UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
Annual report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 20122015
Commission File Number 001-15811
MARKEL CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
A Virginia Corporation
IRS Employer Identification No. 54-1959284
4521 Highwoods Parkway, Glen Allen, Virginia 23060-6148
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)
Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (804) 747-0136
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Common Stock, no par value
New York Stock Exchange, Inc.
(title of each class and name of the exchange on which registered)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer x Accelerated filer ¨ Non-accelerated filer ¨ Smaller reporting company ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No x
The aggregate market value of the shares of the registrant's Common Stock held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 20122015 was approximately $4,003,000,000.$10,847,000,000.
The number of shares of the registrant's Common Stock outstanding at February 11, 2013: 9,630,012.8, 2016: 13,961,293.
Documents Incorporated By Reference
The portions of the registrant's Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders scheduled to be held on May 13, 2013,16, 2016, referred to in Part III.
Index and Cross References-Form 10-K Annual Report
| | | Item No. | | Page | | Page |
| Part I | | | | |
| 1. | Business | 2-20, 104-105 |
| Business | 2-29, 134-135 |
|
| 1A. | Risk Factors | 16-20 |
| Risk Factors | 24-29 |
|
| 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | NONE |
| Unresolved Staff Comments | NONE |
|
| 2. | Properties (note 5) | 38 |
| Properties (note 6 and note 16) | 59, 77 |
|
| 3. | Legal Proceedings (note 14) | 53 |
| Legal Proceedings (note 16) | 77 |
|
| 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | NONE |
| Mine Safety Disclosures | NONE |
|
| 4A. | Executive Officers of the Registrant | 106 |
| |
| Part II | | | | |
| 5. | Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 67, 104 |
| Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 91, 134-135 |
|
| 6. | Selected Financial Data | 21-22 |
| Selected Financial Data | 30-31 |
|
| 7. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 71-103 |
| Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 92-133 |
|
| 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 97-101 |
| Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 127-129 |
|
| 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The response to this item is submitted in Item 15 and on page 67. | | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data The response to this item is submitted in Item 15. | |
| 9. | Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | NONE |
| Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | NONE |
|
| 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 69-70, 101 |
| Controls and Procedures | 32-33, 131 |
|
| 9B. | Other Information | NONE |
| Other Information | NONE |
|
| Part III | | | | |
| 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance* | 106 |
| Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance* | 136 |
|
| | Code of Conduct | 105 |
| Code of Conduct | 135 |
|
| 11. | Executive Compensation* | | Executive Compensation* | |
| 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters* | | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters* | |
| 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence* | | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence* | |
| 14. | Principal Accounting Fees and Services* | | Principal Accounting Fees and Services* | |
| *Portions of Item 10 and Items 11, 12, 13 and 14 will be incorporated by reference from the Registrant's 2013 Proxy Statement pursuant to instructions G(1) and G(3) of the General Instructions to Form 10-K. | |
| *Portions of Item 10 and Items 11, 12, 13 and 14 will be incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Proxy Statement for its 2016 Annual Meeting of Shareholders pursuant to instructions G(1) and G(3) of the General Instructions to Form 10-K. | | *Portions of Item 10 and Items 11, 12, 13 and 14 will be incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Proxy Statement for its 2016 Annual Meeting of Shareholders pursuant to instructions G(1) and G(3) of the General Instructions to Form 10-K. | |
| Part IV | | | | |
| 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules | |
| | a. | Documents filed as part of this Form 10-K | | a. | Documents filed as part of this Form 10-K | |
| | | (1) | Financial Statements | | | (1) | Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 33-34 |
|
| | | Consolidated Balance Sheets | 23 |
| | Financial Statements | |
| | | Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income | 24 |
| | Consolidated Balance Sheets | 35 |
|
| | | Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity | 25 |
| | Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income | 36 |
|
| | | Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 26 |
| | Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity | 37 |
|
| | | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 27-67 |
| | Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 38 |
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| | | Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 68-69 |
| | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 39-91 |
|
| | | (2) | Schedules have been omitted since they either are not required or are not applicable, or the information called for is shown in the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto. | | | (2) | Schedules have been omitted since they either are not required or are not applicable, or the information called for is shown in the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto. | |
| | | (3) | See Index to Exhibits for a list of Exhibits filed as part of this report | | | (3) | See Index to Exhibits on page 137 for a list of Exhibits filed as part of this report | |
| | b. | See Index to Exhibits and Item 15a(3) | | b. | See Index to Exhibits and Item 15a(3) | |
| | c. | See Index to Financial Statements and Item 15a(2) | | c. | See Index to Financial Statements and Item 15a(2) | |
BUSINESS OVERVIEW
We are a diverse financial holding company serving a variety of niche markets. Our principal business markets and underwrites specialty insurance products. We believe that our specialty product focus and niche market strategy enable us to develop expertise and specialized market knowledge. We seek to differentiate ourselves from competitors by our expertise, service, continuity and other value-based considerations. We compete in three segments of the specialty insurance marketplace: the Excess and Surplus Lines, the Specialty Admitted and the London Insurance Market segments. We also own interests in various industrial and service businesses that operate outside of the specialty insurance marketplace. Our financial goals are to earn consistent underwriting and operating profits and superior investment returns to build shareholder value.
On May 1, 2013, we completed the acquisition of Alterra Capital Holdings Limited (Alterra), a Bermuda-headquartered global enterprise providing diversified specialty property and casualty insurance and reinsurance products to corporations, public entities and other property and casualty insurers.
Specialty Insurance and Reinsurance
The specialty insurance market differs significantly from the standard market. In the standard market, insurance rates and forms are highly regulated, products and coverages are largely uniform with relatively predictable exposures and companies tend to compete for customers on the basis of price. In contrast, the specialty market provides coverage for hard-to-place risks that generally do not fit the underwriting criteria of standard carriers. For example, United States insurance regulations generally require an excess and surplus lines (E&S) account to be declined by admitted carriers before an E&S company may write the business. Hard-to-place risks written in the specialty admitted market cover insureds engaged in similar, but highly specialized activities who require a total insurance program not otherwise available from standard insurers or insurance products that are overlooked by large admitted carriers. Hard-to-place risks in the London market are generally distinguishable from standard risks due to the complexity or significant size of the risk.
Competition in the specialty insurance market tends to focus less on price than in the standard insurance market and more on other value-based considerations, such as availability, service and expertise. While specialty market exposures may have higher perceived insurance risks than their standard market counterparts, we seek to manage these risks to achieve higher financial returns. To reach our financial and operational goals, we must have extensive knowledge and expertise in our chosen markets. Many of our accounts are considered on an individual basis where customized forms and tailored solutions are employed.
By focusing on the distinctive risk characteristics of our insureds, we have been able to identify a variety of niche markets where we can add value with our specialty product offerings. Examples of niche insurance markets that we have targeted include wind and earthquake-exposed commercial properties, liability coverage for highly specialized professionals, equine-related risks, workers' compensation insurance for small businesses, yachts and other watercraft, motorcyclesclassic cars and marine, energy and environmental-related activities. Our market strategy in each of these areas of specialization is tailored to the unique nature of the loss exposure, coverage and services required by insureds. In each of our niche markets, we assign teams of experienced underwriters and claims specialists who provide a full range of insurance services.
We also participate in the reinsurance market in certain classes of reinsurance product offerings, which were expanded in 2013 through the acquisition of Alterra. In the reinsurance market, our clients are other insurance companies, or cedents. We typically write our reinsurance products in the form of treaty reinsurance contracts, which are contractual arrangements that provide for automatic reinsuring of a type or category of risk underwritten by cedents. Generally, we participate on reinsurance treaties with a number of other reinsurers, each with an allocated portion of the treaty, with the terms and conditions of the treaty being substantially the same for each participating reinsurer. With treaty reinsurance contracts, we do not separately evaluate each of the individual risks assumed under the contracts and are largely dependent on the individual underwriting decisions made by the cedent. Accordingly, we review and analyze the cedent's risk management and underwriting practices in deciding whether to provide treaty reinsurance and in pricing of treaty reinsurance contracts.
Our reinsurance products are written on both a quota share and excess of loss basis. Quota share contracts require us to share the losses and expenses in an agreed proportion with the cedent. Excess of loss contracts require us to indemnify the cedent against all or a specified portion of losses and expenses in excess of a specified dollar or percentage amount. In both types of contracts, we may provide a ceding commission to the cedent.
We distinguish ourselves in the reinsurance market by the expertise of our underwriting teams, our access to global reinsurance markets, our ability to offer large lines and our ability to customize reinsurance solutions to fit our client's needs. Our specialty reinsurance product offerings include coverage for general casualty, professional liability, property, workers' compensation and credit and surety risks.
Markets
The E&S market focuses on hard-to-place risks and loss exposures that generally cannot be writtenIn the United States, we write business in the standard market. E&S eligibility allows ourexcess and surplus lines (E&S) and specialty admitted insurance subsidiaries to underwrite unique loss exposures with more flexible policy forms and unregulated premium rates. This typically results in coverages that are more restrictive and more expensive than coverages in the standard market.
reinsurance markets. In 2011,2014, the E&S market represented approximately $31$40 billion, or 6%7%, of the approximately $502$570 billion United States property and casualty (P&C) industry.(1) We areIn 2014, we were the seventhsixth largest E&S writer in the United States as measured by direct premium writings.(1) In 2012, we wrote $956 million of business in our Excess and Surplus Lines segment.
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(1) U.S. Surplus Lines Market Review Special Report, A.M. Best (October 1, 2012).
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We also write businessour specialty admitted insurance operations are conducted through Markel Insurance Company (MIC), domiciled in theIllinois; Markel American Insurance Company (MAIC), domiciled in Virginia; FirstComp Insurance Company (FCIC), domiciled in Nebraska; Essentia Insurance Company (Essentia), domiciled in Missouri; and Alterra America Insurance Company (AAIC), domiciled in Delaware. Our United States specialty admitted market. Most of these risks, although unique and hard-to-place in the standard market, must remain with an admitted insurance company for marketing and regulatory reasons. The specialty admitted market is subject to more state regulation than the E&S market, particularly with regard to rate and form filing requirements, restrictions on the ability to exit lines of business, premium tax payments and membership in various state associations, suchreinsurance operations are conducted through Markel Global Reinsurance Company (Markel Global Re, formerly known as state guaranty funds and assigned risk plans. In 2012Alterra Reinsurance USA Inc.), we wrote $670 million of business in our Specialty Admitted segment.a Delaware-domiciled reinsurance company.
In Europe, we participate in the London insurance market through Markel Capital Limited (Markel Capital) and Markel International Insurance Company Limited (MIICL). Markel Capital is the corporate capital provider for Markel Syndicate 3000, through which our Lloyd's of London (Lloyd's) operations are conducted. Markel Syndicate 3000 is managed by Markel Syndicate Management Limited (MSM). Our Lloyd's operations previously included Lloyd's Syndicate 1400. Business previously written by Alterra on Lloyd's Syndicate 1400 is now being written on Markel Syndicate 3000 and through early 2016, MSM managed the run-off of Lloyd's Syndicate 1400. Markel Capital and MIICL are headquartered in London, England and have offices across the United Kingdom, Europe, Canada, Latin America, Asia Pacific and the Middle East through which we are able to offer insurance and reinsurance. The London insurance market which produced approximately $67$68 billion of gross written premium in 2011, is2014.(2) In 2014, the largestUnited Kingdom non-life insurance market was the second largest in Europe and thirdfourth largest in the world.(2)(3) The London market is known for its ability to provide innovative, tailored coverage and capacity for unique and hard-to-place risks. It is primarily a broker market, which means that insurance brokers bring most of the business to the market. The London market is also largely a subscription market, which means that loss exposures brought into the market are typically insured by more than one insurance company or Lloyd's syndicate, often due to the high limits of insurance coverage required. We write business on both a direct and subscription basis in the London market. When we write business in the subscription market, we prefer to participate as lead underwriter in order to control underwriting terms, policy conditions and claims handling.
In 2011,2014, gross premium written through Lloyd's syndicates generated approximately halfroughly 61% of the London market's international insurance business,(2) making Lloyd's the world's largest commercial surplus lines insurer(1)and fifthsixth largest reinsurer.(4)Corporate capital providers often provide a majority of a syndicate's capacity and also generally own or control the syndicate's managing agent. This structure permits the capital provider to exert greater influence on, and demand greater accountability for, underwriting results. In 2011,2014, corporate capital providers accounted for approximately 88%89% of total underwriting capacity in Lloyd's.(3)(5)
We participateIn Latin America, we provide reinsurance through MIICL, using our representative office in the London marketBogota, Colombia, and our service company in Buenos Aires, Argentina; through Markel International, which includes Markel Capital LimitedResseguradora do Brasil S.A. (Markel Capital)Brazil), our reinsurance company in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Markel International Insurance Company Limited (MIICL). Markel Capital is the corporate capital provider for our syndicate at Lloyd's,through Markel Syndicate 3000, which is managed byusing Lloyd's admitted status in Rio de Janeiro. Additionally, MIICL and Markel Syndicate Management Limited. In 2012, we wrote $888 million3000 are able to offer reinsurance in a number of business in our London Insurance Market segment.Latin American countries through offices outside of Latin America.
In Bermuda, we write business in the worldwide insurance and reinsurance markets. Bermuda's share of the global reinsurance market was approximately 8% in 2013.2012, 30%(6) We conduct our Bermuda operations through Markel Bermuda Limited (Markel Bermuda), which is registered as a Class 4 insurer and Class C long-term insurer under the insurance laws of Bermuda.
Our reinsurance operations, which include our operations based in the United States, the United Kingdom, Latin America and Bermuda, as described above, made us the 35th largest reinsurer in 2014, as measured by worldwide gross reinsurance premium writings.(4)
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(1) U.S. Surplus Lines Segment Review Special Report, A.M. Best (August 27, 2015). |
(2)London Company Market Statistics Report, International Underwriting Association (October 2015). |
(3)Swiss Re Sigma (April 2015). |
(4)Global Reinsurance Segment Review Special Report, A.M. Best (September 2, 2015). |
(5)Lloyd's Annual Report 2014. |
(6) Bermuda Insurance Market Report 2014, Deloitte Limited (2014). |
In 2015, 24% of consolidated gross premium writings related to foreign risks (i.e., coverage for risks located outside of the United States), of which 20%37% were from the United Kingdom and 16%10% were from Canada. In 2011, 31%2014, 27% of our premium writings related to foreign risks, of which 20%34% were from the United Kingdom and 18%10% were from Canada. In 2010, 28%2013, 25% of our premium writings related to foreign risks, of which 25% were from the United Kingdom and 17%13% were from Canada. In each of these years, there werewas no other individual foreign countriescountry from which premium writings were material. Premium writings are attributed to individual countries based upon location of risk.
Most of our business is placed through insurance and reinsurance brokers. Some of our insurance business is also placed through managing general agents. We seek to develop and capitalize on relationships with insurance and reinsurance brokers, insurance and reinsurance companies, large global corporations and financial intermediaries to develop and underwrite business. A significant volume of premium for the property and casualty insurance and reinsurance industry is produced through a small number of large insurance and reinsurance brokers. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the top three independent brokers accounted for approximately 27%, 28% and 24%, respectively, of our gross premiums written.
Competition
We compete with numerous domestic and international insurance companies and reinsurers, Lloyd's syndicates, risk retention groups, insurance buying groups, risk securitization programs and alternative self-insurance mechanisms. Competition may take the form of lower prices, broader coverages, greater product flexibility, higher coverage limits, higher quality services or higher ratings by independent rating agencies. In all of our markets, we compete by developing specialty products to satisfy well-defined market needs and by maintaining relationships with agents, brokers and insureds who rely on our expertise. This expertise is our principal means of competing. We offer over 100 product lines. Eacha diverse portfolio of these products, haseach with its own distinct competitive environment.environment, which enables us to be responsive to changes in market conditions for individual product lines. With each of our products, we seek to compete with innovative ideas, appropriate pricing, expense control and quality service to policyholders, agents and brokers.
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(1) U.S. Surplus Lines Market Review Special Report, A.M. Best (October 1, 2012).
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(2) Insurance 2013, TheCityUK (January 2013).
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(3) Lloyd's Annual Report 2011.
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(4) Reinsurance/Capital Markets, Best's Review (September 2012).
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Few barriers exist to prevent insurers and reinsurers from entering our segmentsmarkets of the P&Cproperty and casualty industry. Market conditions and capital capacity influence the degree of competition at any point in time. Periods of intense competition, which typically include broader coverage terms, lower prices and excess underwriting capacity, are referred to as a "soft market." A favorable insurance market is commonly referred to as a "hard market" and is characterized by stricter coverage terms, higher prices and lower underwriting capacity. During soft markets, unfavorable conditions exist due in part to what many perceive as excessive amounts of capital in the industry. In an attempt to use their capital, many insurance companies seek to write additional premiums without appropriate regard for ultimate profitability, and standard insurance companies are more willing to write specialty coverages. The opposite is typically true during hard markets.
The Insurance Market Cycle
Historically, the performance of the property and casualty reinsurance and insurance industries has tended to fluctuate in cyclical periods of price competition and excess underwriting capacity, followed by periods of high premium rates and shortages of underwriting capacity. This cyclical market pattern can be more pronounced in the specialty insurance and reinsurance markets in which we compete than the standard insurance market.
Since 2005, we have generally been in aWe experienced soft insurance market and have experienced intense competition, resulting inconditions, including price deterioration in virtually all of our product areas due in part to an increased presence of standard insurance companies in our markets. During 2008, given the rapid deterioration in underwriting capacity as a result of the disruptionslines, starting in the financial marketsmid-2000s. Beginning in 2012, prices stabilized and losses from catastrophes, thewe generally saw low to mid-single digit favorable rate of declinechanges in prices began to slow. However, the effects of the economic environment contributed to further declines in gross premium volume in 2009 and 2010. Premiums for many of our product lines are based upon our insureds' revenues, gross receipts or payroll, which were negatively impacted byin the depressed levels of business activity in recent years. In 2010, we continued to experience pricing pressure due in part to intense competition, which resulted in further price deterioration across many of our product lines, most notably our professional and products liability programs within the Excess and Surplus Lines segment. However, we experienced moderate price increases in several product lines during 2010, most notably those offered within the London Insurance Market segment. During 2011, the unfavorable pricing trends noted in 2010 continued for some of our product lines, most notably our professional and products liability programs within the Excess and Surplus Lines segment. However, price declines stabilized for most of our product lines during 2011, and we achieved moderate price increases in several lines, most notably the marine and energy products within the London Insurance Market segment. During 2012,following years as market conditions have improved and we have generally seen mid-single digit favorable rate changes across our portfolio. Gross premium volume has further improved as revenues, gross receipts and payrolls of our insureds have beenwere favorably impacted by improvedimproving economic conditions.
We have continued to see small price increases across many of our product lines during 2015. However, beginning in 2013 and continuing through 2015, we have experienced softening prices across most of our property product lines, as well as on our marine and energy lines. Our large account business is also subject to more pricing pressure. Despite stabilization of prices on certain product lines during the last three years, we still consider the overall property and casualty insurance market to be soft. We routinely review the pricing of our major product lines and will continue to pursue price increases for most product lines in 2013; however,2016, when possible. However, when we believe the prevailing market price will not support our underwriting profit targets, the business is not written. As a result of our underwriting discipline, gross premium volume may vary when we alter our product offerings to maintain or improve underwriting profitability.
Underwriting Philosophy
By focusing on market niches where we have underwriting expertise, we seek to earn consistent underwriting profits. Underwriting profits, which are a key component of our strategy. We believe that the ability to achieve consistent underwriting profits demonstrates knowledge and expertise, commitment to superior customer service and the ability to manage insurance risk. We use underwriting profit or loss as a basis for evaluating our underwriting performance. To facilitate this strategy, we have a product line leadership group that has primary responsibility for both developing and maintaining underwriting and pricing guidelines on our existing products and new product development. The product line leadership group is under the direction of our Chief Underwriting Officer.
The combined ratio is a measure of underwriting performance and represents the relationship of incurred losses, loss adjustment expenses and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses to earned premiums. A combined ratio less than 100% indicates an underwriting profit, while a combined ratio greater than 100% reflects an underwriting loss. In 20122015, our combined ratio was 97%89%. See Management's Discussion & Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for further discussion of our underwriting results.
The following graph compares our combined ratio to the P&Cproperty and casualty industry's combined ratio for the past five years.
Underwriting Segments
We definemonitor and report our ongoing underwriting operations in the following three segments: U.S. Insurance, International Insurance and Reinsurance. In determining how to aggregate and monitor our underwriting segments based onresults, management considers many factors, including the areasgeographic location and regulatory environment of the specialty insurance market in which we compete,entity underwriting the excess and surplus lines, specialty admitted and London markets. See note 17risk, the nature of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional segment reporting disclosures.insurance product sold, the type of account written and the type of customer served.
For purposesThe U.S. Insurance segment includes all direct business and facultative placements written by our insurance subsidiaries domiciled in the United States. The International Insurance segment includes all direct business and facultative placements written by our insurance subsidiaries domiciled outside of the United States, including our syndicate at Lloyd's. The Reinsurance segment reporting, ourincludes all treaty reinsurance written across the Company. Results for lines of business discontinued prior to, or in conjunction with, acquisitions, are reported in the Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) segment includes lines of business that have been discontinued in conjunction with acquisitions.segment. The lines were discontinued because we believed some aspect of the product, such as risk profile or competitive environment, would not allow us to earn consistent underwriting profits. Results attributable to the run-off of life and annuity reinsurance business are included in our Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) segment.
Markel Corporation
2012 Consolidated Gross Premium Volume ($2.5 billion)See note 19 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional segment reporting disclosures.
Excess and Surplus LinesMarkel Corporation
2015 Consolidated Gross Premium Volume ($4.6 billion)
U.S. Insurance Segment
Our ExcessU.S. Insurance segment includes both hard-to-place risks written outside of the standard market on an excess and Surplus Linessurplus lines basis and unique and hard-to-place risks that must be written on an admitted basis due to marketing and regulatory reasons. Business in this segment reported gross premium volume of $956.3 million, earned premiums of $793.2 millionis written through our Wholesale, Specialty and an underwriting profit of $50.1 million in 2012.Global Insurance divisions.
BusinessWholesale Division
The Wholesale division writes commercial risks, primarily on an excess and surplus lines basis. The E&S market focuses on hard-to-place risks and loss exposures that generally cannot be written in the Excessstandard market. United States insurance regulations generally require an E&S account to be declined by admitted carriers before an E&S company may write the business. E&S eligibility allows our insurance subsidiaries to underwrite unique loss exposures with more flexible policy forms and Surplus Lines segmentunregulated premium rates. This typically results in coverages that are more restrictive and more expensive than coverages in the standard market.
Our E&S business is written through two distribution channels, professional surplus lines general agents who have limited quoting and binding authority and wholesale brokers. The majority of theour E&S business produced by this segment is written on a surplus lines basis through either Essex Insurance Company, whichor Evanston. Essex is domiciledauthorized to write business in Delaware, or49 states and the District of Columbia and Guam. Evanston Insurance Company, which is domiciledauthorized to write business in Illinois.all 50 states and the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
Specialty Division
The Excess and Surplus Lines segment is comprised of five regions, and each regional underwriting office is responsible for serving the wholesale producers located in its region. Our regional teams focus on customer service and marketing, underwriting and distributing ourSpecialty division writes program insurance solutions and provide customers easy access to our products.
In the Excess and Surplus Lines segment, we wrote business through the following regional underwriting offices during 2012:
Markel Northeast (Red Bank, NJ)
Markel Southeast (Glen Allen, VA)
Markel Midwest (Deerfield, IL)
Markel Mid South (Plano, TX)
Markel West (Woodland Hills, CA and Scottsdale, AZ)
We also have a product line leadership group that has primary responsibility for both developing and maintaining underwriting and pricing guidelines on our existing products and new product development. The product line leadership group also delegates underwriting authority to the regional underwriters to ensure that the products needed by our customers are available through the regional offices and provides underwriting training and development so that our regional underwriting teams have the expertise to underwrite the risk or to refer risks to our product line experts as needed. The product line leadership group is under the direction of our Chief Underwriting Officer, who also is ultimately responsible for the underwriting activities of our Specialty Admitted and London Insurance Market segments.
Excess and Surplus Lines Segment
2012 Gross Premium Volume ($956 million)
Product offerings within the Excess and Surplus Lines segment fall within the following major product groupings:
Property and Casualty
Professional Liability
Other Product Lines
Property coverages consist principally of fire, allied lines (including windstorm, hail and water damage) and other specialized property coverages, including catastrophe-exposed property risks such as earthquake and wind on both a primary and excess basis. Catastrophe-exposed property risks are typically larger and are lower frequency and higher severity in nature than more standard property risks. Our property risks range from small, single-location accounts to large, multi-state, multi-location accounts. Casualty product offerings include a variety of liability coverages targeting apartments and office buildings, retail stores, contractors and recreational and hospitality businesses. We also offer products liability coverages on either an occurrence or claims-made basis to manufacturers, distributors, importers and re-packagers of manufactured products.
Professional liability coverages include unique solutions for highly specialized professions, including architects and engineers, lawyers, agents and brokers, service technicians and computer consultants. We offer claims-made medical malpractice coverage for doctors, dentists and podiatrists; claims-made professional liability coverage to individual healthcare providers such as therapists, pharmacists, physician assistants and nurse anesthetists; and coverages for medical facilities and other allied healthcare risks such as clinics, laboratories, medical spas, home health agencies, small hospitals, pharmacies and nursing homes. This product line also includes for-profit and not-for profit management liability coverage which can be bundled or written mono-line and include employment practices liability, directors' and officers' liability and fiduciary liability coverages. Additionally, we offer a data privacy and security product, which provides coverage for data breach and privacy liability, data breach loss to insureds and electronic media coverage.
Other product lines within the Excess and Surplus Lines segment include:
excess and umbrella products, which provide coverage over approved underlying insurance carriers on either an occurrence or claims-made basis;
environmental products, which include environmental consultants' professional liability, contractors' pollution liability and site-specific environmental impairment liability coverages;
transportation-related products, which provide auto physical damage coverage for high-value automobiles as well as all types of specialty commercial vehicles, dealers’ open lot and garagekeeper legal liability coverages, vehicular liability and physical damage coverages for local and intermediate haul commercial trucks and liability coverage to operators of non-emergency ambulances and multi-line specialty products designed for the unique characteristics of the garage industry;
inland marine products, which provide a number of specialty coverages for well-defined niche markets, primarily on an admitted basis. Our business written in the admitted market focuses on risks that, although unique and hard-to-place in the standard market, must remain with an admitted insurance company for marketing and regulatory reasons. Hard-to-place risks written in the admitted market cover insureds engaged in similar, but highly specialized activities who require a total insurance program not otherwise available from standard insurers or insurance products that are overlooked by large admitted carriers. The admitted market is subject to more state regulation than the E&S market, particularly with regard to rate and form filing requirements, restrictions on the ability to exit lines of business, premium tax payments and membership in various state associations, such as motor truck cargo coverage for damage to third party cargo while in transit, warehouseman's legal liability coverage for damage to third party goods in storage, contractor's equipment coverage for first party property damagestate guaranty funds and builder'sassigned risk coverage;
ocean marine products, which provide general liability, professional liability, property and cargo coverages for marine artisan contractors, boat dealers and marina owners including hull physical damage, protection and indemnity and third party property coverages for ocean cargo;
casualty facultative reinsurance written for individual casualty risks focusing on general liability, products liability, automobile liability and certain classes of miscellaneous professional liability and targeting classes which include low frequency, high severity, short-tail general liability risks;
railroad-related products, which provide first party coverages for short-line and regional railroads, scenic and tourist railroads, commuter and light rail trains and railroad equipment; and
public entity insurance and reinsurance programs, which provide coverage for government entities including counties, municipalities, schools and community colleges.
In late 2012, we ceased writing coverage for taxicab fleets and third party railroad-related products.
Specialty Admitted Segment
Our Specialty Admitted segment reported gross premium volume of $669.7 million, earned premiums of $588.8 million and an underwriting loss of $46.8 million in 2012.plans.
The majority of theour business written in the Specialty Admitted segmentdivision is written by retail insurance agents who have very limited or no underwriting authority. Agents are carefully selected and agency business is controlled through regular audits and pre-approvals.pre- approvals. Certain products and programs are marketed directly to consumers or distributed through wholesale producers. Personal lines coverages included in this segment are marketed directly to the consumer using direct mail, internet and telephone promotions, as well as relationships with various motorcycle and boat manufacturers, dealers and associations.
The majority of the business produced by this segmentdivision is written on an admitted basis either through Markel Insurance Company (MIC), which is domiciled in Illinois, Markel American Insurance Company (MAIC), which is domiciled in Virginia,MIC, MAIC, FCIC or FirstComp Insurance Company (FCIC), which is domiciled in Nebraska.Essentia. MIC, MAIC and MAICEssentia are licensed to write P&Cproperty and casualty insurance in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, whileColumbia. MAIC is also licensed to write property and casualty insurance in Puerto Rico. Essentia specializes in coverage for classic cars and boats. FCIC is currently licensed in 28 states and specializes in workers' compensation coverage.
InGlobal Insurance Division
The Global Insurance division writes risks outside of the Specialty Admittedstandard market we wroteon both an admitted and non-admitted basis. The portion of Global Insurance division business throughwritten by our U.S. insurance subsidiaries is included in this segment, and the following underwriting units during 2012:
Markel Specialty (Glen Allen, VA)
Markel American Specialty Personalremainder is included in the International Insurance segment. U.S. business produced by this division is primarily written on either Evanston or AAIC. AAIC is licensed to write property and Commercial Lines (Pewaukee, WI)
Markel FirstComp (Omaha, NE)casualty insurance in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
The Markel Specialty unit focuses on providing total insurance programs for businesses engagedOur U.S. Insurance segment reported gross premium volume of $2.5 billion, earned premiums of $2.1 billion and an underwriting profit of $238.2 million in highly specialized activities. These activities typically do not fit the risk profiles of standard insurers and make complete coverage difficult to obtain from a single insurer. The Markel Specialty unit is organized into product areas that concentrate on particular markets and customer groups including youth and recreation oriented organizations, social service organizations, amateur sports organizations and horse and farm operations. In January 2012, we acquired Thompson Insurance Enterprises, LLC, a privately held program administrator that underwrites multi-line, industry-focused insurance programs that complement the Markel Specialty product offerings. Examples include social service organizations, senior living, childcare and fitness centers.2015.
The Markel American Specialty Personal and Commercial Lines unit offers its insurance products in niche markets and focuses its underwriting on marine, recreational vehicle, property and other personal and commercial line coverages. The products offered by this unit are characterized by high numbers7
The Markel FirstComp unit provides workers' compensation insurance and related services, principally to small businesses and distributes its products through independent insurance agencies, generally located in small towns, which have been underserved by other market participants because of their size. Using its proprietary technology platform, Markel FirstComp is able to service these small agencies in a cost-efficient manner. Through June 30, 2011, Markel FirstComp also acted as a managing general agent producing business for unaffiliated insurance companies.
Specialty AdmittedU.S. Insurance Segment
20122015 Gross Premium Volume ($670 million)($2.5 billion)
Product offerings within the Specialty AdmittedU.S. Insurance segment fall within the following major product groupings:
General Liability
Professional Liability
Property
Personal Lines
Programs
Workers' Compensation
Property and Casualty
Personal Lines
Accident and Health
Other Product Lines
General Liability product offerings include a variety of primary and excess liability coverages targeting apartments and office buildings, retail stores and contractors, as well as business in the life sciences, energy, medical, recreational and hospitality industries. Specific products include the following:
excess and umbrella products, which provide coverage over approved underlying insurance carriers on either an occurrence or claims-made basis;
products liability products, which provide coverage on either an occurrence or claims-made basis to manufacturers, distributors, importers and re-packagers of manufactured products;
environmental products, which include environmental consultants' professional liability, contractors' pollution liability and site-specific environmental impairment liability coverages; and
casualty facultative reinsurance written for individual casualty risks focusing on general liability, products liability, automobile liability and certain classes of miscellaneous professional liability and targeting classes which include low frequency, high severity general liability risks.
Professional liability coverages include unique solutions for highly specialized professions, including architects and engineers, lawyers, agents and brokers, service technicians and computer consultants. We offer claims-made medical malpractice coverage for doctors and dentists; claims-made professional liability coverage to individual healthcare providers such as therapists, pharmacists, physician assistants and nurse anesthetists; and coverages for medical facilities and other allied healthcare risks such as clinics, laboratories, medical spas, home health agencies, small hospitals, pharmacies and senior living facilities. Other professional liability coverages include errors and omissions, union liability, executive liability for financial institutions and Fortune 1000 companies, and management liability. Our management liability coverages, which can be bundled with other coverages or written on a standalone basis, include employment practices liability, directors' and officers' liability and fiduciary liability coverages. Additionally, we offer a data privacy and security product, which provides coverage for data breach and privacy liability, data breach loss to insureds and electronic media coverage.
Property coverages consist principally of fire, allied lines (including windstorm, hail and water damage) and other specialized property coverages, including catastrophe-exposed property risks such as earthquake and wind on both a primary and excess basis. Catastrophe-exposed property risks are typically larger and are lower frequency and higher severity in nature than more standard property risks. Our property risks range from small, single-location accounts to large, multi-state, multi-location accounts. Other types of property products include:
inland marine products, which provide a number of specialty coverages for risks such as motor truck cargo coverage for damage to third party cargo while in transit, warehouseman's legal liability coverage for damage to third party goods in storage, contractor's equipment coverage for first party property damage, and builder's risk coverage; and
railroad-related products, which provide first party coverages for short-line and regional railroads, scenic and tourist railroads, commuter and light rail trains and railroad equipment.
Personal lines products provide first and third party coverages for classic cars, motorcycles and a variety of personal watercraft, including vintage boats, high performance boats and yachts and recreational vehicles, such as motorcycles, snowmobiles and ATVs. Based on the seasonal nature of much of our personal lines business, we generally will experience higher claims activity during the second and third quarters of the year. Additionally, property coverages are offered for mobile homes, dwellings and homeowners that do not qualify for standard homeowner's coverage. Other products offered include special event protection, supplemental natural disaster coverage, renters' protection coverage and excess flood coverage.
Program business included in this segment is offered on a standalone or package basis and generally targets specialized commercial markets and customer groups. Targeted groups include youth and recreation oriented organizations and camps, child care operators, social service organizations, museums and historic homes, performing arts organizations, senior living facilities and wineries. Other program business written in this segment includes:
general agent programs that use managing general agents to offer single source admitted and non-admitted programs for a specific class or line of business;
first and third party coverages for medical transport, small fishing ventures, charters, utility boats and boat rentals; and
property and liability coverages for farms and animal boarding, breeding and training facilities.
Workers' compensation products provide wage replacement and medical benefits to employees injured in the course of employment and target main-street, service and artisan contractor businesses, retail stores and restaurants.
Property and casualty products included in this segment are offered on a monoline or package basis and generally target specialized commercial markets and customer groups. Targeted groups include youth and recreation oriented organizations, social service organizations, museums and historic homes, performing arts organizations, bed and breakfast inns, outfitters and guides, hunting and fishing lodges, dude ranches and rod and gun clubs.
Personal lines products provide first and third party coverages for a variety of personal watercrafts including older boats, high performance boats and yachts, as well as for recreational vehicles including motorcycles, snowmobiles and ATVs. Additionally, property coverages are offered for mobile homes, dwellings and homeowners that do not qualify for standard homeowner's coverage. Other products offered include special event protection, supplemental natural disaster coverage, renters' protection coverage, excess flood coverage and collector vehicle coverage.
Accident and health products offer liability and accident insurance for amateur sports organizations, monoline accident and medical coverage for various niche markets, short-term medical insurance and pet health insurance. During 2012, we ceased writing coverage for certain accident and health products, including accident and medical insurance for academic institutions, stop-loss insurance for self-insured medical plans and medical excess reinsurance coverage.
Other product lines within the Specialty AdmittedU.S. Insurance segment include:
ocean marine products, which provide general liability, professional liability, property and cargo coverages for marine artisan contractors, boat dealers and marina owners including hull physical damage, protection and indemnity and third party property coverages for ocean cargo; and
coverages for equine-related risks, such as horse mortality, theft, infertility, transit and specified perils, as well as property and liability coverages for farms and boarding, breeding and training facilities;
first and third party coverages for auto repair garages, gas stations and convenience stores and used car dealers;
general agent programs that use managing general agents to offer single source admitted and non-admitted programs for a specific class or line of business;
first and third party coverages for small fishing ventures, charters, utility boats and boat rentals; and
professional liability coverages that we design and administer on behalf of other insurance carriers and ultimately assume on a reinsurance basis.
London Insurance Market Segment
Our London Insurance Market segment reported gross premium volume of $887.7 million, earned premiums of $765.2 million and an underwriting profit of $81.6 million in 2012.
This segment is comprised of Markel International, which is headquartered in London, England. In addition to seven branch offices in the United Kingdom, Markel International has offices in Canada, Spain, Singapore, Sweden, Hong Kong, China, Germany and the Netherlands. Markel International writes specialty property, casualty, professional liability, equine, marine, energy and trade credit insurance on a direct and reinsurance basis. Business is written worldwide through either MIICL or Markel Syndicate 3000 with approximately 16% of writings coming from the United States.
perils.
London
International Insurance Market Segment
2012
Our International Insurance segment writes risks that are characterized by either the unique nature of the exposure or the high limits of insurance coverage required by the insured. Business included in this segment is produced through our Markel International and Global Insurance divisions.
Markel International Division
The Markel International division writes business worldwide from our London-based platform, including Markel Syndicate 3000, through which our Lloyd's operations are conducted, and MIICL. The London insurance market is known for its ability to provide innovative, tailored coverage and capacity for unique and hard-to-place risks. Hard-to-place risks in the London market are generally distinguishable from standard risks due to the complexity or significant size of the risk. It is primarily a broker market, which means that insurance brokers bring most of the business to the market. Risks written in the Markel International division are written on either a direct basis or a subscription basis, the latter of which means that loss exposures brought into the market are typically insured by more than one insurance company or Lloyd's syndicate, often due to the high limits of insurance coverage required. When we write business in the subscription market, we prefer to participate as lead underwriter in order to control underwriting terms, policy conditions and claims handling.
Global Insurance Division
Global Insurance division business written by our non-U.S. insurance subsidiaries, which primarily targets Fortune 1000 accounts, is included in the International Insurance segment. The Global Insurance division is comprised of business written through Markel Bermuda and MIICL.
In 2015, 66% of gross premium written in the International Insurance segment related to foreign risks, of which 40% was from the United Kingdom and 13% was from Canada. In 2014, 67% of gross premium written in the International Insurance segment related to foreign risks, of which 37% was from the United Kingdom and 14% was from Canada. In 2013, 68% of gross premium written in the International Insurance segment related to foreign risks, of which 24% was from the United Kingdom and 17% was from Canada. In each of these years, there was no other individual foreign country from which premium writings were material.
Our International Insurance segment reported gross premium volume of $1.2 billion, earned premiums of $879.4 million and an underwriting profit of $125.7 million in 2015.
International Insurance Segment
2015 Gross Premium Volume ($888 million)($1.2 billion)
Product offerings within the London Insurance MarketInternational segment fall within the following major product groupings:
Professional Liability
Marine and Energy
Professional and General Liability
Reinsurance
Property
Other Product Lines
Professional liability products are written on a worldwide basis and include professional indemnity, directors' and officers' liability, errors and omissions, employment practices liability and intellectual property. Our target industries include U.S. and international public companies, as well as large professional firms, including lawyers, financial institutions, accountants, consultants, and architects and engineers.
Marine and energy products include a portfolio of coverages for cargo, energy, hull, liability, war terrorism and specieterrorism risks. The cargo account is an international transit-based book covering many types of cargo. Energy coverage includes all aspects of oil and gas activities. The hull account covers physical damage to ocean-going tonnage, yachts and mortgagee's interest.mortgagees' interests. Liability coverage provides for a broad range of energy liabilities, as well as traditional marine exposures including charterers, terminal operators and ship repairers. The war account covers the hulls of ships and aircraft, and other related interests, against war and associated perils. Terrorism coverage provides for property damage and business interruption related to political violence including war and civil war. The specie account includes coverage for fine art on exhibition and in private collections, securities, bullion, precious metals, cash in transit and jewelry.
Professional and generalGeneral liability products include professional indemnity, directors'are written on a worldwide basis and officers' liability, intellectual property, some miscellaneous defense costs, incidental commercial crime,include general and products liability coverages targeting consultants, construction professionals, financial service professionals, professional practices, social welfare organizations and medical products. ProfessionalWe also write excess liability coverage, which includes excess product liability, excess medical malpractice and general liability products are written on a worldwide basis, limiting exposureexcess product recall insurance in the United States.
Reinsurancefollowing industries: healthcare, pharmaceutical, medical products, include propertylife sciences, transportation, heavy industrial and casualty treaty reinsurance. Property treaty products are offered on an excess of loss and proportional basis for per risk and catastrophe exposures. A significant portion of the excess of loss catastrophe and per risk property treaty business comes from the United States with the remainder coming from international property treaties. Casualty treaty reinsurance is offered on an excess of loss basis and primarily targets specialist writers of motor products in the United Kingdom and Europe. Excess of loss casualty treaty reinsurance also is offered for select writers of employers' and products liability coverages.energy.
Property products target a wide range of insureds, providing coverage ranging from specie risks and fire to catastrophe perils such as earthquake and windstorm. Business is written primarily on an open market basis for direct and facultative risks targeting Fortune 1000 and large, multi-national companies on a worldwide basis by our underwriters to London brokers, with each risk being considered on its own merits.basis. We also provide property coverage for small to medium-sized commercial risks on both a stand-alone and package basis through our branch offices. During 2012, we ceased writing delegated property business, which was primarily written through coverholdersbasis. The specie account includes coverage for fine art on exhibition and in the United States.private collections, securities, bullion, precious metals, cash in transit and jewelry.
Other product lines within the LondonInternational Insurance Market segment include:
crime coverage primarily targeting financial institutions and providing protection for bankers' blanket bond, computer crime and commercial fidelity;
contingency coverage including event cancellation, non-appearance and prize indemnity;
accident and health coverage targeting affinity groups and schemes, high value and high risks accounts and sports groups;
coverage for equine-related risks such as horse mortality, theft, infertility, transit and specified perils;
specialty coverages include mortality risks for farms, zoos, animal theme parks and safari parks; and
short-term trade credit coverage for commercial risks, including insolvency and protracted default as well as political risks coverage in conjunction with commercial risks for currency inconvertibility, government action, import/import and export license cancellation, public buyer default and war; and
products liability, excess and umbrella and environmental liability coverages targeted at Canadian domiciled insureds.war.
Recent DevelopmentsReinsurance Segment
Our Reinsurance segment includes property and casualty treaty reinsurance products offered to other insurance and reinsurance companies globally through the broker market. Our treaty reinsurance offerings include both quota share and excess of loss reinsurance and are typically written on a participation basis, which means each reinsurer shares proportionally in the business ceded under the reinsurance treaty written. Our reinsurance products may include features such as contractual provisions that require our cedent to share in a portion of losses resulting from ceded risks, may require payment of additional premium amounts if we incur greater losses than those projected at the time of the execution of the contract, may require reinstatement premium to restore the coverage after there has been a loss occurrence or may provide for experience refunds if the losses we incur are less than those projected at the time the contract is executed. Our reinsurance product offerings are underwritten by our Global Reinsurance division and our Markel International division. The Global Reinsurance division operates from platforms in the United States and Bermuda. Business written in the Global Reinsurance division is produced through Markel Global Re and Markel Bermuda. Markel Global Re is licensed or accredited to provide reinsurance in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Markel Bermuda conducts its reinsurance operations from Bermuda. The Markel International division conducts its reinsurance operations from its London-based platform, as described above, and from its platform in Latin America, which includes Markel Brazil.
In October 2012, we announced that we had entered into a definitive agreement2015, 36% of gross premium written in the Reinsurance segment related to acquire Essentia Insurance Companyforeign risks, of which 32% was from OneBeacon Insurance Group LLC. The transaction was completed effective January 1, 2013. Essentia Insurance Company will continue to underwrite insurance exclusively for Hagerty Insurance Agency and Hagerty Classic Marine Insurance Agency (collectively, Hagerty) throughout the United States. Hagerty offers insurance for classic cars, vintage boats, motorcycles and related automotive collectibles. Hagerty remains a privately-owned, family business. Premiums associated with this business for 2011 were in excessKingdom. In 2014, 43% of $170 million. Results attributable to this acquisition will be includedgross premium written in the Specialty Admitted segment.
Reinsurance segment related to foreign risks, of which 31% was from the United Kingdom. In December 2012, we, together with Alterra Capital Holdings Limited (Alterra), announced that our boards2013, 42% of directors had approved an agreement providing for the merger of Alterra with one of our subsidiaries. As a result of the transaction, Alterra would become our wholly-owned subsidiary and each issued and outstanding share of Alterra common stock (other than shares as to which appraisal rights are exercised and restricted shares that do not vest in connection with the transaction) would be converted into the right to receive (1) 0.04315 shares of our common stock and (2) $10.00 in cash. Based on our closing stock price on December 18, 2012, the day the agreement was entered into, the aggregate consideration payable to Alterra shareholders would be approximately $3.1 billion. Following the transaction, we estimate that our current shareholders would own approximately 69% of the combined company and Alterra shareholders would own approximately 31%. The transaction has been approved by shareholders of both companies, but remains subject to receipt of regulatory approvals. Closing is expected to occurgross premium written in the first halfReinsurance segment related to foreign risks, of 2013.which 27% was from the United Kingdom. In each of these years, there was no other individual foreign country from which premium writings were material.
Alterra is a Bermuda-headquartered, global enterprise dedicated to providing diversified specialty insurance and reinsurance products to corporations, public entities and property and casualty insurers. As of December 31, 2012, Alterra reported $10.7 billion in total assets and $2.8 billion in shareholders' equity. Its reported net income for 2012 was $143.8 million on $1.7 billion in total revenues.
We believe that our acquisition of Alterra will create a strong company in global specialty insurance and investments, with a demonstrated track record of underwriting discipline in niche market segments and proven asset management strengths that should benefit shareholders. Two individuals designated by Alterra and approved by the Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee of our Board of Directors will be added to our Board of Directors upon completion of the transaction. Our current executive officers will hold the same, or substantially similar, positions after the transaction, although individual responsibilities may change to reflect the nature of the combined operations. Roles for Alterra officers and management personnel (other than its chief executive officer who is expected to leave the company after the transaction) are being identified as part of a transition planning process.
Our Reinsurance segment reported gross premium volume of $1.0 billion, earned premiums of $838.5 million and an underwriting profit of $86.3 million in 2015.
Reinsurance Segment
2015 Gross Premium Volume ($1.0 billion)
Product offerings within the Reinsurance segment fall within the following major product groupings:
Property
Casualty
Other
Property treaty products are offered on an excess of loss and quota share basis for catastrophe, per risk and retrocessional exposures worldwide. Our catastrophe exposures are generally written on an excess of loss basis and target both personal and commercial lines of business providing coverage for losses from natural disasters, including hurricanes, wind storms and earthquakes. We also reinsure individual property risks such as buildings, structures, equipment and contents and provide coverage for both personal lines and commercial property exposures. Our retrocessional products provide coverage for all types of underlying exposures and geographic zones. A significant portion of the property treaty business covers United States exposures, with the remainder coming from international property exposures.
Our casualty treaty reinsurance programs are written on a quota share and excess of loss basis and include general liability, professional liability, auto, workers' compensation, medical malpractice and environmental impairment liability. General liability reinsurance includes umbrella and excess casualty products that are written worldwide. Our professional liability reinsurance programs are offered worldwide and consist of directors and officers liability, including publicly traded, private, and non-profit companies in both commercial and financial institution arenas; lawyers errors and omissions for small, medium and large-sized law firms; accountants errors and omissions for small and medium-sized firms; technology errors and omissions and cyber liability focusing on network security and privacy exposures. Auto reinsurance treaty products include commercial and non standard personal auto exposures predominantly in the United States. Our workers' compensation business includes catastrophe-exposed workers' compensation business. Medical malpractice reinsurance products are offered in the United States and include quota share, excess of loss and stop loss coverage for physician and surgeon medical malpractice specialty writers, member-owned hospital writers focusing on small-to-medium size facilities, national hospital writers focused on primary or lower excess layers on medium size facilities and long-term care writers focused on privately held, religious based or state sponsored non-profit programs. Environmental treaty reinsurance provides coverage for pollution legal liability, contractors pollution and professional liability exposures on both a nationwide and regional basis within the United States.
Other treaty reinsurance products offered in the Reinsurance segment include:
aviation, which includes commercial airline hull and liability coverage as well as general aviation for risks worldwide;
accident and health catastrophe coverage for personal accident, life, medical and workers' compensation;
structured and whole turnover credit, political risk, mortgage and contract and commercial surety reinsurance programs covering worldwide exposures;
onshore and offshore marine and energy risks on a worldwide basis, including hull, cargo and liability;
agriculture reinsurance for Multi-Peril Crop Insurance, hail and related exposures, covering risks located in the United States and Canada; and
public entity reinsurance products, which offer customized programs for government risk solutions, including counties, municipalities, schools, public housing authorities and special districts (e.g. water, sewer, parks) located in the United States. Types of coverage include general liability, environmental impairment liability, workers' compensation and errors and omissions.
Ceded Reinsurance
Reinsurance is usedWe purchase reinsurance and retrocessional reinsurance to manage our net retention on individual risks and overall exposure to losses, while providing us with the ability to offer policies with sufficient limits to meet policyholder needs. AsIn a reinsurance transaction, an insurance company transfers, or cedes, all or part of our underwriting philosophy, we seek to offer products with limits that do not require significant reinsurance. its exposure in return for a portion of the premium. In a retrocession transaction, a reinsurer transfers, or cedes, all or part of its exposure in return for a portion of the premium.We purchase catastrophe reinsurance coverage for our catastrophe-exposed policies, and we seek to manage our exposures under this coverage so that no exposure to any one reinsurer is material to our ongoing business. Net retention of gross premium volume was 88%82% in 20122015 and 89% in 2011.2014. We do not purchase or sell finite reinsurance products or use other structures that would have the effect of discounting loss reserves.
The ceding of insurance doesOur ceded reinsurance and retrocessional contracts do not legally discharge us from our primary liability for the full amount of the policies, and we will be required to pay the loss and bear collection risk if the reinsurer fails to meet its obligations under the reinsurance agreement. We attempt to minimize credit exposure to reinsurers through adherence to internal ceded reinsurance guidelines. To becomeparticipate in our reinsurance partner,program, prospective companies generally must: (i) maintain an A.M. Best Company (Best) or Standard & Poor's (S&P) rating of "A" (excellent) or better; (ii) maintain minimum capital and surplus of $500 million and (iii) provide collateral for recoverables in excess of an individually established amount. In addition, certain foreign reinsurers for our United States insurance operations must provide collateral equal to 100% of recoverables, with the exception of reinsurers who have been granted authorized status by an insurance company's state of domicile. Our credit exposure to other Lloyd's syndicates generally must have a minimum of a "B" rating from Moody's Investors Service (Moody's) to be our reinsurers.is managed through individual and aggregate exposure thresholds.
When appropriate, we pursue reinsurance commutations that involve the termination of ceded reinsurance and retrocessional contracts. Our commutation strategy related to ceded reinsurance and retrocessional contracts is to reduce credit exposure and eliminate administrative expenses associated with the run-off of ceded reinsurance placed with certain reinsurers.
The following table displays balances recoverable from our ten largest reinsurers by group at December 31, 2012.2015. The contractual obligations under reinsurance agreementsand retrocessional contracts are typically with individual subsidiaries of the group or syndicates at Lloyd's and are not typically guaranteed by other group members or syndicates at Lloyd's. These ten reinsurance groups represent approximately 74%68% of our $901.1 million$2.1 billion reinsurance recoverable balance before considering allowances for bad debts.
| | | Reinsurers | A.M. Best Rating | | Reinsurance Recoverable | A.M. Best Rating | | Reinsurance Recoverable |
| | | | (dollars in thousands) | | | (dollars in thousands) |
| Fairfax Financial Group | | A | | $ | 361,170 |
|
| Munich Re Group | A+ | | $ | 159,033 |
| A+ | | 209,772 |
|
| AXIS Capital Holdings Limited | | A | | 162,493 |
|
| Alleghany Corporation | | A | | 147,394 |
|
| RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd | | A | | 127,810 |
|
| Partner Re Group | | A | | 113,599 |
|
| Lloyd's of London | A | | 99,521 |
| A | | 111,313 |
|
| Swiss Re Group | | A+ | | 85,725 |
|
| XL Capital Group | A | | 75,807 |
| A | | 71,846 |
|
| Fairfax Financial Group | A | | 69,431 |
| |
| Swiss Re Group | A+ | | 61,399 |
| |
| HDI Group | A | | 46,970 |
| |
| Aspen (Bermuda) Group | A | | 46,354 |
| |
| W.R. Berkley Group | A+ | | 39,984 |
| |
| ACE Group | A+ | | 34,628 |
| |
| White Mountains Insurance Group | A | | 29,274 |
| |
| Arch Insurance Group | | A | | 64,509 |
|
| Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses for ten largest reinsurers | Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses for ten largest reinsurers | | 662,401 |
| Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses for ten largest reinsurers | | 1,455,631 |
|
| Total reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses | Total reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses | | $ | 901,067 |
| Total reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses | | $ | 2,126,138 |
|
Reinsurance recoverable balances in the preceding table are shown before consideration of balances owed to reinsurers and any potential rights of offset, any collateral held by us and allowances for bad debts.
Reinsurance and retrocessional treaties are generally purchased on an annual basis and are subject to yearly renegotiations. In most circumstances, the reinsurer remains responsible for all business produced before termination. Treaties typically contain provisions concerning ceding commissions, required reports to reinsurers, responsibility for taxes, arbitration in the event of a dispute and provisions that allow us to demand that a reinsurer post letters of credit or assets as security if a reinsurer becomes an unauthorized reinsurer under applicable regulations or if its rating falls below an acceptable level.
See note 1315 of the notes to consolidated financial statements and Management's Discussion & Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for additional information about our ceded reinsurance programs and exposures.
Investments
Our business strategy recognizes the importance of both consistent underwriting and operating profits and superior investment returns to build shareholder value. We rely on sound underwriting practices to produce investable funds while minimizing underwriting risk. The majority of our investable assets come from premiums paid by policyholders. Policyholder funds are invested predominantly in high-quality corporate, government and municipal bonds with relatively short durations. The balance, comprised of shareholder funds, is available to be invested in equity securities, which over the long run, have produced higher returns relative to fixed maturity investments. When purchasing equity securities, we seek to invest in profitable companies, with honest and talented management, that exhibit reinvestment opportunities and capital discipline, at reasonable prices. We intend to hold these investments over the long term. TheSubstantially all of our investment portfolio is managed by company employees.
TotalWe evaluate our investment performance by analyzing taxable equivalent total investment return. Taxable equivalent total investment return includes items that impact net income, such as net investment incomecoupon interest on fixed maturities, dividends on equity securities and net realized investment gains or losses, as well as changes in net unrealized gains on investments,or losses, which do not impact net income. Certain items that are included in net investment income have been excluded from the calculation of taxable equivalent total investment return, such as amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts on our fixed maturity portfolio, to provide a comparable basis for measuring our investment return against industry investment returns. The calculation of taxable equivalent total investment return also includes the current tax benefit associated with income on certain investments that is either taxed at a lower rate than the statutory income tax rate or is not fully included in federal taxable income. We believe the taxable equivalent total investment return is a better reflection of the economics of our decision to invest in certain asset classes. See "Investing Results" in Management's Discussion & Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for further detail regarding the components of taxable equivalent total investment return. In 2012,2015, net investment income was $282.1$353.2 million and net realized investment gains were $31.6 million.$106.5 million. During the year ended December 31, 2012,2015, net unrealized gains on investments increaseddecreased by $353.8 million.$457.6 million. We do not lower the quality of our investment portfolio in order to enhance or maintain yields. We focus on long-term total investment return, understanding that the level of realized and unrealized investment gains or losses may vary from one period to the next.
We believe our investment performance is best analyzed from the review of taxable equivalent total investment return over several years. The following table presents taxable equivalent total investment return before and after the effects of foreign currency movements.
Annual Taxable Equivalent Total Investment Returns
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Weighted Average Five-Year Annual Return | | Weighted Average Ten-Year Annual Return | | | | | | | | | | | Weighted Average Five-Year Annual Return | | Weighted Average Ten-Year Annual Return |
| | Years Ended December 31, | | Years Ended December 31, | |
| | 2008 | | 2009 | | 2010 | | 2011 | | 2012 | | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | | 2011 | |
| Equities | (34.0 | )% | | 25.7 | % | | 20.8 | % | | 3.8 | % | | 19.6 | % | | 7.2 | % | | 9.2 | % | (2.5 | )% | | 18.6 | % | | 33.3 | % | | 19.6 | % | | 3.8 | % | | 13.7 | % | | 11.2 | % |
Fixed maturities (1) | 0.2 | % | | 9.8 | % | | 5.4 | % | | 7.6 | % | | 5.1 | % | | 5.7 | % | | 5.3 | % | 1.6 | % | | 6.5 | % | | 0.0 | % | | 5.1 | % | | 7.6 | % | | 3.8 | % | | 4.3 | % |
| Total portfolio, before foreign currency effect | (6.9 | )% | | 11.7 | % | | 8.1 | % | | 6.7 | % | | 8.6 | % | | 5.8 | % | | 6.0 | % | 0.5 | % | | 8.9 | % | | 6.9 | % | | 8.6 | % | | 6.7 | % | | 5.9 | % | | 5.7 | % |
| Total portfolio | (9.6 | )% | | 13.2 | % | | 7.9 | % | | 6.5 | % | | 9.0 | % | | 5.6 | % | | 6.2 | % | (0.7 | )% | | 7.4 | % | | 6.8 | % | | 9.0 | % | | 6.5 | % | | 5.2 | % | | 5.3 | % |
| Invested assets, end of year (in millions) | $ | 6,893 |
| | $ | 7,849 |
| | $ | 8,224 |
| | $ | 8,728 |
| | $ | 9,333 |
| | | | | $ | 18,181 |
| | $ | 18,638 |
| | $ | 17,612 |
| | $ | 9,333 |
| | $ | 8,728 |
| | | | |
| |
(1) | Includes short-term investments, cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents. |
Taxable equivalent total investment return provides a measure of investment performance that considers the yield of both taxable and tax-exempt investments on an equivalent basis.
We monitor our investment portfolio to ensure that credit risk does not exceed prudent levels. S&P and Moody's provide corporate and municipal debt ratings based on their assessments of the credit quality of an obligor with respect to a specific obligation. S&P's ratings range from "AAA" (capacity to pay interest and repay principal is extremely strong) to "D" (debt is in payment default). Securities with ratings of "BBB" or higher are referred to as investment grade securities. Debt rated "BB" and below is regarded by S&P as having predominantly speculative characteristics with respect to capacity to pay interest and repay principal. Moody's ratings range from "Aaa" to "C" with ratings of "Baa" or higher considered investment grade.
Our fixed maturity portfolio has an average rating of "AA," with approximately 94%97% rated "A" or better by at least one nationally recognized rating organization. Our policy is to invest in investment grade securities and to minimize investments in fixed maturities that are unrated or rated below investment grade. At December 31, 2012,2015, less than 1% of our fixed maturity portfolio was unrated or rated below investment grade. Our fixed maturity portfolio includes securities issued with financial guaranty insurance. We purchase fixed maturities based on our assessment of the credit quality of the underlying assets without regard to insurance.
At December 31, 2012,2015, we held fixed maturities of $38.9$29.8 million, or less than 1% of invested assets, from sovereign and non-sovereign issuers domiciled in Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, Spain or SpainBrazil and $630.3 million,$1.7 billion, or 7%9% of invested assets, from sovereign and non-sovereign issuers domiciled in other European countries, including supranationals. At December 31, 2011,2014, we held fixed maturities of $53.9$41.3 million, or less than 1% of invested assets, from sovereign and non-sovereign issuers domiciled in Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, Spain or SpainBrazil and $730.4 million,$1.9 billion, or 8%10% of invested assets, from sovereign and non-sovereign issuers domiciled in other European countries including supranationals.
The following chart presents our fixed maturity portfolio, at estimated fair value, by rating category at December 31, 2012.2015.
20122015 Credit Quality of Fixed Maturity Portfolio ($5.0 billion)
See "Market Risk Disclosures" in Management's Discussion & Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for additional information about investments.
Non-Insurance Operations (Markel Ventures)Markel Ventures
Through our wholly-owned subsidiary Markel Ventures, Inc. (Markel Ventures), we own interests in various industrial and service businesses that operate outside of the specialty insurance marketplace. These businesses are viewed by management as separate and distinct from our insurance operations. Local management teams oversee the day-to-day operations of these companies, while strategic decisions are made in conjunction with members of our executive management team, principally our President and Chief Investment Officer. The financial results of those companies in which we own controlling interests have been consolidated in our financial statements. The financial results of those companies in which we hold a noncontrolling interest are accounted for under the equity method of accounting.team.
Our strategy in making these private equity investments is similar to our strategy for purchasing equity securities. We seek to invest in profitable companies, with honest and talented management, that exhibit reinvestment opportunities and capital discipline, at reasonable prices. We intend to own the businesses acquired for a long period of time.
Our non-insurance operations, which we refer to collectively as Markel Ventures operations are comprised of a diverse portfolio of industrial and service companiesbusinesses from various industries, including manufacturers of dredgingtransportation and industrial equipment, high-speed bakery equipment, laminated furniture products and food processing equipment, an ownerproviders of healthcare, housing, data and operatorconsulting services. While each of manufactured housing communities, a real estate investment fund manager, a retail intelligence services company, a manager of behavioral health programs, a provider of concierge medicalthe businesses in our Markel Ventures operations are operated independently from one another, we aggregate their financial results into two industry groups: manufacturing and executive health services, a manufacturer and lessor of trailer tubes used by industrial, chemical and distribution companies to transport gas and liquids and a manufacturer of laminated oak and composite wood flooring used in the assembly of truck trailers, intermodal containers and truck bodies. non-manufacturing.
In 2012,2015, our non-insuranceMarkel Ventures operations reported revenues of $489.4 million and$1.0 billion, net income to shareholders of $13.5$11.0 million and earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) of $91.3 million. We use Markel Ventures EBITDA as an operating performance measure in conjunction with revenues and net income. See "Markel Ventures Operations" in Management's Discussion & Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for more information on EBITDA.
See note 20 of the notes to consolidated financial statements and Management's Discussion & Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for additional information about our Markel Ventures operations.
Markel CATCo Investment Management
In December 2015, we completed the acquisition of substantially all of the assets of CATCo Investment Management Ltd. (CATCo IM) and CATCo-Re Ltd. CATCo IM was a leading insurance-linked securities investment fund manager and reinsurance manager headquartered in Bermuda focused on building and managing highly diversified, collateralized retrocession and reinsurance portfolios covering global property catastrophe risks. Following the acquisition, we are operating this business through Markel CATCo Investment Management Ltd. (Markel CATCo IM). Beginning January 1, 2016, Markel CATCo IM will receive management fees for its investment and insurance management services, as well as performance fees based on the annual performance of the investment funds that it manages. In 2016, assets under management of Markel CATCo IM are expected to be in excess of $3 billion.
Shareholder Value
Our financial goals are to earn consistent underwriting and operating profits and superior investment returns to build shareholder value. More specifically, we measure financial success by our ability to compound growth in book value per share at a high rate of return over a long period of time. To mitigate the effects of short-term volatility, we generally use five-year time periods to measure ourselves. We believe that growth in book value per share is the most comprehensive measure of our success because it includes all underwriting, operating and investing results. For the year ended December 31, 2012,2015, book value per share increased 15%3% primarily due to net income to shareholders of $253.4$582.8 million, and partially offset by a $242.2$320.5 million increase decrease in net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes. For the year ended December 31, 2011,2014, book value per share increased 8%14% primarily due to net income to shareholders of $142.0321.2 million and a $123.4661.7 million increase in net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes. Over the past five years, we have grown book value per share at a compound annual rate of 9%11% to $403.85$561.23 per share.
The following graph presents book value per share for the past five years as of December 31.
Book Value Per Share
Regulatory Environment
Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulation and supervision by the insurance regulatory authorities of the various jurisdictions in which they conduct business. This regulation is intended for the benefit of policyholders rather than shareholders or holders of debt securities. The jurisdictions of our principal insurance subsidiaries are the United States, the United Kingdom and Bermuda.
United States Insurance Regulation
United StatesOverview. Our U.S. insurance subsidiaries are subject to varying degrees of regulation and supervision in the jurisdictions in which they do business. Each state has its own regulatory authority for insurance that is generally responsible for the direct regulation of the business of insurance conducted in that state. In addition, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC), comprised of the insurance commissioners of each U.S. jurisdiction, develops or amends model statutes and regulations that in turn most states adopt. While the U.S. federal government and its regulatory agencies generally do not directly regulate the business of insurance, there have been recent federal initiatives that impact the business of insurance.
State Insurance Regulation.In the United States, authority for the regulation, supervision and administration of the business of insurance in each state is generally delegated to a state commissioner heading a regulatory body responsible for the business of insurance. Through this authority, state regulatory authorities have broad regulatory, supervisory and administrative powers relating to solvency standards,standards; the licensing of insurers and their agents,agents; the approval of forms and policies used,used; the nature of, and limitations on, insurers' investments,investments; the form and content of annual statements and other reports on the financial condition of such insurersinsurers; and the establishment of loss reserves. Additionally, the business written in the Specialty Admitted segmentOur U.S. insurance subsidiaries that operate on an admitted basis are typically is subject to regulatory rate and form review.review, while our U.S. excess and surplus lines insurance subsidiaries generally operate free of rate and form regulation.
As anour domestic insurance subsidiaries, we are subject to state statutes governing insurance holding company systems. Typically, such statutes require that we are also subject to certainperiodically file information with the appropriate state laws. Under these laws, insurance departments may, at any time, examine us, require disclosure ofcommissioner, including information concerning our capital structure, ownership, financial condition, material transactions require approval of certain extraordinary transactions, such as extraordinary dividends from our insurance subsidiaries to us, orwith affiliates and general business operations. In addition, these statutes also require approval of changes in control of an insurer or an insurance holding company. Generally, control for these purposes is defined as ownership or voting power of 10% or more of a company's voting shares. Additional requirements include group-level reporting, submission of an annual enterprise risk report by a regulated insurance company's ultimate controlling person and information regarding an insurer's non-insurer affiliates.
Risk Based Capital Requirements. The NAIC uses a risk based capital formula that is designed to measure the capital of an insurer taking into account the company's investments and products. These requirements provide a formula which, for property and casualty insurance companies, establishes capital thresholds for four categories of risk: asset risk, insurance risk, interest rate risk and business risk. At December 31, 2015, the capital and surplus of each of our United States insurance subsidiaries was above the minimum regulatory thresholds.
Own Risk and Solvency Assessment. We must submit annually to the Illinois Department of Insurance our lead state insurance regulator, an Own Risk and Solvency Assessment Summary Report (ORSA). The ORSA is a confidential internal assessment of the material and relevant risks associated with an insurer’s current business plan and the sufficiency of capital resources to support those risks.
Excess and Surplus Lines. The regulation of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries' excess and surplus lines insurance business differs significantly from the regulation of our admitted business. Our surplus lines subsidiaries are subject to the surplus lines regulation and reporting requirements of the jurisdictions in which they are eligible to write surplus lines insurance. Although the surplus lines business is generally less regulated than admitted business, regulations apply to surplus lines placements under the laws of every state.
Dividends. The laws of the domicile states of our U.S. insurance subsidiaries govern the amount of dividends that may be paid to our holding company, Markel Corporation. Generally, statutes in the domicile states of our insurance subsidiaries require prior approval for payment of extraordinary, as opposed to ordinary, dividends. At December 31, 2012,2015, our United States insurance subsidiaries could pay up to $186.5$354.0 million during the following 12 months under the ordinary dividend regulations.
Trade Practices. State insurance subsidiaries are also subject to risk-based capital requirements that provide a method to measurelaws and regulations include numerous provisions governing trade practices and the capitalmarketplace activities of each subsidiary taking into account that subsidiary's investmentsinsurers, including provisions governing marketing and products. These requirements provide a formula which, for P&C insurance companies, establishes capital thresholds for four categories of risk: asset risk, insurance risk, interest rate risksales practices, data security, policyholder services, claims management, anti-fraud controls and business risk. At December 31, 2012, the capital and surplus of each of our United States insurance subsidiaries was above the minimumcomplaint handling. State regulatory thresholds.authorities generally enforce these provisions through periodic market conduct examinations.
Investment Regulation. Investments by our domestic insurance companies must comply with applicable laws and regulations that prescribe the kind, quality and concentration of investments. In general, these laws and regulations permit investments in federal, state and municipal obligations, corporate bonds, preferred and common equity securities, mortgage loans, real estate and certain other investments, subject to specified limits and certain other qualifications.
The Terrorism Risk Insurance Act. The Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002, as amended (TRIA), has established a federal program that provides for a system of shared public and private compensation for certain insured losses resulting from acts of terrorism. In early 2015 the program was extended for another six years, and is now scheduled to expire in 2020. In addition, the most recent extension of TRIA (1) raises the threshold for the program to go into effect (the triggering event) from $100 million in losses to $200 million, in $20 million increments starting in January 2016 and (2) increases the amount that insurers must cover as a whole through co-payments and deductibles, which is known in the industry as the aggregate retention. The aggregate retention amount will rise by $2 billion a year to $37.5 billion from $27.5 billion, starting in 2016. TRIA is applicable to almost all commercial lines of property and casualty insurance but excludes commercial auto, burglary and theft, surety, professional liability and farm owners' multi-peril insurance. Insurers with direct commercial property and casualty insurance exposure in the United States are required to participate in the program and make available coverage for certified acts of terrorism. Federal participation will be triggered under TRIA when the Secretary of Treasury certifies an act of terrorism.
Federal Regulation. The federal government and its regulatory agencies generally do not directly regulate the business of insurance. However, two federal government bodies, the Federal Insurance Office (FIO) and the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC), each created under The Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act enacted in 2010, may impact the regulation of insurance. Although the FIO is prohibited from directly regulating the business of insurance, it has authority to represent the United States in international insurance matters and has limited powers to preempt certain types of state insurance laws. The FIO also can recommend to the FSOC that it designate an insurer as an entity posing risks to the United States financial stability in the event of the insurer's material financial distress or failure. We have not been so designated.
United Kingdom Insurance Regulation.Regulation
Under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA), it is unlawful to carry on insurance business in the United Kingdom without permission to do so from the relevant regulators. Before April 1, 2013, the Financial Services Authority (FSA) was responsible for supervising all securities, banking and insurance business in the United Kingdom. With the enactment of the Financial Services Act 2012 (which amended FSMA), the FSA was replaced by two regulators: the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) and Markets Act,the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). An independent Financial Policy Committee (FPC) at the Bank of England supervises the financial services sector at a macro level, responding to sectoral issues that could threaten economic and financial stability.
Both MIICL and MSM, our Lloyd's managing agent, are authorized by the PRA and regulated by both the PRA and the FCA. In addition, Abbey Protection Group Limited is an FCA-authorized insurance intermediary that produces insurance for both MIICL and third party insurance carriers in the UK.
The PRA is a subsidiary of the Bank of England and is responsible for the prudential regulation and supervision of banks, building societies, credit unions, major investment firms and insurers, including the Society of Lloyd's and managing agents that participate in the Lloyd's market. The two primary statutory objectives of the PRA are to promote the safety and soundness of the firms it regulates and, specific to insurers, to contribute to securing an appropriate degree of protection for those who are, or may become, policyholders. In 2014 the PRA was given a secondary objective which is to facilitate effective competition. The FCA, which is separate from the Bank of England, is accountable to HM Treasury and ultimately the United Kingdom governmentParliament. The FCA supervises the day-to-day conduct of insurance firms and other authorized firms operating in the Financial Services Authority (FSA)United Kingdom, including those participating in the Lloyd's market and UK insurance intermediaries. The overarching strategic objective of the FCA is to supervise all securities, bankingensure that the relevant markets function well. The FCA also has three operational objectives: securing an appropriate degree of protection for consumers, protecting and enhancing the integrity of the UK financial system, and promoting effective competition in the interests of consumers.
The PRA assesses the insurance businesses, including Lloyd's.firms it regulates on a continuous cycle, requiring firms to submit sufficient data of appropriate quality to support their judgments about key risks, through meetings of directors, officers and other employees with PRA supervisors. The FSAPRA also oversees compliance with established periodic auditingminimum solvency and reportingcapital requirements under the Solvency II Directive (Solvency II) and imposes dividend restrictions. Both the PRA and the FCA oversee compliance with risk assessment reviews, minimum solvency margins and individual capital assessment requirements, dividend restrictions, restrictions governing the appointment of key officers, restrictions governing controlling ownership interests and various other requirements. Both In addition, both the PRA and FCA have arrangements with Lloyd's for cooperation on supervision and enforcement of the Lloyd's market.
MIICL and Markel Syndicate Management Limited are authorized and regulated by the FSA. We are required tomust provide 14 days advance notice to the FSAPRA for any dividends from MIICL.MIICL and any transaction or proposed transaction with a connected or related person. MSM is required to satisfy the solvency requirements of Lloyd's. In addition, our United Kingdom insurance subsidiaries must comply with the United Kingdom Companies Act of 2006, which provides that dividends may only be paid out of profits available for that purpose.
In addition, under Solvency II, a new regulatory framework for the European insurance industry in place effective January 1, 2016, MIICL must give the PRA advance notice of any material intra-group transaction which Markel International Limited (the indirect parent of MIICL) or any of its subsidiaries intends to enter into with a group entity outside the European Economic Area and any material payment, including the payment of a dividend, other distribution or capital extraction which Markel International Limited or any of its subsidiaries intends to make to a group entity outside the European Economic Area.
Bermuda Insurance Regulation
The insurance and reinsurance industry in Bermuda is regulated by the Bermuda Monetary Authority (BMA). Markel Bermuda is regulated by the BMA as a Class 4 general business and Class C long-term business insurer under the Insurance Act 1978 of Bermuda and its related regulations (Bermuda Insurance Act). The Bermuda Insurance Act imposes solvency and liquidity standards and auditing and reporting requirements on Markel Bermuda and grants to the BMA powers to supervise, investigate and intervene in the affairs of Bermuda insurance and reinsurance companies. Effective January 1, 2016, Bermuda's prudential framework for the supervision of insurance and reinsurance companies and groups was deemed to be fully equivalent to the regulatory standards applied to European insurance and reinsurance companies and groups under Solvency II. As a result, Bermuda will be considered by all European member states as applying an equivalent statutory insurance regime in accordance with the requirements of Solvency II with respect to reinsurance, group solvency calculations and group supervision. The equivalence recognition applies to Bermuda's commercial Class 3A, 3B, 4, Class C, Class D and Class E insurers and reinsurers and groups.
Markel Bermuda is subject to enhanced capital requirements in addition to minimum solvency and liquidity requirements. The enhanced capital requirement is determined by reference to a risk-based capital model that determines a control threshold for statutory capital and surplus by taking into account the risk characteristics of different aspects of the insurer's business. At December 31, 2015, Markel Bermuda satisfied both the enhanced capital requirements and the minimum solvency and liquidity requirements.
