funding. In the event that additional financing is delayed, we will prioritize the maintenance of its research and development personnel and facilities, primarily in Belgium, and the maintenance of our patent rights. However the development of the current pipeline of intended products for the RUO market would be delayed, as would clinical validation studies and regulatory approval processes for the purpose of bringing products to the IVD market. In the event of an ongoing lack of financing, we may be obliged to discontinue operations.

Sales and Marketing Strategy

The first sales of our NuQ^® products were for the RUO market, as the RUO market does not require government approval, as compared to the clinical IVD market. We have however decided to focus our efforts on launching our first products in the clinical market in the EU given our very encouraging results in Denmark, the much larger potential of the IVD market and our limited resources, which require us to focus our efforts. Pending completion of our review of the regulatory environment in the United States, including the effect of the Draft Guidance, we aim to enter the United States market by adopting a licensing model to a CLIA laboratory in the United States. Our RUO products are available for sale to researchers via our product website,http://www.nucleosomics.comand through a contracted distributor.

20

We intend to primarily sell our RUO products through distribution agreements in those markets and territories where we have no real prospect of obtaining traction alone or where the entry barriers are high. We plan to enter into tightly drawn distribution agreements outlining the territory and sectors to be covered. We will maintain control through strict oversight and by centralized production centers that will provide supplies to distributors. We estimate such distributors will take approximately 30-40% of the sales prices of any products sold through these channels. We have entered into three distribution agreements. The first wholesale order of these RUO products commenced in June 2014.

Our future products will require several dynamic and evolving sales models tailored to different worldwide markets, users and products. Pending completion of our review of the regulatory environment in the United States, including the effect of the Draft Guidance,In 2017, we will combine a licensing and sales strategy focused on the IVD products through 2015. We intend to license NuQ^® tests for LDT uselaunch our own products to be used in combination with existing technologies, such as the United States andFIT, to progressively grow sales volumes after CE markingMarking in Europe and FDA approval in the United States with sales to centralized laboratoriesgovernments and eventually reach the mass diagnostics testing market. The sales strategy will evolve as we continuelaboratories. We also intend to develop our intended products and seek entry into the IVD markets.

Government Regulations

The health care industry, and thus our business, is subject to extensive federal, state, local and foreign regulation. Some of the pertinent laws have not been definitively interpreted by the regulatory authorities or the courts, and their provisions are open to a variety of subjective interpretations. In addition, these laws and their interpretations are subject to change.

Both United States federal and state governmental agencies continue to subject the health care industry to intense regulatory scrutiny, including heightened civil and criminal enforcement efforts. As indicated by work plans and reports issued by these agencies, the federal government will continue to scrutinize, among other things, the marketing, labeling, promotion, manufacturing and export of diagnostic health care products. Our diagnostic products fall within the medical device category and are subject to FDA clearance or approval in the United States. The FDA has historically exercised enforcement discretion over tests developed by and used within single laboratories, known as LDTs. The CMS has regulated laboratories, including those that develop LDTs, under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (42 U.S.C. 263a) since 1988. Reagents used for the production of LDTs (Analyte Specific Reagents) are subject to less overt FDA regulation and can be sold to clinical laboratories to perform high complexity testing provided such tests are developed are labeled in accordance with FDA requirements, including a statement that their analytical and performance characteristics have not been established. We believe that Analyte Specific Reagents that we have developed, including antibodies with specificity for histone modifications and histone variants, may be sold to clinical reference laboratories in the United States and do not currently require FDA approval or clearance. However, on October 3, 2014, the FDA issued draft guidance implementing a new framework for the regulation of LDTs, which could include pre-market review. As these regulations are not yet final, we cannot be sure that the FDA will not require that one or more of our reagents would require premarket approval. Further, we cannot guarantee that the FDA would consider licensing of our intellectual property as labeling, which would subject the Analyte Specific Reagents we supply to FDA regulation including, but not limited to, PMA.

The FDA has recently proposed a new regulatory oversight framework for LDTs which, if adopted as proposed, will continue the FDA’s current enforcement discretion for traditional LDTs that are:

·

designed, manufactured and used within a single laboratory;

·

manufactured and used by a health care facility laboratory (such as one located in a hospital or clinic) for a patient that is being diagnosed and/or treated at that same health care facility or within the facility’s healthcare system;

·

comprised only of components and instruments that are legally marketed for clinical use; and

·

interpreted by qualified laboratory professionals without the use of automated instrumentation or software for interpretation.

The proposals were subject to public comment until February 2, 2015. Changes in the FDA position could negatively affect our operations.

Please refersell to the section above titled “Government Approval” for additional information regarding the draft guidance.

The federal government also has increased fundingprivate payer market in recent years to fight health care fraud, and various agencies, such as the United States Department of Justice, the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services, or OIG, and state Medicaid fraud control units, are coordinating their enforcement efforts.

21

In Europe, medical devices are regulated by self-certification through the CE mark system. Under the system, developers and manufacturers must operate a Quality System and validate medical devices in a limited clinical trial to demonstrate the manufacturer has met analytical and clinical performance criteria. Volition is implementing an International Organization for Standardization standard - ISO 13485 - quality management system for the design and manufacture of medical devices. ISO 13485 addresses managerial awareness of regulatory requirements, control systems, inspection and traceability, device design, risk and performance criteria as well as verification for corrective and preventative measures for device failure. Medical device companies such as ours are subject to pre-market compliance assessments from Notified Bodies, a certification organization which the national authority (the competent authority) of a European member state designates to carry out one or more of the conformity assessment procedures. ISO 13485 certification establishes conformity to specific European Union directives related to medical devices and allows CE marking and sale of the device.

