UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
(Mark One)☒
xANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACTOF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20142017
or
o☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission file number 1-13397
INGREDION INCORPORATED
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
| ||
Delaware | 22-3514823 | |
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) |
| (I.R.S. Employer |
|
| Identification No.) |
5 Westbrook Corporate Center, Westchester, Illinois | 60154 | |
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |
| (Zip Code) |
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (708) 551-2600
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered | |
Common Stock, $.01 par value per share |
| New York Stock Exchange |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:NONE
Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x☒ No o☐
Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o☐ No x☒
Note —– Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act from their obligations under those Sections.
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x☒ No o☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files).Yes x☒ No o☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer [X] | Accelerated filer ☐ | |
Non-accelerated filer ☐ | Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐ |
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. o☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a small reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “small reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one)
|
| |
|
| |
|
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o☐ No x☒
The aggregate market value of the Registrant’sRegistrant's voting stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant (based upon the per share closing price of $75.04$119.21 on June 30, 2014,2017, and, for the purpose of this calculation only, the assumption that all of the Registrant’sRegistrant's directors and executive officers are affiliates) was approximately $5,319,000,000.$8,486,000,000.
The number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’sRegistrant's Common Stock, par value $.01$0.01 per share, as of February 19, 2015,16, 2018, was 71,505,000.72,235,558.
Documents Incorporated by Reference:
Information required by Part III (Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14) of this document is incorporated by reference to certain portions of the Registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement (the “Proxy Statement”) to be distributed in connection with its 20152018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after December 31, 2014.2017.
INGREDION INCORPORATED
FORM 10-K
| |||
Page | |||
| |||
3 | |||
| |||
| |||
| |||
| |||
27 | |||
| |||
| |||
| |||
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |
| ||
| |||
| |||
Changes In and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure |
| ||
101 | |||
101 | |||
| |||
| |||
| |||
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters |
| ||
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence |
| ||
102 | |||
| |||
103 | |||
| |||
|
2
The Company
Ingredion Incorporated (“Ingredion”) is a leading global manufactureringredients solutions provider. We turn corn, tapioca, potatoes, grains, fruits, and supplier of starchvegetables into value-added ingredients and sweetener ingredients to a range of industries, including packagedbiomaterials for the food, beverage, paper and corrugating, brewing industrial, pharmaceutical and personal care customers.other industries. Ingredion was incorporated as a Delaware corporation in 1997 and its common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange.On October 1, 2010, we acquired National Starch, a global developer
We are principally engaged in the production and manufacturersale of specialtystarches and modified starchessweeteners for a cash purchase price of $1.369 billion. The acquisition provided Ingredion with a broader portfolio of products, enhanced geographic reach, and the ability to offer customers a broadwide range of value added ingredient solutions forindustries, and are managed geographically on a varietyregional basis. Our operations are classified into four reportable business segments: North America, South America, Asia Pacific and Europe, Middle East, and Africa (“EMEA”). Our North America segment includes businesses in the U.S., Mexico, and Canada. Our South America segment includes businesses in Brazil, the Southern Cone of their evolving needs. South America (which includes Argentina, Peru, Chile, and Uruguay), Colombia, and Ecuador. Our Asia Pacific segment includes businesses in South Korea, Thailand, China, Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Indonesia, Singapore, the Philippines, Malaysia, and India. Our EMEA segment includes businesses in Pakistan, Germany, the United Kingdom, South Africa, and Kenya.
On October 14, 2014,March 11, 2015, we entered into a definitive agreement to acquirecompleted our acquisition of Penford Corporation (“Penford”), a US-based leader inmanufacturer of specialty ingredients for food and non-food applications. The acquisition has been approved by the boards of directors of both companies and by the shareholders of Penford. It is subject to approval by regulators as well as to other customary closing conditions. The purchase price is approximately $340 million, including the assumption of debt. Penford,starches that was headquartered in Centennial, Colorado had net salesColorado. The acquisition of $444 millionPenford provides us with, among other things, an expanded specialty ingredient product portfolio consisting of potato starch-based offerings.
On August 3, 2015, we completed our acquisition of Kerr Concentrates, Inc. (“Kerr”), a privately-held producer of natural fruit and vegetable concentrates. Kerr serves major food and beverage companies, flavor houses, and ingredient producers from its manufacturing locations in fiscal year 2014. Penford employs approximately 443 peopleOregon and operates six plantsCalifornia. The acquisition of Kerr provides us with the opportunity to expand our product portfolio.
On November 29, 2016, we completed our acquisition of Shandong Huanong Specialty Corn Development Co., Ltd. (“Shandong Huanong”) in China. The acquisition of Shandong Huanong, located in Shandong Province, adds a second manufacturing facility to our operations in China. It produces corn starch raw material for our plant in Shanghai, which makes value-added ingredients for the food industry. We expect this acquisition to enhance our capacity in the United States, allAsia Pacific segment with a vertically integrated manufacturing base for specialty ingredients.
On December 29, 2016, we completed our acquisition of which manufacture specialty starches. TheTIC Gums Incorporated (“TIC Gums”), a privately held, U.S.-based company that provided advanced texture systems to the food and beverage industry. Consistent with our strategy for new platform growth, this acquisition willenhances our texture capabilities and formulation expertise and provides additional opportunities for us to provide Ingredion with an enhanced portfoliosolutions for natural, organic, and clean-label demands of specialty and industrial products and further improve our ability to offer customers a broad range of value added ingredient solutions forcustomers. TIC Gums utilizes a variety of their evolving needs.agriculturally derived ingredients, such as acacia gum and guar gum, to form the foundation for innovative texture systems and allow for clean-label reformulation. TIC Gums operates two production facilities, one in Belcamp, Maryland, and one in Guangzhou, China. TIC Gums also maintains a research and development (“R&D”) lab within these two production facilities.
On March 9, 2017, we completed our acquisition of Sun Flour Industry Co., Ltd. (“Sun Flour”) in Thailand. The acquisition is expectedof Sun Flour adds a fourth manufacturing facility to closeour operations in Thailand. Sun Flour produces rice-based ingredients used primarily in the first quarter of 2015 pending regulatory approval.food industry. This transaction enhances our global supply chain and leverages other capital investments that we have made in Thailand to grow our specialty ingredients and service customers around the world.
For purposes of this report, unless the context otherwise requires, all references herein to the “Company,” “Ingredion,” “we,” “us,” and “our” shall mean Ingredion Incorporated and its subsidiaries.
Ingredion supplies
3
We supply a broad range of customers in many diverse industries around the world, including the food, beverage, brewing, pharmaceutical, paper and corrugated products,corrugating, brewing, pharmaceutical, textile, and personal care industries, as well as the global animal feed and corn oil markets.
Our product line includes starches and sweeteners, animal feed products and edible corn oil. Our starch-based products include both food-grade and industrial starches.starches, and biomaterials. Our sweetener products include glucose syrups, high maltose syrups, high fructose corn syrup, (“HFCS”), caramel color, dextrose, polyols, maltodextrins, and glucose and syrup solids.
Our products are derived primarily from the processing of corn and other starch-based materials, such as tapioca, potato, and rice.
Our manufacturing process is based on a capital-intensive, two-step process that involves the wet millingwet-milling and processing of starch-based materials, primarily corn. During the front-end process, corn is steeped in a water-based solution and separated into starch and co-products such as animal feed and corn oil. The starch is then either dried for sale or further processed to make sweeteners, starches and other ingredients that serve the particular needs of various industries.
We believe our approach to production and service, which focuses on local management and production improvements of our worldwide operations, provides us with a unique understanding of the cultures and product requirements in each of the geographic markets in which we operate, bringing added value to our customers through innovative solutions. At the same time, we believe that our corporate functions allow us to identify synergies and maximize the benefits of our global presence.
Geographic Scope and Operations
Our consolidated net sales were $5.67$5.8 billion in 2014. Approximately 552017. In 2017, approximately 61 percent of our 2014 net sales were providedderived from ouroperations in North American operations. Our South American operations provided 21 percent ofAmerica, while net sales while ourfrom operations in South America represented 17 percent. Net sales from operations in Asia Pacific and EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa) operations contributedrepresented approximately 1412 percent and 10 percent, respectively.respectively, of our 2017 net sales. See Note 13 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements entitled “Segment Information” for additional financial information with respect to our reportable business segments.
3In general, demand for our products is balanced throughout the year. However, demand for sweeteners in South America is greater in the first and fourth quarters (its summer season) while demand for sweeteners in North America is greater in the second and third quarters. Due to the offsetting impact of these demand trends, we do not experience material seasonal fluctuations in our net sales on a consolidated basis.
Our North America segment consists of operations in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. The region’s facilities include 20 plants producing a wide range of sweeteners, starches and fruit and vegetable concentrates.
We are the largest manufacturer of corn-based starches and sweeteners in South America, with sales in Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador and the Southern Cone of South America. Our South America segment includes nine plants that produce regular, modified, waxy, and tapioca starches, high fructose and high maltose syrups and syrup solids, dextrins and maltodextrins, dextrose, specialty starches, caramel color, sorbitol, and vegetable adhesives.
Our Asia Pacific segment manufactures corn-based products in South Korea, Australia, and China. Also, we manufacture tapioca-based products in Thailand, from which we supply not only our Asia Pacific segment but the rest of our global network. The region’s facilities include ten plants that produce modified, specialty, regular, waxy, tapioca and rice starches, dextrins, glucose, high maltose syrup, dextrose, high fructose corn syrup, and caramel color.