Under the Bermuda Insurance Act, Markel Bermuda is prohibited from paying or declaring dividends during a fiscal year if it is in breach of its enhanced capital requirement, solvency margin or minimum liquidity ratio or if the declaration or payment of the dividend would cause a breach of those requirements. If an insurer fails to meet its solvency margin or minimum liquidity ratio on the last day of any financial year, it is prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends during the next financial year without the approval of the BMA. Further, Markel Bermuda is prohibited from declaring or paying in any financial year dividends of more than 25% of its total statutory capital and surplus as set forth in its previous year's statutory balance sheet unless at least seven days before payment of those dividends it files with the BMA an affidavit stating that it will continue to meet its solvency margin and minimum liquidity ratio. Markel Bermuda must obtain the BMA's prior approval for a reduction by 15% or more of the total statutory capital as set forth in its previous year's financial statements. In addition, as a Class C long-term insurer, Markel Bermuda may not declare or pay a dividend to any person other than a policyholder unless the value of the assets in its long-term business fund, as certified by Markel Bermuda's approved actuary, exceeds the liabilities of its long-term business. The amount of the dividend cannot exceed the aggregate of that excess and any other funds legally available for the payment of the dividend. At December 31, 2015, Markel Bermuda could pay up to $491.5 million in dividends during the following 12 months without making any additional filings with the BMA.
Markel CATCo Re Ltd (Markel CATCo Re) is licensed as a Bermuda Class 3 reinsurance company and is subject to regulation and supervision of the BMA. See "Regulation of Markel CATCo" under "Other Regulation" below for more information about the regulation of Markel CATCo Re.
Other Insurance Jurisdictions
The European Union (E.U.) implemented Solvency II effective January 1, 2016. Solvency II replaces existing insurance directives and creates a pan-European, risk based solvency regime which affects all insurers and reinsurers throughout the E.U. The Solvency II regime is based on three pillars: financial requirements; governance and risk management requirements; and disclosure requirements. The European Commission has developed detailed rules that complement the high-level principles of Solvency II.
At present the United States is not recognized as Solvency II "equivalent." Therefore, MIICL has agreed on "other methods" with the PRA which includes the provision to the PRA of certain specified information regarding Markel Corporation and its insurance companies.
In addition, as a global provider of specialty insurance and reinsurance, our insurance subsidiaries must comply with various regulatory requirements in jurisdictions where they conduct business in addition to the jurisdictions in which they are domiciled. For example, MIICL and our Lloyd's operations must comply with applicable Latin America regulatory requirements in connection with our Latin American reinsurance operations. In addition to the regulatory requirements imposed by the jurisdictions in which an insurer or reinsurer is licensed, a reinsurer's business operations are affected by regulatory requirements governing credit for reinsurance in other jurisdictions in which its ceding companies are located. In general, a ceding company that obtains reinsurance from a reinsurer that is licensed, accredited or approved by the jurisdiction in which the ceding company files statutory financial statements is permitted to reflect in its statutory financial statements a credit in an aggregate amount equal to the liability for unearned premiums and loss reserves and loss expense reserves ceded to the reinsurer. Many jurisdictions also permit ceding companies to take credit on their statutory financial statements for reinsurance obtained from unlicensed or non-admitted reinsurers if certain prescribed security arrangements are made. As an example, Markel Bermuda currently is not licensed, accredited or approved in every jurisdiction where its reinsurance customers are domiciled. As a result, Markel Bermuda may be required to provide a letter of credit or other security arrangement for its reinsurance customers domiciled in those jurisdictions. In most U.S. states Markel Bermuda has obtained approval of a trust arrangement that satisfies the credit for reinsurance requirements for Markel Bermuda’s customers domiciled in those states.
The insurance and reinsurance industry in Brazil is regulated by the Conselho Nacional de Seguros Privados (CNSP) and supervised by the Superintendência de Seguros Privados (SUSEP) on behalf of the Ministry of Finance. Markel Resseguradora do Brasil SA (Markel Brazil) is authorized by SUSEP as a local Brazilian reinsurance company. Markel Brazil is required to submit monthly returns, audited annual returns and annual financial statements to SUSEP.
Other Regulation
Markel Ventures. Our Markel Ventures businesses are subject to a wide variety of U.S. federal, state, and local laws and regulations, as well as foreign laws and regulations applicable to their non-U.S. operations, including:
For our Markel Ventures manufacturing operations, laws and regulations in the areas of safety, health, employment and environmental pollution controls, as well as U.S. and international trade and anti-corruption laws and regulations; and
For our Markel Ventures non-manufacturing operations, laws and regulations in the areas of data privacy and security, health care, government contracting and employment.
Solicitors Regulation Authority. LHS Solicitors LLP (LHS), a wholly owned subsidiary of Abbey Protection Group Ltd., is a full service commercial law firm in Manchester, England. LHS employs approximately 70 lawyers who provide legal services to small and medium-sized enterprises in the United Kingdom. LHS is authorized and regulated by the Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA). The SRA is an independent regulatory body of the Law Society of England and Wales which regulates the conduct of solicitors and law firms to protect consumers and to support the rule of law and the administration of justice. The SRA works within a statutory framework for regulation provided by the Solicitors Act 1974, the Administration of Justice Act 1985 and, primarily, by the Legal Services Act 2007.
Regulation of Markel CATCo. We conduct our Markel CATCo operations through three companies: Markel CATCo IM, Markel CATCo Reinsurance Fund Ltd. (Markel CATCo Fund) and Markel CATCo Re. Markel CATCo IM is the investment manager of Markel CATCo Fund and the insurance manager of Markel CATCo Re. Markel CATCo Fund offers multiple classes of non-voting, redeemable, participating shares to third party investors that allow investors to participate in the investment returns of various insurance-linked securities, primarily reinsurance and retrocessional reinsurance arrangements entered by Markel CATCo Re. Results of operations of Markel CATCo Fund and Markel CATCo Re are attributed to preference shareholders in these entities and are not included in our consolidated financial statements.
Markel CATCo IM is a Bermuda exempted limited liability company. Markel CATCo IM holds an investment business license issued by the BMA under the Investment Business Act 2003 and is regulated by the BMA. Markel CATCo IM is not registered as an investment company under the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940, an investment adviser under the U.S. Investment Advisers Act of 1940 or as a "commodity pool operator" or "commodity trading advisor" with the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission.
Markel CATCo Fund is a mutual fund company with limited liability under the Companies Act 1981 of Bermuda and is registered as a segregated accounts company under the Bermuda Segregated Accounts Companies Act 2000.
Markel CATCo Re is licensed as a Bermuda Class 3 reinsurance company and is subject to regulation and supervision of the BMA. Under the Bermuda Insurance Act, and related regulations and policies of the BMA, Markel CATCo Re must, among other things, (i) maintain a minimum level of capital, surplus and liquidity; (ii) satisfy solvency standards; (iii) restrict dividends and distributions; (iv) obtain prior approval of ownership and transfer of shares; (v) maintain a principal office and appoint and maintain a principal representative in Bermuda; and (vi) provide for the performance of certain periodic examinations of Markel CATCo Re and its financial condition. In addition, the BMA requires that Markel CATCo Re contract for local services, such as corporate secretary, insurance manager and registered representative, at market rates.
Ratings
Financial stability and strength are important purchase considerations of policyholders, cedents and insurance agents and brokers. Because an insurance premium paid today purchases coverage for losses that might not be paid for many years, the financial viability of the insurer is of critical concern. Various independent rating agencies provide information and assign ratings to assist buyers in their search for financially sound insurers. Rating agencies periodically re-evaluate assigned ratings based upon changes in the insurer's operating results, financial condition or other significant factors influencing the insurer's business. Changes in assigned ratings could have an adverse impact on an insurer's ability to write new business.
Best assigns financial strength ratings (FSRs) to P&Cproperty and casualty insurance companies based on quantitative criteria such as profitability, leverage and liquidity, as well as qualitative assessments such as the spread of risk, the adequacy and soundness of ceded reinsurance, the quality and estimated market value of assets, the adequacy of loss reserves and surplus and the competence, experience and integrity of management. Best's FSRs range from "A++" (superior) to "F" (in liquidation).
SixTen of our twelve insurance subsidiaries are rated by Best. All ten of our insurance subsidiaries rated by Best have been assigned an FSR of "A" (excellent), one. Our Lloyd's syndicate is rated "A-" (excellent) and one is rated "B++" (good). Markel Syndicate 3000part of a group rating for the Lloyd's overall market, which has been assigned an FSR of "A" (excellent) by Best.
In addition to Best, sevenEleven of our eighttwelve insurance subsidiaries are rated by S&P. All eleven of our insurance subsidiaries rated by S&P have been assigned an FSR of "A" (strong). Our Lloyd's syndicate is part of a group rating for the Lloyd's overall market, which has been assigned an FSR of "A+" (strong) by S&P.
Ten of our twelve insurance subsidiaries are rated by Fitch Ratings (Fitch), an independent rating agency.. All seventen of our insurance subsidiaries rated by Fitch have been assigned an FSR of "A""A+" (strong). Our Lloyd's syndicate is part of a group rating for the Lloyd's overall market, which has been assigned an FSR of "AA-" (very strong) by Fitch.
Six of our twelve insurance subsidiaries are rated by Moody's Corporation (Moody's). All six insurance subsidiaries rated by Moody's have been assigned an FSR of "A2" (good).
The various rating agencies typically charge companies fees for the rating and other services they provide. During 2012,2015, we paid rating agencies, including Best, S&P, Fitch and Fitch, $0.9Moody's, $1.6 million for their services.
Risk Factors
A wide range of factors could materially affect our future prospects and performance. The matters addressed under "Safe Harbor and Cautionary Statements," "Critical Accounting Estimates" and "Market Risk Disclosures" in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and other information included or incorporated in this report describe mostmany of the significant risks that could affect our operations and financial results. We are also subject to the following risks.
We may experience losses from catastrophes. As a property and casualty insurance company, we may experience losses from man-made or natural catastrophes. Catastrophes may have a material adverse effect on operations. Catastrophes include, but are not limited to, windstorms, hurricanes, earthquakes, tornadoes, hail, severe winter weather and fires and may include terrorist events. Weevents related to terrorism and political unrest. While we employ catastrophe modeling tools in our underwriting process, we cannot predict how severe a particular catastrophe will be before it occurs. The extent of losses from catastrophes is a function of the total amount of losses incurred, the number of insureds affected, the frequency and severity of the events, the effectiveness of our catastrophe risk management program and the adequacy of our reinsurance coverage. Most catastrophes occur over a small geographic area; however, some catastrophes may produce significant damage in large, heavily populated areas. If, as many forecast, climate change results in an increase in the frequency and severity of weather-related catastrophes, we may experience additional catastrophe-related losses, which may be material.
Our results may be affected because actual insured or reinsured losses differ from our loss reserves.Significant periods of time often elapse between the occurrence of an insured or reinsured loss, the reporting of the loss to us and our payment of that loss. To recognize liabilities for unpaid losses, we establish reserves as balance sheet liabilities representing estimates of amounts needed to pay reported and unreported losses and the related loss adjustment expenses. The process of estimating loss reserves is a difficult and complex exercise involving many variables and subjective judgments. This process may become more difficult if we experience a period of rising inflation. As part of the reserving process, we review historical data and consider the impact of such factors as:
trends in claim frequency and severity,
changes in operations,
emerging economic and social trends,
uncertainties relating to asbestos and environmental exposures,trends in insurance rates,
inflation or deflation, and
changes in the regulatory and litigation environments.environments, and
uncertainties relating to asbestos and environmental exposures.
This process assumes that past experience, adjusted for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, is an appropriate basis for predicting future events. There is no precise method, however, for evaluating the impact of any specific factor on the adequacy of reserves, and actual results will differ from original estimates. As part of the reserving process, we regularly review our loss reserves and make adjustments as necessary. Future increases in loss reserves will result in additional charges to earnings, which may be material.
In addition, reinsurance reserves are subject to greater uncertainty than insurance reserves primarily because a reinsurer relies on (i) the original underwriting decisions made by ceding companies and (ii) information and data from ceding companies. As a result, we are subject to the risk that our ceding companies may not have adequately evaluated the risks reinsured by us and the premiums ceded may not adequately compensate us for the risks we assume. In addition, reinsurance reserves may be less reliable than insurance reserves because there is generally a longer lapse of time from the occurrence of the event to the reporting of the loss or benefit to the reinsurer and ultimate resolution or settlement of the loss.
Changes in the assumptions and estimates used in establishing reserves for our life and annuity reinsurance book could result in material increases in our estimated loss reserves for such business. Our run-off life and annuity reinsurance book exposes us to mortality risk, which is the risk that the level of death claims may differ from that which we assumed in establishing the reserves for our life and annuity reinsurance contracts. Some of our life and annuity reinsurance contracts expose us to longevity risk, which is the risk that an insured person will live longer than expected when the reserves were established, or morbidity risk, which is the risk that an insured person will become critically ill or disabled. Our reserving process for the life and annuity reinsurance book is designed with the objective of establishing appropriate reserves for the risks we assumed. Among other things, these processes rely heavily on analysis of mortality, longevity and morbidity trends, lapse rates, interest rates and expenses. As of December 31, 2015, our reserves for life and annuity benefits totaled $1.1 billion.
We expect mortality, morbidity, longevity, and lapse experience to fluctuate somewhat from period to period, but believe they should remain reasonably predictable over a period of many years. Mortality, longevity, morbidity or lapse experience that is less favorable than the mortality, longevity, morbidity or lapse rates that we used in establishing the reserves for a reinsurance agreement will negatively affect our net income because the reserves we originally set for the risks we assumed may not be sufficient to cover the future claims and expense payments. Furthermore, even if the total benefits paid over the life of the contract do not exceed the expected amount, unexpected increases in the incidence of deaths or illness can cause us to pay more benefits in a given reporting period than expected, adversely affecting our net income in any particular reporting period. Fluctuations in interest rates will impact the performance of our investments. If there are changes to any of the above factors to the point where a reserve deficiency exists, a charge to earnings will be recorded, which may have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
We are subject to regulation by insurance regulatory authorities that may affect our ability to implement and achieve our business objectives. Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to supervision and regulation by the insurance regulatory authorities in the various jurisdictions in which they conduct business. This regulation is intended for the benefit of policyholders rather than shareholders or holders of debt securities. Insurance regulatory authorities have broad regulatory, supervisory and administrative powers relating to solvency standards, licensing, coverage requirements, policy rates and forms and the form and content of financial reports. In light of recent economic conditions, regulatoryRegulatory and legislative authorities are implementingcontinue to implement enhanced or new regulatory requirements intended to prevent future financial crises or otherwise assure the stability of financial institutions. Regulatory authorities also may seek to exercise their supervisory or enforcement authority in new or more aggressive ways, such as imposing increased capital requirements. Any such actions, if they occurred,occur, could affect the competitive market and the way we conduct our business and manage our capital. As a result, such actions could materially affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
Our ability to make payments on debt or other obligations depends on the receipt of funds from our subsidiaries.We are a holding company, and substantially all of our insurance operations are conducted through our regulated insurance subsidiaries. As a result, our cash flow and our ability to service our debt are dependent upon the earnings of our subsidiaries and on the distribution of earnings, loans or other payments by our subsidiaries to us. In addition, payment of dividends by our insurance subsidiaries may require prior regulatory notice or approval.
Our investment results may be impacted by changes in interest rates, U.S. and international monetary and fiscal policies as well as broader economic conditions.We receive premiums from customers for insuring their risks. We invest these funds until they are needed to pay policyholder claims or until they are recognized as profits. Fluctuations in the value of our investment portfolio can occur as a result of changes in interest rates and U.S. and international monetary and fiscal policies as well as broader economic conditions (including, for example, equity market conditions and significant inflation or deflation). Our investment results may be materially impacted by one or more of these factors.
TableCompetition in the insurance and reinsurance markets could reduce our underwriting margins. Insurance and reinsurance markets are highly competitive. We compete on an international and regional basis with major U.S., Bermuda, European, and other international insurers and reinsurers and with underwriting syndicates, some of Contentswhich have greater financial, marketing, and management resources than we do. Recent industry consolidation, including business combinations among insurance and other financial services companies, has resulted in larger competitors with even greater financial resources. We also compete with new companies that continue to be formed to enter the insurance and reinsurance markets. In addition, capital market participants have created alternative products that are intended to compete with reinsurance products. Increased competition could result in fewer submissions, lower premium rates, and less favorable policy terms and conditions, which could reduce our underwriting margins and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
CompetitionThe historical cyclicality in the property and casualty insurance industry could adversely affect our ability to improve or maintain underwriting margins or to grow or maintain premium volume. The insurance and reinsurance markets have historically been cyclical, characterized by periods of intense price competition due to excessive underwriting capacity as well as periods when shortages of capacity permitted more favorable rate levels. Among our competitive strengths have been our specialty product focus and our niche market strategy. These strengths also make us vulnerable in periods of intense competition to actions by other insurance companies who seek to write additional premiums without appropriate regard for underwriting profitability. During soft markets, it is very difficult for us to grow or maintain premium volume levels without sacrificing underwriting profits. If we are not successful in maintaining rates or achieving rate increases, it may be difficult for us to improve or maintain underwriting margins or to grow or maintain premium volume levels.
We invest a significant portion of our invested assets in equity securities, which may result in significant variability in our investment results and may adversely impact shareholders' equity. Additionally, our equity investment portfolio is concentrated, and declines in the value of these significant investments could adversely affect our financial results. Equity securities were 62%52% and 55%54% of our shareholders' equity at both December 31, 20122015 and 2011.2014, respectively. Equity securities have historically produced higher returns than fixed maturities; however, investing in equity securities may result in significant variability in investment returns from one period to the next. In volatile financial markets, we could experience significant declines in the fair value of our equity investment portfolio, which would result in a material decrease in shareholders' equity. Our equity portfolio is concentrated in particular issuers and industries and, as a result, a decline in the fair value of these concentrated investments also could result in a material decrease in shareholders' equity. A material decrease in shareholders' equity may adversely impact our ability to carry out our business plans.
Deterioration in financial marketsGeneral economic, market or industry conditions could lead to investment losses, and adverse effects on our business.businesses and limit our access to the capital markets. The severe downturnGeneral economic and market conditions and industry specific conditions, including extended economic recessions or expansions; prolonged periods of slow economic growth; inflation or deflation; fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, commodity and energy prices and interest rates; volatility in the public debtcredit and equity markets beginning in 2008, reflecting uncertainties associated with the mortgagecapital markets; and credit crises, worsening economic conditions, widening of credit spreads, bankruptcies and government intervention in large financial institutions, resulted in significant realized and unrealized losses in our investment portfolio. In the event of another major financial crisis (for example, a crisis precipitated by the failureother factors, could lead to adequately address U.S. government deficit spending and tax revenue generation, downgrades or defaults in U.S. and/or foreign sovereign debt obligations, or the collapse of the Eurozone), we could incur substantial realized and unrealized investment losses in future periods, declines in demand for or increased claims made under our insurance products or limited or no access to the capital markets, any of which wouldcould have ana material adverse impacteffect on our results of operations, financial condition, debt and financial strength ratings or our insurance subsidiaries' capital and ability to access capital markets.capital.
We rely on the purchase of reinsurance and bear collection risk if the reinsurer fails to meet its obligations under the reinsurance agreement. We purchase reinsurance in orderand retrocessional reinsurance to reducemanage our net retention on individual risks and overall exposure to havelosses, while providing us with the ability to underwriteoffer policies with sufficient limits to meet policyholder needs. The ceding of insurance does not legally discharge us from our primary liability for the full amount of the policies. Such relianceReliance on reinsurance may create credit risk as a result of the reinsurer's inability or unwillingness to pay reinsurance claims when due. Deterioration in the credit quality of existing reinsurers or disputes over the terms of reinsurance could result in additional charges to earnings, which may have a materiallymaterial adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition. The availability and cost of reinsurance are determined by market conditions beyond our control. There is no guarantee that our desired amounts of reinsurance or retrocessional reinsurance will be available in the marketplace in the future.
Our information technology systems could fail or suffer a security breach, which could adversely affect our business or reputation.reputation or result in the loss of sensitive information. Our business isbusinesses are dependent upon the successful functioning and security of our computer systems.systems or the computer systems of third parties. Among other things, we rely on these systems to interact with producers, insureds, customers, clients, and insureds,other third parties, to perform actuarial and other modeling functions, to underwrite business, to prepare policies and process premiums, to process claims and make claims payments, and to prepare internal and external financial statements and information.information, as well as to engage in a wide variety of other business activities. A significant failure of theseour computer systems, or those of third parties upon which we may rely, whether because of a breakdown, natural disaster or an attack on our systems, could compromise our personal, confidential and proprietary information as well as that of our customers and business partners, impede or interrupt our business operations and could result in other negative consequences, including remediation costs, loss of revenue, additional regulatory scrutiny and fines, litigation and monetary and reputational damages. Although we have implemented controls and take protective actions to reduce the risk of a material adverse affect on our business. In addition, a security breachfailure of our computer systems could damageor a security breach, such measures may be insufficient to prevent, or mitigate the effects of, a breakdown, natural disaster or an attack on our reputation orsystems that could result in liability to us, cause our data to be corrupted and cause us to commit resources, management time and money to prevent or correct those failures.
In addition, we are subject to numerous data privacy laws and regulations enacted in the jurisdictions in which we do business. A misuse or mishandling of confidential or proprietary information being sent to or received from a client, employee or third party could result in legal liability, regulatory action and reputational harm. Third parties to whom we outsource certain of our functions are also subject to these risks, and their failure to adhere to these laws and regulations could negatively impact us.
Further, we routinely transmit, receive and store personal, confidential and proprietary information by email and other electronic means. Although we attempt to protect this confidential and proprietary information, we may be unable to do so in all cases, especially with customers, business partners and other third parties who may not have or use appropriate controls to protect confidential information.
While we maintain cyber risk insurance providing first party and third party coverages, such insurance may not cover all costs associated with the consequences of personal and confidential and proprietary information being compromised. As a result, in the event of a material liabilities.cyber security breach, our results of operations could be materially, adversely affected.
We may not find suitable acquisition candidates or new insurance or non-insurance ventures and even if we do, we may not successfully integrate any such acquired companies or successfully invest in such ventures. As part of our growth strategy, we continue to evaluate possible acquisition transactions on an ongoing basis, and at any given time we may be engaged in discussions with respect to possible acquisitions and new ventures. We may not be able to identify suitable acquisition targets or ventures, any such transactions may not be financed or completed on acceptable terms and our future acquisitions or ventures may not be successful.
The integration of acquired companies may not be as successful as we anticipate.We have recently engaged in a number of acquisitions in an effort to achieve profitable growth in our insurance operations and to create additional value on a diversified basis in our non-insuranceMarkel Ventures operations. Acquisitions present operational, strategic and financial risks, as well as risks associated with liabilities arising from the previous operations of the acquired companies. All of these risks are magnified in the case of a large acquisition. Assimilation of the operations and personnel of acquired companies (especially those that are outside of our core insurance operations) may prove more difficult than anticipated, which may result in failure to achieve financial objectives associated with the acquisition or diversion of management attention. In addition, integration of formerly privately-held companies into the management and internal control and financial reporting systems of a publicly-held company presents additional risks.
On December 19, 2012 we announced the acquisition of Alterra for an aggregate consideration of approximately $3.1 billion in stock and cash (the Alterra Acquisition). We expect the Alterra Acquisition to closeImpairments in the first halfvalue of 2013. Failure to complete the Alterra Acquisition on a timely basis or the fact that the Alterra Acquisition is pending could negatively impact the share price of Markel and the future business and financial results of Markel. The acquisition agreement with Alterra contains a number of conditions precedent that must be satisfied or waived before the closing of the Alterra Acquisition. Also, the Alterra Acquisition agreement may be terminated by one or both of the parties under certain circumstances. Further, the ongoing business of Markel may be adversely affected by the fact that the Alterra Acquisition is pending or if the Alterra Acquisition is not completed as follows:
the manner in which brokers, insureds, cedants and other third parties perceive Markel may be negatively impacted, which in turn could affect the ability of Markel to compete for or write new business or obtain renewals in the marketplace;
current and prospective employees of Markel may experience uncertainty about their future roles with the combined company, which may adversely affect the ability of Markel to attract and retain key personnel;
the attention of management of Markel will be diverted to the Alterra Acquisition or to the integration of the two companies after the Alterra Acquisition instead of being directed solely to our own operations and pursuit of other opportunities that may be beneficial to Markel;
Markel will have to pay costs relating to the Alterra Acquisition, including legal, accounting and financial advisory fees;
Markel may be required, in certain circumstances, to pay a termination fee to Alterra; and
the ratings of either Markel or its respective insurance subsidiaries may be adversely affected, which would likely result in a material adverse effect on their respective business, financial condition and operating results.
Markel will be exposed to underwriting and other business risks during the period that Alterra's business continues to be operated independently from Markel. Until completion of the Alterra Acquisition, each of Markel and Alterra will operate independently from the other in accordance with such party's distinct underwriting guidelines, investment policies, referral processes, authority levels and risk management policies and practices. As a result, during this period, Alterra may assume risks that Markel would not have assumed for itself or for the combined company, accept premiums that, in Markel's judgment, do not adequately compensate it for the risks assumed, make investment decisions that would not adhere to Markel's investment policies or otherwise make business decisions or take on exposure that, while consistent with Alterra's general business approach and practices, are not the same as those of Markel. Significant delays in consummating the Alterra Acquisition will materially increase the risk that Alterra will operate its business in a manner that differs from how the business would have been conducted under the combined company.
The integration of Markel and Alterra following the Alterra Acquisition may present significant challenges and costs. Markel and Alterra may face significant challenges, including technological, accounting and other challenges, in combining Markel's and Alterra's operations. Markel and Alterra entered into the Alterra Acquisition agreement because each company believes that the Alterra Acquisition will be beneficial to it and its respective shareholders. Achieving the anticipated benefits of the Alterra Acquisition will depend in part upon whether Markel will be successful in integrating Alterra's businesses in a timely and efficient manner. Markel may not be able to accomplish this integration process smoothly or successfully. The integration of certain operations following the Alterra Acquisition will take time and will require the dedication of significant management resources, which may temporarily distract management's attention from the routine business of the combined company. Any delay or inability of management to successfully integrate the operations of the two companies could compromise the combined company's potential to achieve the long-term strategic benefits of the Alterra Acquisition andgoodwill could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition andour operating results and financial condition. Goodwill represents the excess of amounts paid for acquiring businesses over the fair value of the combined companynet assets acquired. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment annually, or more frequently if conditions warrant, by comparing the carrying value of a reporting unit to its estimated fair value. Declines in operating results, divestitures, sustained market declines and other factors that impact the market pricefair value of the combined company's shares of common stock.
In addition, the combined company will incur integrationa reporting unit could result in a goodwill impairment and, restructuring costs following the completion of the Alterra Acquisition as it integrates the businesses of Alterra. Although the parties expect that the realization of efficiencies relatedin turn, a charge to the integration of the businesses will offset incremental transaction, integration and restructuring costs over time, Markel cannot give any assurance that this net benefit will be achieved in the near term, if at all.
Markel, Alterra or the combined company may lose employees due to uncertainties associated with the Alterra Acquisition and may not be able to hire qualified new employees. The success of the combined company after the Alterra Acquisition will depend in part upon the ability of Markel and Alterra to retain key employees. Competition for qualified personnel can be intense. In addition, key employees may depart because of issues relating to the uncertainty or difficulty of integration orincome. Such a desire not to remain with the combined company. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that Markel, Alterra or the combined company will be able to attract, retain or motivate key employees or qualified new employees. If, despite retention efforts, key employees depart because of issues relating to the uncertainty and difficulty of integration, the combined company's business could be adversely impacted.
The occurrence of severe catastrophic events may cause the combined company's financial results to be volatile and may affect the financial results of the combined company differently than such an event would have affected the financial results of either Markel or Alterra on a stand-alone basis. Because the combined company will, among other things, underwrite property catastrophe insurance and reinsurance and have large aggregate exposures to natural and man-made disasters, management expects that the combined company's loss experience generally will include infrequent events of great severity. Consequently, the occurrence of losses from catastrophic events is likely to cause substantial volatility in the combined company's financial results. In addition, because catastrophes will be an inherent risk of the combined company's business, a major event or series of eventscharge could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.
The failure of any of the combined company'sloss limitation methods we employ could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or on our results of operations. We seek to limit our loss exposure in a variety of ways, including adhering to maximum limitations on policies written in defined geographical zones, limiting program size for each client, establishing per risk and per occurrence limitations for each event, employing coverage restrictions and following prudent underwriting guidelines for each program written. We also seek to limit our loss exposure through geographic diversification. Underwriting is a matter of judgment, involving assumptions about matters that are inherently unpredictable and beyond our control, and for which historical experience and probability analysis may not provide sufficient guidance. One or more future events could result in claims that substantially exceed our expectations, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and our results of operations, possibly to the extent of eliminating the combined company'sour shareholders' equity. IncreasesIn addition, we seek to limit loss exposures by policy terms, exclusion from coverage and choice of legal forum. Disputes relating to coverage and choice of legal forum also arise. As a result, various provisions of our policies, such as choice of forum, limitations or exclusions from coverage may not be enforceable in the valuesmanner we intend and concentrationssome or all of insured propertyour loss limitation methods may prove ineffective.
The effects of emerging claim and coverage issues on our business are uncertain. As industry practices and legal, judicial, social and other environmental conditions change, unexpected and unintended issues related to claims and coverage may emerge. These issues may adversely affect our business by either broadening coverage beyond our underwriting intent or by increasing the number or size of claims. In some instances, these changes may not become apparent until some time after we have issued insurance or reinsurance contracts that are affected by the changes. As a result, the full extent of liability under our insurance or reinsurance contracts may not be known for many years after a contract is issued.
We could be adversely affected by the loss of one or more key executives or by an inability to attract and retain qualified personnel. Our success depends on our ability to retain the services of our existing key executives and to attract and retain additional qualified personnel in the future. The loss of the services of any of our key executives or the inability to hire and retain other highly qualified personnel in the future could adversely affect our ability to conduct or grow our business.
Our expanding international operations expose us to increased investment, political and economic risks, including foreign currency and credit risk. Our expanding international operations, including in the United Kingdom, Bermuda, Europe, Asia, South America and the effectsMiddle East, expose us to increased investment, political and economic risks, including foreign currency and credit risk. Changes in the value of inflationthe U.S. dollar relative to other currencies could have resultedan adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Our investments in increased severitynon-U.S. dollar-denominated securities are subject to fluctuations in non-U.S. securities and currency markets, and those markets can be volatile.
Changes in U.S. tax laws or in the tax laws of other jurisdictions in which we operate could adversely impact us. Tax laws may change in ways that adversely impact us. For example, a significant portion of our invested assets consist of tax exempt securities and we receive certain tax benefits relating to such securities based on current laws and regulations. Our portfolio has also benefited from certain other laws and regulations, including among others, tax credits. Federal or state tax legislation could be enacted in connection with deficit reduction or various types of fundamental tax reform that would lessen or eliminate some or all of the tax advantages currently benefiting us and therefore could materially and adversely impact our results of operations.
We are rated by Best, S&P, Fitch and Moody's, and a decline in these ratings could affect our standing in the insurance industry lossesand cause our sales and earnings to decrease. Ratings are an important factor in establishing the competitive position of insurance and reinsurance companies. Certain of our insurance and reinsurance company subsidiaries are rated by Best, S&P, Fitch or Moody's. Our ratings are subject to periodic review, and we cannot be sure that we will be able to retain our current or any future ratings. If our ratings are reduced from their current levels by the rating agencies, our competitive position in our target markets within the insurance industry could suffer and it would be more difficult for us to market our products. A ratings downgrade could also adversely limit our access to capital markets, which may increase the cost of debt. A significant downgrade could result in a substantial loss of business as policyholders move to other companies with higher claims-paying and financial strength ratings.
We depend on a few brokers for a large portion of our revenues and the loss of business provided by any one of them could adversely affect us. We market our insurance and reinsurance worldwide through insurance and reinsurance brokers. For the year ended December 31, 2015, our top three independent brokers represented approximately 27% of our gross premiums written. Loss of all or a substantial portion of the business provided by one or more of these brokers could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Employee error and misconduct may be difficult to detect and prevent and may result in significant losses. There have been a number of cases involving misconduct by employees in a broad range of industries in recent years, and those factors are expectedwe run the risk that employee misconduct could occur. Instances of fraud, illegal acts, errors, failure to increasedocument transactions properly or to obtain proper internal authorization, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements or our internal policies may result in losses. It is not always possible to deter or prevent employee errors or misconduct, and the severity of catastrophe lossescontrols that we have in the future. Upon closing, the combined company's exposureplace to naturalprevent and man-made disasters willdetect this activity may not be different than the exposure of Markel before the Alterra Acquisition.effective in all cases.
Alterra's counterpartiesWe are subject to contractsapplicable laws and arrangements may acquire certain rights uponregulations relating to economic and trade sanctions and bribery, the Alterra Acquisition,violation of which could negatively affecthave a material adverse effect on us. We are required to comply with the combined company followingeconomic and trade sanctions and embargo programs administered by the Alterra Acquisition. Alterra or its subsidiaries are parties to numerous contracts, agreements, licenses, permits, authorizationsUnited States Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control and similar multi-national bodies and governmental agencies worldwide, as well as applicable anti-corruption laws and regulations of the United States and other arrangements that contain provisions giving counterparties certain rights (including, in some cases, termination rights) uponjurisdictions where we operate, including the United Kingdom and Europe. A violation of a "change in control" of Alterrasanction, embargo program, or its subsidiaries. The definition of "change in control" varies from contract to contract, ranging from a narrowanti-corruption law, could subject us, and individual employees, to a broad definition,regulatory enforcement action as well as significant civil and criminal penalties. In addition, a violation could result in defaults under our outstanding indebtedness or credit facilities or damage our businesses or our reputation. Those penalties or defaults, or damage to our businesses or reputation, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. In some cases the "change in control" provisions may be implicated byrequirements and limitations applicable to the Alterra Acquisition. Ifglobal operations of U.S. companies and their affiliates are more restrictive than those applicable to non-U.S. companies and their affiliates, which also could have a change in control occurs, cedants may be permittedmaterial adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
The legal and regulatory requirements applicable to cancel contractsour businesses are extensive. Failure to comply could have a material adverse effect on us. Our businesses are highly dependent on our ability to engage on a cut-off or run-offdaily basis in a large number of financial and Alterra or certainoperational activities, including among others insurance underwriting, claim processing, investment activities and the management of its affiliates may be required to provide collateral to secure premium and reserve balances or may be required to cancel and commute a contract,third party capital, many of which are highly complex. These activities are subject to an agreement betweeninternal guidelines and policies, as well as legal and regulatory standards, including, among others, those related to privacy, anti-corruption, anti-bribery and global finance and insurance matters. Our continued expansion into new businesses and markets has brought about additional requirements. While we believe that we have adopted appropriate risk management and compliance programs, compliance risks will continue to exist, particularly as we adapt to new rules and regulations. Failure to comply with, or to obtain, appropriate authorizations and/or exemptions under any applicable laws and regulations could result in restrictions on our ability to do business or undertake activities that are regulated in one or more of the parties that may be settledjurisdictions in arbitration. If a contract is cancelled on a cut-off basis, Alterra may be requiredwhich we conduct business and could subject us to return unearned premiums, net of commissions.fines, penalties, equitable relief and changes to our business practices. In addition, contracts may provide a ceding companyfailure to comply could result in defaults under our outstanding indebtedness or credit facilities or damage our businesses and/or our reputation. Compliance with multiple options, such as collateralization or commutation, that would be triggered byapplicable laws and regulations is time consuming and personnel-intensive, and changes in these laws and regulations could materially increase our direct and indirect compliance and other expenses of doing business, and have a change in control. Collateral requirements may take the formmaterial adverse effect on our results of trust agreements or be funded by securities held or letters of credit. Upon commutation, the amount to be paid to settle the liability for gross loss reserves would typically consider a discount to theoperations and financial statement loss reserve value, reflecting the time value of money resident in the ultimate settlement of such loss reserves. In certain instances, contracts contain dual triggers, such as a change in control and a ratings downgrade, both of which must be satisfied for the contractual right to be exercisable.condition.
Whether a ceding company would have cancellation rightsWe may be exposed to risk in connection with our management of third party capital. Some ofour operating subsidiaries may owe certain legal duties and obligations to third party investors. Our failure to fulfill any such duties or obligations couldresult in significant liabilities, penalties or other losses, and harm our businesses and resultsof operations. In addition, third party investors may decide not to renew their interests in the Alterra Acquisition depends upon the language of its agreement with Alterra or its applicable subsidiaries. Whether a ceding company exercises any cancellation rights it has would depend on, among other factors, such ceding company's views with respect tofunds we manage, which could materially impact the financial strengthcondition of those funds, and business reputation of the combined company, the extent to which such ceding company currently has reinsurance coverage with the combined company's affiliates, the prevailing market conditions, the pricing and availability of replacement reinsurance coverage and the combined company's ratings following the Alterra Acquisition. Alterra cannot currently predict the effects, if any, if the Alterra Acquisition is deemed to constitute a changecould, in control under contracts and other arrangements, including the extent to which cancellation rights would be exercised, if at all, nor the effectturn, have an adverse impact on the combined company's financial condition,our results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, we may not be ableto raise additional third party capital for the funds we manage or cash flows, but such effect could be material.for potential new funds and therefore wemay forego existing or potential fee income and other income generating opportunities.
Associates
At December 31, 2012,2015, we had approximately 6,40010,600 employees, of whom approximately 2,8003,600 were employed within our insurance operations and approximately 3,6007,000 were employed within our non-insuranceMarkel Ventures operations.
SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA (dollars in millions, except per share data) (1)
| | | | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Results of Operations | | | | | | | | | | |
| Earned premiums | $ | 2,147 |
| | $ | 1,979 |
| | $ | 1,731 |
| $ | 3,824 |
| | $ | 3,841 |
| | $ | 3,232 |
|
| Net investment income | 282 |
| | 264 |
| | 273 |
| 353 |
| | 363 |
| | 317 |
|
| Total operating revenues | 3,000 |
| | 2,630 |
| | 2,225 |
| 5,370 |
| | 5,134 |
| | 4,323 |
|
| Net income (loss) to shareholders | 253 |
| | 142 |
| | 267 |
| 583 |
| | 321 |
| | 281 |
|
| Comprehensive income (loss) to shareholders | 504 |
| | 252 |
| | 431 |
| 233 |
| | 936 |
| | 459 |
|
| Diluted net income (loss) per share | $ | 25.89 |
| | $ | 14.60 |
| | $ | 27.27 |
| $ | 41.74 |
| | $ | 22.27 |
| | $ | 22.48 |
|
| Financial Position | | | | | | | | | | |
| Total investments and cash and cash equivalents | $ | 9,333 |
| | $ | 8,728 |
| | $ | 8,224 |
| |
| Total investments, cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents (invested assets) | | $ | 18,181 |
| | $ | 18,638 |
| | $ | 17,612 |
|
| Total assets | 12,557 |
| | 11,532 |
| | 10,826 |
| 24,941 |
| | 25,200 |
| | 23,956 |
|
| Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses | 5,371 |
| | 5,399 |
| | 5,398 |
| 10,252 |
| | 10,404 |
| | 10,262 |
|
| Senior long-term debt and other debt | 1,493 |
| | 1,294 |
| | 1,016 |
| 2,241 |
| | 2,254 |
| | 2,256 |
|
| Shareholders' equity | 3,889 |
| | 3,388 |
| | 3,172 |
| 7,834 |
| | 7,595 |
| | 6,674 |
|
| Common shares outstanding (at year end, in thousands) | 9,629 |
| | 9,621 |
| | 9,718 |
| 13,959 |
| | 13,962 |
| | 13,986 |
|
OPERATING PERFORMANCE MEASURES (1, 2) | | | | | | | | | | |
| Operating Data | | | | | | | | | | |
| Book value per common share outstanding | $ | 403.85 |
| | $ | 352.10 |
| | $ | 326.36 |
| $ | 561.23 |
| | $ | 543.96 |
| | $ | 477.16 |
|
| Growth (decline) in book value per share | 15 | % | | 8 | % | | 16 | % | 3 | % | | 14 | % | | 18 | % |
5-Year CAGR in book value per share (3) | 9 | % | | 9 | % | | 13 | % | 11 | % | | 14 | % | | 17 | % |
| Closing stock price | $ | 433.42 |
| | $ | 414.67 |
| | $ | 378.13 |
| $ | 883.35 |
| | $ | 682.84 |
| | $ | 580.35 |
|
| Ratio Analysis | | | | | | | | | | |
U.S. GAAP combined ratio (4) | 97 | % | | 102 | % | | 97 | % | 89 | % | | 95 | % | | 97 | % |
Investment yield (5) | 4 | % | | 4 | % | | 4 | % | 2 | % | | 2 | % | | 3 | % |
Taxable equivalent total investment return (6) | 9 | % | | 7 | % | | 8 | % | (1 | )% | | 7 | % | | 7 | % |
Investment leverage (7) | 2.4 |
| | 2.6 |
| | 2.6 |
| 2.3 |
| | 2.5 |
| | 2.6 |
|
| Debt to capital | 28 | % | | 28 | % | | 24 | % | 22 | % | | 23 | % | | 25 | % |
| |
(1) | Effective JanuaryReflects the acquisition of Alterra Capital Holdings Limited effective May 1, 2012, we prospectively adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Update No. 2010-26, Accounting for Costs Associated with Acquiring or Renewing Insurance Contracts. See note 1(r) in2013, which included the notes to consolidated financial statements.
issuance of equity totaling $2.3 billion. |
| |
(2) | Operating Performance Measures provide a basis for management to evaluate our performance. The method we use to compute these measures may differ from the methods used by other companies. See further discussion of management's evaluation of these measures in Management's Discussion & Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. |
| |
(3) | CAGR—compound annual growth rate. |
| |
(4) | The U.S. GAAP combined ratio measures the relationship of incurred losses, loss adjustment expenses and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses to earned premiums. |
| |
(5) | Investment yield reflects net investment income as a percentage of monthly average invested assets.assets at amortized cost. |
| |
(6) | TaxableSee "Investing Results" in Management's Discussion & Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for detail regarding the calculation of taxable equivalent total investment return includes net investment income, realized investment gains or losses, the change in fair value of the investment portfolio and the effect of foreign currency exchange rate movements during the period as a percentage of average invested assets. Tax-exempt interest and dividend payments are grossed up using the U.S. corporate tax rate to reflect an equivalent taxable yield.return. |
| |
(7) | Investment leverage represents total invested assets divided by shareholders' equity. |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2009 | | 2008 | | 2007 | | 2006 | | 5-Year CAGR (3) | | 10-Year CAGR (3) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| $ | 2,147 |
| | $ | 1,979 |
| | $ | 1,731 |
| | $ | 1,816 |
| | $ | 2,022 |
| | $ | 2,117 |
| | $ | 2,184 |
| | 17 | % | | 7 | % |
| 282 |
| | 264 |
| | 273 |
| | 260 |
| | 282 |
| | 305 |
| | 269 |
| | 5 | % | | 4 | % |
| 3,000 |
| | 2,630 |
| | 2,225 |
| | 2,069 |
| | 1,977 |
| | 2,551 |
| | 2,576 |
| | 19 | % | | 9 | % |
| 253 |
| | 142 |
| | 267 |
| | 202 |
| | (59 | ) | | 406 |
| | 393 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| 504 |
| | 252 |
| | 431 |
| | 591 |
| | (403 | ) | | 337 |
| | 551 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| $ | 25.89 |
| | $ | 14.60 |
| | $ | 27.27 |
| | $ | 20.52 |
| | $ | (5.95 | ) | | $ | 40.64 |
| | $ | 39.40 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| $ | 9,333 |
| | $ | 8,728 |
| | $ | 8,224 |
| | $ | 7,849 |
| | $ | 6,893 |
| | $ | 7,775 |
| | $ | 7,524 |
| | 17 | % | | 11 | % |
| 12,557 |
| | 11,532 |
| | 10,826 |
| | 10,242 |
| | 9,512 |
| | 10,164 |
| | 10,117 |
| | 18 | % | | 10 | % |
| 5,371 |
| | 5,399 |
| | 5,398 |
| | 5,427 |
| | 5,492 |
| | 5,526 |
| | 5,584 |
| | 14 | % | | 6 | % |
| 1,493 |
| | 1,294 |
| | 1,016 |
| | 964 |
| | 694 |
| | 691 |
| | 866 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| 3,889 |
| | 3,388 |
| | 3,172 |
| | 2,774 |
| | 2,181 |
| | 2,641 |
| | 2,296 |
| | 20 | % | | 16 | % |
| 9,629 |
| | 9,621 |
| | 9,718 |
| | 9,819 |
| | 9,814 |
| | 9,957 |
| | 9,994 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| $ | 403.85 |
| | $ | 352.10 |
| | $ | 326.36 |
| | $ | 282.55 |
| | $ | 222.20 |
| | $ | 265.26 |
| | $ | 229.78 |
| | 11 | % | | 12 | % |
| 15 | % | | 8 | % | | 16 | % | | 27 | % | | (16 | )% | | 15 | % | | 32 | % | | — |
| | — |
|
| 9 | % | | 9 | % | | 13 | % | | 11 | % | | 10 | % | | 18 | % | | 16 | % | | — |
| | — |
|
| $ | 433.42 |
| | $ | 414.67 |
| | $ | 378.13 |
| | $ | 340.00 |
| | $ | 299.00 |
| | $ | 491.10 |
| | $ | 480.10 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 97 | % | | 102 | % | | 97 | % | | 95 | % | | 99 | % | | 88 | % | | 87 | % | | — |
| | — |
|
| 4 | % | | 4 | % | | 4 | % | | 4 | % | | 4 | % | | 4 | % | | 4 | % | | — |
| | — |
|
| 9 | % | | 7 | % | | 8 | % | | 13 | % | | (10 | )% | | 5 | % | | 11 | % | | — |
| | — |
|
| 2.4 |
| | 2.6 |
| | 2.6 |
| | 2.8 |
| | 3.2 |
| | 2.9 |
| | 3.3 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| 28 | % | | 28 | % | | 24 | % | | 26 | % | | 24 | % | | 21 | % | | 27 | % | | — |
| | — |
|
MANAGEMENT'S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Management does not expect that its internal control over financial reporting will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. The design of any system of internal control over financial reporting also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions.
Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Principal Executive Officer and the Principal Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation, we have concluded that we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015.
KPMG LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting, which is included herein.
|
| | | | |
| | | | |
| Alan I. Kirshner | | | | Anne G. Waleski |
| Executive Chairman | | | | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |
| (Principal Executive Officer) | | | | (Principal Financial Officer) |
| | | | |
| February 26, 2016 | | | | |
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The Board of Directors and Shareholders
Markel Corporation:
We have audited Markel Corporation's (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, Markel Corporation maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Markel Corporation and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2015, and our report dated February 26, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Richmond, Virginia
February 26, 2016
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The Board of Directors and Shareholders
Markel Corporation:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Markel Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2015. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Markel Corporation and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Markel Corporation's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated February 26, 2016 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
Richmond, Virginia
February 26, 2016
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2009 | | 2008 | | 2007 | | 2006 | | 2005 | | 2004 | | 2003 | | 10-Year CAGR (3) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| $ | 1,816 |
| | $ | 2,022 |
| | $ | 2,117 |
| | $ | 2,184 |
| | $ | 1,938 |
| | $ | 2,054 |
| | $ | 1,864 |
| | 3 | % |
| 260 |
| | 282 |
| | 305 |
| | 269 |
| | 242 |
| | 204 |
| | 183 |
| | 5 | % |
| 2,069 |
| | 1,977 |
| | 2,551 |
| | 2,576 |
| | 2,200 |
| | 2,262 |
| | 2,092 |
| | 5 | % |
| 202 |
| | (59 | ) | | 406 |
| | 393 |
| | 148 |
| | 165 |
| | 123 |
| | — |
|
| 591 |
| | (403 | ) | | 337 |
| | 551 |
| | 64 |
| | 273 |
| | 222 |
| | — |
|
| $ | 20.52 |
| | $ | (5.95 | ) | | $ | 40.64 |
| | $ | 39.40 |
| | $ | 14.80 |
| | $ | 16.41 |
| | $ | 12.31 |
| | — |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| $ | 7,849 |
| | $ | 6,893 |
| | $ | 7,775 |
| | $ | 7,524 |
| | $ | 6,588 |
| | $ | 6,317 |
| | $ | 5,350 |
| | 8 | % |
| 10,242 |
| | 9,512 |
| | 10,164 |
| | 10,117 |
| | 9,814 |
| | 9,398 |
| | 8,532 |
| | 5 | % |
| 5,427 |
| | 5,492 |
| | 5,526 |
| | 5,584 |
| | 5,864 |
| | 5,482 |
| | 4,930 |
| | 2 | % |
| 964 |
| | 694 |
| | 691 |
| | 866 |
| | 849 |
| | 855 |
| | 763 |
| | — |
|
| 2,774 |
| | 2,181 |
| | 2,641 |
| | 2,296 |
| | 1,705 |
| | 1,657 |
| | 1,382 |
| | 13 | % |
| 9,819 |
| | 9,814 |
| | 9,957 |
| | 9,994 |
| | 9,799 |
| | 9,847 |
| | 9,847 |
| | — |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| $ | 282.55 |
| | $ | 222.20 |
| | $ | 265.26 |
| | $ | 229.78 |
| | $ | 174.04 |
| | $ | 168.22 |
| | $ | 140.38 |
| | 13 | % |
| 27 | % | | (16 | )% | | 15 | % | | 32 | % | | 3 | % | | 20 | % | | 19 | % | | — |
|
| 11 | % | | 10 | % | | 18 | % | | 16 | % | | 11 | % | | 20 | % | | 13 | % | | — |
|
| $ | 340.00 |
| | $ | 299.00 |
| | $ | 491.10 |
| | $ | 480.10 |
| | $ | 317.05 |
| | $ | 364.00 |
| | $ | 253.51 |
| | — |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 95 | % | | 99 | % | | 88 | % | | 87 | % | | 101 | % | | 96 | % | | 99 | % | | — |
|
| 4 | % | | 4 | % | | 4 | % | | 4 | % | | 4 | % | | 4 | % | | 4 | % | | — |
|
| 13 | % | | (10 | )% | | 5 | % | | 11 | % | | 2 | % | | 8 | % | | 11 | % | | — |
|
| 2.8 |
| | 3.2 |
| | 2.9 |
| | 3.3 |
| | 3.9 |
| | 3.8 |
| | 3.9 |
| | — |
|
| 26 | % | | 24 | % | | 21 | % | | 27 | % | | 33 | % | | 34 | % | | 36 | % | | — |
|
MARKEL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
| | | | December 31, | December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | 2015 | | 2014 |
| | (dollars in thousands) | (dollars in thousands) |
| ASSETS | | | | | | |
| Investments, available-for-sale, at estimated fair value: | | | | | | |
| Fixed maturities (amortized cost of $4,562,278 in 2012 and $5,172,952 in 2011) | $ | 4,979,283 |
| | $ | 5,538,174 |
| |
| Equity securities (cost of $1,387,305 in 2012 and $1,156,294 in 2011) | 2,406,951 |
| | 1,873,927 |
| |
| Fixed maturities (amortized cost of $9,038,158 in 2015 and $9,929,137 in 2014) | | $ | 9,394,468 |
| | $ | 10,422,882 |
|
| Equity securities (cost of $2,208,834 in 2015 and $1,951,658 in 2014) | | 4,074,475 |
| | 4,137,576 |
|
| Short-term investments (estimated fair value approximates cost) | 973,330 |
| | 541,014 |
| 1,642,261 |
| | 1,594,849 |
|
| Total Investments | 8,359,564 |
| | 7,953,115 |
| 15,111,204 |
| | 16,155,307 |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents | 973,181 |
| | 775,032 |
| 2,630,009 |
| | 1,960,169 |
|
| Restricted cash and cash equivalents | | 440,132 |
| | 522,225 |
|
| Receivables | 413,883 |
| | 350,237 |
| 1,113,703 |
| | 1,135,217 |
|
| Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses | 778,774 |
| | 791,102 |
| 2,016,665 |
| | 1,868,669 |
|
| Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses | 51,145 |
| | 38,208 |
| 50,123 |
| | 102,206 |
|
| Deferred policy acquisition costs | 157,465 |
| | 194,674 |
| 352,756 |
| | 353,410 |
|
| Prepaid reinsurance premiums | 110,332 |
| | 97,074 |
| 322,362 |
| | 365,458 |
|
| Goodwill and intangible assets | 1,049,225 |
| | 867,558 |
| |
| Goodwill | | 1,167,844 |
| | 1,049,115 |
|
| Intangible assets | | 792,372 |
| | 702,747 |
|
| Other assets | 663,019 |
| | 465,103 |
| 944,101 |
| | 985,834 |
|
| Total Assets | $ | 12,556,588 |
| | $ | 11,532,103 |
| $ | 24,941,271 |
| | $ | 25,200,357 |
|
| LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | | | | | | |
| Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses | $ | 5,371,426 |
| | $ | 5,398,869 |
| $ | 10,251,953 |
| | $ | 10,404,152 |
|
| Life and annuity benefits | | 1,123,275 |
| | 1,305,818 |
|
| Unearned premiums | 1,000,261 |
| | 915,930 |
| 2,166,105 |
| | 2,245,690 |
|
| Payables to insurance companies | 103,212 |
| | 64,327 |
| |
| Senior long-term debt and other debt (estimated fair value of $1,688,000 in 2012 and $1,391,000 in 2011) | 1,492,550 |
| | 1,293,520 |
| |
| Payables to insurance and reinsurance companies | | 224,921 |
| | 276,122 |
|
| Senior long-term debt and other debt (estimated fair value of $2,403,000 in 2015 and $2,493,000 in 2014) | | 2,241,427 |
| | 2,253,594 |
|
| Other liabilities | 613,897 |
| | 397,111 |
| 1,030,023 |
| | 1,051,931 |
|
| Total Liabilities | 8,581,346 |
| | 8,069,757 |
| 17,037,704 |
| | 17,537,307 |
|
| Redeemable noncontrolling interests | 86,225 |
| | 74,231 |
| 62,958 |
| | 61,048 |
|
| Commitments and contingencies |
| |
|
| |
|
| Shareholders' equity: | | | | | | |
| Common stock | 908,980 |
| | 891,507 |
| 3,342,357 |
| | 3,308,395 |
|
| Retained earnings | 2,068,340 |
| | 1,835,086 |
| 3,137,285 |
| | 2,581,866 |
|
| Accumulated other comprehensive income | 911,337 |
| | 660,920 |
| 1,354,508 |
| | 1,704,557 |
|
| Total Shareholders' Equity | 3,888,657 |
| | 3,387,513 |
| 7,834,150 |
| | 7,594,818 |
|
| Noncontrolling interests | 360 |
| | 602 |
| 6,459 |
| | 7,184 |
|
| Total Equity | 3,889,017 |
| | 3,388,115 |
| 7,840,609 |
| | 7,602,002 |
|
| Total Liabilities and Equity | $ | 12,556,588 |
| | $ | 11,532,103 |
| $ | 24,941,271 |
| | $ | 25,200,357 |
|
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
MARKEL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| | (dollars in thousands, except per share data) | (dollars in thousands, except per share data) |
| OPERATING REVENUES | | | | | | | | | | |
| Earned premiums | $ | 2,147,128 |
| | $ | 1,979,340 |
| | $ | 1,730,921 |
| $ | 3,823,532 |
| | $ | 3,840,912 |
| | $ | 3,231,616 |
|
| Net investment income | 282,107 |
| | 263,676 |
| | 272,530 |
| 353,213 |
| | 363,230 |
| | 317,373 |
|
| Net realized investment gains: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Other-than-temporary impairment losses | (12,078 | ) | | (14,250 | ) | | (11,644 | ) | (44,481 | ) | | (4,784 | ) | | (4,706 | ) |
| Other-than-temporary impairment losses recognized in other comprehensive income | — |
| | (5,946 | ) | | (563 | ) | |
| Other-than-temporary impairment losses recognized in net income | (12,078 | ) | | (20,196 | ) | | (12,207 | ) | |
| Net realized investment gains, excluding other-than-temporary impairment losses | 43,671 |
| | 56,053 |
| | 48,569 |
| 150,961 |
| | 50,784 |
| | 67,858 |
|
| Net realized investment gains | 31,593 |
| | 35,857 |
| | 36,362 |
| 106,480 |
| | 46,000 |
| | 63,152 |
|
| Other revenues | 539,284 |
| | 351,077 |
| | 185,580 |
| 1,086,758 |
| | 883,525 |
| | 710,942 |
|
| Total Operating Revenues | 3,000,112 |
| | 2,629,950 |
| | 2,225,393 |
| 5,369,983 |
| | 5,133,667 |
| | 4,323,083 |
|
| OPERATING EXPENSES | | | | | | | | | | |
| Losses and loss adjustment expenses | 1,154,068 |
| | 1,209,986 |
| | 946,229 |
| 1,938,745 |
| | 2,202,467 |
| | 1,816,273 |
|
| Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses | 929,472 |
| | 810,179 |
| | 724,876 |
| 1,455,080 |
| | 1,460,882 |
| | 1,312,312 |
|
| Amortization of intangible assets | 33,512 |
| | 24,291 |
| | 16,824 |
| 68,947 |
| | 57,627 |
| | 55,223 |
|
| Other expenses | 478,248 |
| | 309,046 |
| | 168,290 |
| 1,046,805 |
| | 854,871 |
| | 663,528 |
|
| Total Operating Expenses | 2,595,300 |
| | 2,353,502 |
| | 1,856,219 |
| 4,509,577 |
| | 4,575,847 |
| | 3,847,336 |
|
| Operating Income | 404,812 |
| | 276,448 |
| | 369,174 |
| 860,406 |
| | 557,820 |
| | 475,747 |
|
| Interest expense | 92,762 |
| | 86,252 |
| | 73,663 |
| 118,301 |
| | 117,442 |
| | 114,004 |
|
| Income Before Income Taxes | 312,050 |
| | 190,196 |
| | 295,511 |
| 742,105 |
| | 440,378 |
| | 361,743 |
|
| Income tax expense | 53,802 |
| | 41,710 |
| | 27,782 |
| 152,963 |
| | 116,690 |
| | 77,898 |
|
| Net Income | $ | 258,248 |
| | $ | 148,486 |
| | $ | 267,729 |
| $ | 589,142 |
| | $ | 323,688 |
| | $ | 283,845 |
|
| Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | 4,863 |
| | 6,460 |
| | 936 |
| 6,370 |
| | 2,506 |
| | 2,824 |
|
| Net Income to Shareholders | $ | 253,385 |
| | $ | 142,026 |
| | $ | 266,793 |
| $ | 582,772 |
| | $ | 321,182 |
| | $ | 281,021 |
|
| OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) | | | | | | |
| Change in net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net holding gains arising during the period | $ | 266,425 |
| | $ | 141,839 |
| | $ | 195,648 |
| |
| Net holding gains (losses) arising during the period | | $ | (240,170 | ) | | $ | 687,735 |
| | $ | 225,545 |
|
| Change in unrealized other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities arising during the period | (160 | ) | | 3,943 |
| | 672 |
| 160 |
| | 173 |
| | (141 | ) |
| Reclassification adjustments for net gains included in net income | (24,051 | ) | | (22,341 | ) | | (32,831 | ) | (80,482 | ) | | (26,161 | ) | | (40,830 | ) |
| Change in net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes | 242,214 |
| | 123,441 |
| | 163,489 |
| (320,492 | ) | | 661,747 |
| | 184,574 |
|
| Change in foreign currency translation adjustments, net of taxes | 1,534 |
| | (4,191 | ) | | (2,282 | ) | (29,278 | ) | | (32,241 | ) | | (10,143 | ) |
| Change in net actuarial pension loss, net of taxes | 6,664 |
| | (9,459 | ) | | 2,749 |
| (352 | ) | | (14,750 | ) | | 4,065 |
|
| Total Other Comprehensive Income | 250,412 |
| | 109,791 |
| | 163,956 |
| |
| Total Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | | (350,122 | ) | | 614,756 |
| | 178,496 |
|
| Comprehensive Income | $ | 508,660 |
| | $ | 258,277 |
| | $ | 431,685 |
| $ | 239,020 |
| | $ | 938,444 |
| | $ | 462,341 |
|
| Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests | 4,858 |
| | 6,424 |
| | 1,122 |
| 6,297 |
| | 2,510 |
| | 2,852 |
|
| Comprehensive Income to Shareholders | $ | 503,802 |
| | $ | 251,853 |
| | $ | 430,563 |
| $ | 232,723 |
| | $ | 935,934 |
| | $ | 459,489 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| NET INCOME PER SHARE | | | | | | | | | | |
| Basic | $ | 25.96 |
| | $ | 14.66 |
| | $ | 27.31 |
| $ | 41.99 |
| | $ | 22.38 |
| | $ | 22.57 |
|
| Diluted | $ | 25.89 |
| | $ | 14.60 |
| | $ | 27.27 |
| $ | 41.74 |
| | $ | 22.27 |
| | $ | 22.48 |
|
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
MARKEL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (in thousands) | Common Shares | | Common Stock | | Retained Earnings | | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | | Total Shareholders' Equity | | Noncontrolling Interests | | Total Equity | | Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests |
| December 31, 2009 | 9,819 |
| | $ | 872,876 |
| | $ | 1,514,398 |
| | $ | 387,086 |
| | $ | 2,774,360 |
| | $ | 1,897 |
| | $ | 2,776,257 |
| | $ | 15,457 |
|
| Net income | | | | | 266,793 |
| | — |
| | 266,793 |
| | 270 |
| | 267,063 |
| | 666 |
|
| Change in net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes | | | | | — |
| | 163,489 |
| | 163,489 |
| | — |
| | 163,489 |
| | — |
|
| Change in foreign currency translation adjustments, net of taxes | | | | | — |
| | (2,468 | ) | | (2,468 | ) | | 186 |
| | (2,282 | ) | | — |
|
| Change in net actuarial pension loss, net of taxes | | | | | — |
| | 2,749 |
| | 2,749 |
| | — |
| | 2,749 |
| | — |
|
| Comprehensive Income | | | | | | | | | 430,563 |
| | 456 |
| | 431,019 |
| | 666 |
|
| Issuance of common stock | 32 |
| | 8,185 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 8,185 |
| | — |
| | 8,185 |
| | — |
|
| Repurchase of common stock | (133 | ) | | — |
| | (45,218 | ) | | — |
| | (45,218 | ) | | — |
| | (45,218 | ) | | — |
|
| Restricted stock units expensed | — |
| | 2,543 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 2,543 |
| | — |
| | 2,543 |
| | — |
|
| Stock options issued | — |
| | 9,133 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 9,133 |
| | — |
| | 9,133 |
| | — |
|
| Purchase of noncontrolling interest | — |
| | (8,345 | ) | | — |
| | 237 |
| | (8,108 | ) | | (1,557 | ) | | (9,665 | ) | | — |
|
| Other | — |
| | 65 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 65 |
| | 75 |
| | 140 |
| | (825 | ) |
| December 31, 2010 | 9,718 |
| | 884,457 |
| | 1,735,973 |
| | 551,093 |
| | 3,171,523 |
| | 871 |
| | 3,172,394 |
| | 15,298 |
|
| Net income (loss) | | | | | 142,026 |
| | — |
| | 142,026 |
| | (190 | ) | | 141,836 |
| | 6,650 |
|
| Change in net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes | | | | | — |
| | 123,441 |
| | 123,441 |
| | — |
| | 123,441 |
| | — |
|
| Change in foreign currency translation adjustments, net of taxes | | | | | — |
| | (4,155 | ) | | (4,155 | ) | | — |
| | (4,155 | ) | | (36 | ) |
| Change in net actuarial pension loss, net of taxes | | | | | — |
| | (9,459 | ) | | (9,459 | ) | | — |
| | (9,459 | ) | | — |
|
| Comprehensive Income (Loss) | | | | | | | | | 251,853 |
| | (190 | ) | | 251,663 |
| | 6,614 |
|
| Issuance of common stock | 16 |
| | 1,182 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,182 |
| | — |
| | 1,182 |
| | — |
|
| Repurchase of common stock | (113 | ) | | — |
| | (42,913 | ) | | — |
| | (42,913 | ) | | — |
| | (42,913 | ) | | — |
|
| Restricted stock units expensed | — |
| | 5,818 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 5,818 |
| | — |
| | 5,818 |
| | — |
|
| Acquisitions | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 62,189 |
|
| Other | — |
| | 50 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 50 |
| | (79 | ) | | (29 | ) | | (9,870 | ) |
| December 31, 2011 | 9,621 |
| | 891,507 |
| | 1,835,086 |
| | 660,920 |
| | 3,387,513 |
| | 602 |
| | 3,388,115 |
| | 74,231 |
|
| Net income (loss) | | | | | 253,385 |
| | — |
| | 253,385 |
| | (262 | ) | | 253,123 |
| | 5,125 |
|
| Change in net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes | | | | | — |
| | 242,214 |
| | 242,214 |
| | — |
| | 242,214 |
| | — |
|
| Change in foreign currency translation adjustments, net of taxes | | | | | — |
| | 1,539 |
| | 1,539 |
| | — |
| | 1,539 |
| | (5 | ) |
| Change in net actuarial pension loss, net of taxes | | | | | — |
| | 6,664 |
| | 6,664 |
| | — |
| | 6,664 |
| | — |
|
| Comprehensive Income (Loss) | | | | | | | | | 503,802 |
| | (262 | ) | | 503,540 |
| | 5,120 |
|
| Issuance of common stock | 47 |
| | 9,145 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 9,145 |
| | — |
| | 9,145 |
| | — |
|
| Repurchase of common stock | (39 | ) | | — |
| | (16,873 | ) | | — |
| | (16,873 | ) | | — |
| | (16,873 | ) | | — |
|
| Restricted stock units expensed | — |
| | 6,462 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 6,462 |
| | — |
| | 6,462 |
| | — |
|
| Acquisitions | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 15,055 |
|
| Adjustment of redeemable noncontrolling interests | — |
| | — |
| | (3,101 | ) | | — |
| | (3,101 | ) | | — |
| | (3,101 | ) | | 3,101 |
|
| Purchase of noncontrolling interest | — |
| | 1,430 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,430 |
| | — |
| | 1,430 |
| | (3,573 | ) |
| Other | — |
| | 436 |
| | (157 | ) | | — |
| | 279 |
| | 20 |
| | 299 |
| | (7,709 | ) |
| December 31, 2012 | 9,629 |
| | $ | 908,980 |
| | $ | 2,068,340 |
| | $ | 911,337 |
| | $ | 3,888,657 |
| | $ | 360 |
| | $ | 3,889,017 |
| | $ | 86,225 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (in thousands) | Common Shares | | Common Stock | | Retained Earnings | | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | | Total Shareholders' Equity | | Noncontrolling Interests | | Total Equity | | Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests |
| December 31, 2012 | 9,629 |
| | $ | 908,980 |
| | $ | 2,068,340 |
| | $ | 911,337 |
| | $ | 3,888,657 |
| | $ | 360 |
| | $ | 3,889,017 |
| | $ | 86,225 |
|
| Net income (loss) | | | | | 281,021 |
| | — |
| | 281,021 |
| | (958 | ) | | 280,063 |
| | 3,782 |
|
| Other comprehensive income | | | | | — |
| | 178,468 |
| | 178,468 |
| | — |
| | 178,468 |
| | 28 |
|
| Comprehensive Income (Loss) | | | | | | | | | 459,489 |
| | (958 | ) | | 458,531 |
| | 3,810 |
|
| Issuance of common stock | 71 |
| | 24,518 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 24,518 |
| | — |
| | 24,518 |
| | — |
|
| Repurchase of common stock | (109 | ) | | — |
| | (57,388 | ) | | — |
| | (57,388 | ) | | — |
| | (57,388 | ) | | — |
|
| Restricted stock awards expensed | (3 | ) | | 25,239 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 25,239 |
| | — |
| | 25,239 |
| | — |
|
| Acquisition of Alterra | 4,398 |
| | 2,330,199 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 2,330,199 |
| | — |
| | 2,330,199 |
| | — |
|
| Adjustment of redeemable noncontrolling interests | — |
| | — |
| | 1,963 |
| | — |
| | 1,963 |
| | — |
| | 1,963 |
| | (1,963 | ) |
| Purchase of noncontrolling interest | — |
| | (136 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (136 | ) | | — |
| | (136 | ) | | (11,716 | ) |
| Other | — |
| | 63 |
| | 973 |
| | — |
| | 1,036 |
| | 5,031 |
| | 6,067 |
| | (4,173 | ) |
| December 31, 2013 | 13,986 |
| | 3,288,863 |
| | 2,294,909 |
| | 1,089,805 |
| | 6,673,577 |
| | 4,433 |
| | 6,678,010 |
| | 72,183 |
|
| Net income (loss) | | | | | 321,182 |
| | — |
| | 321,182 |
| | (1,981 | ) | | 319,201 |
| | 4,487 |
|
| Other comprehensive income | | | | | — |
| | 614,752 |
| | 614,752 |
| | — |
| | 614,752 |
| | 4 |
|
| Comprehensive Income (Loss) | | | | | | | | | 935,934 |
| | (1,981 | ) | | 933,953 |
| | 4,491 |
|
| Issuance of common stock | 19 |
| | 5,691 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 5,691 |
| | — |
| | 5,691 |
| | — |
|
| Repurchase of common stock | (43 | ) | | — |
| | (26,053 | ) | | — |
| | (26,053 | ) | | — |
| | (26,053 | ) | | — |
|
| Restricted stock awards expensed | — |
| | 22,935 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 22,935 |
| | — |
| | 22,935 |
| | — |
|
| Adjustment of redeemable noncontrolling interests | — |
| | — |
| | (8,186 | ) | | — |
| | (8,186 | ) | | — |
| | (8,186 | ) | | 8,186 |
|
| Purchase of noncontrolling interest | — |
| | (10,257 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (10,257 | ) | | 905 |
| | (9,352 | ) | | (18,566 | ) |
| Other | — |
| | 1,163 |
| | 14 |
| | — |
| | 1,177 |
| | 3,827 |
| | 5,004 |
| | (5,246 | ) |
| December 31, 2014 | 13,962 |
| | 3,308,395 |
| | 2,581,866 |
| | 1,704,557 |
| | 7,594,818 |
| | 7,184 |
| | 7,602,002 |
| | 61,048 |
|
| Net income (loss) | | | | | 582,772 |
| | — |
| | 582,772 |
| | (988 | ) | | 581,784 |
| | 7,358 |
|
| Other comprehensive loss | | | | | — |
| | (350,049 | ) | | (350,049 | ) | | — |
| | (350,049 | ) | | (73 | ) |
| Comprehensive Income (Loss) | | | | | | | | | 232,723 |
| | (988 | ) | | 231,735 |
| | 7,285 |
|
| Issuance of common stock | 34 |
| | 4,752 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 4,752 |
| | — |
| | 4,752 |
| | — |
|
| Repurchase of common stock | (37 | ) | | — |
| | (31,491 | ) | | — |
| | (31,491 | ) | | — |
| | (31,491 | ) | | — |
|
| Restricted stock awards expensed | — |
| | 24,129 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 24,129 |
| | — |
| | 24,129 |
| | — |
|
| Acquisition of CapTech | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 13,817 |
|
| Adjustment of redeemable noncontrolling interests | — |
| | — |
| | 4,144 |
| | — |
| | 4,144 |
| | — |
| | 4,144 |
| | (4,144 | ) |
| Purchase of noncontrolling interest | — |
| | (1,447 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (1,447 | ) | | — |
| | (1,447 | ) | | (8,224 | ) |
| Other | — |
| | 6,528 |
| | (6 | ) | | — |
| | 6,522 |
| | 263 |
| | 6,785 |
| | (6,824 | ) |
| December 31, 2015 | 13,959 |
| | $ | 3,342,357 |
| | $ | 3,137,285 |
| | $ | 1,354,508 |
| | $ | 7,834,150 |
| | $ | 6,459 |
| | $ | 7,840,609 |
| | $ | 62,958 |
|
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
MARKEL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| | (dollars in thousands) | (dollars in thousands) |
| OPERATING ACTIVITIES | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income | $ | 258,248 |
| | $ | 148,486 |
| | $ | 267,729 |
| $ | 589,142 |
| | $ | 323,688 |
| | $ | 283,845 |
|
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Deferred income tax expense | 37,648 |
| | 5,649 |
| | 7,185 |
| |
| Deferred income tax expense (benefit) | | (9,678 | ) | | 84,543 |
| | 4,050 |
|
| Depreciation and amortization | 87,326 |
| | 70,572 |
| | 53,587 |
| 200,987 |
| | 203,580 |
| | 190,066 |
|
| Net realized investment gains | (31,593 | ) | | (35,857 | ) | | (36,362 | ) | (106,480 | ) | | (46,000 | ) | | (63,152 | ) |
| Decrease (increase) in receivables | (36,590 | ) | | (10,745 | ) | | 7,647 |
| |
| Decrease (increase) in deferred policy acquisition costs | 37,209 |
| | (5,891 | ) | | (13,910 | ) | |
| Decrease in receivables | | 5,604 |
| | 21,148 |
| | 142,065 |
|
| Increase in deferred policy acquisition costs | | (7,360 | ) | | (99,387 | ) | | (103,704 | ) |
| Increase (decrease) in unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net | (28,052 | ) | | 57,000 |
| | (109,371 | ) | (91,960 | ) | | 249,873 |
| | 290,130 |
|
| Increase in unearned premiums, net | 71,073 |
| | 59,612 |
| | 37,799 |
| |
| Increase (decrease) in payables to insurance companies | 19,190 |
| | (3,665 | ) | | 1,115 |
| |
| Decrease in life and annuity benefits | | (85,257 | ) | | (62,883 | ) | | (40,235 | ) |
| Increase (decrease) in unearned premiums, net | | (4,522 | ) | | 147,840 |
| | 97,249 |
|
| Decrease in payables to insurance and reinsurance companies | | (31,829 | ) | | (45,204 | ) | | (150,764 | ) |
| Increase (decrease) in income taxes payable | | 27,817 |
| | (46,576 | ) | | 81,995 |
|
| Increase in accrued expenses | | 97,273 |
| | 56,042 |
| | 19,144 |
|
| Other | (21,926 | ) | | 26,157 |
| | 7,872 |
| 67,414 |
| | (69,872 | ) | | (5,168 | ) |
| Net Cash Provided By Operating Activities | 392,533 |
| | 311,318 |
| | 223,291 |
| 651,151 |
| | 716,792 |
| | 745,521 |
|
| INVESTING ACTIVITIES | | | | | | | | | | |
| Proceeds from sales of fixed maturities and equity securities | 336,548 |
| | 288,046 |
| | 340,546 |
| 538,978 |
| | 1,286,871 |
| | 879,564 |
|
| Proceeds from maturities, calls and prepayments of fixed maturities | 510,697 |
| | 343,502 |
| | 383,618 |
| 1,503,616 |
| | 1,420,817 |
| | 1,475,938 |
|
| Cost of fixed maturities and equity securities purchased | (426,439 | ) | | (713,102 | ) | | (957,193 | ) | (1,576,254 | ) | | (3,153,055 | ) | | (1,651,397 | ) |
| Net change in short-term investments | (428,292 | ) | | (216,972 | ) | | 202,882 |
| (62,124 | ) | | (129,164 | ) | | (470,423 | ) |
| Proceeds from sales of equity method investments | | 23,155 |
| | 107,292 |
| | 313,557 |
|
| Cost of equity method investments | | (21,849 | ) | | (16,081 | ) | | (38,018 | ) |
| Change in restricted cash and cash equivalents | | 62,324 |
| | 264,701 |
| | (263,014 | ) |
| Additions to property and equipment | | (79,755 | ) | | (82,132 | ) | | (47,725 | ) |
| Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | (243,675 | ) | | (120,102 | ) | | (214,156 | ) | (261,521 | ) | | (319,086 | ) | | (12,198 | ) |
| Additions to property and equipment | (45,519 | ) | | (60,132 | ) | | (42,103 | ) | |
| Cost of equity method investments | (40,650 | ) | | (9,880 | ) | | (5,218 | ) | |
| Other | (2,158 | ) | | 14,329 |
| | 8,281 |
| (797 | ) | | (2,368 | ) | | 1,103 |
|
| Net Cash Used By Investing Activities | (339,488 | ) | | (474,311 | ) | | (283,343 | ) | |
| Net Cash Provided (Used) By Investing Activities | | 125,773 |
| | (622,205 | ) | | 187,387 |
|
| FINANCING ACTIVITIES | | | | | | | | | | |
| Additions to senior long-term debt and other debt | 492,792 |
| | 336,181 |
| | 42,897 |
| 69,797 |
| | 89,480 |
| | 547,214 |
|
| Repayment and retirement of senior long-term debt and other debt | (313,790 | ) | | (90,557 | ) | | (30,021 | ) | (88,020 | ) | | (83,722 | ) | | (321,978 | ) |
| Repurchases of common stock | (16,873 | ) | | (42,913 | ) | | (45,218 | ) | (31,491 | ) | | (26,053 | ) | | (57,388 | ) |
| Purchase of noncontrolling interest | (2,143 | ) | | — |
| | (3,001 | ) | |
| Issuance of common stock | | 4,752 |
| | 5,691 |
| | 24,518 |
|
| Purchase of redeemable noncontrolling interests | | (12,474 | ) | | (25,918 | ) | | (11,852 | ) |
| Distributions to noncontrolling interests | (7,684 | ) | | (9,259 | ) | | (764 | ) | (6,287 | ) | | (5,245 | ) | | (5,124 | ) |
| Other | (10,340 | ) | | 1,137 |
| | (9,503 | ) | (10,488 | ) | | (21,357 | ) | | (23 | ) |
| Net Cash Provided (Used) By Financing Activities | 141,962 |
| | 194,589 |
| | (45,610 | ) | (74,211 | ) | | (67,124 | ) | | 175,367 |
|
| Effect of foreign currency rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | 3,142 |
| | (1,823 | ) | | 427 |
| (32,873 | ) | | (45,820 | ) | | 6,485 |
|
| Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 198,149 |
| | 29,773 |
| | (105,235 | ) | 669,840 |
| | (18,357 | ) | | 1,114,760 |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 775,032 |
| | 745,259 |
| | 850,494 |
| 1,960,169 |
| | 1,978,526 |
| | 863,766 |
|
| CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF YEAR | $ | 973,181 |
| | $ | 775,032 |
| | $ | 745,259 |
| $ | 2,630,009 |
| | $ | 1,960,169 |
| | $ | 1,978,526 |
|
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
MARKEL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Markel Corporation is a diverse financial holding company serving a variety of niche markets. Markel Corporation's principal business markets and underwrites specialty insurance products. Through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Markel Ventures, Inc. (Markel Ventures), Markel Corporation also owns interests in various industrial and service businesses that operate outside of the specialty insurance marketplace.