We will also be required to comply with numerous other federal, state, and local laws relating to matters such as safe working conditions, industrial safety, and labor laws. We may incur significant costs to comply with such laws and regulations in the future, and lack of compliance could have material adverse effects on our operations.

We believe that we have structured our business operations to comply with applicable legal requirements. However, it is possible that governmental entities or other third parties could interpret these laws differently and assert otherwise.

Please refer to the section above titled “Government Approval” for additional information.some Asian countries.

Competition

We believe that our main competitor in the blood-based diagnostic market is Epigenomics AG. Epigenomics has European approval for its methylated DNA based PCR tests in colon cancer (Epi proColon^®) and lung cancer (Epi proLung). In colon cancer, our main target market, we face potential competition from alternative procedures including flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy and virtual colonoscopy as well as traditional tests such as the guiacguaiac and immunochemical FIT Tests.FIT. Exact Sciences Corporation has recently received FDA approval and reimbursement approval for its stool-based DNA screening test.test, Cologuard®. We anticipate facing competition primarily from large healthcare, pharmaceutical and diagnostic companies such as Epigenomics AG, Applied Proteomics Inc., and Exact Sciences Corporation, as well as others such as Abbott Laboratories Inc., Cepheid Inc., Philips, GE Healthcare, Siemens, Gen-Probe Incorporated, MDxHealth SA, and Roche Diagnostics and Sequenom, Inc.Diagnostics.  There may also be other companies developing products competitive with ours of which we are unaware.

We hope that our future products will have a competitive edge compared to those offered by competitors on the basis that our tests are being developed to be accurate, cost-effective and attractive from a government reimbursement perspective, easy to use, non-invasive, technologically advanced, and compatible with ELISA systems, based on strong intellectual property and to be used for mass screenings.

Many of our anticipated competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, and other resources and larger, more established marketing, sales and distribution systems than we will have. Many of our competitors also offer broad product lines outside of the diagnostic testing market and have brand recognition. Moreover, our competitors may make rapid technological developments that may result in our intended technologies and products becoming obsolete before we are able to enter the market, recover the expenses incurred to develop them or generate significant revenue. Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to develop our intended products in a timely manner, keep our future products current with advancing technologies, achieve market acceptance of our future products, gain name recognition and a positive reputation in the healthcare industry, and establish successful marketing, sales and distribution efforts.

22Employees

As of December 31, 2016, we (including our subsidiaries) had 18 full-time employees and 4 part-time employees.

WHERE YOU CAN GET ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

We file annual, quarterlyAnnual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports, proxy statements and other informationCurrent Reports on Form 8-K pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act electronically with the SEC. You may read and copy our reports or other filings made with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room, located at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, DC 20549.20549 on official business days during the hours of 10:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. You can obtain information on the operations of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. You can also access these reports and other filings electronically on the SEC’s web site,www.sec.gov.

ITEM 1A.

RISK FACTORS

An investment in our securities involves certain risks, including those set forth below and elsewhere in this report. In addition to the risks set forth below and elsewhere in this report, other risks and uncertainties may exist that could adversely affect our business and financial condition. If any of the following risks actually materialize, our business, financial conditions and/or operations could suffer. In such event, the value of our common stock could decline, and you could lose all or a substantial portion of your investment. You should carefully consider the risks described below as well as other information and data included in this report.

Risks Associated with our Company

We have not generated any significant revenue since our inception and we may never achieve profitability.

We are a clinical stage company and have incurred losses since our formation.  As of December 31, 2016, we have an accumulated total deficit of approximately $40.9 million. As we continue the discovery and development of our future diagnostic products, our expenses are expected to increase significantly. Even as we begin to market and sell our intended products, we expect our losses to continue as a result of ongoing research and development expenses, as well as increased manufacturing, sales and marketing expenses. These losses, among other things, have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our working capital, total assets and stockholders’ equity. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with our product development and commercialization efforts, we are unable to predict when we will become profitable, and we may never become profitable. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. If we are unable to achieve and then maintain profitability, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be negatively affected and the market value of our common stock will decline.

We may need to raise additional capital in the future. If we are unable to secure adequate funds on terms acceptable to us, we may be unable to execute our plan of operations.

Although we believe that we have sufficient capital to fund our operations for at least the next twelve months, we may require additional capital to fully fund our current strategic plan, which includes successfully commercializing our Nu.Q^TM Colorectal Cancer Screening Triage Test and developing a pipeline of future products.  If we incur delays in commencing commercialization of our Nu.Q^TM Colorectal Cancer Screening Triage Test or other future products or in achieving significant product revenue, or if we encounter other unforeseen adverse business developments, we may exhaust our capital resources prior to the commencement of commercialization.

We cannot be certain that additional capital will be available when needed or that our actual cash requirements will not be greater than anticipated. Financing opportunities may not be available to us, or if available, may not be available on favorable terms. The availability of financing opportunities will depend on various factors, such as market conditions and our financial condition and outlook. In addition, if we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, the percentage ownership of our stockholders could be significantly diluted, and these newly-issued securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of existing stockholders. If we obtain debt financing, a substantial portion of our operating cash flow may be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on such indebtedness, and the terms of the debt securities issued could impose significant restrictions on our operations. If we are unable to obtain financing on terms favorable to us, we may be unable to execute our plan of operations and we may be required to cease or reduce development or commercialization of any future products, sell some or all of our technology or assets or merge with another entity.