Our EMEA segment includes five plants that produce modified and specialty starches, glucose and dextrose in Pakistan, Germany, and the United Kingdom.
Additionally, we utilize a network of tolling manufacturers in various regions in the production cycle of certain specialty starches. In general, these tolling manufacturers produce certain basic starches for us, and we in turn complete the manufacturing process of the specialty starches through our finishing channels.
4
We utilize our global network of manufacturing facilities to support key global product lines.
Products
Our portfolio of products is generally classified into three categories: Starch Products, Sweetener Products.Products, and Co-products and others. Within these categories, a portion of our products are considered Specialty Ingredients. We describe these three general product categories in more detail below, along with a broader discussion of specialty ingredients within the product portfolio.
Starch Products: Our sweetenerstarch products represented approximately 3944 percent, 4246 percent, and 44 percent of our net sales for 2014, 20132017, 2016, and 2012, respectively.
Glucose Syrups: Glucose syrups are fundamental ingredients widely used in food products, such as baked goods, snack foods, beverages, canned fruits, condiments, candy and other sweets, dairy products, ice cream, jams and jellies, prepared mixes and table syrups. Glucose syrups offer functionality in addition to sweetness to processed foods. They add body and viscosity; help control freezing points, crystallization and browning; add humectancy (ability to add moisture) and flavor; and act as binders.
High Maltose Syrup: This special type of glucose syrup is primarily used as a fermentable sugar in brewing beers. High maltose syrups are also used in the production of confections, canning and some other food processing applications. Our high maltose syrups speed the fermentation process, allowing brewers to increase capacity without adding capital.
High Fructose Corn Syrup: High fructose corn syrup is used in a variety of consumer products including soft drinks, fruit-flavored beverages, baked goods, dairy products, confections and other food and beverage products. In addition to sweetness and ease of use, high fructose corn syrup provides body; humectancy; and aids in browning, freezing point and crystallization control.
Dextrose: Dextrose has a wide range of applications in the food and confection industries, in solutions for intravenous and other pharmaceutical applications, and numerous industrial applications like wallboard, biodegradable surface agents and moisture control agents. Dextrose functionality in foods, beverages and confectionary includes sweetness control; body and viscosity; acting as a bulking, drying and anti-caking agent; serving as a carrier; providing freezing point and crystallization control; and aiding in fermentation. Dextrose is also a fermentation agent in the production of light beer. In pharmaceutical applications dextrose is used in IV solutions as well as an excipient suitable for direct compression in tableting.
Polyols: These products are sugar-free, reduced calorie sweeteners primarily derived from starch or sugar for the food, beverage, confectionery, industrial, personal and oral care, and nutritional supplement markets. In addition to sweetness, polyols inhibit crystallization; provide binding, humectancy and plasticity; add texture; extend shelf life; prevent moisture migration; and are an excipient suitable for tableting.
Maltodextrins and Glucose Syrup Solids: These products have a multitude of food applications, including formulations where liquid syrups cannot be used. Maltodextrins are resistant to browning, provide excellent solubility, have a low hydroscopicity (do not retain moisture), and are ideal for their carrier/bulking properties. Glucose syrup solids have a bland flavor, remain clear in solution, are easy to handle and provide bulking properties.
Starch Products. Our starch products represented approximately 43 percent, 41 percent and 37 percent of our net sales for 2014, 2013 and 2012,2015, respectively. Starches are an important component in a wide range of processed foods, where they are used for adhesion, clouding, dusting, expansion, fat replacement, freshness, gelling, glazing, mouth feel, stabilization, and texture. Cornstarch is sold to cornstarch packers for sale to consumers. Starches are also used in paper production to create a smooth surface for printed communications and to improve strength in recycled papers. Specialty starches are used for enhanced drainage, fiber retention, oil and grease resistance, improved printability, and biochemical oxygen demand control. In the corrugating industry, starches and specialty starches are used to produce high quality adhesives for the production of shipping containers, display board, and other corrugated applications. The textile industry uses starches and specialty starches for sizing (abrasion resistance) to provide size and finishes for manufactured products. Industrial starches are used in the production of construction materials, textiles, adhesives, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, as well as in mining, water filtration, and oil and gas drilling. Specialty starches are used for biomaterial applications including biodegradable plastics, fabric softeners and detergents, hair and skin care applications, dusting powders for surgical gloves, and in the production of glass fiber and insulation.
Specialty Ingredients. We consider certain of our starch andOur sweetener products to be specialty ingredients. Specialty ingredients comprisedrepresented approximately 2437 percent, 37 percent, and 40 percent of our net sales for 2014, up from 21 percent2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. Sweeteners include products such as glucose syrups, high maltose syrup, high fructose corn syrup, dextrose, polyols, maltrodextrine, glucose syrup solids, and non-GMO syrups. Our sweeteners are used in 2013.a wide variety of food and beverage products, such as baked goods, snack foods, canned fruits, condiments, candy and other sweets, dairy products, ice cream, jams and jellies, prepared mixes, table syrups, soft drinks, fruit-flavored drinks, beer, and many others. These sweetener products also offer functionality in addition to sweetness, such as texture, body and viscosity; help control freezing points, crystallization, and browning; add humectancy (ability to add moisture) and flavor; and act as binders. Our high maltose syrups speed the fermentation process, allowing brewers to increase capacity without adding capital. Dextrose has a wide range of applications in the food and confection industries, in solutions for intravenous (“IV”) and other pharmaceutical applications, and numerous industrial applications like wallboard, biodegradable surface agents, and moisture control agents. Our specialty ingredients are aligned with growing market and consumer trends such as health and wellness, clean-label, affordability, indulgence and sustainability. We plan to drive growth for our specialty ingredients portfolio by leveraging the following six platforms (or springboards): Wholesome, Texture, Nutrition, Sweetness, Delivery Systems and Green Solutions.
|
|
| ||
|
|
|
Wholesome: Specialty ingredients thatsweeteners provide clean-label solutions enabling front-of-pack claims for our customers. Products include Novation clean label functional starches, value added pulse-based ingredients and Gluten Free offerings. Texture: Specialty ingredients that provide food texture solutions for consumer acceptance and build back texture. Include starch systems that replace more expensive ingredients and are designed to optimize customer formulation costs, texturizers that create rich, creamy mouth feel, and products that enhance texture in healthier offerings. Nutrition: Specialty ingredients that provide nutritional carbohydrates with benefits of digestive health and energy management. Our fibers and complimentary nutritional ingredients address the leading health and wellness concerns of consumers, including digestive health, infant nutrition, weight and energy management, aging and immunity. Sweetness: Specialty ingredients that provide affordability,affordable, natural, reduced calorie and sugar-free sweetener solutions for our customers. We have a broad portfolio of nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners, including high potency sweeteners and our naturally based stevia sweetener. Delivery Systems: Functional ingredients that are designed to deliver superior emulsification and protection of flavors and other active ingredients. Products include starches to help emulsify or mix natural colors in beverages and specialty starches that encapsulate and protect flavors and vitamins in pharmaceuticals and spray-dried food ingredients. Green Solutions: Bio-based solutions that help manufacturers become more sustainable by replacing synthetic materials with nature-based ingredients in personal care, home care and other industrial segments.
Each springboard addresses multiple consumer trends. For instance, specialty texture solutions are leveraged to address consumer healthCo-products and wellness, affordability and indulgence demands while wholesome solutions can address clean-label, indulgence and health and wellness consumer demands. Specialty ingredients that provide nutrition solutions for health and wellness can also address food indulgence and convenience desires of consumers. Specialty ingredients that provide sweetness solutions for health and wellness demands can also deliver affordability and food indulgence solutions.
Co-Products and others. Co-products and others accounted for 18approximately 19 percent, 17 percent, and 1916 percent of our net sales for 2014, 20132017, 2016, and 2012,2015, respectively. Refined corn oil (from germ) is sold to packers of cooking oil and to producers of margarine, salad dressings, shortening, mayonnaise, and other foods. Corn gluten feed is sold as animal feed. Corn gluten meal is sold as high-protein feed for chickens, pet food, and aquaculture. Our other products include fruit and vegetable products, such as concentrates, purees, and essences, as well as pulse proteins and hydrocolloids systems and blends.
Geographic Scope and OperationsSpecialty Ingredients within the product portfolio
: We are principally engaged in the production and saleconsider certain of sweeteners and starches for a wide range of industries, and we manage our business on a geographic regional basis. Our operations are classified into four reportable business segments: North America, South America, Asia Pacific and EMEA. In 2014,products to be specialty ingredients. Specialty ingredients comprised approximately 5528 percent of our net sales were derivedfor 2017, up from operations in North America, while net sales from operations in South America represented 21 percent. Net sales from operations in Asia Pacific and EMEA represented approximately 1426 percent and 1025 percent respectively, ofin 2016 and 2015, respectively. These ingredients deliver more functionality than our 2014 net sales. See Note 12 ofother products and add additional customer value. Our specialty ingredients are aligned with growing market and consumer trends such as health and wellness, clean-label, affordability, indulgence, and sustainability. We plan to drive growth for our specialty ingredients portfolio by leveraging the notes to the consolidated financial statements entitled “Segment Information” for additional financial information with respect to our reportable business segments.following five growth platforms: Wholesome, Texture, Nutrition, Sweetness, and Beauty and Home.