On May 1, 2013 (the Acquisition Date), Markel Corporation completed the acquisition of 100% of the issued and outstanding common stock of Alterra Capital Holdings Limited (Alterra).
a)Basis of Presentation. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP) and include the accounts of Markel Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries (the Company). All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The consolidated financial statements include the results of operations and cash flows of Alterra from the Acquisition Date to December 31, 2015 and not in any prior periods, except with respect to the Supplemental Pro Forma Information included in note 2. The Company consolidates the results of its non-insuranceMarkel Ventures subsidiaries on a one-month lag. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.
b)Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Management periodically reviews its estimates and assumptions. TheseQuarterly reviews include evaluating the adequacy of reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, life and annuity reinsurance benefit reserves, litigation contingencies, the reinsurance allowance for doubtful accounts and income tax liabilities, as well as analyzing the recoverability of deferred tax assets, assessing goodwillestimating reinsurance premiums written and intangible assets for impairmentearned and evaluating the investment portfolio for other-than-temporary declines in estimated fair value. Estimates and assumptions for goodwill and intangible assets are reviewed in conjunction with an acquisition, and goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are reassessed at least annually for impairment. Actual results may differ materially from the estimates and assumptions used in preparing the consolidated financial statements.
c)Investments. Available-for-sale investments are recorded at estimated fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on investments, net of deferred income taxes, are included in accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders' equity. The Company completes a detailed analysis each quarter to assess whether the decline in the fair value of any investment below its cost basis is deemed other-than-temporary.
Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted over the lives of the related fixed maturities as an adjustment to the yield using the effective interest method. Dividend and interest income are recognized when earned. Realized investment gains or losses are included in earnings. Realized gains or losses from sales of investments are derived using the first-in, first-out method.
Investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting are recorded at cost within other assets on the consolidated balance sheets and subsequently increased or decreased by the Company's proportionate share of the net income or loss of the investee. The Company records its proportionate share of net income or loss of the investee in net investment income. The Company records its proportionate share of other comprehensive income or loss of the investee as a component of other comprehensive income.income (loss). Dividends or other equity distributions are recorded as a reduction of the investment. The Company reviews equity method investments for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that a decline in the fair value of the investment below its carrying value is other-than-temporary.
d)Cash and Cash Equivalents. The Company considers all investments with original maturities of 90 days or less to be cash equivalents. The carrying value of the Company's cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents approximates fair value.
e)Receivables. Receivables include amounts receivable from agents, brokers and insureds, which represent premiums that are both currently due and amounts not yet due on insurance and reinsurance policies. Premiums for insurance policies are generally due at inception. Premiums for reinsurance policies generally become due over the period of coverage based on the policy terms. The Company monitors the credit risk associated with premiums receivable, taking into consideration the fact that in certain instances credit risk may be reduced by the Company's right to offset loss obligations or unearned premiums against premiums receivable. Amounts deemed uncollectible are charged to net income in the period they are determined. Changes in the estimate of reinsurance premiums written will result in an adjustment to premiums receivable in the period they are determined.
f)Reinsurance Recoverables. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the claim liability associated with the reinsured business. Allowances are established for amounts deemed uncollectible and reinsurance recoverables are recorded net of these allowances. The Company evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers and monitors concentration risk to minimize its exposure to significant losses from individual reinsurers.
f) g)Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs. Costs directly related to the acquisition of insurance premiums are deferred and amortized over the related policy period, generally one year. Concurrent with the adoption of Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2010-26, Accounting for Costs Associated with Acquiring or Renewing Insurance Contracts, theThe Company only defers acquisition costs incurred that are related directly to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts, including commissions to agents and brokers and premium taxes. See note 1(r) for further discussion of the impact of prospectively adopting this standard. Commissions received related to reinsurance premiums ceded are netted against broker commissions in determining acquisition costs eligible for deferral. To the extent that future policy revenues on existing policies are not adequate to cover related costs and expenses, deferred policy acquisition costs are charged to earnings. The Company does not consider anticipated investment income in determining whether a premium deficiency exists.
g) h)Goodwill and Intangible Assets. Goodwill and intangible assets are recorded as a result of business acquisitions. Goodwill represents the excess of the amount paid to acquire a business over the net fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition. Indefinite-lived and other intangible assets are recorded at fair value as of the acquisition date. The determination of the fair value of certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed involves significant judgment and the use of valuation models and other estimates, which require assumptions that are inherently subjective. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment at least annually. The Company completes an annual test during the fourth quarter of each year based upon the results of operations through September 30. Intangible assets with definite lives are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, generally fourfive to 2520 years,, and are reviewed for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable.
h) i)Property and Equipment. Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment are calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives (generally, the life of the lease for leasehold improvements, 10ten to 40 years for buildings, seven to 40 years for land improvements, onethree to 10ten years for furniture and equipment and three to 1525 years for other property and equipment).
i) j)Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests. The Company owns controlling interests in various non-insurance subsidiaries. Under the terms of certain of the acquisition and related agreements,companies through its Markel Ventures operations. In some cases, the Company has the option to acquire the remaining equity interests, and the remaining equity interests have the option to sell their interests to the Company, in the future. The redemption value of the remaining equity interests is generally based on the respective company's earnings in specified periods preceding the redemption date. The redeemable noncontrolling interests generally become redeemable through 2018.2020.
The Company recognizes changes in the redemption value that exceed the carrying value of redeemable noncontrolling interests to retained earnings as if the balance sheet date were also the redemption date. Changes in the redemption value also result in an adjustment to net income to shareholders in the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share. The change in the redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests in 2015, 2014 and 2013 resulted in an adjustment recorded to retained earnings toof an increase redeemable noncontrolling interests to redemption value during 2012 wasof $4.1 million, a decrease of $3.18.2 million. There were, and an increase of no$2.0 million adjustments recorded to retained earnings in 2011 or 2010 because the redemption values of the redeemable noncontrolling interests were less than or approximated their carrying values., respectively.
j) k)Income Taxes. The Company records deferred income taxes to reflect the net tax effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and their tax bases. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when management believes it is more likely than not that some, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position taken or expected to be taken in income tax returns only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by tax authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. Tax positions that meet the more likely than not threshold are then measured using a probability weighted approach, whereby the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement is recognized. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense.
k) l)Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses. Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses on our property and casualty insurance business are based on evaluations of reported claims and estimates for losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred but not reported. Estimates for losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred but not reported are based on reserve development studies, among other things. The Company does not discount reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses to reflect estimated present value. Thevalue, except for reserves assumed in connection with an acquisition, which are recorded at fair value at the acquisition date. Recorded reserves are estimates, and the ultimate liability may be greater than or less than the estimates.
l) m)Life and Annuity Benefits. The Company previously acquired a block of long duration reinsurance contracts for life and annuity benefits which subject the Company to mortality, longevity and morbidity risks. The assumptions used to determine policy benefit reserves are generally locked-in for the life of the contract unless an unlocking event occurs. To the extent existing policy reserves, together with the present value of future gross premiums and expected investment income earned thereon, are not adequate to cover the present value of future benefits, settlement and maintenance costs, the locked-in assumptions are revised to current best estimate assumptions and a charge to earnings for life and annuity benefits is recognized at that time. Because of the assumptions and estimates used in establishing reserves for life and annuity benefit obligations and the long-term nature of these reinsurance contracts, the ultimate liability may be greater or less than the estimates.
Results attributable to the run-off of life and annuity reinsurance business are included in other revenues and other expenses in the Company's consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income and as part of the Company's Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) segment.
n)Revenue Recognition.
Property and Casualty Premiums
Insurance premiums are generally earned on a pro rata basis over the policy period, generallytypically one year. The cost of reinsurance ceded is initially recorded as prepaid reinsurance premiums and is amortized over the reinsurance contract period in proportion to the amount of insurance protection provided. Premiums ceded are netted against premiums written.
Assumed reinsurance premiums are recorded at the inception of each contract based upon contract terms and information received from cedents and brokers and are earned on a pro rata basis over the coverage period, or for multi-year contracts, in proportion with the underlying risk exposure to the extent there is variability in the exposure through the coverage period. Changes in reinsurance premium estimates are expected and may result in significant adjustments in any period. These estimates change over time as additional information regarding changes in underlying exposures is obtained. Any subsequent differences arising on such estimates are recorded as premiums written in the period they are determined and are earned on a pro rata basis over the coverage period. The Company uses the periodic method to account for assumed reinsurance from foreign reinsurers. The Company's foreign reinsurers provide sufficient information to record foreign assumed business in the same manner as the Company records assumed business from United States reinsurers.
Certain contracts that the Company writes provide for reinstatement of coverage. Reinstatement premiums are the premiums for the restoration of the insurance or reinsurance limit of a contract to its full amount after a loss occurrence by the insured or reinsured. The Company accrues for reinstatement premiums resulting from losses recorded. Such accruals are based upon contractual terms and management judgment is involved with respect to the amount of losses recorded. Changes in estimates of losses recorded on contracts with reinstatement premium features will result in changes in reinstatement premiums based on contractual terms. Reinstatement premiums are recognized at the time losses are recorded and are earned on a pro-rata basis over the coverage period.
Other Revenues
Other revenues primarily relate to the Company's non-insuranceMarkel Ventures operations and consist of revenues from the sale of manufactured products and service revenues. Revenues from manufactured products are generally recognized at the time title transfers to the customer, which typically occurs at the point of shipment or delivery to the customer, depending on the terms of the sales arrangement. Revenues from services are generally recognized as the services are performed. Services provided pursuant to a contract are recognized either over the contract period or upon completion of the elements specified in the contract, depending on the terms of the contract.
m) o)Stock-based Compensation. Stock-based compensation expense is generally recognized as part of underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses over the requisite service period. Stock-based compensation expense, net of taxes, was $4.4$16.3 million in 2012, $4.02015, $18.7 million in 20112014 and $2.1$18.4 million in 2010.2013. See note 12.
n) p)Foreign Currency Translation. The functional currencies of the Company's foreign operations are the currencies in which the majority of their business is transacted. Assets and liabilities of foreign operations are translated into the United States Dollar using the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses of foreign operations are translated using the average exchange rate for the period. Gains or losses from translating the financial statements of foreign operations denominated in a functional currency are included, net of taxes, in shareholders' equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Gains and losses arising from transactions denominated in a foreign currency, other than a functional currency, are included in net income.
The Company manages its exposure to foreign currency risk primarily by matching assets, other than goodwill and intangible assets, and liabilities denominated in the same currency. To the extent that assets and liabilities in foreign currencies are not matched, the Company is exposed to foreign currency risk. For functional currencies, the related exchange rate fluctuations are reflected in other comprehensive income.income (loss). The cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment, net of taxes, was a loss of $1.1$72.7 million and $2.6$43.5 million at December 31, 20122015 and 2011,2014, respectively.
o) q)Derivative Financial Instruments. Derivative instruments, including derivative instruments resulting from hedging activities, are measured at fair value and recognized as either assets or liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The changes in fair value of derivatives are recognized in earnings unless the derivative is designated as a hedge and qualifies for hedge accounting.
The Company's foreign currency forward contracts are generally designated and qualifiedqualify as hedges of a net investment in a foreign operation. The effective portion of the change in fair value resulting from these hedges is reported in currency translation adjustments as part of other comprehensive income.income (loss). The ineffective portion of the change in fair value is recognized in earnings.
p) r)Comprehensive Income. Comprehensive income represents all changes in equity that result from recognized transactions and other economic events during the period. Other comprehensive income (loss) refers to revenues, expenses, gains and losses that under U.S. GAAP are included in comprehensive income but excluded from net income, such as unrealized gains or losses on investments, foreign currency translation adjustments and changes in net actuarial pension loss.
q) s)Net Income Per Share. Basic net income per share is computed by dividing adjusted net income to shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted net income per share is computed by dividing adjusted net income to shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the year. See note 10(b)12(b).
t)Recent Accounting Pronouncements. In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which creates a new comprehensive revenue recognition standard that will serve as a single source of revenue guidance for all companies in all industries. The guidance applies to all companies that either enter into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services or enter into contracts for the transfer of nonfinancial assets, unless those contracts are within the scope of other standards, such as insurance contracts. ASU No. 2014-09's core principle is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In doing so, companies will need to use more judgment and make more estimates than under the current guidance. These may include identifying performance obligations in the contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), Deferral of the Effective Date, which deferred the original effective date of ASU No. 2014-09 by one year. As a result, ASU No. 2014-09 becomes effective for the Company during the first quarter of 2018 and may be applied retrospectively or under a modified retrospective method where the cumulative effect is recognized at the date of initial application. Early application is permitted, but not before the first quarter of 2017. The Company is currently evaluating ASU No. 2014-09 to determine the potential impact that adopting this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements. Adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's insurance operations, but may have a material impact on the Company's non-insurance operations.
r) Recent Accounting Pronouncements. Effective January 1, 2012,In February 2015, the Company adopted FASB issued ASU No. 2010-262015-02, , which addresses diversity in practice within the insurance industry regarding the interpretation of which costs relatingConsolidation (Topic 810): Amendments to the acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts qualify for deferral. This guidance specifies that a cost must be directly related to the successful acquisition of a new or renewal insurance contract in order to be capitalized. The Company elected prospective adoption of ASU No. 2010-26. At December 31, 2011, deferred policy acquisition costs included $43.1 million of costs that no longer met the criteria for deferral as of January 1, 2012 and were recognized into income during 2012, consistent with policy terms. Upon adoption of ASU No. 2010-26, the Company's policy is to defer commissions and premium taxes that meet the criteria for deferral under the new guidance. For the year ended December 31, 2012, the Company deferred $390.9 million of policy acquisition costs and amortized $428.1 million of policy acquisition costs. Under its previous policy, the Company would have deferred $502.3 million of policy acquisition costs and amortized $494.6 million of policy acquisition costs for the year ended December 31, 2012.
Effective January 1, 2012, the Company adopted FASB ASU No. 2011-04, Amendments to Achieve Common Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure Requirements in U.S. GAAP and IFRSsConsolidation Analysis, which amends FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 820changes the way reporting enterprises evaluate whether (a) they should consolidate limited partnerships and similar entities, (b) fees paid to achieve a uniform frameworkdecision maker or service provider are variable interests in a variable interest entity (VIE), and (c) variable interests in a VIE held by related parties of the reporting enterprise require the reporting enterprise to consolidate the VIE. It also eliminates the VIE consolidation model based on majority exposure to variability that applied to certain investment companies and similar entities. The ASU also significantly changes how to evaluate voting rights for fair value measurement and disclosures in U.S. GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards.entities that are not similar to limited partnerships when determining whether the entity is a VIE, which may affect entities for which the decision making rights are conveyed through a contractual arrangement. ASU No. 2011-04prohibits2015-02 becomes effective for the groupingCompany during the first quarter of financial instruments for purposes of determining fair value, except when market2016 and credit risks are managed onmay be applied retrospectively or under a modified retrospective method where the basiscumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings is recognized as of the Company's net exposure, and extends the prohibition against the use of block discounts to Level 2 and Level 3 fair value measurements. The guidance requires expanded disclosures for Level 3 fair value measurements including quantitative information about unobservable inputs, the sensitivity of fair value measurements to a change in unobservable inputs and a descriptionbeginning of the Company's valuation processes. The guidancefiscal year of adoption. Reporting enterprises may also requires disclosurerestate previously issued financial statements for one or more years with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the hierarchy classification for assets and liabilities not measured at fair value, but whose fair value is disclosed.beginning of the first year restated. The adoption of this guidance didASU is not expected to have ana material impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows. The Company has included
In April 2015, the additional disclosures required byFASB issued ASU No. 2011-04 in notes 12 and 20.2015-03,
Effective January 1, 2012, the Company adopted FASB ASU No. 2011-05, Comprehensive Income and FASB ASU No. 2011-12, Deferral of the Effective Date for Amendments toInterest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Reclassifications of Items Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income in Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-05Debt Issuance Costs. The ASU No. 2011-05 requires comprehensive incomethat debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be reported in eitherpresented on the balance sheet as a single statement that presentsdirect deduction from the components of net income, the components of other comprehensive income and total comprehensive income, or in two consecutive statements, and it eliminates the optiondebt liability, similar to report other comprehensive income and its components in the statement of changes in equity. This guidance also requires the presentation of debt discounts. The cost of issuing debt will no longer be recorded as a separate line itemsasset on the statementsbalance sheet. The amortization of income for reclassification adjustments of items out of accumulated other comprehensive income into net income.debt issuance costs will continue to be included in interest expense. ASU No. 2011-12 deferred2015-03 becomes effective for the requirementCompany during the first quarter of 2016 and will be applied retrospectively to present separate line items on the statements of income and instead requires the presentation of reclassification adjustments within other comprehensive income or in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.all prior periods presented. The adoption of this ASU No. 2011-05 and ASU No. 2011-12 didis not expected to have ana material impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows or financial statement presentation.flows.
In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-05, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer's Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement, which clarifies that software licenses contained in a cloud computing arrangement should be capitalized if the customer has the right to take possession of the software and the ability to run the software outside of the cloud computing arrangement. ASU No. 2015-05 becomes effective for the Company during the first quarter of 2016 and may be applied prospectively or retrospectively. The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In May 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-09, Financial Services-Insurance (Topic 944): Disclosures about Short-Duration Contracts. The ASU requires significant new disclosures for insurers relating to short-duration insurance contract claims and the unpaid claims liability rollforward for long and short-duration contracts. The guidance requires annual tabular disclosure, on a disaggregated basis, of undiscounted incurred and paid claim and allocated claim adjustment expense development by accident year, on a net basis after reinsurance, for up to 10 years. Tables must also include the total incurred but not reported claims liabilities, plus expected development on reported claims, and claims frequency for each accident year. A description of estimation methodologies and any significant changes in methodologies and assumptions used to calculate the liability and frequency is also required. Based on the disaggregated claims information in the tables, disclosure of historical average annual percentage payout of incurred claims is also required. Interim period disclosures must include a tabular rollforward and related qualitative information for the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses for both long-duration and short-duration contracts. ASU No. 2015-09 becomes effective for the Company during 2016, with interim disclosures required beginning in the first quarter of 2017. The ASU must be applied retrospectively by providing comparative disclosures for each period presented. Early application is permitted. The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows, but will expand the nature and extent of its insurance contract disclosures, as described above.
In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory. The ASU changes the measurement principle for inventory from the lower of cost or market to lower of cost and net realizable value and eliminates the requirement to consider replacement cost or net realizable value less an approximately normal profit margin when measuring inventory. ASU 2015-11 becomes effective for the Company during the first quarter of 2017 and will be applied prospectively. The Company is currently evaluating ASU 2015-11 but does not expect adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-16, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments. The ASU eliminates the requirement to retrospectively adjust the financial statements for measurement-period adjustments that occur in periods after a business combination is consummated. ASU 2015-16 becomes effective for the Company during the first quarter of 2016 and will be applied prospectively. The adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments (Topic 825): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The ASU significantly changes the income statement impact of equity investments and the recognition of changes in fair value of financial liabilities attributable to an entities own credit risk when the fair value option is elected. The ASU requires equity instruments that do not result in consolidation and are not accounted for under the equity method to be measured at fair value and to recognize any changes in fair value in net income rather than other comprehensive income. ASU 2016-01 becomes effective for the Company during the first quarter of 2018 and will be applied using a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. The provisions related to equity investments without a readily determinable fair value will be applied prospectively to equity investments as of the adoption date. Early adoption is permitted for certain provisions of the ASU. The Company is currently evaluating ASU No. 2016-01 to determine the potential impact that adopting this standard will have on the consolidated financial statements. Adoption of this ASU is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial position, cash flows, or total comprehensive income, but will have a significant impact on the Company's results of operations as changes in fair value will be presented in net income rather than other comprehensive income.
2. Acquisitions
CATCo Investment Management Acquisition
On December 8, 2015, the Company completed the acquisition of substantially all of the assets of CATCo Investment Management Ltd. (CATCo IM) and CATCo-Re Ltd. CATCo IM was a leading insurance-linked securities investment fund manager and reinsurance manager headquartered in Bermuda focused on building and managing highly diversified, collateralized retrocession and reinsurance portfolios covering global property catastrophe risks. Results attributable to Markel CATCo Investment Management Ltd. (Markel CATCo IM), the wholly-owned subsidiary formed in conjunction with this transaction, are included with the Company's non-insurance operations, which are not included in a reportable segment.
Total consideration for the acquisition was $205.7 million, all of which was cash. The purchase price was allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities based on estimated fair values on December 8, 2015. The Company recognized goodwill of $91.9 million, all of which is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. The goodwill is primarily attributable to the Company's ability to achieve continued capital growth in excess of that which can be expected for the investment funds previously managed by CATCo IM. The Company also recognized other intangible assets of $113.0 million, primarily related to its investment management agreements. These intangible assets are expected to be amortized over a weighted average period of 14 years.
In connection with the acquisition, the Company instituted performance incentive and retention arrangements for former CATCo employees, whom are now employed by Markel CATCo IM. Pursuant to these agreements, the Company committed to the payment of performance bonuses derived from the results of the business through 2018 and retention bonuses that will be paid annually over the three year period following the acquisition. The total amount of these payments is currently estimated to be $100 million, all of which will be recognized in the consolidated financial statements as post-acquisition compensation expense over the performance period and as services are provided.
Markel Ventures Acquisitions
In December 2015, the Company acquired 80% of the outstanding shares of CapTech Ventures, Inc. (CapTech), a privately held company headquartered in Richmond, Virginia. CapTech is a leading management and IT consulting firm, providing services and solutions to a wide array of customers. Under the terms of the acquisition agreement for CapTech, the Company has the option to acquire the remaining equity interests and the remaining equity interests have the option to sell their interests to the Company in the future. The redemption value of the remaining equity interests is generally based on CapTech’s earnings in specified periods preceding the redemption date.
Total consideration for the CapTech acquisition was $60.6 million. Total consideration included the estimated fair value of contingent consideration we expect to pay based on CapTech's earnings, as defined in the stock purchase agreement, through 2018. The purchase price was allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities based on the estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The Company has preliminarily recognized goodwill of $48.5 million related to this acquisition, none of which is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. The Company has also preliminarily recognized other intangible assets of $49.2 million, primarily related to customer relationships, and redeemable noncontrolling interest of $13.8 million. These intangible assets are expected to be amortized over a weighted average period of 14 years. Results attributable to this acquisition are included with the Company's non-insurance operations, which are not included in a reportable segment. Due to the one month lag in consolidating the results of the Company's Markel Ventures operations, the financial results for CapTech will be included in our consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income beginning in January 2016.
The Company has not completed the process of determining the fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired with CapTech. These valuations will be completed within the measurement period, which cannot exceed 12 months from the acquisition date. As a result, the fair value amounts recorded for these items are provisional estimates subject to adjustment. Once completed, any adjustments resulting from the valuations may impact the individual amounts recorded for assets acquired and liabilities assumed, the residual goodwill, and the fair value attributable to the noncontrolling equity interest holders.
In July 2014, the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding shares of Cottrell, Inc. (Cottrell), a privately held company headquartered in Gainesville, Georgia. Cottrell is a leading manufacturer of over-the-road car hauler equipment and related car hauler parts. In June and August 2014, ParkLand Ventures, Inc. (ParkLand) also completed the acquisition of several manufactured housing communities. Total consideration for these acquisitions was $187.0 million, which primarily consisted of cash consideration. Total consideration included the estimated fair value of contingent consideration we expected to pay based on Cottrell's earnings, as defined in the stock purchase agreement, in 2014 and 2015. The Company recognized goodwill of $38.7 million related to these acquisitions, the majority of which we expect to amortize for income tax purposes. The Company also recognized other intangible assets of $78.7 million, including $53.7 million of customer relationships and $13.0 million of trade names, which are expected to be amortized over a weighted average period of 17 years and 10 years, respectively. Results attributable to these acquisitions are included with the Company's non-insurance operations, which are not included in a reportable segment.
Acquisition of Alterra
a)Overview. On May 1, 2013, the Company completed the acquisition of 100% of the the issued and outstanding common stock of Alterra pursuant to an agreement dated December 18, 2012 (the Merger Agreement) which provided for the merger of Alterra with one of the Company's subsidiaries. Alterra was a Bermuda-headquartered global enterprise providing diversified specialty property and casualty insurance and reinsurance products to corporations, public entities and other property and casualty insurers. Results attributable to Alterra's property and casualty insurance and reinsurance business are included in each of the Company's underwriting segments. Previously, Alterra also offered life and annuity reinsurance products. In 2010, Alterra ceased writing life and annuity reinsurance contracts and placed this business into run-off. Results attributable to the run-off of Alterra's life and annuity reinsurance business are included in the Company's Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) segment. See note 19 for further discussion of the Company's reportable segments.
Pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement, on the Acquisition Date, equity holders of Alterra received, in exchange for each share of Alterra common stock held (other than restricted shares that did not vest in connection with the transaction), (1) 0.04315 shares of the Company's common stock and (2) $10.00 in cash. Equity holders of Alterra received total consideration of $3.3 billion, consisting of cash consideration of $964.3 million and stock consideration of 4.3 million shares of the Company's common stock.
b)Purchase Price. The Company's total purchase price for Alterra as of the Acquisition Date was calculated as follows:
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| (in thousands, except per share amounts) | |
| Shares of Alterra common stock outstanding as of the Acquisition Date | 96,433 |
|
| Exchange ratio per the Merger Agreement | 0.04315 |
|
| Markel share issuance to Alterra shareholders | 4,161 |
|
| | |
| Shares of Alterra restricted stock outstanding as of the Acquisition Date | 2,239 |
|
| Incentive award ratio per the Merger Agreement | 0.06252 |
|
| Markel restricted stock issuance to Alterra restricted stock holders | 140 |
|
| | |
Multiplied by Markel's weighted average stock price on April 30, 2013 (1) | $ | 529.59 |
|
| | |
| Markel share and restricted stock issuance consideration, net of taxes | $ | 2,267,648 |
|
| | |
| Alterra common shares outstanding as of the Acquisition Date that received cash consideration | 96,433 |
|
| Multiplied by cash price per share component per the Merger Agreement | $ | 10.00 |
|
| Markel cash consideration | $ | 964,330 |
|
| | |
| Fair value of Markel warrant issuance to Alterra warrant holders as of the Acquisition Date | $ | 73,685 |
|
| Fair value of Markel stock option issuance to Alterra stock option holders as of the Acquisition Date, net of taxes | $ | 12,335 |
|
| Fair value of partially vested Markel restricted stock unit issuance as of the Acquisition Date, net of taxes | $ | 6,867 |
|
| Unrecognized compensation on unvested restricted stock and restricted stock units | $ | (20,572 | ) |
| Total acquisition consideration | $ | 3,304,293 |
|
| |
(1) | The fair value of the shares issued by the Company was calculated as the weighted average price of the Company's stock on April 30, 2013, the day preceding the Acquisition Date. |
As part of the consideration, the Company issued replacement warrants, options and restricted stock awards to holders of Alterra warrants, options and restricted stock awards. The acquisition consideration related to the options, restricted stock and restricted stock units issued was net of income taxes of $1.9 million, $10.1 million and $0.7 million, respectively. See note 12 for additional information about the equity awards issued in connection with the acquisition.
c)Fair Value of Net Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed. The purchase price was allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities of Alterra based on estimated fair values at the Acquisition Date. The Company recognized goodwill of $295.7 million, of which $107.8 million was allocated to the U.S. Insurance segment, $65.2 million was allocated to the International Insurance segment and $122.7 million was allocated to the Reinsurance segment. The goodwill is primarily attributable to Alterra's assembled workforce and synergies that are expected to result upon integration of Alterra into the Company's insurance operations and investing activities. None of the goodwill that was recorded is deductible for income tax purposes. The Company also recognized indefinite lived intangible assets of $37.5 million and other intangible assets of $170.0 million, which will be amortized over a weighted average period of 17 years.
The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the Acquisition Date.
|
| | | |
| (dollars in thousands) | |
| ASSETS | |
| Investments | $ | 6,407,841 |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents | 1,036,274 |
|
| Restricted cash and cash equivalents | 414,497 |
|
| Receivables | 866,388 |
|
| Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses | 1,169,084 |
|
| Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses | 80,672 |
|
| Prepaid reinsurance premiums | 317,445 |
|
| Other assets | 859,884 |
|
| LIABILITIES | |
| Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses | 4,719,461 |
|
| Life and annuity benefits | 1,477,482 |
|
| Unearned premiums | 1,075,610 |
|
| Payables to insurance and reinsurance companies | 342,858 |
|
| Senior long-term debt | 512,463 |
|
| Other liabilities | 223,108 |
|
| Net assets | 2,801,103 |
|
| Goodwill | 295,690 |
|
| Intangible assets | 207,500 |
|
| Acquisition date fair value | $ | 3,304,293 |
|
An explanation of the significant adjustments for fair value and the related impact on amortization is as follows:
Investments - Fixed maturity investments acquired include a net increase of $223.1 million to adjust the historical carrying amount of Alterra's investments to their estimated fair value as of the Acquisition Date. The difference in the historical amortized cost of the fixed maturity investments acquired and their estimated fair value as of the Acquisition Date, $495.5 million, represents incremental premium that will be amortized to net investment income over the term of the underlying securities. The amount of the unamortized incremental premium as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $198.3 million and $281.1 million, respectively. The decrease in the unamortized incremental premium is due to amortization expense of $39.6 million, $59.3 million and $58.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, and sales of securities.
Intangible assets - Establish the estimated fair value of intangible assets related to Alterra (see below for further detail).
Unearned Premiums - Unearned premiums acquired include a decrease of $176.3 million to adjust the carrying value of Alterra's historical unearned premiums to fair value as of the Acquisition Date. The adjustment consists of the present value of the expected underwriting profit within the unearned premiums liability less costs to service the related policies and a risk premium. This adjustment was amortized to underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses over a weighted average period of approximately one year, as the contracts for business in-force as of the Acquisition Date expired. As of December 31, 2014, this adjustment was fully amortized.
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses - Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses acquired include an increase of $120.8 million to adjust the carrying value of Alterra's historical unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of related reinsurance recoverable, to fair value as of the Acquisition Date. The estimated fair value consists of the present value of the expected net loss and loss adjustment expense payments plus a risk premium. This adjustment, plus the $26.5 million unamortized fair value adjustment included in Alterra's historical unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, will be amortized to losses and loss adjustment expenses over a weighted average period of approximately five years, based on the estimated payout pattern of net reserves as of the Acquisition Date. The amount of the unamortized fair value adjustment included in unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $91.0 million and $114.6 million, respectively.
Life and Annuity Benefits - Life and annuity benefits acquired include an increase of $329.6 million to adjust the carrying value of Alterra's historical life and annuity benefits to fair value as of the Acquisition Date. The estimated fair value consists of the present value of the expected net life and annuity benefit payments plus a risk premium. See note 10 for detail regarding accounting for life and annuity benefits.
Senior long-term debt - Senior long-term debt acquired includes an increase of $71.9 million to adjust the carrying value of Alterra's senior long-term debt to its estimated fair value based on prevailing interest rates and other factors as of the Acquisition Date. This adjustment will be amortized to interest expense over the term of the notes. See note 11. The amount of the unamortized premium on the acquired senior long-term debt as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 was $46.3 million and $56.7 million, respectively.
The following table summarizes the intangible assets recorded in connection with the acquisition.
|
| | | | | |
| (dollars in thousands) | Amount | | Economic Useful Life |
| Customer relationships | $ | 132,000 |
| | 18 years |
| Broker relationships | 19,000 |
| | 18 years |
| Technology | 18,000 |
| | Ten years |
| Trade names | 1,000 |
| | One year |
| Lloyd's syndicate capacity | 12,000 |
| | Indefinite |
| Insurance licenses | 25,500 |
| | Indefinite |
| Intangible assets as of the Acquisition Date | $ | 207,500 |
| | |
Customer relationships represent policyholder relationships and the network of insurance companies through which Alterra conducted its operations. The fair value of customer relationships and broker relationships was estimated using the income approach. Critical inputs into the valuation model for customer relationships and broker relationships include estimates of expected premium and attrition rates, and discounting at a weighted average cost of capital. Technology represents the intangible asset related to Alterra's internally developed software and was valued using the income approach.
The fair value of Lloyd's syndicate capacity and insurance licenses was estimated using the market approach. Lloyd's syndicate capacity represents Alterra's authorized premium income limit to write insurance business in the Lloyd's of London (Lloyd's) insurance market. The Lloyd's capacity is renewed annually at no cost to the Company or may be freely purchased or sold, subject to Lloyd's approval. The ability to write insurance business within the syndicate capacity is indefinite with the premium income limit being set annually by the Company, subject to Lloyd's approval.
d)Income Taxes. As a result of the acquisition, Alterra and its non-U.S. subsidiaries became controlled foreign corporations subject to U.S. income tax at a statutory rate of 35%. The acquisition was taxable to U.S. shareholders of Alterra, and Markel has elected to treat it as an asset acquisition under section 338(g) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (IRC), as amended.
Effective May 1, 2013, the Company made an IRC section 953(d) election with respect to Markel Bermuda Limited (Markel Bermuda, formerly known as Alterra Bermuda Limited), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Alterra. As a result of the 953(d) election, Markel Bermuda is treated as a domestic corporation for U.S. tax purposes and, accordingly, is required to record deferred taxes at the 35% statutory U.S. rate.
As part of the allocation of the purchase price, the Company recorded net deferred tax assets of $310.1 million. Of this amount, $343.9 million represents deferred tax assets related to accrued losses and loss adjustment expenses and life and annuity benefits, which were partially offset by deferred tax liabilities of $64.6 million related to the estimated fair value of the intangible assets recorded. Other net deferred tax assets recorded primarily relate to differences between financial reporting and tax bases of the acquired assets and liabilities as of the Acquisition Date. As of the Acquisition Date, earnings of Alterra's foreign subsidiaries were considered reinvested indefinitely, consistent with the Company's other foreign subsidiaries, and no provision for deferred U.S. income tax was recorded.
e)Transaction and Acquisition-Related Costs. The following table summarizes transaction and acquisition-related costs incurred by the Company in connection with the acquisition, all of which were included in underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.
|
| | | |
| (dollars in thousands) | Year Ended December 31, 2013 |
| Transaction costs | $ | 15,981 |
|
| Acquisition-related costs: | |
| Severance costs | 31,734 |
|
| Stay bonuses | 14,804 |
|
| Acceleration of Alterra long-term incentive compensation awards and restricted stock awards | 12,621 |
|
| Total transaction and acquisition-related costs | $ | 75,140 |
|
Transaction costs primarily consist of due diligence, legal and investment banking costs. Per the terms of the Merger Agreement, transaction costs attributable to Alterra were recorded and paid by Alterra prior to the Acquisition Date ($23.0 million) and are not included within the Company's consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.
In connection with the acquisition, Alterra instituted a retention plan for certain employees under which Alterra committed to the payment of stay bonuses to such employees one year from the Acquisition Date, provided they remain employed with the Company through that date. Payments may have been accelerated for certain qualifying employment terminations.
Prior to its acquisition by the Company, Alterra granted long term incentive awards to certain employees to be paid in the form of cash on March 1, 2016, provided they remain employed with the Company on that date. Payments may be accelerated prior to March 1, 2016 for certain qualifying employment terminations. Additionally, as part of the purchase consideration, the Company issued replacement restricted stock awards to holders of Alterra restricted stock awards. As a result of separations made in connection with the acquisition, the Company recognized expense totaling $12.6 million related to the acceleration of certain of these awards during the year ended December 31, 2013.
f)Financial Results. The following table summarizes the results of Alterra from the Acquisition Date through December 31, 2013 that have been included within the Company's consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.
|
| | | |
| (dollars in thousands) | Year Ended December 31, 2013 |
| Operating revenues | $ | 912,387 |
|
| Net loss to shareholders | $ | (93,074 | ) |
g)Supplemental Pro Forma Information (unaudited). Alterra's results have been included in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements from the Acquisition Date to December 31, 2015. The following table presents unaudited pro forma consolidated information for the year ended December 31, 2013 and assumes the Company's acquisition of Alterra occurred on January 1, 2012. The pro forma financial information is presented for informational purposes only and does not necessarily reflect the results that would have occurred had the acquisition taken place on January 1, 2012, nor is it necessarily indicative of future results. Significant adjustments used to determine pro forma results include amortization of intangible assets and amortization of fair value adjustments discussed in c) above, and the corresponding income tax effects. The Company also excluded certain charges from the pro forma results, including transaction costs incurred by the Company ($16.0 million) and Alterra ($23.0 million) totaling $39.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, severance costs attributable to the acquisition totaling $31.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, and stay bonuses of $14.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The acceleration of compensation expense during the year ended December 31, 2013 related to Alterra's long-term incentive compensation awards and restricted stock awards was attributable to the acquisition; however, the incremental expense recognized during the period only represents a timing difference in the recognition of expense. Therefore, it was not excluded from the pro forma underwriting results.
|
| | | |
| | Unaudited |
| | Consolidated Pro Forma |
| (in thousands, except per share amounts) | Year Ended December 31, 2013 |
| Earned premiums | $ | 3,680,220 |
|
| Operating revenues | 4,899,628 |
|
| Net income to shareholders | 422,829 |
|
| | |
U.S. GAAP combined ratio (1) | 95 | % |
| | |
| Basic net income per share | $ | 30.33 |
|
| Diluted net income per share | $ | 30.19 |
|
| | |
| Weighted average common shares outstanding: | |
| Basic | 14,007 |
|
| Diluted | 14,069 |
|
| |
(1) | The U.S. GAAP combined ratio is a measure of underwriting performance and represents the relationship of incurred losses, loss adjustment expenses and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses to earned premiums. |
Acquisition of Abbey Protection
On January 17, 2014, the Company completed its acquisition of 100% of the share capital of Abbey Protection plc (Abbey), an integrated specialty insurance and consultancy group headquartered in London. Abbey's business is focused on the underwriting and sale of insurance products to small and medium-sized enterprises and affinity groups in the United Kingdom providing protection against legal expenses and professional fees incurred as a result of legal actions or investigations by tax authorities, as well as providing a range of complementary legal and professional consulting services. Results attributable to Abbey's insurance operations are included in the International Insurance segment. Results attributable to Abbey's consultancy operations are reported with the Company's non-insurance operations, which are not included in a reportable segment.
Total consideration for this acquisition was $190.7 million, all of which was cash consideration. The purchase price was allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities based on estimated fair values on January 17, 2014. The Company recognized goodwill of $65.8 million, of which $43.0 million was allocated to the International Insurance segment and $22.8 million was allocated to the Company's non-insurance operations. None of the goodwill recognized is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. The goodwill is primarily attributable to Abbey's assembled workforce and synergies that are expected to result upon integration of Abbey into the Company's insurance operations. The Company also recognized other intangible assets of $113.4 million, including $103.5 million of customer relationships and $9.9 million of trade names. These intangible assets are expected to be amortized over 20 years and 14 years, respectively.
Acquisition of Essentia
Effective January 1, 2013, the Company completed its acquisition of 100% of the outstanding shares of Essentia Insurance Company, a company that underwrites insurance exclusively for Hagerty Insurance Agency and Hagerty Classic Marine Insurance Agency (collectively, Hagerty) throughout the United States. Hagerty offers insurance for classic cars, vintage boats, motorcycles and related automotive collectibles. The Company recognized intangible assets of $35.4 million associated with this acquisition, which includes $25.0 million of customer relationships to be amortized over a weighted average period of six years. Results attributable to this acquisition are included in the U.S. Insurance segment.
Effective January 1, 2014, Hagerty exercised its option to purchase 9.9% of the outstanding shares of Essentia, which reduced the Company's ownership interest in Essentia to 90.1%.
3. Investments
a)The following tables summarize the Company's available-for-sale investments.
| | | | December 31, 2012 | December 31, 2015 |
| (dollars in thousands) | Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized Holding Gains | | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses | | Unrealized Other- Than-Temporary Impairment Losses | | Estimated Fair Value | Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized Holding Gains | | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses | | Unrealized Other- Than-Temporary Impairment Losses | | Estimated Fair Value |
| Fixed maturities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | 297,663 |
| | $ | 19,844 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 317,507 |
| $ | 695,652 |
| | $ | 9,836 |
| | $ | (4,781 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | 700,707 |
|
| Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions | 2,586,867 |
| | 245,057 |
| | (362 | ) | | — |
| | 2,831,562 |
| 3,817,136 |
| | 204,302 |
| | (8,225 | ) | | — |
| | 4,013,213 |
|
| Foreign governments | 503,844 |
| | 52,764 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 556,608 |
| 1,302,329 |
| | 115,809 |
| | (1,681 | ) | | — |
| | 1,416,457 |
|
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | | 657,670 |
| | 6,867 |
| | (4,999 | ) | | — |
| | 659,538 |
|
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | 202,644 |
| | 14,996 |
| | (5 | ) | | (2,258 | ) | | 215,377 |
| 837,964 |
| | 22,563 |
| | (4,022 | ) | | (2,258 | ) | | 854,247 |
|
| Asset-backed securities | 13,828 |
| | 517 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 14,345 |
| 36,462 |
| | 15 |
| | (406 | ) | | — |
| | 36,071 |
|
| Corporate bonds | 957,432 |
| | 93,395 |
| | (121 | ) | | (6,822 | ) | | 1,043,884 |
| 1,690,945 |
| | 41,123 |
| | (16,209 | ) | | (1,624 | ) | | 1,714,235 |
|
| Total fixed maturities | 4,562,278 |
| | 426,573 |
| | (488 | ) | | (9,080 | ) | | 4,979,283 |
| 9,038,158 |
| | 400,515 |
| | (40,323 | ) | | (3,882 | ) | | 9,394,468 |
|
| Equity securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Insurance companies, banks and trusts | 508,771 |
| | 389,434 |
| | (138 | ) | | — |
| | 898,067 |
| |
| Insurance, banks and other financial institutions | | 651,002 |
| | 690,271 |
| | (6,551 | ) | | — |
| | 1,334,722 |
|
| Industrial, consumer and all other | 878,534 |
| | 637,783 |
| | (7,433 | ) | | — |
| | 1,508,884 |
| 1,557,832 |
| | 1,227,052 |
| | (45,131 | ) | | — |
| | 2,739,753 |
|
| Total equity securities | 1,387,305 |
| | 1,027,217 |
| | (7,571 | ) | | — |
| | 2,406,951 |
| 2,208,834 |
| | 1,917,323 |
| | (51,682 | ) | | — |
| | 4,074,475 |
|
| Short-term investments | 973,318 |
| | 26 |
| | (14 | ) | | — |
| | 973,330 |
| 1,642,103 |
| | 167 |
| | (9 | ) | | — |
| | 1,642,261 |
|
| Investments, available-for-sale | $ | 6,922,901 |
| | $ | 1,453,816 |
| | $ | (8,073 | ) | | $ | (9,080 | ) | | $ | 8,359,564 |
| $ | 12,889,095 |
| | $ | 2,318,005 |
| | $ | (92,014 | ) | | $ | (3,882 | ) | | $ | 15,111,204 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2011 | December 31, 2014 |
| (dollars in thousands) | Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized Holding Gains | | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses | | Unrealized Other- Than-Temporary Impairment Losses | | Estimated Fair Value | Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized Holding Gains | | Gross Unrealized Holding Losses | | Unrealized Other- Than-Temporary Impairment Losses | | Estimated Fair Value |
| Fixed maturities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | 299,413 |
| | $ | 22,789 |
| | $ | (9 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | 322,193 |
| $ | 662,462 |
| | $ | 12,963 |
| | $ | (2,163 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | 673,262 |
|
| Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions | 2,729,838 |
| | 201,477 |
| | (794 | ) | | — |
| | 2,930,521 |
| 4,075,748 |
| | 245,158 |
| | (3,359 | ) | | — |
| | 4,317,547 |
|
| Foreign governments | 572,253 |
| | 45,629 |
| | (1,068 | ) | | — |
| | 616,814 |
| 1,458,255 |
| | 154,707 |
| | (1,041 | ) | | — |
| | 1,611,921 |
|
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | | 427,904 |
| | 5,325 |
| | (2,602 | ) | | — |
| | 430,627 |
|
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | 366,859 |
| | 24,601 |
| | (18 | ) | | (2,258 | ) | | 389,184 |
| 954,263 |
| | 34,324 |
| | (3,482 | ) | | (2,258 | ) | | 982,847 |
|
| Asset-backed securities | 16,096 |
| | 731 |
| | (9 | ) | | — |
| | 16,818 |
| 100,073 |
| | 99 |
| | (682 | ) | | — |
| | 99,490 |
|
| Corporate bonds | 1,188,493 |
| | 83,515 |
| | (2,750 | ) | | (6,614 | ) | | 1,262,644 |
| 2,250,432 |
| | 69,016 |
| | (10,441 | ) | | (1,819 | ) | | 2,307,188 |
|
| Total fixed maturities | 5,172,952 |
| | 378,742 |
| | (4,648 | ) | | (8,872 | ) | | 5,538,174 |
| 9,929,137 |
| | 521,592 |
| | (23,770 | ) | | (4,077 | ) | | 10,422,882 |
|
| Equity securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Insurance companies, banks and trusts | 389,421 |
| | 296,648 |
| | (1,366 | ) | | — |
| | 684,703 |
| |
| Insurance, banks and other financial institutions | | 523,739 |
| | 789,717 |
| | (1,531 | ) | | — |
| | 1,311,925 |
|
| Industrial, consumer and all other | 766,873 |
| | 425,131 |
| | (2,780 | ) | | — |
| | 1,189,224 |
| 1,427,919 |
| | 1,403,566 |
| | (5,834 | ) | | — |
| | 2,825,651 |
|
| Total equity securities | 1,156,294 |
| | 721,779 |
| | (4,146 | ) | | — |
| | 1,873,927 |
| 1,951,658 |
| | 2,193,283 |
| | (7,365 | ) | | — |
| | 4,137,576 |
|
| Short-term investments | 541,014 |
| | 4 |
| | (4 | ) | | — |
| | 541,014 |
| 1,594,819 |
| | 36 |
| | (6 | ) | | — |
| | 1,594,849 |
|
| Investments, available-for-sale | $ | 6,870,260 |
| | $ | 1,100,525 |
| | $ | (8,798 | ) | | $ | (8,872 | ) | | $ | 7,953,115 |
| $ | 13,475,614 |
| | $ | 2,714,911 |
| | $ | (31,141 | ) | | $ | (4,077 | ) | | $ | 16,155,307 |
|
b)The following tables summarize gross unrealized investment losses by the length of time that securities have continuously been in an unrealized loss position.
| | | | December 31, 2012 | December 31, 2015 |
| | Less than 12 months | | 12 months or longer | | Total | Less than 12 months | | 12 months or longer | | Total |
| (dollars in thousands) | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Holding and Other- Than-Temporary Impairment Losses | | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Holding and Other- Than-Temporary Impairment Losses | | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Holding and Other- Than-Temporary Impairment Losses | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Holding and Other-Than- Temporary Impairment Losses | | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Holding and Other-Than- Temporary Impairment Losses | | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Holding and Other-Than- Temporary Impairment Losses |
| Fixed maturities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | | $ | 427,003 |
| | $ | (3,648 | ) | | $ | 92,552 |
| | $ | (1,133 | ) | | $ | 519,555 |
| | $ | (4,781 | ) |
| Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions | $ | 2,833 |
| | $ | (46 | ) | | $ | 3,616 |
| | $ | (316 | ) | | $ | 6,449 |
| | $ | (362 | ) | 169,362 |
| | (4,864 | ) | | 70,101 |
| | (3,361 | ) | | 239,463 |
| | (8,225 | ) |
| Foreign governments | | 51,328 |
| | (249 | ) | | 40,345 |
| | (1,432 | ) | | 91,673 |
| | (1,681 | ) |
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | | 289,058 |
| | (3,600 | ) | | 95,843 |
| | (1,399 | ) | | 384,901 |
| | (4,999 | ) |
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | 364 |
| | (2,260 | ) | | 201 |
| | (3 | ) | | 565 |
| | (2,263 | ) | 78,814 |
| | (2,858 | ) | | 137,100 |
| | (3,422 | ) | | 215,914 |
| | (6,280 | ) |
| Asset-backed securities | | 6,228 |
| | (54 | ) | | 24,315 |
| | (352 | ) | | 30,543 |
| | (406 | ) |
| Corporate bonds | — |
| | (6,822 | ) | | 3,860 |
| | (121 | ) | | 3,860 |
| | (6,943 | ) | 470,694 |
| | (9,509 | ) | | 343,737 |
| | (8,324 | ) | | 814,431 |
| | (17,833 | ) |
| Total fixed maturities | 3,197 |
| | (9,128 | ) | | 7,677 |
| | (440 | ) | | 10,874 |
| | (9,568 | ) | 1,492,487 |
| | (24,782 | ) | | 803,993 |
| | (19,423 | ) | | 2,296,480 |
| | (44,205 | ) |
| Equity securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Insurance companies, banks and trusts | 2,431 |
| | (138 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | 2,431 |
| | (138 | ) | |
| Insurance, banks and other financial institutions | | 63,873 |
| | (6,384 | ) | | 6,247 |
| | (167 | ) | | 70,120 |
| | (6,551 | ) |
| Industrial, consumer and all other | 82,109 |
| | (7,310 | ) | | 1,983 |
| | (123 | ) | | 84,092 |
| | (7,433 | ) | 344,857 |
| | (44,879 | ) | | 2,907 |
| | (252 | ) | | 347,764 |
| | (45,131 | ) |
| Total equity securities | 84,540 |
| | (7,448 | ) | | 1,983 |
| | (123 | ) | | 86,523 |
| | (7,571 | ) | 408,730 |
| | (51,263 | ) | | 9,154 |
| | (419 | ) | | 417,884 |
| | (51,682 | ) |
| Short-term investments | 228,820 |
| | (14 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | 228,820 |
| | (14 | ) | 129,473 |
| | (9 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | 129,473 |
| | (9 | ) |
| Total | $ | 316,557 |
| | $ | (16,590 | ) | | $ | 9,660 |
| | $ | (563 | ) | | $ | 326,217 |
| | $ | (17,153 | ) | $ | 2,030,690 |
| | $ | (76,054 | ) | | $ | 813,147 |
| | $ | (19,842 | ) | | $ | 2,843,837 |
| | $ | (95,896 | ) |
At December 31, 20122015, the Company held 35659 securities with a total estimated fair value of $326.2 million$2.8 billion and gross unrealized losses of $17.2 million.$95.9 million. Of these 35659 securities, 10271 securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for one year or longer and had a total estimated fair value of $9.7$813.1 million and gross unrealized losses of $0.6 million.$19.8 million. Of these securities, eight264 securities were fixed maturities and twoseven were equity securities. The Company does not intend to sell or believe it will be required to sell these fixed maturities before recovery of their amortized cost. The Company has the ability and intent to hold these equity securities for a period of time sufficient to allow for the anticipated recovery of their fair value.
| | | | December 31, 2011 | December 31, 2014 |
| | Less than 12 months | | 12 months or longer | | Total | Less than 12 months | | 12 months or longer | | Total |
| (dollars in thousands) | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Holding and Other- Than-Temporary Impairment Losses | | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Holding and Other- Than-Temporary Impairment Losses | | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Holding and Other- Than-Temporary Impairment Losses | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Holding and Other-Than- Temporary Impairment Losses | | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Holding and Other-Than- Temporary Impairment Losses | | Estimated Fair Value | | Gross Unrealized Holding and Other-Than- Temporary Impairment Losses |
| Fixed maturities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | 32,384 |
| | $ | (9 | ) | | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 32,384 |
| | $ | (9 | ) | $ | 108,250 |
| | $ | (62 | ) | | $ | 163,359 |
| | $ | (2,101 | ) | | $ | 271,609 |
| | $ | (2,163 | ) |
| Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions | 1,016 |
| | (2 | ) | | 17,261 |
| | (792 | ) | | 18,277 |
| | (794 | ) | 58,583 |
| | (542 | ) | | 92,441 |
| | (2,817 | ) | | 151,024 |
| | (3,359 | ) |
| Foreign governments | 40,340 |
| | (1,068 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | 40,340 |
| | (1,068 | ) | 18,856 |
| | (386 | ) | | 56,217 |
| | (655 | ) | | 75,073 |
| | (1,041 | ) |
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | | 45,931 |
| | (210 | ) | | 147,558 |
| | (2,392 | ) | | 193,489 |
| | (2,602 | ) |
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | 489 |
| | (2,263 | ) | | 2,045 |
| | (13 | ) | | 2,534 |
| | (2,276 | ) | 9,613 |
| | (2,285 | ) | | 207,374 |
| | (3,455 | ) | | 216,987 |
| | (5,740 | ) |
| Asset-backed securities | — |
| | — |
| | 32 |
| | (9 | ) | | 32 |
| | (9 | ) | 30,448 |
| | (20 | ) | | 45,160 |
| | (662 | ) | | 75,608 |
| | (682 | ) |
| Corporate bonds | 74,812 |
| | (7,829 | ) | | 7,923 |
| | (1,535 | ) | | 82,735 |
| | (9,364 | ) | 141,176 |
| | (2,263 | ) | | 621,821 |
| | (9,997 | ) | | 762,997 |
| | (12,260 | ) |
| Total fixed maturities | 149,041 |
| | (11,171 | ) | | 27,261 |
| | (2,349 | ) | | 176,302 |
| | (13,520 | ) | 412,857 |
| | (5,768 | ) | | 1,333,930 |
| | (22,079 | ) | | 1,746,787 |
| | (27,847 | ) |
| Equity securities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Insurance companies, banks and trusts | 26,514 |
| | (1,366 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | 26,514 |
| | (1,366 | ) | |
| Insurance, banks and other financial institutions | | 16,219 |
| | (1,531 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | 16,219 |
| | (1,531 | ) |
| Industrial, consumer and all other | 70,555 |
| | (2,774 | ) | | 18,525 |
| | (6 | ) | | 89,080 |
| | (2,780 | ) | 86,062 |
| | (5,834 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | 86,062 |
| | (5,834 | ) |
| Total equity securities | 97,069 |
| | (4,140 | ) | | 18,525 |
| | (6 | ) | | 115,594 |
| | (4,146 | ) | 102,281 |
| | (7,365 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | 102,281 |
| | (7,365 | ) |
| Short-term investments | 295,991 |
| | (4 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | 295,991 |
| | (4 | ) | 181,964 |
| | (6 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | 181,964 |
| | (6 | ) |
| Total | $ | 542,101 |
| | $ | (15,315 | ) | | $ | 45,786 |
| | $ | (2,355 | ) | | $ | 587,887 |
| | $ | (17,670 | ) | $ | 697,102 |
| | $ | (13,139 | ) | | $ | 1,333,930 |
| | $ | (22,079 | ) | | $ | 2,031,032 |
| | $ | (35,218 | ) |
At December 31, 20112014, the Company held 76552 securities with a total estimated fair value of $587.9 million2.0 billion and gross unrealized losses of $17.735.2 million. Of these 76552 securities, 17396 securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for one year or longer and had a total estimated fair value of $45.8 million1.3 billion and gross unrealized losses of $2.422.1 million. Of these securities,All 16396 securities were fixed maturities and one was an equity security.maturities.
The Company completes a detailed analysis each quarter to assess whether the decline in the fair value of any investment below its cost basis is deemed other-than-temporary. All securities with unrealized losses are reviewed. The Company considers many factors in completing its quarterly review of securities with unrealized losses for other-than-temporary impairment, including the length of time and the extent to which fair value has been below cost and the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer. For equity securities, the ability and intent to hold the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for anticipated recovery is considered. For fixed maturities, the Company considers whether it intends to sell the security or if it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery, the implied yield-to-maturity, the credit quality of the issuer and the ability to recover all amounts outstanding when contractually due.
For equity securities, a decline in fair value that is considered to be other-than-temporary is recognized in net income based on the fair value of the security at the time of assessment, resulting in a new cost basis for the security. For fixed maturities where the Company intends to sell the security or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost, a decline in fair value is considered to be other-than-temporary and is recognized in net income based on the fair value of the security at the time of assessment, resulting in a new cost basis for the security. If the decline in fair value of a fixed maturity below its amortized cost is considered to be other-than-temporary based upon other considerations, the Company compares the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected to the amortized cost of the security. The extent to which the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost of the security represents the credit-related portion of the other-than-temporary impairment, which is recognized in net income, resulting in a new cost basis for the security. Any remaining decline in fair value represents the non-credit portion of the other-than-temporary impairment, which is recognized in other comprehensive income.income (loss). The discount rate used to calculate the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is the effective interest rate implicit for the security at the date of purchase.
When assessing whether it intends to sell a fixed maturity or if it is likely to be required to sell a fixed maturity before recovery of its amortized cost, the Company evaluates facts and circumstances including but not limited to, decisions to reposition the investment portfolio, potential sales of investments to meet cash flow needs and, potential sales of investments to capitalize on favorable pricing. Additional information on the methodology and significant inputs, by security type, that the Company used to determine the amount of credit loss recognized on fixed maturities with declines in fair value below amortized cost that were considered to be other-than-temporary is provided below.
Residential mortgage-backed securities. For mortgage-backed securities, credit impairment is assessed by estimating future cash flows from the underlying mortgage loans and interest payments. The cash flow estimate incorporates actual cash flows from the mortgage-backed securities through theultimately, current period and then projects the remaining cash flows using a number of assumptions, including prepayment rates, default rates, recovery rates on foreclosed properties and loss severity assumptions. Management develops specific assumptions using market data and internal estimates, as well as estimates from rating agencies and other third party sources. Default rates are estimated by considering current underlying mortgage loan performance and expectations of future performance. Estimates of future cash flows are discounted to present value. If the present value of expected cash flows is less than the amortized cost, the Company recognizes the estimated credit loss in net income.
Corporate bonds. For corporate bonds, credit impairment is assessed by evaluating the underlying issuer. As part of this assessment, the Company analyzes various factors, including the following:
fundamentals of the issuer, including current and projected earnings, current liquidity position and ability to raise capital;
fundamentals of the industry in which the issuer operates;
expectations of defaults and recovery rates;
changes in ratings by rating agencies;
other relevant market considerations; and
receipt of interest payments.
Default probabilities and recovery rates from rating agencies are key factors used in calculating the credit loss. Additional research of the industry and issuer is completed to determine if there is any current information that may affect the fixed maturity or its issuer in a negative manner and require an adjustment to the cash flow assumptions.prices.
c)The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturities at December 31, 20122015 are shown below by contractual maturity.
| | | (dollars in thousands) | Amortized Cost | | Estimated Fair Value | Amortized Cost | | Estimated Fair Value |
| Due in one year or less | $ | 298,010 |
| | $ | 303,465 |
| $ | 482,284 |
| | $ | 485,605 |
|
| Due after one year through five years | 1,200,937 |
| | 1,309,453 |
| 1,820,680 |
| | 1,857,267 |
|
| Due after five years through ten years | 1,586,727 |
| | 1,736,187 |
| 1,576,656 |
| | 1,663,076 |
|
| Due after ten years | 1,260,132 |
| | 1,400,456 |
| 3,626,442 |
| | 3,838,664 |
|
| | 4,345,806 |
| | 4,749,561 |
| 7,506,062 |
| | 7,844,612 |
|
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | | 657,670 |
| | 659,538 |
|
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | 202,644 |
| | 215,377 |
| 837,964 |
| | 854,247 |
|
| Asset-backed securities | 13,828 |
| | 14,345 |
| 36,462 |
| | 36,071 |
|
| Total fixed maturities | $ | 4,562,278 |
| | $ | 4,979,283 |
| $ | 9,038,158 |
| | $ | 9,394,468 |
|
Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties, and the lenders may have the right to put the securities back to the borrower. Based on expected maturities, the estimated average duration of the fixed maturities at December 31, 2015 was 3.75.9 years.
d)The following table presents the components of net investment income.
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Interest: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Municipal bonds (tax-exempt) | $ | 90,316 |
| | $ | 94,457 |
| | $ | 92,168 |
| $ | 93,580 |
| | $ | 98,262 |
| | $ | 82,308 |
|
| Municipal bonds (taxable) | 22,663 |
| | 23,277 |
| | 18,679 |
| 57,550 |
| | 49,345 |
| | 28,041 |
|
| Other taxable bonds | 107,270 |
| | 117,242 |
| | 132,164 |
| 138,763 |
| | 152,789 |
| | 134,377 |
|
| Short-term investments, including overnight deposits | 2,755 |
| | 2,484 |
| | 2,850 |
| 5,223 |
| | 5,959 |
| | 3,573 |
|
| Dividends on equity securities | 50,416 |
| | 35,996 |
| | 33,128 |
| 74,705 |
| | 65,031 |
| | 48,641 |
|
| Change in fair value of credit default swap | 16,641 |
| | (4,103 | ) | | 1,740 |
| — |
| | 2,230 |
| | 10,460 |
|
| Income (loss) from equity method investments | | (262 | ) | | 4,766 |
| | 21,898 |
|
| Other | 1,920 |
| | 2,135 |
| | 1,337 |
| 651 |
| | 108 |
| | 355 |
|
| | 291,981 |
| | 271,488 |
| | 282,066 |
| 370,210 |
| | 378,490 |
| | 329,653 |
|
| Investment expenses | (9,874 | ) | | (7,812 | ) | | (9,536 | ) | (16,997 | ) | | (15,260 | ) | | (12,280 | ) |
| Net investment income | $ | 282,107 |
| | $ | 263,676 |
| | $ | 272,530 |
| $ | 353,213 |
| | $ | 363,230 |
| | $ | 317,373 |
|
e) The following table summarizes the activity forCumulative credit losses recognized in net income on fixed maturities where other-than-temporary impairment was identified and a portion of the other-than-temporary impairment was included in other comprehensive income.income (loss) were $10.7 million at December 31, 2015 and $12.7 million at December 31, 2014 and 2013.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 |
| Cumulative credit loss, beginning of year | $ | 21,370 |
| | $ | 10,307 |
| | $ | 9,141 |
|
| Additions: | | | | | |
| Other-than-temporary impairment losses not previously recognized | — |
| | 875 |
| | — |
|
| Increases related to other-than-temporary impairment losses previously recognized | — |
| | 10,203 |
| | 1,185 |
|
| Total additions | — |
| | 11,078 |
| | 1,185 |
|
| Reductions: | | | | | |
| Sales of fixed maturities on which credit losses were recognized | — |
| | (15 | ) | | (19 | ) |
| Cumulative credit loss, end of year | $ | 21,370 |
| | $ | 21,370 |
| | $ | 10,307 |
|
f)The following table presents net realized investment gains and the change in net unrealized gains on investments.
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Realized gains: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Sales of fixed maturities | $ | 18,337 |
| | $ | 17,035 |
| | $ | 20,848 |
| $ | 3,073 |
| | $ | 8,417 |
| | $ | 13,772 |
|
| Sales of equity securities | 29,578 |
| | 36,863 |
| | 35,150 |
| 156,987 |
| | 51,356 |
| | 73,592 |
|
| Other | 749 |
| | 2,626 |
| | 1,966 |
| 8,103 |
| | 15,205 |
| | 5,940 |
|
| Total realized gains | 48,664 |
| | 56,524 |
| | 57,964 |
| 168,163 |
| | 74,978 |
| | 93,304 |
|
| Realized losses: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Sales of fixed maturities | (563 | ) | | (410 | ) | | (1,470 | ) | (4,598 | ) | | (18,136 | ) | | (25,168 | ) |
| Sales of equity securities | (342 | ) | | (61 | ) | | — |
| (1,232 | ) | | (802 | ) | | (278 | ) |
| Other-than-temporary impairments | (12,078 | ) | | (20,196 | ) | | (12,207 | ) | (44,481 | ) | | (4,784 | ) | | (4,706 | ) |
| Other | (4,088 | ) | | — |
| | (7,925 | ) | (11,372 | ) | | (5,256 | ) | | — |
|
| Total realized losses | (17,071 | ) | | (20,667 | ) | | (21,602 | ) | (61,683 | ) | | (28,978 | ) | | (30,152 | ) |
| Net realized investment gains | $ | 31,593 |
| | $ | 35,857 |
| | $ | 36,362 |
| $ | 106,480 |
| | $ | 46,000 |
| | $ | 63,152 |
|
| Change in net unrealized gains on investments: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Fixed maturities | $ | 51,783 |
| | $ | 190,976 |
| | $ | 23,855 |
| $ | (137,435 | ) | | $ | 480,350 |
| | $ | (403,610 | ) |
| Equity securities | 302,013 |
| | (8,250 | ) | | 219,895 |
| (320,277 | ) | | 500,673 |
| | 665,599 |
|
| Short-term investments | 12 |
| | (4 | ) | | (14 | ) | 128 |
| | 12 |
| | 6 |
|
| Net increase | $ | 353,808 |
| | $ | 182,722 |
| | $ | 243,736 |
| |
| Net increase (decrease) | | $ | (457,584 | ) | | $ | 981,035 |
| | $ | 261,995 |
|
g)The following table presents other-than-temporary impairment losses recognized in net income and included in net realized investment gains by investment type.
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Fixed maturities: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions | | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | (1,242 | ) |
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | | — |
| | (61 | ) | | — |
|
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | $ | — |
| | $ | (11,078 | ) | | $ | (1,185 | ) | — |
| | — |
| | (640 | ) |
| Asset-backed securities | | — |
| | (197 | ) | | — |
|
| Corporate bonds | | — |
| | (46 | ) | | — |
|
| Total fixed maturities | — |
| | (11,078 | ) | | (1,185 | ) | — |
| | (304 | ) | | (1,882 | ) |
| Equity securities: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Insurance companies, banks and trusts | (10,336 | ) | | (4,251 | ) | | (2,872 | ) | |
| Insurance, banks and other financial institutions | | (9,835 | ) | | (341 | ) | | — |
|
| Industrial, consumer and all other | (1,742 | ) | | (4,867 | ) | | (965 | ) | (34,646 | ) | | (4,139 | ) | | (2,824 | ) |
| Total equity securities | (12,078 | ) | | (9,118 | ) | | (3,837 | ) | (44,481 | ) | | (4,480 | ) | | (2,824 | ) |
| Other | — |
| | — |
| | (7,185 | ) | |
| Total | $ | (12,078 | ) | | $ | (20,196 | ) | | $ | (12,207 | ) | $ | (44,481 | ) | | $ | (4,784 | ) | | $ | (4,706 | ) |
h)The Company had $1.9 billion and $1.8 billionfollowing table presents the components of investments and cash and cash equivalents (invested assets) held in trust or on deposit for the benefit of policyholders, reinsurers or banks in the event of default by the Company on its obligations at restricted assets.December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. These invested
|
| | | | | | | |
| | December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2015 | | 2014 |
| Restricted assets held in trust or on deposit to support underwriting activities | $ | 4,037,458 |
| | $ | 4,961,061 |
|
| Investments and cash and cash equivalents pledged as security for letters of credit | 745,744 |
| | 635,340 |
|
| Total | $ | 4,783,202 |
| | $ | 5,596,401 |
|
Total restricted assets and the related liabilities are included on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The following discussion provides additional detail regarding irrevocable undrawn letters of credit and investments held in trust or on deposit.sheets as follows.
The Company's United States insurance companies had invested assets with a carrying value of $86.7 million and $43.0 million on deposit with state regulatory authorities at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively.
Invested assets with a carrying value of $73.8 million and $65.4 million at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively, were held in trust for the benefit of cedents of the Company's United States insurance companies.
Invested assets with a carrying value of $58.1 million and $56.8 million at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively, were held in trust for the benefit of United States cedents of Markel International Insurance Company Limited (MIICL), a wholly-owned subsidiary, and to facilitate MIICL's accreditation as an alien reinsurer by certain states.
Invested assets with a carrying value of $17.1 million and $25.0 million at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively, were held in trust for the benefit of MIICL's United States surplus lines policyholders.
Banks have issued irrevocable undrawn letters of credit supporting the Company's contingent liabilities related to certain reinsurance business written in the United States by MIICL. The Company had deposited invested assets with a carrying value of $23.2 million and $24.8 million at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively, as collateral against these letters of credit.
The Company had deposited $529.7 million and $459.5 million of invested assets with Lloyd's to support its underwriting activities at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. In addition, the Company had invested assets with a carrying value of $1.1 billion at both December 31, 2012 and 2011 held in trust for the benefit of syndicate policyholders.
In accordance with the terms of its credit default swap agreement, the Company had $34.0 million and $35.2 million of invested assets on deposit at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. |
| | | | | | | |
| | December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2015 | | 2014 |
| Investments, available-for-sale | $ | 4,343,070 |
| | $ | 5,040,413 |
|
| Restricted cash and cash equivalents | 440,132 |
| | 522,225 |
|
| Other assets | — |
| | 33,763 |
|
| Total | $ | 4,783,202 |
| | $ | 5,596,401 |
|
i)At December 31, 20122015 and December 31, 2011,2014, investments in U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies were the only investments in any one issuer that exceeded 10% of shareholders' equity.
At December 31, 20122015, the Company's ten largest equity holdings represented $1.2$1.8 billion,, or 49%44%, of the equity portfolio. Investments in the property and casualty insurance industry represented $440.2$690.0 million,, or 18%17%, of the equity portfolio at December 31, 2012.2015. Investments in the property and casualty insurance industry included a $280.2$414.1 million investment in the common stock of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.
4. Receivables
The following table presents the components of receivables.
| | | | December 31, | December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | 2015 | | 2014 |
| Amounts receivable from agents, brokers and insureds | $ | 332,570 |
| | $ | 283,248 |
| $ | 1,009,115 |
| | $ | 1,031,519 |
|
| Trade accounts receivable | 73,512 |
| | 51,796 |
| 93,953 |
| | 97,225 |
|
| Employee stock loans receivable (see note 10) | 11,413 |
| | 13,142 |
| |
| Employee stock loans receivable (see note 12(c)) | | 16,900 |
| | 15,044 |
|
| Other | 12,982 |
| | 17,068 |
| 6,165 |
| | 8,601 |
|
| | 430,477 |
| | 365,254 |
| 1,126,133 |
| | 1,152,389 |
|
| Allowance for doubtful receivables | (16,594 | ) | | (15,017 | ) | (12,430 | ) | | (17,172 | ) |
| Receivables | $ | 413,883 |
| | $ | 350,237 |
| $ | 1,113,703 |
| | $ | 1,135,217 |
|
4.5. Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs
The following table presents the amounts of policy acquisition costs acquired, deferred and amortized.
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Balance, beginning of year | $ | 194,674 |
| | $ | 188,783 |
| | $ | 156,797 |
| $ | 353,410 |
| | $ | 260,967 |
| | $ | 157,465 |
|
| Policy acquisition costs of acquired insurance companies | — |
| | — |
| | 18,076 |
| |
| Policy acquisition costs deferred | 390,900 |
| | 485,345 |
| | 439,803 |
| 752,324 |
| | 754,303 |
| | 577,620 |
|
| Amortization of policy acquisition costs | (428,109 | ) | | (479,454 | ) | | (425,893 | ) | (744,964 | ) | | (654,916 | ) | | (471,915 | ) |
| Foreign currency movements | | (8,014 | ) | | (6,944 | ) | | (2,203 | ) |
| Deferred policy acquisition costs | $ | 157,465 |
| | $ | 194,674 |
| | $ | 188,783 |
| $ | 352,756 |
| | $ | 353,410 |
| | $ | 260,967 |
|
The following table presents the components of underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses.