It is difficult to forecast our future performance, which may cause our financial results to fluctuate unpredictably.

Our limited operating history and the rapid evolution of the market for diagnostic products make it difficult for us to predict our future performance. A number of factors, many of which are outside of our control, may contribute to fluctuations in our financial results, such as:

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our ability to develop or procure antibodies for clinical use in our future products;

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our ability to translate preliminary clinical results to larger prospective symptomatic and screening populations;

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the demand for our intended products;

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our ability to obtain any necessary financing;

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our ability to market and sell our future products;

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market acceptance of our future products and technology;

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performance of any future strategic business partners;

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our ability to obtain regulatory clearances or approvals;

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our success in collecting payments from third-party payors and customers;

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changes in technology that may render our future products uncompetitive or obsolete;

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competition with other cancer diagnostics companies; and

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adverse changes in the healthcare industry.

Our future success depends on our ability to retain our officers and directors, scientists, and other key employees and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.

Our success depends on our ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified management and scientific personnel. In particular, we are highly dependent on Cameron Reynolds, our President and Chief Executive Officer, our other officers and directors, scientists and key employees. The loss of any of these persons or their expertise would be difficult to replace and could have a material adverse effect on our ability to achieve our business goals. In addition, the loss of the services of any one of these persons may impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives by diverting management’s attention to the identification of suitable replacements, if any. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in hiring or retaining qualified personnel and our failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific personnel and, in the future, sales and marketing personnel will also be critical to our success. We may not be able to attract and retain these personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among pharmaceutical, biotechnology and diagnostic companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific personnel from universities and research institutions. We do not maintain “key person” insurance on any of our employees. In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our research, development and commercialization strategies. Our consultants and advisors, however, may have other commitments or employment that may limit their availability to us.

We expect to expand our product development, research and sales and marketing capabilities, and as a result, we may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, which could disrupt our operations.

In addition to commercializing our Nu.Q^TM Colorectal Cancer Screening Triage Test, we are focused on developing our pipeline for future products. Our efforts will result in significant growth in the number of our consultants, advisors, and employees and the scope of our operations. In order to manage our anticipated future growth, we must continue to implement and improve our managerial, operational and financial systems, expand our facilities, and continue to recruit and train additional qualified personnel. Due to our limited resources, we may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations or recruit and train additional qualified personnel. The expansion of our operations may lead to significant costs and may divert our management and business development resources. Any inability to manage growth could delay the execution of our business plan or disrupt our operations.

We have limited experience with direct sales and marketing and any failure to build and manage a direct sales and marketing team effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our products will require several dynamic and evolving sales models tailored to different worldwide markets, users and products. In 2015, we decided to focus our sales strategy on the clinical IVD market with the CE Marking of our first product in Europe. Following CE Marking of our first product in Europe we intend to enter the European markets and, following the completion of any necessary regulatory clearances, certain Asian markets. Even though we have received the CE Mark on our Nu.Q^TM Colorectal Cancer Screening Triage Test, we must still seek regulatory clearance in other jurisdictions. A failure to obtain these regulatory clearances in other jurisdictions could negatively affect our business. Pending completion of our review of the regulatory environment in the United States, including the effect of recent pronouncements regarding LDTs by the FDA, we may decide to enter the United States market through a CLIA certified laboratory in the United States. We intend to progressively grow to large volumes of tests sold to centralized laboratories and eventually reach the mass diagnostics testing market. The exact nature of the ideal sales strategy will evolve as we continue to develop our intended products and seek entry into the IVD markets. We have limited experience with direct sales and marketing and any failure to build and manage a direct sales and marketing team effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business.

There are significant risks involved in building and managing our sales and marketing organization, as well as identifying and negotiating deals with the right sales and distribution partners, including risks related to our ability to:

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identify appropriate partners;

·

negotiate beneficial partnership and distribution agreements;

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hire qualified individuals as needed;

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generate sufficient leads within our targeted market for our sales force;

·

provide adequate training for effective sales and marketing;

·

protect intellectual property rights;

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retain and motivate our direct sales and marketing professionals; and

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effectively oversee geographically dispersed sales and marketing teams.

Our failure to adequately address these risks could have a material adverse effect on our ability to increase sales and use of our future products, which would cause our revenues to be lower than expected and harm our results of operations.

Our Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation exculpates our officers and directors from certain liability to our Company and our stockholders.

Our Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation contains a provision limiting the liability of our officers and directors for their acts or failures to act, except for acts involving intentional misconduct, fraud or a knowing violation of law. This limitation on liability may reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation against our officers and directors and may discourage or deter our stockholders from suing our officers and directors based upon breaches of their duties to our Company.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting that have not yet been remediated, and the failure to address these material weaknesses, or the identification of any others, could impact the reliability of our financial reporting and harm investors’ views of us, which could adversely impact our stock price.  