In general, demandWholesome:Clean and simple specialty ingredients that consumers can identify and trust. Products include Novation clean label functional starches, value-added pulse-based ingredients, and gluten free offerings.
5
Texture:Specialty ingredients that provide precise food texture solutions designed to optimize the consumer experience and build back texture. Include starch systems that replace more expensive ingredients and are designed to optimize customer formulation costs, texturizers that are designed to create rich, creamy mouth feel, and products that enhance texture in healthier offerings.
Nutrition: Specialty ingredients that provide nutritional carbohydrates with benefits of digestive health and energy management. Our fibers and complementary nutritional ingredients address the leading health and wellness concerns of consumers, including digestive health, infant nutrition, weight control, and energy management.
Sweetness: Specialty ingredients that provide affordable, natural, reduced-calorie and sugar-free solutions for our customers. We have a broad portfolio of nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners, including high potency sweeteners and naturally based stevia sweeteners.
Beauty and Home: Nature-based materials that offer clean label ingredients for manufacturers to become more sustainable by replacing synthetic materials in personal care, home care and other industrial segments.
Each growth platform addresses multiple consumer trends. To demonstrate how we are positioned to address market trends and customer needs, we present our internal growth platforms externally as “Benefit Platforms.” Connecting our capabilities to key trends and customer challenges, these Benefit Platforms include products is balanced throughoutdesigned to provide:
Affordability: reduce formulating and production costs without compromising quality or consumer experience
Clean & Simple: replace undesirable ingredients and simplify ingredient labels to give consumers the year. However, demandclean, simple, and authentic products they want
Health & Nutrition: enhance nutrition benefits by fortifying or eliminating ingredients to address broad consumer health and wellness needs globally with specific solutions for sweeteners in South America is greaterall ages
Sensory Experience: deliver a fresh, distinctive, multi-sensory experience in the firstdimensions of texture, sweetness, and fourth quarters (its summer season) while demandtaste for sweeteners in North America is greater in the secondfood, beverage, and third quarters. Due to the offsetting impact of these demand trends, we do not experience material seasonal fluctuations in our net sales.personal care products
Our North America segment consists of operations inConvenience & Performance: help create products for today’s on-the-go lifestyles and that meet user expectations the US, Canadafirst time and Mexico. The region’s facilities include 13 plants producing a wide range of both sweeteners and starches.every time, from start to finish
We are the largest manufacturer of corn-based starches and sweeteners in South America, with sales in Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador and the Southern Cone of South America, which includes Argentina, Chile, Peru and Uruguay. Our South America segment includes 11 plants that produce regular, modified, waxy and tapioca starches, high fructose and high maltose syrups and syrup solids, dextrins and maltodextrins, dextrose, specialty starches, caramel color, sorbitol and vegetable adhesives.
Our Asia Pacific segment manufactures corn-based products in South Korea, Australia and China. Also, we manufacture tapioca-based products in Thailand, which supplies not only our Asia Pacific segment but the rest of our global network. The region’s facilities include 7 plants that produce modified, specialty, regular, waxy and tapioca starches, dextrins, glucose, high maltose syrup, dextrose, HFCS and caramel color.
Our EMEA segment includes 5 plants that produce modified and specialty starches, glucose and dextrose in England, Germany and Pakistan.
Additionally, we utilize a network of tolling manufacturers in various regions in the production cycle of certain specialty starches. In general, these tolling manufacturers produce certain basic starches for us, and we in turn complete the manufacturing process of the specialty starches through our finishing channels.
We utilize our global network of manufacturing facilities to support key global product lines.
Competition
The starch and sweetener industry is highly competitive. Many of our products are viewed as basic ingredients that compete with virtually identical products and derivatives manufactured by other companies in the industry. The USU.S. is a highly competitive market where there are other starch processors, several of which are divisions of larger enterprises. Some of these competitors, unlike us, have vertically integrated their starch processing and other operations. Competitors include ADM Corn Processing Division (“ADM”) (aADM,” a division of Archer-Daniels-Midland Company), Cargill, Inc. (“Cargill”), Tate & Lyle Ingredients Americas, Inc. (“Tate & Lyle”), and several others. Our operations in Mexico and Canada face competition from USU.S. imports and local producers including ALMEX, a Mexican joint venture between ADM and Tate &
Lyle Ingredients Americas, Inc. Lyle. In South America, Cargill has starch processing operations in Brazil and Argentina. We also face competition from Roquette Frères S.A. (“Roquette”) primarily in our North America region.
Many smaller local corn and tapioca refiners also operate in many of our markets. Competition within our markets is largely based on price, quality, and product availability.
Several of our products also compete with products made from raw materials other than corn. HFCSHigh fructose corn syrup and monohydrate dextrose compete principally with cane and beet sugar products. Co-products such as corn oil and gluten meal compete with products of the corn dry milling industry and with soybean oil, soybean meal, and other products. Fluctuations in prices of these competing products may affect prices of, and profits derived from, our products.
6
Customers
We supply a broad range of customers in over 60 industries worldwide. The following table provides the approximate percentage of total net sales by industry for each of our segments for 2014:2017:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||
|
| Total |
| North |
| South |
|
|
|
|
|
| Total |
| North |
| South |
|
|
|
|
|
Industries Served |
| Company |
| America |
| America |
| APAC |
| EMEA |
|
| Company |
| America |
| America |
| APAC |
| EMEA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Food |
| 51 | % | 48 | % | 43 | % | 65 | % | 63 | % |
| 53 | % | 51 | % | 47 | % | 64 | % | 66 | % |
Beverage |
| 13 | % | 17 | % | 10 | % | 7 | % | 1 | % |
| 12 |
| 15 |
| 9 |
| 6 |
| 1 |
|
Animal Nutrition |
| 13 | % | 14 | % | 17 | % | 6 | % | 9 | % |
| 10 |
| 10 |
| 14 |
| 5 |
| 8 |
|
Paper and Corrugating |
| 9 | % | 9 | % | 9 | % | 14 | % | 3 | % |
| 10 |
| 11 |
| 8 |
| 14 |
| 5 |
|
Brewing |
| 7 | % | 7 | % | 14 | % | 3 | % | 0 | % |
| 7 |
| 7 |
| 15 |
| 4 |
| — |
|
Other |
| 7 | % | 5 | % | 7 | % | 5 | % | 24 | % |
| 8 |
| 6 |
| 7 |
| 7 |
| 20 |
|
Total |
| 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % |
| 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % |
No customer accounted for 10 percent or more of our net sales in 2014, 20132017, 2016, or 2012.2015.
Raw Materials
Corn (primarily yellow dent) is the primary basic raw material we use to produce starches and sweeteners. The supply of corn in the United StatesU.S. has been, and is anticipated to continue to be, adequate for our domestic needs. The price of corn, which is determined by reference to prices on the Chicago Board of Trade, fluctuates as a result of various factors including: farmers’ planting decisions, climate, domestic and foreign government policies (including those related to the production of ethanol), livestock feeding, shortages or surpluses of world grain supplies, and domestic and foreign government policies and trade agreements. We use starch from potato processors as the primary raw material to manufacture ingredients derived from potato-based starches. We also use tapioca, potato,gum, rice, and sugar as raw material.materials.
Corn is also grown in other areas of the world, including Canada,China, Brazil, Europe, Argentina, Mexico, Europe, South Africa, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, ChinaCanada, Pakistan, and Pakistan.Australia. Our affiliates outside the United StatesU.S. utilize both local supplies of corn and corn imported from other geographic areas, including the United States.U.S. The supply of corn for these affiliates is also generally expected to be adequate for our needs. Corn prices for our non-USnon-U.S. affiliates generally fluctuate as a result of the same factors that affect USU.S. corn prices.
We also utilize specialty grains such as waxy and high amylose corn in our operations. In general, the planning cycle for our specialty grain sourcing begins three years in advance of the anticipated delivery of the specialty corn since the necessary seed must be grown in the season prior to grain contracting. In order to secure these specialty grains at the time of our anticipated needs, we contract with certain farmers to grow the specialty corn approximately two years in advance of delivery. These specialty grains arehave a higher cost due to their more limited supply and require longer planning cycles to mitigate the risk of supply shortages.
Due to the competitive nature of our industry and the availability of substitute products not produced from corn, such as sugar from cane or beets, end productend-product prices may not necessarily fluctuate in a manner that correlates to raw material costs of corn.
We follow a policy of hedging our exposure to commodity price fluctuations with commodities futures and options contracts primarily for certain of our North American corn purchases. We use derivative hedging contracts to protect the gross margin of our firm-priced business in North America. Other business may or may not be hedged at any given time based on management’s judgment as to the need to fix the costs of our raw materials to protect our profitability. Outside of North America, we generally enter into short-term commercial sales contracts and adjust our selling prices based upon the local raw material costs. See Item 7A,7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk, in the section entitled “Commodity Costs” for additional information.
7
Other raw materials used in our manufacturing processes include starch from potato processors as the primary raw material to manufacture ingredients derived from potato-based starches. In addition, we use tapioca, particularly in certain of our production processes in the Asia Pacific region. While the price of tapioca fluctuates from time-to-time as a result of growing conditions, the supply of tapioca has been, and is anticipated to continue to be, adequate for our production needs in the various markets in which we operate. In addition to corn, potato, and tapioca, we use pulses, gum, rice, and sugar as raw materials, among others.