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
Prospective adoption of FASB ASU No. 2010-26 (1) | $ | 43,093 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| |
| Other amortization of policy acquisition costs | 385,016 |
| | 479,454 |
| | 425,893 |
| |
| Amortization of policy acquisition costs | | 744,964 |
| | 654,916 |
| | 471,915 |
|
Transaction costs and other acquisition-related expenses (1) | | — |
| | — |
| | 75,140 |
|
| Other operating expenses | 501,363 |
| | 330,725 |
| | 298,983 |
| 710,116 |
| | 805,966 |
| | 765,257 |
|
| Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses | $ | 929,472 |
| | $ | 810,179 |
| | $ | 724,876 |
| $ | 1,455,080 |
| | $ | 1,460,882 |
| | $ | 1,312,312 |
|
| |
(1) | Effective January 1, 2012,In connection with the acquisition of Alterra, the Company prospectively adopted FASB ASU No. 2010-26, Accountingincurred transaction costs of $16.0 million for Costs Associated with Acquiring or Renewing Insurance Contracts. Atthe year ended December 31, 2011, deferred policy acquisition2013, which primarily consist of due diligence, legal and investment banking costs. Additionally, the Company incurred severance costs included $43.1of $31.7 million, stay bonuses of $14.8 million and other compensation costs totaling $12.6 million related to the acceleration of certain long-term incentive compensation awards and restricted stock awards that no longer metwere granted by Alterra prior to the criteria for deferral as of January 1, 2012 and were recognized into income during 2012, consistent with policy terms.
acquisition. |
6. Property and Equipment
The following table presents the components of property and equipment, which are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.
| | | | December 31, | December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | 2015 | | 2014 |
| Land | $ | 45,199 |
| | $ | 38,066 |
| $ | 56,408 |
| | $ | 56,848 |
|
| Buildings | 53,767 |
| | 27,897 |
| 77,488 |
| | 78,786 |
|
| Leasehold improvements | 55,626 |
| | 50,195 |
| 104,003 |
| | 98,098 |
|
| Land improvements | 51,512 |
| | 29,477 |
| 71,585 |
| | 70,596 |
|
| Furniture and equipment | 211,354 |
| | 170,869 |
| 291,736 |
| | 255,566 |
|
| Other | 85,714 |
| | 65,790 |
| 134,939 |
| | 116,884 |
|
| | 503,172 |
| | 382,294 |
| 736,159 |
| | 676,778 |
|
| Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (172,943 | ) | | (137,445 | ) | (305,324 | ) | | (255,388 | ) |
| Property and equipment | $ | 330,229 |
| | $ | 244,849 |
| $ | 430,835 |
| | $ | 421,390 |
|
Depreciation and amortization expense of property and equipment was $36.0$64.2 million,, $24.2 $51.2 million and $19.551.5 million for the years ended December 31, 20122015, 20112014 and 20102013, respectively.
The Company does not own any material properties. The Company leases substantially all of the facilities used by its insurance operations and certain furniture and equipment under operating leases. The Company leases offices for the U.S. Insurance segment in Glen Allen, Virginia and in 23 other locations; the Company leases offices for the International Insurance segment in London, England, Hamilton, Bermuda and 29 other locations; and the Company leases offices for the Reinsurance segment primarily in Summit, New Jersey and Hamilton, Bermuda. The Company's non-insuranceMarkel Ventures operations own certain of their office, clinic, manufacturing, warehouse and distribution facilities and lease others. The Company believes these facilities are suitable and adequate for the Company's insurance and non-insurance operations.
6.7. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
The following table presents the components of goodwill.goodwill by reportable segment.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (dollars in thousands) | Excess and Surplus Lines Segment | | Specialty Admitted Segment | | London Insurance Market Segment | | Other(1) | | Total |
| January 1, 2011 | $ | 81,770 |
| | $ | 64,914 |
| | $ | 294,929 |
| | $ | 28,967 |
| | $ | 470,580 |
|
| Acquisitions (see note 21) | — |
| | — |
| | 15,310 |
| | 122,846 |
| | 138,156 |
|
| Foreign currency movements | — |
| | — |
| | (1,175 | ) | | — |
| | (1,175 | ) |
| December 31, 2011 | $ | 81,770 |
| | $ | 64,914 |
| | $ | 309,064 |
| | $ | 151,813 |
| | $ | 607,561 |
|
| Acquisitions (see note 21) | — |
| | 26,140 |
| | — |
| | 40,888 |
| | 67,028 |
|
| Foreign currency movements | — |
| | — |
| | 596 |
| | (255 | ) | | 341 |
|
| December 31, 2012 | $ | 81,770 |
| | $ | 91,054 |
| | $ | 309,660 |
| | $ | 192,446 |
| | $ | 674,930 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (dollars in thousands) | U.S. Insurance | | International Insurance | | Reinsurance | | Other(1) | | Total |
| January 1, 2014 | $ | 280,579 |
| | $ | 372,764 |
| | $ | 122,745 |
| | $ | 191,629 |
| | $ | 967,717 |
|
| Acquisitions (see note 2) | — |
| | 42,989 |
| | — |
| | 61,539 |
| | 104,528 |
|
| Impairment loss | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (13,737 | ) | | (13,737 | ) |
| Foreign currency movements and other adjustments | — |
| | (7,570 | ) | | — |
| | (1,823 | ) | | (9,393 | ) |
December 31, 2014 (2) | $ | 280,579 |
| | $ | 408,183 |
| | $ | 122,745 |
| | $ | 237,608 |
| | $ | 1,049,115 |
|
| Acquisitions (see note 2) | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 146,659 |
| | 146,659 |
|
| Impairment loss | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (14,880 | ) | | (14,880 | ) |
| Foreign currency movements and other adjustments | — |
| | (10,190 | ) | | — |
| | (2,860 | ) | | (13,050 | ) |
December 31, 2015 (2) | $ | 280,579 |
| | $ | 397,993 |
| | $ | 122,745 |
| | $ | 366,527 |
| | $ | 1,167,844 |
|
| |
(1) | Amounts included in Other above are related to the Company's non-insurance operations.operations, which are not included in a reportable segment. |
| |
(2) | Goodwill is net of accumulated impairment losses of $28.6 million and $13.7 million, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, included in Other. |
Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment at least annually. The Company completes an annual test during the fourth quarter of each year based upon the results of operations through September 30. As part of our annual impairment test, during the fourth quarters of 2015 and 2014, the Company recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $14.9 million and $13.7 million, respectively, to other expenses, to reduce the carrying value of the Diamond Healthcare reporting unit's goodwill to its implied fair value. Diamond Healthcare's operations consist of the planning, development and operation of behavioral health services in partnership with healthcare organizations, and are reported in our non-insurance operations. In both periods, the Company determined the goodwill for the reporting unit was impaired as a result of lower than expected earnings and lower estimated future earnings. To determine the value of the impairment loss, the Company estimated the fair value of the reporting unit primarily using an income approach based on a discounted cash flow model. Following the impairment charge in 2015, the carrying value of the Diamond Healthcare goodwill is zero.
There were no indications of impairment losses recognized during 2012 or 2011.2013.
The following table presents the components of intangible assets with a net carrying amount.
| | | | December 31, | December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | 2015 | | 2014 |
| (dollars in thousands) | Gross Carrying Amount | | Accumulated Amortization | | Gross Carrying Amount | | Accumulated Amortization | Gross Carrying Amount | | Accumulated Amortization | | Gross Carrying Amount | | Accumulated Amortization |
| Customer relationships | $ | 307,458 |
| | $ | (42,272 | ) | | $ | 200,926 |
| | $ | (26,159 | ) | $ | 481,547 |
| | $ | (97,892 | ) | | $ | 452,157 |
| | $ | (69,483 | ) |
| Broker relationships | | 182,626 |
| | (45,135 | ) | | 175,681 |
| | (34,827 | ) |
| Trade names | 75,781 |
| | (9,075 | ) | | 47,649 |
| | (4,094 | ) | 103,681 |
| | (23,821 | ) | | 94,795 |
| | (17,673 | ) |
| Investment management agreements | | 98,000 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Technology | 40,109 |
| | (11,785 | ) | | 33,753 |
| | (5,723 | ) | 54,241 |
| | (22,288 | ) | | 62,288 |
| | (22,671 | ) |
| Insurance licenses | | 30,185 |
| | — |
| | 39,985 |
| | — |
|
| Lloyd's syndicate capacity | | 12,000 |
| | — |
| | 12,000 |
| | — |
|
| Other | 18,858 |
| | (4,779 | ) | | 15,506 |
| | (1,861 | ) | 30,496 |
| | (11,268 | ) | | 18,903 |
| | (8,408 | ) |
| Total | $ | 442,206 |
| | $ | (67,911 | ) | | $ | 297,834 |
| | $ | (37,837 | ) | $ | 992,776 |
| | $ | (200,404 | ) | | $ | 855,809 |
| | $ | (153,062 | ) |
Amortization of intangible assets was $33.5$68.9 million,, $24.3 $57.6 million and $16.8$55.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20112015, 2014 and 2010,2013, respectively. Amortization of intangible assets is estimated to be $33.6$69.7 million for 2013, $31.62016, $67.6 million for 2014, $31.02017, $65.8 million for 2015, $28.32018, $56.6 million for 20162019 and $26.9$51.5 million for 2017.2020. Indefinite-lived intangible assets were $10.1$48.2 million at December 31, 20122015 and $4.1$58.0 million at December 31, 2011.2014.
In 2012,2015, the Company acquired $147.4$166.9 million of intangible assets. The definite-lived intangible assets acquired are expected to be amortized over a weighted average period of 17.614 years. The definite-lived intangible assets acquired during 20122015 primarily include customer relationships trade names and technology,investment management agreements, which are expected to be amortized over a weighted average period of 19.7, 11.217 and 8.614 years, respectively.
7.8. Income Taxes
Income before income taxes includes the following components.
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Domestic | $ | 126,466 |
| | $ | 200,446 |
| | $ | 174,543 |
| |
| Foreign | 185,584 |
| | (10,250 | ) | | 120,968 |
| |
| Domestic operations | | $ | 323,954 |
| | $ | 240,279 |
| | $ | 325,133 |
|
| Foreign operations | | 418,151 |
| | 200,099 |
| | 36,610 |
|
| Income before income taxes | $ | 312,050 |
| | $ | 190,196 |
| | $ | 295,511 |
| $ | 742,105 |
| | $ | 440,378 |
| | $ | 361,743 |
|
Income tax expense includes the following components.
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Current: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Domestic | $ | 14,340 |
| | $ | 35,721 |
| | $ | 22,875 |
| $ | 44,406 |
| | $ | 7,573 |
| | $ | 50,683 |
|
| Foreign | 1,814 |
| | 340 |
| | (2,278 | ) | 118,235 |
| | 24,574 |
| | 23,165 |
|
| Total current tax expense | 16,154 |
| | 36,061 |
| | 20,597 |
| 162,641 |
| | 32,147 |
| | 73,848 |
|
| Deferred: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Domestic | (3,734 | ) | | 436 |
| | 1,050 |
| 9,415 |
| | 43,673 |
| | 23,906 |
|
| Foreign | 41,382 |
| | 5,213 |
| | 6,135 |
| (19,093 | ) | | 40,870 |
| | (19,856 | ) |
| Total deferred tax expense | 37,648 |
| | 5,649 |
| | 7,185 |
| |
| Total deferred tax expense (benefit) | | (9,678 | ) | | 84,543 |
| | 4,050 |
|
| Income tax expense | $ | 53,802 |
| | $ | 41,710 |
| | $ | 27,782 |
| $ | 152,963 |
| | $ | 116,690 |
| | $ | 77,898 |
|
Foreign income tax expense (benefit) includes United States tax expense (benefit) on foreign operations.
In 2012, income tax expense included an increase in the provision for interest and penalties of $0.3 million. At December 31, 2011 and 2010, income tax expense included a decrease in the provision for interest and penalties of $0.6 million and $3.9 million, respectively. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets included $2.1 million and $1.8 million, respectively, for potential payment of interest and penalties.
State income tax expense is not material to the consolidated financial statements.
The Company made income tax payments of $30.0$132.5 million,, $35.0 $89.5 million and $24.0$35.7 million in 2012, 20112015, 2014 and 2010,2013, respectively. Current income taxes payable were $2.2$63.5 million and $12.1$37.6 million at December 31, 20122015 and 2011,2014, respectively, and were included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
Reconciliations of the United States corporate income tax rate to the effective tax rate on income before income taxes are presented in the following table.
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| United States corporate tax rate | 35 | % | | 35 | % | | 35 | % | 35 | % | | 35 | % | | 35 | % |
| Tax credits | | (8 | ) | | (1 | ) | | — |
|
| Tax-exempt investment income | (12 | ) | | (18 | ) | | (11 | ) | (5 | ) | | (9 | ) | | (9 | ) |
| Uncertain tax positions | — |
| | (2 | ) | | (1 | ) | |
| Tax credits | — |
| | — |
| | 1 |
| |
| Foreign operations | (5 | ) | | 6 |
| | (13 | ) | (1 | ) | | — |
| | (4 | ) |
| Other | (1 | ) | | 1 |
| | (2 | ) | — |
| | 1 |
| | — |
|
| Effective tax rate | 17 | % | | 22 | % | | 9 | % | 21 | % | | 26 | % | | 22 | % |
The 20122015 effective tax rate included a 5%an 8% income tax benefit related to tax credits for foreign taxes paid. In previous periods, these foreign taxes paid were not available for use as tax credits against the Company's United States provision for income taxes. Based on the Company's earnings from foreign operations which was primarily the result of applying a lowerin 2015, significant foreign tax rate to 2012 income from foreign operations. The 2011 effective tax rate included a 6% income tax expense related to foreign operations, which was primarily the result of a changetaxes paid, both in the current period and prior periods, have been used as credits against its United Kingdom tax rate that reduced the deferred tax assets to be realizedStates provision for income taxes in the future and the impact of applying a lower foreign tax rate to 2011 losses from foreign operations. The 2010 effective tax rate included a 13% income tax benefit related to foreign operations, of which 11% was a result of a change in the Company's plans regarding the amount of earnings considered reinvested indefinitely in foreign subsidiaries.
2015.
The following table presents the components of domestic and foreign deferred tax assets and liabilities.
| | | | December 31, | December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | 2015 | | 2014 |
| Assets: | | | | | | |
| Differences between financial reporting and tax bases | $ | 81,432 |
| | $ | 85,321 |
| |
| Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses not yet deductible for income tax purposes | 122,217 |
| | 114,402 |
| |
| Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses | | $ | 212,012 |
| | $ | 239,588 |
|
| Life and annuity benefits | | 156,950 |
| | 143,102 |
|
| Unearned premiums recognized for income tax purposes | 42,938 |
| | 39,110 |
| 102,076 |
| | 108,960 |
|
| Other-than-temporary impairments not yet deductible for income tax purposes | 40,450 |
| | 43,387 |
| |
| Investments, including other-than-temporary impairments | | 65,641 |
| | 28,106 |
|
| Accrued incentive compensation | | 53,586 |
| | 37,329 |
|
| Stock-based compensation | | 21,948 |
| | 31,314 |
|
| Net operating loss carryforwards | 7,388 |
| | 85,700 |
| 18,771 |
| | 36,359 |
|
| Tax credit carryforwards | 41,387 |
| | 31,718 |
| 18,158 |
| | 32,525 |
|
| Other differences between financial reporting and tax bases | | 40,497 |
| | 64,235 |
|
| Total gross deferred tax assets | 335,812 |
| | 399,638 |
| 689,639 |
| | 721,518 |
|
| Less valuation allowance | | (5,131 | ) | | (4,801 | ) |
| Total gross deferred tax assets, net of allowance | | 684,508 |
| | 716,717 |
|
| Liabilities: | | | | | | |
| Differences between financial reporting and tax bases | 33,450 |
| | 21,114 |
| |
| Deferred policy acquisition costs | 36,039 |
| | 44,730 |
| |
| Net unrealized gains on investments | 406,295 |
| | 315,692 |
| 626,776 |
| | 759,212 |
|
| Amortization of goodwill and other intangible assets | 28,931 |
| | 29,205 |
| 107,271 |
| | 106,927 |
|
| Deferred policy acquisition costs | | 88,036 |
| | 101,766 |
|
| Other differences between financial reporting and tax bases | | 38,613 |
| | 59,359 |
|
| Total gross deferred tax liabilities | 504,715 |
| | 410,741 |
| 860,696 |
| | 1,027,264 |
|
| Net deferred tax liability | $ | (168,903 | ) | | $ | (11,103 | ) | $ | 176,188 |
| | $ | 310,547 |
|
The net deferred tax liability at December 31, 20122015 and December 31, 20112014 was included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
At December 31, 20122015, the Company had tax credit carryforwards of $41.4 million.$18.2 million. The earliest any of these credits will expire is 2019.2025.
At December 31, 20122015, the Company had net operating losses of $70.7$39.2 million that can be used to offset future income that is taxable in the United States from Markel Capital Limited, a wholly owned United Kingdom subsidiary. The Company's ability to use these losses in the United States expires between the years 20212023 and 2031.2033. At December 31, 2015, the Company had net operating losses of $19.0 million that can be used to offset future income that is taxable in the United States. The Company's ability to use these losses in the United States expires between the years 2028 and 2030.
The Company estimatesbelieves that it is more likely than not that it will realize $335.8$684.5 million of the gross deferred tax assets, including net operating losses, recorded at December 31, 20122015, through generating taxable income or the reversal of existing temporary differences attributable to the gross deferred tax liabilities. The Company has a valuation allowance that offsets the deferred tax asset on losses incurred primarily in our Brazilian subsidiary.
At December 31, 20122015, the Company had unrecognized tax benefits of $18.9 million.$15.3 million. If recognized, $16.3$14.7 million of these tax benefits would decrease the annual effective tax rate. The Company does not currently anticipate any significant changes in unrecognized tax benefits during 2013.2016 that would have a material impact on the Company's income tax provision.
The following table presents a reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits.
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | 2015 | | 2014 |
| Unrecognized tax benefits, beginning of year | $ | 19,586 |
| | $ | 24,585 |
| $ | 17,700 |
| | $ | 18,219 |
|
| Increases based upon tax positions taken during the current year | 888 |
| | 864 |
| |
| Increases for tax positions taken in prior years | 218 |
| | 156 |
| — |
| | 3 |
|
| Decreases for tax positions taken in prior years | (764 | ) | | (3,309 | ) | (146 | ) | | — |
|
| Lapse of statute of limitations | | (606 | ) | | (522 | ) |
| Settlement with taxing authorities | — |
| | (1,526 | ) | (1,624 | ) | | — |
|
| Lapse of statute of limitations | (1,058 | ) | | (1,184 | ) | |
| Unrecognized tax benefits, end of year | $ | 18,870 |
| | $ | 19,586 |
| $ | 15,324 |
| | $ | 17,700 |
|
At December 31, 20122015, earnings of the Company's foreign subsidiaries, with the exception of certain of our Bermuda subsidiaries, are considered reinvested indefinitely and no provision for deferred United States income taxes has been recorded. It is not practicableIf the Company's intentions with respect to determine the amount of unrecorded deferred tax liabilities associated with suchreinvestment were to change, and earnings duewere to be repatriated to the complexityUnited States, these foreign subsidiaries would be subject to tax in the United States less applicable foreign tax credits. As of this calculation.December 31, 2015, cumulative earnings of our foreign subsidiaries that are considered reinvested indefinitely and have not previously been subject to tax in the United States totaled approximately $650 million.
The Company is subject to income tax in the United States and in foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to income tax examination by tax authorities for years ended before January 1, 2009.2012. The Internal Revenue Service is currently examining the Company's 2012 federal income tax return. The Company believes its income tax liabilities are adequate as of December 31, 2015, however, these liabilities could be adjusted as a result of this examination.
9. Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
a)The following table presents a reconciliation of consolidated beginning and ending reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses.
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses, beginning of year | $ | 4,607,767 |
| | $ | 4,600,316 |
| | $ | 4,540,654 |
| $ | 8,535,483 |
| | $ | 8,407,642 |
| | $ | 4,592,652 |
|
| Foreign currency movements, commutations and other | 30,359 |
| | (7,496 | ) | | (5,070 | ) | (134,173 | ) | | (137,385 | ) | | (780 | ) |
| Adjusted net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses, beginning of year | 4,638,126 |
| | 4,592,820 |
| | 4,535,584 |
| 8,401,310 |
| | 8,270,257 |
| | 4,591,872 |
|
| Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Current year | 1,553,070 |
| | 1,563,993 |
| | 1,224,270 |
| 2,566,545 |
| | 2,638,012 |
| | 2,227,402 |
|
| Prior years | (399,002 | ) | | (354,007 | ) | | (278,041 | ) | (627,800 | ) | | (435,545 | ) | | (411,129 | ) |
| Total incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses | 1,154,068 |
| | 1,209,986 |
| | 946,229 |
| 1,938,745 |
| | 2,202,467 |
| | 1,816,273 |
|
| Payments: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Current year | 268,745 |
| | 291,837 |
| | 269,469 |
| 486,551 |
| | 502,107 |
| | 670,928 |
|
| Prior years | 931,955 |
| | 898,318 |
| | 796,138 |
| 1,423,286 |
| | 1,436,851 |
| | 906,302 |
|
| Total payments | 1,200,700 |
| | 1,190,155 |
| | 1,065,607 |
| 1,909,837 |
| | 1,938,958 |
| | 1,577,230 |
|
| Effect of foreign currency rate changes | 1,158 |
| | (4,884 | ) | | 1,773 |
| (17,281 | ) | | (19,476 | ) | | (7,915 | ) |
| Net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses of acquired insurance companies | — |
| | — |
| | 182,337 |
| — |
| | 21,193 |
| | 3,584,642 |
|
| Reinsurance recoverable on retroactive reinsurance transactions | | (177,649 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses, end of year | 4,592,652 |
| | 4,607,767 |
| | 4,600,316 |
| 8,235,288 |
| | 8,535,483 |
| | 8,407,642 |
|
| Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses | 778,774 |
| | 791,102 |
| | 798,090 |
| 2,016,665 |
| | 1,868,669 |
| | 1,854,414 |
|
| Gross reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses, end of year | $ | 5,371,426 |
| | $ | 5,398,869 |
| | $ | 5,398,406 |
| $ | 10,251,953 |
| | $ | 10,404,152 |
| | $ | 10,262,056 |
|
Beginning of year net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses are adjusted, when applicable, for the impact of changes in foreign currency rates, commutations and other items. In 20122015, beginning of year net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses were decreased by a movement of $134.8 million in foreign currency rates of exchange. In 2014, beginning of year net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses were decreased by a movement of $127.7 million in foreign currency rates of exchange. In 2013, beginning of year net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses were increased by a movement of $23.4 million in foreign currency rates of exchange. In 2011, beginning of year net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses were decreased by a movement of $14.10.7 million in foreign currency rates of exchange, which was more than offset by commutations.
On March 9, 2015, the Company completed a retroactive reinsurance transaction to cede a portfolio of policies primarily comprised of liabilities arising from asbestos and environmental (A&E) exposures that originated before 1992 in part by increasesexchange for other items including commutations. In 2010, beginningpayments totaling $89.0 million, which included cash paid at closing of year$69.9 million. At the time of the transaction, reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses on the policies ceded totaled $94.1 million, resulting in a deferred gain of $5.1 million which will be recognized in earnings in proportion to actual reinsurance recoveries received pursuant to the transaction. The ceded reserves attributable to A&E exposures represented approximately 30% of the Company's net asbestos and environmental reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses were decreased by a movementas of $19.1 million in foreign currency rates of exchange, which was offset in part by increases for other items including commutations.December 31, 2014.
Current year incurredOn October 30, 2015, the Company completed a second retroactive reinsurance transaction to cede a portfolio of policies primarily comprised of liabilities arising from A&E exposures that originated before 1987 in exchange for cash payments totaling $86.5 million. The transaction provides up to $300 million of coverage for losses in excess of a $97.0 million retention on the ceded policies and 50% coverage on an additional $100 million of losses. The transaction is effective as of January 1, 2015, at which time reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses on the policies ceded totaled $173.4 million. After considering the Company's retention on the ceded policies, ceded reserves for 2012 included $99.6 million of estimated net losses related to Hurricane Sandy. Current year incurredunpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses totaled $76.4 million, resulting in an underwriting loss of $10.1 million on the transaction. The ceded reserves attributable to A&E exposures represented approximately 25% of the Company's net asbestos and environmental reserves for 2011 included $150.9 millionlosses and loss adjustment expenses as of estimated net losses related to the Thai floods, Hurricane Irene, U.S. tornadoes, Japanese earthquake and tsunami, Australian floods and New Zealand earthquakes. The estimated net losses on these natural catastrophes in 2012 and 2011 were net of estimated reinsurance recoverables of $77.6 million and $36.3 million, respectively.December 31, 2014.
In 2012,2015, incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses included $399.0$627.8 million of favorable development on prior years' loss reserves, which was primarily due in part to $336.7$375.8 million of loss reserve redundancies experienced at Markel Internationalon our general liability, workers' compensation, inland marine and brokerage property product lines within the U.S. Insurance segment and on theour general liability, professional and products liability and casualty programsmarine and energy product lines within the ExcessInternational Insurance segment, as actual claims reporting patterns on prior accident years have been more favorable than the Company's actuarial analyses initially anticipated.
In 2015, incurred losses and Surplus Linesloss adjustment expenses also included $82.7 million of favorable development on prior years' loss reserves attributable to a decrease in the estimated volatility of our consolidated net reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses as a result of ceding a significant portion of the Company's A&E exposures to a third party during 2015, as described above. As a result of this decrease in estimated volatility, the level of confidence in the Company's net reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses increased. Therefore, management reduced prior years' loss reserves by $82.7 million in order to maintain a consolidated confidence level in a range consistent with the Company's historic levels. This reduction in prior years' loss reserves occurred across all three of the Company's ongoing underwriting segments. The favorable development on prior years' loss reserves in 2015 was partially offset by $25.4 million of adverse development in prior years' loss reserves on asbestos and environmental (A&E) exposures, of which $7.1 million is attributable to the underwriting loss on the retroactive reinsurance transaction described above. Following the October 2015 retroactive reinsurance transaction, the Company's actuaries increased their estimate of the ultimate losses on the remaining A&E claims and management increased prior years’ loss reserves by $15.0 million. Without the diversification of a larger portfolio of loss reserves, there is greater uncertainty around the potential outcomes of the remaining claims, and management strengthened reserves accordingly.
Once a year, generally during the third quarter, the Company completes an in-depth, actuarial review of its A&E exposures. During the annual review for both 2014 and 2013, the Company increased its expectation of the severity of the outcome of certain claims subject to litigation. As the ultimate outcome of known claims increases, the Company's expected ultimate closure value on unreported claims also increases. As a result, prior years' loss reserves for A&E exposures were increased by $27.2 million in 2014 and $28.4 million in 2013. During the 2015 annual review, which was performed during the third quarter, the Company determined that no adjustment to loss reserves was required.
In 2014, the Company recorded net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses of $21.2 million as a result of the acquisition of Abbey. These reserves were recorded at fair value as part of the Company's purchase accounting.
In 2014, incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses included $435.5 million of favorable development on prior years' loss reserves, which was due in part to $250.4 million of loss reserve redundancies on our long-tail casualty and professional liability lines within the U.S. Insurance segment and on our professional liability and marine and energy product lines within the International Insurance segment, as actual claims reporting patterns on prior accident years have been more favorable than the Company's actuarial analyses initially anticipated. The favorable development on prior years' loss reserves in 20122014 was partially offset by $38.2$32.8 million of adverse development in prior years' loss reserves on asbestos and environmentalA&E exposures.
During the third quarter of each of the past three years, the Company completed an in-depth, actuarial review of its asbestos and environmental exposures. Over the past two years, the number of asbestos and environmental claims reported each year across the property and casualty industry has been on the decline. However, at the same time, the likelihood of making an indemnity payment has risen, thus increasing the average cost per reported claim. During the 2012 annual review, the Company reduced its estimate of the ultimate claims count, while increasing the estimate of the number of claims that would ultimately be closed with an indemnity payment. As a result, prior years' loss reserves for asbestos and environmental exposures were increased by $31.1 million. During the 2011 and 2010 reviews, the Company determined that no adjustment to loss reserves was necessary.
In 2011,2013, the Company recorded net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses of $3.6 billion as a result of the acquisition of Alterra. These reserves were recorded at fair value as part of the Company's purchase accounting. See note 2 for a discussion of the Company's acquisition of Alterra.
In 2013, incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses included $354.0$411.1 million of favorable development on prior years' loss reserves, which was primarily due in part to $265.8$255.2 million of loss reserve redundancies experienced at Markel Internationalon our long-tail casualty and professional liability product lines within the U.S. Insurance segment and on theour professional and products liability and casualty programsmarine and energy product lines within the Excess and Surplus LinesInternational Insurance segment, as actual claims reporting patterns on prior accident years have been more favorable than the Company's actuarial analyses initially anticipated.
In 2010, the Company recorded net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses of $182.3 million as a result of the acquisition of its FirstComp workers' compensation insurance unit. These reserves were recorded at fair value as part of the Company's purchase accounting.
In 2010, incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses included $278.0 million of The favorable development on prior years' loss reserves whichin 2013 was primarily due to $214.4partially offset by $30.1 million of adverse development in prior years' loss reserve redundancies experienced at Markel International andreserves on the professional and products liability programs within the Excess and Surplus Lines segment as actual claims reporting patterns on prior accident years have been more favorable than initially anticipated within the Company's actuarial analyses.A&E exposures.
Inherent in the Company's reserving practices is the desire to establish loss reserves that are more likely redundant than deficient. As such, the Company seeks to establish loss reserves that will ultimately prove to be adequate. As part of the Company's acquisition of insurance operations, to the extent the reserving philosophy of the acquired business differs from the Company's reserving philosophy, the post-acquisition loss reserves will be built until total loss reserves are consistent with the Company's target level of confidence. Furthermore, the Company's philosophy is to price its insurance products to make an underwriting profit. Management continually attempts to improve its loss estimation process by refining its ability to analyze loss development patterns, claim payments and other information, but uncertainty remains regarding the potential for adverse development of estimated ultimate liabilities.
The Company uses a variety of techniques to establish the liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, all of which involve significant judgments and assumptions. These techniques include detailed statistical analysis of past claim reporting, settlement activity, claim frequency and severity, policyholder loss experience, industry loss experience and changes in market conditions, policy forms and exposures. Greater judgment may be required when new product lines are introduced or when there have been changes in claims handling practices, as the statistical data available may be insufficient. The Company's estimates reflect implicit and explicit assumptions regarding the potential effects of external factors, including economic and social inflation, judicial decisions, changes in law, changes, general economic conditions and recent trends in these factors. In some of the Company's markets, and where the Company acts as a reinsurer, the timing and amount of information reported about underlying claims are in the control of third parties. There is often a time lag between cedents establishing case reserves and re-estimating their reserves, and notifying the Company of the new or revised case reserves. This can also affect estimates and require re-estimation as new information becomes available.
The Company believes the process of evaluating past experience, adjusted for the effects of current developments and anticipated trends, is an appropriate basis for predicting future events. Management currently believes the Company's gross and net reserves, including the reserves for asbestos and environmentalA&E exposures, are adequate. However, there is no precise method for evaluating the impact of any significant factor on the adequacy of reserves, and actual results will differ from original estimates.
b)The Company's exposure to asbestos and environmental (A&E)A&E claims results from policies written by acquired insurance operations before their acquisitions by the Company. The Company's exposure to A&E claims originated from umbrella, excess and commercial general liability (CGL) insurance policies and assumed reinsurance contracts that were written on an occurrence basis from the 1970s to mid-1980s. Exposure also originated from claims-made policies that were designed to cover environmental risks provided that all other terms and conditions of the policy were met.
A&E claims include property damage and clean-up costs related to pollution, as well as personal injury allegedly arising from exposure to hazardous materials. After 1986, the Company began underwriting CGL coverage with pollution exclusions, and in some lines of business the Company began using a claims-made form. These changes significantly reduced the Company's exposure to future A&E claims on post-1986 business.
The following table provides a reconciliation of beginning and ending A&E reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses, which are a component of consolidated unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses. Amounts included in the following table are presented before consideration of reinsurance allowances.
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Net reserves for A&E losses and loss adjustment expenses, beginning of year | $ | 244,772 |
| | $ | 216,034 |
| | $ | 229,030 |
| $ | 287,723 |
| | $ | 272,194 |
| | $ | 260,791 |
|
| Commutations and other | (897 | ) | | 36,271 |
| | 111 |
| — |
| | 115 |
| | (5,067 | ) |
| Adjusted net reserves for A&E losses and loss adjustment expenses, beginning of year | 243,875 |
| | 252,305 |
| | 229,141 |
| 287,723 |
| | 272,309 |
| | 255,724 |
|
| Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses | 38,179 |
| | (134 | ) | | (428 | ) | 25,415 |
| | 32,840 |
| | 30,128 |
|
| Payments | (21,263 | ) | | (7,399 | ) | | (12,679 | ) | (20,628 | ) | | (17,426 | ) | | (13,658 | ) |
| Reinsurance recoverable on retroactive reinsurance transactions | | (159,641 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Net reserves for A&E losses and loss adjustment expenses, end of year | 260,791 |
| | 244,772 |
| | 216,034 |
| 132,869 |
| | 287,723 |
| | 272,194 |
|
| Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses | 100,063 |
| | 89,391 |
| | 132,021 |
| 253,756 |
| | 102,719 |
| | 100,784 |
|
| Gross reserves for A&E losses and loss adjustment expenses, end of year | $ | 360,854 |
| | $ | 334,163 |
| | $ | 348,055 |
| $ | 386,625 |
| | $ | 390,442 |
| | $ | 372,978 |
|
Commutations and other for the year endedAt December 31, 2011 included a $40.0 million adjustment related to commutations completed by Markel International, which involved the termination of ceded reinsurance contracts. The adjustment was made with respect to commuted recoverables where the amount of the balance due from reinsurers was offset in full by a provision within the reinsurance allowance. The adjustment reduced the reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses with a corresponding reduction to the reinsurance allowance for doubtful accounts. Accordingly, there was no impact on the reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses or on net reserves for A&E losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of the reinsurance allowance, for any period presented. See note 13 for further discussion of the corresponding reduction to the reinsurance allowance.
At December 31, 2012,2015, asbestos-related reserves were $274.5$291.5 million and $197.0$93.1 million on a gross and net basis, respectively. Net reserves for reported claims and netfor A&E exposures were $129.0 million at December 31, 2015. Net incurred but not reported reserves for A&E exposures were $150.8$3.9 million and $110.0 million, respectively, at December 31, 2012.2015. Inception-to-date net paid losses and loss adjustment expenses for A&E related exposures totaled $384.3$595.9 million at December 31, 2012,2015, which includes $74.8$159.6 million of payments for two retroactive reinsurance transactions and $90.6 million of litigation-related expense. As previously described, during 2015, the Company completed two retroactive reinsurance transactions to cede two portfolios of policies primarily comprised of liabilities arising from A&E exposures. The reinsurance recoverable for the retroactive reinsurance coverage totaled $177.6 million, of which $159.6 million was attributable to A&E exposures.
The Company's reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses related to A&E exposures represent management's best estimate of ultimate settlement values. A&E reserves are monitored by management, and the Company's statistical analysis of these reserves is reviewed by the Company's independent actuaries. A&E exposures are subject to significant uncertainty due to potential loss severity and frequency resulting from the uncertain and unfavorable legal climate. A&E reserves could be subject to increases in the future; however, management believes the Company's gross and net A&E reserves at December 31, 20122015 are adequate.
10. Life and Annuity Benefits
The following table presents life and annuity benefits.
|
| | | | | | | |
| | December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2015 | | 2014 |
| Life | $ | 142,068 |
| | $ | 182,604 |
|
| Annuities | 901,218 |
| | 1,031,946 |
|
| Accident and health | 79,989 |
| | 91,268 |
|
| Total | $ | 1,123,275 |
| | $ | 1,305,818 |
|
Life and annuity benefits are compiled on a reinsurance contract-by-contract basis and are discounted using standard actuarial techniques and cash flow models. Since the development of the life and annuity reinsurance reserves is based upon cash flow projection models, the Company must make estimates and assumptions based on cedent experience, industry mortality tables, and expense and investment experience, including a provision for adverse deviation. The assumptions used to determine policy benefit reserves are generally locked-in for the life of the contract unless an unlocking event occurs. To the extent existing policy reserves, together with the present value of future gross premiums and expected investment income earned thereon, are not adequate to cover the present value of future benefits, settlement and maintenance costs, the locked-in assumptions are revised to current best estimate assumptions and a charge to earnings for life and annuity benefits is recognized at that time.
Because of the assumptions and estimates used in establishing the Company's reserves for life and annuity benefit obligations and the long-term nature of these reinsurance contracts, the ultimate liability may be greater or less than the estimates. The average discount rate for the life and annuity benefit reserves was 2.3% as of December 31, 2015.
As of December 31, 2015, the largest life and annuity benefits reserve for a single contract was 33.2% of the total.
No annuities included in life and annuity benefits in the consolidated balance sheet are subject to discretionary withdrawal.
On April 24, 2015, the Company completed a novation that transferred its obligations under a reinsurance contract for life and annuity benefit policies to a third party in exchange for cash payments totaling $29.0 million, net of commissions. At the time of the transaction, reserves for life and annuity benefits on the novated reinsurance contract totaled $32.6 million, resulting in a gain of $3.6 million that was recorded as an offset to other expenses.
9.11. Senior Long-Term Debt and Other Debt
The following table summarizes the Company's senior long-term debt and other debt.
|
| | | | | | | |
| | December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 |
| 6.80% unsecured senior notes, due February 15, 2013, interest payable semi-annually, net of unamortized discount of $45 in 2012 and $314 in 2011 | $ | 246,619 |
| | $ | 246,351 |
|
| 7.125% unsecured senior notes, due September 30, 2019, interest payable semi-annually, net of unamortized discount of $1,909 in 2012 and $2,192 in 2011 | 348,091 |
| | 347,808 |
|
| 5.35% unsecured senior notes, due June 1, 2021, interest payable semi-annually, net of unamortized discount of $1,738 in 2012 and $1,944 in 2011 | 248,262 |
| | 248,056 |
|
| 4.90% unsecured senior notes, due July 1, 2022, interest payable semi-annually, net of unamortized discount of $2,653 in 2012 | 347,347 |
| | — |
|
| 7.35% unsecured senior notes, due August 15, 2034, interest payable semi-annually, net of unamortized discount of $2,291 in 2012 and $2,397 in 2011 | 197,710 |
| | 197,603 |
|
| 7.50% unsecured senior debentures, due August 22, 2046, interest payable quarterly, net of unamortized discount of $3,976 in 2011 | — |
| | 146,024 |
|
| Subsidiary debt, at various interest rates ranging from 2.0% to 6.5% | 104,521 |
| | 107,678 |
|
| Senior long-term debt and other debt | $ | 1,492,550 |
| | $ | 1,293,520 |
|
|
| | | | | | | |
| | December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2015 | | 2014 |
| 7.20% unsecured senior notes, due April 14, 2017, interest payable semi-annually, net of unamortized premium of $1,808 in 2015 and $3,526 in 2014 | $ | 92,436 |
| | $ | 94,155 |
|
| 7.125% unsecured senior notes, due September 30, 2019, interest payable semi-annually, net of unamortized discount of $1,060 in 2015 and $1,343 in 2014 | 346,940 |
| | 348,657 |
|
| 6.25% unsecured senior notes, due September 30, 2020, interest payable semi-annually, net of unamortized premium of $44,519 in 2015 and $53,172 in 2014 | 394,517 |
| | 403,172 |
|
| 5.35% unsecured senior notes, due June 1, 2021, interest payable semi-annually, net of unamortized discount of $1,119 in 2015 and $1,325 in 2014 | 248,881 |
| | 248,675 |
|
| 4.90% unsecured senior notes, due July 1, 2022, interest payable semi-annually, net of unamortized discount of $1,815 in 2015 and $2,095 in 2014 | 348,185 |
| | 347,905 |
|
| 3.625% unsecured senior notes, due March 30, 2023, interest payable semi-annually, net of unamortized discount of $1,458 in 2015 and $1,659 in 2014 | 248,542 |
| | 248,341 |
|
| 7.35% unsecured senior notes, due August 15, 2034, interest payable semi-annually, net of unamortized discount of $1,972 in 2015 and $2,078 in 2014 | 198,028 |
| | 197,922 |
|
| 5.0% unsecured senior notes, due March 30, 2043, interest payable semi-annually, net of unamortized discount of $6,103 in 2015 and $6,327 in 2014 | 243,897 |
| | 243,673 |
|
| Subsidiary debt, at various interest rates ranging from 1.9% to 6.5% | 120,001 |
| | 121,094 |
|
| Senior long-term debt and other debt | $ | 2,241,427 |
| | $ | 2,253,594 |
|
On June 1, 2011, the CompanyApril 16, 2007, Alterra USA Holdings Limited (Alterra USA), a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of Alterra, privately issued $250100 million of 5.35%7.20% unsecured senior notes due June 1, 2021. Net proceeds toApril 14, 2017 (the 7.20% unsecured senior notes). The 7.20% unsecured senior notes are Alterra USA's senior unsecured obligations and rank equally in right of payment with all existing and future senior unsecured indebtedness of Alterra USA. The 7.20% unsecured senior notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Alterra. The principal amount of the Company7.20% unsecured senior notes outstanding as of the Acquisition Date was $90.6 million. As of the Acquisition Date, the 7.20% unsecured senior notes were recorded at their estimated fair value of $247.995.8 million.
On September 23, 2011, the Company entered into an amended and restated revolving credit facility, which provides $150 million27, 2010, Alterra Finance LLC, a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of capacity for working capital and other general corporate purposes. The capacity of the revolving credit facility may be increased to $300 million subject to certain terms and conditions. The Company may select from two interest rate options for balances outstanding under the facility and pays a commitment fee (0.25% at December 31, 2012) on the unused portion of the facility based on the Company's debt to equity leverage ratio as calculated under the agreement. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company had no borrowings outstanding under the facility. This facility replaced the Company's previous $270 million revolving credit facility and expires in September 2015. At December 31, 2012, the Company was in compliance with all covenants contained in its revolving credit facility. To the extent that the Company is not in compliance with its covenants, the Company's access to the credit facility could be restricted. While the Company believes this to be unlikely, the inability to access the credit facility could adversely affect the Company's liquidity.
On July 2, 2012, the CompanyAlterra, issued $350 million of 4.90% unsecured senior notes due July 1, 2022. Net proceeds to the Company were $347.2 million. On August 1, 2012, the Company used a portion of these proceeds to redeem its 7.50% unsecured senior debentures due August 22, 2046 at a redemption price equal to 100% of their principal amount, or $150 million. This redemption resulted in a loss of $4.1 million, which is reflected in net realized investment gains. The proceeds from the July 2012 issuance were also used to pre-fund the repayment of the Company's 6.80% unsecured senior notes due February 15, 2013.
On February 15, 2013, the Company repaid its 6.80% unsecured senior notes ($246.7 million principal amount outstanding at December 31, 2012).
The Company's 7.125%6.25% unsecured senior notes due September 30, 2019,2020 (the 5.35%6.25% unsecured senior notes). The 6.25% unsecured senior notes are Alterra Finance LLC's senior unsecured obligations and rank equally in right of payment with all of Alterra Finance LLC's future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness and rank senior to all of Alterra Finance LLC's future subordinated indebtedness. The 6.25% unsecured senior notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by Alterra on a senior unsecured basis. The guarantee ranks equally with all of Alterra's existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness and ranks senior to all of Alterra's future subordinated indebtedness. As of the Acquisition Date, the 6.25% unsecured senior notes were recorded at their estimated fair value of $416.6 million. Alterra Finance LLC is a finance subsidiary and has no independent activities, assets or operations other than in connection with the 6.25% unsecured senior notes.
On June 30, 2014, Markel Corporation entered into agreements guaranteeing the 7.20% unsecured senior notes and 6.25% unsecured senior notes. These guarantee agreements were issued pursuant to supplemental indentures entered into by the Company on June 30, 2014 and are in addition to the existing guarantees provided by Alterra.
Effective August 1, 2014, both Alterra Finance and Alterra USA provided guarantees for the Company's revolving credit facility. As a result, the Company's revolving credit facility ranks equally with the 6.25% unsecured senior notes and the 7.20% unsecured senior notes.
The Company's 7.35% unsecured senior notes due June 1, 2021 and 4.90%August 15, 2034 are not redeemable. The Company's other unsecured senior notes due July 1, 2022 are redeemable by the Company at any time, subject to payment of a make-whole premium to the noteholders. The Company's 7.35% unsecured senior notes due August 15, 2034 are not redeemable. None of the Company's senior long-term debt is subject to any sinking fund requirements.
The Company's subsidiaryother debt is primarily associated with its non-insuranceMarkel Ventures operations and is non-recourse to the holding company. The debt of the Company's non-insuranceMarkel Ventures subsidiaries generally is secured by the assets of those subsidiaries. ParkLand, Ventures, Inc. (ParkLand), a subsidiary of the Company, has formed subsidiaries for the purpose of acquiring and financing real estate (the real estate subsidiaries). The assets of the real estate subsidiaries, which are not material to the Company, are consolidated in accordance with U.S. GAAP but are not available to satisfy the debt and other obligations of the Company or any affiliates other than the real estate subsidiaries.
The estimated fair value based on quoted market prices of the Company's senior long-term debt and other debt was $1.7$2.4 billion and $1.42.5 billion at December 31, 20122015 and 20112014, respectively.
The following table summarizes the future principal payments due at maturity on senior long-term debt and other debt as of December 31, 20122015.
| | | Years Ending December 31, | (dollars in thousands) | (dollars in thousands) |
| 2013 | $ | 259,461 |
| |
| 2014 | 7,454 |
| |
| 2015 | 5,785 |
| |
| 2016 | 12,640 |
| $ | 30,267 |
|
| 2017 | 9,877 |
| 120,268 |
|
| 2018 and thereafter | 1,205,969 |
| |
| 2018 | | 4,845 |
|
| 2019 | | 352,843 |
|
| 2020 | | 359,128 |
|
| 2021 and thereafter | | 1,341,276 |
|
| Total principal payments | $ | 1,501,186 |
| $ | 2,208,627 |
|
| Unamortized discount | (8,636 | ) | |
| Net unamortized premium | | 32,800 |
|
| Senior long-term debt and other debt | $ | 1,492,550 |
| $ | 2,241,427 |
|
On August 1, 2014, the Company entered into a credit agreement for a revolving credit facility, which provides $300 million of capacity for future acquisitions, investments, repurchases of capital stock of the Company and for general corporate purposes. At the Company's discretion, $200 million of the total capacity may be used for secured letters of credit. The Company may increase the capacity of the facility to $500 million subject to certain terms and conditions. The Company pays interest on balances outstanding under the facility and a utilization fee for letters of credit issued under the facility. The Company also pays a commitment fee (0.225% at December 31, 2015) on the unused portion of the facility based on the Company's debt to equity leverage ratio as calculated under the credit agreement. Markel Corporation, along with Alterra Finance and Alterra USA, guaranteed the Company's obligations under the facility. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had no borrowings outstanding under this revolving credit facility. This facility replaced the Company's previous $300 million revolving credit facility and expires in August 2019.
Alterra and Markel Bermuda were party to a secured credit facility (the senior credit facility), which expired on December 15, 2015. At December 31, 2015, $10.6 million of letters of credit were issued and outstanding under the senior credit facility. The last outstanding letter of credit under the senior credit facility expired on January 31, 2016. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had no borrowings outstanding under the senior credit facility.
At December 31, 2015, the Company was in compliance with all covenants contained in its revolving credit facility and senior credit facility. To the extent that the Company is not in compliance with its covenants, the Company's access to the revolving credit facility could be restricted.
The Company paid $92.9$127.0 million,, $84.1 $125.8 million and $72.9114.5 million in interest on its senior long-term debt and other debt during the years ended December 31, 20122015, 20112014 and 20102013, respectively.
10.12. Shareholders' Equity
a)The Company had 50,000,000 shares of no par value common stock authorized of which 9,629,16013,959,018 shares and 9,620,98513,961,675 shares were issued and outstanding at December 31, 20122015 and 2011,2014, respectively. The Company also has 10,000,000 shares of no par value preferred stock authorized, none of which was issued or outstanding at December 31, 20122015 or 2011.2014.
The Company's Board of Directors has approved the repurchase of up to $200$300 million of common stock under a share repurchase program (the Program). Under the Program, the Company may repurchase outstanding shares of common stock from time to time, primarily through open-market transactions. The Program has no expiration date but may be terminated by the Board of Directors at any time. As of December 31, 2012,2015, the Company had repurchased 154,84256,455 shares of common stock at a cost of $60.5$37.1 million under the Program.
b)Net income per share was determined by dividing adjusted net income to shareholders by the applicable weighted average shares outstanding.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Years Ended December 31, |
| (in thousands, except per share amounts) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 |
| Net income to shareholders | $ | 253,385 |
| | $ | 142,026 |
| | $ | 266,793 |
|
| Less: Adjustment of redeemable noncontrolling interests | 3,101 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Adjusted net income to shareholders | $ | 250,284 |
| | $ | 142,026 |
| | $ | 266,793 |
|
| | | | | | |
| Basic common shares outstanding | 9,640 |
| | 9,686 |
| | 9,768 |
|
| Dilutive potential common shares | 26 |
| | 40 |
| | 17 |
|
| Diluted shares outstanding | 9,666 |
| | 9,726 |
| | 9,785 |
|
| Basic net income per share | $ | 25.96 |
| | $ | 14.66 |
| | $ | 27.31 |
|
| Diluted net income per share | $ | 25.89 |
| | $ | 14.60 |
| | $ | 27.27 |
|
Diluted net income per share is computed by dividing adjusted net income to shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares and dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the year. Average closing common stock market prices are used to calculate the dilutive effect attributable to restricted stock.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Years Ended December 31, |
| (in thousands, except per share amounts) | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Net income to shareholders | $ | 582,772 |
| | $ | 321,182 |
| | $ | 281,021 |
|
| Adjustment of redeemable noncontrolling interests | 4,144 |
| | (8,186 | ) | | 1,963 |
|
| Adjusted net income to shareholders | $ | 586,916 |
| | $ | 312,996 |
| | $ | 282,984 |
|
| | | | | | |
| Basic common shares outstanding | 13,978 |
| | 13,984 |
| | 12,538 |
|
| Dilutive potential common shares from conversion of options | 9 |
| | 11 |
| | 12 |
|
| Dilutive potential common shares from conversion of restricted stock | 74 |
| | 62 |
| | 36 |
|
| Diluted shares outstanding | 14,061 |
| | 14,057 |
| | 12,586 |
|
| Basic net income per share | $ | 41.99 |
| | $ | 22.38 |
| | $ | 22.57 |
|
| Diluted net income per share | $ | 41.74 |
| | $ | 22.27 |
| | $ | 22.48 |
|
c)The Company's Employee Stock Purchase and Bonus Plan provides a method for employees and directors to purchase shares of the Company's common stock on the open market. The plan encourages share ownership by providing for the award of bonus shares to participants equal to 10% of the net increase in the number of shares owned under the plan in a given year, excluding shares acquired through the plan's loan program component. Under the loan program, the Company offers subsidized unsecured loans so participants may purchase shares and awards bonus shares equal to 5% of the shares purchased with a loan. The Company has authorized 100,000 shares for purchase under this plan, of which 46,8899,458 and 52,65420,740 shares were available for purchase at December 31, 20122015 and 2011,2014, respectively. At December 31, 20122015 and 2011,2014, loans outstanding under the plan, which are included in receivables on the consolidated balance sheets, totaled $11.4$16.9 million and $13.1$15.0 million,, respectively.
d) EffectiveIn April 1, 2012, the Company adopted the 2012 Equity Incentive Compensation Plan (2012 Compensation Plan), which replaced the Markel Corporation Omnibus Incentive Plan (Omnibus Incentive Plan). Similar to the Omnibus Incentive Plan, theThe 2012 Compensation Plan provides for grants and awards of restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance grants, and other stock based awards to employees and directors. As of the effective date of the 2012 Compensation Plan, no further awards may be granted under the Omnibus Incentive Plan, but any existing awards under the Omnibus Incentive Plan will continue in effect in accordance with their termsdirectors and the provisions of the Omnibus Incentive Plan. The 2012 Compensation Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Company's Board of Directors (Compensation Committee). At December 31, 2012,2015, there were 148,733143,139 shares reserved for issuance under the 2012 Compensation Plan.
Restricted stock units are awarded to certain associates and executive officers based upon meeting performance conditions determined by the Compensation Committee. These awards generally vest at the end of the fifththird year following the year for which the Compensation Committee determines performance conditions have been met. At the end of the vesting period, recipients are entitled to receive one share of the Company's common stock for each vested restricted stock unit. During 2012,2015, the Company awarded 3,30021,122 restricted stock units to associates and executive officers based on performance conditions being met.
Restricted stock units also are awarded to associates and executive officers to assist the Company in securing or retaining the services of key employees. During 2012,2015, the Company awarded 13,402567 restricted stock units to associates and executive officers as a hiring or retention incentive. The restricted stock units had a grant-date fair value of $0.4 million. These awards generally vest over a five-yearthree-year period and entitle the recipient to receive one share of the Company's common stock for each vested restricted stock unit.
During 2012,2015, the Company awarded 1,2671,324 shares of restricted stock to its non-employee directors. The shares awarded to non-employee directors will vest in 2013.2016.
The following table summarizes nonvested share-based awards.
|
| | | | | | |
| | Number of Awards | | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value |
| Nonvested awards at January 1, 2012 | 50,266 |
| | $ | 386.74 |
|
| Granted | 17,969 |
| | 412.04 |
|
| Vested | (10,921 | ) | | 434.25 |
|
| Forfeited | (1,734 | ) | | 369.39 |
|
| Nonvested awards at December 31, 2012 | 55,580 |
| | $ | 388.58 |
|
|
| | | | | | |
| | Number of Awards | | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value |
| Nonvested awards at January 1, 2015 | 118,132 |
| | $ | 479.11 |
|
| Granted | 23,013 |
| | 740.80 |
|
| Vested | (37,262 | ) | | 424.51 |
|
| Nonvested awards at December 31, 2015 | 103,883 |
| | $ | 556.66 |
|
The fair value of the Company's share-based awards issued under the Omnibus Incentive Plan was determined based on the average price of the Company's common shares on the grant date. The fair value of the Company's share-based awards granted under the 2012 Compensation Plan is determined based on the closing price of the Company's common shares on the grant date. The weighted average grant-date fair value of the Company's share-based awards granted in 2012, 20112015, 2014 and 20102013 was $412.04, $408.60$740.80, $583.74 and $358.48,$517.24, respectively. As of December 31, 2012,2015, unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested share-based awards issued under the Omnibus Incentive Plan and 2012 Compensation plan was $12.4$16.4 million,, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.1 years.1.9 years. The fair value of the Company's share-based awards that vested during 2012, 20112015, 2014 and 20102013 was $4.7$15.8 million,, $5.3 $4.2 million and $1.4$2.5 million,, respectively.
e)In May 2013, in connection with the acquisition of Aspen Holdings, Inc. in October 2010,Alterra, the Company provided for the conversionissued 101,875 replacement options and 154,103 restricted stock awards to holders of Alterra options and restricted stock awards. The replacement options and restricted stock awards were issued under the Aspenterms and conditions of the Alterra Capital Holdings Inc.Limited 2008 Stock OptionIncentive Plan, the Alterra Capital Holdings Limited 2006 Equity Incentive Plan and the AspenAlterra Capital Holdings Inc. 2008Limited 2000 Stock OptionIncentive Plan for Non-Employee Directors (the Aspen Option(collectively, the Alterra Equity Award Plans) into options to purchase 58,116 of the Company's common shares.. No further options or restricted stock awards are available for issuance under the Aspen OptionAlterra Equity Award Plans.
The replacement options issued were fully vested and exercisable upon conversionas of the Acquisition Date and expire ten years from the original date of issue or sooner upon the recipient's termination of employment or death. The options issued had a weighted average exercise price of $225.94$398.96 and a grant-date fair value of $157.15.
$140.08, which was included in the acquisition consideration. The fair value of the options was estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Assumptions used in the pricing model included an expected annual volatility of 35%19.04%, a risk-free rate of approximately 1%0.20% and an expected term of fourapproximately two years. The expected annual volatility was based on the historical volatility of the Company's stock and other factors. The risk-free rate was based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve, with a remaining term equal to the expected lifeterm assumption at the grant date. The expected term of the options granted represents the period of time that the options were expected to be outstanding at the grant date. Historical data was used to estimate option exercises and employee termination within the pricing model.
The following table summarizes additional information with respect to these options.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Number of Shares | | Weighted Average Exercise Price | | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) | | Intrinsic Value (in millions) |
| Outstanding and exercisable, January 1, 2012 | 44,861 |
| | $ | 232.44 |
| | | | |
| Exercised | 39,183 |
| | $ | 233.40 |
| | | | |
| Outstanding and exercisable, December 31, 2012 | 5,678 |
| | $ | 225.83 |
| | 5.4 | | $ | 1.2 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Number of Shares | | Weighted Average Exercise Price | | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) | | Intrinsic Value (in millions) |
| Outstanding and exercisable, January 1, 2015 | 22,305 |
| | $ | 411.98 |
| | | | |
| Exercised | 10,787 |
| | $ | 418.41 |
| | | | |
| Outstanding and exercisable, December 31, 2015 | 11,518 |
| | $ | 405.97 |
| | 0.9 | | $ | 5.5 |
|
During 2012, 39,1832015, 10,787 options were exercised under the Aspen OptionAlterra Equity Award Plans, resulting in cash proceeds of $9.1$4.5 million and a current tax benefit of $2.5$1.4 million. The intrinsic value of options exercised in 2015 was $4.1 million. During 2014, 13,636 options were exercised under the Alterra Equity Award Plans, resulting in cash proceeds of $5.6 million. and a current tax benefit of $0.8 million. The intrinsic value of options exercised in 20122014 was $7.1 million. During 2011, 5,660$2.5 million. From the Acquisition Date through December 31, 2013, 65,934 options were exercised under the Aspen OptionAlterra Equity Award Plans, resulting in cash proceeds of $1.2$24.3 million and a current tax benefit of $0.4 million.$0.8 million. The intrinsic value of options exercised in 2013 was $9.4 million.
The replacement restricted stock awards issued by the Company had a grant date fair value of $81.6 million, or $529.59 per share. The awards were partially vested as of the Acquisition Date and had a weighted average remaining service period of approximately one year. As a result, $61.0 million was recognized as part of the Acquisition Consideration and $20.6 million was recognized as compensation expense over the remaining service period of the awards. The fair value of the replacement restricted stock awards was determined based on the weighted average price of the Company's stock on April 30, 2013, the day preceding the Acquisition Date. The following table summarizes activity related to these nonvested restricted stock awards.
|
| | | | | | |
| | Number of Awards | | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value |
| Nonvested awards at January 1, 2015 | 33,915 |
| | $ | 529.59 |
|
| Vested | (33,915 | ) | | 529.59 |
|
| Nonvested awards at December 31, 2015 | — |
| | $ | — |
|
The Company recognized compensation expense totaling $0.5 million, $3.9 million and $12.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, related to these restricted stock awards. As of December 31, 2015, there was no unrecognized compensation cost related to the nonvested restricted stock awards. The fair value of the restricted stock awards that vested during 2015, 2011 was $1.1 million. During 2010, 7,595 options were exercised under the Aspen Option Plans, resulting in cash proceeds of $1.5 million2014 and a current tax benefit of $0.42013 was $18.0 million,. The intrinsic value of options exercised in 2010 was $1.3 $18.1 million. and $41.3 million, respectively.
11.13. Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Other comprehensive income (loss) includes net holding gains (losses) arising during the period, changes in unrealized other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities arising during the period and reclassification adjustments for net gains included in net income. Other comprehensive income (loss) also includes changes in foreign currency translation adjustments and changes in net actuarial pension loss.
The following table presents the change in accumulated other comprehensive income by component, net of taxes and noncontrolling interests.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (dollars in thousands) | Unrealized Holding Gains on Available-for- Sale Securities | | Foreign Currency | | Net Actuarial Pension Loss | | Total |
| December 31, 2012 | $ | 946,933 |
| | $ | (1,075 | ) | | $ | (34,521 | ) | | $ | 911,337 |
|
| Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 225,404 |
| | (10,171 | ) | | 2,517 |
| | 217,750 |
|
| Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | (40,830 | ) | | — |
| | 1,548 |
| | (39,282 | ) |
| Total other comprehensive income (loss) | 184,574 |
| | (10,171 | ) | | 4,065 |
| | 178,468 |
|
| December 31, 2013 | $ | 1,131,507 |
| | $ | (11,246 | ) | | $ | (30,456 | ) | | $ | 1,089,805 |
|
| Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications | 687,908 |
| | (32,245 | ) | | (16,516 | ) | | 639,147 |
|
| Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | (26,161 | ) | | — |
| | 1,766 |
| | (24,395 | ) |
| Total other comprehensive income (loss) | 661,747 |
| | (32,245 | ) | | (14,750 | ) | | 614,752 |
|
| December 31, 2014 | $ | 1,793,254 |
| | $ | (43,491 | ) | | $ | (45,206 | ) | | $ | 1,704,557 |
|
| Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications | (240,010 | ) | | (29,205 | ) | | (2,482 | ) | | (271,697 | ) |
| Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income | (80,482 | ) | | — |
| | 2,130 |
| | (78,352 | ) |
| Total other comprehensive loss | (320,492 | ) | | (29,205 | ) | | (352 | ) | | (350,049 | ) |
| December 31, 2015 | $ | 1,472,762 |
| | $ | (72,696 | ) | | $ | (45,558 | ) | | $ | 1,354,508 |
|
The following table summarizes the deferred tax expense (benefit) associated with each component of other comprehensive income.income (loss).
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Change in net unrealized gains on investments: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net holding gains arising during the period | $ | 122,524 |
| | $ | 68,064 |
| | $ | 96,555 |
| |
| Net holding gains (losses) arising during the period | | $ | (107,860 | ) | | $ | 328,564 |
| | $ | 93,837 |
|
| Change in unrealized other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities arising during the period | (49 | ) | | 2,107 |
| | 316 |
| 35 |
| | 614 |
| | (34 | ) |
| Reclassification adjustments for net gains included in net income | (10,881 | ) | | (10,890 | ) | | (16,624 | ) | (29,267 | ) | | (9,890 | ) | | (16,382 | ) |
| Change in net unrealized gains on investments | 111,594 |
| | 59,281 |
| | 80,247 |
| (137,092 | ) | | 319,288 |
| | 77,421 |
|
| Change in foreign currency translation adjustments | (446 | ) | | 250 |
| | 6,579 |
| 408 |
| | 1,918 |
| | (1,619 | ) |
| Change in net actuarial pension loss | 1,991 |
| | (3,153 | ) | | 1,069 |
| (88 | ) | | (3,687 | ) | | 1,015 |
|
| Total | $ | 113,139 |
| | $ | 56,378 |
| | $ | 87,895 |
| $ | (136,772 | ) | | $ | 317,519 |
| | $ | 76,817 |
|
The following table presents the details of amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into income, by component.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Unrealized holding gains on available-for-sale securities: | | | | | |
| Other-than-temporary impairment losses | $ | (44,481 | ) | | $ | (4,784 | ) | | $ | (4,706 | ) |
| Net realized investment gains, excluding other-than-temporary impairment losses | 154,230 |
| | 40,835 |
| | 61,918 |
|
| Total before taxes | 109,749 |
| | 36,051 |
| | 57,212 |
|
| Income taxes | (29,267 | ) | | (9,890 | ) | | (16,382 | ) |
| Reclassification of unrealized holding gains, net of taxes | $ | 80,482 |
| | $ | 26,161 |
| | $ | 40,830 |
|
| | | | | | |
| Net actuarial pension loss: | | | | | |
| Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses | $ | (2,662 | ) | | $ | (2,084 | ) | | $ | (1,934 | ) |
| Income taxes | 532 |
| | 318 |
| | 386 |
|
| Reclassification of net actuarial pension loss, net of taxes | $ | (2,130 | ) | | $ | (1,766 | ) | | $ | (1,548 | ) |
12.14. Fair Value Measurements
FASB ASC 820-10, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, establishes a three-level hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). If the inputs used to measure the assets or liabilities fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the classification is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the asset or liability.
Classification of assets and liabilities within the hierarchy considers the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability and transparency of the assumptions used to determine fair value. The hierarchy requires the use of observable market data when available. The levels of the hierarchy are defined as follows:
Level 1 - Inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities traded in active markets.
Level 2 - Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability and market-corroborated inputs.
Level 3 - Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable for the asset or liability and are significant to the fair value measurement.
In accordance with FASB ASC 820, the Company determines fair value based on the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In determining fair value, the Company uses various methods, including the market, income and cost approaches. The Company uses valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The following section describes the valuation methodologies used by the Company to measure assets and liabilities at fair value, including an indication of the level within the fair value hierarchy in which each asset or liability is generally classified.
Investments available-for-sale. Investments available-for-sale are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis and include fixed maturities, equity securities and short-term investments. Short-term investments include certificates of deposit, commercial paper, discount notes and treasury bills with original maturities of one year or less. Fair value for investments available-for-sale is determined by the Company after considering various sources of information, including information provided by a third party pricing service. The pricing service provides prices for substantially all of the Company's fixed maturities and equity securities. In determining fair value, the Company generally does not adjust the prices obtained from the pricing service. The Company obtains an understanding of the pricing service's valuation methodologies and related inputs, which include, but are not limited to, reported trades, benchmark yields, issuer spreads, bids, offers, duration, credit ratings, estimated cash flows and prepayment speeds. The Company validates prices provided by the pricing service by reviewing prices from other pricing sources and analyzing pricing data in certain instances.
The Company has evaluated the various types of securities in its investment portfolio to determine an appropriate fair value hierarchy level based upon trading activity and the observability of market inputs. Level 1 investments include those traded on an active exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange. Level 2 investments include U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies, municipal bonds, foreign government bonds, commercial mortgage-backed securities, residential mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities and corporate debt securities.
Fair value for investments available-for-sale is measured based upon quoted prices in active markets, if available. Due to variations in trading volumes and the lack of quoted market prices, fixed maturities are classified as Level 2 investments. The fair value of fixed maturities is normally derived through recent reported trades for identical or similar securities, making adjustments through the reporting date based upon available market observable data described above. If there are no recent reported trades, the fair value of fixed maturities may be derived through the use of matrix pricing or model processes, where future cash flow expectations are developed based upon collateral performance and discounted at an estimated market rate. Significant inputs used to determine the fair value of obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions, corporate bonds and obligations of foreign governments include reported trades, benchmark yields, issuer spreads, bids, offers, credit information and estimated cash flows. Significant inputs used to determine the fair value of commercial mortgage-backed securities, residential mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities include the type of underlying mortgage loans,assets, benchmark yields, prepayment speeds, collateral information, tranche type and volatility, estimated cash flows, credit information, default rates, recovery rates, issuer spreads and the year of issue.
Derivatives. Derivatives are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis and include a credit default swap. The fair value of the credit default swap is measured by the Company using an external valuation model. See note 20 for a discussion of the valuation model for the credit default swap, including the key inputs and assumptions used in the model and a description of the valuation processes used by the Company. Due to the significance of unobservable inputs required in measuring the fair value of the credit default swap, the credit default swap has been classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.
Senior long-term debt and other debt. Senior long-term debt and other debt is carried at amortized cost with the estimated fair value disclosed on the consolidated balance sheets. Senior long-term debt and other debt is classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy due to variations in trading volumes and the lack of quoted market prices. Fair value for senior long-term debt and other debt is generally derived through recent reported trades for identical securities, making adjustments through the reporting date, if necessary, based upon available market observable data including U.S. Treasury securities and implied credit spreads. Significant inputs used to determine the fair value of senior long-term debt and other debt include reported trades, benchmark yields, issuer spreads, bids and offers.
The following tables present the balances of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2012 |
| (dollars in thousands) | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total |
| Assets: | | | | | | | |
| Investments available-for-sale: | | | | | | | |
| Fixed maturities: | | | | | | | |
| U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | — |
| | $ | 317,507 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 317,507 |
|
| Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions | — |
| | 2,831,562 |
| | — |
| | 2,831,562 |
|
| Foreign governments | — |
| | 556,608 |
| | — |
| | 556,608 |
|
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | — |
| | 215,377 |
| | — |
| | 215,377 |
|
| Asset-backed securities | — |
| | 14,345 |
| | — |
| | 14,345 |
|
| Corporate bonds | — |
| | 1,043,884 |
| | — |
| | 1,043,884 |
|
| Total fixed maturities | — |
| | 4,979,283 |
| | — |
| | 4,979,283 |
|
| Equity securities: | | | | | | | |
| Insurance companies, banks and trusts | 898,067 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 898,067 |
|
| Industrial, consumer and all other | 1,508,884 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,508,884 |
|
| Total equity securities | 2,406,951 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 2,406,951 |
|
| Short-term investments | 888,758 |
| | 84,572 |
| | — |
| | 973,330 |
|
| Total investments available-for-sale | $ | 3,295,709 |
| | $ | 5,063,855 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 8,359,564 |
|
| Liabilities: | | | | | | | |
| Derivative contracts | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 12,690 |
| | $ | 12,690 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2011 |
| (dollars in thousands) | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total |
| Assets: | | | | | | | |
| Investments available-for-sale: | | | | | | | |
| Fixed maturities: | | | | | | | |
| U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | — |
| | $ | 322,193 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 322,193 |
|
| Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions | — |
| | 2,930,521 |
| | — |
| | 2,930,521 |
|
| Foreign governments | — |
| | 616,814 |
| | — |
| | 616,814 |
|
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | — |
| | 389,184 |
| | — |
| | 389,184 |
|
| Asset-backed securities | — |
| | 16,818 |
| | — |
| | 16,818 |
|
| Corporate bonds | — |
| | 1,262,644 |
| | — |
| | 1,262,644 |
|
| Total fixed maturities | — |
| | 5,538,174 |
| | — |
| | 5,538,174 |
|
| Equity securities: | | | | | | | |
| Insurance companies, banks and trusts | 684,703 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 684,703 |
|
| Industrial, consumer and all other | 1,189,224 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,189,224 |
|
| Total equity securities | 1,873,927 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,873,927 |
|
| Short-term investments | 477,348 |
| | 63,666 |
| | — |
| | 541,014 |
|
| Total investments available-for-sale | $ | 2,351,275 |
| | $ | 5,601,840 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 7,953,115 |
|
| Liabilities: | | | | | | | |
| Derivative contracts | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 29,331 |
| | $ | 29,331 |
|
The following table summarizes changes in Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2015 |
| (dollars in thousands) | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total |
| Assets: | | | | | | | |
| Investments available-for-sale: | | | | | | | |
| Fixed maturities: | | | | | | | |
| U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | — |
| | $ | 700,707 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 700,707 |
|
| Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions | — |
| | 4,013,213 |
| | — |
| | 4,013,213 |
|
| Foreign governments | — |
| | 1,416,457 |
| | — |
| | 1,416,457 |
|
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — |
| | 659,538 |
| | — |
| | 659,538 |
|
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | — |
| | 854,247 |
| | — |
| | 854,247 |
|
| Asset-backed securities | — |
| | 36,071 |
| | — |
| | 36,071 |
|
| Corporate bonds | — |
| | 1,714,235 |
| | — |
| | 1,714,235 |
|
| Total fixed maturities | — |
| | 9,394,468 |
| | — |
| | 9,394,468 |
|
| Equity securities: | | | | | | | |
| Insurance, banks and other financial institutions | 1,334,722 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,334,722 |
|
| Industrial, consumer and all other | 2,739,753 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 2,739,753 |
|
| Total equity securities | 4,074,475 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 4,074,475 |
|
| Short-term investments | 1,529,924 |
| | 112,337 |
| | — |
| | 1,642,261 |
|
| Total investments available-for-sale | $ | 5,604,399 |
| | $ | 9,506,805 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 15,111,204 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | |
| Derivatives, beginning of period | $ | 29,331 |
| | $ | 25,228 |
| |
| Total losses (gains) included in: | | | | |
| Net income | (16,641 | ) | | 4,103 |
| |
| Other comprehensive income | — |
| | — |
| |
| Transfers into Level 3 | — |
| | — |
| |
| Transfers out of Level 3 | — |
| | — |
| |
| Derivatives, end of period | $ | 12,690 |
| | $ | 29,331 |
| |
| Net unrealized losses (gains) included in net income relating to liabilities held at December 31, 2012 and 2011 | $ | (16,641 | ) | (1) | $ | 4,103 |
| (1) |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2014 |
| (dollars in thousands) | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total |
| Assets: | | | | | | | |
| Investments available-for-sale: | | | | | | | |
| Fixed maturities: | | | | | | | |
| U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government agencies | $ | — |
| | $ | 673,262 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 673,262 |
|
| Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions | — |
| | 4,317,547 |
| | — |
| | 4,317,547 |
|
| Foreign governments | — |
| | 1,611,921 |
| | — |
| | 1,611,921 |
|
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | — |
| | 430,627 |
| | — |
| | 430,627 |
|
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | — |
| | 982,847 |
| | — |
| | 982,847 |
|
| Asset-backed securities | — |
| | 99,490 |
| | — |
| | 99,490 |
|
| Corporate bonds | — |
| | 2,307,188 |
| | — |
| | 2,307,188 |
|
| Total fixed maturities | — |
| | 10,422,882 |
| | — |
| | 10,422,882 |
|
| Equity securities: | | | | | | | |
| Insurance, banks and other financial institutions | 1,311,925 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,311,925 |
|
| Industrial, consumer and all other | 2,825,651 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 2,825,651 |
|
| Total equity securities | 4,137,576 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 4,137,576 |
|
| Short-term investments | 1,469,975 |
| | 124,874 |
| | — |
| | 1,594,849 |
|
| Total investments available-for-sale | $ | 5,607,551 |
| | $ | 10,547,756 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 16,155,307 |
|
| |
(1)
| Included in net investment income in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. |
There were no transfers into or out of Level 1 and Level 2 during 20122015 or 20112014. The
Other than the acquisitions disclosed in note 2, the Company did not have any assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis during the years ended December 31, 20122015 and 20112014.
15. Reinsurance
The Company uses reinsurance and retrocessional reinsurance to manage its net retention on individual risks and overall exposure to losses while providing it with the ability to offer policies with sufficient limits to meet policyholder needs. Historically, the Company's products were written with limits that did not require significant reinsurance.Following the acquisition of Alterra, the Company has certain insurance and reinsurance products that use higher levels of reinsurance. In a reinsurance transaction, an insurance company transfers, or cedes, all or part of its exposure in return for a portion of the premium. In a retrocessional reinsurance transaction, a reinsurance company transfers, or cedes, all or part of its exposure in return for a portion of the premium. The ceding of insurance does not legally discharge the Company from its primary liability for the full amount of the policies, and the Company will be required to pay the loss and bear collection risk if the reinsurer fails to meet its obligations under the reinsurance or retrocessional agreement.
A credit risk exists with ceded reinsurance ceded to the extent that any reinsurer is unable to meet the obligations assumed under the reinsurance agreements.or retrocessional contracts. Allowances are established for amounts deemed uncollectible. The Company evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers and monitors concentration of credit risk arising from its exposure to individual reinsurers. At December 31, 20122015 and 20112014, balances recoverable from the Company's ten largest reinsurers, by group, represented approximately 74%68% and 72%63%, respectively, of the reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, before considering reinsurance allowances. At December 31, 2012,2015, the Company's largest reinsurance balance was due from the Munich ReFairfax Financial Group and represented 18%17% of the reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses, before considering reinsurance allowances.
To further reduce credit exposure to reinsurance recoverable balances, the Company has received collateral, including letters of credit and trust accounts, from certain reinsurers. Collateral related to these reinsurance agreements is available, without restriction, when the Company pays losses covered by the reinsurance agreements.