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. As defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f), internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the principal executive and principal financial officer and effected by the board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

·

pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and dispositions of assets;

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provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and/or directors; and

·

provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

We have determined that we have material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016. See Item 9A.Controls and Proceduresof this reportfor a complete discussion of these material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and remediation efforts. Although we are undertaking steps to address these material weaknesses, the existence of a material weakness is an indication that there is more than a remote likelihood that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected in the current or any future period. There can be no assurance that we will be able to fully implement our plans and controls, as further described inItem 9A, to address these material weaknesses, or that the plans and controls, if implemented, will be successful in fully remediating these material weaknesses. In addition, we may in the future identify further material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting that we have not discovered to date. If we fail to successfully remediate the identified material weaknesses, or we identify further material weaknesses in our internal controls, the market’s confidence in our financial statements could decline and the market price of our common stock could be adversely impacted. Additionally, for so long as we remain as a smaller reporting company, under current rules our accounting firm will not be required to provide an opinion regarding our internal controls over financial reporting.

We have a “going concern” opinion from our auditors, indicating the possibility that we may not be able to continue to operate.

Our independent registered public accountants have expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. This opinion could materially limit our ability to raise additional funds by issuing new debt or equity securities or otherwise. If we fail to raise sufficient capital when needed, we will not be able to complete our proposed business plan. As a result we may have to liquidate our business and investors may lose their investments. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our ability to successfully accomplish our plan of operations described herein, obtain financing and eventually attain profitable operations. Investors should consider our independent registered public accountant’s comments when deciding whether to invest in the Company.

Our management has broad discretion over the use of our available cash and might not spend available cash in ways that increase the value of your investment.

As of December 31, 2016, we had $21.7 million in combined cash and marketable securities compared to $5.9 million as of December 31, 2015. Our management currently expects to deploy these resources primarily to expand our commercialization activities, to fund our product development efforts and for general corporate and working capital purposes. However, our management has broad discretion to pursue other objectives. You will be relying on the judgment of our management regarding the application and prioritization of our resources. Our management might not apply our cash in ways that increase or permit any return of, your investment.

Risks Associated with our Business

Failure to successfully develop, manufacture, market, and sell our future products will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are in the process of developing a suite of diagnostic tests as well as additional products. Our Nu.Q^TM Colorectal Cancer Screening Triage Test achieved CE Marking in December 2016 and is expected to be made available to the European market in the first quarter of 2017.  The successful development and commercialization of our intended products is critical to our future success. Our ability to successfully develop, manufacture, market, and sell our future products is subject to a number of risks, many of which are outside our control. There can be no assurance that we will be able to develop and manufacture products in commercial quantities at acceptable costs, successfully market any products, or generate revenues from the sale of any products. Failure to achieve any of the foregoing would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our business is dependent on our ability to successfully develop and commercialize diagnostic products. If we fail to develop and commercialize diagnostic products, we may be unable to execute our plan of operations.

Our current business strategy focuses on discovering, developing and commercializing diagnostic products. The success of our business will depend on our ability to fully develop and commercialize the diagnostic products in our current development pipeline as well as continue the discovery and development of other diagnostics products.  Currently, we are heavily dependent on our Nu.Q^TM Colorectal Cancer Screening Triage Test.  The commercial success of our Nu.Q^TM Colorectal Cancer Screening Triage Test will impact our ability to generate revenues.

Prior to commercializing the Nu.Q^TM Colorectal Cancer Screening Triage Test and other diagnostic products, we will be required to undertake time-consuming and costly development activities with uncertain outcomes, including conducting clinical studies and obtaining regulatory clearance or approval in the United States and in Europe. Delays in obtaining approvals and clearances could have material adverse effects on us and our ability to fully carry out our plan of operations. We have limited experience in taking products through these processes and there are considerable risks involved in these activities. The science and methods that we are employing are innovative and complex, and it is possible that our development programs will ultimately not yield products suitable for commercialization or government approval. Products that appear promising in early development may fail to be validated in subsequent studies, and even if we achieve positive results, we may still fail to obtain the necessary regulatory clearances or approvals. Few research and development projects result in commercial products, and perceived viability in early clinical studies often is not replicated in later studies. At any point, we may abandon development of a product, or we may be required to expend considerable resources obtaining additional clinical and nonclinical data, which would adversely impact the timing for generating potential revenue from those products. Further, our ability to develop and launch diagnostic tests is dependent on our receipt of substantial additional funding. If our discovery and development programs yield fewer commercial products than we expect, we may be unable to execute our business plan, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

The results of pre-clinical studies and completed clinical trials are not necessarily predictive of future results, and our current product candidates may not have favorable results in later studies or trials which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

As described above, we must conduct extensive testing of our product candidates and new indications of our marketed products before we can obtain regulatory approval to market and sell them. Success in pre-clinical studies or completed clinical trials does not ensure that later studies or trials, including continuing pre-clinical studies and large-scale clinical trials, will be successful nor does it necessarily predict future results. Favorable results in early studies or trials may not be repeated in later studies or trials, and product candidates in later stage trials may fail to show acceptable safety and efficacy despite having progressed through earlier trials. We may be required to demonstrate through large, long-term outcome trials that our product candidates are safe and effective for use in a broad population prior to obtaining regulatory approval.  The failure of clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of our clinical candidates for the desired indication(s) would preclude the successful development of those candidates for such indication(s), in which event our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Our failure to obtain necessary regulatory clearances or approvals on a timely basis would significantly impair our ability to distribute and market our future products on the clinical IVD market.