Research and Development
We have a global research and development capabilities concentratednetwork of more than 350 scientists working in 27 Ingredion Idea Labs® innovation centers with headquarters in Bridgewater, New Jersey. Activities at Bridgewater include plant science and physical, chemical and biochemical modifications to food formulations, food sensory evaluation, as well asand development of non-food applications such as starch-based biopolymers. In 2013, we expanded our Bridgewater facility with the addition of a lab and sensory evaluation space dedicated to our sweeteners portfolio. In addition, we have product application technology centers that direct our product development teams worldwide to create product application solutions to better serve the ingredient needs of our customers. Product development activity is focused on developing product applications for identified customer and market needs. Through this approach, we have developed value-added products for use by customers in various industries. We usually collaborate with customers to develop the desired product application either in the customers’ facilities, our technical service laboratories, or on a contract basis. These efforts are supported by our marketing, product technology, and technology support staff. Research and developmentR&D expense for 2014 was approximately $37 million.$43 million in 2017, $41 million in 2016, and $43 million in 2015.
Sales and Distribution
Our salaried sales personnel, who are generally dedicated to customers in a geographic region, sell our products directly to manufacturers and distributors. In addition, we have a staff that providesprovide technical support to our sales personnel on an industry basis. We generally contract with trucking companies to deliver our bulk products to customer destinations. In North America, we generally use trucks to ship to nearby customers. For those customers located considerable distances from our plants, we use either rail or a combination of railcars and trucks to deliver our products. We generally lease railcars for terms of three to ten years.
Patents, Trademarks, and Technical License Agreements
We own approximately 900more than 850 patents and patents pending, which relate to a variety of products and processes, and a number of established trademarks under which we market our products. We also have the right to use other patents and trademarks pursuant to patent and trademark licenses. We do not believe that any individual patent or trademark is material to our business. There is no currently pending challenge to the use or registration of any of our significant patents or trademarks that would have a material adverse impact on us or our results of operations if decided against us.
Employees
As of December 31, 20142017, we had approximately 11,40011,000 employees, of which approximately 1,9002,600 were located in the United States.U.S. Approximately 3631 percent of USU.S. and 4837 percent of our non-USnon-U.S. employees are unionized. Of our total, we have approximately 1,100 temporary employees.
Government Regulation and Environmental Matters
As a manufacturer and marketer of food items and items for use in the pharmaceutical industry, our operations and the use of many of our products are subject to various federal, state, foreign and local statutes and regulations, including the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and the Occupational Safety and Health Act. We and many of our
products are also subject to regulation by various government agencies, including the United StatesU.S. Food and Drug Administration. Among other things, applicable regulations prescribe requirements and establish standards for product quality, purity, and labeling. Failure to comply with one or more regulatory requirements can result in a variety of sanctions, including monetary fines. No such fines of a material nature were imposed on us in 2014.2017. We may also be required to comply with federal, state, foreign, and local laws regulating food handling and storage. We believe these laws and regulations have not negatively affected our competitive position.
8
Our operations are also subject to various federal, state, foreign, and local laws and regulations with respect to environmental matters, including air and water quality and underground fuel storage tanks, and other regulations intended to protect public health and the environment. We operate industrial boilers that fire natural gas, coal, or biofuels to operate our manufacturing facilities and they are our primary source of greenhouse gas emissions. In Argentina, we are in discussions with local regulators associated with conducting studies of possible environmental remediation programs at our Chacabuco plant. We are unable to predict the outcome of these discussions; however, we do not believe that the ultimate cost of remediation will be material. Based on current laws and regulations and the enforcement and interpretations thereof, we do not expect that the costs of future environmental compliance will be a material expense, although there can be no assurance that we will remain in compliance or that the costs of remaining in compliance will not have a material adverse effect on our future financial condition and results of operations.
During 2014,2017, we spent approximately $9$16 million for environmental control and wastewater treatment equipment to be incorporated into existing facilities and in planned construction projects. We currently anticipate that we will spendinvest approximately $8$12 million and $9 million for environmental facilities and programs in both 20152018 and 2016.2019, respectively.
Other
Our Internet address is www.ingredion.com. We make available, free of charge through our Internet website, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These reports are made available as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Our corporate governance guidelines, board committee charters and code of ethics are posted on our website, the address of which is www.ingredion.com, and each is available in print to any shareholder upon request in writing to Ingredion Incorporated, 5 Westbrook Corporate Center, Westchester, Illinois 60154 Attention: Corporate Secretary. The contents of our website are not incorporated by reference into this report.
9
Executive Officers of the Registrant
Set forth below are the names and ages of all of our executive officers, indicating their positions and offices with the Company and other business experience. Our executive officers are elected annually by the Board to serve until the next annual election of officers and until their respective successors have been elected and have qualified, unless removed by the Board.
|
| |||
Name | Age | Positions, Offices and Business Experience | ||
|
|
|
|
|
Ilene S. Gordon |
|
|
| Executive Chairman of the Board since January 1, 2018. Prior to that, Ms. Gordon served as Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer |
|
|
|
|
|
10
James P. Zallie | 56 | President and Chief Executive Officer since January 1, 2018. Prior to that, Mr. Zallie served as Executive Vice President, Global Specialties and President, Americas from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2017. Mr. Zallie previously served as Executive Vice President, Global Specialties and President, North America and EMEA from January 6, 2014 to December 31, 2015; Executive Vice President, Global Specialties and President, EMEA and Asia-Pacific from February 1, 2012 to January 5, 2014; and Executive Vice President and President, Global Ingredient Solutions from October 1, 2010 to January 31, 2012. Mr. Zallie previously served as President and Chief Executive Officer of the National Starch business from January 2007 to September 30, 2010 when it was acquired by Ingredion. Mr. Zallie worked for National Starch for more than 27 years in various positions of increasing responsibility, first in technical, then marketing and then international business management positions. Mr. Zallie also serves as a director of Innophos Holdings, Inc., a leading international producer of performance-critical and nutritional specialty ingredients with applications in food, beverage, dietary supplements, pharmaceutical, oral care and industrial end markets. He is a director of Northwestern Medicine, North Region, a not-for-profit organization. Mr. Zallie holds Masters degrees in food science and business administration from Rutgers University and a Bachelor of Science degree in food science from Pennsylvania State University. | ||
11
Elizabeth Adefioye | 49 | Elected to serve as Senior Vice President Chief Human Resources Officer of Company effective March 1, 2018. Ms. Adefioye is presently serving as Vice President, Human Resources, North America and Global Specialties, a position she has held since September 12, 2016. Prior to that she served as Vice President Human Resources Americas of Janssen Pharmaceutical, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson, with responsibilities for the strategic talent agenda, employee engagement and organizational capabilities efforts with respect to more than 5,000 employees from June 2015 to September 2016. From February 2013 to June 2015 she served as Worldwide Vice President Human Resources, Cardiovascular and Specialty Solutions of Johnson & Johnson Medical Devices Sector. Prior thereto, Ms. Adefioye served as Vice President Human Resources Global Manufacturing and Supply of Novartis Consumer Health from February 2012 to January 2013. Prior to that she served as Vice President, Human Resources, North America of Novartis Consumer Health of Novartis Consumer Health from September 2008 to January 2012. Ms. Adefioye served as Region Head, Human Resources Emerging Markets of Novartis OTC, from January 2007 to September 2008. Previously she served as Regional Human Resources Director – Central and Eastern Europe, Greece & Israel of Medtronic plc. from February 2001 to December 2006. She served as Senior Human Resources Manager of Bristol-Myers Squibb UK from January 2000 to January 2001. Ms. Adefioye holds a Bachelor's degree in chemistry from Lagos State University in Lagos, Nigeria and a postgraduate diploma in human resources management from the University of Westminster in London, England, United Kingdom. She also received a diploma in building leadership capability from Glasgow Caledonian University in Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom. While in the United Kingdom, Ms. Adefioye served as a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Personnel Development and is a member of the Society for Human Resources Management. | ||
Valdirene Bastos-Licht | 50 | Elected to serve as Senior Vice President and President, Asia-Pacific of Company effective March 1, 2018. Ms. Bastos-Licht served as Senior Vice President, Asia-Pacific of Solvay SA's Euro Novecare operation, from August 2012 to February 2018. Solvay is a Belgian leader in the specialty chemical industry. The Euro Novecare operation provides chemicals for home and personal care, agriculture, coatings, oil and gas, and industrial applications.Prior to that she served as Vice President and General Manager – Brazil of Cardinal Health Nuclear Pharmacy – Brazil from August 2011 to August 2012. Ms.Bastos-Licht began her career with BASF where she spent 21 years in various positions of increasing complexity in IT, operational and strategic supply chain and global strategic and operational marketing, most recently serving as Vice President, General Manager Rhodia Chemicals Division – South America. Ms. Bastos-Licht holds both a Bachelor's and a licensing degree in mathematics from Fundacao Santo Andre in Brazil and a Master's of Science degree in management from the MIT Sloan School of Management. | ||
12
Christine M. Castellano |
|
|
| Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Corporate Secretary and Chief Compliance Officer since |