The following table summarizes the Company's reinsurance allowance for doubtful accounts.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 |
| Reinsurance allowance, beginning of year | $ | 69,067 |
| | $ | 155,190 |
| | $ | 151,339 |
|
| Additions | 24,179 |
| | 8,504 |
| | 7,927 |
|
| Deductions | (22,098 | ) | | (94,627 | ) | | (4,076 | ) |
| Reinsurance allowance, end of year | $ | 71,148 |
| | $ | 69,067 |
| | $ | 155,190 |
|
Deductions for the year ended December 31, 2011 included a $78.5 million adjustment related to commutations completed by Markel International, which involved the termination of ceded reinsurance contracts. Of the total adjustment, $40.0 million related to reinsurance recoverables on losses and loss adjustment expenses for A&E related exposures. The adjustment had no impact on the reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses, net of the reinsurance allowance, for any period presented. |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Reinsurance allowance, beginning of year | $ | 59,813 |
| | $ | 76,210 |
| | $ | 71,148 |
|
| Additions | 5,897 |
| | 10,316 |
| | 13,621 |
|
| Deductions | (6,360 | ) | | (26,713 | ) | | (8,559 | ) |
| Reinsurance allowance, end of year | $ | 59,350 |
| | $ | 59,813 |
| | $ | 76,210 |
|
Management believes the Company's reinsurance allowance for doubtful accounts is adequate at December 31, 20122015; however, the deterioration in the credit quality of existing reinsurers or disputes over reinsurance agreementsand retrocessional contracts could result in additional charges.
The following table summarizes the effect of reinsurance and retrocessional reinsurance on premiums written and earned.
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| (dollars in thousands) | Written | | Earned | | Written | | Earned | | Written | | Earned | Written | | Earned | | Written | | Earned | | Written | | Earned |
| Direct | $ | 2,115,353 |
| | $ | 2,057,735 |
| | $ | 1,957,397 |
| | $ | 1,873,512 |
| | $ | 1,704,684 |
| | $ | 1,681,027 |
| $ | 3,474,510 |
| | $ | 3,480,297 |
| | $ | 3,478,273 |
| | $ | 3,443,912 |
| | $ | 3,143,957 |
| | $ | 2,947,812 |
|
| Assumed | 398,328 |
| | 376,186 |
| | 333,854 |
| | 338,183 |
| | 277,783 |
| | 253,654 |
| 1,158,402 |
| | 1,194,772 |
| | 1,327,240 |
| | 1,298,371 |
| | 776,269 |
| | 1,016,853 |
|
| Ceded | (299,555 | ) | | (286,793 | ) | | (249,413 | ) | | (232,355 | ) | | (213,349 | ) | | (203,760 | ) | (813,619 | ) | | (851,537 | ) | | (888,498 | ) | | (901,371 | ) | | (683,543 | ) | | (733,049 | ) |
| Net premiums | $ | 2,214,126 |
| | $ | 2,147,128 |
| | $ | 2,041,838 |
| | $ | 1,979,340 |
| | $ | 1,769,118 |
| | $ | 1,730,921 |
| $ | 3,819,293 |
| | $ | 3,823,532 |
| | $ | 3,917,015 |
| | $ | 3,840,912 |
| | $ | 3,236,683 |
| | $ | 3,231,616 |
|
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses were net of reinsurance recoverables (ceded incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses) of $165.8$330.7 million,, $159.8 $423.1 million and $61.3$269.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20112015, 2014 and 2010,2013, respectively. Ceded incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses in 2012 included ceded losses on Hurricane Sandy of $77.6 million. Ceded incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses in 2011 included ceded losses on natural catastrophes of $36.3 million and ceded losses on two large losses in the Marine and Energy division within the London Insurance Market segment of $25.9 million. Ceded incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses in 2010 included ceded losses related to the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion of $43.2 million.
The percentage of ceded earned premiums to gross earned premiums was 18%, 19% and 18% for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The percentage of assumed earned premiums to net earned premiums was 18%31%, 17%34% and 15%31% for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20112015, 2014 and 2010,2013, respectively.
See note 9 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for information regarding two retroactive reinsurance transactions completed during 2015 to cede portfolios of policies primarily comprised of liabilities arising from A&E exposures.
14.16. Commitments and Contingencies
a)The Company leases substantially all of its facilities and certain furniture and equipment under noncancelable operating leases with remaining terms up to 2219 years.
The following table summarizes the Company's minimum annual rental commitments, excluding taxes, insurance and other operating costs payable directly by the Company, for noncancelable operating leases at December 31, 20122015.
| | | Years Ending December 31, | (dollars in thousands) | (dollars in thousands) |
| 2013 | $ | 23,324 |
| |
| 2014 | 21,692 |
| |
| 2015 | 19,735 |
| |
| 2016 | 13,808 |
| $ | 29,664 |
|
| 2017 | 16,608 |
| 34,083 |
|
| 2018 and thereafter | 116,434 |
| |
| 2018 | | 30,708 |
|
| 2019 | | 27,947 |
|
| 2020 | | 21,597 |
|
| 2021 and thereafter | | 130,844 |
|
| Total | $ | 211,601 |
| $ | 274,843 |
|
Rental expense was $28.1$44.3 million,, $25.8 $42.7 million and $22.935.3 million for the years ended December 31, 20122015, 20112014 and 20102013, respectively.
b)Contingencies arise in the normal course of the Company's operations and are not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial condition or results of operations.
15.17. Related Party Transactions
The Company engages in certain related party transactions in the normal course of business. These transactions are at arm's length and are immaterialnot material to the Company's consolidated financial statements.
16.18. Statutory Financial Information
a) The following table includes selected informationStatutory capital and surplus and statutory net income (loss) for the Company's wholly-owned domestic insurance subsidiaries as filed with state insurance regulatory authorities.of December 31, 2015 and 2014 and for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, is summarized below.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 |
| Net income | $ | 127,179 |
| | $ | 180,744 |
| | $ | 170,620 |
|
| Statutory capital and surplus | $ | 1,455,077 |
| | $ | 1,460,813 |
| | $ | 1,461,894 |
|
|
| | | | | | | |
| Statutory Capital and Surplus | | | |
| | | | |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2015 | | 2014 |
| United States | $ | 2,569,928 |
| | $ | 2,619,001 |
|
| United Kingdom | $ | 608,342 |
| | $ | 608,001 |
|
| Bermuda | $ | 1,966,021 |
| | $ | 1,890,218 |
|
| Other | $ | 17,305 |
| | $ | 177,824 |
|
As of December 31, 2015, the amount of statutory capital and surplus necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements is not significant in relation to actual statutory capital and surplus.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Statutory Net Income (Loss) | | | | | |
| | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| United States | $ | 291,783 |
| | $ | 212,909 |
| | $ | 235,009 |
|
| United Kingdom | $ | 63,583 |
| | $ | 73,697 |
| | $ | 109,983 |
|
| Bermuda | $ | 189,800 |
| | $ | 110,401 |
| | $ | 249,772 |
|
| Other | $ | (3,181 | ) | | $ | 1,367 |
| | $ | (12,617 | ) |
United States
The laws of the domicile states of the Company's domesticU.S. insurance subsidiaries govern the amount of dividends that may be paid to the Company. Generally, statutes in the domicile states of the Company's domesticU.S. insurance subsidiaries require prior approval for payment of extraordinary, as opposed to ordinary, dividends. At December 31, 2012,2015, the Company's domesticU.S. insurance subsidiaries could pay up to $186.5$354.0 million during the following 12 months under the ordinary dividend regulations.
In converting from U.S. statutory accounting principles to U.S. GAAP, typical adjustments include deferral of policy acquisition costs, differences in the calculation of deferred income taxes and the inclusion of net unrealized gains or losses relating to fixed maturities in shareholders' equity. The Company does not use any permitted statutory accounting practices that are different from prescribed statutory accounting practices.
b) MIICL files an annual audited return with the Financial Services Authority (FSA) in the United Kingdom. Assetspractices which impact statutory capital and liabilities reported within the annual FSA return are prepared subject to specified rules concerning valuation and admissibility.
The following table summarizes MIICL's FSA Return net income and policyholders' surplus.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 (1) | | 2011 | | 2010 |
| Net income | $ | 82,573 |
| | $ | 18,386 |
| | $ | 80,688 |
|
| Policyholders' surplus | $ | 485,043 |
| | $ | 431,272 |
| | $ | 516,110 |
|
| |
(1)
| Preliminary, as return has not yet been filed. |
MIICL's abilityThe Company's United Kingdom insurance subsidiary and its Lloyd's managing agent are authorized by the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) and regulated by both the PRA and the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). The PRA oversees compliance with established periodic auditing and reporting requirements, minimum solvency margins and individual capital assessment requirements under the Solvency II Directive and imposes dividend restrictions, while both the PRA and the FCA oversee compliance with risk assessment reviews and various other requirements. Markel International Insurance Company Limited (MIICL) is required to pay dividends is limited by applicable FSA requirements, which require MIICL to give14 days advance notice to the FSAPRA for any dividends from MIICL and any transaction or proposed transaction with a connected or related person. Markel Syndicate Management Limited, the managing agent of its intentionthe Company's syndicate at Lloyd's, is required to declare and pay a dividend.satisfy the solvency requirements of Lloyd's. In addition, MIICLthe Company's United Kingdom subsidiaries must comply with the United Kingdom Companies Act of 2006, which provides that dividends may only be paid out of profits available for that purpose. As of December 31, 2015, earnings of the Company's United Kingdom subsidiaries are considered reinvested indefinitely for U.S. income tax purposes and will not be made available for distributions to the holding company.
Bermuda
Markel Bermuda is subject to enhanced capital requirements in addition to minimum solvency and liquidity requirements. The enhanced capital requirement is determined by reference to a risk-based capital model that determines a control threshold for statutory capital and surplus by taking into account the risk characteristics of different aspects of the insurer's business. At December 31, 2015, Markel Bermuda satisfied both the enhanced capital requirements and the minimum solvency and liquidity requirements.
Under the Bermuda Insurance Act, Markel Bermuda is prohibited from paying or declaring dividends during a fiscal year if it is in breach of its enhanced capital requirement, solvency margin or minimum liquidity ratio or if the declaration or payment of the dividend would cause a breach. If an insurer fails to meet its solvency margin or minimum liquidity ratio on the last day of any financial year, it is prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends during the next financial year without the approval of the Bermuda Monetary Authority (BMA). Further, Markel Bermuda is prohibited from declaring or paying, in any financial year, dividends of more than 25% of its total statutory capital and surplus as set forth in its previous year's statutory balance sheet unless at least seven days before payment of those dividends it files with the BMA an affidavit stating that it will continue to meet its solvency margin and minimum liquidity ratio. Markel Bermuda must obtain the BMA's prior approval for a reduction by 15% or more of the total statutory capital as set forth in its previous year's financial statements. In addition, as a long-term insurer, Markel Bermuda may not declare or pay a dividend to any person other than a policyholder unless the value of the assets in its long-term business fund, as certified by Markel Bermuda's approved actuary, exceeds the liabilities of its long-term business by the amount of the dividend and at least the prescribed minimum solvency margin. As of December 31, 2015, Markel Bermuda could pay up to $491.5 million during the following 12 months without making any additional filings with the BMA.
Other Jurisdictions
The Company's other foreign subsidiaries are subject to capital and solvency requirements in their respective jurisdictions of domicile that govern their ability to declare and pay dividends. As of December 31, 2015, earnings of our foreign subsidiaries are considered reinvested indefinitely for U.S. income tax purposes and will not be made available for distributions to the holding company.
b) Lloyd's sets the corporate members' required capital annually based on each syndicates' business plans, rating environment, reserving environment and input arising from Lloyd's discussions with, inter alia, regulatory and rating agencies. Such required capital is referred to as Funds at Lloyd's (FAL), and comprises cash and investments. The amount of cash and investments held as FAL as of December 31, 2015 was $827.9 million. The amount which the Company provides as FAL is not available for distribution to the holding company. The Company's corporate members may also be required to maintain funds under the control of Lloyd's in excess of their capital requirements and such funds also may not be available for distribution to the holding company.
17.19. Segment Reporting Disclosures
The Company operatesmonitors and reports its ongoing underwriting operations in three segments of the specialty insurance marketplace:following three segments: U.S. Insurance, International Insurance and Reinsurance. In determining how to aggregate and monitor its underwriting results, the Excess and Surplus Lines, the Specialty Admitted and the London Insurance Market segments. The Company considers many factors, including the nature of its insurance products, production sources, distribution strategiesgeographic location and regulatory environment of the insurance entity underwriting the risk, the nature of the insurance product sold, the type of account written and the type of customer served. The U.S. Insurance segment includes all direct business and facultative placements written by the Company's insurance subsidiaries domiciled in determining howthe United States. The International Insurance segment includes all direct business and facultative placements written by the Company's insurance subsidiaries domiciled outside of the United States, including the Company's syndicate at Lloyd's. The Reinsurance segment includes all treaty reinsurance written across the Company. Results for lines of business discontinued prior to, aggregate operating segments.
or in conjunction with, acquisitions, including the results attributable to the run-off of life and annuity reinsurance business, are reported in the Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) segment. All investing activities related to the Company's insurance operations are included in the Investing segment. For purposes of segment reporting, the Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) segment includes lines of business that have been discontinued in conjunction with acquisitions.
The Company's non-insurance operations include its Markel Ventures operations, which primarily consist of controlling interests in various industrial and service businesses. The Company's non-insurance operations also include the results of the Company's legal and professional consulting services, and effective December 8, 2015, the results attributable to Markel CATCo IM. For purposes of segment reporting, the Company's non-insurance operations are not considered to be a reportable operating segment.
The following table summarizes the Company's gross written premiums by country. Gross written premiums are attributed to individual countries based upon location of risk.
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | % of Total | | 2011 | | % of Total | | 2010 | | % of Total | 2015 | | % of Total | | 2014 | | % of Total | | 2013 | | % of Total |
| United States | $ | 1,768,011 |
| | 70 | % | | $ | 1,590,238 |
| | 69 | % | | $ | 1,433,185 |
| | 72 | % | $ | 3,519,487 |
| | 76 | % | | $ | 3,523,239 |
| | 73 | % | | $ | 2,934,868 |
| | 75 | % |
| United Kingdom | 147,891 |
| | 6 |
| | 139,349 |
| | 6 |
| | 137,502 |
| | 7 |
| 414,941 |
| | 9 |
| | 441,669 |
| | 9 |
| | 245,143 |
| | 6 |
|
| Canada | 120,542 |
| | 5 |
| | 126,434 |
| | 6 |
| | 92,017 |
| | 5 |
| 115,191 |
| | 2 |
| | 125,617 |
| | 3 |
| | 128,420 |
| | 3 |
|
| Other countries | 477,237 |
| | 19 |
| | 435,230 |
| | 19 |
| | 319,763 |
| | 16 |
| 583,293 |
| | 13 |
| | 714,988 |
| | 15 |
| | 611,795 |
| | 16 |
|
| Total | $ | 2,513,681 |
| | 100 | % | | $ | 2,291,251 |
| | 100 | % | | $ | 1,982,467 |
| | 100 | % | $ | 4,632,912 |
| | 100 | % | | $ | 4,805,513 |
| | 100 | % | | $ | 3,920,226 |
| | 100 | % |
Most of the Company's gross written premiums are placed through insurance and reinsurance brokers. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the top three independent brokers accounted for approximately 27%, 28% and 24% of consolidated gross premiums written. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the top three independent brokers accounted for approximately and 42%, 41% and 42%, respectively, of gross premiums written in the International Insurance segment, and 68% of gross premiums written in the Reinsurance segment each year.
Segment profit for the Investing segment is measured by net investment income and net realized investment gains or losses. Segment profit or loss for each of the Company's operatingunderwriting segments is measured by underwriting profit or loss. The property and casualty insurance industry commonly defines underwriting profit or loss as earned premiums net of losses and loss adjustment expenses and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses. Underwriting profit or loss does not replace operating income or net income computed in accordance with U.S. GAAP as a measure of profitability. Underwriting profit or loss provides a basis for management to evaluate the Company's underwriting performance. Segment profit or loss for the InvestingCompany's underwriting segments also includes other revenues and other expenses, primarily related to the run-off of managing general agent operations that were discontinued in conjunction with acquisitions. Other revenues and other expenses in the Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) segment is measured by net investment incomeare comprised of the results attributable to the run-off of life and net realized investment gains or losses.annuity reinsurance business.
For management reporting purposes, the Company allocates assets to its underwriting, investing and non-insurance operations. Underwriting assets are all assets not specifically allocated to the Investing segment or to the Company's non-insurance operations. Underwriting and investing assets are not allocated to the Excess and Surplus Lines, Specialty Admitted, LondonU.S. Insurance, MarketInternational Insurance, Reinsurance or Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) segments since the Company does not manage its assets by operatingunderwriting segment. Invested assets related to the Company's insurance operations are allocated to the Investing segment since these assets are available for payment of losses and expenses for all operating segments. The Company does not allocate capital expenditures for long-lived assets to any of its operatingunderwriting segments for management reporting purposes.
| |
| a) | a)The following tables summarize the Company's segment disclosures.
|
| | | | Year Ended December 31, 2012 | Year Ended December 31, 2015 |
| (dollars in thousands) | Excess and Surplus Lines | | Specialty Admitted | | London Insurance Market | | Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | | Investing | | Consolidated | U.S. Insurance | | International Insurance | | Reinsurance | | Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | | Investing | | Consolidated |
| Gross premium volume | $ | 956,273 |
| | $ | 669,692 |
| | $ | 887,720 |
| | $ | (4 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | 2,513,681 |
| $ | 2,504,096 |
| | $ | 1,164,866 |
| | $ | 965,374 |
| | $ | (1,424 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | 4,632,912 |
|
| Net written premiums | 811,601 |
| | 628,147 |
| | 774,383 |
| | (5 | ) | | — |
| | 2,214,126 |
| 2,106,490 |
| | 888,214 |
| | 824,324 |
| | 265 |
| | — |
| | 3,819,293 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Earned premiums | 793,159 |
| | 588,758 |
| | 765,216 |
| | (5 | ) | | — |
| | 2,147,128 |
| 2,105,212 |
| | 879,426 |
| | 838,543 |
| | 351 |
| | — |
| | 3,823,532 |
|
| Losses and loss adjustment expenses | (388,793 | ) | | (381,870 | ) | | (362,330 | ) | | (21,075 | ) | | — |
| | (1,154,068 | ) | |
Prospective adoption of FASB ASU No. 2010-26 (1) | (17,456 | ) | | (13,577 | ) | | (12,060 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (43,093 | ) | |
| Other amortization of policy acquisition costs | (135,573 | ) | | (96,770 | ) | | (152,673 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (385,016 | ) | |
| Losses and loss adjustment expenses: | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Current accident year | | (1,367,159 | ) | | (638,144 | ) | | (561,242 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (2,566,545 | ) |
| Prior accident years | | 298,967 |
| | 248,834 |
| | 97,860 |
| | (17,861 | ) | | — |
| | 627,800 |
|
| Amortization of policy acquisition costs | | (420,289 | ) | | (142,657 | ) | | (182,018 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (744,964 | ) |
| Other operating expenses | (201,196 | ) | | (143,377 | ) | | (156,587 | ) | | (203 | ) | | — |
| | (501,363 | ) | (378,563 | ) | | (221,758 | ) | | (106,863 | ) | | (2,932 | ) | | — |
| | (710,116 | ) |
| Underwriting profit (loss) | 50,141 |
| | (46,836 | ) | | 81,566 |
| | (21,283 | ) | | — |
| | 63,588 |
| 238,168 |
| | 125,701 |
| | 86,280 |
| | (20,442 | ) | | — |
| | 429,707 |
|
| Net investment income | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 282,107 |
| | 282,107 |
| — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 353,213 |
| | 353,213 |
|
| Net realized investment gains | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 31,593 |
| | 31,593 |
| — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 106,480 |
| | 106,480 |
|
| Other revenues (insurance) | — |
| | 44,968 |
| | 4,964 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 49,932 |
| 3,331 |
| | 7,790 |
| | 593 |
| | 617 |
| | — |
| | 12,331 |
|
| Other expenses (insurance) | — |
| | (41,425 | ) | | (3,867 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (45,292 | ) | (3,902 | ) | | (5,717 | ) | | (1,419 | ) | | (29,057 | ) | | — |
| | (40,095 | ) |
| Segment profit (loss) | $ | 50,141 |
| | $ | (43,293 | ) | | $ | 82,663 |
| | $ | (21,283 | ) | | $ | 313,700 |
| | $ | 381,928 |
| $ | 237,597 |
| | $ | 127,774 |
| | $ | 85,454 |
| | $ | (48,882 | ) | | $ | 459,693 |
| | $ | 861,636 |
|
| Other revenues (non-insurance) | | | | | | | | | | | 489,352 |
| | | | | | | | | | | 1,074,427 |
|
| Other expenses (non-insurance) | | | | | | | | | | | (432,956 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | (1,006,710 | ) |
| Amortization of intangible assets | | | | | | | | | | | (33,512 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | (68,947 | ) |
| Interest expense | | | | | | | | | | | (92,762 | ) | | | | | | | | | | | (118,301 | ) |
| Income before income taxes | | | | | | | | | | | $ | 312,050 |
| | | | | | | | | | | $ | 742,105 |
|
U.S. GAAP combined ratio (2) | 94 | % | | 108 | % | | 89 | % | | NM |
| (3) | | | 97 | % | |
U.S. GAAP combined ratio (1) | | 89 | % | | 86 | % | | 90 | % | | NM |
| (2) | | | 89 | % |
| |
(1) | The U.S. GAAP combined ratio is a measure of underwriting performance and represents the relationship of incurred losses, loss adjustment expenses and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses to earned premiums. |
| |
Effective January 1, 2012,(2)
| NM — Ratio is not meaningful. |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, 2014 |
| (dollars in thousands) | U.S. Insurance | | International Insurance | | Reinsurance | | Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | | Investing | | Consolidated |
| Gross premium volume | $ | 2,493,823 |
| | $ | 1,200,403 |
| | $ | 1,112,728 |
| | $ | (1,441 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | 4,805,513 |
|
| Net written premiums | 2,071,466 |
| | 889,336 |
| | 956,584 |
| | (371 | ) | | — |
| | 3,917,015 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Earned premiums | 2,022,860 |
| | 909,679 |
| | 908,385 |
| | (12 | ) | | — |
| | 3,840,912 |
|
| Losses and loss adjustment expenses: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Current accident year | (1,340,129 | ) | | (660,409 | ) | | (637,474 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (2,638,012 | ) |
| Prior accident years | 216,557 |
| | 166,615 |
| | 79,951 |
| | (27,578 | ) | | — |
| | 435,545 |
|
| Amortization of policy acquisition costs | (403,233 | ) | | (141,394 | ) | | (110,289 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (654,916 | ) |
| Other operating expenses | (396,737 | ) | | (207,175 | ) | | (201,673 | ) | | (381 | ) | | — |
| | (805,966 | ) |
| Underwriting profit (loss) | 99,318 |
| | 67,316 |
| | 38,900 |
| | (27,971 | ) | | — |
| | 177,563 |
|
| Net investment income | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 363,230 |
| | 363,230 |
|
| Net realized investment gains | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 46,000 |
| | 46,000 |
|
| Other revenues (insurance) | 2,478 |
| | 21,827 |
| | 2,696 |
| | 1,631 |
| | — |
| | 28,632 |
|
| Other expenses (insurance) | (5,149 | ) | | (18,706 | ) | | (1,847 | ) | | (37,132 | ) | | — |
| | (62,834 | ) |
| Segment profit (loss) | $ | 96,647 |
| | $ | 70,437 |
| | $ | 39,749 |
| | $ | (63,472 | ) | | $ | 409,230 |
| | $ | 552,591 |
|
| Other revenues (non-insurance) | | | | | | | | | | | 854,893 |
|
| Other expenses (non-insurance) | | | | | | | | | | | (792,037 | ) |
| Amortization of intangible assets | | | | | | | | | | | (57,627 | ) |
| Interest expense | | | | | | | | | | | (117,442 | ) |
| Income before income taxes | | | | | | | | | | | $ | 440,378 |
|
U.S. GAAP combined ratio (1) | 95 | % | | 93 | % | | 96 | % | | NM |
| (2) | | | 95 | % |
| |
(1) | The U.S. GAAP combined ratio is a measure of underwriting performance and represents the relationship of incurred losses, loss adjustment expenses and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses to earned premiums. |
| |
(2) | NM — Ratio is not meaningful. |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, 2013 |
| (dollars in thousands) | U.S. Insurance | | International Insurance | | Reinsurance | | Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | | Investing | | Consolidated |
| Gross premium volume | $ | 2,252,739 |
| | $ | 1,101,099 |
| | $ | 566,348 |
| | $ | 40 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 3,920,226 |
|
| Net written premiums | 1,915,770 |
| | 840,050 |
| | 480,822 |
| | 41 |
| | — |
| | 3,236,683 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Earned premiums | 1,727,766 |
| | 833,984 |
| | 669,826 |
| | 40 |
| | — |
| | 3,231,616 |
|
| Losses and loss adjustment expenses: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Current accident year | (1,173,258 | ) | | (588,759 | ) | | (465,385 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (2,227,402 | ) |
| Prior accident years | 298,113 |
| | 130,660 |
| | 12,938 |
| | (30,582 | ) | | — |
| | 411,129 |
|
Transaction costs and other acquisition-related expenses (1) | (12,724 | ) | | (13,366 | ) | | (49,050 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (75,140 | ) |
| Amortization of policy acquisition costs | (287,795 | ) | | (138,626 | ) | | (45,494 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (471,915 | ) |
| Other operating expenses | (409,886 | ) | | (171,666 | ) | | (183,817 | ) | | 112 |
| | — |
| | (765,257 | ) |
| Underwriting profit (loss) | 142,216 |
| | 52,227 |
| | (60,982 | ) | | (30,430 | ) | | — |
| | 103,031 |
|
| Net investment income | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 317,373 |
| | 317,373 |
|
| Net realized investment gains | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 63,152 |
| | 63,152 |
|
| Other revenues (insurance) | 13,648 |
| | 4,284 |
| | 5,432 |
| | 1,130 |
| | — |
| | 24,494 |
|
| Other expenses (insurance) | (17,087 | ) | | (5,065 | ) | | — |
| | (28,126 | ) | | — |
| | (50,278 | ) |
| Segment profit (loss) | $ | 138,777 |
| | $ | 51,446 |
| | $ | (55,550 | ) | | $ | (57,426 | ) | | $ | 380,525 |
| | $ | 457,772 |
|
| Other revenues (non-insurance) | | | | | | | | | | | 686,448 |
|
| Other expenses (non-insurance) | | | | | | | | | | | (613,250 | ) |
| Amortization of intangible assets | | | | | | | | | | | (55,223 | ) |
| Interest expense | | | | | | | | | | | (114,004 | ) |
| Income before income taxes | | | | | | | | | | | $ | 361,743 |
|
U.S. GAAP combined ratio (2) | 92 | % | | 94 | % | | 109 | % | | NM |
| (3) | | | 97 | % |
| |
(1) | In connection with the acquisition of Alterra, the Company prospectively adopted FASB ASU No. 2010-26, Accountingincurred transaction costs of $16.0 million for Costs Associated with Acquiring or Renewing Insurance Contracts. Atthe year ended December 31, 2011, deferred policy acquisition2013, which primarily consist of due diligence, legal and investment banking costs. Additionally, the Company incurred severance costs included $43.1of $31.7 million, stay bonuses of $14.8 million and other compensation costs totaling $12.6 million related to the acceleration of certain long-term incentive compensation awards and restricted stock awards that no longer metwere granted by Alterra prior to the criteria for deferral as of January 1, 2012 and were recognized into income during 2012, consistent with policy terms.acquisition. |
| |
(2) | The U.S. GAAP combined ratio is a measure of underwriting performance and represents the relationship of incurred losses, loss adjustment expenses and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses to earned premiums. |
| |
(3) | NM — Ratio is not meaningful. |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, 2011 |
| (dollars in thousands) | Excess and Surplus Lines | | Specialty Admitted | | London Insurance Market | | Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | | Investing | | Consolidated |
| Gross premium volume | $ | 893,427 |
| | $ | 572,392 |
| | $ | 825,301 |
| | $ | 131 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 2,291,251 |
|
| Net written premiums | 772,279 |
| | 543,213 |
| | 726,359 |
| | (13 | ) | | — |
| | 2,041,838 |
|
| Earned premiums | 756,306 |
| | 527,293 |
| | 695,753 |
| | (12 | ) | | — |
| | 1,979,340 |
|
| Losses and loss adjustment expenses | (318,583 | ) | | (364,144 | ) | | (531,625 | ) | | 4,366 |
| | — |
| | (1,209,986 | ) |
| Amortization of policy acquisition costs | (172,269 | ) | | (129,731 | ) | | (177,454 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (479,454 | ) |
| Other operating expenses | (156,419 | ) | | (78,509 | ) | | (96,149 | ) | | 352 |
| | — |
| | (330,725 | ) |
| Underwriting profit (loss) | 109,035 |
| | (45,091 | ) | | (109,475 | ) | | 4,706 |
| | — |
| | (40,825 | ) |
| Net investment income | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 263,676 |
| | 263,676 |
|
| Net realized investment gains | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 35,857 |
| | 35,857 |
|
| Other revenues (insurance) | — |
| | 33,545 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 33,545 |
|
| Other expenses (insurance) | — |
| | (33,722 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (33,722 | ) |
| Segment profit (loss) | $ | 109,035 |
| | $ | (45,268 | ) | | $ | (109,475 | ) | | $ | 4,706 |
| | $ | 299,533 |
| | $ | 258,531 |
|
| Other revenues (non-insurance) | | | | | | | | | | | 317,532 |
|
| Other expenses (non-insurance) | | | | | | | | | | | (275,324 | ) |
| Amortization of intangible assets | | | | | | | | | | | (24,291 | ) |
| Interest expense | | | | | | | | | | | (86,252 | ) |
| Income before income taxes | | | | | | | | | | | $ | 190,196 |
|
U.S. GAAP combined ratio(1) | 86 | % | | 109 | % | | 116 | % | | NM |
| (2) | | | 102 | % |
| |
(1)
| The U.S. GAAP combined ratio is a measure of underwriting performance and represents the relationship of incurred losses, loss adjustment expenses and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses to earned premiums. |
| |
(2)
| NM — Ratio is not meaningful. |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, 2010 |
| (dollars in thousands) | Excess and Surplus Lines | | Specialty Admitted | | London Insurance Market | | Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | | Investing | | Consolidated |
| Gross premium volume | $ | 898,409 |
| | $ | 375,036 |
| | $ | 708,968 |
| | $ | 54 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 1,982,467 |
|
| Net written premiums | 797,518 |
| | 348,634 |
| | 622,799 |
| | 167 |
| | — |
| | 1,769,118 |
|
| Earned premiums | 809,672 |
| | 343,574 |
| | 577,507 |
| | 168 |
| | — |
| | 1,730,921 |
|
| Losses and loss adjustment expenses | (413,998 | ) | | (208,519 | ) | | (320,350 | ) | | (3,362 | ) | | — |
| | (946,229 | ) |
| Amortization of policy acquisition costs | (190,903 | ) | | (85,521 | ) | | (149,469 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (425,893 | ) |
| Other operating expenses | (169,221 | ) | | (48,283 | ) | | (81,553 | ) | | 74 |
| | — |
| | (298,983 | ) |
| Underwriting profit (loss) | 35,550 |
| | 1,251 |
| | 26,135 |
| | (3,120 | ) | | — |
| | 59,816 |
|
| Net investment income | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 272,530 |
| | 272,530 |
|
| Net realized investment gains | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 36,362 |
| | 36,362 |
|
| Other revenues (insurance) | — |
| | 12,354 |
| | 6,753 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 19,107 |
|
| Other expenses (insurance) | — |
| | (16,055 | ) | | (5,854 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (21,909 | ) |
| Segment profit (loss) | $ | 35,550 |
| | $ | (2,450 | ) | | $ | 27,034 |
| | $ | (3,120 | ) | | $ | 308,892 |
| | $ | 365,906 |
|
| Other revenues (non-insurance) | | | | | | | | | | | 166,473 |
|
| Other expenses (non-insurance) | | | | | | | | | | | (146,381 | ) |
| Amortization of intangible assets | | | | | | | | | | | (16,824 | ) |
| Interest expense | | | | | | | | | | | (73,663 | ) |
| Income before income taxes | | | | | | | | | | | $ | 295,511 |
|
U.S. GAAP combined ratio(1) | 96 | % | | 100 | % | | 95 | % | | NM |
| (2) | | | 97 | % |
| |
(1)
| The U.S. GAAP combined ratio is a measure of underwriting performance and represents the relationship of incurred losses, loss adjustment expenses and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses to earned premiums. |
| |
(2)
| NM — Ratio is not meaningful. |
b)The following table summarizes deferred policy acquisition costs, unearned premiums and unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses by segment.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (dollars in thousands) | Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs | | Unearned Premiums | | Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses |
| December 31, 2012 | | | | | |
| Excess and Surplus Lines | $ | 59,158 |
| | $ | 410,731 |
| | $ | 2,152,253 |
|
| Specialty Admitted | 43,810 |
| | 280,811 |
| | 796,093 |
|
| London Insurance Market | 54,497 |
| | 308,719 |
| | 1,958,249 |
|
| Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | — |
| | — |
| | 464,831 |
|
| Total | $ | 157,465 |
| | $ | 1,000,261 |
| | $ | 5,371,426 |
|
| December 31, 2011 | | | | | |
| Excess and Surplus Lines | $ | 73,403 |
| | $ | 382,632 |
| | $ | 2,235,218 |
|
| Specialty Admitted | 54,399 |
| | 238,581 |
| | 717,642 |
|
| London Insurance Market | 66,872 |
| | 294,717 |
| | 1,981,895 |
|
| Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | — |
| | — |
| | 464,114 |
|
| Total | $ | 194,674 |
| | $ | 915,930 |
| | $ | 5,398,869 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (dollars in thousands) | Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs | | Unearned Premiums | | Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses |
| December 31, 2015 | | | | | |
| U.S. Insurance | $ | 162,289 |
| | $ | 1,105,456 |
| | $ | 3,720,429 |
|
| International Insurance | 48,913 |
| | 467,158 |
| | 3,140,000 |
|
| Reinsurance | 141,554 |
| | 593,491 |
| | 2,750,258 |
|
| Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | — |
| | — |
| | 641,266 |
|
| Total | $ | 352,756 |
| | $ | 2,166,105 |
| | $ | 10,251,953 |
|
| December 31, 2014 | | | | | |
| U.S. Insurance | $ | 165,333 |
| | $ | 1,110,910 |
| | $ | 3,577,166 |
|
| International Insurance | 47,618 |
| | 491,708 |
| | 3,353,417 |
|
| Reinsurance | 140,459 |
| | 643,072 |
| | 2,818,792 |
|
| Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | — |
| | — |
| | 654,777 |
|
| Total | $ | 353,410 |
| | $ | 2,245,690 |
| | $ | 10,404,152 |
|
c)The following table summarizes segment earned premiums by major product grouping.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (dollars in thousands) | Property | | Casualty | | Professional Liability | | Workers' Compensation | | Other | | Consolidated |
| Year ended December 31, 2012 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Excess and Surplus Lines | $ | 109,607 |
| | $ | 227,880 |
| | $ | 189,199 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 266,473 |
| | $ | 793,159 |
|
| Specialty Admitted | 148,311 |
| | 163,955 |
| | — |
| | 242,021 |
| | 34,471 |
| | 588,758 |
|
| London Insurance Market | 259,571 |
| | 126,441 |
| | 162,554 |
| | — |
| | 216,650 |
| | 765,216 |
|
| Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (5 | ) | | (5 | ) |
| Earned premiums | $ | 517,489 |
| | $ | 518,276 |
| | $ | 351,753 |
| | $ | 242,021 |
| | $ | 517,589 |
| | $ | 2,147,128 |
|
| Year ended December 31, 2011 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Excess and Surplus Lines | $ | 103,406 |
| | $ | 214,565 |
| | $ | 197,131 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 241,204 |
| | $ | 756,306 |
|
| Specialty Admitted | 135,077 |
| | 140,805 |
| | — |
| | 200,797 |
| | 50,614 |
| | 527,293 |
|
| London Insurance Market | 231,798 |
| | 117,062 |
| | 173,101 |
| | — |
| | 173,792 |
| | 695,753 |
|
| Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (12 | ) | | (12 | ) |
| Earned premiums | $ | 470,281 |
| | $ | 472,432 |
| | $ | 370,232 |
| | $ | 200,797 |
| | $ | 465,598 |
| | $ | 1,979,340 |
|
| Year ended December 31, 2010 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Excess and Surplus Lines | $ | 138,879 |
| | $ | 202,379 |
| | $ | 215,394 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 253,020 |
| | $ | 809,672 |
|
| Specialty Admitted | 121,268 |
| | 135,338 |
| | — |
| | 36,853 |
| | 50,115 |
| | 343,574 |
|
| London Insurance Market | 201,796 |
| | 50,305 |
| | 176,706 |
| | — |
| | 148,700 |
| | 577,507 |
|
| Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 168 |
| | 168 |
|
| Earned premiums | $ | 461,943 |
| | $ | 388,022 |
| | $ | 392,100 |
| | $ | 36,853 |
| | $ | 452,003 |
| | $ | 1,730,921 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| U.S. Insurance: | | | | | |
| General liability | $ | 522,358 |
| | $ | 491,645 |
| | $ | 431,798 |
|
| Professional liability | 324,230 |
| | 321,005 |
| | 268,203 |
|
| Property | 264,232 |
| | 266,019 |
| | 190,530 |
|
| Personal lines | 325,811 |
| | 299,442 |
| | 185,935 |
|
| Programs | 277,829 |
| | 244,216 |
| | 205,004 |
|
| Workers compensation | 281,954 |
| | 263,164 |
| | 250,790 |
|
| Other | 108,798 |
| | 137,369 |
| | 195,506 |
|
| Total U.S. Insurance | 2,105,212 |
| | 2,022,860 |
| | 1,727,766 |
|
| International Insurance: | | | | | |
| General liability | 124,198 |
| | 146,178 |
| | 128,171 |
|
| Professional liability | 268,637 |
| | 285,300 |
| | 252,816 |
|
| Property | 85,152 |
| | 76,691 |
| | 91,497 |
|
| Marine and energy | 262,307 |
| | 287,263 |
| | 287,745 |
|
| Other | 139,132 |
| | 114,247 |
| | 73,755 |
|
| Total International Insurance | 879,426 |
| | 909,679 |
| | 833,984 |
|
| Reinsurance: | | | | | |
| Property | 265,373 |
| | 270,461 |
| | 227,394 |
|
| Casualty | 315,027 |
| | 323,390 |
| | 244,981 |
|
| Auto | 102,227 |
| | 152,645 |
| | 84,042 |
|
| Other | 155,916 |
| | 161,889 |
| | 113,409 |
|
| Total Reinsurance | 838,543 |
| | 908,385 |
| | 669,826 |
|
| Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | 351 |
| | (12 | ) | | 40 |
|
| Total earned premiums | $ | 3,823,532 |
| | $ | 3,840,912 |
| | $ | 3,231,616 |
|
The Company does not manage products at this level of aggregation. The Company offers over 100 product linesa diverse portfolio of products and manages these products in logical groupings within each operating segment.
d)The following table reconciles segment assets to the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
| | | | December 31, | December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Segment assets: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Investing | $ | 9,277,697 |
| | $ | 8,692,391 |
| | $ | 8,198,401 |
| $ | 18,056,947 |
| | $ | 18,531,150 |
| | $ | 17,550,332 |
|
| Underwriting | 2,387,305 |
| | 2,209,431 |
| | 2,273,621 |
| 5,386,710 |
| | 5,422,445 |
| | 5,468,731 |
|
| Total segment assets | $ | 11,665,002 |
| | $ | 10,901,822 |
| | $ | 10,472,022 |
| 23,443,657 |
| | 23,953,595 |
| | 23,019,063 |
|
| Non-insurance operations | 891,586 |
| | 630,281 |
| | 353,567 |
| 1,497,614 |
| | 1,246,762 |
| | 936,448 |
|
| Total assets | $ | 12,556,588 |
| | $ | 11,532,103 |
| | $ | 10,825,589 |
| $ | 24,941,271 |
| | $ | 25,200,357 |
| | $ | 23,955,511 |
|
18.20. Other Revenues and Other Expenses
The following table summarizes the components of other revenues and other expenses.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| (dollars in thousands) | Other Revenues | | Other Expenses | | Other Revenues | | Other Expenses | | Other Revenues | | Other Expenses |
| Insurance: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Managing general agent operations | $ | 10,202 |
| | $ | 9,619 |
| | $ | 23,324 |
| | $ | 22,527 |
| | $ | 17,399 |
| | $ | 20,382 |
|
| Life and annuity | 617 |
| | 29,057 |
| | 1,631 |
| | 37,132 |
| | 1,130 |
| | 28,126 |
|
| Other | 1,512 |
| | 1,419 |
| | 3,677 |
| | 3,175 |
| | 5,965 |
| | 1,770 |
|
| | 12,331 |
| | 40,095 |
| | 28,632 |
| | 62,834 |
| | 24,494 |
| | 50,278 |
|
| Non-Insurance: | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Markel Ventures: Manufacturing | 755,802 |
| | 677,054 |
| | 575,353 |
| | 513,668 |
| | 495,138 |
| | 437,712 |
|
| Markel Ventures: Non-Manufacturing | 291,714 |
| | 301,004 |
| | 262,767 |
| | 261,551 |
| | 191,310 |
| | 175,538 |
|
| Other | 26,911 |
| | 28,652 |
| | 16,773 |
| | 16,818 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| | 1,074,427 |
| | 1,006,710 |
| | 854,893 |
| | 792,037 |
| | 686,448 |
| | 613,250 |
|
| Total | $ | 1,086,758 |
| | $ | 1,046,805 |
| | $ | 883,525 |
| | $ | 854,871 |
| | $ | 710,942 |
| | $ | 663,528 |
|
The Company's Markel Ventures operations primarily consist of controlling interests in various industrial and service businesses and are viewed by management as separate and distinct from the Company's insurance operations. While each of the businesses is operated independently from one another, management aggregates financial results into two industry groups: manufacturing and non-manufacturing.
21. Employee Benefit Plans
a)The Company maintains defined contribution plans for employees of its United States insurance operations in accordance with Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code.IRC. Employees of the Company's non-insuranceMarkel Ventures subsidiaries are provided post-retirement benefits under separate plans. The Company also provides anothervarious defined contribution planplans for Markel International employees of its international insurance and non-insurance operations, which isare in line with local market terms and conditions of employment. Expenses relating to the Company's defined contribution plans, including the defined contribution plans of Alterra effective May 1, 2013, were $19.1$27.7 million,, $17.8 $27.2 million and $14.4$24.3 million in 2012, 20112015, 2014 and 2010,2013, respectively.
b)The Terra Nova Pension Plan is a defined benefit plan which covers Markel Internationalcertain employees in our international insurance operations who meet the eligibility conditions set out in the plan. The plan has been closed to new participants since 2001. The cost of providing pensions for employees is charged to earnings over the average working life of employees according to actuarial recommendations. Final benefits are based on the employee's years of credited service and the higher of pensionable compensation received in the calendar year preceding retirement or the best average pensionable compensation received in any three consecutive years in the 10ten years preceding retirement. Effective April 1, 2012, employees are no longer accruing benefits for future service in the Terra Nova Pension Plan. The Company uses December 31 as the measurement date for the Terra Nova Pension Plan.
The following table summarizes the funded status of the Terra Nova Pension Plan and the amounts recognized on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of the Company.
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | 2015 | | 2014 |
| Change in projected benefit obligation: | | | | | | |
| Projected benefit obligation at beginning of period | $ | 141,163 |
| | $ | 130,266 |
| $ | 185,556 |
| | $ | 163,010 |
|
| Service cost | 361 |
| | 1,357 |
| |
| Interest cost | 6,815 |
| | 7,115 |
| 6,645 |
| | 7,572 |
|
| Participant contributions | 81 |
| | 319 |
| |
| Plan amendments | | — |
| | 495 |
|
| Plan settlements | | (2,863 | ) | | — |
|
| Benefits paid | (2,938 | ) | | (3,045 | ) | (3,970 | ) | | (4,424 | ) |
| Actuarial loss (gain) | (601 | ) | | 6,440 |
| (6,051 | ) | | 29,609 |
|
| Effect of foreign currency rate changes | 6,446 |
| | (1,289 | ) | (9,312 | ) | | (10,706 | ) |
| Projected benefit obligation at end of year | $ | 151,327 |
| | $ | 141,163 |
| $ | 170,005 |
| | $ | 185,556 |
|
| Change in plan assets: | | | | | | |
| Fair value of plan assets at beginning of period | $ | 139,325 |
| | $ | 134,589 |
| $ | 201,399 |
| | $ | 189,437 |
|
| Actual gain on plan assets | 15,251 |
| | 1,755 |
| 2,246 |
| | 22,395 |
|
| Employer contributions | 5,737 |
| | 6,786 |
| — |
| | 5,610 |
|
| Participant contributions | 81 |
| | 319 |
| |
| Plan settlements | | (2,766 | ) | | — |
|
| Benefits paid | (2,938 | ) | | (3,045 | ) | (3,970 | ) | | (4,424 | ) |
| Effect of foreign currency rate changes | 6,634 |
| | (1,079 | ) | (10,182 | ) | | (11,619 | ) |
| Fair value of plan assets at end of year | $ | 164,090 |
| | $ | 139,325 |
| $ | 186,727 |
| | $ | 201,399 |
|
| Funded status of the plan | $ | 12,763 |
| | $ | (1,838 | ) | $ | 16,722 |
| | $ | 15,843 |
|
| Net actuarial pension loss | 48,021 |
| | 56,676 |
| 61,818 |
| | 61,378 |
|
| Total | $ | 60,784 |
| | $ | 54,838 |
| $ | 78,540 |
| | $ | 77,221 |
|
Net actuarial pension loss is recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income, net of a tax benefit of $13.5 million and $15.5 million in 2012 and 2011, respectively.taxes. The asset for pension benefits, also referred to as the funded status of the plan, at December 31, 20122015 and December 31, 2014 was included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. The liability for pension benefits at December 31, 2011 was included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.sheets.
The following table presents the changes in plan assets and projected benefit obligation recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Net actuarial gain (loss) | $ | (3,102 | ) | | $ | (20,521 | ) | | $ | 3,146 |
|
| Settlement loss recognized | 343 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Amortization of: | | | | | |
| Net actuarial loss | 2,319 |
| | 1,589 |
| | 1,934 |
|
| Prior service costs | — |
| | 495 |
| | — |
|
| Tax benefit (expense) | 88 |
| | 3,687 |
| | (1,015 | ) |
| Total other comprehensive income (loss) | $ | (352 | ) | | $ | (14,750 | ) | | $ | 4,065 |
|
The following table summarizes the components of net periodic benefit costincome and the weighted average assumptions for the Terra Nova Pension Plan.
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Components of net periodic benefit cost: | | | | | | |
| Service cost | $ | 361 |
| | $ | 1,357 |
| | $ | 1,238 |
| |
| Components of net periodic benefit income: | | | | | | |
| Interest cost | 6,815 |
| | 7,115 |
| | 6,812 |
| $ | 6,645 |
| | $ | 7,572 |
| | $ | 6,533 |
|
| Expected return on plan assets | (9,788 | ) | | (9,834 | ) | | (8,645 | ) | (11,496 | ) | | (12,812 | ) | | (10,825 | ) |
| Amortization of prior service cost | | — |
| | 495 |
| | — |
|
| Amortization of net actuarial pension loss | 2,590 |
| | 1,908 |
| | 1,931 |
| 2,319 |
| | 1,589 |
| | 1,934 |
|
| Net periodic benefit cost | $ | (22 | ) | | $ | 546 |
| | $ | 1,336 |
| |
| Settlement loss recognized | | 343 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Net periodic benefit income | | $ | (2,189 | ) | | $ | (3,156 | ) | | $ | (2,358 | ) |
| Weighted average assumptions as of December 31: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Discount rate | 4.5 | % | | 4.8 | % | | 5.4 | % | 4.0 | % | | 3.8 | % | | 4.7 | % |
| Expected return on plan assets | 6.6 | % | | 6.6 | % | | 6.8 | % | 5.4 | % | | 6.0 | % | | 6.6 | % |
| Rate of compensation increase | 3.1 | % | | 3.2 | % | | 4.5 | % | 2.9 | % | | 2.9 | % | | 3.2 | % |
The projected benefit obligation and the net periodic benefit costincome are determined by independent actuaries using assumptions provided by the Company. In determining the discount rate, the Company uses the current yield on high-quality, fixed-income investments that have maturities corresponding to the anticipated timing of estimated defined benefit payments. The Company's discount rate approximates a bond yield from a published index that includes "AA" rated corporate bonds with maturities of 15 years or more. The expected return on plan assets is estimated based upon the anticipated average yield on plan assets using asset return assumptions for each asset class, and reflects expected changes in the allocation of plan assets. Asset returns reflect management's belief that 4.5% iscross-correlations between the asset classes, over a reasonable rate of return to anticipate for fixed maturities given current market conditions and future expectations. In addition, the expected return on plan assets includes an assumption that equity securities will outperform fixed maturities by approximately 3.5% over the long term.specified projection horizon. The rate of compensation increase is based upon historical experience and management's expectation of future compensation.
Management's discount rate and rate of compensation increase assumptions at December 31, 20122015 were used to calculate the Company's projected benefit obligation. Management's discount rate, expected return on plan assets and rate of compensation increase assumptions at December 31, 20112014 were used to calculate the net periodic benefit costincome for 2012.2015. The Company estimates that net periodic benefit costincome in 20132016 will include an expense of $2.0$2.3 million resulting from the amortization of the net actuarial pension loss included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income at December 31, 20122015.
The fair values of each of the plan's assets are measured using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets, which represent Level 1 inputs within the fair value hierarchy established in FASB ASC 820-10. The following table summarizes the fair value of plan assets as of December 31, 20122015 and 20112014.
| | | | December 31, | December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | 2015 | | 2014 |
| Plan assets: | | | | | | |
| Fixed maturity index funds | $ | 64,357 |
| | $ | 52,576 |
| $ | 107,033 |
| | $ | 114,243 |
|
| Equity security index funds | 99,727 |
| | 86,733 |
| 79,686 |
| | 87,148 |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents | 6 |
| | 16 |
| 8 |
| | 8 |
|
| Total | $ | 164,090 |
| | $ | 139,325 |
| $ | 186,727 |
| | $ | 201,399 |
|
During 2014, the Company revised the target asset allocation and adjusted the investment balances to reduce risk while maintaining long-term return objectives. The Company's target asset allocation for the plan is 62%47% equity securities and 38%53% fixed maturities. At December 31, 2012,2015 and 2014, the actual allocation of assets in the plan was 61%43% equity securities and 39%57% fixed maturities. At December 31, 2011, the actual allocation of plan assets was 62% equity securities and 38% fixed maturities.
Investments are managed by a third-partythird party investment manager. Equity securities are invested in twoan index funds that are allocated 25%fund where 30% is indexed to shares of United Kingdom companiesequities and 75%70% is indexed to companiesother markets. Assets are also invested in other markets.a mutual fund with a diversified global portfolio of equities, investment grade debt, property and cash. The primary objective of investing in these funds is to earn rates of return that are consistently in excess of inflation. Investing in equity securities, historically, has provided rates of return that are higher than investments in fixed maturities. As the Company's obligations under this pension plan are expected to be paid out over a period in excess of 30 years, the Company primarily invests in equity securities. Fixed maturity investments are allocated between five mutual funds; two index fundstwo that include United Kingdom government securities, one index fund that includes securities issued by other foreign governments, one mutual fund that includes investment grade corporate bonds from the United Kingdom and twoforeign markets and one index fund that includeincludes United Kingdom corporate securities. The assets in these funds are invested to meet the Company's obligations for current pensioners and those individuals nearing retirement. The plan does not invest in the Company's common shares.
At December 31, 20122015 and 20112014, the fair value of plan assets exceeded the plan's accumulated benefit obligation of $133.5$164.8 million and $124.5$166.9 million,, respectively. The Company expectsdoes not expect to have any required contributions or make any voluntary plan contributions of $5.5 millionin 2013.2016.
The benefits expected to be paid in each year from 20132016 to 20172020 are $3.1$3.1 million,, $3.2 $3.2 million,, $3.3 $3.3 million,, $3.4 $3.3 million and $3.5$3.4 million,, respectively. The aggregate benefits expected to be paid in the five years from 20182021 to 20222025 are $18.8 million.$18.3 million. The expected benefits to be paid are based on the same assumptions used to measure the Company's projected benefit obligation at December 31, 20122015 and include estimated future employee service.
c) AMF Bakery Systems (AMF), one of the Company's non-insurance subsidiaries, participated in a multiemployer defined benefit pension plan, Regime de retraite patronal-syndical (Quebec) de l'A.I.M. (Quebec pension plan no. 26467). The multiemployer plan covered approximately 90 union employees within the Canadian operations of AMF. AMF's contributions to the multiemployer plan were $0.5 million and $0.2 million in 2011 and 2010, respectively. AMF's contributions to the multiemployer plan represented 11% of the total contributions made to the multiemployer plan in both 2010 and 2009. As of November 30, 2011, the multiemployer plan was approximately 70% funded.
In December 2011, AMF gave notice to the trustees of the multiemployer plan of its intent to withdraw. As a result, AMF established a liability of $2.0 million for its obligations under the multiemployer plan, which was included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2011. During the year ended December 31, 2012, a $2.4 million payment, which represented approximately 95% of AMF's determined deficit payment, was remitted to the plan. AMF is awaiting approval of the withdrawal report from the Regie des rentes du Quebec (the Regie). In the unlikely event the Regie asks for modifications to the determined deficit payment, AMF may be required to fund an additional amount resulting from such modification.
19.22. Markel Corporation (Parent Company Only) Financial Information
The following parent company only condensed financial information reflects the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of Markel Corporation.
CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS
| | | | December 31, | December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | 2015 | | 2014 |
| | (dollars in thousands) | (dollars in thousands) |
| ASSETS | | | | | | |
| Investments, available-for-sale, at estimated fair value: | | | | | | |
| Fixed maturities (amortized cost of $80,631 in 2012 and $187,088 in 2011) | $ | 84,158 |
| | $ | 196,513 |
| |
| Equity securities (cost of $270,157 in 2012 and $275,731 in 2011) | 426,409 |
| | 391,094 |
| |
| Fixed maturities (amortized cost of $35,475 in 2015 and $47,346 in 2014) | | $ | 36,618 |
| | $ | 48,807 |
|
| Equity securities (cost of $204,289 in 2015 and $193,864 in 2014) | | 311,405 |
| | 434,714 |
|
| Short-term investments (estimated fair value approximates cost) | 664,986 |
| | 289,995 |
| 755,619 |
| | 764,953 |
|
| Total Investments | 1,175,553 |
| | 877,602 |
| 1,103,642 |
| | 1,248,474 |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents | 238,478 |
| | 281,062 |
| 460,271 |
| | 243,702 |
|
| Restricted cash and cash equivalents | | 670 |
| | 959 |
|
| Receivables | 13,994 |
| | 16,125 |
| 17,200 |
| | 16,110 |
|
| Investments in consolidated subsidiaries | 3,656,577 |
| | 3,112,545 |
| 7,961,315 |
| | 7,560,862 |
|
| Notes receivable from subsidiaries | 173,913 |
| | 290,710 |
| 212,636 |
| | 212,631 |
|
| Income taxes receivable | 6,623 |
| | 7,394 |
| — |
| | 10,951 |
|
| Net deferred tax asset | 6,595 |
| | 22,221 |
| |
| Other assets | 99,107 |
| | 51,875 |
| 91,151 |
| | 93,434 |
|
| Total Assets | $ | 5,370,840 |
| | $ | 4,659,534 |
| $ | 9,846,885 |
| | $ | 9,387,123 |
|
| LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY | | | | | | |
| Senior long-term debt | $ | 1,388,029 |
| | $ | 1,185,842 |
| $ | 1,634,472 |
| | $ | 1,635,173 |
|
| Notes payable to subsidiaries | | 300,000 |
| | 15,000 |
|
| Income taxes payable | | 4,262 |
| | — |
|
| Net deferred tax liability | | 7,498 |
| | 74,534 |
|
| Other liabilities | 94,154 |
| | 86,179 |
| 66,503 |
| | 67,598 |
|
| Total Liabilities | 1,482,183 |
| | 1,272,021 |
| 2,012,735 |
| | 1,792,305 |
|
| Total Shareholders' Equity | 3,888,657 |
| | 3,387,513 |
| 7,834,150 |
| | 7,594,818 |
|
| Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity | $ | 5,370,840 |
| | $ | 4,659,534 |
| $ | 9,846,885 |
| | $ | 9,387,123 |
|
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| | (dollars in thousands) | (dollars in thousands) |
| REVENUES | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net investment income | $ | 30,619 |
| | $ | 12,629 |
| | $ | 21,070 |
| $ | 2,565 |
| | $ | 5,354 |
| | $ | 21,946 |
|
| Dividends on common stock of consolidated subsidiaries | 337,585 |
| | 330,462 |
| | 142,014 |
| 187,496 |
| | 217,121 |
| | 806,233 |
|
| Net realized investment gains (losses): | | | | | | |
| Net realized investment gains: | | | | | | |
| Other-than-temporary impairment losses | (38 | ) | | (7,676 | ) | | (8,087 | ) | (3,455 | ) | | (120 | ) | | (15 | ) |
| Net realized investment gains, excluding other-than-temporary impairment losses | 14,926 |
| | 7,417 |
| | 21,496 |
| 75,000 |
| | 3,873 |
| | 67,232 |
|
| Net realized investment gains (losses) | 14,888 |
| | (259 | ) | | 13,409 |
| |
| Net realized investment gains | | 71,545 |
| | 3,753 |
| | 67,217 |
|
| Other | 3 |
| | 13 |
| | 5 |
| — |
| | — |
| | 1 |
|
| Total Revenues | 383,095 |
| | 342,845 |
| | 176,498 |
| 261,606 |
| | 226,228 |
| | 895,397 |
|
| EXPENSES | | | | | | | | | | |
| Interest expense | 87,391 |
| | 78,830 |
| | 69,107 |
| 95,620 |
| | 94,097 |
| | 92,743 |
|
| Other expenses | 1,166 |
| | 4,572 |
| | 1,226 |
| 11,287 |
| | 2,685 |
| | 2,617 |
|
| Total Expenses | 88,557 |
| | 83,402 |
| | 70,333 |
| 106,907 |
| | 96,782 |
| | 95,360 |
|
| Income Before Equity in Undistributed Earnings of Consolidated Subsidiaries and Income Taxes | 294,538 |
| | 259,443 |
| | 106,165 |
| 154,699 |
| | 129,446 |
| | 800,037 |
|
| Equity in undistributed earnings of consolidated subsidiaries | (61,663 | ) | | (144,348 | ) | | 113,892 |
| 407,489 |
| | 163,341 |
| | (520,323 | ) |
| Income tax benefit | (20,510 | ) | | (26,931 | ) | | (46,736 | ) | (20,584 | ) | | (28,395 | ) | | (1,307 | ) |
| Net Income to Shareholders | $ | 253,385 |
| | $ | 142,026 |
| | $ | 266,793 |
| $ | 582,772 |
| | $ | 321,182 |
| | $ | 281,021 |
|
| OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME TO SHAREHOLDERS | | | | | | |
| OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) TO SHAREHOLDERS | | | | | | |
| Change in net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net holding gains arising during the period | $ | 10,897 |
| | $ | 675 |
| | $ | 28,646 |
| |
| Consolidated subsidiaries' net holding gains arising during the period | 255,528 |
| | 141,164 |
| | 167,002 |
| |
| Net holding gains (losses) arising during the period | | $ | (41,861 | ) | | $ | 32,118 |
| | $ | 66,623 |
|
| Consolidated subsidiaries' net holding gains (losses) arising during the period | | (198,309 | ) | | 655,617 |
| | 158,922 |
|
| Consolidated subsidiaries' change in unrealized other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities arising during the period | (160 | ) | | 3,943 |
| | 672 |
| 160 |
| | 173 |
| | (141 | ) |
| Reclassification adjustments for net gains (losses) included in net income to shareholders | 11,847 |
| | 735 |
| | (15,257 | ) | |
| Consolidated subsidiaries' reclassification adjustments for net gains included in net income to shareholders | (35,898 | ) | | (23,076 | ) | | (17,574 | ) | |
| Reclassification adjustments for net losses included in net income to shareholders | | (45,273 | ) | | (1,874 | ) | | (43,220 | ) |
| Consolidated subsidiaries' reclassification adjustments for net gains (losses) included in net income to shareholders | | (35,209 | ) | | (24,287 | ) | | 2,390 |
|
| Change in net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes | 242,214 |
| | 123,441 |
| | 163,489 |
| (320,492 | ) | | 661,747 |
| | 184,574 |
|
| Change in foreign currency translation adjustments, net of taxes | (242 | ) | | 314 |
| | 1,656 |
| 2,970 |
| | 1,949 |
| | (2,670 | ) |
| Consolidated subsidiaries' change in foreign currency translation adjustments, net of taxes | 1,781 |
| | (4,469 | ) | | (4,124 | ) | (32,175 | ) | | (34,194 | ) | | (7,501 | ) |
| Consolidated subsidiaries' change in net actuarial pension loss, net of taxes | 6,664 |
| | (9,459 | ) | | 2,749 |
| (352 | ) | | (14,750 | ) | | 4,065 |
|
| Total Other Comprehensive Income to Shareholders | 250,417 |
| | 109,827 |
| | 163,770 |
| |
| Total Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) to Shareholders | | (350,049 | ) | | 614,752 |
| | 178,468 |
|
| Comprehensive Income to Shareholders | $ | 503,802 |
| | $ | 251,853 |
| | $ | 430,563 |
| $ | 232,723 |
| | $ | 935,934 |
| | $ | 459,489 |
|
CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| | (dollars in thousands) | (dollars in thousands) |
| OPERATING ACTIVITIES | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income to shareholders | $ | 253,385 |
| | $ | 142,026 |
| | $ | 266,793 |
| $ | 582,772 |
| | $ | 321,182 |
| | $ | 281,021 |
|
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to shareholders to net cash provided by operating activities | (153,773 | ) | | 102,714 |
| | (181,824 | ) | (464,193 | ) | | (218,396 | ) | | 186,574 |
|
| Net Cash Provided By Operating Activities | 99,612 |
| | 244,740 |
| | 84,969 |
| 118,579 |
| | 102,786 |
| | 467,595 |
|
| INVESTING ACTIVITIES | | | | | | | | | | |
| Proceeds from sales of fixed maturities and equity securities | 149,314 |
| | 50,322 |
| | 244,225 |
| 100,633 |
| | 9,306 |
| | 142,259 |
|
| Proceeds from maturities, calls and prepayments of fixed maturities | 64,340 |
| | 46,522 |
| | 43,530 |
| 24,945 |
| | 15,710 |
| | 2,819 |
|
| Cost of fixed maturities and equity securities purchased | (89,569 | ) | | (92,287 | ) | | (252,934 | ) | (55,656 | ) | | (687 | ) | | (23,412 | ) |
| Net change in short-term investments | (214,820 | ) | | (179,823 | ) | | 69,861 |
| 9,956 |
| | (109,728 | ) | | 10,251 |
|
| Securities received from subsidiaries as dividends or repayment of notes receivable | | — |
| | 89,996 |
| | 249,996 |
|
| Decrease in notes receivable due from subsidiaries | 116,797 |
| | 7,401 |
| | 2,142 |
| — |
| | 28,506 |
| | 5,302 |
|
| Capital contributions to subsidiaries | (198,349 | ) | | (179,403 | ) | | (53,409 | ) | (228,578 | ) | | (74,788 | ) | | (67,878 | ) |
| Return of capital from subsidiaries | — |
| | — |
| | 3,505 |
| |
| Acquisitions | (100,409 | ) | | — |
| | (128,884 | ) | — |
| | — |
| | (1,017,988 | ) |
| Cost of equity method investments | (38,250 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| (13,164 | ) | | — |
| | (5,291 | ) |
| Change in restricted cash and cash equivalents | | 289 |
| | 51 |
| | (348 | ) |
| Additions to property and equipment | (9,437 | ) | | (16,927 | ) | | (18,621 | ) | (305 | ) | | (342 | ) | | (3,653 | ) |
| Other | (4,369 | ) | | 12,175 |
| | (757 | ) | (376 | ) | | (2,150 | ) | | 3,207 |
|
| Net Cash Used By Investing Activities | (324,752 | ) | | (352,020 | ) | | (91,342 | ) | (162,256 | ) | | (44,126 | ) | | (704,736 | ) |
| FINANCING ACTIVITIES | | | | | | | | | | |
| Additions to senior long-term debt | 347,207 |
| | 247,935 |
| | — |
| — |
| | — |
| | 491,235 |
|
| Repayment and retirement of senior long-term debt and other debt | (157,359 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| |
| Increase in notes payable to subsidiaries | | 285,000 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Repayment and retirement of senior long-term debt | | (2,000 | ) | | — |
| | (246,665 | ) |
| Repurchases of common stock | (16,873 | ) | | (42,913 | ) | | (45,218 | ) | (31,491 | ) | | (26,053 | ) | | (57,388 | ) |
| Issuance of common stock | | 4,752 |
| | 5,691 |
| | 24,518 |
|
| Other | 9,581 |
| | 1,232 |
| | (9,503 | ) | 3,985 |
| | (1,948 | ) | | (5,023 | ) |
| Net Cash Provided (Used) By Financing Activities | 182,556 |
| | 206,254 |
| | (54,721 | ) | 260,246 |
| | (22,310 | ) | | 206,677 |
|
| Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (42,584 | ) | | 98,974 |
| | (61,094 | ) | 216,569 |
| | 36,350 |
| | (30,464 | ) |
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 281,062 |
| | 182,088 |
| | 243,182 |
| 243,702 |
| | 207,352 |
| | 237,816 |
|
| CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF YEAR | $ | 238,478 |
| | $ | 281,062 |
| | $ | 182,088 |
| $ | 460,271 |
| | $ | 243,702 |
| | $ | 207,352 |
|
20. Derivatives
The Company is a party to a credit default swap agreement, under which third party credit risk is transferred from a counterparty to the Company. The Company entered into the credit default swap agreement for investment purposes. At both December 31, 2012 and 2011, the notional amount of the credit default swap was $33.1 million, which represented the Company's aggregate exposure to losses if specified credit events involving third party reference entities occur. These third party reference entities are specified under the terms of the agreement and represent a portfolio of names upon which the Company has assumed credit risk from the counterparty. The Company's exposure to loss from any one reference entity is limited to $20.0 million. The credit default swap has a scheduled termination date of December 2014.
The credit default swap is accounted for as a derivative instrument and is recorded at fair value with any changes in fair value recorded in net investment income. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, the credit default swap had a fair value of $12.7 million and $29.3 million, respectively. The fair value of the credit default swap is included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Net investment income in 2012 included a favorable change in the fair value of the credit default swap of $16.6 million. Net investment income in 2011 included an adverse change in the fair value of the credit default swap of $4.1 million. Net investment income in 2010 included a favorable change in the fair value of the credit default swap of $1.7 million.
Since entering into the credit default swap agreement, the Company has paid $16.9 million to settle its obligations related to credit events. These payments reduced the Company's liability related to its credit default swap.
The fair value of the credit default swap is determined by the Company using a Gaussian copula valuation model, a market standard model for valuing credit default swaps. The fair value is dependent upon several inputs, including changes in interest rates, credit spreads, expected default rates, changes in credit quality, future expected recovery rates and other market factors. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the credit default swap are expected default rates and future expected recovery rates. The Company determines these unobservable inputs based upon default rates and recovery rates used to price similar credit default swap indices. A significant increase in expected default rates in isolation results in a significantly higher fair value measurement, while a significant decrease in expected default rates results in a significantly lower fair value measurement. A significant increase in future expected recovery rates in isolation results in a significantly lower fair value measurement, while a significant decrease in future expected recovery rates results in a significantly higher fair value measurement. Generally, a change in the assumption used for expected default rates is accompanied by a directionally opposite change in future expected recovery rates. The fair value measurement of the credit default swap at December 31, 2012 included expected default rates ranging between 1% and 43%, with a weighted-average expected default rate of 3%, and future expected recovery rates ranging between 20% and 40%, with a weighted-average future expected recovery rate of 39%. The fair value measurement of the credit default swap at December 31, 2011 included expected default rates ranging between 2% and 37%, with a weighted-average expected default rate of 9%, and future expected recovery rates ranging between 19% and 52%, with a weighted-average future expected recovery rate of 39%.
The Company's valuation policies and procedures for the credit default swap are determined by an internal investment manager with oversight provided by the Company's Chief Financial Officer and Chief Investment Officer. Fair value measurements are analyzed quarterly to ensure the change in fair value from prior periods is reasonable relative to recent market trends. Additionally, the reported fair value of the credit default swap is compared to results from similar valuation models.
See notes 2(h) and 12 for further discussion of the Company's credit default swap.
The Company had no other material derivative instruments at December 31, 2012.
21. Acquisitions
a) Insurance Acquisitions. On January 1, 2012, the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding membership units of Thompson Insurance Enterprises, LLC (Thomco), a privately held program administrator headquartered in Kennesaw, Georgia that underwrites multi-line, industry-focused insurance programs. Results attributable to this acquisition are included in the Specialty Admitted segment.
Total consideration for this acquisition was $108.5 million, which included cash consideration of $100.5 million. The purchase price was allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities of Thomco based on estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The Company recognized goodwill of $26.1 million, which is primarily attributable to synergies that are expected to result upon integration of Thomco into the Company's insurance operations. All of the goodwill recognized is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes. The Company also recognized other intangible assets of $81.2 million, including $68.5 million of customer relationships, $11.5 million of trade names and $1.0 million of technology. These intangible assets are expected to be amortized over a weighted average period of 23 years, 10 years and three years, respectively.
On December 18, 2012, the boards of directors of the Company and Alterra Capital Holdings Limited (Alterra) each approved an agreement providing for the merger of Alterra with one of the Company's subsidiaries. As a result of the transaction, Alterra would become a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and each issued and outstanding share of Alterra common stock (other than shares as to which appraisal rights are exercised and restricted shares that do not vest in connection with the transaction) would be converted into the right to receive (1) 0.04315 shares of the Company's common stock and (2) $10.00 in cash. Based on the Company's closing stock price on December 18, 2012, the day the agreement was entered into, the aggregate consideration payable to Alterra shareholders would be approximately $3.1 billion. Following the transaction, the Company estimates that its current shareholders would own approximately 69% of the combined company and Alterra shareholders would own approximately 31%. The transaction has been approved by shareholders of both companies, but remains subject to receipt of regulatory approvals. Closing is expected to occur in the first half of 2013.
b) Non-insurance Acquisitions. On April 18, 2012, the Company acquired an 85% controlling interest in Havco WP LLC (Havco), a privately held company headquartered in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Havco is a leading manufacturer of laminated oak and composite wood flooring used in the assembly of truck trailers, intermodal containers and truck bodies. On July 4, 2012, the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding shares of Tromp Bakery Equipment (Tromp), a privately held company headquartered in Gorinchem, The Netherlands. Tromp is a global designer and manufacturer of sheeting lines for pizza, pastry, pie and bread makers. On September 5, 2012, the Company acquired an 85% controlling interest in Reading Bakery Systems (Reading), a privately held company headquartered in Reading, Pennsylvania. Reading is a leading global designer and manufacturer of industrial baking systems for the production of crackers, pretzels, cookies and other baked snacks. During 2012, ParkLand completed the acquisition of several manufactured housing communities.
Under the terms of the acquisition agreements for Havco and Reading, the Company has the option to acquire the remaining equity interests and the remaining equity interests have the option to sell their interests to the Company in the future. The redemption value of the remaining equity interests is generally based on each company's earnings in specified periods preceding the redemption date.
Total consideration for the Havco, Tromp, Reading and ParkLand acquisitions was $172.3 million. The purchase prices were allocated to the acquired assets and liabilities based on the estimated fair values at the acquisition dates. In connection with these acquisitions, the Company recognized goodwill of $40.7 million, of which $28.8 million is deductible for income tax purposes. The Company also recognized other intangible assets of $58.3 million and redeemable noncontrolling interests of $14.5 million in connection with these acquisitions. Other intangible assets include $41.1 million of customer relationships, $10.3 million of trade names, and $5.0 million of technology. These intangible assets are expected to be amortized over a weighted average period of 14 years, 13 years and 10 years, respectively.