We are subject to regulation by the FDA in the United States, the Conformité Européenne in Europe and other regulatory bodies in other countries where we intend to sell our future products. Before we are able to place our intended products in the clinical IVD markets in the United States and Europe, we will be required to obtain clearance or approval of our future products from the FDA and receive a CE Mark, respectively. The European Union has recently proposed regulations that would impose additional requirements to obtain a CE Mark, which could result in delays and further expense, in terms of staff costs to us as compared to the current CE Mark process. The new regulations will require each product submission to be thoroughly audited by Notified Bodies, instead of the current self-certification process. The MDR and IVDR, are both in the final stages of the legislative procedure and are estimated to be finished sometime in 2017. The MDR and IVDR are expected to come into effect in 2020 and 2022, respectively.

Additionally, even if we receive the required government clearance or approval of our intended products, we are still subject to continuing regulation and oversight.  Under the FDA, diagnostics are considered medical devices and are subject to ongoing controls and regulations, including inspections, compliance with established manufacturing practices, device-tracking, record-keeping, advertising, labeling, packaging, and compliance with other standards. The process of complying with such regulations with respect to current and new products can be costly and time-consuming. Failure to comply with these regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Furthermore, any FDA regulations governing our future products are subject to change at any time, which may cause delays and have material adverse effects on our operations. In Europe, IVD companies are able to self-certify that they meet the appropriate regulatory requirements but are subject to inspection for enforcement. European national agencies, such as customs authorities and/or the Departments of Health, Industry and Labor, conduct market surveillance to ensure the applicable requirements have been met for products marketed within the European Union.

Reductions or changes in reimbursement policies could limit our ability to sell our products.

Market acceptance and sales of our products will depend, in part, on reimbursement policies and may be affected by healthcare reform measures. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which products they will pay for and establish reimbursementlevels for those products.To manage healthcare costs, many governments and third-party payors in the U.S. increasingly scrutinize the pricing of new products and require greater levels of evidence of favorable clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness before extending coverage. We cannot be sure that reimbursement will be available for our products and, if reimbursement is available, the level of such reimbursement. Reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, our products. If reimbursement is not available or is available only at limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our future products.

If the marketplace does not accept the products in our development pipeline or any other diagnostic products we might develop, we may be unable to generate sufficient revenue to sustain and grow our business.

Our intended products may never gain significant acceptance in the research or clinical marketplace and therefore may never generate substantial revenue or profits. Physicians, hospitals, clinical laboratories, researchers or others in the healthcare industry may not use our future products unless they determine that they are an effective and cost-efficient means of detecting and diagnosing cancer.  If our research and studies do not satisfy providers, payors and others as to the reliability and effectiveness, we may experience reluctance or refusal on the part of the physician to use our future products. In addition, we will need to expend a significant amount of resources on marketing and educational efforts to create awareness of our future products and to encourage their acceptance and adoption. If the market for our future products does not develop sufficiently or the products are not accepted, our revenue potential will be harmed.

The cancer diagnostics market is highly competitive and subject to rapid technological change; accordingly, we will face fierce competition and our intended products may become obsolete.

The cancer diagnostics market is extremely competitive and characterized by evolving industry standards and new product enhancements. Cancer diagnostic tests are technologically innovative and require significant planning, design, development, and testing at the technological, product, and manufacturing process levels. These activities require significant capital commitments and investment. There can be no assurance that our intended products or proprietary technologies will remain competitive following the introduction of new products and technologies by competing companies within the industry. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that our competitors will not develop products that render our future products obsolete or that are more effective, accurate or can be produced at lower costs. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in the face of increasing competition from new technologies or products introduced by existing companies in the industry or by new companies entering the market.

We expect to face intense competition from companies with greater resources and experience than us, which may increase the difficulty for us to achieve significant market penetration.

The market for cancer diagnostics is intensely competitive, subject to rapid change, and significantly affected by new product introductions and other market activities of industry participants. Our competitors include large multinational corporations and their operating units, including Abbott Laboratories Inc., Cepheid Inc., Philips, GE Healthcare, Siemens, Gen-Probe Incorporated, MDxHealth SA, EpiGenomics AG, Applied Proteomics Inc., Roche Diagnostics, Exact Sciences Corporation, Sequenom, Inc. and several others. Most of these companies have substantially greater financial, marketing and other resources than we do. Most of these companies are either publicly traded or a division of a publicly traded company, and enjoy several competitive advantages, including:

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significantly greater name recognition;

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established relationships with healthcare professionals, companies and consumers;

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additional lines of products, and the ability to offer rebates or bundle products to offer higher discounts or incentives to gain a competitive advantage;

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established supply and distribution networks; and

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greater resources for product development, sales and marketing, and intellectual property protection.

Many of these other companies have developed and will continue to develop new products that will compete directly with our future products. In addition, many of our competitors spend significantly greater funds for the research, development, promotion, and sale of new and existing products. These resources may allow them to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies and changes in consumer requirements. We also face competition in our search for third parties to assist us with sales and marketing and our product candidates, which may negatively impact our ability to enter into favorable sales and marketing arrangements.  For all the foregoing reasons, we may not be able to compete successfully against our competitors.

Declining global economic or business conditions may have a negative impact on our business.