April 1, 2013. Prior to that, Ms. Castellano served as Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary from October 1, 2012 to March 31, 2013. Ms. Castellano previously served as Vice President International Law and Deputy General Counsel from April 28, 2011 to September 30, | ||||
|
|
| ||
|
|
|
|
|
Anthony P. DeLio |
|
|
| Effective March 1, 2018, Mr. DeLio is elected Senior Vice President, Corporate Strategy and Chief Innovation Officer. He has served as Senior Vice President and Chief Innovation Officer since January 1, 2014. Prior to that, Mr. DeLio served as Vice President, Global Innovation from November 4, 2010 to December 31, 2013, and he served as Vice President, Global Innovation for National Starch from January 1, 2009 to November 3, |
2008. Prior to that he served as Associate Vice Chancellor of Research at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from August 2004 to February 2006. Previously, Mr. DeLio served as Corporate Vice President of Marketing and External Relations of | ||||
|
|
|
|
|
13
Larry Fernandes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diane J. Frisch |
|
|
| Senior Vice President, Human Resources since October 1, 2010. Ms. Frisch previously served as Vice President, Human Resources, from May 1, 2010 to September 30, 2010. Prior to that, Ms. Frisch served as Vice President of Human Resources and Communications for the Food Americas and Global Pharmaceutical Packaging businesses of Rio Tinto’s Alcan Packaging, a multinational company engaged in flexible and specialty packaging, from January 2004 to March 30, 2010. Prior to being acquired by Alcan |
Packaging, Ms. Frisch served as Vice President of Human Resources for the flexible packaging business of Pechiney, S.A., an aluminum and packaging company with headquarters in Paris, France and Chicago, Illinois, from January 2001 to January 2004. Previously, she served as Vice President of Human Resources for Culligan International Company and Vice President and Director of Human Resources for Alumax Mill Products, Inc., a division of Alumax Inc. Ms. Frisch holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology from Ithaca College, Ithaca, | ||||
|
|
|
|
|
14
James D. Gray |
|
|
| Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since March 1, 2017. Prior to that, he served as Vice President, Corporate |
|
|
|
|
|
Jorgen Kokke |
|
|
| Executive Vice President, Global Specialties, and President, North America since February 5, 2018. Prior to that, Mr. Kokke previously served as Senior Vice President and President, |
|
|
|
|
|
15
Stephen K. Latreille |
|
|
|
|
| ||||
|
|
|
|
|
Pierre Perez y Landazuri | 49 | Senior Vice President and President, EMEA since January 1, 2018. Prior to that Mr. Perez y Landazuri served as Vice President and General Manager, EMEA for the Company’s subsidiary, Ingredion Germany GmbH, from April 15, 2016 to December 31, 2017. Before joining Ingredion, Mr. Perez y Landazuri was employed by CP Kelco, a global producer of specialty hydrocolloid ingredients from September 2000 to March 2016. He most recently served as Vice President, Asia-Pacific from January 2014 to March 2016 in Shanghai, China and Singapore. Prior thereto he served as Vice President & General Manager, Asia-Pacific from June 2011 to December 2013 and Marketing & Strategy Director from January 2010 to May 2011 in Shanghai. Prior to that Mr. Perez y Landazuri held a number of marketing, sales and product management roles at CP Kelco in Paris, France. Early in his career, he was employed by Rohm and Haas, BASF and Hercules in sales, marketing and engineering positions. Mr. Perez y Landazuri holds a Master’s degree in chemical process engineering from ENSCP Graduate School of Chemistry in Paris, France. | ||
16
Ernesto Pousada | 50 | Senior Vice President and President, South America since January 1, 2018. Prior to that Mr. Peres Pousada served as Senior Vice President and President, South America of the Company’s subsidiary, Ingredion Brasil Ingredientes Industriais Ltda., from February 1, 2016 to December 31, 2017. Prior to that Mr. Peres Pousada was employed by Suzano Papel e Celulose, a Brazilian pulp and paper manufacturer, from November 3, 2004 to January 31, 2016. He most recently served as Chief Operating Officer from December 1, 2007 to January 31, 2016. Prior to that Mr. Peres Pousada served as Pulp Project Officer from November 3, 2004 to November 30, 2007. Before joining Suzano Papel e Celulose, Mr. Peres Pousada was employed by The Dow Chemical Company from January 1990 to December 2004 in various positions in Brazil, the U.S. and Switzerland. Mr. Peres Pousada holds a Bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering from Instituto Mauá de Tecnologia in Brazil and a specialization in business administration from Fundação Instituto de Administração, also in Brazil. | ||
Martin Sonntag | 52 | Senior Vice President, Strategy and Global Business Development since November 1, 2015. Prior to that Mr. Sonntag served as Vice President and General Manager, EMEA from February 1, 2014 to October 31, 2015. Prior thereto he served as an executive investment partner and portfolio manager at ADCURAM Group AG from April 2013 to January 2014. Previously, Mr. Sonntag served as General Manager of Dow Wolff Cellulosics GmbH from July 2007 to March 2013. From October 2004 to March 2007, he served as Global Business Director for Liquid Resins & Intermediates at The Dow Chemical Company. Mr. Sonntag served as Global Product Manager for Liquid Resins & Intermediates and Global Product Marketing Manager for Intermediates from 2003 to 2005 and Global Product Manager for Liquid Resins & Intermediates and Converted Epoxy Resins from 2000 to 2003. Previously, Mr. Sonntag, who joined Dow in Stade, Germany in 1989 as a Process Design Engineer, held a variety of engineering and management positions. Mr. Sonntag holds a Bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering from the Hamburg University of Technology and is a graduate of the INSEAD Advanced Management Program. Mr. Sonntag will leave the Company on March 1, 2018, to pursue other career interests. | ||
17
Robert J. Stefansic |
|
|
| Senior Vice President, Operating Excellence, Sustainability, Information Technology and Chief Supply Chain Officer since March 1, 2017. Prior to that Mr. Stefansic served as Senior Vice President, Operational Excellence, Sustainability and Chief Supply Chain Officer |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18
|
Our business and assets are subject to varying degrees of risk and uncertainty. The following are factors that we believe could cause our actual results to differ materially from expected and historical results. Additional risks that are currently unknown to us may also impair our business or adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations. In addition, forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws that are contained in this Form 10-K or in our other filings or statements may be subject to the risks described below as well as other risks and uncertainties. Please read the cautionary notice regarding forward-looking statements in Item 7 below.
Changes in consumer preferences and perceptions may lessen the demand for our products, which could reduce our sales and profitability and harm our business.
Food products are often affected by changes in consumer tastes, national, regional and local economic conditions and demographic trends. For instance, changes in prevailing health or dietary preferences causing consumers to avoid food products containing sweetener products, including high fructose corn syrup, in favor of foods that are perceived as being more healthy, could reduce our sales and profitability, and such reductions could be material. Increasing concern among consumers, public health professionals and government agencies about the potential health concerns associated with obesity and inactive lifestyles (reflected, for instance, in taxes designed to combat obesity, which have been imposed recently in North America) represent a significant challenge to some of our customers, including those engaged in the food and soft drink industries.
Current economic conditions may adversely impact demand for our products, reduce access to credit and cause our customers and others with whom we do business to suffer financial hardship, all of which could adversely impact our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.
Economic conditions in the South America, the European Union, and many other countries and regions in which we do business have experienced various levels of weakness over the last few years, and may remain challenging for the foreseeable future. General business and economic conditions that could affect us include the strength of the economies in which we operate, unemployment, inflation, and fluctuations in debt markets. While currently these conditions have not impaired our ability to access credit markets and finance our operations, there can be no assurance that there will not be a further deterioration in the financial markets.
There could be a number of other effects from these economic developments on our business, including reduced consumer demand for products;products, pressure to extend our customers’ payment terms;terms, insolvency of our customers resulting in increased provisions for credit losses;losses, decreased customer demand, including order delays or cancellations, and counterparty failures negatively impacting our operations.
In connection with our defined benefit pension plans, adverse changes in investment returns earned on pension assets and discount rates used to calculate pension and related liabilities or changes in required pension funding levels may have an unfavorable impact on future pension expense and cash flow.
In addition, the volatile worldwide economic conditions and market instability may make it difficult for us, our customers, and our suppliers to accurately forecast future product demand trends, which could cause us to produce excess products that cancould increase our inventory carrying costs. Alternatively, this forecasting difficulty could cause a shortage of products that could result in an inability to satisfy demand for our products.
We operateOur reliance on certain industries for a multinational business subjectsignificant portion of our sales could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Approximately 53 percent of our 2017 sales were made to companies engaged in the food industry and approximately 12 percent were made to companies in the beverage industry. Additionally, sales to the economic, politicalanimal nutrition and other risks inherent in operating in foreign countriespaper and with foreign currencies.corrugating industries each represented approximately 10 percent of our 2017 net sales. Net sales to the brewing industry represented approximately 7 percent of our 2017 net sales. If our food customers, beverage customers,
19
animal feed customers, paper and corrugating customers, or brewing industry customers were to substantially decrease their purchases, our business might be materially adversely affected.
The uncertainty of acceptance of products developed through biotechnology could affect our profitability.
The commercial success of agricultural products developed through biotechnology, including genetically modified corn, depends in part on public acceptance of their development, cultivation, distribution and consumption. Public attitudes can be influenced by claims that genetically modified products are unsafe for consumption or that they pose unknown risks to the environment, even if such claims are not based on scientific studies. These public attitudes can influence regulatory and legislative decisions about biotechnology. The sale of our products, which may contain genetically modified corn, could be delayed or impaired because of adverse public perception regarding the safety of our products and the potential effects of these products on animals, human health, and the environment.