22.23. Quarterly Financial Information (unaudited)
The following table presents the unaudited quarterly results of consolidated operations for 20122015, 20112014 and 20102013.
| | | | Quarters Ended | Quarters Ended |
| (dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) | Mar. 31 | | June 30 | | Sept. 30 | | Dec. 31 | Mar. 31 | | June 30 | | Sept. 30 | | Dec. 31 |
| 2012 | | | | | | | | |
| 2015 | | | | | | | | |
| Operating revenues | | $ | 1,302,154 |
| | $ | 1,304,605 |
| | $ | 1,342,764 |
| | $ | 1,420,460 |
|
| Net income | | 194,006 |
| | 92,453 |
| | 104,410 |
| | 198,273 |
|
| Net income to shareholders | | 190,992 |
| | 91,369 |
| | 102,519 |
| | 197,892 |
|
| Comprehensive income (loss) to shareholders | | 281,807 |
| | (132,925 | ) | | (51,143 | ) | | 134,984 |
|
| Net income per share: | | | | | | | | |
| Basic | | $ | 13.57 |
| | $ | 6.76 |
| | $ | 7.43 |
| | $ | 14.23 |
|
| Diluted | | 13.49 |
| | 6.72 |
| | 7.39 |
| | 14.14 |
|
| Common stock price ranges: | | | | | | | | |
| High | | $ | 783.50 |
| | $ | 821.00 |
| | $ | 898.08 |
| | $ | 937.91 |
|
| Low | | 660.05 |
| | 736.96 |
| | 775.00 |
| | 791.97 |
|
| 2014 | | | | | | | | |
| Operating revenues | $ | 733,135 |
| | $ | 693,247 |
| | $ | 765,775 |
| | $ | 807,955 |
| $ | 1,239,655 |
| | $ | 1,258,971 |
| | $ | 1,299,286 |
| | $ | 1,335,755 |
|
| Net income | 57,713 |
| | 90,768 |
| | 51,674 |
| | 58,093 |
| 87,501 |
| | 41,141 |
| | 76,824 |
| | 118,222 |
|
| Net income to shareholders | 57,253 |
| | 89,687 |
| | 49,653 |
| | 56,792 |
| 87,716 |
| | 40,068 |
| | 75,803 |
| | 117,595 |
|
| Comprehensive income to shareholders | 205,945 |
| | 73,416 |
| | 147,454 |
| | 76,987 |
| 230,273 |
| | 250,588 |
| | 36,502 |
| | 418,571 |
|
| Net income per share: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Basic | $ | 5.94 |
| | $ | 8.44 |
| | $ | 5.33 |
| | $ | 6.25 |
| $ | 6.28 |
| | $ | 2.67 |
| | $ | 5.33 |
| | $ | 8.10 |
|
| Diluted | 5.92 |
| | 8.42 |
| | 5.32 |
| | 6.23 |
| 6.25 |
| | 2.66 |
| | 5.30 |
| | 8.05 |
|
| Common stock price ranges: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| High | $ | 451.90 |
| | $ | 453.50 |
| | $ | 459.90 |
| | $ | 502.20 |
| $ | 596.87 |
| | $ | 655.75 |
| | $ | 666.00 |
| | $ | 707.36 |
|
| Low | 398.65 |
| | 421.00 |
| | 420.00 |
| | 425.17 |
| 527.17 |
| | 593.76 |
| | 623.90 |
| | 632.65 |
|
| 2011 | | | | | | | | |
| 2013 | | | | | | | | |
| Operating revenues | $ | 621,594 |
| | $ | 647,168 |
| | $ | 676,088 |
| | $ | 685,100 |
| $ | 819,864 |
| | $ | 1,031,769 |
| | $ | 1,191,665 |
| | $ | 1,279,785 |
|
| Net income | 9,861 |
| | 31,649 |
| | 54,669 |
| | 52,307 |
| 89,263 |
| | 28,676 |
| | 66,967 |
| | 98,939 |
|
| Net income to shareholders | 8,272 |
| | 30,314 |
| | 53,264 |
| | 50,176 |
| 88,902 |
| | 27,756 |
| | 65,599 |
| | 98,764 |
|
| Comprehensive income (loss) to shareholders | 24,738 |
| | 96,045 |
| | (52,626 | ) | | 183,696 |
| 257,684 |
| | (149,054 | ) | | 144,409 |
| | 206,450 |
|
| Net income per share: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Basic | $ | 0.85 |
| | $ | 3.12 |
| | $ | 5.50 |
| | $ | 5.21 |
| $ | 9.53 |
| | $ | 2.24 |
| | $ | 4.69 |
| | $ | 6.98 |
|
| Diluted | 0.85 |
| | 3.11 |
| | 5.48 |
| | 5.19 |
| 9.50 |
| | 2.24 |
| | 4.67 |
| | 6.95 |
|
| Common stock price ranges: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| High | $ | 422.83 |
| | $ | 430.26 |
| | $ | 403.21 |
| | $ | 419.10 |
| $ | 510.05 |
| | $ | 546.94 |
| | $ | 549.09 |
| | $ | 582.59 |
|
| Low | 379.44 |
| | 386.81 |
| | 346.15 |
| | 337.50 |
| 434.98 |
| | 501.76 |
| | 506.64 |
| | 511.06 |
|
| 2010 | | | | | | | | |
| Operating revenues | $ | 536,719 |
| | $ | 515,414 |
| | $ | 561,354 |
| | $ | 611,906 |
| |
| Net income | 43,206 |
| | 20,917 |
| | 63,157 |
| | 140,449 |
| |
| Net income to shareholders | 42,569 |
| | 20,831 |
| | 63,250 |
| | 140,143 |
| |
| Comprehensive income (loss) to shareholders | 134,539 |
| | (33,903 | ) | | 225,328 |
| | 104,599 |
| |
| Net income per share: | | | | | | | | |
| Basic | $ | 4.34 |
| | $ | 2.13 |
| | $ | 6.49 |
| | $ | 14.42 |
| |
| Diluted | 4.33 |
| | 2.12 |
| | 6.48 |
| | 14.37 |
| |
| Common stock price ranges: | | | | | | | | |
| High | $ | 379.05 |
| | $ | 392.55 |
| | $ | 354.34 |
| | $ | 386.87 |
| |
| Low | 325.00 |
| | 326.90 |
| | 320.71 |
| | 332.77 |
| |
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The Board of Directors and Shareholders
Markel Corporation:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Markel Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2012. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Markel Corporation and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2012, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
The Company prospectively adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Update 2010-26 related to the deferral of insurance policy acquisition costs incurred on new or renewal insurance contracts on January 1, 2012.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Markel Corporation's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 28, 2013 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
Richmond, Virginia
February 28, 2013
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
The Board of Directors and Shareholders
Markel Corporation:
We have audited Markel Corporation's (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, Markel Corporation maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Markel Corporation and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2012, and our report dated February 28, 2013 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Richmond, Virginia
February 28, 2013
MANAGEMENT'S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Management does not expect that its internal control over financial reporting will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. The design of any system of internal control over financial reporting also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions.
Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation, we have concluded that we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012.
KPMG LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting, which is included herein.
|
| | | | |
| | | | |
Alan I. Kirshner | | | | Anne G. Waleski |
Chief Executive Officer | | | | Chief Financial Officer |
| | | | |
February 28, 2013 | | | | |
MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION & ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Critical Accounting Estimates
The accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP) and include the accounts of Markel Corporation and its subsidiaries. For a discussion of our significant accounting policies, see note 1 of the notes to consolidated financial statements.
Critical accounting estimates are those estimates that both are important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and require us to exercise significant judgment. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of material contingent assets and liabilities, including litigation contingencies. These estimates, by necessity, are based on assumptions about numerous factors.
We review ourthe following critical accounting estimates and assumptions quarterly. These reviews includequarterly: evaluating the adequacy of reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, life and annuity reinsurance benefit reserves, the reinsurance allowance for doubtful accounts and income tax liabilities, as well as analyzing the recoverability of deferred tax assets, assessing goodwillestimating reinsurance premiums written and intangible assets for impairmentearned and evaluating the investment portfolio for other-than-temporary declines in estimated fair value. Critical accounting estimates and assumptions for goodwill and intangible assets are reviewed in conjunction with an acquisition and goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are reassessed at least annually for impairment. Actual results may differ materially from the estimates and assumptions used in preparing the consolidated financial statements.
Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Our consolidated balance sheet included estimated unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses of $5.4$10.3 billion and reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses of $778.8 million$2.0 billion at December 31, 20122015 compared to $5.4$10.4 billion and $791.1 million,$1.9 billion, respectively, at December 31, 2011.2014. We do not discount our reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses to reflect estimated present value.value, except for reserves assumed in connection with an acquisition, which are recorded at fair value at the acquisition date.
We accrue liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses based upon estimates of the ultimate amounts payable. We maintain reserves for specific claims incurred and reported (case reserves) and reserves for claims incurred but not reported (IBNR reserves).
Reported claims are in various stages of the settlement process, and the corresponding reserves for reported claims are based primarily on case-by-case evaluations of the individual claims.upon all information available to us. Case reserves consider our estimate of the ultimate cost to settle the claims, including investigation and defense of lawsuits resulting from the claims, and may be subject to adjustment for differences between costs originally estimated and costs subsequently re-estimated or incurred. Each claim isClaims are settled individually based upon itstheir merits, and some claims may take years to settle, especially if legal action is involved.
For our insurance operations, we are generally notified of insured losses by our insureds or their brokers. Based on this information, we establish case reserves by estimating the expected ultimate losses from the claim (including any administrative costs associated with settling the claim). Our claims personnel use their knowledge of the specific claim along with internal and external experts, including underwriters, actuaries and legal counsel, to estimate the expected ultimate losses.
For our reinsurance operations, case reserves are generally established based on reports received from ceding companies or their brokers. For excess of loss contracts, we are typically notified of insurance losses on specific contracts and record a case reserve for the estimated expected ultimate losses from the claim. For quota share contracts, we typically receive aggregated claims information and record a case reserve based on that information. As with insurance business, we evaluate this information and estimate the expected ultimate losses.
As of any balance sheet date, all claims have not yet been reported, and some claims may not be reported for many years. As a result, the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses includes significant estimates for incurred but not reported claims.
There is normally a time lag between when a loss event occurs and when it is actually reported to us. The actuarial methods that we use to estimate losses have been designed to address the lag in loss reporting as well as the delay in obtaining information that would allow us to more accurately estimate future payments. There is also often a time lag between cedents establishing case reserves and re-estimating their reserves, and notifying us of the new or revised case reserves. As a result, the reporting lag is more pronounced in our reinsurance contracts than in our insurance contracts due to the reliance on ceding companies to report their claims to us. On reinsurance transactions, the reporting lag will generally be 60 to 90 days after the end of a reporting period, but can be longer in some cases. Based on the experience of our actuaries and management, we select loss development factors and trending techniques to mitigate the difficulties caused by reporting lags. We regularly evaluate and update our loss development and trending factor selections using cedent specific and industry data.
U.S. GAAP requires that IBNR reserves be based on the estimated ultimate cost of settling claims, including the effects of inflation and other social and economic factors, using past experience adjusted for current trends and any other factors that would modify past experience. IBNR reserves are generally calculated by subtracting paid losses and case reserves from estimated ultimate losses. IBNR reserves were 61%65% of total unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses at both December 31, 2012 compared to 60% at December 31, 2011.2015 and 2014.
Our liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses can generally be categorized into two distinct groups, short-tail business and long-tail business. Short-tail business refers to lines of business, such as property, accident and health, motorcycle,automobile, watercraft and marine hull exposures, for which losses are usually known and paid shortly after the loss actually occurs. Long-tail business describes lines of business for which specific losses may not be known and reported for some period and losses take much longer to emerge. Given the time frame over which long-tail exposures are ultimately settled, there is greater uncertainty and volatility in these lines than in short-tail lines of business. Our long-tail coverages consist of most casualty lines, including professional liability, directors' and officers' liability, products liability, general and excess liability and excess and umbrella exposures, as well as workers' compensation insurance. Some factors that contribute to the uncertainty and volatility of long-tail casualty programs, and thus require a significant degree of judgment in the reserving process, include the inherent uncertainty as to the length of reporting and payment development patterns, the possibility of judicial interpretations or legislative changes, including changes in workers' compensation benefit laws, that might impact future loss experience relative to prior loss experience and the potential lack of comparability of the underlying data used in performing loss reserve analyses.
Our ultimate liability may be greater or less than current reserves. Changes in our estimated ultimate liability for loss reserves generally occur as a result of the emergence of unanticipated loss activity, the completion of specific actuarial or claims studies or changes in internal or external factors. We closely monitor new information on reported claims and use statistical analyses prepared by our actuaries to evaluate the adequacy of our recorded reserves. We are required to exercise considerable judgment when assessing the relative credibility of loss development trends. Our philosophy is to establish loss reserves that are more likely redundant than deficient. This means that we seek to establish loss reserves that will ultimately prove to be adequate. As a result, if new information or trends indicate an increase in frequency or severity of claims in excess of what we initially anticipated, we generally respond quickly and increase loss reserves. If, however, frequency or severity trends are more favorable than initially anticipated, we often wait to reduce our loss reserves until we can evaluate experience in additional periods to confirm the credibility of the trend. In addition, for long-tail lines of business, trends develop over longer periods of time, and as a result, we give credibility to these trends more slowly than for short-tail or less volatile lines of business. As part of our acquisition of insurance operations, to the extent the reserving philosophy of the acquired business is less conservative than our reserving philosophy, the post-acquisition loss reserves will be built until total loss reserves are consistent with our target level of confidence. For example, following the 2013 acquisition of Alterra Capital Holdings Limited (Alterra), management applied its more conservative loss reserving philosophy to reserves on premiums earned after the acquisition to establish loss reserves consistent with our historic levels, which we achieved in 2014.
Each quarter, our actuaries prepare estimates of the ultimate liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses based on established actuarial methods. Management reviews these estimates, supplements the actuarial analyses with information provided by claims, underwriting and other operational personnel and determines its best estimate of loss reserves, which is recorded in our financial statements. Our procedures for determining the adequacy of loss reserves at the end of the year are substantially similar to the procedures applied at the end of each interim period.
Additionally, once a year, generally during the third quarter, we conduct a detailed review of our liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses for asbestos and environmental (A&E) claims. If there is significant development on A&E claims in advance of the annual review, such development is considered by our actuaries and by management as part of our quarterly review process. We consider a detailed annual review appropriate because A&E claims develop slowly, are typically reported and paid many years after the loss event occurs and, historically, have exhibited a high degree of variability.
Any adjustments to reserves resulting from our interim or year-end reviews, including changes in estimates, are recorded as a component of losses and loss adjustment expenses in the period of the change. Reserve changes that increase previous estimates of ultimate claims cost are referred to as unfavorable or adverse development, deficiencies or reserve strengthening. Reserve changes that decrease previous estimates of ultimate claims cost are referred to as favorable development or redundancies.
In establishing our liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, our actuaries estimate an ultimate loss ratio, by accident year or policy year, for each of our over 100 product lines with input from our underwriting and claims associates. In estimating an ultimate loss ratio for a particular line of business, our actuaries may use one or more actuarial reserving methods and select from these a single point estimate. To varying degrees, these methods include detailed statistical analysis of past claim reporting, settlement activity, claim frequency and severity, policyholder loss experience, industry loss experience and changes in market conditions, policy forms and exposures. The actuarial methods we use include:
Initial Expected Loss Ratio Method – This method multiplies earned premiums by an expected loss ratio. The expected loss ratio is selected utilizing industry data, our historical data, frequency-severity and rate level forecasts and professional judgment.
Paid Loss Development – This method uses historical loss payment patterns to estimate future loss payment patterns. Our actuaries use the historical loss patterns to develop factors that are applied to current paid loss amounts to calculate expected ultimate losses.
Incurred Loss Development – This method uses historical loss reporting patterns to estimate future loss reporting patterns. Our actuaries use the historical loss patterns to develop factors that are applied to current reported losses to calculate expected ultimate losses.
Bornhuetter-Ferguson Paid Loss Development – This method divides the projection of ultimate losses into the portion that has already been paid and the portion that has yet to be paid. The portion that has yet to be paid is estimated as the product of three amounts: the premium earned for the exposure period, the expected loss ratio and the percentage of ultimate losses that are still unpaid. The expected loss ratio is selected by considering historical loss ratios, adjusted for any known changes in pricing, loss trends, adequacy of case reserves, changes in administrative practices and other relevant factors.
Bornhuetter-Ferguson Incurred Loss Development – This method is identical to the Bornhuetter-Ferguson paid loss development method, except that it uses the percentage of ultimate losses that are still unreported, instead of the percentage of ultimate losses that are still unpaid.
Frequency/Severity – Under this method, expected ultimate losses are equal to the product of the expected ultimate number of claims and the expected ultimate average cost per claim. Our actuaries use historical reporting patterns and severity patterns to develop factors that are applied to the current reported amounts to calculate expected ultimate losses.
Outstanding to IBNR Ratio Method – Under this method, IBNR is based on a detailed review of remaining open claims. This method assumes that the estimated future loss development is indicated by the current level of case reserves.
Each actuarial method has its own set of assumptions and its own strengths and limitations, with no one method being better than the others in all situations. Our actuaries select the reserving methods that they believe will produce the most reliable estimate for the class of business being evaluated. Greater judgment may be required when we introduce new product lines or when there have been changes in claims handling practices, as the statistical data available may be insufficient. In these instances, we may rely upon assumptions applied to similar lines of business, rely more heavily on industry experience, take into account changes in underwriting guidelines and risk selection or review the impact of changes in claims reserving practices with claims personnel.
For example, duringin January 2013, we acquired Essentia Insurance Company, a company that underwrites insurance exclusively for Hagerty Insurance Agency and Hagerty Classic Marine Insurance Agency (collectively, Hagerty). Hagerty offers liability and physical damage insurance for classic cars, vintage boats, motorcycles and related automotive collectibles. Because Markel had limited exposure to such risks in the acquisition ofpast, we supplemented our FirstComp workers' compensation insurance unit in October 2010,limited data and loss experience with third-party data. Working with Hagerty, we noted that FirstComp's loss reserves reflected an expectation that theirwere able to obtain loss development period would be shorter thantriangles for the business Hagerty had underwritten with their previous carriers. Markel now aggregates that indicated by industry data. FirstComp provides workers' compensation insurance to small businesses. Beforedata with our acquisition, FirstComp's loss reserves were established with an expectation that loss development patternsown data for these small businesses may differ fromuse in the overall workers' compensation industry data, which is drawn from a broader profilepricing of risks. In establishingand reserving for the post-acquisition loss reserves for FirstComp, we determined that FirstComp had insufficient historical data to reach this conclusion with certainty. Workers' compensation insurance is a long-tail product line, and FirstComp has only had significant premium volume since 2004. We decided to give more weight to the longer-tailed industry development factors and adopted a more conservative loss reserving position until we become more familiar with this bookHagerty portfolio of business and how its loss reserves develop.business.
A key assumption in most actuarial analyses is that past development patterns will repeat themselves in the future, absent a significant change in internal or external factors that influence the ultimate cost of our unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses. Our estimates reflect implicit and explicit assumptions regarding the potential effects of external factors, including economic and social inflation, judicial decisions, changes in law, changes, general economic conditions and recent trends in these factors. Our actuarial analyses are based on statistical analysis but also consist of reviewing internal factors that are difficult to analyze statistically, including underwriting and claims handling changes. In some of our markets, and where we act as a reinsurer, the timing and amount of information reported about underlying claims are in the control of third parties. This can also affect estimates and require re-estimation as new information becomes available.
As indicated above, we may use one or more actuarial reserving methods, which incorporate numerous underlying judgments and assumptions, to establish our estimate of ultimate loss reserves. While we use our best judgment in establishing our estimate for loss reserves, applying different assumptions and variables could lead to significantly different loss reserve estimates.
Loss frequency and loss severity are two key measures of loss activity that often result in adjustments to actuarial assumptions relative to ultimate loss reserve estimates. Loss frequency measures the number of claims per unit of insured exposure. When the number of newly reported claims is higher than anticipated, generally speaking, loss reserves are increased. Conversely, loss reserves are generally decreased when fewer claims are reported than expected. Loss severity measures the average size of a claim. When the average severity of reported claims is higher than originally estimated, loss reserves are typically increased. When the average claim size is lower than anticipated, loss reserves are typically decreased. For example, in each of the past three years, we have experienced redundancies on prior years' loss reserves in our professional andbrokerage products liability linesproduct line as a result of decreases in loss severity, while during 2010severity. During 2013 and 2011,2014, we experienced deficiencies on prior years' loss reserves related to our medical malpractice coverage for Italian hospitalsA&E exposures as a result of increases in loss frequency and severity.
Changes in prior years' loss reserves, including the trends and factors that impacted loss reserve development, as well as the likelihood that such trends and factors could result in future loss reserve development, are discussed in further detail under "Results of Operations."
Loss reserves are established for each of our product lines at management's best estimate, which is generally higher than the corresponding actuarially calculated point estimate. The actuarial point estimate represents our actuaries' estimate of the most likely amount that will ultimately be paid to settle the loss reserves we have recorded at a particular point in time; however, there is inherent uncertainty in the point estimate as it is the expected value in a range of possible reserve estimates. In some cases, actuarial analyses, which are based on statistical analysis, cannot fully incorporate all of the subjective factors that affect development of losses. In other cases, management's perspective of these more subjective factors may differ from the actuarial perspective. Subjective factors where management's perspective may differ from that of the actuaries include: the credibility and timeliness of claims information received from third parties, economic and social inflation, judicial decisions, changes in law, changes, changes in underwriting or claims handling practices, general economic conditions, the risk of moral hazard and other current and developing trends within the insurance market,and reinsurance markets, including the effects of competition. As a result, the actuarially calculated point estimates for each of our lines of business represent starting points for management's quarterly review of loss reserves.
Management's best estimate of net reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses exceeded the actuarially calculated point estimate by $368 million, or 8.7%, at December 31, 2012, compared to $330 million, or 7.7%, at December 31, 2011. In management's opinion, the actuarially calculated point estimate generally underestimates both the ultimate favorable impact of a hard insurance market and the ultimate adverse impact of a soft insurance market. Therefore, the percentage by which management's best estimate exceeds the actuarial point estimate will generally be higher during a soft market than during a hard market. Additionally, following an acquisition of insurance operations, to the extent the reserving philosophy of the acquired business is less conservative than our reserving philosophy, the percentage by which management's best estimate exceeds the actuarial point estimate will generally be lower until we build total loss reserves that are consistent with our historic level of confidence. Management's best estimate of net reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses exceeded the actuarially calculated point estimate by $538.7 million, or 7.1%, at December 31, 2015, compared to $637.5 million, or 8.2%, at December 31, 2014. The decrease in the percentage of management's best estimate over the actuarially calculated point estimate is primarily attributable to a decrease in the estimated volatility of our consolidated net reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses as a result of ceding a significant portion of our A&E exposures to a third party during the first and fourth quarters of 2015. As a result of this decrease in estimated volatility, our level of confidence in our net reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses increased and management reduced prior years' loss reserves by $82.7 million in order to maintain a consolidated confidence level in a range consistent with our historic levels.
The difference between management's best estimate and the actuarially calculated point estimate in both 20122015 and 20112014 is primarily associated with our long-tail business in the Excess and Surplus Lines and London Insurance Market segments.business. Actuarial estimates can underestimate the adverse effects of a soft insurance market because the impact of changes in risk selection and terms and conditions can be difficult to quantify. In addition, the frequency of claims may increase in a recessionary environment. Similarly, the risk an insured will intentionally cause or be indifferent to loss may increase during an economic downturn, and the attention to loss prevention measures may decrease. Also, management has attributed less credibility than our actuaries to favorable trends experienced on our long-tail business from the earlier hard market period. In particular, given the long-tail and volatile nature of the business in the London Insurance Market segment, as well as past unfavorable development in this segment, management has not incorporated these favorable trends into its best estimate to the same extent as the actuaries. These subjective factors affect the development of losses and represent instances where management's perspectives may differ from those of our actuaries. As a result, management has attributed less credibility than our actuaries to favorable trends experienced on our long-tail business during softmarket periods and has not incorporated these favorable trends into its best estimate to the same extent as the actuaries.
Management also considers the range, or variability, of reasonably possible losses determined by our actuaries when establishing its best estimate for loss reserves. The actuarial ranges represent our actuaries' estimate of a likely lowest amount and highest amount that will ultimately be paid to settle the loss reserves we have recorded at a particular point in time. The range determinations are based on estimates and actuarial judgments and are intended to encompass reasonably likely changes in one or more of the factors that were used to determine the point estimates. Using statistical models, our actuaries establish high and low ends of a range of reasonable reserve estimates for each of our operating segments.
The following table summarizes our reserves for net unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and the actuarially established high and low ends of a range of reasonable reserve estimates, by segment, at December 31, 2012.2015.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (dollars in millions) | Net Loss Reserves Held | | Low End of Actuarial Range(1) | | High End of Actuarial Range(1) |
| Excess and Surplus Lines | $ | 1,840.5 |
| | $ | 1,526.8 |
| | $ | 2,024.0 |
|
| Specialty Admitted | 724.5 |
| | 614.6 |
| | 753.9 |
|
| London Insurance Market | 1,641.2 |
| | 1,225.4 |
| | 1,804.6 |
|
| Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | 386.5 |
| | 176.2 |
| | 983.2 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| (dollars in millions) | Net Loss Reserves Held (1) | | Low End of Actuarial Range(2) | | High End of Actuarial Range(2) |
| U.S. Insurance | $ | 3,082.2 |
| | $ | 2,709.7 |
| | $ | 3,279.0 |
|
| International Insurance | 2,132.1 |
| | 1,691.4 |
| | 2,288.2 |
|
| Reinsurance | 2,599.7 |
| | 1,881.2 |
| | 2,892.8 |
|
| Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | 330.3 |
| | 265.6 |
| | 514.6 |
|
| |
(1) | As described in note 2 of the notes to consolidated financial statements, unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses attributable to Alterra were recorded at fair value as of May 1, 2013 (the Acquisition Date), which consists of the present value of the expected net loss and loss adjustment expense payments plus a risk premium. The net loss reserves presented in this table represent our estimated future payments for losses and loss adjustment expenses, whereas the reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses included in the consolidated balance sheet include the unamortized portion of the fair value adjustment recorded at the Acquisition Date. |
| |
(2) | Due to the actuarial methods used to determine the separate ranges for each segment of our business, it is not appropriate to aggregate the high or low ends of the separate ranges to determine the high and low ends of the actuarial range on a consolidated basis. |
Undue reliance should not be placed on these ranges of estimates as they are only one of many points of reference used by management to determine its best estimate of ultimate losses. Further, actuarial ranges may not be a true reflection of the potential variability between loss reserves estimated at the balance sheet date and the ultimate cost of settling claims. Actuarial ranges are developed based on known events as of the valuation date, while ultimate losses are subject to events and circumstances that are unknown as of the valuation date. For example, the claims table under "Claims and Reserves," which provides a summary of historical development between originally estimated loss reserves and ultimate claims costs, illustrates this potential variability, reflecting a cumulative deficiency in net reserves of 12% for the 2002 and prior accident years. A significant portion of the cumulative deficiency that occurred during those periods included adverse loss reserve development at Markel International, which we acquired in 2000. Historically, we have experienced greater volatility on acquired books of business than on existing books of business. The increases in pre-acquisition loss reserves at Markel International were primarily associated with books of business that were not subject to our underwriting discipline and that subsequently experienced unfavorable loss development that exceeded our initial expectations. We believe that as a result of applying greater underwriting discipline, including improved risk selection and pricing, on the business written since acquisition, total recorded loss reserves at Markel International are unlikely to vary to the same degree as we have experienced on the 2002 and prior accident years.
We place less reliance on the range established for our Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) segment than on the ranges established for our other operating segments. The range established for our Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) segment includes exposures related to acquired lines of business, many of which are no longer being written, that were not subject to our underwriting discipline and controls.controls prior to our acquisition. Additionally, A&E exposures, which are subject to an uncertain and unfavorable legal environment, account for approximately 70%40% of the net loss reserves considered in the range established for our Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) segment.
Our exposure to A&E claims results from policies written by acquired insurance operations before their acquisitions. The exposure to A&E claims originated from umbrella, excess and commercial general liability (CGL) insurance policies and assumed reinsurance contracts that were written on an occurrence basis from the 1970s to mid-1980s. Exposure also originated from claims-made policies that were designed to cover environmental risks provided that all other terms and conditions of the policy were met. A&E claims include property damage and clean-up costs related to pollution, as well as personal injury allegedly arising from exposure to hazardous materials. After 1986, we began underwriting CGL coverage with pollution exclusions, and in some lines of business we began using a claims-made form. These changes significantly reduced our exposure to future A&E claims on post-1986 business.
There is significant judgment required in estimating the amount of our potential exposure from A&E claims due to the limited and variable historical data on A&E losses as compared to other types of claims, the potential significant reporting delays of claims from insureds to insurance companies and the continuing evolution of laws and judicial interpretations of those laws relative to A&E exposures. Due to these unique aspects of A&E exposures, the ultimate value of loss reserves for A&E claims cannot be estimated using traditional methods and is subject to greater uncertainty than other types of claims. Other factors contributing to the significant uncertainty in estimating A&E reserves include: uncertainty as to the number and identity of insureds with potential exposure; uncertainty as to the number of claims filed by exposed, but not ill, individuals; uncertainty as to the settlement values to be paid; difficulty in properly allocating responsibility and liability for the loss, especially if the claim involves multiple insurance providers or multiple policy periods; growth in the number and significance of bankruptcies of asbestos defendants; uncertainty as to the financial status of companies that insured or reinsured all or part of A&E claims; and inconsistent court decisions and interpretations with respect to underlying policy intent and coverage.
Due to these uncertainties, it is not possible to estimate our ultimate liability for A&E exposures with the same degree of reliability as with other types of exposures. Future development will be affected by the factors mentioned above and could have a material effect on our results of operations, cash flows and financial position. As of December 31, 20122015, and 2014, our consolidated balance sheetsheets included estimated net reserves for A&E losses and loss adjustment expenses of $132.9 million and $287.7 million, respectively.$260.8
On March 9, 2015, we completed a retroactive reinsurance transaction to cede a portfolio of policies primarily comprised of liabilities arising from A&E exposures that originated before 1992 to a third party. At the time of the transaction, reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses on the policies ceded totaled $94.1 million. The ceded reserves attributable to A&E exposures represented approximately 30% of our net asbestos and environmental reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2014 and are expected to be formally transferred to the third party in 2016 by way of a Part VII transfer pursuant to the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 of the United Kingdom. Although we believe our loss reserves for these A&E exposures are adequate, the Part VII transfer will eliminate the uncertainty regarding the potential for adverse development of estimated ultimate liabilities on the underlying policies. On October 30, 2015, we completed a second retroactive reinsurance transaction to cede a portfolio of policies primarily comprised of liabilities arising from A&E exposures that originated before 1987. The transaction provides up to $300 million. of coverage for losses in excess of a $97.0 million retention on the ceded policies and 50% coverage on an additional $100 million of losses. After considering our retention on the ceded policies, ceded reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses totaled $76.4 million. The ceded reserves attributable to A&E exposures represented approximately 25% of our net asbestos and environmental reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2014.
We seek to establish appropriate reserve levels for A&E exposures; however, these reserves could increase in the future. These reserves are not discounted to present value and are forecasted to pay out over the next 40 to 50 years.
Life and Annuity Benefits
We previously acquired a block of life and annuity reinsurance contracts which subject us to mortality, longevity and morbidity risks. The related reserves are compiled by our actuaries on a reinsurance contract-by-contract basis and are computed on a discounted basis using standard actuarial techniques and cash flow models. Since the development of our life and annuity reinsurance reserves is based upon cash flow projection models, we must make estimates and assumptions based on cedent experience, industry mortality tables, and expense and investment experience, including a provision for adverse deviation. The assumptions used to determine policy benefit reserves are generally locked-in for the life of the contract unless an unlocking event occurs. To the extent existing policy reserves, together with the present value of future gross premiums and expected investment income earned thereon, are not adequate to cover the present value of future benefits, settlement and maintenance costs, the locked-in assumptions are revised to current best estimate assumptions and a charge to earnings for life and annuity benefits is recognized at that time. Our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2015 and 2014 included reserves for life and annuity benefits of $1.1 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively.
Because of the assumptions and estimates used in establishing reserves for life and annuity benefit obligations and the long-term nature of these reinsurance contracts, the ultimate liability may be greater or less than the estimates. The average discount rate for the life and annuity benefit reserves was 2.3% as of December 31, 2015.
Reinsurance Premiums
Our assumed reinsurance premiums are recorded at the inception of each contract based upon contract terms and information received from cedents and brokers. For excess of loss contracts, the amount of minimum or deposit premium is usually contractually documented at inception, and variances between this premium and final premium are generally small. An adjustment is made to the minimum or deposit premium, when notified, if there are changes in underlying exposures insured. For quota share contracts, gross premiums written are normally estimated at inception based on information provided by cedents or brokers. We generally record such premiums using the cedent's initial estimates, and then adjust them as more current information becomes available, with such adjustments recorded as premiums written in the period they are determined. We believe that the cedent's estimate of the volume of business they expect to cede to us usually represents the best estimate of gross premium written at the beginning of the contract. As the contract progresses, we monitor actual premium received in conjunction with correspondence from the cedent in order to refine our estimate. Variances from original premium estimates are normally greater for quota share contracts than excess of loss contracts. Premiums are earned on a pro rata basis over the coverage period, or for multi-year contracts, in proportion with the underlying risk exposure to the extent there is variability in the exposure throughout the coverage period. The impact of premium adjustments to net income may be mitigated by related acquisition costs and losses.
Certain contracts we write, particularly property catastrophe reinsurance contracts, provide for reinstatements of coverage. Reinstatement premiums are the premiums for the restoration of the reinsurance limit of a contract to its full amount after a loss occurrence by the reinsured. The purpose of optional and required reinstatements is to permit the reinsured to reinstate the reinsurance coverage at a pre-determined price level once a loss event has penetrated the reinsurance layer. In addition, required reinstatement premiums permit the reinsurer to obtain additional premiums to cover the additional loss limits provided.
We accrue for reinstatement premiums resulting from losses recorded. Such accruals are based upon contractual terms and the only element of management judgment involved is with respect to the amount of losses recorded. Changes in estimates of losses recorded on contracts with reinstatement premium features will result in changes in reinstatement premiums based on contractual terms. Reinstatement premiums are recognized at the time we record losses and are earned on a pro-rata basis over the coverage period.
Ceded Reinsurance Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
We evaluate and adjust reserves for uncollectible ceded reinsurance based upon our collection experience, the financial condition of our reinsurers, collateral held and the development of our gross loss reserves. Our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 20122015 and 20112014 included a reinsurance allowance for doubtful accounts of $71.1$59.4 million and $69.1$59.8 million, respectively.
Reinsurance recoverables recorded on insurance losses ceded under reinsurance contracts are subject to judgments and uncertainties similar to those involved in estimating gross loss reserves. In addition to these uncertainties, our reinsurance recoverables may prove uncollectible if the reinsurers are unable or unwilling to perform under the reinsurance contracts. In establishing our reinsurance allowance for amounts deemed uncollectible, we evaluate the financial condition of our reinsurers and monitor concentration of credit risk arising from our exposure to individual reinsurers. To determine if an allowance is necessary, we consider, among other factors, published financial information, reports from rating agencies, payment history, collateral held and our legal right to offset balances recoverable against balances we may owe. Our ceded reinsurance allowance for doubtful accounts is subject to uncertainty and volatility due to the time lag involved in collecting amounts recoverable from reinsurers. Over the period of time that losses occur, reinsurers are billed and amounts are ultimately collected, economic conditions, as well as the operational and financial performance of particular reinsurers, may change and these changes may affect the reinsurers' willingness and ability to meet their contractual obligation to us. It is also difficult to fully evaluate the impact of major catastrophic events on the financial stability of reinsurers, as well as the access to capital that reinsurers may have when such events occur. The ceding of insurance does not legally discharge us from our primary liability for the full amount of the policies, and we will be required to pay the loss and bear collection risk if the reinsurers fail to meet their obligations under the reinsurance contracts.
Income Taxes and Uncertain Tax Positions
The preparation of our consolidated income tax provision, including the evaluation of tax positions we have taken or expect to take on our income tax returns, requires significant judgment. In evaluating our tax positions, we recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if, based on the technical merits of the position, it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities. Tax positions that meet the more likely than not threshold are then measured using a probability weighted approach, whereby the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement is recognized. The tax positions that we have taken or expect to take are based upon the application of tax laws and regulations, which are subject to interpretation, judgment and uncertainty. As a result, our actual liability for income taxes may differ significantly from our estimates.
We record deferred income taxes as assets or liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets to reflect the net tax effect of the temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and their respective tax bases. At December 31, 20122015 and 2011,2014, our net deferred tax liability was $168.9$176.2 million and $11.1$310.5 million,, respectively. The increasechange in our net deferred tax liabilitytaxes in 20122015 was largely due to an increaseprimarily driven by a decrease in the deferred tax liability related to accumulated other comprehensive income resulting from an increasea decrease in net unrealized gains on investments and a decrease in the deferred tax asset related to our use of net operating loss carryforwards during 2012.2015.
Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when management believes it is more likely than not that some, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We did not have a valuation allowance onAs of December 31, 2015 and 2014, our deferred tax assets at December 31, 2012 or 2011.were net of a valuation allowance of $5.1 million and $4.8 million, respectively. In evaluating our ability to realize our deferred tax assets and assessing the need for a valuation allowance at December 31, 20122015 and 2011,2014, we made estimates regarding the future taxable income of our foreign subsidiaries and judgments about our ability to pursue prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. A change in any of these estimates and judgments could result in the need to record aincrease our valuation allowance through a charge to earnings. See note 78 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our consolidated income tax provision, uncertain tax positions and net operating losses.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 20122015 included goodwill and intangible assets of approximately $1.0 billion.$2.0 billion. Goodwill and intangible assets are recorded as a result of business acquisitions. Goodwill represents the excess of the amount paid to acquire a business over the net fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition. Indefinite-lived and other intangible assets are recorded at fair value as of the acquisition date. The determination of the fair value of certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed involves significant judgment and the use of valuation models and other estimates, which require assumptions that are inherently subjective. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment at least annually. Intangible assets with definite lives are reviewed for impairment when events or circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. We completed our annual test for impairment during the fourth quarter of 20122015 based upon results of operations through September 30, 2012. There were no indications of impairment during 20122015.
For some reporting units, we elected to assess qualitative factors (commonly referred to as "Step 0") to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. This assessment serves as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test. For other reporting units, we elected to bypass Step 0 and perform Step 1 of the goodwill impairment test, which includes determining whether the carrying amount of a reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds its estimated fair value. If the carrying amount exceeds its fair value, then Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test is performed by estimating the fair value of individual assets (including identifiable intangible assets) and liabilities of the reporting unit. The excess of the estimated fair value of the reporting unit over the estimated fair value of net assets would establish the implied value of goodwill. The excess of the recorded amount of goodwill over the implied value is charged to net income as an impairment loss. The fair value
A significant amount of judgment is required in performing goodwill impairment tests. When using the qualitative approach, we considered macroeconomic factors such as industry and market conditions. We also considered reporting unit-specific events, actual financial performance versus expectations and management's future business expectations. As part of our Step 0 evaluation of certain reporting units with material goodwill, in our non-insurance operations, we considered the fact that thesesome of the businesses had all been recently acquired since December 2010 in orderly transactions between market participants, and our purchase price represented fair value at acquisition. There were no events in 2011 or 2012since acquisition which had a significant impact on the fair value of these reporting units. For reporting units which we tested quantitatively, we estimated fair value primarily using an income approach based on a discounted cash flow model. The cash flow projections used in the discounted cash flow model included management's best estimate of future growth and margins. The discount rates used to determine the fair value estimates were developed based on the capital asset pricing model using market-based inputs as well as an assessment of the inherent risk in projected future cash flows. Based upon
With the assessments madeexception of the Markel Ventures Diamond Healthcare reporting unit, we believe the fair value of each of our reporting units exceeded its respective carrying amount as of October 1, 2012 and considering all the facts and circumstances that impacted the fair value of reporting units with material goodwill between the assessment date2015 and December 31, 2012,2015. Additionally, we concluded that goodwill was not impaired for any of our reporting units as of December 31, 2012. We do not believe we are at risk of failing Step 1 at any of our reporting units with the result being a material impairment of goodwill.
During the fourth quarters of 2015 and 2014, we recorded goodwill impairment charges of $14.9 million and $13.7 million, respectively, to other expenses, to reduce the carrying value of the Diamond Healthcare reporting unit's goodwill to its implied fair value. Diamond Healthcare's operations consist of the planning, development and operation of behavioral health services in partnership with healthcare organizations. In both periods, we determined the goodwill for the reporting unit was impaired as a result of lower than expected earnings and lower estimated future earnings. We believe the performance of this reporting unit has been impacted by healthcare legislation, evolving general healthcare market conditions and the need to adapt more quickly to those changes. Additionally, Diamond Healthcare's performance has been impacted by operational costs in excess of projections on new operating facilities where construction began just prior to our acquisition. Although we anticipated a ramp-up period in the initial operations of these facilities, costs have continued to exceed both our initial and revised expectations. To determine the value of the impairment losses, we estimated the fair value of the reporting unit primarily using an income approach based on a discounted cash flow model. As described above, the cash flow projections are management's best estimate of future growth and margins. After recording this charge in 2015, the Diamond Healthcare reporting unit's goodwill was reduced to zero.
Investments
We complete a detailed analysis each quarter to assess whether the decline in the fair value of any investment below its cost basis is deemed other-than-temporary. All securities with unrealized losses are reviewed. For equity securities, a decline in fair value that is considered to be other-than-temporary is recognized in net income based on the fair value of the security at the time of assessment, resulting in a new cost basis for the security. For fixed maturities where we intend to sell the security or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost, a decline in fair value is considered to be other-than-temporary and is recognized in net income based on the fair value of the security at the time of assessment, resulting in a new cost basis for the security. If the decline in fair value of a fixed maturity below its amortized cost is considered to be other-than-temporary based upon other considerations, we compare the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected to the amortized cost of the security. The extent to which the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost of the security represents the credit-related portion of the other-than-temporary impairment, which is recognized in net income, resulting in a new cost basis for the security. Any remaining decline in fair value represents the non-credit portion of the other-than-temporary impairment, which is recognized in other comprehensive income.income (loss). The discount rate used to calculate the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is the effective interest rate implicit for the security at the date of purchase.
We consider many factors in completing our quarterly review of securities with unrealized losses for other-than-temporary impairment, including the length of time and the extent to which fair value has been below cost and the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer. For equity securities, the ability and intent to hold the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery is considered. For fixed maturities, we consider whether we intend to sell the security or if it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery, the implied yield-to-maturity, the credit quality of the issuer and the ability to recover all amounts outstanding when contractually due. When assessing whether we intend to sell a fixed maturity or if it is likely that we will be required to sell a fixed maturity before recovery of its amortized cost, we evaluate facts and circumstances including, but not limited to, decisions to reposition the investment portfolio, potential sales of investments to meet cash flow needs and potential sales of investments to capitalize on favorable pricing.
Risks and uncertainties are inherent in our other-than-temporary decline in fair value assessment methodology. The risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, incorrect or overly optimistic assumptions about the financial condition, liquidity or near-term prospects of an issuer, inadequacy of any underlying collateral, unfavorable changes in economic or social conditions and unfavorable changes in interest rates or credit ratings. Changes in any of these assumptions could result in charges to earnings in future periods.
Losses from write downs for other-than-temporary declines in the estimated fair value of investments, while potentially significant to net income, do not have an impact on our financial position. Since our investment securities are considered available-for-sale and are recorded at estimated fair value, unrealized losses on investments are already included in accumulated other comprehensive income. See note 2(b)3(b) of the notes to consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our assessment methodology for other-than-temporary declines in the estimated fair value of investments.
Our Business
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with Selected Financial Data, the consolidated financial statements and related notes and the discussion under Risk Factors, "Critical Accounting Estimates" and "Safe Harbor and Cautionary Statement."
We are a diverse financial holding company serving a variety of niche markets. Our principal business markets and underwrites specialty insurance products. We believe that our specialty product focus and niche market strategy enable us to develop expertise and specialized market knowledge. We seek to differentiate ourselves from competitors by our expertise, service, continuity and other value-based considerations. We compete in three segments of the specialty insurance marketplace: the Excess and Surplus Lines, the Specialty Admitted and the London Insurance Market segments. We also own interests in various industrial and service businesses that operate outside of the specialty insurance marketplace. Our financial goals are to earn consistent underwriting and operating profits and superior investment returns to build shareholder value.
We monitor and report our ongoing underwriting operations in the following three segments: U.S. Insurance, International Insurance and Reinsurance. In determining how to aggregate and monitor our underwriting results, management considers many factors, including the geographic location and regulatory environment of the insurance entity underwriting the risk, the nature of the insurance product sold, the type of account written and the type of customer served.
The U.S. Insurance segment includes all direct business and facultative placements written by our insurance subsidiaries domiciled in the United States. The International Insurance segment includes all direct business and facultative placements written by our insurance subsidiaries domiciled outside of the United States, including our syndicate at Lloyd's of London (Lloyd's). The Reinsurance segment includes all treaty reinsurance written across the Company. Results for lines of business discontinued prior to, or in conjunction with, acquisitions, are reported in the Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) segment. All investing activities related to our insurance operations are included in the Investing segment.
Our Excess and Surplus LinesU.S. Insurance segment writesincludes both hard-to-place risks written outside of the standard market includingon an excess and surplus lines basis and unique and hard-to-place risks that must be written on an admitted basis due to marketing and regulatory reasons. The following products are included in this segment: general liability, professional liability, catastrophe-exposed property, professionalpersonal property, workers' compensation, specialty program insurance for well-defined niche markets, and liability products liability, general liability, commercial umbrellacoverages and other coverages tailored for unique exposures. Our Excess and Surplus LinesBusiness in this segment is comprisedwritten through our Wholesale, Specialty and Global Insurance divisions. The Wholesale division writes commercial risks, primarily on an excess and surplus lines basis, using a network of five regions,wholesale brokers managed on a regional basis. The Specialty division writes program insurance and each regional officeother specialty coverages for well-defined niche markets, primarily on an admitted basis. The Global Insurance division writes risks outside of the standard market on both an admitted and non-admitted basis. Global Insurance division business written by our U.S. insurance subsidiaries is responsible for serving the wholesale producers locatedincluded in its region. Our regional teams focus on customer service and marketing, underwriting and distributing our insurance solutions and provide customers easy access to our products.this segment.
Our Specialty AdmittedInternational Insurance segment writes risks that althoughare characterized by either the unique and hard-to-placenature of the exposure or the high limits of insurance coverage required by the insured. Risks written in the standardInternational Insurance segment are written on either a direct basis or a subscription basis, the latter of which means that loss exposures brought into the market must remain with an admittedare typically insured by more than one insurance company for marketingor Lloyd's syndicate. When we write business in the subscription market, we prefer to participate as lead underwriter in order to control underwriting terms, policy conditions and regulatory reasons. Our underwriting units in thisclaims handling. Products offered within our International Insurance segment write specialty program insurance for well-defined niche markets, personalinclude primary and commercialexcess of loss property, excess liability, professional liability, marine and energy and liability coverages and workers' compensation insurance. Our Specialty Admittedother coverages tailored for unique exposures. Business included in this segment is comprised of three underwriting units:produced through our Markel Specialty,International and Global Insurance divisions. The Markel American Specialty Personal and Commercial Lines and, beginningInternational division writes business worldwide from our London-based platform, which includes our syndicate at Lloyd's. Global Insurance division business written by our non-U.S. insurance subsidiaries, which primarily targets Fortune 1000 accounts, is included in October 2010, Markel FirstComp. In January 2012, we acquired Thompson Insurance Enterprises, LLC (Thomco), a privately held program administrator that underwrites multi-line, industry-focused insurance programs that complement the Markel Specialty product offerings. Examples include social service organizations, senior living, childcare and fitness centers.this segment.
Our London Insurance MarketReinsurance segment writes specialtyincludes property, casualty professional liability, equine, marine, energy and trade creditspecialty treaty reinsurance products offered to other insurance and reinsurance on a worldwide basis. We participate incompanies globally through the London market throughbroker market. Our treaty reinsurance offerings include both quota share and excess of loss reinsurance. Principal lines of business include: property (including catastrophe-exposed property), professional liability, general casualty, credit, surety, auto, and workers' compensation. Our reinsurance product offerings are underwritten by our Global Reinsurance division, which is primarily comprised of our Markel International which includes Markel Capital Limited and Markel International Insurance Company Limited (MIICL), wholly-owned subsidiaries. Markel Capital Limited is the corporate capital provider for Markel Syndicate 3000 at Lloyd's, which is managed by Markel Syndicate Management Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary.division.
For purposes of segment reporting, the Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) segment includes lines of business that have been discontinued prior to, or in conjunction with, acquisitions. The lines were discontinued because we believed some aspect of the product, such as risk profile or competitive environment, would not allow us to earn consistent underwriting profits. This segment also includes development on asbestosA&E loss reserves and environmental loss reserves.the results attributable to the run-off of our life and annuity reinsurance business.
In December 2015, we completed the acquisition of substantially all of the assets of CATCo Investment Management Ltd. (CATCo IM) and CATCo-Re Ltd. CATCo IM was a leading insurance-linked securities investment fund manager and reinsurance manager headquartered in Bermuda focused on building and managing highly diversified, collateralized retrocession and reinsurance portfolios covering global property catastrophe risks. Results attributable to Markel CATCo Investment Management Ltd. (Markel CATCo IM), the wholly-owned subsidiary formed in conjunction with this transaction, are included with our non-insurance operations, which are not included in a reportable segment. Beginning January 1, 2016, Markel CATCo IM will receive management fees for its investment and insurance management services, as well as performance fees based on the annual performance of the investment funds that it manages. In 2016, assets under management of Markel CATCo IM are expected to be in excess of $3 billion. In October 2015, we made a $25.0 million investment in CATCo Reinsurance Opportunities Fund Ltd. (CROF), an independent closed-end fund that is now managed by Markel CATCo IM. In January 2016, the net proceeds from this investment were used by CROF to purchase shares of Markel CATCo Diversified Fund, an unconsolidated affiliate that is managed by Markel CATCo IM. In January 2016, we made an additional $175.0 million investment in the Markel CATCo Diversified Fund.
In January 2014, we completed the acquisition of 100% of the share capital of Abbey Protection plc (Abbey), an integrated specialty insurance and consultancy group headquartered in London. Abbey's business is focused on the underwriting and sale of insurance products to small and medium-sized enterprises and affinity groups in the United Kingdom providing protection against legal expenses and professional fees incurred as a result of legal actions or investigations by tax authorities, as well as providing a range of complementary legal and professional consulting services. Results attributable to Abbey's insurance operations are included in the International Insurance segment. Results attributable to Abbey's consultancy operations are reported with our non-insurance operations, which are not included in a reportable segment.
In January 2013, we acquired Essentia Insurance Company, a company that underwrites insurance exclusively for Hagerty Insurance Agency and Hagerty Classic Marine Insurance Agency (collectively, Hagerty) throughout the United States. Hagerty offers insurance for classic cars, vintage boats, motorcycles and related automotive collectibles. Results attributable to Hagerty are included in the U.S. Insurance segment.
A favorable insurance market is commonly referred to as a "hard market" within the insurance industry and is characterized by stricter coverage terms, higher prices and lower underwriting capacity. Periods of intense competition, which typically include broader coverage terms, lower prices and excess underwriting capacity, are referred to as a "soft market." Since 2005, we have generally been in a soft insurance market and have experienced intense competition, resulting in price deterioration in virtually all of our product areas due in part to an increased presence of standard insurance companies in our markets. During 2008, given the rapid deterioration in underwriting capacity as a result of the disruptions in the financial markets and losses from catastrophes, the rate of decline in prices began to slow. However, the effects of the economic environment contributed to further declines in gross premium volume in 2009 and 2010. Premiums for many of our product lines are based upon our insureds' revenues, gross receipts or payroll, which were negatively impacted by the depressed levels of business activity in recent years. In 2010, we continued to experience pricing pressure due in part to intense competition, which resulted in further price deterioration across many of our product lines, most notably our professional and products liability programs within the Excess and Surplus Lines segment. However, we experienced moderate price increases in several product lines during 2010, most notably those offered within the London Insurance Market segment. During 2011, the unfavorable pricing trends noted in 2010 continued for some of our product lines, most notably our professional and products liability programs within the Excess and Surplus Lines segment. However, price declines stabilized for most of our product lines during 2011, and we achieved moderate price increases in several lines, most notably the marine and energy products within the London Insurance Market segment. During 2012, market conditions have improved and we have generally seen mid-single digit favorable rate changes across our portfolio. Gross premium volume has further improved as revenues, gross receipts and payrolls of our insureds have been favorably impacted by improved economic conditions.
We routinely review the pricing of our major product lines and will continue to pursue price increases for most product lines in 2013; however, when we believe the prevailing market price will not support our underwriting profit targets, the business is not written. As a result of our underwriting discipline, gross premium volume may vary when we alter our product offerings to maintain or improve underwriting profitability.
Through our wholly-owned subsidiary Markel Ventures, Inc. (Markel Ventures), we own interests in various industrial and service businesses that operate outside of the specialty insurance marketplace. These businesses are viewed by management as separate and distinct from our insurance operations.operations and are comprised of a diverse portfolio of businesses from various industries, including manufacturers of transportation and industrial equipment, and providers of healthcare, housing, data and consulting services. Local management teams oversee the day-to-day operations of these companies, while strategic decisions are made in conjunction with members of our executive management team, principally our President and Chief Investment Officer. Theteam. While each of these businesses is operated independently, we aggregate their financial results of those companies in which we own controlling interests have been consolidated in our financial statements. The financial results of those companies in which we hold a noncontrolling interest are accounted for under the equity method of accounting.
into two industry groups: manufacturing and non-manufacturing. Our strategy in making these private equity investments is similar to our strategy for purchasing equity securities. We seek to invest in profitable companies, with honest and talented management, that exhibit reinvestment opportunities and capital discipline, at reasonable prices. We intend to own the businesses acquired for a long period of time.
OurIn December 2015, we acquired 80% of the outstanding shares of CapTech Ventures, Inc. (CapTech), a privately held company headquartered in Richmond, Virginia. CapTech is a leading management and IT consulting firm, providing services and solutions to a wide array of customers. Results attributable to CapTech are included with our non-insurance operations, which are comprisednot included in a reportable segment. Due to the one month lag in consolidating the results of a diverse portfolioour Markel Ventures operations, the financial results for CapTech will be included in our consolidated statements of industrialincome and service companies. During the second quarter of 2012,comprehensive income beginning in January 2016.
In July 2014, we acquired 100% of the outstanding shares of Cottrell, Inc. (Cottrell), a controlling interestprivately held company headquartered in Gainesville, Georgia. Cottrell is a leading manufacturer of over-the-road car hauler equipment and related car hauler parts. Results attributable to Cottrell are included with the Company's non-insurance operations, which are not included in a company that manufactures laminated oak and composite wood flooring used in the assembly of truck trailers, intermodal containers and truck bodies. During the third quarter of 2012, we acquired a company that designs and manufactures baking equipment and sheeting lines for pizza, pastry, pie, and specialty bread bakers worldwide, and we acquired a controlling interest in a company that manufactures industrial baking systems for the production of crackers, pretzels, cookies and other baked snacks.reportable segment.
For further discussion of our lines of business, principal products offered, distribution channels, competition, underwriting philosophy and our non-insuranceMarkel Ventures operations, see the discussion under Business Overview.
Recent Developments
In October 2012, we announced that we had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Essentia Insurance Company from OneBeacon Insurance Group LLC. The transaction was completed effective January 1, 2013. Essentia Insurance Company will continue to underwrite insurance exclusively for Hagerty Insurance Agency and Hagerty Classic Marine Insurance Agency (collectively, Hagerty) throughout the United States. Hagerty offers insurance for classic cars, vintage boats, motorcycles and related automotive collectibles. Hagerty remains a privately-owned, family business. Premiums associated with this business for 2011 were in excess of $170 million. Results attributable to this acquisition will be included in the Specialty Admitted segment.
In December 2012, we, together with Alterra Capital Holdings Limited (Alterra), announced that our boards of directors had approved an agreement providing for the merger of Alterra with one of our subsidiaries. As a result of the transaction, Alterra would become our wholly-owned subsidiary and each issued and outstanding share of Alterra common stock (other than shares as to which appraisal rights are exercised and restricted shares that do not vest in connection with the transaction) would be converted into the right to receive (1) 0.04315 shares of our common stock and (2) $10.00 in cash. Based on our closing stock price on December 18, 2012, the day the agreement was entered into, the aggregate consideration payable to Alterra shareholders would be approximately $3.1 billion. Following the transaction, we estimate that our current shareholders would own approximately 69% of the combined company and Alterra shareholders would own approximately 31%. The transaction has been approved by shareholders of both companies, but remains subject to receipt of regulatory approvals. Closing is expected to occur in the first half of 2013.
Alterra is a Bermuda-headquartered, global enterprise dedicated to providing diversified specialty insurance and reinsurance products to corporations, public entities and property and casualty insurers. As of December 31, 2012, Alterra reported $10.7 billion in total assets and $2.8 billion in shareholders' equity. Its reported net income for 2012 was $143.8 million on $1.7 billion in total revenues.
We believe that our acquisition of Alterra will create a strong company in global specialty insurance and investments, with a demonstrated track record of underwriting discipline in niche market segments and proven asset management strengths that should benefit shareholders. Two individuals designated by Alterra and approved by the Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee of our Board of Directors will be added to our Board of Directors upon completion of the transaction. Our current executive officers will hold the same, or substantially similar, positions after the transaction, although individual responsibilities may change to reflect the nature of the combined operations. Roles for Alterra officers and management personnel (other than its chief executive officer who is expected to leave the company after the transaction) are being identified as part of a transition planning process.
Key Performance Indicators
We measure financial success by our ability to compound growth in book value per share at a high rate of return over a long period of time. To mitigate the effects of short-term volatility, we measure ourselves over a five-year period. We believe that growth in book value per share is the most comprehensive measure of our success because it includes all underwriting, operating and investing results. We measure underwriting results by our underwriting profit or loss and combined ratio. We measure operating results, which primarily consists of our Markel Ventures operations, by earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA), which is a non-GAAP financial measure, in conjunction with U.S. GAAP measures, including revenues and net income. Because EBITDA excludes interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, it provides an indicator of economic performance that is useful to both management and investors in evaluating our Markel Ventures businesses as it is not affected by levels of debt, interest rates, effective tax rates or levels of depreciation and amortization resulting from purchase accounting. We measure investing results by our taxable equivalent total investment return. These measures are discussed in greater detail under "Results of Operations."
Results of Operations
The following table presents the components of net income to shareholders.
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Underwriting profit (loss) | $ | 63,588 |
| | $ | (40,825 | ) | | $ | 59,816 |
| |
| Underwriting profit | | $ | 429,707 |
| | $ | 177,563 |
| | $ | 103,031 |
|
| Net investment income | 282,107 |
| | 263,676 |
| | 272,530 |
| 353,213 |
| | 363,230 |
| | 317,373 |
|
| Net realized investment gains | 31,593 |
| | 35,857 |
| | 36,362 |
| 106,480 |
| | 46,000 |
| | 63,152 |
|
| Other revenues | 539,284 |
| | 351,077 |
| | 185,580 |
| 1,086,758 |
| | 883,525 |
| | 710,942 |
|
| Amortization of intangible assets | (33,512 | ) | | (24,291 | ) | | (16,824 | ) | (68,947 | ) | | (57,627 | ) | | (55,223 | ) |
| Other expenses | (478,248 | ) | | (309,046 | ) | | (168,290 | ) | (1,046,805 | ) | | (854,871 | ) | | (663,528 | ) |
| Interest expense | (92,762 | ) | | (86,252 | ) | | (73,663 | ) | (118,301 | ) | | (117,442 | ) | | (114,004 | ) |
| Income tax expense | (53,802 | ) | | (41,710 | ) | | (27,782 | ) | (152,963 | ) | | (116,690 | ) | | (77,898 | ) |
| Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (4,863 | ) | | (6,460 | ) | | (936 | ) | (6,370 | ) | | (2,506 | ) | | (2,824 | ) |
| Net income to shareholders | $ | 253,385 |
| | $ | 142,026 |
| | $ | 266,793 |
| $ | 582,772 |
| | $ | 321,182 |
| | $ | 281,021 |
|
Net income to shareholders increased 78%81% from 20112014 to 2012 and decreased 47% from 2010 to 2011 primarily2015 due to unfavorablemore favorable underwriting results in 2011, which were drivenand higher net realized investment gains, partially offset by higher losses from natural catastrophes in 2011income tax expense compared to both 20122014. Net income to shareholders
increased 14% from 2013 to 2014 due to more favorable underwriting results and 2010.higher investment income in 2014, partially offset by higher income tax expense compared to 2013. The components of net income to shareholders are discussed in further detail under "Underwriting Results," "Life and Annuity Benefits," "Investing Results," "Non-Insurance"Markel Ventures Operations" and "Interest Expense and Income Taxes."
Underwriting Results
Underwriting profits are a key component of our strategy to grow book value per share. We believe that the ability to achieve consistent underwriting profits demonstrates knowledge and expertise, commitment to superior customer service and the ability to manage insurance risk. The property and casualty insurance industry commonly defines underwriting profit or loss as earned premiums net of losses and loss adjustment expenses and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses. We use underwriting profit or loss as a basis for evaluating our underwriting performance.
The following table presents selected data from our underwriting operations.
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | | Years Ended December 31, | |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 | |
| Gross premium volume | $ | 2,513,681 |
| | $ | 2,291,251 |
| | $ | 1,982,467 |
| | $ | 4,632,912 |
| | $ | 4,805,513 |
| | $ | 3,920,226 |
| |
| Net written premiums | $ | 2,214,126 |
| | $ | 2,041,838 |
| | $ | 1,769,118 |
| | $ | 3,819,293 |
| | $ | 3,917,015 |
| | $ | 3,236,683 |
| |
| Net retention | 88 | % | | 89 | % | | 89 | % | | 82 | % | | 82 | % | | 83 | % | |
| Earned premiums | $ | 2,147,128 |
| | $ | 1,979,340 |
| | $ | 1,730,921 |
| | $ | 3,823,532 |
| | $ | 3,840,912 |
| | $ | 3,231,616 |
| |
| Losses and loss adjustment expenses | $ | 1,154,068 |
| | $ | 1,209,986 |
| | $ | 946,229 |
| | $ | 1,938,745 |
| | $ | 2,202,467 |
| | $ | 1,816,273 |
| |
| Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses | $ | 929,472 |
| | $ | 810,179 |
| | $ | 724,876 |
| | $ | 1,455,080 |
| | $ | 1,460,882 |
| | $ | 1,312,312 |
| |
| Underwriting profit (loss) | $ | 63,588 |
| | $ | (40,825 | ) | | $ | 59,816 |
| | |
| Underwriting profit | | $ | 429,707 |
| | $ | 177,563 |
| | $ | 103,031 |
| |
| | | | | | | | |
U.S. GAAP Combined Ratios (1) | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Excess and Surplus Lines | 94 | % | | 86 | % | | 96 | % | | |
| Specialty Admitted | 108 | % | | 109 | % | | 100 | % | | |
| London Insurance Market | 89 | % | | 116 | % | | 95 | % | | |
| U.S. Insurance | | 89 | % | | 95 | % | | 92 | % | |
| International Insurance | | 86 | % | | 93 | % | | 94 | % | |
| Reinsurance | | 90 | % | | 96 | % | | 109 | % | |
| Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | NM |
| (2) | NM |
| (2) | NM |
| (2) | NM |
| (2) | NM |
| (2) | NM |
| (2) |
| Markel Corporation (Consolidated) | 97 | % | | 102 | % | | 97 | % | | 89 | % | | 95 | % | | 97 | % | |
| |
(1) | The U.S. GAAP combined ratio is a measure of underwriting performance and represents the relationship of incurred losses, loss adjustment expenses and underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses to earned premiums. The U.S. GAAP combined ratio is the sum of the loss ratio and the expense ratio. A combined ratio less than 100% indicates an underwriting profit, while a combined ratio greater than 100% reflects an underwriting loss. The loss ratio represents the relationship of incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses to earned premiums. The expense ratio represents the relationship of underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses to earned premiums. |
| |
(2) | NM—Ratio is not meaningful. Further discussion of Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) underwriting loss follows. |
The 2012decrease in the consolidated combined ratio decreased from 2011 due2014 to 2015 was driven by more favorable development on prior years' loss reserves in each of our underwriting segments in 2015 compared to 2014, as well as a lower current accident year loss ratio and more favorable development of prior years' loss reserves, partially offset by a higher expense ratioin 2015 compared to 2011.2014. The 2012 combined ratio included $107.4 million, or five points, of underwriting loss from Hurricane Sandy in the fourth quarter. The 2011 combined ratio included $152.4 million, or eight points, of underwriting loss related to natural catastrophes, including the Thai floods, Hurricane Irene, U.S. tornadoes, Japanese earthquake and tsunami, Australian floods and New Zealand earthquakes. Also contributing to the improvementdecrease in the current accident year loss ratio werein 2015 was due in part to lower attritional losses primarilyacross several product lines in our Reinsurance segment in 2015 compared to 2014.
The decrease in the Excess and Surplus Lines and London Insurance Market segments. The 2012consolidated combined ratio also included $43.1 million, or two points, of underwriting,from 2013 to 2014 was driven by a lower expense ratio, partially offset by a less favorable prior accident years' loss ratio compared to 2013. Underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses in 2013 included transaction and other acquisition-related costs of $75.1 million attributable to the acquisition of Alterra, or two points on the combined ratio. These costs include transaction costs totaling $16.0 million, which primarily consist of due diligence, legal and investment banking costs, severance costs of $31.7 million, stay bonuses of $14.8 million, and other compensation costs totaling $12.6 million, related to the Company's prospective adoptionacceleration of Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standard Update No. 2010-26, Accounting for Costs Associated with Acquiring or Renewing Insurance Contracts (ASU No. 2010-26). Higher profit sharingcertain long-term incentive compensation awards and restricted stock awards that were granted by Alterra prior to the acquisition. Excluding transaction and other acquisition-related costs incurred in 2012 were offset by a favorable impact from higher premium volume. The 2011 combined ratio increased from 2010 due to a higher current accident year loss ratio, partially offset by more favorable development of prior years' loss reserves and a lower2013, the 2014 expense ratio. The increase in the 2011 combined ratio was driven by higher losses from natural catastrophes in 2011 comparedcomparable to 2010, as described above. The lower expense ratio in 2011 was primarily due to lower costs associated with our system and business process initiatives and lower profit sharing costs.
The estimated net losses on Hurricane Sandy represent our best estimate of losses based upon the most current information available. We have used various loss estimation techniques to develop these reserves, including reviews of modeled loss estimates that factor in third party industry loss estimates, detailed policy level reviews and direct contact with insureds and brokers. However, reported losses and information on potential losses have come in slowly given the magnitude of the event. While we believe our reserves for Hurricane Sandy are adequate, we continue to closely monitor reported claims and will adjust our estimates of gross and net losses as new information becomes available. The net losses from Hurricane Sandy were within our risk tolerance.2013.
The 20122015 combined ratio included $399.0$627.8 million of favorable development on prior years' loss reserves compared to $354.0$435.5 million in 20112014 and $278.0$411.1 million in 2010.2013. The benefit of the favorable development on prior years' loss reserves had less of an impact on the combined ratio in 2014 compared to 2013 due to higher earned premium volume in 2014. Favorable development on prior years' loss reserves in 2013 included $20.8 million of favorable development on Hurricane Sandy. The increase in prior year redundancies in 2015 compared to 2014 was due in part to a decrease in the estimated volatility of our consolidated net reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses as a result of ceding a significant portion of our A&E exposures to a third party during the first and fourth quarters of 2015. As a result of this decrease in estimated volatility, our level of confidence in our net reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses increased. Therefore, management reduced prior years' loss reserves by $82.7 million, or approximately two points on the consolidated combined ratio, in order to maintain a consolidated confidence level in a range consistent with our historic levels. This reduction in prior years' loss reserves occurred across all three of our ongoing underwriting segments. We also experienced more favorable development in 2015 compared to 2014 as management had more confidence in the actuarial projections for product lines previously written by Alterra during 2015 compared to 2014. Following the 2013 acquisition of Alterra, management applied its more conservative loss reserving philosophy to reserves on premiums earned after the acquisition to establish loss reserves consistent with our historic levels, which we achieved in 2014. The favorable development on prior years' loss reserves during the pastall three years was primarily due to loss reserve redundancies at Markel International and on our professional and products liability programs within the Excess and Surplus Lines segment. Loss reserve redundancies at Markel International were $192.0 million, $94.8 million and $117.7 million in 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. Loss reserve redundancies on our professional and products liability programs within the Excess and Surplus Lines segment were $65.9 million, $87.3 million and $96.7 million in 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. In 2012 and 2011, the favorable development on prior years' loss reserves also included $78.8 million and $83.7 million, respectively of loss reserve redundancies on various long-tail casualty lines within our U.S. Insurance segment and International Insurance segment, and on our marine and energy product lines within the Excess and Surplus LinesInternational Insurance segment.
Over the past three years, we have experienced significant redundancies on prior years' loss reserves despite the soft market conditions we have operated in since 2005. The favorable trend in prior years' loss reserves. The product lines that have produced these redundancies are primarily long-tail books of business that take many years to fully develop. The positive trend in these prior years' loss reserves was partially the result of the more favorable rates and terms associated with the hard insurance market that we experienced from 2000 through 2004. Although the favorable rates and terms obtained during the hard insurance market created expectations of improved underwriting results, the full impact from this favorable environment could not be quantified when we initially established loss reserves for these years. Additionally, the positive trend in these prior years' loss reserves wasis due in part to the adverse impact of softening insurancethe soft market conditions and poor economic conditions experienced in recent years not being as significant as initiallyoriginally anticipated. Since 2005, we have generally been in a soft insurance market. In 2008 and 2009, we experienced a significant economic slowdown from the recessionary environment. Given the volatile nature of our long-tail books of business, the ultimate adverse impact of the soft insurance market and unfavorable economic environment could not be quantified when we initially established loss reserves for these years. In each of the past three years, actual claims reportingdevelopment patterns have been more favorable than we initially anticipated. As the average loss severity or claim frequency estimates on these long-tail books of business have decreased, our actuarial estimates of the ultimate liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses were reduced, and management reduced prior years' loss reserves accordingly.
In connection with our quarterly reviews of loss reserves, the actuarial methods we used have exhibited a favorable trend for the 20032011 to 20112014 accident years. This trend was observed using statistical analysis of actual loss experience for those years, particularly with regard to our long-tail books of business within the ExcessU.S. Insurance and Surplus Lines and LondonInternational Insurance Market segments, which developed more favorably than we had expected based upon our historical experience. As actual losses experienced on these accident years have continued to be lower than anticipated, it has become more likely that the underwriting results will prove to be better than originally estimated. Additionally, as most actuarial methods rely upon historical reporting patterns, the favorable trends experienced on earlier accident years have resulted in a re-estimation of our ultimate incurred losses on more recent accident years. When we experience loss frequency or loss severity trends that are more favorable than we initially anticipated, we often evaluate the loss experience over a period of several years in order to assess the relative credibility of loss development trends. In each of the past three years, based upon our evaluations of claims development patterns in our long-tail, and often volatile, lines of business, we gave greater credibility to the favorable trend. As a result, our actuaries reduced their estimates of ultimate losses, and management incorporated this favorable trend into its best estimate and reduced prior years' loss reserves accordingly.
While we believe it is possible that there will be additional redundancies on prior years' loss reserves in 2013,2016, we caution readers not to place undue reliance on this favorable trend. In 2004,Despite stabilization of prices on certain product lines during the last three years, we began to see a softening ofstill consider the overall property and casualty insurance market and experienced a slow down in the rate of increase in prices as a result of increased competition. Competition remained strong in 2005 and increased further from 2006 through 2010, resulting in deterioration in pricing over this period of time. Further, the ultimate impact that the financial crisis and related economic recession of 2008 and 2009 will have on our underwriting results is difficult to quantify. Similar to the impact of the hardening of the insurance market that began in 2000, thebe soft. The impact on our underwriting results from the soft insurance market and adverse economic conditions cannot be fully quantified in advance.
The following discussion provides more detail by segment of the underwriting results described above. Following this segment-based discussion is a summary table of prior years' loss reserve development.
Excess and Surplus LinesU.S. Insurance Segment
The Excess and Surplus Lines segment's combined ratio for 2012the U.S. Insurance segment for 2015 was 94% (including five points of underwriting loss related to Hurricane Sandy and two points of expense related to the prospective adoption of ASU No. 2010-26)89% compared to 86%95% in 2011 (including three points of underwriting loss related to natural catastrophes)2014 and 96%92% in 2010.2013. The decrease in the 2015 combined ratio increased in 2012was due to more favorable development of prior years' loss reserves and a lower expense ratio compared to 20112014. The improvement in the U.S. Insurance segment's expense ratio was primarily due to higher earned premiums and lower general expenses.
The increase in the 2014 combined ratio was due to less favorable development onof prior years' loss reserves, partially offset by a lower current accident year loss ratio.ratio and a lower expense ratio compared to 2013. The U.S. Insurance segment's 2013 current accident year loss ratio included $24.3 million, or one point, of unfavorable development on pre-acquisition accident years' loss reserves for Alterra. Excluding the impact of natural catastrophesAlterra pre-acquisition loss reserve development in both periods, the improvement in2013, the current accident year loss ratio for the U.S. Insurance segment was comparable to 2014. The improvement in 2012 was duethe 2014 expense ratio reflects the impact of transaction and acquisition-related costs attributable to the acquisition of Alterra in part2013, which added one point to lower attritional property losses compared to 2011. the U.S. Insurance segment's 2013 expense ratio.
The U.S. Insurance segment's 2015 combined ratio decreased in 2011 compared to 2010 due to more favorable development on prior years' loss reserves.
In 2012, the Excess and Surplus Lines segment's results included $181.4$299.0 million of favorable development on prior years' loss reserves compared to $227.5$216.6 million in 20112014 and $159.0$298.1 million in 2010. In all three periods,2013. The 2013 combined ratio also included $24.3 million of unfavorable development attributable to Alterra pre-acquisition accident years that was included in current year losses in 2013, as described above. The increase in prior year redundancies in 2015 was due in part to the redundanciesincrease in the confidence level of our consolidated net loss reserves, as previously discussed, which resulted in an $82.7 million reduction to consolidated prior years' loss reserves, of which $35.2 million was in the U.S. Insurance segment (approximately two points on the segment combined ratio). We also experienced favorable development on prior years' loss reserves in our Global Insurance division in 2015, primarily on our inland marine product line, compared to adverse development in 2014. Favorable development on our Global Insurance inland marine business totaled $27.5 million in 2015 and was attributable to lower than expected frequency of large loss events, primarily on the 2013 and 2014 accident years. Redundancies on prior years' loss reserves were higher in 2013 than 2014 due in part to reductions in our loss estimates on Hurricane Sandy, which occurred during the fourth quarter of 2012. Additionally, during the fourth quarter of 2013, we reduced prior years' loss reserves by $27.3 million related to resolution of claims under expired commercial general liability policies.
Favorable development on prior years' loss reserves experienced within the ExcessU.S. Insurance segment during 2015 was most significant on our general liability product lines and Surplus Lines segmenton our workers' compensation, brokerage property and inland marine product lines. In 2014, the redundancies on prior years' loss reserves were primarilymost significant on our general liability, professional liability and workers' compensation product lines. In 2013, the redundancies on prior years' loss reserves were most significant on our general liability, professional liability, workers' compensation and program product lines. Favorable development on our professional liability lines in 2014 and products liability programs and2013 was partially offset by adverse development on our casualty programs. Asarchitects and engineers product line.
In 2015, we experienced $111.3 million of redundancies on various long-tail general and excess liability lines, primarily on the average2011 to 2014 accident years, due in part to lower loss severity orthan originally anticipated. In 2014, we experienced $93.4 million of redundancies on various long-tail general and excess liability lines, primarily on the 2007 to 2012 accident years, due in part to lower loss severity than originally anticipated. In 2013, we experienced $136.3 million of redundancies on various long-tail general and excess liability lines, which included $27.3 million of redundancies related to resolution of claims under expired commercial general liability policies. The remaining redundancies on our long-tail casualty lines in 2013 were spread across several accident years, due in part to lower claim frequency estimates on thesefrequencies than originally anticipated. Our binding and brokerage casualty business includes product lines that are long-tail books of business have decreased, our actuarial estimates of the ultimate liability for unpaidand volatile in nature. During 2015, 2014 and 2013, actual incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses on prior accident years for reported claims on certain long-tail casualty lines were $40.0 million, $62.9 million and $77.8 million, respectively, less than we anticipated in our actuarial analyses. As a result, our actuaries reduced their estimates of ultimate losses in 2015, 2014 and 2013, and management assigned greater credibility to this favorable experience and reduced prior years' loss reserves accordingly.
The reduction in favorable development on prior years' loss reserves in 2012 was primarily due to the effectU.S. Insurance segment in 2015, 2014 and 2013 also included $36.6 million, $25.7 million and $32.8 million, respectively, of soft market conditionsredundancies at our workers' compensation unit. In 2015, the redundancies in our workers' compensation unit were most significant on the underlying profitability of more recent2011 to 2014 accident years. The increaseIn 2014, the redundancies were most significant on the 2012 and 2013 accident years. In 2013, the redundancies were most significant on the 2011 and 2012 accident years. When we acquired this business in 2010, we supplemented our limited data with longer-tailed industry development factors and adopted a more conservative loss reserving position until we had sufficient data to determine how the loss reserves develop. Over the last three years, our actuaries have given more weight to our own data and placed less reliance on industry data as part of the reserving for this product line. As a result, our actuaries reduced their estimates of ultimate losses in 2015, 2014 and 2013. Management assigned greater credibility to this favorable experience and reduced prior years' loss reserves accordingly.
In 2015, favorable development on prior years' loss reserves in 2011 was primarily due to having favorable developmentthe U.S. Insurance segment included $35.0 million of redundancies on two run-off programs that were exposed to losses associated with the adverse conditions in the residential mortgage market compared to unfavorable development in 2010 on these same two programs. In 2011, we resolved a significant portion of our outstanding liabilities associated with one of those programs and, as a result, reduced prior years' loss reserves by $16.1 million.on our brokerage property product line, due to lower than expected frequency of large loss events, primarily on the 2013 and 2014 accident years.