Continuing concerns over United States healthcare reform legislation and energy costs, geopolitical issues, the availability and cost of credit and government stimulus programs in the United States and other countries have contributed to increased volatility and diminished expectations for the global economy. These factors, combined with low business and consumer confidence and high unemployment precipitated a global economic slowdown and recession. If the economic climate does not improve or continues to deteriorate, our business, including our access to the RUO or clinical IVD markets for diagnostic tests, could be adversely affected, resulting in a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

On June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom held a referendum in which voters approved an exit from the European Union, commonly referred to as “Brexit”. As a result of the referendum, it is expected that the British government will begin negotiating the terms of the United Kingdom’s future relationship with the European Union Although it is unknown what those terms will be, it is possible that there will be greater restrictions on imports and exports between the European Union countries and the United Kingdom and increased regulatory complexities. These changes may adversely affect our ability to market our future products in the United Kingdom which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We will rely on third parties to manufacture and supply our intended products. Any problems experienced by these third parties could result in a delay or interruption in the supply of our intended products to our customers, which could have a material negative effect on our business.

We will rely on third parties to manufacture and supply our intended products. The manufacture of our intended diagnostic products will require specialized equipment and utilize complicated production processes that would be difficult, time-consuming and costly to duplicate. If the operations of third party manufacturers are interrupted or if they are unable to meet our delivery requirements due to capacity limitations or other constraints, we may be limited in our ability to fulfill our future sales orders. Any prolonged disruption in the operations of third party manufacturers could have a significant negative impact on our ability to sell our future products, could harm our reputation and could cause us to seek other third party manufacturing contracts, thereby increasing our anticipated development and commercialization costs. In addition, if we are required to change manufacturers for any reason, we will be required to verify that the new manufacturer maintains facilities and procedures that comply with quality standards required by the FDA and with all applicable regulations and guidelines. The delays associated with the verification of a new manufacturer could negatively affect our ability to develop products or receive approval of any products in a timely manner.

The manufacturing operations of our future third party manufacturers will likely be dependent upon third party suppliers, making us vulnerable to supply shortages and price fluctuations, which could harm our business.

The operations of our future third party manufacturers will likely be dependent upon third party suppliers. A supply interruption or an increase in demand beyond a supplier’s capabilities could harm the ability of our future manufacturers to manufacture our intended products until new sources of supply are identified and qualified.

Reliance on these suppliers could subject us to a number of risks that could harm our business, including:

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interruption of supply resulting from modifications to or discontinuation of a supplier’s operations;

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delays in product shipments resulting from uncorrected defects, reliability issues, or a supplier’s variation in a component;

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a lack of long-term supply arrangements for key components with our suppliers;

·

inability to obtain adequate supply in a timely manner, or to obtain adequate supply on commercially reasonable terms;

·

difficulty and cost associated with locating and qualifying alternative suppliers for components in a timely manner;

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production delays related to the evaluation and testing of products from alternative suppliers, and corresponding regulatory qualifications;

·

delay in delivery due to suppliers prioritizing other customer orders over ours;

·

damage to our brand reputation caused by defective components produced by the suppliers; and

·

fluctuation in delivery by the suppliers due to changes in demand from us or their other customers.

Any interruption in the supply of components of our future products or materials, or our inability to obtain substitute components or materials from alternate sources at acceptable prices in a timely manner, could impair our ability to meet the demand of our future customers, which would have an adverse effect on our business.

We will depend on third party distributors in the future to market and sell our future products which will subject us to a number of risks.

We will depend on third party distributors to sell, market, and service our future products in our intended markets. We are subject to a number of risks associated with reliance upon third party distributors including:

·

lack of day-to-day control over the activities of third party distributors;

·

third party distributors may not commit the necessary resources to market and sell our future products to our level of expectations;

·

third party distributors may terminate their arrangements with us on limited or no notice or may change the terms of these arrangements in a manner unfavorable to us; and

·

disagreements with our future distributors could result in costly and time-consuming litigation or arbitration which we could be required to conduct in jurisdictions with which we are not familiar.

If we fail to establish and maintain satisfactory relationships with our future third party distributors, our revenues and market share may not grow as anticipated, and we could be subject to unexpected costs which could harm our results of operations and financial condition.

If the patents that we rely on to protect our intellectual property prove to be inadequate, our ability to successfully commercialize our future products will be harmed and we may never be able to operate our business profitably.

Our success depends, in large part, on our ability to protect proprietary methods, discoveries and technologies that we develop under the patents and intellectual property laws of the United States, the European Union and other countries, so that we can seek to prevent others from unlawfully using our inventions and proprietary information. We have four patents related to our diagnostic tests granted in the United States; one patent granted in the European Union and four patents granted in other countries. We also hold an exclusive worldwide license to one patent which is granted in five other countries and pending in the United States. Additionally, we have patent applications in the name of our subsidiaries pending in the United States, the European Union and other countries. If we are not able to protect our proprietary technology and information, our competitors may use our inventions to develop competing products. We cannot assure you that any of the pending patent applications will result in patents being issued. In addition, due to technological changes that may affect our future products or judicial interpretation of the scope of our patents, our intended products might not, now or in the future, be adequately covered by our patents.

If third parties assert that we have infringed their patents and proprietary rights or challenge the validity of our patents and proprietary rights, we may become involved in intellectual property disputes and litigation that would be costly, time consuming, and delay or prevent the development or commercialization of our future products.

Our ability to commercialize our intended products depends on our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell our future products without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. Third parties may allege that our future products or our methods or discoveries infringe their intellectual property rights. Numerous United States and foreign patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in fields that relate to our intended products and our underlying methodologies, discoveries and technologies. A third party may sue us for infringing its patent rights.