Our future growth could be negatively impacted if we fail to introduce sufficient new products and services.
While we do not believe that any individual patent or trademark is material to our business, a portion of our growth comes from innovation in products, processes, and services. We cannot guarantee that our research and development efforts will result in new products and services at a rate or of a quality sufficient to meet expectations.
We operate in a highly competitive environment and it may be difficult to preserve operating margins and maintain market share.
We operate in a highly competitive environment. Many of our products compete with virtually identical or similar products manufactured by other companies in the starch and sweetener industry. In the U.S., there are competitors, several of which are divisions of larger enterprises that have operated in foreign countries and with foreign currencies for many years. Our results are subject to foreign currency exchange fluctuations. Our operations are subject to political, economicgreater financial resources than we do. Some of these competitors, unlike us, have vertically integrated their corn refining and other risks. There has beenoperations. Many of our products also compete with products made from raw materials other than corn, including cane and continues to be significant political uncertaintybeet sugar. Fluctuation in some countriesprices of these competing products may affect prices of, and profits derived from, our products. In addition, government programs supporting sugar prices indirectly impact the price of corn sweeteners, especially high fructose corn syrup. Competition in markets in which we operate. Economic changes, terrorist activitycompete is largely based on price, quality and political unrest may result in business interruption or decreased demand for our products. Protectionist trade measures and import and export licensing requirements could also adversely affect our results of operations. Our success will depend in part on our ability to manage continued global political and/or economic uncertainty.product availability.
We primarily sell world commodities. Historically, local prices have adjusted relatively quicklyDue to offset the effect of local currency devaluations, althoughmarket volatility, we cannot guarantee thisassure that we can adequately pass potential increases in the future. Duecost of corn and other raw materials on to pricing controls on many consumer products instituted by the Argentina government, it has taken longer than in the pastcustomers through product price increases or purchase quantities of corn and other raw materials at prices sufficient to achieve pricing improvement in that country. Also, the recent strength in the US dollar may provide some challenges tosustain or increase our sales prices as it could take an extended period of time to fully recapture the impact of foreign currency devaluation.profitability.
We may hedge transactionsThe price and availability of corn and other raw materials is influenced by economic and industry conditions, including supply and demand factors such as crop disease and severe weather conditions, such as drought, floods, or frost, that are denominated in a currency other than the currency of the operating unit entering into the underlying transaction. We are subjectdifficult to the risks normally attendant to such hedging activities.anticipate and which we cannot control.
Raw material and energy price fluctuations, and supply interruptions and shortages could adversely affect our results of operations.
Our finished products are made primarily from corn. Purchased corn and other raw material costs account for between 40 percent and 65 percent of finished product costs. Some of our products are based upon specific varieties of corn that are produced in significantly less volumes than yellow dent corn. These specialty grains are higher-cost due to their more limited supply and require planning cycles of up to three years in order for us to receive our desired amount of specialty corn. We also manufacture certain starch-based products from potatoes. Our current potato starch requirements constitute a material portion of the total available North American supply. It is possible that, in the long term, continued growth in demand for potato starch-based ingredients and new product development could result in capacity constraints. Also, we utilize tapioca in the manufacturing of starch products primarily in Thailand. If ourThailand, as well as pulses, gum, rice and other raw materials around the world. A significant supply disruption or sharp increase in any of these raw material prices that we are not available in sufficient quantities or quality,unable to recover through pricing increases to our results of operationscustomers could be negatively impacted.have an adverse impact on our growth and profitability.
20
Energy costs represent approximately 1110 percent of our finished product costs. We use energy primarily to create steam in our production processprocesses and to dry product.products. We consume coal, natural gas, electricity, wood, and fuel oil to generate energy. In Pakistan, the overall economy has been slowed by severe energy shortages which both negatively impact our ability to produce sweeteners and starches, and also negatively impact the demand from our customers due to their inability to produce their end products because of the shortage of reliable energy.
The market prices for our raw materials may vary considerably depending on supply and demand, world economies, and other factors. We purchase these commodities based on our anticipated usage and future outlook for these costs. We cannot assure that we will be able to purchase these commodities at prices that we can adequately pass on to customers to sustain or increase profitability.
In North America, we sell a large portion of our finished products derived from corn at firm prices established in supply contracts typically lasting for periods of up to one year. In order to minimize the effect of volatility in the cost of corn related to these firm-priced supply contracts, we enter into corn futures and options contracts, or take other hedging positions in the corn futures market. Additionally, we produce and sell ethanol and enter into swap contracts to hedge price risk associated with fluctuations in market prices of ethanol. We are unable to directly hedge price risk related to co-product sales; however, we occasionally enter into hedges of soybean oil (a competing product to our animal feed and corn oil) in order to mitigate the price risk of animal feed and corn oil sales. These derivative contracts typically mature within one year. At expiration, we settle the derivative contracts at a net amount equal to the difference between the then-current price of corn (orthe commodity (corn, soybean oil)oil, or ethanol) and the derivative contract price. These hedging instruments are subject to fluctuations in value; however, changes in the value of the underlying exposures we are hedging generally offset such fluctuations. The fluctuations in the fair value of these hedging instruments may affect our cash flow. We fund any unrealized losses or receive cash for any unrealized gains on futures contracts on a daily basis. While the corn futures contracts or hedging positions are intended to minimize the effect of volatility of corn costs on operating profits, the hedging activity can result in losses, some of which may be material. Outside of North America, sales of finished products under long-term, firm-priced supply contracts are not material. We also use over-the-counter natural gas swaps to hedge portions of our natural gas costs, primarily in our North AmericanAmerica operations.
DueAn inability to market volatility, we cannot assure that we can adequately pass potential increases in the cost of corncontain costs could adversely affect our future profitability and other raw materials on to customers through product price increases or purchase quantities of corn and other raw materials at prices sufficient to sustain or increase our profitability.growth.
Our cornfuture profitability and raw material costs account for 40 percent to 65 percent of our product costs. The price and availability of corn and other raw materials is influenced by economic and industry conditions, including supply and demand factors such as crop disease and severe weather conditions such as drought, floods or frost that are difficult to anticipate and which we cannot control.
Our profitability may be affected by other factors beyond our control.
Our operating income and ability to increase profitability depend to a large extent upongrowth depends on our ability to price finished products at a level that will cover manufacturing and raw materialcontain operating costs and provide an acceptable profit margin.per unit product costs and to maintain and implement effective cost control programs, while at the same time maintaining competitive pricing and superior quality products, customer service, and support. Our ability to maintain appropriate price levels is determineda competitive cost structure depends on continued containment of manufacturing, delivery, and administrative costs, as well as the implementation of cost-effective purchasing programs for raw materials, energy, and related manufacturing requirements.
If we are unable to contain our operating costs and maintain the productivity and reliability of our production facilities, our profitability and growth could be adversely affected.
Increased interest rates could increase our borrowing costs.
We may issue securities to finance acquisitions, capital expenditures, and working capital, or for other general corporate purposes. An increase in interest rates in the general economy could result in an increase in our borrowing costs for these financings, as well as under any existing debt that bears interest at an unhedged floating rate.
Future costs of environmental compliance may be material.
Our business could be affected in the future by national and global regulation or taxation of greenhouse gas emissions. In the U.S., the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) has adopted regulations requiring the owners and operators of certain facilities to measure and report their greenhouse gas emission. The EPA has also begun to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from certain stationary and mobile sources under the Clean Air Act. For example, the EPA has proposed rules regarding the construction and operation of coal-fired boilers. California and Ontario are also moving forward with various programs to reduce greenhouse gases. Globally, a number of factors largely beyond our control, such as aggregate industry supplycountries that are parties to the Kyoto Protocol have instituted or are considering climate change legislation and market demand, which may vary fromregulations. Most notable is the European Union
21
Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading System. It is difficult at this time to estimate the likelihood of passage or predict the potential impact of any additional legislation. Potential consequences could include increased energy, transportation, and raw materials costs and we may be required to make additional investments in our facilities and equipment.
We may not successfully identify and complete acquisitions or strategic alliances on favorable terms or achieve anticipated synergies relating to any acquisitions or alliances, and such acquisitions could result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures and require significant management resources.
We regularly review potential acquisitions of complementary businesses, technologies, services, or products, as well as potential strategic alliances. We may be unable to find suitable acquisition candidates or appropriate partners with which to form partnerships or strategic alliances. Even if we identify appropriate acquisition or alliance candidates, we may be unable to complete such acquisitions or alliances on favorable terms, if at all. In addition, the process of integrating an acquired business, technology, service, or product into our existing business and operations may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. Integration of an acquired company also may require significant management resources that otherwise would be available for ongoing development of our business. Moreover, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition or strategic alliance, and such transactions may not generate anticipated financial results. Future acquisitions could also require us to issue equity securities, incur debt, assume contingent liabilities, or amortize expenses related to intangible assets, any of which could harm our business.
Operating difficulties at our manufacturing plants could adversely affect our operating results.
Producing starches and sweeteners through corn refining is a capital intensive industry. We have 44 plants and have preventive maintenance and de-bottlenecking programs designed to maintain and improve grind capacity and facility reliability. If we encounter operating difficulties at a plant for an extended period of time or start-up problems with any capital improvement projects, we may not be able to meet a portion of sales order commitments and could incur significantly higher operating expenses, both of which could adversely affect our operating results. We also use boilers to generate steam required in our manufacturing processes. An event that impaired the economic conditionsoperation of a boiler for an extended period of time could have a significant adverse effect on the operations of any plant in which such event occurred.