In 2014, favorable development on our professional liability product lines was partially offset by adverse development of $20.2 million on our architects and engineers product line, primarily on the 2008 through 2013 accident years. In 2013, favorable development on our professional liability product lines was partially offset by adverse development of $7.0 million on our architects and engineers product line, primarily on the 2009 and 2010 accident years. The adverse development on this product line was driven by an increase in the frequency of high severity claims. Based on this experience, our actuaries increased their estimates of ultimate losses and management increased prior years' loss reserves accordingly. We took significant corrective actions on our architects and engineers product line during 2014, including exiting certain classes and states and re-underwriting and re-pricing the ongoing business. Excluding the adverse development on our architects and engineers product line, as described above, the favorable development of prior years' loss reserves during 20122014 included $65.9$48.4 million of redundancies on our professional and products liability programs, of which $61.1$25.6 million was on the 2007 to 20112013 accident years. Theyear. In 2013, excluding the adverse development on our architects and engineers product line, favorable development of prior years' loss reserves during 2011 included $87.3$22.8 million of redundancies on our professional and products liability programs, of which $78.9$20.6 million was on the 2006 to 20102011 and 2012 accident years. The favorable developmentIn both years, the product line that produced the majority of prior years' loss reserves during 2010 included $96.7 million of redundancies on our professional and products liability programs, of which $79.8 millionthe redundancy was on the 2006 to 2009 accident years. The favorable development experienced in 2012, 2011 and 2010 on our long-tail professional and products liability books of business was primarily the result ofspecified medical, driven by lower loss severity than was originally anticipated. In each of the periods presented, the product lines that produced the majority of the redundancy were the specified medical, medical malpractice and products liability programs. In 2012, the average claim severity estimate on the 2007 to 2011 accident years for these product lines declined by 4% compared to 2011. In 2011, the average claim severity estimate on the 2006 to 2010 accident years for these product lines declined by 6% compared to 2010. As a result of thesethe decreases in severity, our actuarial estimates of the ultimate liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses were reduced, and management reduced prior years' loss reserves accordingly.
In 2012, we experienced $78.8Favorable development on prior years' loss reserves in the U.S. Insurance segment in 2013 included $27.9 million of redundancies on various long-tail casualty lines,prior years' loss reserves on our program business, primarily on the 2003 to2012 and 2007 through 2009 accident years, due in part to lower claim frequenciesmore favorable than originally anticipated. In 2011, we experienced $83.7 million of redundancies on various long-tail casualty lines, primarily on the 2003 to 2009 accident years, primarily due to lower loss severity than originally anticipated. In 2010, we experienced $55.4 million of redundanciesexpected experience on our brokerage general liability excess and umbrella and environmental programs on the 2003 to 2009 accident years, primarily due to lower loss severity than originally anticipated. In 2003, as a result of previous adverse loss experience, we took significant corrective actions within our brokerage casualty operations, including the re-underwriting and re-pricing of the ongoing business. Our brokerage casualty business includes product lines that are long-tail and volatile in nature. During 2012 and 2011 actual incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses on reported claims for various long-tail casualty lines on the 2003 to 2009 accident years were $41.9 million and $29.6 million, respectively, less than we anticipated in our actuarial analyses. During 2010, actual incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses on reported claims for brokerage casualty business on the 2003 to 2009 accident years were $12.9 million less than we anticipated in our actuarial analyses. As a result, our actuaries reduced their estimates of ultimate losses in 2012, 2011 and 2010, and management assigned greater credibility to this favorable experience and reduced prior years' loss reserves accordingly.programs.
Specialty AdmittedInternational Insurance Segment
The Specialty Admitted segment's combined ratio for 2012the International Insurance segment was 108% (including three points of underwriting loss related to Hurricane Sandy and two points of expense related to the prospective adoption of ASU No. 2010-26)86% for 2015 compared to 109%93% for 2014 and 94% for 2013. The decrease in 2011 (including two points of underwriting loss related to natural catastrophes) and 100% in 2010. Thethe 2015 combined ratio decreased in 2012 compared to 2011 due towas driven by more favorable development of prior years' loss reserves, and a lower current accident year loss ratio, partially offset by a higher expense ratio compared to 2011. The improvement in the current accident year loss ratio in 2012 was due in part to improved underwriting performance for two programs within our accident and health liability class.ratio. The increase in the 2012 expense ratio was due to higher profit sharing costs, higher general expenses and lower earned premiums in 2015 compared to 2014.
The decrease in the 2014 combined ratio was driven by higher underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses related to the Company's prospective adoptionmore favorable development of ASU No. 2010-26, higher profit sharing costs and the write-off of previously capitalized software development costs.
The combined ratio increased in 2011 compared to 2010 due toprior years' loss reserves, partially offset by a higher current accident year loss ratio. The International Insurance segment's 2013 current accident year loss ratio partially offset by moreincluded $11.7 million, or one point, of favorable development on priorpre-acquisition accident years' loss reserves. In addition toreserves for Alterra. Excluding the impact of natural catastrophes,Alterra pre-acquisition loss reserve development in 2013, the higher2013 current accident year loss ratio for 2011the International Insurance segment was due in partcomparable to 2014. The 2013 expense ratio for the International Insurance segment included $13.4 million, or two points, of transaction and acquisition-related costs attributable to the acquisition of Alterra. Excluding the impact of soft market conditions on pricingtransaction and a greater incidence of high severity losses across several divisions atacquisition-related costs in 2013, the Markel Specialty unit, including2014 expense ratio increased compared to 2013 due to higher than expected loss frequency and severity on the accident and health liability class. general expenses in 2014.
The increase in the current accident year loss ratio for 2011 also was attributable to the impact of the inclusion of our Markel FirstComp workers' compensation operations in the Specialty Admitted segment. Our workers' compensation operations added four points and two points to the Specialty AdmittedInternational Insurance segment's current accident year loss ratio in 2011 and 2010, respectively, and added five points and one point to the segment's2015 combined ratio in 2011 and 2010, respectively.
The Specialty Admitted segment's results included $46.7 million, $27.4 million and $4.7$248.8 million of favorable development on prior years' loss reserves compared to $166.6 million in 2012, 20112014 and 2010 respectively.$130.7 million in 2013. The favorable developmentincrease in 2012 included $31.2 million of redudancies of prior years' loss reserves at the Markel Specialty unit, most notably on the 2006 to 2011 accident year across several product lines. The favorable developmentredundancies in 2012 was most significant on our accident and medical and general liability product lines. During 2012, these product lines had incurred loss development which was less than we anticipated in our actuarial analyses. As a result, our actuaries reduced their estimates of the ultimate liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, and management reduced prior years' loss reserves accordingly. The favorable development in 2011 included $18.2 million of redundancies of prior years' loss reserves at the Markel Specialty unit, primarily on the 2006 to 2009 accident years. In 2011, the favorable development at the Markel Specialty unit2015 was due in part to lowerthe increase in the confidence level of our consolidated net loss severity than was originally anticipated on various property lines of business and lower loss frequency than was originally anticipated on various casualty programs. The favorable developmentreserves which, as previously discussed, resulted in 2010 was primarily duean $82.7 million reduction to redundancies ofconsolidated prior years' loss reserves, atincluding $32.3 million, or four points, within the Markel American Specialty PersonalInternational Insurance segment. We also experienced more favorable prior year development on our marine and Commercial Lines unit on the 2007 to 2009 accident years.
Beginningenergy and general liability product lines in the fourth quarter of 2010, the Specialty Admitted segment's results included our Markel FirstComp workers' compensation operations. Markel FirstComp produces business for certain of our insurance companies and through June 30, 2011 also acted as a managing general agent producing business for the benefit of unaffiliated insurance companies. In 2012 and 2011, the Specialty Admitted segment's results included a loss of $36.1 million and $33.8 million, respectively, from our Markel FirstComp operations, which was consistent with our expectations. The workers' compensation insurance market continues to be adversely impacted by high rates of unemployment, unfavorable economic conditions and a challenging pricing environment. The losses experienced in 2012 and 2011 were also due in part to the impact of conforming the confidence level of Markel FirstComp's reserves with our historical levels, which we expect will be completed in 2013.
London Insurance Market Segment
The London Insurance Market segment's combined ratio for 2012 was 89% (including six points of underwriting loss related to Hurricane Sandy and two points of expense related to the prospective adoption of ASU No. 2010-26)2015 compared to 116%2014. In 2015, the redundancies on prior years loss reserves were most significant on our marine and energy, general liability and professional liability product lines. In 2014 and 2013, the redundancies on prior years loss reserves were most significant on our professional liability and marine and energy product lines. In all three years, the redundancies were driven by lower than expected claims activity on prior accident years and favorable claims settlements. Favorable development on our marine and energy product lines totaled $64.8 million in 2011 (including 18 points of underwriting loss related to natural catastrophes)2015, $45.9 million in 2014 and 95%$49.3 million in 2010 (including three points of underwriting loss related to natural catastrophes). In addition to the impact of fewer natural catastrophes, the combined ratio decreased in 2012 due to more favorable development of2013. Redundancies on prior years' loss reserves in 2015 included $39.7 million of favorable development on our professional liability product lines, compared to 2011$62.7 million in 2014 and lower attritional losses$46.8 million in 2013. Favorable development on our general liability product lines totaled $60.9 million in 2015. In 2015, the redundancies on prior years' loss reserves were most significant on the 2012 to 2014 accident years. In 2014, the redundancies on prior years' loss reserves were most significant on the 2010 to 2012 accident years. In 2013, the redundancies on prior years' loss reserves were most significant on the 2010 and 2011 accident years. The 2013 combined ratio for the International Insurance segment also included $11.7 million of favorable development attributable to Alterra pre-acquisition accident years that was included in current year losses in 2013, as described above.
Reinsurance Segment
The combined ratio for the Reinsurance segment was 90% for 2015 compared to 96% for 2014 and 109% for 2013 (including four points of underwriting losses related to natural catastrophes and seven points of transaction and acquisition-related costs attributable to the acquisition of Alterra). The decrease in the 2015 combined ratio was driven by a lower current accident year primarily on our property lines in the Specialty division within the London Insurance Market segment. In 2011, in addition to the impact of natural catastrophes, the combinedloss ratio increased compared to 2010 due to lessand more favorable development on prior years' loss reserves. The 2010decrease in the current accident year loss ratio was driven by lower attritional losses across several product lines in 2015 compared to 2014. Excluding the impact of catastrophe losses and transaction and acquisition-related costs in 2013, the combined ratio decreased in 2014 compared to 2013 due to more favorable development on prior years' loss reserves.
The Reinsurance segment's 2015 combined ratio included $17.0 million, or three points, of underwriting loss related to the Chilean earthquake.
The London Insurance Market segment's 2012 combined ratio included $192.0$97.9 million of favorable development on prior years' loss reserves compared to $80.0 million in 2014 and $12.9 million in 2013. The increase in prior year redundancies in 2015 was due in part to an increase in the confidence level of our consolidated net reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses during 2015, which resulted in an $82.7 million reduction to consolidated prior years' loss reserves, as previously discussed, of which $117.0$15.2 million was in the Reinsurance segment (approximately two points on the 2008segment combined ratio). The favorable development on prior years' loss reserves in 2015 was most significant on our casualty and 2009 accident years.property lines of business. The favorable development on prior years' loss reserves in 2014 and 2013 was primarily on our property lines. Favorable development on our casualty lines in 2015 totaled $27.4 million, and was primarily attributable to our general casualty and professional liability business. During 2015, management gained more confidence in the actuarial projections on these product lines and reduced prior years' loss reserves accordingly. The redundancies on prior years' loss reserves experienced in 20122015, 2014 and 2013 included $21.1 million, $44.7 million and $12.1 million, respectively, of favorable development on our property lines of business, due in part to lower than expected development on loss events that occurred in a variety of programs across each of our divisions driven byprior accident years, favorable claims settlements and lower than expected claims activity. Consistent withactivity on the favorable development experienced in 20112013 and 2010, favorable development in 2012 was due in part to the adverse impact of the disruptions in the financial markets during 2008 and 2009 not being as significant as initially anticipated.2014 accident years. The favorable development of prior years' loss reserves experienced in 20122013 combined ratio also included $39.1 million of redundancies on the 2001 and prior accident years, due to continued favorable development on casualty lines and legacy syndicate business and a reduction in the allowance for reinsurance bad debt related to such liabilities.
The London Insurance Market segment's 2011 combined ratio included $94.8$23.2 million of favorable development on prior years' loss reserves, of which $43.4 million was on the 2008 and 2009 accident years. This favorable development of prior years' loss reserves occurred in a variety of programs across each of our divisions and was due in partattributable to the adverse impact of the disruptions in the financial markets during 2008 and 2009 not being as significant as initially anticipated. The favorable development of prior years' loss reserves experienced in 2011 included $18.8 million of redundancies on the 2001 and prior accident years. As we continued to experience better than expected case loss activity on the remaining open claims, we reduced prior years' loss reserves accordingly.
The London Insurance Market segment's 2010 combined ratio included $117.7 million of favorable development on prior years' loss reserves, of which $76.3 million was on the 2004 to 2007 accident years. This favorable development of prior years' loss reserves occurred in a variety of programs across each of our divisions and was due in part to the adverse impact of softening insurance market conditions since 2005 and recent poor economic conditions not being as significant as initially anticipated. During 2010, actual incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses on reported claims for the 2004 to 2007Alterra pre-acquisition accident years were less than we originally expected. As a result of this favorable experience, our actuarial estimates of the ultimate liability for unpaidthat was included in current year losses and loss adjustment expenses were reduced by $29.9 million, and management reduced prior years' loss reserves accordingly.
The favorable development of prior years' loss reserves experienced in 2010 included $33.7 million of redundancies on the 2001 and prior accident years. These redundancies predominantly related to marine and aviation liability and professional indemnity business written prior to our acquisition of Markel International in 2000. The claims file review in 2010 highlighted better than expected case loss activity due in part to favorable claims settlements experienced in 2010. Based on the results of the claims file review, there was less uncertainty with regard to the ultimate settlement amount of the remaining open claims, and we reduced prior years' loss reserves accordingly.
In 2010, the loss reserve redundancies in the London Insurance Market segment were partially offset by $35.0 million of adverse loss reserve development on prior years' loss reserves in the Professional and Financial Risks division related to medical malpractice coverage for Italian hospitals, which we started writing in 2005. This business was written until late 2008 when, as a result of higher than expected loss frequency and severity, we exited this class. During 2010, we completed a detailed review of all reported claims within the medical malpractice class, which highlighted that ultimate loss severity is expected to be greater than previously anticipated due in part to an increasingly adverse legal environment for medical malpractice insurers in Italy. As a result, our actuaries increased their estimates of ultimate losses, and management increased prior years' loss reserves accordingly.
The underwriting performance for this segment may vary to a greater degree than our other segments due to Markel International's current mix of business, which includes a high percentage of catastrophe-exposed business and higher average policy limits.2013.
Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) Segment
The majority of the losses and loss adjustment expenses and the underwriting, acquisition and insurance expenses for the Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) segment are associated with asbestos and environmentalA&E exposures or discontinued Alterra and Markel International programs, most of which were discontinued upon acquisition, or shortly thereafter. Given the insignificant amount of premium earned in the Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) segment, we evaluate this segment's underwriting performance in terms of dollars of underwriting profit or loss instead of its combined ratio.
The Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) segment produced an underwriting loss of $21.3$20.4 million in 20122015 compared to an underwriting profitloss of $4.728.0 million in 20112014 and an underwriting loss of $3.130.4 million in 20102013. The underwriting loss in 20122015 included $38.2$25.4 million of adverse loss reserve development on asbestosA&E exposures, compared to $32.8 million in 2014 and environmental$30.1 million in 2013.
In March and October 2015, we completed two retroactive reinsurance transactions through which we ceded a significant portion of our A&E exposures partially offsetto a third party. Reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses ceded by favorable movementsthese transactions that were attributable to A&E exposures represented approximately 55% of our net A&E reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2014. The first transaction resulted in a gain of $5.1 million, which was deferred and will be recognized in earnings in proportion to actual reinsurance recoveries received pursuant to the transaction. The second transaction resulted in an underwriting loss of $10.1 million, including $7.1 million of losses and loss adjustment expenses, all of which was recognized during the fourth quarter of 2015. Following the October 2015 retroactive reinsurance transaction, our actuaries increased their estimate of the ultimate losses on the remaining A&E claims and management increased prior years'years’ loss reserves by $15.0 million. Without the diversification of a larger portfolio of loss reserves, there is greater uncertainty around the potential outcomes of the remaining claims, and allowances for reinsurance bad debt related to discontinued lines of business originally written by Markel International.management strengthened reserves accordingly.
We complete an annual review of our asbestos and environmentalA&E exposures during the third quarter of the year unless circumstances suggest an earlier review is appropriate. Over the past two years, the number of asbestos and environmental claims reported each year across the property and casualty industry has been on the decline. However, at the same time, the likelihood of making an indemnity payment has risen, thus increasing the average cost per reported claim. During our 2012 annual2015 review, we reduced our estimate ofwhich was performed during the ultimate claims count, while increasing our estimate of the number of claims that would ultimately be closed with an indemnity payment. As a result, prior years' loss reserves for asbestos and environmental exposures were increased by $31.1 million. During our 2011 and 2010 reviews,third quarter, we determined that no adjustment to loss reserves was required. During our 2013 and 2014 annual reviews, we increased our expectation of the severity of the outcome of certain claims subject to litigation. As the ultimate outcome of known claims increases, our expected ultimate closure value on unreported claims also increases. As a result, prior years' loss reserves for A&E exposures were increased by $27.2 million in 2014 and $28.4 million in 2013 related to our annual review.
Asbestos and environmentalA&E loss reserves are subject to significant uncertainty due to potential loss severity and frequency resulting from an uncertain and unfavorable legal climate. Our asbestos and environmentalA&E reserves are not discounted to present value and are forecasted to pay out over the next 40 to 50 years. We seek to establish appropriate reserve levels for asbestos and environmentalA&E exposures; however, these reserves could be subject to increases in the future. See note 89(b) of the notes to consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our exposures to asbestos and environmentalA&E claims.
The following tables summarize the increases (decreases) in prior years' loss reserves by segment, as discussed above.
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, 2012 |
| (dollars in millions) | Excess & Surplus Lines | | Specialty Admitted | | London Insurance Market | | Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | | Total |
| Professional/Products liability | $ | (65.9 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | (65.9 | ) |
| Casualty | (78.8 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (78.8 | ) |
| Markel International: 2002 & post | — |
| | — |
| | (152.9 | ) | | — |
| | (152.9 | ) |
| Markel International: 2001 & prior | — |
| | — |
| | (39.1 | ) | | — |
| | (39.1 | ) |
| Markel Specialty | — |
| | (31.2 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (31.2 | ) |
| Asbestos and environmental exposures | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 38.2 |
| | 38.2 |
|
| Net other prior years' redundancy | (36.7 | ) | | (15.5 | ) | | — |
| | (17.1 | ) | | (69.3 | ) |
| Increase (decrease) | $ | (181.4 | ) | | $ | (46.7 | ) | | $ | (192.0 | ) | | $ | 21.1 |
| | $ | (399.0 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, 2011 |
| (dollars in millions) | Excess & Surplus Lines | | Specialty Admitted | | London Insurance Market | | Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | | Total |
| Professional/Products liability | $ | (87.3 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | (87.3 | ) |
| Casualty | (83.7 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (83.7 | ) |
| Mortgage-related programs | (16.1 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (16.1 | ) |
| Markel International: 2002 & post | — |
| | — |
| | (76.0 | ) | | — |
| | (76.0 | ) |
| Markel International: 2001 & prior | — |
| | — |
| | (18.8 | ) | | — |
| | (18.8 | ) |
| Markel Specialty | — |
| | (18.2 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (18.2 | ) |
| Net other prior years' redundancy | (40.4 | ) | | (9.2 | ) | | — |
| | (4.3 | ) | | (53.9 | ) |
| Decrease | $ | (227.5 | ) | | $ | (27.4 | ) | | $ | (94.8 | ) | | $ | (4.3 | ) | | $ | (354.0 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, 2010 |
| (dollars in millions) | Excess & Surplus Lines | | Specialty Admitted | | London Insurance Market | | Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | | Total |
| Professional/Products liability | $ | (96.7 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | (96.7 | ) |
| Brokerage casualty | (55.4 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (55.4 | ) |
| Mortgage-related programs | 29.9 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 29.9 |
|
| Markel International: medical malpractice | — |
| | — |
| | 35.0 |
| | — |
| | 35.0 |
|
| Markel International: 2002 & post | — |
| | — |
| | (119.0 | ) | | — |
| | (119.0 | ) |
| Markel International: 2001 & prior | — |
| | — |
| | (33.7 | ) | | — |
| | (33.7 | ) |
| Net other prior years' (redundancy) deficiency | (36.8 | ) | | (4.7 | ) | | — |
| | 3.4 |
| | (38.1 | ) |
| Increase (decrease) | $ | (159.0 | ) | | $ | (4.7 | ) | | $ | (117.7 | ) | | $ | 3.4 |
| | $ | (278.0 | ) |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, 2015 |
| (dollars in millions) | U.S. Insurance | | International Insurance | | Reinsurance | | Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | | Total |
| U.S. Insurance: | | | | | | | | | |
| General liability | $ | (111.3 | ) | | | | | | | | $ | (111.3 | ) |
| Workers' compensation | (36.6 | ) | | | | | | | | (36.6 | ) |
| Property: | | | | | | | | | |
| Brokerage property | (35.0 | ) | | | | | | | | (35.0 | ) |
| Inland marine | (27.5 | ) | | | | | | | | (27.5 | ) |
| International Insurance: | | | | | | | | |
|
|
| Marine and energy | | | $ | (64.8 | ) | | | | | | (64.8 | ) |
| General liability | | | (60.9 | ) | | | | | | (60.9 | ) |
| Professional liability | | | (39.7 | ) | | | | | | (39.7 | ) |
| Reinsurance: | | | | | | | | |
|
|
| Casualty | | | | | $ | (27.4 | ) | | | | (27.4 | ) |
| Property | | | | | (21.1 | ) | | | | (21.1 | ) |
| Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines): | | | | | | | | |
|
|
| Loss on retroactive reinsurance transaction | | | | | | | $ | 7.1 |
| | 7.1 |
|
| Other A&E exposures | | | | | | | 18.3 |
| | 18.3 |
|
| Impact of retroactive reinsurance transactions on reserve volatility | (35.2 | ) | | (32.3 | ) | | (15.2 | ) | | — |
| | (82.7 | ) |
| Net other prior years' redundancy | (53.4 | ) | | (51.1 | ) | | (34.2 | ) | | (7.5 | ) | | (146.2 | ) |
| Increase (decrease) | $ | (299.0 | ) | | $ | (248.8 | ) | | $ | (97.9 | ) | | $ | 17.9 |
| | $ | (627.8 | ) |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, 2014 |
| (dollars in millions) | U.S. Insurance | | International Insurance | | Reinsurance | | Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | | Total |
| U.S. Insurance: | | | | | | | | | |
| General liability | $ | (93.4 | ) | | | | | | | | $ | (93.4 | ) |
| Professional liability: | | | | | | | | | |
| Architects and engineers | 20.2 |
| | | | | | | | 20.2 |
|
| All other | (48.4 | ) | | | | | | | | (48.4 | ) |
| Workers' compensation | (25.7 | ) | | | | | | | | (25.7 | ) |
| International Insurance: | | | | | | | | |
|
|
| Professional liability | | | $ | (62.7 | ) | | | | | | (62.7 | ) |
| Marine and energy | | | (45.9 | ) | | | | | | (45.9 | ) |
| Reinsurance: | | | | | | | | |
|
|
| Property | | | | | $ | (44.7 | ) | | | | (44.7 | ) |
| Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines): | | | | | | | | |
|
|
| A&E exposures | | | | | | | $ | 32.8 |
| | 32.8 |
|
| Net other prior years' redundancy | (69.3 | ) | | (58.0 | ) | | (35.3 | ) | | (5.1 | ) | | (167.7 | ) |
| Increase (decrease) | $ | (216.6 | ) | | $ | (166.6 | ) | | $ | (80.0 | ) | | $ | 27.7 |
| | $ | (435.5 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, 2013 |
| (dollars in millions) | U.S. Insurance | | International Insurance | | Reinsurance | | Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | | Total |
| U.S. Insurance: | | | | | | | | | |
| General liability | $ | (136.3 | ) | | | | | | | | $ | (136.3 | ) |
| Professional liability: | | | | | | | | |
|
|
| Architects and engineers | 7.0 |
| | | | | | | | 7.0 |
|
| All other | (22.8 | ) | | | | | | | | (22.8 | ) |
| Workers' compensation | (32.8 | ) | | | | | | | | (32.8 | ) |
| Specialty programs | (27.9 | ) | | | | | | | | (27.9 | ) |
| International Insurance: | | | | | | | | |
|
|
| Professional liability | | | $ | (46.8 | ) | | | | | | (46.8 | ) |
| Marine and energy | | | (49.3 | ) | | | | | | (49.3 | ) |
| Reinsurance: | | | | | | | | | |
| Property | | | | | $ | (12.1 | ) | | | | (12.1 | ) |
| Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines): | | | | | | | | |
|
|
| A&E exposures | | | | | | | $ | 30.1 |
| | 30.1 |
|
| Net other prior years' redundancy | (85.3 | ) | | (34.6 | ) | | (0.8 | ) | | 0.5 |
| | (120.2 | ) |
| Increase (decrease) | $ | (298.1 | ) | | $ | (130.7 | ) | | $ | (12.9 | ) | | $ | 30.6 |
| | $ | (411.1 | ) |
Over the past three years, we have experienced favorable development on prior years' loss reserves ranging from 6%5% to 9% of beginning of year net loss reserves. In 2012,2015, we experienced favorable development of $627.8 million, or 7% of beginning of year net loss reserves, compared to $435.5 million, or 5% of beginning of year net loss reserves, in $399.02014 and $411.1 million, or 9% of beginning of year net loss reserves, compared to $354.0 million, or 8% of beginning of year net loss reserves, in 2011 and $278.0 million, or 6% of beginning of year net loss reserves, in 20102013.
It is difficult for management to predict the duration and magnitude of an existing trend and, on a relative basis, it is even more difficult to predict the emergence of factors or trends that are unknown today but may have a material impact on loss reserve development. In assessing the likelihood of whether the above favorable trends will continue and whether other trends may develop, we believe that a reasonably likely movement in prior years' loss reserves during 20132016 would range from a deficiency of approximatelyless than 1%, or $50 million, to a redundancy of approximately 8%5%, or $350$450 million, of December 31, 20122015 net loss reserves.
Premiums
We monitor the effect of movements in foreign currency exchange rates on gross premium volume and earned premiums. To the extent there are significant variations in foreign currency exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the foreign currencies in which our insurance business is transacted, management uses the change in gross premium volume and earned premiums at a constant rate of exchange to evaluate trends in premium volume. The impact of foreign currency translation is excluded, when significant, as the effect of fluctuations in exchange rates could distort the analysis of trends. When excluding the effect of foreign currency translation on changes in premium, management uses the current period average exchange rates to translate both the current period and the prior period foreign currency denominated gross premiums written and earned premiums.
The following table summarizes gross premium volume by segment.
| | | Gross Premium Volume | Years Ended December 31, | | | | | |
| | | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Excess and Surplus Lines | $ | 956,273 |
| | $ | 893,427 |
| | $ | 898,409 |
| |
| Specialty Admitted | 669,692 |
| | 572,392 |
| | 375,036 |
| |
| London Insurance Market | 887,720 |
| | 825,301 |
| | 708,968 |
| |
| U.S. Insurance | | $ | 2,504,096 |
| | $ | 2,493,823 |
| | $ | 2,252,739 |
|
| International Insurance | | 1,164,866 |
| | 1,200,403 |
| | 1,101,099 |
|
| Reinsurance | | 965,374 |
| | 1,112,728 |
| | 566,348 |
|
| Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | (4 | ) | | 131 |
| | 54 |
| (1,424 | ) | | (1,441 | ) | | 40 |
|
| Total | $ | 2,513,681 |
| | $ | 2,291,251 |
| | $ | 1,982,467 |
| $ | 4,632,912 |
| | $ | 4,805,513 |
| | $ | 3,920,226 |
|
The Excess and Surplus Lines segmentGross premium volume decreased 4% in 2015 compared to 2014. At a constant rate of exchange, gross premium volume increased 7%would have decreased 2% in 20122015 compared to 2011.2014. The increase in 2012 was due in part to more favorable rates,change is primarily on our excess and umbrella and property lines. Excess and Surplus Lines segment gross premium volume decreased 1% in 2011 compared to 2010. The decrease in 2011 was dueattributable to a reduction13% decrease in written premiums on two specialized insurance programs, one of which was exposed to losses associated with the adverse conditions in the residential mortgage market and is now in run-off. Excluding these two programs, gross premium volume in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment increased 7%Reinsurance Segment, or a 10% decrease at a constant rate of exchange. The decrease in 2011.
The Specialty Admitted segment gross premium volume increased 17%in 2012 compared to 2011 and increased 53%our Reinsurance segment was driven by changes in 2011 compared to 2010. In 2012, the Specialty Admitted segment included $79.2 million of gross written premiums from Thomco, which was acquiredour auto reinsurance book. During 2014, we ceased writing auto reinsurance in the first quarter of 2012.United Kingdom and decreased our quota share percentage on our non-standard auto reinsurance business in the United States. Additionally, lower gross premium volume in our general liability and property lines within the Reinsurance segment was partially offset by higher gross premium volume in our professional liability line. Gross premium volume in the Specialty Admittedour International Insurance segment also included $257.3 million of gross premium volume attributable to Markel FirstComp,decreased 3% in 2015 compared to $226.7 million in 2011 and $40.7 million in 2010.
The London Insurance Market segment gross premium volume increased 8% in 2012 compared to 2011. The increase in 2012 was due in part to more favorable rates, primarily in our Marine and Energy division. London Insurance Market segment gross premium volume increased 16% in 2011 compared to 2010. The increase in 2011 was due in part to an increase in premiums written by Elliott Special Risks, which was converted during 2010 from2014. At a managing general agent operation to a risk bearing insurance division. During 2011,constant rate of exchange, gross premium volume in the LondonInternational Insurance Market segment would have increased 2% in 2015 compared to 2014.
Gross premium volume increased 23% in 2014 compared to 2013. The increase in gross premium volume from 2013 to 2014 was primarily due to the inclusion of premiums attributable to Alterra from May 1, 2013, which impacted all three of our ongoing underwriting segments in 2013 and 2014. In 2014, the increase in gross written premiums in our U.S. Insurance segment is also benefited from offeringattributable to higher policy limitspremiums in our Wholesale division, primarily on our casualty product lines, and an improved pricing environmentin our Specialty division across various product lines. The increase in gross written premiums in our Reinsurance segment in 2014 is also attributable to renewals in 2014 on policies previously written by Alterra, which typically occur in the Marineearly part of the year and Energy division.occurred prior to our acquisition in 2013. In our International segment, gross written premiums in 2014 included $46.4 million of premiums attributable to Abbey, which was acquired in January 2014. Foreign currency exchange rate movements did not have a significant impact on gross premium volume in 20122014 or 2011.2013.
We have continued to see small price increases across many of our product lines during 2015. However, beginning in 2013 and continuing through 2015, we have experienced softening prices across most of our property product lines, as well as on our marine and energy lines. Our large account business is also subject to more pricing pressure. Despite stabilization of prices on certain product lines during the last three years, we still consider the overall property and casualty insurance market to be soft. When we believe the prevailing market price will not support our underwriting profit targets, the business is not written. As a result of our underwriting discipline, gross premium volume may vary when we alter our product offerings to maintain or improve underwriting profitability.
The following table summarizes net written premiums by segment.
| | | Net Written Premiums | Years Ended December 31, | | | | | |
| | | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Excess and Surplus Lines | $ | 811,601 |
| | $ | 772,279 |
| | $ | 797,518 |
| |
| Specialty Admitted | 628,147 |
| | 543,213 |
| | 348,634 |
| |
| London Insurance Market | 774,383 |
| | 726,359 |
| | 622,799 |
| |
| U.S. Insurance | | $ | 2,106,490 |
| | $ | 2,071,466 |
| | $ | 1,915,770 |
|
| International Insurance | | 888,214 |
| | 889,336 |
| | 840,050 |
|
| Reinsurance | | 824,324 |
| | 956,584 |
| | 480,822 |
|
| Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | (5 | ) | | (13 | ) | | 167 |
| 265 |
| | (371 | ) | | 41 |
|
| Total | $ | 2,214,126 |
| | $ | 2,041,838 |
| | $ | 1,769,118 |
| $ | 3,819,293 |
| | $ | 3,917,015 |
| | $ | 3,236,683 |
|
Net retention of gross premium volume was 82% in 2015 and 88%2014, and 83% in 20122013. Higher retention in the U.S. Insurance and International Insurance segments was offset by lower retention in the Reinsurance segment in 2015 compared to 89%2014. Retention rate changes in both 20112015 were driven by changes in our mix of business when compared to 2014. In 2014, lower retention in the U.S. Insurance and 2010. As part of our underwriting philosophy, we seekInternational Insurance segments was partially offset by higher retention in the Reinsurance Segment compared to offer products with limits that do not require significant amounts of reinsurance.2013. We purchase reinsurance and retrocessional reinsurance in order to reducemanage our net retention on individual risks and enable us to write policies with sufficient limits to meet policyholder needs.
The following table summarizes earned premiums by segment.
| | | Earned Premiums | Years Ended December 31, | | | | | |
| | | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Excess and Surplus Lines | $ | 793,159 |
| | $ | 756,306 |
| | $ | 809,672 |
| |
| Specialty Admitted | 588,758 |
| | 527,293 |
| | 343,574 |
| |
| London Insurance Market | 765,216 |
| | 695,753 |
| | 577,507 |
| |
| U.S. Insurance | | $ | 2,105,212 |
| | $ | 2,022,860 |
| | $ | 1,727,766 |
|
| International Insurance | | 879,426 |
| | 909,679 |
| | 833,984 |
|
| Reinsurance | | 838,543 |
| | 908,385 |
| | 669,826 |
|
| Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | (5 | ) | | (12 | ) | | 168 |
| 351 |
| | (12 | ) | | 40 |
|
| Total | $ | 2,147,128 |
| | $ | 1,979,340 |
| | $ | 1,730,921 |
| $ | 3,823,532 |
| | $ | 3,840,912 |
| | $ | 3,231,616 |
|
Consolidated earned premiums for 2015 decreased slightly compared to 2014. Higher earned premiums in our U.S. Insurance segment were offset by lower earned premiums in the Reinsurance segment and the effects of foreign currency exchange rate movements in our International Insurance and Reinsurance segments. The Excessincrease in earned premiums in our U.S. Insurance segment in 2015 was primarily due to higher earned premiums in our program business, general liability lines and Surplus Linespersonal lines compared to 2014. Lower earned premiums in the Reinsurance segment were due to lower gross premium volume. At a constant rate of exchange, consolidated earned premiums would have increased 2% in 2015 compared to 2014.
Consolidated earned premiums increased 5%19% in 20122014 compared to 2011 and decreased 7%2013. The increase in 2011 compared to 2010. The change in both periodsearned premiums was a result ofdriven by the changeincrease in gross premium volume.
written premiums, as described above. The Specialty Admitted segment earned premiums increased 12% in 2012 compared to 2011 and increased 53% in 2011 compared to 2010. In 2012, the Specialty AdmittedU.S. Insurance segment included $241.2 million of earned premiums attributable to Markel FirstComp, compared to $200.8 million in 2011 and $36.9 million in 2010. In 2012, the Specialty Admitted segment also included $31.3$203.4 million of earned premiums from Thomco.
The London Insurance Market segment earned premiums increased 10%Hagerty in 20122014 compared to 2011 and increased 20%$97.8 million in 2011 compared to 2010. The increase in both periods was primarily a result of higher gross premium volume.2013. Foreign currency exchange rate movements did not have a significant impact on earned premiums in 2012 or 2011.any period presented.
Life and Annuity Benefits
The Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) segment included other revenues of $0.6 million and other expenses of $29.1 million for 2015, other revenues of $1.6 million and other expenses of $37.1 million for 2014, and other revenues of $1.1 million and other expenses of $28.1 million for 2013 related to our life and annuity reinsurance business. This business is in run-off, and we are not writing any new life and annuity reinsurance contracts. The life and annuity benefit reserves are recorded on a net present value basis using assumptions that were determined when the portfolio of contracts was acquired. The accretion of this discount is recognized in the statement of income and comprehensive income as other expenses. The decrease in other expenses in 2015 compared to 2014 is primarily attributable to lower accretion expense, as a result of a favorable impact from changes in foreign currency exchange rates in 2015 compared to 2014. The increase in other expenses in 2014 reflects a full year of accretion in 2014 compared to only eight months in 2013. Invested assets and the related investment income that support the life and annuity reinsurance contracts are reported in the Investing segment. As a result, we expect the results reported in the Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) segment attributable to our life and annuity business will continue to reflect losses in future periods due to the accretion of the discount on the life and annuity benefit reserves, which are forecast to pay out over the next 40 to 50 years. Other revenues attributable to the life and annuity business included in the Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) segment represent ongoing premium adjustments on existing contracts.
On April 24, 2015, we completed a novation that transferred our obligations under a reinsurance contract for life and annuity benefit policies to a third party in exchange for cash payments totaling $29.0 million, net of commissions. At the time of the transaction, reserves for life and annuity benefits on the novated reinsurance contract totaled $32.6 million, resulting in a gain of $3.6 million that was recorded as an offset to other expenses.
Investing Results
Our business strategy recognizes the importance of both consistent underwriting and operating profits and superior investment returns to build shareholder value. We rely on sound underwriting practices to produce investable funds while minimizing underwriting risk. We believe it is important to evaluate our investment performance by measuringanalyzing taxable equivalent total investment return. TotalTaxable equivalent total investment return includes items that impact net income, such as net investment incomecoupon interest on fixed maturities, dividends on equity securities and realized investment gains or losses, as well as changes in unrealized gains or losses, which do not impact net income. Certain items that are included in net investment income have been excluded from the calculation of taxable equivalent total investment return, such as amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts on our fixed maturity portfolio, to provide a comparable basis for measuring our investment return against industry investment returns. The calculation of taxable equivalent total investment return also includes the current tax benefit associated with income on certain investments that is either taxed at a lower rate than the statutory income tax rate or is not fully included in federal taxable income. We believe the taxable equivalent total investment return is a better reflection of the economics of our decision to invest in certain asset classes. We focus on our long-term total investment return, understanding that the level of realized and unrealized investment gains or losses may vary from one period to the next. Taxable equivalent total investment return provides a measure of investment performance that considers the yield of both taxable and tax-exempt investments on an equivalent basis.
Following a period of considerable dislocation in the global financial markets that began in 2008, our investment portfolio experienced significant recoveries beginning in the latter half of 2009 and continuing into 2010. Given the improvement in the financial markets in 2010, we increased our purchases of fixed maturities and equity securities and gradually shifted our investment portfolio's allocation from short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents to higher yielding investment securities. During 2011 and 2012, we have increased our holdings of equity securities to capitalize on opportunities in the equity markets. Also during this time, we increased our holdings of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments and reduced our holdings of fixed maturities. Due to the current low interest rate environment, we have chosen to take a more defensive posture, earning slightly lower investment yields in order to maintain a high level of liquidity and have flexibility in how we allocate capital. At December 31, 2012, equity securities represented 26% of our invested assets compared to 21% at December 31, 2011. At December 31, 2012, short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents represented 21% of our invested assets compared to 15% at December 31, 2011.
The following table summarizes our investment performance.
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Net investment income | $ | 282,107 |
| | $ | 263,676 |
| | $ | 272,530 |
| $ | 353,213 |
| | $ | 363,230 |
| | $ | 317,373 |
|
| Net realized investment gains | $ | 31,593 |
| | $ | 35,857 |
| | $ | 36,362 |
| $ | 106,480 |
| | $ | 46,000 |
| | $ | 63,152 |
|
| Change in net unrealized gains on investments | $ | 353,808 |
| | $ | 182,722 |
| | $ | 243,736 |
| $ | (457,584 | ) | | $ | 981,035 |
| | $ | 261,995 |
|
Investment yield (1) | 3.7 | % | | 3.6 | % | | 3.8 | % | 2.3 | % | | 2.4 | % | | 2.6 | % |
| Taxable equivalent total investment return, before foreign currency effect | 8.6 | % | | 6.7 | % | | 8.1 | % | 0.5 | % | | 8.9 | % | | 6.9 | % |
Taxable equivalent total investment return (2) | 9.0 | % | | 6.5 | % | | 7.9 | % | (0.7 | )% | | 7.4 | % | | 6.8 | % |
| Invested assets, end of year | $ | 9,332,745 |
| | $ | 8,728,147 |
| | $ | 8,223,796 |
| $ | 18,181,345 |
| | $ | 18,637,701 |
| | $ | 17,612,074 |
|
| |
(1) | Investment yield reflects net investment income as a percentage of monthly average invested assets.assets at amortized cost. |
The following table reconciles investment yield to taxable equivalent total investment return.
|
| | | | | | | | |
| | Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
Investment yield (1) | 2.3 | % | | 2.4 | % | | 2.6 | % |
| Adjustment of investment yield from book value to market value | (0.4 | )% | | (0.4 | )% | | (0.3 | )% |
| Net amortization of net premium on fixed maturity securities | 0.5 | % | | 0.6 | % | | 0.7 | % |
| Net realized investment gains and change in net unrealized gains on investments | (2.0 | )% | | 5.9 | % | | 2.3 | % |
Taxable equivalent effect for interest and dividends (2) | 0.4 | % | | 0.4 | % | | 0.4 | % |
Other (3) | (1.5 | )% | | (1.5 | )% | | 1.1 | % |
| Taxable equivalent total investment return | (0.7 | )% | | 7.4 | % | | 6.8 | % |
| |
(1) | Investment yield reflects net investment income as a percentage of monthly average invested assets at amortized cost. |
| |
(2) | TaxableAdjustment to tax-exempt interest and dividend income to reflect a taxable equivalent basis. |
| |
(3) | Adjustment to reflect the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates and time-weighting the inputs to the calculation of taxable equivalent total investment return includes net investment income, realized investment gains or losses, the change in fair value of the investment portfolio and the effect of foreign currency exchange rate movements during the period as a percentage of average invested assets. Tax-exempt interest and dividend payments are grossed up using the U.S. corporate tax rate to reflect an equivalent taxable yield.return. |
Investments, cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents (invested assets) decreased 2% in 2015. The decrease in the investment portfolio in 2015 was attributable to a decrease in net unrealized gains on investments of $457.6 million. Invested assets increased 7%6% in 20122014. The increase in the investment portfolio in 20122014 was primarily due toattributable an increase in net unrealized gains on investments of $353.8981.0 million and cash flows from operations of $392.5 million. Invested assets increased 6% in 2011. The increase in the investment portfolio in 2011 was primarily due to an increase in net unrealized gains on investments of $182.7 million and cash flows from operations of $311.3716.8 million.
During 2014, we continued repositioning the investment portfolio acquired through the 2013 Alterra acquisition to be more consistent with our historical investment portfolio allocation by replacing fixed maturity corporate and mortgage-backed securities with fixed maturity tax-exempt municipal securities and equity securities. We also allocated more cash and cash equivalents to short-term investments to achieve higher returns while still maintaining adequate liquidity and continued to limit our allocation of funds for purchases of fixed maturities. In 2015, we continued to gradually build liquidity with higher cash balances due to continuing low interest rates and sales of certain securities from our equity portfolio. During 2015, we increased our holdings of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments and reduced our holdings of fixed maturities. At December 31, 2015, short-term investments, cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents represented 26% of our invested assets compared to 22% at December 31, 2014. Fixed maturities at December 31, 2015 represented 52% of our invested assets compared to 56% at December 31, 2014. Equity securities represented 22% of our invested assets at both December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014. We expect to increase the percentage of equities in our portfolio in the future, continue to invest in high credit quality instruments, and maintain a more closely matched duration between our insurance liabilities and fixed income portfolio.
Net investment income decreased 3% in 2015. Net investment income in 2015 included lower bond income on our fixed maturity portfolio primarily due to the unfavorable impact of foreign currency exchange rate movements compared to 2014. Net investment income in 2015 also included higher dividend income on our equity portfolio due to higher equity security holdings during 2015 compared to 2014.
Net investment income increased 7%14% in 2012, which was2014, primarily due to higher average invested assets in 2014 compared to 2013 as a result of the acquisition of Alterra. Net investment income in 2014 and 2013 included favorable change in the fair value of our credit default swap. Excluding the changechanges in the fair value of our credit default swap, which expired in December 2014, of $2.2 million and $10.5 million, respectively. See note 3(d) of the notes to consolidated financial statements for details regarding the components of net investment income in 2012 was flat compared to 2011 as lower investment income on our fixed income portfolio, due to lower invested assets, was offset by increased dividend income on our equity portfolio due to special dividend payments during 2012. Net investment income decreased 3% in 2011, which was primarily due to an adverse change in the fair value of our credit default swap. The decrease in net investment income in 2011 also was attributable to a decline in investment yields as we increased our allocation to short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents. The impact of lower investment yields during 2011 was partially offset by having higher invested assets in 2011 compared to 2010.income.
Net investment income in 2012 included a favorable change in the fair value of our credit default swap of $16.6 million. Net investment income in 2011 included an adverse change in the fair value of our credit default swap of $4.1 million. Net investment income in 2010 included a favorable change in the fair value of our credit default swap of $1.7 million. The fair value of the credit default swap was a liability of $12.7 million and $29.3 million at December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, respectively.
Net realized investment gains were $31.6$106.5 million,, $35.9 $46.0 million and $36.4$63.2 million in 2012, 20112015, 2014 and 2010,2013, respectively. Net realized investment gains include both gains and losses from sales of securities and losses from write downs for other-than-temporary declines in the estimated fair value of investments. In 2012,2015, net realized investment gains included $12.1$44.5 million of write downs for other-than-temporary declines in the estimated fair value of investments compared to $20.2$4.8 million and $12.2$4.7 million in 20112014 and 2010,2013, respectively. In 2012, 20112015, 2014 and 2010,2013, net realized investment gains were related to equity securities and fixed maturities that were sold because of our decision to reallocate capital to other equity securities or fixed maturities with greater potential for long-term investment returns. In 2010, net realized investment gains were also related toDuring 2015, we liquidated certain equity securities in our portfolio in light of our outlook on the economic and fixed maturities that were sold because of tax planning strategies.competitive environment facing those companies.
Net realized investment gains in 20122015, 20112014 and 20102013 included $0.9$5.8 million, $0.5$18.9 million and $1.5$25.4 million, respectively, of realized losses from sales of fixed maturities and equity securities. Proceeds received on securities sold at a loss were $11.9$154.5 million in 2012, $18.52015, $1.1 billion in 2014 and $545.3 million in 20112013. During 2014 and $36.0 million in 2010.2013, we repositioned the investment portfolio acquired through the Alterra acquisition to be more consistent with our target portfolio allocation.
Approximately 99%72% of the gross realized losses in 20122015 related to securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than one year. Gross realized losses in 20122015 included $12.1$44.5 million of write downs for other-than-temporary declines in the estimated fair value of investments. These write downs were made with respect to five21 equity securities.
Approximately 87% of the gross realized losses in 2011 related to securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than one year. Gross realized losses in 2011 included $20.2 million of write downs for other-than-temporary declines in the estimated fair value of investments. These write downs were made with respect to 18 equity securities and five fixed maturities.
Approximately 84% of the gross realized losses in 2010 related to securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than one year. Gross realized losses in 2010 included $12.2 million of write downs for other-than-temporary declines in the estimated fair value of investments. These write downs were made with respect to eight equity securities, four fixed maturities and four real estate investments.
In 2012, net unrealized gains on investments increased $353.8 million primarily due to increases in the estimated fair value of our equity portfolio as a result of continued improvement in financial market conditions during 2012. In 2011, net unrealized gains on investments increased $182.7 million due to an increase in the estimated fair value of our fixed maturity portfolio as a result of a decline in interest rates during 2011. In 2010, net unrealized gains on investments increased $243.7 million, due to increases in the estimated fair value of both our fixed maturity and equity portfolios as a result of improved financial market conditions during the latter half of 2009 and 2010.
We complete a detailed analysis each quarter to assess whether the decline in the fair value of any investment below its cost basis is deemed other-than-temporary. At December 31, 20122015, we held securities with gross unrealized losses of $17.2$95.9 million,, or less than 1% of invested assets. All securities with unrealized losses were reviewed, and we believe that there were no other securities with indications of declines in estimated fair value that were other-than-temporary at December 31, 2012.2015. However, given the volatility in the debt and equity markets, we caution readers that further declines in fair value could be significant and may result in additional other-than-temporary impairment charges in future periods. Variability in the timing of realized and unrealized gains and losses is to be expected. See note 2(b)3(b) of the notes to consolidated financial statements for further discussion of unrealized losses.
Approximately 92% of the gross realized losses in 2014 related to securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than one year. Gross realized losses in 2014 included $4.8 million of write downs for other-than-temporary declines in the estimated fair value of investments. These write downs were made with respect to 24 equity securities and three fixed maturities.
Approximately 95% of the gross realized losses in 2013 related to securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than one year. Gross realized losses in 2013 included $4.7 million of write downs for other-than-temporary declines in the estimated fair value of investments. These write downs were made with respect to six equity securities and four fixed maturities.
In 2015, net unrealized gains on investments decreased $457.6 million due to a decrease in the estimated fair value of our equity portfolio, as a result of lower overall equity market performance, and our fixed income portfolio, as interest rates increased during 2015. In 2014, net unrealized gains on investments increased $981.0 million due to an increase in the estimated fair value of our equity portfolio, as a result of strong overall equity market performance, and our fixed income portfolio, as interest rates decreased during 2014. In 2013, net unrealized gains on investments increased $262.0 million primarily due to an increase in the estimated fair value of our equity portfolio as a result of strong overall equity market performance, partially offset by a decline in the estimated fair value of fixed income securities as interest rates increased during 2013.
Non-InsuranceMarkel Ventures Operations (Markel Ventures)
Our non-insurance operations, which we refer to collectively as Markel Ventures operations are comprised of a diverse portfolio of industrial and service companiesbusinesses that operate outside of the specialty insurance marketplace. These businesses are viewed by management as separate and distinct from various industries, including manufacturersour insurance operations. While each of dredging equipment, high-speed bakery equipment, laminated furniture productsthese businesses are operated independently from one another, we aggregate their financial results into two industry groups: manufacturing and food processing equipment, an owner and operator of manufactured housing communities, a real estate investment fund manager, a retail intelligence services company, a manager of behavioral health programs, a provider of concierge medical and executive health services and a manufacturer and lessor of trailer tubes used by industrial, chemical and distribution companies to transport gas and liquids. In April 2012, we acquired an 85% controlling interest in Havco WP LLC (Havco), a privately held company based in Cape Girardeau, Missouri that manufactures laminated oak and composite wood flooring used in the assembly of truck trailers, intermodal containers and truck bodies. In July 2012, we acquired Tromp Bakery Equipment B.V., a Netherlands based global supplier of high-tech food processing equipment which designs and manufactures baking equipment and sheeting lines for pizza, pastry, pie, and specialty bread bakers worldwide. In September 2012, we acquired an 85% controlling interest in Reading Baking Systems, a leading global designer and manufacturer of industrial baking systems for the production of crackers, pretzels, cookies, and other baked snacks based in Reading, Pennsylvania.non-manufacturing.
We consolidate our non-insuranceMarkel Ventures operations on a one-month lag. Operating revenues and expenses associated with our non-insuranceMarkel Ventures operations are included in other revenues and other expenses in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Revenues from our non-insurance operations were $489.4 million, $317.5 millionSee note 20 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for the components of other revenues and $166.5 million in 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. Net income to shareholders from our non-insurance operations was $13.5 million, $7.7 million and $4.2 million in 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. EBITDA from our non-insurance operations was $60.4 million, $37.3 million and $20.4 million in 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. Revenues, net income to shareholders and EBITDA from our non-insurance operations increased in 2012 compared to 2011 primarily due to our acquisitions of WI Holdings Inc. in late 2011 and Havco in 2012. Revenues, net income to shareholders and EBITDA from our non-insurance operations increased in 2011 compared to 2010 primarily due to our acquisitions of RD Holdings, LLC and Diamond Healthcare Corporation in late 2010.other expenses associated with Markel Ventures.
The following tables summarize the amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of income related to Markel Ventures EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure and reflects income attributable to our ownership interestVentures.
|
| | | | | | | |
| | December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2015 | | 2014 |
| ASSETS | | | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 120,889 |
| | $ | 106,552 |
|
| Receivables | 90,977 |
| | 92,036 |
|
| Goodwill | 254,086 |
| | 215,967 |
|
| Intangible assets | 261,333 |
| | 237,070 |
|
| Other assets | 504,480 |
| | 534,725 |
|
| Total Assets | $ | 1,231,765 |
| | $ | 1,186,350 |
|
| LIABILITIES AND EQUITY | | | |
Senior long-term debt and other debt (1) | $ | 322,375 |
| | $ | 359,263 |
|
| Other liabilities | 268,956 |
| | 213,794 |
|
| Total Liabilities | 591,331 |
| | 573,057 |
|
| Redeemable noncontrolling interests | 62,958 |
| | 61,048 |
|
Shareholders' equity (2) | 579,981 |
| | 553,972 |
|
| Noncontrolling interests | (2,505 | ) | | (1,727 | ) |
| Total Equity | 577,476 |
| | 552,245 |
|
| Total Liabilities and Equity | $ | 1,231,765 |
| | $ | 1,186,350 |
|
| |
(1) | Senior long-term debt and other debt as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 included $216.9 million and $252.9 million, respectively, of debt due to other subsidiaries of Markel Corporation, which is eliminated in consolidation. |
| |
(2) | Shareholders' equity includes $520.3 million and $498.6 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, which represents Markel Corporation's investment in Markel Ventures and is eliminated in consolidation. |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Years ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| OPERATING REVENUES | | | | | |
| Net investment income | $ | 5 |
| | $ | 4 |
| | $ | 4 |
|
| Other revenues | 1,047,516 |
| | 838,121 |
| | 686,448 |
|
| Total Operating Revenues | 1,047,521 |
| | 838,125 |
| | 686,452 |
|
| OPERATING EXPENSES | | | | | |
| Amortization of intangible assets | 27,443 |
| | 24,283 |
| | 20,674 |
|
| Other expenses | 978,058 |
| | 775,219 |
| | 613,250 |
|
| Total Operating Expenses | 1,005,501 |
| | 799,502 |
| | 633,924 |
|
| Operating Income | 42,020 |
| | 38,623 |
| | 52,528 |
|
Interest expense (1) | 13,982 |
| | 13,400 |
| | 11,230 |
|
| Income Before Income Taxes | 28,038 |
| | 25,223 |
| | 41,298 |
|
| Income tax expense | 10,641 |
| | 13,160 |
| | 14,654 |
|
| Net Income | 17,397 |
| | 12,063 |
| | 26,644 |
|
| Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | 6,370 |
| | 2,506 |
| | 2,824 |
|
| Net Income to Shareholders | $ | 11,027 |
| | $ | 9,557 |
| | $ | 23,820 |
|
| |
(1) | Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 includes intercompany interest expense of $9.4 million, $8.7 million and $6.4 million, respectively, which is eliminated in consolidation. |
Revenues from our Markel Ventures operations increased in 2015 compared to 2014 primarily due to the acquisition of Cottrell in July 2014. We also experienced higher revenues within certain of our other manufacturing operations in 2015, due in part to higher sales volumes in 2015 compared to 2014, as a result of continued increased demand for equipment manufactured to support transportation-related industries. Revenues for the year ended December 31, 2015 also included growth in certain of our non-manufacturing operations. Net income to shareholders from our Markel Ventures operations increased in 2015 compared to 2014 due to more favorable results in our manufacturing operations in 2015, partially offset by less favorable results in our non-manufacturing operations in 2015. The increase in net income to shareholders in our manufacturing operations in 2015 was due in part to increased revenues, as described above, partially offset by an increase in our estimate of the fair value of the contingent consideration obligation related to the acquisition of Cottrell. A portion of the purchase consideration for Cottrell was based on Cottrell's post-acquisition earnings through 2015, as defined in the purchase agreement. During 2015, our estimate of Cottrell's 2015 earnings increased beyond our initial projection. As a result, our estimate of the fair value of the contingent consideration increased by $31.2 million during 2015. As of December 31, 2015, the fair value of our outstanding contingent consideration obligation was $44.7 million, which we expect to pay in 2016. The decrease in net income to shareholders in our non-manufacturing operations was primarily attributable to an increase in expenses at certain of our non-manufacturing operations. Net income to shareholders in our non-manufacturing operations was net of goodwill impairment charges of $14.9 million and $13.7 million in the fourth quarters of 2015 and 2014, respectively, related to the Diamond Healthcare reporting unit.
Revenues from our Markel Ventures operations increased in 2014 compared to 2013 primarily due to the acquisition of Cottrell in July 2014 and the acquisition of Eagle Construction of VA LLC in August 2013. We also experienced higher revenues in our manufacturing operations in 2014, primarily driven by cyclical changes in industry demand for transportation-related equipment, partially offset by lower revenues in our other existing manufacturing operations, due to fewer orders and shipments in 2014 compared to 2013. Net income to shareholders from our Markel Ventures operations decreased in 2014 compared to 2013 due to less favorable results in our manufacturing and non-manufacturing operations in 2014, which were partially offset by net income to shareholders attributable to acquisitions. The decrease in net income to shareholders in our manufacturing operations in 2014 was due in part to lower revenues, as described above. The decrease in net income to shareholders in our non-manufacturing operations was primarily attributable to the $13.7 million goodwill impairment charge in the fourth quarter of 2014.
The following table summarizes the cash flows attributable to Markel Ventures for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Years ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year | $ | 106,552 |
| | $ | 61,742 |
| | $ | 55,048 |
|
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 166,702 |
| | 59,915 |
| | 75,926 |
|
| Net cash used by investing activities | (96,073 | ) | | (189,729 | ) | | (60,533 | ) |
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities (1,2) | (56,292 | ) | | 174,624 |
| | (8,699 | ) |
| Increase in cash and cash equivalents | 14,337 |
| | 44,810 |
| | 6,694 |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents, end of year | $ | 120,889 |
| | $ | 106,552 |
| | $ | 61,742 |
|
| |
(1) | Net cash provided (used) by financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 includes capital contributions from our holding company of $22.8 million, $64.8 million and $28.7 million, respectively, which are eliminated in consolidation. |
| |
(2) | Net cash used by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 includes net repayments of debt of $36.0 million, which are eliminated in consolidation. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2014 includes net additions to debt of $136.5 million, which are eliminated in consolidation. Net cash used by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2013 includes repayments of debt totaling $5.3 million which are eliminated in consolidation. |
Markel Ventures earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization.amortization (EBITDA) is a non-GAAP financial measure. We use Markel Ventures EBITDA as an operating performance measure in conjunction with U.S. GAAP measures, including revenues and net income, to monitor and evaluate the performance of our non-insuranceMarkel Ventures operations. Because EBITDA excludes interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, it provides an indicator of economic performance that is useful to both management and investors in evaluating our non-insuranceMarkel Ventures businesses as it is not affected by levels of debt, interest rates, effective tax rates, or levels of depreciation and amortization resulting from purchase accounting.accounting, or non-recurring charges. The following table reconciles EBITDA of Markel Ventures, net of noncontrolling interests, to consolidated net income to shareholders.
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| (dollars in thousands) | 2012 | | 2011 | | 2010 | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 |
| Markel Ventures EBITDA | $ | 60,361 |
| | $ | 37,325 |
| | $ | 20,412 |
| |
| Interest expense | (9,782 | ) | | (10,871 | ) | | (2,259 | ) | |
| Markel Ventures EBITDA - Manufacturing | | $ | 88,822 |
| | $ | 71,133 |
| | $ | 64,415 |
|
| Markel Ventures EBITDA - Non-Manufacturing | | 2,456 |
| | 10,194 |
| | 19,372 |
|
| Markel Ventures EBITDA - Total | | 91,278 |
| | 81,327 |
| | 83,787 |
|
Interest expense (1) | | (13,287 | ) | | (12,184 | ) | | (9,283 | ) |
| Income tax expense | (7,868 | ) | | (4,335 | ) | | (3,558 | ) | (10,710 | ) | | (12,848 | ) | | (13,988 | ) |
| Depreciation expense | (14,205 | ) | | (5,106 | ) | | (3,239 | ) | (30,478 | ) | | (24,706 | ) | | (19,313 | ) |
| Amortization of intangible assets | (15,031 | ) | | (9,267 | ) | | (7,145 | ) | (25,776 | ) | | (22,032 | ) | | (17,383 | ) |
| Markel Ventures net income | 13,475 |
| | 7,746 |
| | 4,211 |
| |
| Markel Ventures net income to shareholders | | 11,027 |
| | 9,557 |
| | 23,820 |
|
| Net income from other Markel operations | 239,910 |
| | 134,280 |
| | 262,582 |
| 571,745 |
| | 311,625 |
| | 257,201 |
|
| Net income to shareholders | $ | 253,385 |
| | $ | 142,026 |
| | $ | 266,793 |
| $ | 582,772 |
| | $ | 321,182 |
| | $ | 281,021 |
|
| |
(1) | Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2015,2014 and 2013includes intercompany interest expense of $9.4 million, $8.7 million and $6.4 million, respectively. |
Interest expense forEBITDA from our Markel Ventures manufacturing operations increased in 2015 compared to 2014 due to increased revenues, described above, partially offset by an increase in our estimate of the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 includes intercompany interest expensefair value of $6.4the contingent consideration obligation related to the acquisition of Cottrell. EBITDA from our Markel Ventures non-manufacturing operations decreased in 2015 compared to 2014 due to higher expenses at certain of our non-manufacturing operations. EBITDA from our Markel Ventures non-manufacturing operations was net of a $14.9 million and $6.0$13.7 million respectively.goodwill impairment charge in 2015 and 2014, respectively, related to the Diamond Healthcare reporting unit. In 2014, EBITDA from our Markel Ventures manufacturing operations increased compared to 2013 primarily due to our acquisition of Cottrell. In 2014, EBITDA from our Markel Ventures non-manufacturing operations decreased compared to 2013 due to the goodwill impairment charge in the fourth quarter of 2014.
Interest Expense and Income Taxes
Interest expense was $92.8$118.3 million in 20122015 compared to $86.3$117.4 million in 20112014 and $73.7$114.0 million in 2010.2013. The increase in interest expense in 20122014 compared to 20112013 was due in part to interest expense associated with our $350 million issuance in July 2012 of 4.90%6.25% unsecured senior notes due July 1, 2022. The increase in interest expense in 2011 compared to 2010 was due in part to our $250 million issuance in June 2011 of 5.35%and 7.20% unsecured senior notes, which were assumed in connection with the acquisition of Alterra, partially offset by the repayment of our $250 million 6.80% unsecured senior notes in February 2013. Interest expense also increased in 2014 due June 1, 2021.to our $500 million combined issuance in March 2013 of 3.625% unsecured senior notes and 5.0% unsecured senior notes.
The effective tax rate was 21% in 201517% compared to 26% in 20122014 compared toand 22% in 20112013. In both periods,The decrease in the effective tax rate in 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily due to the impact of the foreign tax credits. This decrease was partially offset by the impact of anticipating a smaller tax benefit related to tax-exempt investment income which resulted from having higher income before income taxes in 2015 compared to 2014. The increase in the effective tax rate in 2014 compared to 2013 was driven by higher earnings taxed at 35% in 2014 and a smaller benefit from our foreign operations in 2014, which are taxed at a lower rate.
For 2015, the effective tax rate differs from the statutory rate of 35% primarily as a result of tax credits for foreign taxes paid and tax-exempt investment income. In previous periods, foreign taxes paid were not available for use as tax credits against our U.S. provision for income taxes. Based on our earnings from our foreign operations in 2015, significant foreign taxes paid, both in the current period and prior periods, have been used as credits against our U.S. provision for income taxes in 2015. Our recognition of these tax credits in 2015 had a favorable impact on our 2015 effective tax rate of approximately 8%. A similar benefit may not be recognizable in future years. For 2014 and 2013, the effective tax rate differed from the statutory tax rate of 35% primarily as a result of tax-exempt investment income. Additionally, in 2012, we had higher earnings from our foreign operations, which are taxed at a lower rate. The effective tax rate was 9% in 2010, which included tax benefits associated with our foreign operations. Before considering the tax benefits related to foreign operations, the effective tax rate in 2010 was 22%, which differs from the statutory tax rate
With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to income tax examination by tax authorities for years ended before January 1, 2009.2012. The Internal Revenue Service is currently examining our 2012 federal income tax return. We believe our income tax liabilities are adequate as of December 31, 2015, however, these liabilities could be adjusted as a result of this examination. See note 78 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for a discussion of factors affecting the realization of our gross deferred tax assets and unrecognized tax benefits resulting from uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in our income tax returns.
Comprehensive Income to Shareholders
Comprehensive income to shareholders was $503.8$232.7 million,, $251.9 $935.9 million and $430.6$459.5 million in 2012, 20112015, 2014 and 2010,2013, respectively. Comprehensive income to shareholders for 2015 included net income to shareholders of $582.8 million, a decrease in net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes, of $320.5 million and a decrease in foreign currency translation adjustments, net of taxes, of $29.3 million. Comprehensive income to shareholders for 20122014 included net income to shareholders of $321.2 million, an increase in net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes, of $242.2661.7 million and a decrease in foreign currency translation adjustments, net of taxes, of $32.2 million. Comprehensive income to shareholders for 2013 included net income to shareholders of $253.4281.0 million. Comprehensive income to shareholders for 2011 included and an increase in net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes, of $123.4 million and net income to shareholders of $142.0 million. Comprehensive income to shareholders for 2010 included an increase in net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes, of $163.5 million and net income to shareholders of $266.8184.6 million.
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, book value per share increased 3% and 14%, respectively, primarily due to comprehensive income to shareholders, as described above.
The following graph presents book value per share and the five-year compound annual growth rate (CAGR) in book value per share for the past five years as of December 31.
Claims and Reserves
We maintain reserves for specific claims incurred and reported, reserves for claims incurred but not reported and reserves for uncollectible reinsurance. Our ultimate liability may be greater or less than current reserves. In the insurance industry, there is always the risk that reserves may prove inadequate. We continually monitor reserves using new information on reported claims and a variety of statistical techniques. Anticipated inflation is reflected implicitly in the reserving process through analysis of cost trends and the review of historical development. We do not discount our reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses to reflect estimated present value.value, except for reserves assumed in connection with an acquisition, which are recorded at fair value at the acquisition date.
The first line of the following table shows our net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses adjusted for commutations, foreign currency movements and other items. This adjustment is accomplished by revising the reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses as originally estimated at the end of each year and all prior years for reserves either reassumed from reinsurers or ceded back to cedents through reinsurance commutation agreements. Adjustments also are made for the effects of changes in foreign currency rates since the reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses were originally estimated. Net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses of acquired insurance companies are included in the year of acquisition.
The upper portion of the table shows the cumulative amount paid with respect to the previously recorded reserves as of the end of each succeeding year. The lower portion of the table shows the re-estimated amount of the previously recorded reserves based on experience as of the end of each succeeding year, including cumulative payments made since the end of the respective year. For example, the liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses at the end of 20072010 for 20072010 and all prior years, adjusted for commutations, foreign currency movements and other items, was originally estimated to be $4,346.5$4,593.9 million. Five years later, as of December 31, 2012,2015, this amount was re-estimated to be $3,382.7$3,418.4 million, of which $2,245.4$2,546.0 million had been paid, leaving a reserve of $1,137.3$872.4 million for losses and loss adjustment expenses for 20072010 and prior years remaining unpaid as of December 31, 20122015.
The following table represents the development of reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses for the period 20022005 through 2012.2015.
| | | (dollars in millions) | 2002 | | 2003 | | 2004 | | 2005 | | 2006 | | 2007 | | 2008 | | 2009 | | 2010 | | 2011 | | 2012 | 2005 | | 2006 | | 2007 | | 2008 | | 2009 | | 2010 | | 2011 | | 2012 | | 2013 | | 2014 | | 2015 |
| Net reserves, end of year, adjusted for commutations, foreign currency movements and other | $ | 2,966.8 |
| | 3,426.6 |
| | 3,838.1 |
| | 4,196.4 |
| | 4,296.7 |
| | 4,346.5 |
| | 4,564.7 |
| | 4,550.2 |
| | 4,616.0 |
| | 4,638.1 |
| | 4,592.7 |
| $ | 4,213.7 |
| | 4,348.4 |
| | 4,329.3 |
| | 4,561.9 |
| | 4,538.0 |
| | 4,593.9 |
| | 4,605.8 |
| | 4,551.4 |
| | 8,232.5 |
| | 8,401.3 |
| | 8,235.3 |
|
| Paid (cumulative) as of: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| One year later | 702.1 |
| | 679.6 |
| | 717.2 |
| | 799.5 |
| | 783.8 |
| | 727.6 |
| | 759.5 |
| | 796.1 |
| | 898.3 |
| | 932.0 |
| | | 799.5 |
| | 783.8 |
| | 727.6 |
| | 759.5 |
| | 796.1 |
| | 898.3 |
| | 932.0 |
| | 906.3 |
| | 1,436.9 |
| | 1,423.3 |
| | |
| Two years later | 1,214.1 |
| | 1,194.1 |
| | 1,256.5 |
| | 1,375.4 |
| | 1,312.1 |
| | 1,270.8 |
| | 1,364.8 |
| | 1,417.0 |
| | 1,531.0 |
| | | | | 1,375.4 |
| | 1,312.1 |
| | 1,270.8 |
| | 1,364.8 |
| | 1,417.0 |
| | 1,531.0 |
| | 1,548.7 |
| | 1,506.7 |
| | 2,675.9 |
| | | | |
| Three years later | 1,615.7 |
| | 1,597.8 |
| | 1,667.4 |
| | 1,752.4 |
| | 1,689.6 |
| | 1,686.3 |
| | 1,841.0 |
| | 1,881.5 |
| | | | | | | 1,752.4 |
| | 1,689.6 |
| | 1,686.3 |
| | 1,841.0 |
| | 1,881.5 |
| | 1,918.5 |
| | 1,937.2 |
| | 2,112.7 |
| | | | | | |
| Four years later | 1,932.5 |
| | 1,914.7 |
| | 1,932.9 |
| | 2,018.2 |
| | 1,994.1 |
| | 1,983.9 |
| | 2,189.7 |
| | | | | | | | | 2,018.2 |
| | 1,994.1 |
| | 1,983.9 |
| | 2,189.7 |
| | 2,118.7 |
| | 2,180.8 |
| | 2,383.2 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Five years later | 2,171.6 |
| | 2,105.6 |
| | 2,114.0 |
| | 2,243.3 |
| | 2,201.5 |
| | 2,245.4 |
| | | | | | | | | | | 2,243.3 |
| | 2,201.5 |
| | 2,245.4 |
| | 2,350.9 |
| | 2,280.4 |
| | 2,546.0 |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Six years later | 2,317.7 |
| | 2,235.8 |
| | 2,293.2 |
| | 2,406.5 |
| | 2,396.8 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | 2,406.5 |
| | 2,396.8 |
| | 2,353.7 |
| | 2,471.6 |
| | 2,588.4 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Seven years later | 2,418.7 |
| | 2,382.1 |
| | 2,418.4 |
| | 2,581.1 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2,581.1 |
| | 2,473.2 |
| | 2,438.6 |
| | 2,753.4 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Eight years later | 2,537.0 |
| | 2,487.4 |
| | 2,545.1 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2,642.7 |
| | 2,543.3 |
| | 2,694.3 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Nine years later | 2,624.5 |
| | 2,604.5 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2,699.4 |
| | 2,785.8 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Ten years later | 2,730.4 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2,936.6 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Reserves re-estimated as of: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| One year later | 3,095.4 |
| | 3,460.5 |
| | 3,787.5 |
| | 4,064.0 |
| | 4,099.4 |
| | 4,182.7 |
| | 4,329.3 |
| | 4,272.1 |
| | 4,262.2 |
| | 4,239.1 |
| | | 4,094.7 |
| | 4,084.4 |
| | 4,187.4 |
| | 4,316.2 |
| | 4,256.7 |
| | 4,246.1 |
| | 4,210.4 |
| | 4,121.6 |
| | 7,795.2 |
| | 7,773.5 |
| | |
| Two years later | 3,279.7 |
| | 3,481.0 |
| | 3,632.8 |
| | 3,913.7 |
| | 3,960.4 |
| | 3,947.3 |
| | 4,092.5 |
| | 3,928.9 |
| | 3,887.0 |
| | | | | 3,893.8 |
| | 3,962.4 |
| | 3,943.9 |
| | 4,076.7 |
| | 3,918.1 |
| | 3,873.2 |
| | 3,856.2 |
| | 3,821.1 |
| | 7,327.7 |
| | | | |
| Three years later | 3,354.9 |
| | 3,416.5 |
| | 3,548.3 |
| | 3,809.8 |
| | 3,773.1 |
| | 3,732.9 |
| | 3,827.7 |
| | 3,636.5 |
| | | | | | | 3,802.6 |
| | 3,768.6 |
| | 3,727.2 |
| | 3,815.1 |
| | 3,627.4 |
| | 3,610.6 |
| | 3,653.1 |
| | 3,665.9 |
| | | | | | |
| Four years later | 3,342.2 |
| | 3,412.8 |
| | 3,520.3 |
| | 3,700.2 |
| | 3,612.5 |
| | 3,531.7 |
| | 3,631.5 |
| | | | | | | | | 3,687.9 |
| | 3,606.2 |
| | 3,528.4 |
| | 3,620.1 |
| | 3,423.6 |
| | 3,498.5 |
| | 3,536.7 |
| | | | | | | | |
| Five years later | 3,374.9 |
| | 3,433.1 |
| | 3,474.0 |
| | 3,588.2 |
| | 3,458.1 |
| | 3,382.7 |
| | | | | | | | | | | 3,574.6 |
| | 3,453.8 |
| | 3,380.7 |
| | 3,461.9 |
| | 3,358.8 |
| | 3,418.4 |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Six years later | 3,416.1 |
| | 3,408.9 |
| | 3,391.9 |
| | 3,473.8 |
| | 3,359.8 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | 3,461.5 |
| | 3,356.6 |
| | 3,264.4 |
| | 3,423.6 |
| | 3,296.4 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Seven years later | 3,418.3 |
| | 3,353.0 |
| | 3,308.7 |
| | 3,408.3 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3,396.8 |
| | 3,283.5 |
| | 3,232.6 |
| | 3,355.2 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Eight years later | 3,387.1 |
| | 3,299.7 |
| | 3,261.8 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3,346.7 |
| | 3,269.3 |
| | 3,199.4 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Nine years later | 3,351.4 |
| | 3,266.4 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3,343.7 |
| | 3,241.9 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Ten years later | 3,322.9 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3,341.5 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net cumulative redundancy (deficiency) | $ | (356.1 | ) | | 160.2 |
| | 576.3 |
| | 788.1 |
| | 936.9 |
| | 963.8 |
| | 933.2 |
| | 913.7 |
| | 729.0 |
| | 399.0 |
| | | |
| Net cumulative redundancy | | $ | 872.2 |
| | 1,106.5 |
| | 1,129.9 |
| | 1,206.7 |
| | 1,241.6 |
| | 1,175.5 |
| | 1,069.1 |
| | 885.5 |
| | 904.8 |
| | 627.8 |
| | |
| Cumulative % | (12 | )% | | 5 | % | | 15 | % | | 19 | % | | 22 | % | | 22 | % | | 20 | % | | 20 | % | | 16 | % | | 9 | % | | | 21 | % | | 25 | % | | 26 | % | | 26 | % | | 27 | % | | 26 | % | | 23 | % | | 19 | % | | 11 | % | | 7 | % | | |
| Gross reserves, end of year, adjusted for commutations, foreign currency movements and other | $ | 4,337.4 |
| | 4,784.4 |
| | 5,210.7 |
| | 5,975.4 |
| | 5,409.0 |
| | 5,298.2 |
| | 5,542.7 |
| | 5,383.7 |
| | 5,390.4 |
| | 5,419.9 |
| | 5,371.4 |
| $ | 5,845.8 |
| | 5,497.6 |
| | 5,280.6 |
| | 5,569.5 |
| | 5,391.3 |
| | 5,386.5 |
| | 5,404.3 |
| | 5,351.6 |
| | 10,109.0 |
| | 10,363.0 |
| | 10,252.0 |
|
| Reinsurance recoverable, adjusted for commutations, foreign currency movements and other | 1,370.6 |
| | 1,357.8 |
| | 1,372.6 |
| | 1,779.0 |
| | 1,112.3 |
| | 951.7 |
| | 978.0 |
| | 833.5 |
| | 774.4 |
| | 781.8 |
| | 778.8 |
| 1,632.1 |
| | 1,149.2 |
| | 951.3 |
| | 1,007.6 |
| | 853.3 |
| | 792.6 |
| | 798.5 |
| | 800.2 |
| | 1,876.5 |
| | 1,961.7 |
| | 2,016.7 |
|
| Net reserves, end of year, adjusted for commutations, foreign currency movements and other | $ | 2,966.8 |
| | 3,426.6 |
| | 3,838.1 |
| | 4,196.4 |
| | 4,296.7 |
| | 4,346.5 |
| | 4,564.7 |
| | 4,550.2 |
| | 4,616.0 |
| | 4,638.1 |
| | 4,592.7 |
| $ | 4,213.7 |
| | 4,348.4 |
| | 4,329.3 |
| | 4,561.9 |
| | 4,538.0 |
| | 4,593.9 |
| | 4,605.8 |
| | 4,551.4 |
| | 8,232.5 |
| | 8,401.3 |
| | 8,235.3 |
|
| Gross re-estimated reserves | 4,831.5 |
| | 4,605.6 |
| | 4,497.6 |
| | 5,025.7 |
| | 4,347.3 |
| | 4,215.1 |
| | 4,495.2 |
| | 4,392.9 |
| | 4,620.3 |
| | 5,015.2 |
| | | 4,789.1 |
| | 4,239.1 |
| | 4,021.7 |
| | 4,193.2 |
| | 4,039.4 |
| | 4,145.7 |
| | 4,321.1 |
| | 4,457.9 |
| | 9,150.9 |
| | 9,722.0 |
| | |
| Re-estimated recoverable | 1,508.6 |
| | 1,339.2 |
| | 1,235.8 |
| | 1,617.4 |
| | 987.5 |
| | 832.4 |
| | 863.7 |
| | 756.4 |
| | 733.3 |
| | 776.1 |
| | | 1,447.6 |
| | 997.2 |
| | 822.3 |
| | 838.0 |
| | 743.0 |
| | 727.3 |
| | 784.4 |
| | 792.0 |
| | 1,823.2 |
| | 1,948.5 |
| | |
| Net re-estimated reserves | $ | 3,322.9 |
| | 3,266.4 |
| | 3,261.8 |
| | 3,408.3 |
| | 3,359.8 |
| | 3,382.7 |
| | 3,631.5 |
| | 3,636.5 |
| | 3,887.0 |
| | 4,239.1 |
| | | $ | 3,341.5 |
| | 3,241.9 |
| | 3,199.4 |
| | 3,355.2 |
| | 3,296.4 |
| | 3,418.4 |
| | 3,536.7 |
| | 3,665.9 |
| | 7,327.7 |
| | 7,773.5 |
| | |
| Gross cumulative redundancy (deficiency) | $ | (494.1 | ) | | 178.8 |
| | 713.1 |
| | 949.7 |
| | 1,061.7 |
| | 1,083.1 |
| | 1,047.5 |
| | 990.8 |
| | 770.1 |
| | 404.7 |
| | | |
| Gross cumulative redundancy | | $ | 1,056.7 |
| | 1,258.5 |
| | 1,258.9 |
| | 1,376.3 |
| | 1,351.9 |
| | 1,240.8 |
| | 1,083.2 |
| | 893.7 |
| | 958.1 |
| | 641.0 |
| | |
Net cumulative redundancy (deficiency) represents the change in the estimate from the original balance sheet date to the date of the current estimate. For example, the liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses developed a $963.8$1,175.5 million redundancy from December 31, 20072010 to December 31, 20122015. Conditions and trends that have affected the development of loss reserves in the past may not necessarily occur in the future. Accordingly, it may not be appropriate to extrapolate future redundancies or deficiencies based on the table. Gross cumulative redundancy (deficiency) is presented before deductions for reinsurance. Gross deficiencies and redundancies may be significantly more or less than net deficiencies and redundancies due to the nature and extent of applicable reinsurance. The net and gross cumulative redundancies as of December 31, 20122015 for 20112014 and prior years were primarily due to redundancies that developed during 2012 at Markel2015 in the U.S. Insurance and International and on our professional and products liability and casualty programs within the Excess and Surplus Lines segmentInsurance segments on the 20032011 to 20112014 accident years. See "Underwriting Results" for further discussion of changes in prior years' loss reserves.