Our ability to successfully commercialize our intended products depends on our ability to protect our proprietary technology and information.  Likewise, we may need to resort to litigation to enforce a patent issued or licensed to us or to determine the scope and validity of third party proprietary rights. In addition, a third party may claim that we have improperly obtained or used its confidential or proprietary information. The cost to us of any litigation or other proceeding relating to intellectual property rights, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial, and the litigation could divert our management’s attention from other aspects of our business. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could limit our ability to continue our operations.  Additionally, we cannot be certain of the level of protection, if any, that will be provided by our patents if they are challenged in court, where our competitors may raise defenses such as invalidity, unenforceability or possession of a valid license.

If we are found to infringe upon intellectual property rights of third parties, we might be forced to pay damages, potentially including treble damages. In addition to any damages we might have to pay, a court could require us to stop the infringing activity or obtain a license. Any license required under any patent may not be made available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, such licenses are likely to be non-exclusive and, therefore, our competitors may have access to the same technology licensed to us. If we fail to obtain a required license and are unable to design around a patent, we may be unable to effectively market some or all of our future products, which could limit our ability to generate revenue or achieve profitability and possibly prevent us from generating revenue sufficient to sustain our operations.

If we are unable to protect our trade secrets, we may be unable to protect our interests in proprietary technology, processes and know-how that is not patentable or for which we have elected not to seek patent protection.

In addition to patented technology, we rely upon trade secret protection to protect our interests in proprietary know-how and for processes for which patents are difficult or impossible to obtain or enforce. We may not be able to protect our trade secrets adequately. Although we use reasonable efforts to protect our trade secrets, our employees, consultants, contractors and outside scientific advisors may unintentionally or willfully disclose our information to competitors. Enforcing a claim that a third party illegally obtained and is using any of our trade secrets is expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States are sometimes less willing to protect trade secrets. We rely, in part, on non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and other parties to protect our trade secrets and other proprietary technology. These agreements may be breached and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. Moreover, others may independently develop equivalent proprietary information, and third parties may otherwise gain access to our trade secrets and proprietary knowledge. Any disclosure of confidential information into the public domain or to third parties could allow our competitors to learn our trade secrets and use the information in competition against us, which could adversely affect our competitive advantage.

Defects in our products may subject us to substantial damages which could materially harm our business or financial condition.

The products we develop, including our first product the Nu.Q^TM Colorectal Cancer Screening Triage Test, could lead to product liability claims based on allegations that one or more of our products contained a design or manufacturing defect which resulted in the failure to detect the disease for which it was designed.  A product liability claim could result in substantial damages and be costly and time consuming to defend, either of which could materially harm our business or financial condition.  We cannot assure you that our product liability insurance would protect our assets from the financial impact of defending a product liability claim.  Any product liability claim brought against us, with or without merit, could increase our product liability insurance rates or prevent us from securing insurance coverage in the future.

Risks Associated with our Common Stock

The market prices and trading volume of our stock may be volatile.

The market price of our common stock is likely to be highly volatile and the trading volume may fluctuate and cause significant price variation to occur. We cannot assure you that the market prices of our common stock will not fluctuate or decline significantly in the future. Some of the factors that could negatively affect the prices of our shares or result in fluctuations in those prices or in trading volume of our common stock could include the following, many of which will be beyond our control:

·

competition;

·

comments by securities analysts regarding our business or prospects;

·

additions or departures of key personnel;

·

our ability to execute our business plan;

·

issuance of common stock or other securities;

·

operating results that fall below expectations;

·

loss of any strategic relationship;

·

industry developments;

·

economic and other external factors; and

·

period-to-period fluctuations in our financial results.

In addition, the securities markets have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations may also materially and adversely affect the market price and trading volume of our common stock.

Share ownership by our executive officers and directors make it more difficult for third parties to acquire us or effectuate a change of control that might be viewed favorably by other stockholders.

As of March 10, 2017, our executive officers and directors beneficially owned, in the aggregate, approximately 21.8% of our outstanding shares.As a result, if the executive officers and directors were to oppose a third party’s acquisition proposal for, or a change in control of, the Company, such officers and directors may have sufficient voting power to be able to block or at least delay such an acquisition or change in control from taking place, even if other stockholders would support such a sale or change of control.

Our corporate governance documents, and certain corporate laws applicable to us, could make a takeover attempt, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult.

Our Board of Directors, or Board, has the power, under our charter documents to:

·

issue additional shares of common stock without having to obtain stockholder approval for such action;

·

enable our Board to fill vacant directorships except for vacancies created by the removal of a director;

·

enable our Board to amend our bylaws without stockholder approval subject to certain exceptions; and

·

require compliance with an advance notice procedure with regard to business to be brought by a stockholder before an annual or special meeting of stockholders and with regard to the nomination by stockholders of candidates for election as directors.

These provisions may discourage potential acquisition proposals and could delay or prevent a change of control, including under circumstances in which our stockholders might otherwise receive a premium over the market price of our common stock.

We do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock.  We do not intend to declare dividends for the foreseeable future, as we anticipate that we will reinvest any future earnings in the development and growth of our business. Therefore, investors will not receive any funds unless they sell their common stock, and stockholders may be unable to sell their shares on favorable terms or at all. We cannot assure you of a positive return on investment or that you will not lose the entire amount of your investment in our common stock.

We may in the future issue additional shares of our common stock which would reduce investors’ ownership interests in the Company and which may cause our stock price to decline.