Also, we are subject to risks related to such matters as product safety and quality; compliance with environmental, health and safety and food safety regulations; and customer product liability claims. The liabilities that could result from these risks may not always be covered by, or could exceed the limits of, our insurance coverage related to product liability and food safety matters. In addition, negative publicity caused by product liability and food safety matters may damage our reputation. The occurrence of any of the geographic regions where we conductmatters described above could adversely affect our operations.
We operate in a highly competitive environmentrevenues and it may be difficult to preserve operating margins and maintain market share.results.
We operate in a highly competitive environment. Many of our products compete with virtually identical or similar products manufactured by other companies inmultinational business subject to the starch and sweetener industry. In the United States, there are competitors, several of which are divisions of larger enterprises that have greater financial resources than we do. Some of these competitors, unlike us, have vertically integrated their corn refiningeconomic, political, and other operations. Many of our products also competerisks inherent in operating in foreign countries and with products made from raw materialsforeign currencies.
We have operated in foreign countries and with foreign currencies for many years. Our results are subject to foreign currency exchange fluctuations. Our operations are subject to political, economic, and other than corn, including canerisks. There has been and beet sugar. Fluctuationcontinues to be significant political uncertainty in prices of these competing products may affect prices of, and profits derived from, our products. In addition, government programs supporting sugar prices indirectly impact the price of corn sweeteners, especially HFCS. Competition in marketssome countries in which we compete is largely based on price, qualityoperate. Economic changes, terrorist activity, and product availability.
Changespolitical unrest may result in consumer preferences and perceptions may lessen thebusiness interruption or decreased demand for our products, whichproducts. Protectionist trade measures and import and export licensing requirements could reduce our sales and profitability and harm our business.
Food products are often affected by changes in consumer tastes, national, regional and local economic conditions and demographic trends. For instance, changes in prevailing health or dietary preferences causing consumers to avoid food products containing sweetener products, including HFCS, in favor of foods that are perceived as being more healthy, could reduce our sales and profitability, and such reductions could be material. Increasing concern among consumers, public health professionals and government agencies about the potential health concerns associated with obesity and inactive lifestyles represent a significant challenge to some of our customers, including those engaged in the food and soft drink industries.
The uncertainty of acceptance of products developed through biotechnology couldalso adversely affect our profitability.
The commercialresults of operations. Our success of agricultural products developed through biotechnology, including genetically modified corn, dependswill depend in part on public acceptanceour ability to manage continued global political and economic uncertainty.
We primarily sell products derived from world commodities. Historically, we have been able to adjust local prices relatively quickly to offset the effect of their development, cultivation, distribution and consumption. Public attitudes can be influencedlocal currency devaluations, although we cannot guarantee our ability to do this in the future. For example, due to pricing controls on many consumer products imposed in the recent past by claimsthe Argentine government, it takes longer than it had previously taken to achieve pricing improvement in response to currency devaluations in that genetically modified productscountry. The anticipated strength in the U.S. dollar may continue to provide some challenges, as it could take an extended period of time to fully recapture the impact of foreign currency devaluations, particularly in South America.
22
We may hedge transactions that are unsafe for consumption or that they pose unknown risksdenominated in a currency other than the currency of the operating unit entering into the underlying transaction. We are subject to the environment even ifrisks normally attendant to such claims are not based on scientific studies. These public attitudes can influence regulatory and legislative decisions about biotechnology. The sale of the Company’s products which may contain genetically modified corn could be delayed or impaired because of adverse public perception regarding the safety of the Company’s products and the potential effects of these products on animals, human health and the environment.hedging activities.
Our information technology systems, processes, and sites may suffer interruptions or failures which may affect our ability to conduct our business.
Our information technology systems, some of which are dependent on services provided by third parties, provide critical data connectivity, information, and services for internal and external users. These interactions include, but are not limited to,to: ordering and managing materials from suppliers, converting raw materials to finished products, inventory management, shipping products to customers, processing transactions, summarizing and reporting results of operations, human resources benefits and payroll management, complying with regulatory, legal or tax requirements, and other processes necessary to manage our business. We have put in place security measures to protect ourselves against cyber-based attacks and disaster recovery plans for our critical systems. However, if our information technology systems are breached, damaged, or cease to function properly due to any number of causes, such as catastrophic events, power outages, security breaches, or cyber-based attacks, and our disaster recovery plans do not effectively mitigate on a timely basis, we may encounter disruptions that could interrupt our ability to manage our operations and suffer damage to our reputation, which may adversely impact our revenues, operating results, and financial condition.
Our profitability could be negatively impacted if we fail to maintain satisfactory labor relations.
Approximately 3631 percent of our USU.S. and 4837 percent of our non-USnon-U.S. employees are members of unions. Strikes, lockouts, or other work stoppages or slow downsslowdowns involving our unionized employees could have a material adverse effect on us.
Our reliance on certain industries for a significant portion of our sales could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Approximately 51 percent of our 2014 sales were made to companies engaged in the food industry and approximately 13 percent were made to companies in both the beverage and animal nutrition markets. Additionally, sales to the paper and corrugating industry and the brewing industry represented approximately 9 percent and 7 percent of our 2014 net sales, respectively. If our food customers, beverage customers, brewing industry customers, paper and corrugating customers or animal feed customers were to substantially decrease their purchases, our business might be materially adversely affected.
Natural disasters, war, acts and threats of terrorism, pandemicpandemics, and other significant events could negatively impact our business.
If the economies of any countries wherein which we sell or manufacture products or purchase raw materials are affected by natural disasters;disasters such as earthquakes, floods, or severe weather; war, acts of war, or terrorism; or the outbreak of a pandemic; it could result in asset write-offs, decreased sales and overall reduced cash flows.
Government policies and regulations in general, and specifically affecting agriculture-related businesses, could adversely affect our operating results.
Our operating results could be affected by changes in trade, monetary and fiscal policies, laws and regulations, and other activities of United Statesthe U.S. and foreign governments, agencies, and similar organizations. These conditions include but are not limited to changes in a country’s or region’s economic or political conditions, modification or termination of trade agreements or treaties promoting free trade, creation of new trade agreements or treaties, trade regulations affecting production, pricing and marketing of products, local labor conditions and regulations, reduced protection of intellectual property rights, changes in the regulatory or legal environment, restrictions on currency exchange activities, currency exchange rate fluctuations, burdensome taxes and tariffs, and other trade barriers. International risks and uncertainties, including changing social and economic conditions as well as terrorism, political hostilities, and war, could limit our ability to transact business in these markets and could adversely affect our revenues and operating results.
Due to cross-border disputes, our operations could be adversely affected by actions taken by the governments of countries wherein which we conduct business.
The recognition of impairment charges on goodwill or long-lived assets could adversely impact our future financial position and results of operations.
TableWe have $1.3 billion of Contentstotal intangible assets at December 31, 2017, consisting of $803 million of goodwill and $493 million of other intangible assets. Additionally, we have $2.4 billion of long-lived assets at December 31, 2017.
We perform an annual impairment assessment for goodwill and our indefinite-lived intangible assets, and as necessary, for other long-lived assets. If the results of such assessments were to show that the fair value of these assets
23
were less than the carrying values, we could be required to recognize a charge for impairment of goodwill and/or long-lived assets, and the amount of the impairment charge could be material. The results of our impairment testing in the fourth quarter of 2014 indicated that the estimated fair value of our Southern Cone of South America reporting unit was less than its carrying amount primarily due to the impacts on its fair value of the elongation of unfavorable financial trends, such as the impact of higher production costs and our inability to increase selling prices to a level sufficient to recover the impacts of inflation and currency devaluation. Also, the political and economic volatility in the region and continued uncertainty in Argentina negatively impacted our earnings forecasts in the near term. Therefore, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $33 million in the fourth quarter of 2014 to write-off the remaining balance of goodwill for this reporting unit. Additionally, basedBased on the results of the annual assessment, we concluded that as of October 1, 2014,2017, it was more likely than not that the fair value of all otherour reporting units was greater than their carrying value. We continue to monitor our reporting units in struggling economies and recent acquisitions for challenges in the business that may negatively impact the fair value (although the $32 million of goodwill at our Brazilthese reporting unit continues to be closely monitored due to recent trends experienced in this reporting unit, such as continued economic headwinds and heightened competition).units.
Even though it was determined that there was no additional long-lived asset impairment as of October 1, 2014,2017, the future occurrence of a potential indicator of impairment, such as a significant adverse change in the business climate that would require a change in our assumptions or strategic decisions made in response to economic or competitive conditions, could require us to perform an assessment prior to the next required assessment date of October 1, 2015.2018.
Changes in our tax rates or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could impact our profitability.
We are subject to income taxes in the United StatesU.S. and in various other foreign jurisdictions. Our effective tax rates could be adversely affected by changes in the mix of earnings by jurisdiction, changes in tax laws, or tax rates including potential tax reform in the US to broaden the tax base and reduce deductions or credits, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and material adjustments from tax audits.
The carrying valuesTax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”), which was enacted in December 2017, significantly alters existing U.S. tax law and includes numerous and complex provisions that substantially affect our business. The TCJA contains a provision that requires recognition of a liability for taxes on the deemed repatriation of our offshore earnings. In addition, the reduction in the corporate tax rate to 21 percent requires us to remeasure deferred income taxes. The provisional impact of the tax on the deemed repatriation of earnings along with the impact of the remeasurement of deferred income taxes has been recorded in income tax from continuing operations in 2017. Although we believe these estimates are reasonable, the underlying calculations are not complete and evolving analyses and interpretations could result in material adjustments to these estimates in 2018.