See note 89 of the notes to consolidated financial statements and the discussion under "Critical Accounting Estimates" for a discussion of estimates and assumptions related to the reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We seek to maintain prudent levels of liquidity and financial leverage for the protection of our policyholders, creditors and shareholders. Our target capital structure includes approximately 30% debt. Our debt to capital ratio was 28%22% at bothDecember 31, 2015 and 23% at December 31, 2012 and December 31, 20112014. From time to time, our debt to total capital ratio may increase due to business opportunities that may be financed in the short term with debt. Alternatively, our debt to total capital ratio may fall below our target capital structure, which provides us with additional borrowing capacity to respond when future opportunities arise.
At December 31, 20122015, our holding company (Markel Corporation) held $1.4$1.6 billion of invested assets, which approximated 16 times annual interest expense of the holding company, compared to $1.21.5 billion of invested assets at December 31, 20112014. The increase in invested assets is primarily the result of dividends received from our subsidiaries of $187.5 million, partially offset by a decrease in unrealized gains on our investment portfolio at December 31, 2015 compared to December 31, 2014. In order to maintain prudent levels of liquidity, we seek to maintain invested assets at Markel Corporation of at least two times annual interest expense. The excess liquidity at Markel Corporation is available to increase capital at our insurance subsidiaries, complete acquisitions, repurchase shares of our common stock or retire debt.
Under the terms of the agreements in which we acquired controlling interests in certain non-insuranceMarkel Ventures subsidiaries, the remaining equity interests have the option to sell their interests to us in the future. These redeemable noncontrolling interests generally become redeemable through 2018;2020; however, the occurrence, timing and redemption value of these transactions is uncertain. As of December 31, 2012,2015, redeemable noncontrolling interests totaled $86.2$63.0 million.
In October 2010, we completed our acquisition of Aspen Holdings, Inc. (Aspen). As part of the consideration for this acquisition, Aspen shareholders received contingent value rights that may result in the payment of additional cash consideration depending, among other things, upon the development of pre-acquisition loss reserves and loss sensitive profit commissions over time. The final amount to be paid to holders of contingent value rights, if any, will be determined following the December 31, 2017 maturity date for the contingent value rights. Based on current expectations, we do not believe that it is unlikely that any contingent consideration will be paidpayments, if any, related to thethese contingent value rights.rights would have a material impact on our liquidity.
Our Board of Directors has approved the repurchase of up to $200$300 million of common stock under a share repurchase program (the Program). Under the Program, we may repurchase outstanding shares of common stock from time to time, primarily through open-market transactions. The Program has no expiration date but may be terminated by the Board of Directors at any time. As of December 31, 2012,2015, we had repurchased 154,84256,455 shares of our common stock at a cost of $60.5$37.1 million under the Program.
Our insurance operations collect premiums and pay claims, reinsurance costs and operating expenses. Premiums collected and positive cash flows from the insurance operations are invested primarily in short-term investments and long-term fixed maturities. Short-term investments held by our insurance subsidiaries provide liquidity for projected claims, reinsurance costs and operating expenses. As a holding company, Markel Corporation receives cash from its subsidiaries as reimbursement for operating and other administrative expenses it incurs. The reimbursements are made within the guidelines of various management agreements between the holding company and its subsidiaries.
The holding company has historically relied upon dividends from its domestic subsidiaries to meet debt service obligations. Under the insurance laws of the various states in which our domestic insurance subsidiaries are incorporated, an insurer is restricted in the amount of dividends it may pay without prior approval of regulatory authorities. At December 31, 20122015, our domestic insurance subsidiaries and Markel Bermuda could pay ordinary dividends of $186.5$845.5 million during the following twelve months under these laws.
There are also regulatory restrictions on the amount of dividends that our foreign insurance subsidiaries may pay. We must provide 14 days advance notice to the Financial Services Authority before receiving dividends from MIICL. In addition, our foreign insurance subsidiaries must comply withpay based on applicable laws in the United Kingdom Companies Act of 2006, which provides that dividends may only be paid out of profits available for that purpose.Kingdom. At December 31, 20122015, earnings of our foreign subsidiaries, with the exception of certain of our Bermuda subsidiaries, are considered reinvested indefinitely.indefinitely and no provision for deferred United States income taxes has been recorded. At December 31, 20122015, cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments of $566.8 million$1.3 billion were held by our foreign subsidiaries and will not be made available for distributions to the holding company.subsidiaries. We do not expect the amount of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments that we considerare attributable to earnings that are considered reinvested indefinitely, and not available for distributions to the holding company, to have a material effect on our liquidity or capital resources.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $392.5$651.2 million,, $311.3 $716.8 million and $223.3745.5 million in 20122015, 20112014 and 20102013, respectively. Net cash provided by operating activities in 2015 was net of cash payments totaling $156.4 million made in connection with two retroactive reinsurance transactions completed in 2015, in which we ceded two portfolios of policies comprised of liabilities arising from A&E exposures to a third party. Net cash provided by operating activities in 2015 was also net of a $29.0 million cash payment made to transfer our obligations under a reinsurance contract for life and annuity benefits to a third party. While we recognize that these transactions will have the short term impact of reducing investment income, we have significantly reduced the uncertainty around these exposures and increased our flexibility regarding capital allocation. Also in 2015, higher cash flows attributable to our Markel Ventures operations were partially offset by higher payments for income taxes compared to the same period of 2014. The increasedecrease in net cash provided by operating activities in 20122014 compared to 20112013 was due to higher cash flows from underwriting activities and our non-insurance operations. Thepayments for income taxes in 2014. These payments were partially offset by higher cash flows from underwriting activities wereinvestment income during 2014, primarily due to higher average invested assets in 2014 compared to 2013 as a result of higher premium volume in eachthe acquisition of our three operating segments. The higher cash flows from our non-insurance operations were primarily due to recent acquisitions. The increase in 2011 compared to 2010 was due to higher cash flows from underwriting activities in the Specialty Admitted segment.Alterra.
Net cash provided by investing activities was $125.8 million in 2015 compared to net cash used by investing activities of $622.2 million in 2014 and net cash provided by investing activities of $187.4 million in 2013. Net cash provided by investing activities in 2015 included proceeds from the sales and maturities of investments, net of purchases of investment, of $466.3 million, partially offset by $261.5 million, net of cash acquired, used for acquisitions, and $79.8 million used to purchase property and equipment. Net cash used by investing activities was $339.5in 2014 included $319.1 million, $474.3 of cash, net of cash acquired, used to complete acquisitions. During 2013, we used net cash of $12.2 million for acquisitions. The acquisition of Alterra resulted in net cash received as a result of Alterra's cash balance exceeding cash paid for the acquisition by $49.5 million. See note 2 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for a discussion of acquisitions. We received cash from our equity method investments of $107.3 million and $283.3$313.6 million during 2014 and 2013, respectively, which includes redemptions from our hedge fund portfolio acquired through the Alterra acquisition that is included in 2012, 2011other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. During 2013 and 2010, respectively.2014, we repositioned the investment portfolio acquired through the Alterra acquisition to be more consistent with our historical investment portfolio allocation by replacing fixed maturity corporate and mortgage-backed securities with fixed maturity tax-exempt municipal securities and equity securities. We also allocated more cash and cash equivalents to short-term investments to achieve higher returns while still maintaining adequate liquidity and continued to limit our allocation of funds for purchases of fixed maturities. In 2015, due to continuing low interest rates, we continued to gradually build liquidity during the year with higher cash balances. During 2012 and 2011, we have increased our holdings of equity securities to take advantage of opportunities in the equity markets. Also during this time,2015, we increased our holdings of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments and reduced our holdings of fixed maturities, earning slightly lower investment yields. Due to the current low interest rate environment, we have chosen to take a more defensive posture in order to maintain a high levelmaturities. Cash flow from investing activities is affected by various factors such as anticipated payment of liquidityclaims, financing activity, acquisition opportunities and have flexibility in how we allocate capital. We were also planning for increased claims settlement activity resulting from the higher amount of catastrophe losses incurred during 2011individual buy and 2012. During 2010, given the improvementsell decisions made in the financial markets over the latter halfnormal course of 2009 and continuing into 2010, we increased our purchases of fixed maturities and equity securities and gradually shifted our investment portfolio's allocation from short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents to higher yielding investment securities. Net cash used by investing activities included $243.7 million, $120.1 million and $214.2 million of cash, net of cash acquired, used to complete acquisitions in 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. See note 21 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for a discussion of acquisitions.portfolio management.
Invested assets increaseddecreased to $18.2 billion at December 31, 2015 from $9.318.6 billion at December 31, 2012 from $8.7 billion at December 31, 20112014. Net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes, were $946.9 million$1.5 billion at December 31, 2015 compared to $1.8 billion at December 31, 2012 compared to $704.7 million at December 31, 20112014. The increasedecrease in net unrealized gains on investments, net of taxes, in 20122015 was primarily due to an increasea decrease in the estimated fair value of our equity portfolio as a result of improvinglower overall equity market conditionsperformance, and our fixed income portfolio, as interest rates increased during 2012.2015. During 2015, we increased our holdings of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments and reduced our holdings of fixed maturities. At December 31, 2015, short-term investments, cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents represented 26% of our invested assets compared to 22% at December 31, 2014. Fixed maturities at December 31, 2015 represented 52% of our invested assets compared to 56% at December 31, 2014. Equity securities were $2.4 billion, or 26%represented 22% of our invested assets at December 31, 2012 compared to $1.9 billion, or 21% of invested assets, at 2015 and December 31, 2011.2014. See note 2(h)3(h) of the notes to consolidated financial statements for a discussion of restricted assets.
Net cash used by financing activities was $74.2 million and $67.1 million in 2015 and 2014, respectively, compared to net cash provided by financing activities wasof $142.0 million and $194.6175.4 million in 2012 and 2011, respectively, compared to net cash used by financing activities of $45.6 million in 20102013. During 2012,2015 and 2014, we used cash of $12.5 million and $25.9 million, respectively, to purchase additional interests in our Markel Ventures businesses. During 2013, we received net proceeds of $347.2$491.2 million associated with the issuance of $350$250 million of 4.90%3.625% unsecured senior notes due July 1, 2022. We used a portionMarch 30, 2023 and $250 million of these proceeds to redeem our 7.50%5.0% unsecured debenturessenior notes due August 22, 2046 at a redemption price equal to 100% of their principal amount, or $150 million. Proceeds were also used to pre-fund the repayment ofMarch 30, 2043. On February 15, 2013, we repaid our 6.80% unsecured senior notes, due February 15,which had an outstanding principal balance of $246.7 million. During 2015, 2014 and 2013, at their maturity ($246.7 million principal amount outstanding at December 31, 2012). During 2012, 2011 and 2010, cash of $16.9$31.5 million, $42.9$26.1 million and $45.2$57.4 million, respectively, was used to repurchase shares of our common stock. During 2011, we received net proceeds of $247.9 million associated with the issuance of $250 million of 5.35% unsecured senior notes due June 1, 2021.
In recent years, we have completed numerous reinsurance commutations, which involve the termination of ceded or assumed reinsurance contracts. Our commutation strategy related to ceded reinsurance contracts is to reduce credit exposure and eliminate administrative expenses associated with the run-off of reinsurance placed with certain reinsurers. Our commutation strategy related to assumed reinsurance contracts is to reduce our loss exposure to long-tailed liabilities assumed under reinsurance agreements that were entered into by companies we acquired prior to our acquisition of Markel International.acquisition. We will continue to pursue commutations, or similar reinsurance transactions, when we believe they meet our objectives. As previously discussed, during 2015, we completed two retroactive reinsurance transactions to cede two portfolios of policies primarily comprised of liabilities arising from A&E exposures to a third party. Cash payments for these two retroactive reinsurance transactions totaled $156.4 million. See "Critical Accounting Estimates" for further discussion. We also completed a novation that transferred our obligations under a reinsurance contract for life and annuity benefit policies to a third party in exchange for cash payments totaling $29.0 million, net of commissions. See "Life and Annuity Benefits" for further discussion.
We have credit risk to the extent any of our reinsurers are unwilling or unable to meet their obligations under our ceded reinsurance agreements. We attempt to minimize credit exposure to reinsurers through adherence to internal reinsurance guidelines. We monitor changes in the financial conditionscondition of each of our reinsurers, and we assess our concentration of credit risk on a regular basis. At December 31, 20122015, our reinsurance recoverable balance for the ten largest reinsurers was $662.4 million,$1.5 billion, representing 74%68% of our consolidated balance, before considering allowances for bad debts. All of our ten largest reinsurers were rated "A" or better by A.M. Best. We are the beneficiary of letters of credit, trust accounts and funds withheld in the aggregate amount of $222.6$353.5 million at December 31, 2012,2015, collateralizing reinsurance recoverable balances due from our ten largest reinsurers. See note 1315 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for further discussion of reinsurance recoverables and exposures. While we believe that net reinsurance recoverable balances are collectible, deterioration in reinsurers' ability to pay, or collection disputes, could adversely affect our operating cash flows, financial position and results of operation.operations.
The following table reconcilessummarizes case reserves and IBNR reserves, by segment,segment. As described in note 2 to consolidated financial statements, unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses reported on ourattributable to Alterra were recorded at fair value as of the Acquisition Date, which consists of the present value of the expected net loss and loss adjustment expense payments plus a risk premium. Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses included in the consolidated balance sheets.sheet include the unamortized portion of the fair value adjustment recorded at the Acquisition Date; however, as this amount does not represent case or IBNR reserves, it is excluded from the table below.
| | | (dollars in thousands) | Excess & Surplus Lines | | Specialty Admitted | | London Insurance Market | | Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | | Consolidated | U.S. Insurance | | International Insurance | | Reinsurance | | Other Insurance (Discontinued Lines) | | Consolidated |
| December 31, 2012 | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2015 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Case reserves | $ | 600,002 |
| | $ | 269,163 |
| | $ | 933,992 |
| | $ | 273,354 |
| | $ | 2,076,511 |
| $ | 1,092,677 |
| | $ | 1,242,138 |
| | $ | 942,891 |
| | $ | 319,988 |
| | $ | 3,597,694 |
|
| IBNR reserves | 1,552,251 |
| | 526,930 |
| | 1,024,257 |
| | 191,477 |
| | 3,294,915 |
| 2,617,871 |
| | 1,855,666 |
| | 1,768,396 |
| | 321,277 |
| | 6,563,210 |
|
| Total | $ | 2,152,253 |
| | $ | 796,093 |
| | $ | 1,958,249 |
| | $ | 464,831 |
| | $ | 5,371,426 |
| $ | 3,710,548 |
| | $ | 3,097,804 |
| | $ | 2,711,287 |
| | $ | 641,265 |
| | $ | 10,160,904 |
|
| December 31, 2011 | | | | | | | | | | |
| December 31, 2014 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Case reserves | $ | 639,302 |
| | $ | 237,114 |
| | $ | 989,981 |
| | $ | 279,066 |
| | $ | 2,145,463 |
| $ | 979,088 |
| | $ | 1,266,222 |
| | $ | 984,627 |
| | $ | 332,712 |
| | $ | 3,562,649 |
|
| IBNR reserves | 1,595,916 |
| | 480,528 |
| | 991,914 |
| | 185,048 |
| | 3,253,406 |
| 2,586,505 |
| | 2,036,744 |
| | 1,781,569 |
| | 322,065 |
| | 6,726,883 |
|
| Total | $ | 2,235,218 |
| | $ | 717,642 |
| | $ | 1,981,895 |
| | $ | 464,114 |
| | $ | 5,398,869 |
| $ | 3,565,593 |
| | $ | 3,302,966 |
| | $ | 2,766,196 |
| | $ | 654,777 |
| | $ | 10,289,532 |
|
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses were $5.4$10.3 billion and $10.4 billion at both December 31, 20122015 and 2011. The decrease in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment's loss reserves in 2012 was primarily due to large payments for claim settlements in 2012. The increase in the Specialty Admitted segment's loss reserves in 2012 was primarily due to increased premium volume in 2012 compared to 2011.2014, respectively. See note 89 of the notes to consolidated financial statements and "Critical Accounting Estimates" for a discussion of estimates and assumptions related to unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses.
The following table summarizes our contractual cash payment obligations at December 31, 20122015.
| | | | Payments Due by Period (1) | Payments Due by Period (1) |
| (dollars in thousands) | Total | | Less than 1 year | | 1-3 years | | 4-5 years | | More than 5 years | Total | | Less than 1 year | | 1-3 years | | 4-5 years | | More than 5 years |
Senior long-term debt and other debt(2) | $ | 2,226,219 |
| | $ | 329,681 |
| | $ | 148,392 |
| | $ | 154,716 |
| | $ | 1,593,430 |
| $ | 3,300,778 |
| | $ | 156,372 |
| | $ | 362,764 |
| | $ | 908,469 |
| | $ | 1,873,173 |
|
| Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (estimated) | | 10,160,904 |
| | 2,339,106 |
| | 3,121,406 |
| | 1,819,300 |
| | 2,881,092 |
|
| Life and annuity benefits (estimated) | | 1,510,432 |
| | 92,124 |
| | 151,265 |
| | 138,593 |
| | 1,128,450 |
|
| Operating leases | 211,601 |
| | 23,324 |
| | 41,427 |
| | 30,416 |
| | 116,434 |
| 274,843 |
| | 29,664 |
| | 64,791 |
| | 49,544 |
| | 130,844 |
|
| Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (estimated) | 5,371,426 |
| | 1,358,626 |
| | 1,801,554 |
| | 999,531 |
| | 1,211,715 |
| |
| Total | $ | 7,809,246 |
| | $ | 1,711,631 |
| | $ | 1,991,373 |
| | $ | 1,184,663 |
| | $ | 2,921,579 |
| $ | 15,246,957 |
| | $ | 2,617,266 |
| | $ | 3,700,226 |
| | $ | 2,915,906 |
| | $ | 6,013,559 |
|
| |
(1) | See notes 8, 9, 10, 11 and 1416 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for further discussion of these obligations. |
| |
(2) | Amounts include interest. |
Senior long-term debt and other debt, excluding net unamortized discount,premium, was $1.5$2.2 billion and $1.3 billion at December 31, 20122015 and $2.3 billion at December 31, 20112014, respectively..
On August 1, 2014, we entered into a credit agreement for a revolving credit facility, which provides $300 million of capacity for future acquisitions, investments, repurchases of our capital stock and for general corporate purposes. At our discretion, $200 million of the total capacity may be used for secured letters of credit. We may increase the capacity of the facility to $500 million subject to certain terms and conditions. This facility replaced our previous $300 million revolving credit facility and expires in August 2019. As of December 31, 20122015 and 2011,2014, there were no amountsborrowings outstanding under our $150 million revolving credit facility.
Alterra and Markel Bermuda were party to a secured credit facility (the senior credit facility), which expired on December 15, 2015. At December 31, 2015, $10.6 million of letters of credit were issued and outstanding under the senior credit facility. The last outstanding letter of credit under the senior credit facility expired on January 31, 2016. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, we had no borrowings outstanding under the senior credit facility.
We were in compliance with all covenants contained in our revolving and senior credit facilityfacilities at December 31, 2012.2015. To the extent that we are not in compliance with our covenants, our access to the revolving credit facility could be restricted. While we believe this to be unlikely, the inability to access the revolving credit facility could adversely affect our liquidity. See note 911 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our revolving credit facility.
Reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses represent future contractual obligations associated with property and casualty insurance and reinsurance contracts issued to our policyholders.policyholders or other insurance companies. Information presented in the table of contractual cash payment obligations is an estimate of our future payment of claims as of December 31, 20122015. Payment patterns for losses and loss adjustment expenses were generally based upon paid development factors over the past 10 years for each of our insurance subsidiaries.historical claims patterns. Each claim is settled individually based upon its merits and certain claims may take years to settle, especially if legal action is involved. The actual cash payments for settled claims will vary, possibly significantly, from the estimates shown in the preceding table. The unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses in the table above are our gross estimates of known liabilities as of December 31, 2015. The expected payments by period are the estimated payments at a future time, whereas the reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses included in the consolidated balance sheet include the unamortized portion of the fair value adjustment recorded at the Acquisition Date for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses assumed in the Alterra acquisition.
Reserves for life and annuity benefits represent future contractual obligations associated with reinsurance contracts issued to other insurance companies. Information presented in the table of contractual cash payment obligations is an estimate of our future payment of benefits as of December 31, 2015. The assumptions used in estimating the likely payments due by period are based on cedent experience, industry mortality tables, and our expense experience. Due to the inherent uncertainty in the process of estimating the timing of such payments, there is a risk that the amounts paid in any such period can be significantly different from the estimates shown in the preceding table. The life and annuity benefits in the above table are our gross estimates of known obligations as of December 31, 2015. These obligations are computed on a net present value basis in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015, whereas the expected payments by period in the table above are the estimated payments at a future time and do not reflect a discount of the amount payable.
In connection with the Markel CATCo transaction, we instituted performance incentive and retention arrangements for former CATCo employees, whom are now employed by Markel CATCo IM. Pursuant to these agreements, we committed to the payment of performance bonuses derived from the results of the business through 2018 and retention bonuses that will be paid annually over the three year period following the acquisition. The total amount of these payments is currently estimated to be $100 million, all of which will be recognized in the consolidated financial statements as post-acquisition compensation expense over the performance period and as services are provided.
At December 31, 20122015, we had unrecognized tax benefits of $18.9$15.3 million related to uncertain tax positions. Due to the high degree of uncertainty regarding the timing of potential future cash flows associated with our unrecognized tax benefits, we are unable to make a reasonably reliable estimate of the amount and period in which any liabilities might be paid. See note 78 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our expectations regarding changes in unrecognized tax benefits during 20132016.
At December 31, 20122015, we had $1.9$4.0 billion of invested assets or other assets held in trust or on deposit for the benefit of policyholders reinsurers or banks in the eventceding companies or to support underwriting activities. Additionally, we have pledged investments and cash and cash equivalents totaling $745.7 million at December 31, 2015 as security for letters of a defaultcredit that have been issued by various banks on our obligations.behalf. These invested assets and the related liabilities are included on our consolidated balance sheet. See note 2(h)3(h) of the notes to consolidated financial statements for further discussion of restrictions over our invested assets.
Our insurance operations require capital to support premium writings, and we remain committed to maintaining adequate capital and surplus at each of our insurance subsidiaries. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) developed a model law and risk-based capital formula designed to help regulators identify domestic property and casualty insurers that may be inadequately capitalized. Under the NAIC's requirements, a domestic insurer must maintain total capital and surplus above a calculated threshold or face varying levels of regulatory action. Capital adequacy of our foreign insurance subsidiaries is regulated by applicable laws of the United Kingdom, Bermuda and other jurisdictions. At December 31, 2012,2015, the capital and surplus of each of our domestic insurance subsidiaries was abovesignificantly exceeded the minimum regulatory thresholds.
Capital adequacyamount of our international insurance subsidiaries is regulated by the Financial Services Authority. At December 31, 2012, thestatutory capital and surplus of each of our international insurance subsidiaries was above the minimumnecessary to satisfy regulatory thresholds.
Upon closing of the Alterra transaction, which is expected to occur in the first half of 2013, each issued and outstanding share of Alterra common stock (other than shares as to which appraisal rights are exercised and restricted shares that do not vest in connection with the transaction) would be converted into the right to receive (1) 0.04315 shares of our common stock and (2) $10.00 in cash. The aggregate cash to be paid to Alterra shareholders would be approximately $1.0 billion. It is a condition of closing that Alterra have no less than $500 million in immediately available unrestricted funds. We anticipate using these funds, along with cash on hand at Markel Corporation, to make the payments to shareholders.requirements.
We have access to various capital sources, including dividends from certain of our insurance subsidiaries, holding company invested assets, undrawn capacity under our revolving credit facility and access to the debt and equity capital markets. We believe that we have sufficient liquidity to meet our capital needs.
Market Risk Disclosures
Market risk is the risk of economic losses due to adverse changes in the estimated fair value of a financial instrument as the result of changes in equity prices, interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices. Our consolidated balance sheets include assets and liabilities with estimated fair values that are subject to market risk. Historically, ourOur primary market risks have been equity price risk associated with investments in equity securities, interest rate risk associated with investments in fixed maturities and foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with our international operations. We have no materialVarious companies within our Markel Ventures operations are subject to commodity risk.
Creditprice risk; however, this risk is not material to the potential loss resulting from adverse changes in an issuer's ability to repay its debt obligations. General concern exists about the number of municipalities experiencing financial difficulties in light of the adverse economic conditions experienced over the past several years. We manage the exposure to credit risk in our municipal bond portfolio by investing in high quality securities and by diversifying our holdings, which are typically either general obligation or revenue bonds related to essential products and services.
We monitor our portfolio to ensure that credit risk does not exceed prudent levels. We have consistently invested in high credit quality, investment grade securities. Our fixed maturity portfolio has an average rating of "AA," with approximately 94% rated "A" or better by at least one nationally recognized rating organization. Our policy is to invest in investment grade securities and to minimize investments in fixed maturities that are unrated or rated below investment grade. At December 31, 2012, less than 1% of our fixed maturity portfolio was unrated or rated below investment grade. Our fixed maturity portfolio includes securities issued with financial guaranty insurance. We purchase fixed maturities based on our assessment of the credit quality of the underlying assets without regard to insurance.
Our fixed maturity portfolio includes securities issued by foreign governments. General concern exists about the financial difficulties facing certain European countries in light of the adverse economic conditions experienced over the past several years. We monitor developments in foreign countries, currencies and issuers that could pose risks to our fixed maturity portfolio, including ratings downgrades, political and financial changes and the widening of credit spreads. We believe that our fixed maturity portfolio is highly diversified and is comprised of high quality securities.
We obtain information from news services, rating agencies and various financial market participants to assess potential negative impacts on a country or company's financial risk profile. We analyze concentrations within our fixed maturity portfolio by country, currency and issuer, which allows us to assess our level of diversification with respect to these exposures, reduce troubled exposures should they occur and mitigate any future financial distress that these exposures could cause. The following tables present the estimated fair values of foreign exposures included in our fixed maturity portfolio.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2012 |
| (dollars in thousands) | Sovereign | | Non-Sovereign Financial Institutions | | Non-Sovereign Non-Financial Institutions | | Total |
| European exposures: | | | | | | | |
| Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain | $ | — |
| | $ | 36,233 |
| | $ | 2,641 |
| | $ | 38,874 |
|
| Eurozone (excluding Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain) | 146,173 |
| | 170,758 |
| | 102,952 |
| | 419,883 |
|
| Supranationals | — |
| | 113,025 |
| | — |
| | 113,025 |
|
| Other European exposures (excluding Eurozone) | 6,442 |
| | 19,803 |
| | 71,132 |
| | 97,377 |
|
| Total European exposures | 152,615 |
| | 339,819 |
| | 176,725 |
| | 669,159 |
|
| All other foreign (non-European) exposures | 403,993 |
| | 73,019 |
| | 54,420 |
| | 531,432 |
|
| Total foreign exposures | $ | 556,608 |
| | $ | 412,838 |
| | $ | 231,145 |
| | $ | 1,200,591 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2011 |
| (dollars in thousands) | Sovereign | | Non-Sovereign Financial Institutions | | Non-Sovereign Non-Financial Institutions | | Total |
| European exposures: | | | | | | | |
| Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain | $ | 13,763 |
| | $ | 37,645 |
| | $ | 2,502 |
| | $ | 53,910 |
|
| Eurozone (excluding Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain) | 153,487 |
| | 183,223 |
| | 136,710 |
| | 473,420 |
|
| Supranationals | — |
| | 136,777 |
| | — |
| | 136,777 |
|
| Other European exposures (excluding Eurozone) | 6,405 |
| | 41,532 |
| | 72,307 |
| | 120,244 |
|
| Total European exposures | 173,655 |
| | 399,177 |
| | 211,519 |
| | 784,351 |
|
| All other foreign (non-European) exposures | 443,159 |
| | 82,976 |
| | 80,812 |
| | 606,947 |
|
| Total foreign exposures | $ | 616,814 |
| | $ | 482,153 |
| | $ | 292,331 |
| | $ | 1,391,298 |
|
The estimated fair value of our investment portfolio at December 31, 20122015 was $9.3$18.2 billion,, 74% 78% of which was invested in fixed maturities, short-term investments, and cash and cash equivalents and 26%restricted cash and cash equivalents and 22% of which was invested in equity securities. At December 31, 20112014, the estimated fair value of our investment portfolio was $8.718.6 billion, 79%78% of which was invested in fixed maturities, short-term investments, cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents and 21%22% of which was invested in equity securities.
Our fixed maturities, equity securities and short-term investments are recorded at fair value, which is measured based upon quoted prices in active markets, if available. We determine fair value for these investments after considering various sources of information, including information provided by a third party pricing service. The pricing service provides prices for substantially all of our fixed maturities and equity securities. In determining fair value, we generally do not adjust the prices obtained from the pricing service. We obtain an understanding of the pricing service's valuation methodologies and related inputs, which include, but are not limited to, reported trades, benchmark yields, issuer spreads, bids, offers, duration, credit ratings, estimated cash flows and prepayment speeds. We validate prices provided by the pricing service by reviewing prices from other pricing sources and analyzing pricing data in certain instances.
Equity Price Risk
We invest a portion of shareholder funds in equity securities, which have historically produced higher long-term returns relative to fixed maturities. We seek to invest in profitable companies, with honest and talented management, that exhibit reinvestment opportunities and capital discipline, at reasonable prices. We intend to hold these investments over the long term and focus on long-term total investment return, understanding that the level of unrealized gains or losses on investments may vary from one period to the next. The changes in the estimated fair value of the equity portfolio are presented as a component of shareholders' equity in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of taxes. See note 2(a)3(a) of the notes to consolidated financial statements for disclosure of gross unrealized gains and losses by investment category.
At December 31, 20122015, our equity portfolio was concentrated in terms of the number of issuers and industries. Such concentrations can lead to higher levels of price volatility. At December 31, 20122015, our ten largest equity holdings represented $1.2$1.8 billion,, or 49%44%, of the equity portfolio. Investments in the property and casualty insurance industry represented $440.2$690.0 million,, or 18%17%, of our equity portfolio at December 31, 2012.2015. Our investments in the property and casualty insurance industry included a $280.2$414.1 million investment in the common stock of Berkshire Hathaway Inc., a company whose subsidiaries engage in a number of diverse business activities in addition to insurance. We have investment guidelines that set limits on the equity holdings of our insurance subsidiaries.
The following table summarizes our equity price risk and shows the effect of a hypothetical 35% increase or decrease in market prices as of December 31, 20122015 and 20112014. The selected hypothetical changes do not indicate what could be the potential best or worst case scenarios.
| | | (dollars in millions) | Estimated Fair Value | | Hypothetical Price Change | | Estimated Fair Value after Hypothetical Change in Prices | | Estimated Hypothetical Percentage Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity | Estimated Fair Value | | Hypothetical Price Change | | Estimated Fair Value after Hypothetical Change in Prices | | Estimated Hypothetical Percentage Increase (Decrease) in Shareholders' Equity |
| As of December 31, 2012 | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, 2015 | | | | | | |
| Equity securities | $ | 2,407 |
| | 35% increase | | $ | 3,249 |
| | 14.7 | % | $ | 4,074 |
| | 35% increase | | $ | 5,501 |
| | 12.1 | % |
| | | | 35% decrease | | 1,565 |
| | (14.7 | ) | | | 35% decrease | | 2,648 |
| | (12.1 | ) |
| As of December 31, 2011 | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, 2014 | | | | | | |
| Equity securities | $ | 1,874 |
| | 35% increase | | $ | 2,530 |
| | 13.0 | % | $ | 4,138 |
| | 35% increase | | $ | 5,586 |
| | 12.8 | % |
| | | | 35% decrease | | 1,218 |
| | (13.0 | ) | | | 35% decrease | | 2,689 |
| | (12.8 | ) |
Interest Rate Risk
Our fixed maturity investments and borrowings are subject to interest rate risk. Increases and decreases in interest rates typically result in decreases and increases, respectively, in the fair value of these financial instruments.
The majority of our investable assets come from premiums paid by policyholders. These funds are invested predominantly in high quality corporate, government and municipal bonds with relatively short durations. The fixed maturity portfolio, including short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents, has an average duration of 2.73.9 years and an average rating of "AA." See note 2(c)3(c) of the notes to consolidated financial statements for disclosure of contractual maturity dates of our fixed maturity portfolio. The changes in the estimated fair value of the fixed maturity portfolio are presented as a component of shareholders' equity in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of taxes.
We work to manage the impact of interest rate fluctuations on our fixed maturity portfolio. The effective duration of the fixed maturity portfolio is managed with consideration given to the estimated duration of our liabilities. We have investment guidelines that limit the maximum duration and maturity of the fixed maturity portfolio.
We use a commercially available model to estimate the effect of interest rate risk on the fair values of our fixed maturity portfolio and borrowings. The model estimates the impact of interest rate changes on a wide range of factors including duration, prepayment, put options and call options. Fair values are estimated based on the net present value of cash flows, using a representative set of possible future interest rate scenarios. The model requires that numerous assumptions be made about the future. To the extent that any of the assumptions are invalid, incorrect estimates could result. The usefulness of a single point-in-time model is limited, as it is unable to accurately incorporate the full complexity of market interactions.
The following table summarizes our interest rate risk and shows the effect of hypothetical changes in interest rates as of December 31, 20122015 and 20112014. The selected hypothetical changes do not indicate what could be the potential best or worst case scenarios.
| | | (dollars in millions) | Estimated Fair Value | | Hypothetical Change in Interest Rates (bp=basis points) | | Estimated Fair Value after Hypothetical Change in Interest Rates | | Hypothetical Percentage Increase (Decrease) in | Estimated Fair Value | | Hypothetical Change in Interest Rates (bp=basis points) | | Estimated Fair Value after Hypothetical Change in Interest Rates | | Hypothetical Percentage Increase (Decrease) in |
Fair Value of Fixed Maturities | | Shareholders' Equity | Fair Value of Fixed Maturities | | Shareholders' Equity |
| Fixed Maturity Investments | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, 2012 | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, 2015 | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturity investments (1) | $ | 6,926 |
| | 200 bp decrease | | $ | 7,326 |
| | 5.8 | % | | 7.2 | % | $ | 9,394 |
| | 200 bp decrease | | $ | 10,591 |
| | 12.7 | % | | 10.1 | % |
| | | | 100 bp decrease | | 7,123 |
| | 2.8 |
| | 3.5 |
| | | 100 bp decrease | | 9,977 |
| | 6.2 |
| | 4.9 |
|
| | | | 100 bp increase | | 6,721 |
| | (3.0 | ) | | (3.6 | ) | | | 100 bp increase | | 8,832 |
| | (6.0 | ) | | (4.8 | ) |
| | | | 200 bp increase | | 6,504 |
| | (6.1 | ) | | (7.5 | ) | | | 200 bp increase | | 8,296 |
| | (11.7 | ) | | (9.3 | ) |
| As of December 31, 2011 | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, 2014 | | | | | | | | |
Total fixed maturity investments (1) | $ | 6,854 |
| | 200 bp decrease | | $ | 7,370 |
| | 7.5 | % | | 10.4 | % | $ | 10,423 |
| | 200 bp decrease | | $ | 11,734 |
| | 12.6 | % | | 11.6 | % |
| | | | 100 bp decrease | | 7,114 |
| | 3.8 |
| | 5.3 |
| | | 100 bp decrease | | 11,057 |
| | 6.1 |
| | 5.6 |
|
| | | | 100 bp increase | | 6,581 |
| | (4.0 | ) | | (5.5 | ) | | | 100 bp increase | | 9,812 |
| | (5.9 | ) | | (5.4 | ) |
| | | | 200 bp increase | | 6,305 |
| | (8.0 | ) | | (11.0 | ) | | | 200 bp increase | | 9,222 |
| | (11.5 | ) | | (10.6 | ) |
Liabilities (2)(1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, 2012 | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, 2015 | | | | | | | | |
| Borrowings | $ | 1,688 |
| | 200 bp decrease | | $ | 1,916 |
| | | | | $ | 2,403 |
| | 200 bp decrease | | $ | 2,731 |
| | | | |
| | | | 100 bp decrease | | 1,796 |
| | | | | | | 100 bp decrease | | 2,557 |
| | | | |
| | | | 100 bp increase | | 1,591 |
| | | | | | | 100 bp increase | | 2,266 |
| | | | |
| | | | 200 bp increase | | 1,503 |
| | | | | | | 200 bp increase | | 2,143 |
| | | | |
| As of December 31, 2011 | | | | | | | | |
| As of December 31, 2014 | | | | | | | | |
| Borrowings | $ | 1,391 |
| | 200 bp decrease | | $ | 1,551 |
| | | | | $ | 2,493 |
| | 200 bp decrease | | $ | 2,878 |
| | | | |
| | | | 100 bp decrease | | 1,466 |
| | | | | | | 100 bp decrease | | 2,673 |
| | | | |
| | | | 100 bp increase | | 1,323 |
| | | | | | | 100 bp increase | | 2,333 |
| | | | |
| | | | 200 bp increase | | 1,262 |
| | | | | | | 200 bp increase | | 2,190 |
| | | | |
| |
(1) | Includes short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents. |
| |
(2)
| Changes in estimated fair value have no impact on shareholders' equity. |
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
We have foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with certain of our assets and liabilities. We manage this risk primarily by matching assets and liabilities in each foreign currency, other than non-monetary assets and liabilities, as closely as possible. Non-monetary assets primarily consist of goodwill and intangible assets. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the carrying value of goodwill and intangible assets denominated in a foreign currency, which is not matched or hedged, was $241.2 million and $262.9 million, respectively. The decrease is primarily due to the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the Canadian dollar and the United Kingdom Sterling during 2015.
To assist with the matching of assets and liabilities in foreign currencies, we periodically purchase foreign currency forward contracts and we purchase or sell foreign currencies in the open market. Our forward contracts are generally designated as specific hedges for financial reporting purposes. As such, realized and unrealized gains and losses on these hedges are recorded as currency translation adjustments and are part of other comprehensive income.income (loss). Our forward contracts generally have maturities of three months.
At December 31, 20122015 and 20112014, substantially all of our monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies were either matched or hedged.
At December 31, 2015 and 2014, approximately 87% and 86%, approximately 88%respectively, of our invested assets were denominated in United States Dollars. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, approximately 80% and 81%, respectively, of our reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and life and annuity benefits were denominated in United States Dollars. At those dates, the largest foreign currency exposure wasdenominated balances within both our invested assets and reserves for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and life and annuity benefits were the Euro and United Kingdom Sterling. If Sterling
Credit Risk
Credit risk is the potential loss resulting from adverse changes in an issuer's ability to repay its debt obligations. We monitor our investment portfolio to ensure that credit risk does not exceed prudent levels. We have consistently invested in high credit quality, investment grade securities. Our fixed maturity portfolio has an average rating of "AA," with approximately 97% rated "A" or better by at least one nationally recognized rating organization. Our policy is to invest in investment grade securities and to minimize investments in fixed maturities that are unrated or rated below investment grade. At December 31, 2015, less than 1% of our fixed maturity portfolio was unrated or rated below investment grade. Our fixed maturity portfolio includes securities issued with financial guaranty insurance. We purchase fixed maturities based on our assessment of the credit quality of the underlying assets without regard to insurance.
Our fixed maturity portfolio includes securities issued by foreign governments and liabilities had been mismatched by 10%non-sovereign foreign institutions. General concern exists about the financial difficulties facing certain foreign countries in light of the adverse economic conditions experienced over the past several years. We monitor developments in foreign countries, currencies and issuers that could pose risks to our fixed maturity portfolio, including ratings downgrades, political and financial changes and the United States Dollar/United Kingdom Sterling exchange rate increasedwidening of credit spreads. We believe that our fixed maturity portfolio is highly diversified and is comprised of high quality securities.
We obtain information from news services, rating agencies and various financial market participants to assess potential negative impacts on a country or company's financial risk profile. We analyze concentrations within our fixed maturity portfolio by 25%, shareholders' equity at December 31, 2012country, currency and 2011 would have changedissuer, which allows us to assess our level of diversification with respect to these exposures, reduce troubled exposures should they occur and mitigate any future financial distress that these exposures could cause. The following tables present the estimated fair values of foreign exposures included in our fixed maturity portfolio.
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2015 |
| (dollars in thousands) | Sovereign | | Non-Sovereign Financial Institutions | | Non-Sovereign Non-Financial Institutions | | Total |
| European exposures: | | | | | | | |
| Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain | $ | — |
| | $ | 5,291 |
| | $ | 2,161 |
| | $ | 7,452 |
|
| Eurozone (excluding Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain) | 803,560 |
| | 205,233 |
| | 94,387 |
| | 1,103,180 |
|
| Supranationals | — |
| | 208,660 |
| | — |
| | 208,660 |
|
| Other | 120,072 |
| | 139,882 |
| | 90,517 |
| | 350,471 |
|
| Total European exposures | 923,632 |
| | 559,066 |
| | 187,065 |
| | 1,669,763 |
|
| Brazil | 22,298 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 22,298 |
|
| All other foreign exposures | 470,527 |
| | 98,191 |
| | 91,407 |
| | 660,125 |
|
| Total foreign exposures | $ | 1,416,457 |
| | $ | 657,257 |
| | $ | 278,472 |
| | $ | 2,352,186 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2014 |
| (dollars in thousands) | Sovereign | | Non-Sovereign Financial Institutions | | Non-Sovereign Non-Financial Institutions | | Total |
| European exposures: | | | | | | | |
| Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain | $ | — |
| | $ | 5,471 |
| | $ | 2,210 |
| | $ | 7,681 |
|
| Eurozone (excluding Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain) | 928,730 |
| | 265,591 |
| | 131,873 |
| | 1,326,194 |
|
| Supranationals | — |
| | 217,953 |
| | — |
| | 217,953 |
|
| Other | 129,201 |
| | 128,111 |
| | 148,201 |
| | 405,513 |
|
| Total European exposures | 1,057,931 |
| | 617,126 |
| | 282,284 |
| | 1,957,341 |
|
| Brazil | 33,667 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 33,667 |
|
| All other foreign exposures | 520,323 |
| | 148,187 |
| | 128,639 |
| | 797,149 |
|
| Total foreign exposures | $ | 1,611,921 |
| | $ | 765,313 |
| | $ | 410,923 |
| | $ | 2,788,157 |
|
General concern also exists about municipalities that experience financial difficulties during periods of adverse economic conditions. We manage the exposure to credit risk in our municipal bond portfolio by approximately $11.5 millioninvesting in high quality securities and $10.5 million, respectively. If Sterling assetsby diversifying our holdings, which are typically either general obligation or revenue bonds related to essential products and liabilities had been mismatched by 10% and the United States Dollar/United Kingdom Sterling exchange rate decreased by 25%, shareholders' equity at December 31, 2012 and 2011 would have changed by approximately $9.4 million and $8.6 million, respectively. The selected hypothetical changes do not indicate what could be the potential best or worst case scenarios.services.
Impact of Inflation
Property and casualty insurance premiums are established before the amount of losses and loss adjustment expenses, or the extent to which inflation may affect such expenses, is known. Consequently, in establishing premiums, we attempt to anticipate the potential impact of inflation. We also consider inflation in the determination and review of reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses and life and annuity benefits since portions of these reserves are expected to be paid over extended periods of time. The importanceThis is especially true for our long-tailed lines of continually reviewingbusiness. Although our life and annuity reinsurance business is in run-off, we must monitor the effects inflation and changing interest rates have on the related reserves. We regularly complete loss recognition testing to ensure that held reserves is even more pronouncedare sufficient to meet our future claim obligations in periods of extreme inflation.the current investment environment.
Controls and Procedures
As of December 31, 20122015, we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rule 13a-15 (Disclosure Controls). This evaluation was conducted under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the ChiefPrincipal Executive Officer (CEO)(PEO) and the ChiefPrincipal Financial Officer (CFO)(PFO).
Our management, including the CEOPEO and CFO,PFO, does not expect that our Disclosure Controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions.
Based upon our controls evaluation, the CEOPEO and CFOPFO concluded that effective Disclosure Controls were in place to ensure that the information required to be disclosed in reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms.
Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the CEOPEO and the CFO,PFO, of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 20122015. See Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting and our independent registered public accounting firm's attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of 20122015 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Safe Harbor and Cautionary Statement
This report contains statements concerning or incorporating our expectations, assumptions, plans, objectives, future financial or operating performance and other statements that are not historical facts. These statements are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements may use words such as "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "predict," "project" and similar expressions as they relate to us or our management.
There are risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from predicted results in forward-looking
statements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ are often presented with the forward-looking statements
themselves. Additional factors that could cause actual results to differ from those predicted are set forth under Risk Factors
"Risk Factors" or are included in the items listed below:
our anticipated premium volume is based on current knowledge and assumes no significant man-made or natural catastrophes, no significant changes in products or personnel and no adverse changes in market conditions;
the effect of cyclical trends, including demand and pricing in the insurance and reinsurance markets;
actions by competitors, including consolidation, and the effect of competition on market trends and pricing;
we offer insurance and reinsurance coverage against terrorist acts in connection with some of our programs, and in other instances we are legally required to offer terrorism insurance; in both circumstances, we actively manage our exposure, but if there is a covered terrorist attack, we could sustain material losses;
the impact of the events of September 11, 2001 will depend on the resolution of on-going insurance coverage litigation and arbitrations;
the frequency and severity of man-made and natural catastrophes (including earthquakes and weather-related catastrophes) may exceed expectations, isare unpredictable and, in the case of weather-related catastrophes, may be exacerbated if, as many forecast, conditions in the oceans and atmosphere result in increased hurricane, flood, drought or other adverse weather-related activity;
emerging claim and coverage issues, changing legal and social trends, and inherent uncertainties (including but not limited to those uncertainties associated with our asbestos and environmentalA&E reserves) in the loss estimation process can adversely impact the adequacy of our loss reserves and theour allowance for reinsurance recoverables;
reinsurance reserves are subject to greater uncertainty than insurance reserves, primarily because of reliance upon the original underwriting decisions made by ceding companies and the longer lapse of time from the occurrence of loss events to their reporting to the reinsurer for ultimate resolution;
changes in the assumptions and estimates used in establishing reserves for our life and annuity reinsurance book (which is in runoff), for example, changes in assumptions and estimates of mortality, longevity, morbidity and interest rates, could result in material increases in our estimated loss reserves for such business;
adverse developments in insurance coverage litigation or other legal or administrative proceedings could result in material increases in our estimates of loss reserves;
the failure or inadequacy of any loss limitation methods employed;we employ;
changes in the availability, costs and quality of reinsurance coverage, which may impact our ability to write or continue to write certain lines of business;
industry and economic conditions, deterioration in reinsurer credit quality and coverage disputes can affect the ability and/or willingness of reinsurers to pay balances due;
after the commutation of ceded reinsurance contracts, any subsequent adverse development in the re-assumed loss reserves will result in a charge to earnings;
regulatory actions can impede our ability to charge adequate rates and efficiently allocate capital;
general economic and market conditions and industry specific conditions, including extended economic recessions or expansions; prolonged periods of slow economic growth; inflation or deflation; fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, commodity and energy prices and interest rates; volatility in the credit and capital markets; and other factors;
economic conditions, actual or potential defaults in municipal bonds or sovereign debt obligations, volatility in interest and foreign currency exchange rates and changes in market value of concentrated investments can have a significant impact on the fair value of our fixed maturities and equity securities, as well as the carrying value of our other assets and liabilities, and this impact may be heightened by market volatility;
economic conditions, changes in government support for education, healthcare and infrastructure projects and foreign currency exchange rates, among other factors, may adversely affect the markets served by our non-insurance operations and negatively impact their revenues and profitability;132
economic conditions may adversely affect our access to capital and credit markets;
we have substantial investments in municipal bonds (approximately $2.8 billion at December 31, 2012) and, although no more than 10% of our municipal bond portfolio is tied to any one state, widespread defaults could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition;
we cannot predict the extent and duration of the current period of slow economic growth; the effects of government actionsintervention, including material changes in the monetary policies of central banks, to address the U.S. federal deficitfinancial downturns and debt ceiling issues; the continuing effects of government intervention into the markets to address the financial crisis of 2008 and 2009 (including, among other things, the effects of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and regulations adopted thereunder); the outcome of economic and currency concerns in concerns;
the Eurozone;impacts that political and their combined impactcivil unrest and regional conflicts may have on our industry,businesses and the markets they serve or that any disruptions in regional or worldwide economic conditions generally arising from these situations may have on our businesses, industries or investments;
the impacts that health epidemics and pandemics may have on our business operations and investment portfolio;claims activity;
we cannot predict the impact of the implementation of U.S. health care reform legislation and regulations under that legislation on our business;businesses;
our business iswe are dependent upon the successful functioning and security of our computer systems; if our information technology systems fail or suffer a security breach, our businessbusinesses or reputation could be adversely impacted;
we have recently completed a number of acquisitionsinsurance and may engage in additional acquisition activity in the future, whichnon-insurance businesses may increase our operational and control risks for a period of time;
the failure to complete the acquisition of Alterra Capital Holdings Limited announced on December 19, 2012;
the amount of the costs, fees, expenses and charges related to our acquisition of Alterra may exceed our expectations;
we may not realize the contemplated benefits, including cost savings and synergies, of our acquisitionacquisitions;
any determination requiring the write-off of Alterra;a significant portion of our goodwill and intangible assets;
we may have difficulties retaining all business previously written by Markel and Alterra following our acquisition of Alterra;
the loss of services of any executive officersofficer or other key personnel in conjunction with our acquisitioncould adversely impact one or more of Alterra or otherwise could impact our operations;
our expanding international operations expose us to increased investment, political and economic risks, including foreign currency exchange rate and credit risk;
our ability to raise third party capital for existing or new investment vehicles and risks related to our management of third party capital;
the effectiveness of our procedures for compliance with existing and ever increasing guidelines, policies and legal and regulatory standards, rules, laws and regulations;
the impact of economic and trade sanctions and embargo programs on our businesses, including instances in which the requirements and limitations applicable to the global operations of U.S. companies and their affiliates are more restrictive than those applicable to non-U.S. companies and their affiliates;
a number of additional factors may adversely affect our Markel Ventures operations, and the markets they serve, and negatively impact their revenues and profitability, including, among others: changes in government support for education, healthcare and infrastructure projects; changes in capital spending levels; changes in the housing market; and volatility in interest and foreign currency exchange rates; and
adverse changes in our assigned financial strength or debt ratings as a result of our acquisition of Alterra or otherwise could adversely impact our ability to attract and retain business or obtain capital.
Our premium volume, underwriting and investment results and results from our non-insurance operations have been
and will continue to be potentially materially affected by these factors. By making forward-looking statements, we do not
intend to become obligated to publicly update or revise any such statements whether as a result of new information, future
events or other changes. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which speak
only as at their dates.
OTHER INFORMATION
Performance Graph
The following graph compares the cumulative total return (based on share price) on our common stock with the cumulative total return of companies included in the S&P 500 Index and the Dow Jones Property & Casualty Insurance Companies Index. This information is not necessarily indicative of future results.
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| | 2007(1) | | 2008 | | 2009 | | 2010 | | 2011 | | 2012 | 2010 (1) | | 2011 | | 2012 | | 2013 | | 2014 | | 2015 |
| Markel Corporation | 100 |
| | 61 |
| | 69 |
| | 77 |
| | 84 |
| | 88 |
| $ | 100 |
| | $ | 110 |
| | $ | 115 |
| | $ | 153 |
| | $ | 181 |
| | $ | 234 |
|
| S&P 500 | 100 |
| | 63 |
| | 80 |
| | 92 |
| | 94 |
| | 109 |
| 100 |
| | 102 |
| | 118 |
| | 157 |
| | 178 |
| | 181 |
|
| Dow Jones Property & Casualty Insurance | 100 |
| | 76 |
| | 82 |
| | 98 |
| | 103 |
| | 123 |
| 100 |
| | 105 |
| | 125 |
| | 166 |
| | 186 |
| | 203 |
|
| |
(1) | $100 invested on December 31, 20072010 in our common stock or the listed index. Includes reinvestment of dividends. |
Market and Dividend Information
Our common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol MKL. The number of shareholders of record as of February 11, 20138, 2016 was approximately 400. The total number of shareholders, including those holding shares in street name or in brokerage accounts, is estimated to be in excess of 50,000.100,000. Our current strategy is to retain earnings and, consequently, we have not paid and do not expect to pay a cash dividend on our common stock.
High and low common stock prices as reported on the New York Stock Exchange composite tape for 20122015 were $502.20$937.91 and $398.65,$660.05, respectively. See note 2223 of the notes to consolidated financial statements for additional common stock price information.
Available Information and Shareholder Relations
This document represents Markel Corporation's Annual Report and Form 10-K, which is filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Information about Markel Corporation, including exhibits filed as part of this Form 10-K, may be obtained by writing Mr. Bruce Kay, Investor Relations, at the address of the corporate offices listed below, or by calling (800) 446-6671.
We make available free of charge on or through our website our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Our website address is www.markelcorp.com.
Transfer Agent
American Stock Transfer & Trust Co., LLC, Operations Center, 6201 15th Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11219
(800) 937-5449 (718) 921-8124
Code of Conduct
We have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics (Code of Conduct) which is applicable to all directors and associates, including executive officers. We have posted the Code of Conduct on our website at www.markelcorp.com. We intend to satisfy applicable disclosure requirements regarding amendments to, or waivers from, provisions of our Code of Conduct by posting such information on our website. Shareholders may obtain printed copies of the Code of Conduct by writing Mr. Bruce Kay, Investor Relations, at the address of the corporate offices listed below, or by calling (800) 446-6671.
Annual Shareholders' Meeting
Shareholders of Markel Corporation are invited to attend the Annual Meeting to be held at Richmond CenterStage, 600 East GraceAltria Theater, 6 North Laurel Street, Richmond, Virginia at 4:30 p.m., May 13, 2013.16, 2016.
Corporate Offices
Markel Corporation, 4521 Highwoods Parkway, Glen Allen, Virginia 23060-6148
(804) 747-0136 (800) 446-6671
Executive Officers
Alan I. Kirshner
Executive Chairman since January 2016. Chairman of the Board andsince 1986. Chief Executive Officer since 1986.from 1986 to December 2015. Director since 1978. Age 77.80.
Anthony F. Markel
Vice Chairman since May 2008. President and Chief Operating Officer from March 1992 to May 2008. Director since 1978. Age 71.74.
Steven A. Markel
Vice Chairman since March 1992. Director since 1978. Age 64.67.
Thomas S. Gayner
Co-Chief Executive Officer since January 2016. President and Chief Investment Officer from May 2010 to December 2015. Chief Investment Officer from January 2001 to December 2015. President, Markel-Gayner Asset Management Corporation, a subsidiary, since December 1990. Director from 1998 to 2004. Age 54.
Richard R. Whitt, III
Co-Chief Executive Officer since January 2016. President and Co-Chief Operating Officer from May 2010 to December 2015. Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from May 2005 to May 2010. Age 52.
F. Michael Crowley
President since January 2016. President and Co-Chief Operating Officer sincefrom May 2010.2010 to December 2015. President, Markel Specialty from February 2009 to May 2010. President of Willis HRH North America from October 2008 to January 2009. President of Hilb Rogal & Hobbs Company from September 2005 to October 2008. Age 61.64.
Thomas S. Gayner
President and Chief Investment Officer since May 2010. Chief Investment Officer since January 2001. President, Markel-Gayner Asset Management Corporation, a subsidiary, since December 1990. Director from 1998 to 2004. Age 51.
Richard R. Whitt, III
President and Co-Chief Operating Officer since May 2010. Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer from May 2005 to May 2010. Age 49.
Gerard Albanese, Jr.
Executive Vice President and Chief Underwriting Officer since May 2010. Chief Underwriting Officer since January 2009. President and Chief Operating Officer, Markel International Limited, a subsidiary, from September 2003 to August 2008. Age 60.63.
Britton L. Glisson
President, Global Insurance since November 2014 and Chief Administrative Officer since February 2009. President, Markel Insurance Company, a subsidiary, from October 1996 to March 2009. Age 56.59.
Bradley J. Kiscaden
Executive Vice President and Chief Actuarial Officer since July 2012. Chief Actuarial Officer since March 1999. Age 50.53.
Anne G. Waleski
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since May 2014. Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since May 2010. Treasurer from August 2003 to November 2011. Age 46.49.
EXHIBIT INDEX
|
| | |
| Exhibit No. | | Document Description |
| | | |
| 2.1 | | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of December 18, 2012, by and among Alterra Capital Holdings Limited, Markel Corporation and Commonwealth Merger Subsidiary Limited (2.1)a |
| | | |
| 3(i) | | Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation (3.1)b |
| | | |
| 3(ii) | | Bylaws, as amended (3.1)c |
| | | |
| 4.1 | | Form of Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of September 23, 2011 among Markel Corporation, the lenders party thereto and SunTrust Bank, as Administrative Agent (4.1)d
|
| | |
4.2 | | Form of Consent dated as of June 25, 2012 regarding Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of September 23, 2011 among Markel Corporation, the lenders party thereto and SunTrust Bank, as Administrative Agent (4.2)e
|
| | |
4.3 | | Indenture dated as of June 5, 2001 between Markel Corporation and The Chase Manhattan Bank, as Trustee (4.1)fd |
| | | |
4.4 | | Form of Second Supplemental Indenture dated as of February 25, 2003 between Markel Corporation and JPMorgan Chase Bank (formerly known as The Chase Manhattan Bank), as Trustee, including form of the securities as Exhibit A (4.1)g
|
| | |
4.54.2 | | Form of Third Supplemental Indenture dated as of August 13, 2004 between Markel Corporation and JPMorgan Chase Bank (formerly known as The Chase Manhattan Bank), as Trustee, including form of the securities as Exhibit A (4.2)e |
| | |
| 4.3 | | Form of Fifth Supplemental Indenture dated as of September 22, 2009 between Markel Corporation and The Bank of New York Mellon (as successor to The Chase Manhattan Bank), as Trustee, including form of the securities as Exhibit A (4.2)f |
| | |
| 4.4 | | Form of Sixth Supplemental Indenture dated as of June 1, 2011 between Markel Corporation and The Bank of New York Mellon (as successor to The Chase Manhattan Bank), as Trustee, including form of the securities as Exhibit A (4.2)g |
| | |
| 4.5 | | Form of Seventh Supplemental Indenture dated as of July 2, 2012 between Markel Corporation and The Bank of New York Mellon (as successor to The Chase Manhattan Bank), as Trustee, including form of the securities as Exhibit A (4.2)h |
| | | |
| 4.6 | | Form of FifthEighth Supplemental Indenture dated as of September 22, 2009March 8, 2013 between Markel Corporation and The Bank of New York Mellon (as successor to The Chase Manhattan Bank), as Trustee, including form of the securities as Exhibit A (4.2)i |
| | | |
| 4.7 | | Form of SixthNinth Supplemental Indenture dated as of June 1, 2011March 8, 2013 between Markel Corporation and The Bank of New York Mellon (as successor to The Chase Manhattan Bank), as Trustee, including form of the securities as Exhibit A (4.2)(4.3)ji |
| | | |
| 4.8 | | Form of Seventh Supplemental Indenture dated as of July 2, 2012 between Markel CorporationSeptember 1, 2010, among Alterra Finance LLC, Alterra Capital Holdings Limited and The Bank of New York Mellon, (as successor toas Trustee (4.14)j
|
| | |
| 4.9 | | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of September 27, 2010 between Alterra Finance LLC, Alterra Capital Holdings Limited and The Chase Manhattan Bank),Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, including the form of the securities as Exhibit A (4.2)(4.15)j |
| | |
| 4.10 | | Form of Second Supplemental Indenture dated as of June 30, 2014 among Alterra Finance LLC, Alterra Capital Holdings Limited and the Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee (4.16)k |
| | |
| 4.11 | | Form of Guaranty Agreement by Markel Corporation dated as of June 30, 2014 in connection with the Alterra Finance LLC 6.25% Senior Notes due 2020 (4.17)k |
The registrant hereby agrees to furnish to the Securities and Exchange Commission, upon request, a copy of all other instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt of the registrant's subsidiaries shown on the Consolidated Balance Sheet of the registrant at December 31, 2012, and the respective Notes thereto, included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.its subsidiaries.
|
| | |
| Exhibit No. | | Document Description |
| | | |
| 10.1 | | Form of Parent Shareholder Voting Agreements,Credit Agreement dated as of December 18, 2012, by andAugust 1, 2014 among Markel Corporation, Markel Bermuda Limited, Alterra CapitalReinsurance USA Inc., Alterra Finance LLC, Alterra USA Holdings Limited, the lenders party from time to time thereto, and each of the shareholders of Markel Corporation listed on Schedule A thereto (10.2)Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, Administrative Agent, a Fronting Bank and Swingline Lender ("Wells Fargo Credit Agreement") (4.1)ak |
| | | |
| 10.2 | | First Amendment to Credit Agreement dated as of November 13, 2015, to the Wells Fargo Credit Agreement** |
| | |
| 10.3 | | Credit Agreement, dated as of December 16, 2011, among Alterra Capital Holdings Limited, Alterra Bermuda Limited (n/k/a Markel Bermuda Limited), the lenders parties thereto and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent ("Bank of America Credit Agreement") (4.5)j |
| | |
|
| | |
| 10.4 | | First Amendment and Consent dated as of February 7, 2013, to the Bank of America Credit Agreement (4.6)j |
| | |
| 10.5 | | Form of Second Amendment dated as of March 14, 2014, to the Bank of America Credit Agreement (4.7)l |
| | |
| 10.6 | | Form of Guaranty Agreement by Markel Corporation dated March 14, 2014 in connection with the Bank of America Credit Agreement (4.8)l |
| | |
| 10.7 | | Form of Third Amendment dated as of August 1, 2014, to the Bank of America Credit Agreement (4.6)k |
| | |
| 10.8 | | Markel Corporation 2012 Equity Incentive Compensation Plan (Appendix A)lm |
| | | |
10.310.9 | | Form of Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with Alan I. Kirshner (10.2)mn |
| | | |
10.410.10 | | Form of Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with Steven A. Markel (10.3)(10.1)maa
|
| | | |
10.510.11 | | Form of Amended and Restated Employment Agreement with Anthony F. Markel (10.4)mn |
| | | |
10.610.12 | | Form of Executive Employment Agreement with F. Michael Crowley, Thomas S. Gayner, Richard R. Whitt, III, Gerard Albanese, Jr., Britton L. Glisson, Anne G. Waleski and Bradley J. Kiscaden (10.5)m |
| | |
10.7 | | Schedule of Base Annual Salaries for Executive Officers (10.1)n
|
| | | |
10.810.13 | | Markel Corporation Executive Bonus Plan (10.3)(10.1)o |
| | | |
10.910.14 | | Description of Awards Under Executive Bonus Plan (10.1)p
Markel Corporation Voluntary Deferred Compensation Plan** |
| | | |
10.1010.15 | | Employee Stock Purchase and Bonus Plan (10.9)mn |
| | | |
10.1110.16 | | Markel Corporation Omnibus Incentive Plan (Appendix B)qp |
| | | |
10.1210.17 | | Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement for Outside Directors (10.2)q |
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| 10.18 | | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Executive Officers under the Markel Corporation Omnibus Incentive Plan (10.1)r |
| | | |
10.1310.19 | | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Executive Officers under the Markel Corporation 2012 Equity Incentive Compensation Plan (10.1)s |
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10.1410.20 | | Form of 2009 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Executive Officers (10.2)t |
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10.1510.21 | | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Executive Officers (revised 2010) (10.2)u |
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10.1610.22 | | Form of Amended and Restated May 2010 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Executive Officers (10.1)v |
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10.1710.23 | | May 2010 Restricted Stock Units Deferral Election Form (10.2)v |
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10.1810.24 | | Description of Permitted Acceleration of Vesting Date of Restricted Stock Units by Up to Thirty Days (10.2)w |
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10.1910.25 | | Form of May 2011 Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Anne Waleski (10.1)b |
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10.20 | | Description of Non-Employee Director Compensation (10.1)d
|
| | |
10.2110.26 | | Aspen Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated 2008 Stock Option Plan (99.1)x |
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10.2210.27 | | Form of Time Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Executive Officers for the 2012 Equity Plan**Incentive Compensation Plan (10.22)y |
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10.2310.28 | | Form of Performance Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Executive Officers for the 2012 Equity Plan**Incentive Compensation Plan (10.23)y |
| | | |
10.2410.29 | | Restricted Stock Units Deferral Election Form for the 2012 Equity Plan**Incentive Compensation Plan (10.24)y |
| | |
| 10.30 | | Alterra Capital Holdings Limited 2008 Stock Incentive Plan (99.1)z |
| | |
| 10.31 | | Alterra Capital Holdings Limited 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (99.2)z |
| | |
| 10.32 | | Alterra Capital Holdings Limited 2000 Stock Incentive Plan (99.3)z |
| | | |
| 21 | | Certain Subsidiaries of Markel Corporation** |
| | | |
| 23 | | Consent of KPMG LLP** |
| | | |
| 31.1 | | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a)** |
| | | |
| 31.2 | | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/ 15d-14(a)** |
| | | |
|
| | |
| 32.1 | | Certification of Principal Executive Officer furnished Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350** |
| | | |
| 32.2 | | Certification of Principal Financial Officer furnished Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350** |
| | | |
| 101 | | The following consolidated financial statements from Markel Corporation's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012,2015, filed on February 28, 2013,26, 2016, formatted in XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.** |
# Markel agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted exhibits or schedules to the SEC upon request.
** Filed with this report
| |
| a. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed on December 19, 2012. |
| |
| b. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed on May 13, 2011. |
| |
| c. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed on November 18, 2011.20, 2015. |
| |
| d. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 10-Q for8-K filed on June 5, 2001. |
| |
| e. | Incorporated by reference from the quarter endedExhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed on August 11, 2004. |
| |
| f. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed on September 30,21, 2009. |
| |
| g. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2011. |
| |
e.h. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed on June 29, 2012. |
| |
| i. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed on March 7, 2013. |
| |
| j. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013. |
| |
| k. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2014. |
| |
| l. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2014. |
| |
| m. | Incorporated by reference from the Appendix shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's Proxy Statement and Definitive 14A filed March 16, 2012. |
| |
| n. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008. |
| |
| o. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed on May 14, 2015. |
| |
| p. | Incorporated by reference from the Appendix shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's Proxy Statement and Definitive 14A filed April 2, 2003. |
| |
| q. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2012. |
| |
f.r. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed on June 5, 2001. |
| |
g. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed on February 25, 2003. |
| |
h. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed on August 11, 2004. |
| |
i. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed on September 21, 2009. |
| |
j. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2011. |
| |
k. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed on June 29, 2012. |
| |
l. | Incorporated by reference from the Appendix shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's Proxy Statement and Definitive 14A filed March 16, 2012. |
| |
m. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31,3, 2008. |
| |
n. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2012. |
| |
o. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed on May 27, 2005. |
| |
p. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2012. |
| |
q. | Incorporated by reference from the Appendix shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's Proxy Statement and Definitive 14A filed April 2, 2003. |
| |
r. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2012. |
| |
| s. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 8-K filed on March 3, 2008.May 17, 2013. |
| |
| t. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2009. |
| |
| u. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2010. |
| |
| v. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2010. |
| |
| w. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2008. |
| |
| x. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Reg. No. 333-170047). |
| |
| y. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011.2012. |
| |
| z. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Reg. No. 333-188294). |
| |
| aa. | Incorporated by reference from the Exhibit shown in parentheses filed with the Commission in the Registrant's report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2015. |
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
|
| | | |
| | MARKEL CORPORATION |
| | | |
| | By: | | /s/ Steven A. Markel |
| | | | Steven A. Markel |
| | | | Vice Chairman |
| | | | February 28, 201326, 2016 |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
|
| | | |
| Signatures | | Title | Date |
| | | |
| /s/ Alan I. Kirshner | | Executive Chairman of the Board of Directors and | February 28, 201326, 2016 |
| Alan I. Kirshner | | Chief(Principal Executive OfficerOfficer) | |
| | | |
| /s/ Anthony F. Markel | | Director | February 28, 201326, 2016 |
| Anthony F. Markel | | | |
| | | |
| /s/ Steven A. Markel | | Director | February 28, 201326, 2016 |
| Steven A. Markel | | | |
| | | |
| /s/ Anne G. Waleski | | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer | February 28, 201326, 2016 |
| Anne G. Waleski | | (Principal Financial Officer) | |
| | | |
| /s/ Nora N. Crouch | | Controller and Chief Accounting Officer | February 28, 201326, 2016 |
| Nora N. Crouch | | (Principal Accounting Officer) | |
| | | |
| /s/ J. Alfred Broaddus, Jr. | | Director | February 28, 201326, 2016 |
| J. Alfred Broaddus, Jr. | | | |
| | | |
| /s/ K. Bruce Connell | | Director | February 26, 2016 |
| K. Bruce Connell | | | |
| | | |
| /s/ Douglas C. Eby | | Director | February 28, 201326, 2016 |
| Douglas C. Eby | | | |
| | | |
| /s/ Stewart M. Kasen | | Director | February 28, 201326, 2016 |
| Stewart M. Kasen | | | |
| | | |
| /s/ Lemuel E. Lewis | | Director | February 28, 201326, 2016 |
| Lemuel E. Lewis | | | |
| | | |
| /s/ Darrell D. Martin | | Director | February 28, 201326, 2016 |
| Darrell D. Martin | | | |
| | | |
| /s/ Michael O'Reilly | | Director | February 26, 2016 |
| Michael O'Reilly | | | |
| | |
| /s/ Michael J. Schewel | | Director | February 26, 2016 |
| Michael J. Schewel | | | |
| | | |
| /s/ Jay M. Weinberg | | Director | February 28, 201326, 2016 |
| Jay M. Weinberg | | | |
| | | |
| /s/ Debora J. Wilson | | Director | February 28, 201326, 2016 |
| Debora J. Wilson | | | |