Our Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and amendments thereto authorize the issuance of 100,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share. The future issuance of all or part of our remaining authorized common stock may result in substantial dilution in the percentage of our common stock held by our then existing stockholders. We may value any common stock issued in the future on an arbitrary basis. The issuance of common stock for future services or acquisitions or other corporate actions may have the effect of diluting the percentage ownership of our stockholders and, depending upon the prices at which such shares are sold or issued, on their investment in our common stock and, therefore, could have an adverse effect on any trading market for our common stock.

Future sales of our common stock could depress the market price of our common stock.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market or the perception that large sales of our shares could occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline or limit our future ability to raise capital through an offering of equity securities.

If equity research analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they do publish such reports but issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade our common stock, the price and trading volume of our common stock could decline.

The trading market for our common stock could be affected by whether and to what extent equity research analysts publish research or reports about us and our business. If one or more equity analysts cover us and publish research reports about our common stock, the price of our stock could decline rapidly if one or more securities analysts downgrade our stock or if those analysts issue or offer unfavorable commentary or cease publishing reports about us.  If any of these analysts ceases coverage of us, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our common stock price or trading volume to decline and our common stock to be less liquid.

We are a smaller reporting company and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are currently a “smaller reporting company,” meaning that we are not an investment company, an asset-backed issuer, or a majority-owned subsidiary of a parent company that is not a smaller reporting company and have a public float of less than $75 million measured as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchangelast business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter and annual revenues of less than $50 million during the most recently completed fiscal year. “Smaller reporting companies” are able to provide simplified executive compensation disclosures in their filings; are exempt from the provisions of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requiring that independent registered public accounting firms provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of 1934internal control over financial reporting; and are nothave certain other decreased disclosure obligations in their SEC filings, including, among other things, only being required to provide the information under this item.two years of audited financial statements in annual reports. Decreased disclosures in our SEC filings due to our status as a “smaller reporting company” may make it harder for investors to analyze our results of operations and financial prospects.

ITEM 1B.

UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2.

PROPERTIES

Our principal executive office is located at 1 Scotts Road, #24-05 Shaw Centre, Singapore 228208. We currentlyhave signed a one-year lease, commencing August 1, 2016, at an annual rent of $20,389 (SGD 29,519). We believe that this space for approximately $1,500 a month.  Currently, this spacefacility is sufficientadequate to meet our needs, however, once we expand our business tocurrent needs. We additionally have an office in New York, leased on a significant degree, we will have to find a larger space. We do not foresee any significant difficulties in obtaining any required additional space.   We do not currently own any real estate.month-to-month basis, at an annual cost of approximately $4,400.

On February 29, 2012, Belgian Volition entered intoleases a lease agreement for larger laboratory and office space at 20A Rue de Séminaire, 5000, Namur, Belgium for approximately $5,091 per monthBelgium. We have signed a four-month lease, commencing AprilDecember 1, 2012 for a leasing term2016, at an annual rent of two years and eight months.$62,016 (€58,976). Additionally, Belgian Volition shall pay $1,992$841 (€800) per month as a provision against expenses.  Commencing December 1, 2014

In October 2016, we acquired a research and development facility locatedat 5032 Isnes-Spy, Rue Phocas Lejeune 22, Gembloux cadastre, 8^th division, Section B, n 55, Belgium. The purchase price for the lease was extended for an additional leasing termproperty consisted of two years at approximately $5,590 per month. Additionally,$1.3 million (€1.2 million), exclusive of any closing costs. The property will be used to carry out clinical trials and allow the company to expand its scientific team.  Belgian Volition shall pay $970 per month asintends to move into this facility in March 2017.

Volition Diagnostics UK Limited signed a provision against expenses.one year lease for office space at 83 Baker Street, London, W1U 6AG, United Kingdom, commencing January 25, 2016, at an annual rent of $68,526 (£55,548). Following the expiry of this lease, Volition Diagnostics UK signed a new two year lease for a larger office space at 93-95 Gloucester Place, London, W1U 6JQ, United Kingdom, commencing January 30, 2017, at an annual rent of $136,193 (£110,400).

ITEM 3.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

In the ordinary course of business, we may be subject to claims, counter claims, suits and other litigation of the type that generally arise from the conduct of our business. We are not aware of any threatened or pending litigation that we expect will have a material adverse effect on our business operations, financial condition or results of operations.

ITEM 4.

MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not Applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5.

MARKET FOR THE COMPANY’SREGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Common StockMarket Information

OurEffective February 6, 2015, shares of our common stock wasbegan trading on the NYSE MKT under the symbol “VNRX.” Prior to that our shares of common stock had been quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board from April 12, 2007 under the symbol “SNDC.OB.“VNRX.OB.” Effectivesince October 11, 2011 our symbol was changed to “VNRX.OB” to reflect the Company’s name change.  Because we were quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board, our securities may have been less liquid, received less coverage by security analysts and news media, and generated lower prices than might otherwise be obtained if they were listed on a national securities exchange. On February 6, 2015, we up-listed our common stock onto the NYSE MKT.

23

2011. The following table sets forthpresents quarterly information on the high and low sales prices of the common stock furnished by the NYSE MKT or the high and low bid prices for ourthe common stock per quarter as reportedfurnished by the OTCBBOTC Bulletin Board, as applicable, for 2014the fiscal years ended December 31, 2016 and 2013 based2015. The quotations on our fiscal year end December 31. Thesethe OTC Bulletin Board reflect inter-dealer prices, represent quotations between dealers without adjustment for retail mark-up, markdownmark-down or commission and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.