The TCJA also creates a new requirement that the global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) of our foreign affiliates must be included currently in our U.S. taxable income beginning in 2018. The GILTI provisions are extremely complex and their application to our facts and circumstances remains unclear. The application of the GILTI provisions could materially increase our effective tax rate in 2018 and beyond.
Significant changes in the tax laws of the U.S. and numerous foreignjurisdictions in which we do business could result from the base erosion and profit shifting (“BEPS”) project undertaken by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”). AnOECD-led coalition of 44 countries is contemplating changes to long-standing international tax norms that determine each country’s right to tax cross-border transactions. These contemplated changes, if finalized and adopted bycountries, would increase tax uncertainty and the riskof double taxation, thereby adversely affecting our provision forincome taxes.
The recoverability of our deferred tax assets, which are predominantly in the US, United Kingdom,Brazil, Canada, Germany, Mexico, and Korea, arethe U.S., is dependent upon our ability to generate future taxable income in these jurisdictions. In addition, the amount of income taxes we pay is subject to ongoing audits in various jurisdictions and a material assessment by a governing tax authority could affect our profitability.profitability and cash flows.
Operating difficulties at our manufacturing plants could adversely affect our operating results.
Producing starches and sweeteners through corn refining is a capital intensive industry. We have 36 plants and have preventive maintenance and de-bottlenecking programs designed to maintain and improve grind capacity and facility reliability. If we encounter operating difficulties at a plant for an extended period of time or start-up problems with any capital improvement projects, we may not be able to meet a portion of sales order commitments and could incur significantly higher operating expenses, both of which could adversely affect our operating results. We also use boilers to generate steam required in our manufacturing processes. An event that impaired the operation of a boiler for an extended period of time could have a significant adverse effect on the operations of any plant where such event occurred.
Also, we are subject to risks related to such matters as product quality or contamination; compliance with environmental, health and safety regulations; and customer product liability claims. The liabilities that could result from these risks may not always be covered by, or could exceed the limits of our insurance coverage related to product liability and food safety matters. In addition, negative publicity caused by product liability and food safety matters may damage our reputation. The occurrence of any of the matters described above could adversely affect our revenues and operating results.
We may not have access to the funds required for future growth and expansion.
We may need additional funds to grow and expand our operations. We expect to fund our capital expenditures from operating cash flow to the extent we are able to do so. If our operating cash flow is insufficient to fund our capital expenditures, we may either reduce our capital expenditures or utilize our general credit facilities. For further strategic growth through mergers or acquisitions, we may also seek to generate additional liquidity through the sale of debt or equity securities in private or public markets or through the sale of non-productive assets. We cannot provide any assurance that our cash flows from operations will be sufficient to fund anticipated capital expenditures or that we will be able to obtain additional funds from financial markets or from the sale of assets at terms favorable to us. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows or raise sufficient additional funds to cover our capital expenditures or other strategic growth opportunities, we may not be able to achieve our desired operating efficiencies and expansion plans, which may adversely
24
impact our competitiveness and, therefore, our results of operations. Our working capital requirements, including margin requirements on open positions on futures exchanges, are directly affected by the price of corn and other agricultural commodities, which may fluctuate significantly and change quickly.
We may not successfully identify and complete acquisitions or strategic alliances on favorable terms or achieve anticipated synergies relating to any acquisitions or alliances, and such acquisitions could result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures and require significant management resources.
We regularly review potential acquisitions of complementary businesses, technologies, services or products, as well as potential strategic alliances. We may be unable to find suitable acquisition candidates or appropriate partners with which to form partnerships or strategic alliances. Even if we identify appropriate acquisition or alliance candidates, we may be unable to complete such acquisitions or alliances on favorable terms, if at all. In addition, the process of integrating an acquired business (such as Penford), technology, service or product into our existing business and operations may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. Integration of an acquired company also may require significant management resources that otherwise would be available for ongoing development of our business. Moreover, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition or strategic alliance, and such transactions may not generate anticipated financial results. Future acquisitions could also require us to issue equity securities, incur debt, assume contingent liabilities or amortize expenses related to intangible assets, any of which could harm our business.
An inability to contain costs could adversely affect our future profitability and growth.
Our future profitability and growth depends on our ability to contain operating costs and per-unit product costs and to maintain and/or implement effective cost control programs, while at the same time maintaining competitive pricing and superior quality products, customer service and support. Our ability to maintain a competitive cost structure depends on continued containment of manufacturing, delivery and administrative costs, as well as the implementation of cost-effective purchasing programs for raw materials, energy and related manufacturing requirements.
If we are unable to contain our operating costs and maintain the productivity and reliability of our production facilities, our profitability and growth could be adversely affected.
Volatility in the stock market, fluctuations in quarterly operating results, and other factors could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
The market price for our common stock may be significantly affected by factors such as our announcement of new products or services or such announcements by our competitors; technological innovation by us, our competitors or other vendors; quarterly variations in our operating results or the operating results of our competitors; general conditions in our or our customers’ markets; and changes in the earnings estimates by analysts or reported results that vary materially from such estimates. In addition, the stock market has experienced significant price fluctuations that have affected the market prices of equity securities of many companies that have been unrelated to the operating performance of any individual company.
No assurance can be given that we will continue to pay dividends.
The payment of dividends is at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be subject to our financial results and the availability of statutory surplus funds to pay dividends.
Our profitability may be affected by other factors beyond our control.
Our operating income and ability to increase profitability depend to a large extent upon our ability to price finished products at a level that will cover manufacturing and raw material costs and provide an acceptable profit margin. Our ability to maintain appropriate price levels is determined by a number of factors largely beyond our control, such as aggregate industry supply and market demand, which may vary from time to time, and the economic conditions of the geographic regions in which we conduct our operations.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None
25
We operate,own or lease (as noted below), directly and through our consolidated subsidiaries, 3644 manufacturing facilities, all of which are owned.facilities. In addition, we lease our corporate headquarters in Westchester, Illinois and our research and development facility in Bridgewater, New Jersey.
The following list details the locations of our manufacturing facilities within each of our four reportable business segments:
|
|
| ||||
North America | South America | Asia Pacific | EMEA | |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cardinal, Ontario, Canada |
| Baradero, Argentina |
| Lane Cove, Australia |
|
|
London, Ontario, Canada |
| Chacabuco, Argentina |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
San Juan del Rio, Queretaro, Mexico |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mexico City, Edo, Mexico |
| Mogi-Guacu, Brazil |
|
| Goole, United Kingdom | |
Oxnard, California, U.S. (a) | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Incheon, South Korea |
|
| ||
Stockton, California, U.S. |
|
|
|
| ||
Idaho Falls, Idaho, U.S. | Cali, Colombia | Kalasin, Thailand |
|
| ||
Bedford Park, Illinois, U.S. |
|
|
| Sikhiu, Thailand |
|
|
Mapleton, Illinois, U.S. |
|
|
| Banglen, Thailand |
|
|
Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |
|
| ||||
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, U.S. | ||||||
Belcamp, Maryland, U.S. |
|
|
|
| ||
North Kansas City, Missouri, U.S. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S. | ||||||
Salem, Oregon, U.S. | ||||||
Berwick, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Charleston, South Carolina, U.S. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Richland, Washington, U.S. | ||||||
Plover, Wisconsin, U.S. |
(a) | Facility is leased. |
We believe our manufacturing facilities are sufficient to meet our current production needs. We have preventive maintenance and de-bottlenecking programs designed to further improve grind capacity and facility reliability.
We have electricity co-generation facilities at all of our US and Canadian plants with the exception of Indianapolis, North Kansas City, Stockton, Charleston and Mapleton, as well as at our plants in London, Ontario, Canada; Cardinal, Ontario, Canada; Stockton, California, U.S.; Bedford Park, Illinois, U.S.; Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.; San Juan del Rio Mexico;and Mexico City, Mexico; Baradero, Argentina; Cali, Colombia; Cornwala, Pakistan; and Balsa Nova and Mogi-Guacu, Brazil, that provide electricity at a lower cost than is available from third parties. We generally own and operate these co-generation facilities, except for the facilities at our Cardinal, Ontario;Mexico City, Mexico; and Balsa Nova and Mogi-Guacu, Brazil locations, which are owned by, and operated pursuant to co-generation agreements with third parties.
In recent years, we have made significant capital expenditures to update, expand and improve our facilities, spending $276$314 million in 2014.2017. We believe these capital expenditures will allow us to operate efficient facilities for the foreseeable future. We currently anticipate that capital expenditures and mechanical stores purchases for 20152018 will approximate $300$330 to $360 million.
26
As previously reported, on April 22, 2011, Western Sugar and two other sugar companies filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California against the Corn Refiners Association (“CRA”) and
certain of its member companies, including us, alleging false and/or misleading statements relating to high fructose corn syrup in violation of the Lanham Act and California’s unfair competition law. The complaint seeks injunctive relief and unspecified damages. On May 23, 2011, the plaintiffs amended the complaint to add additional plaintiffs, among other reasons.
On July 1, 2011, the CRA and the member companies in the case filed a motion to dismiss the first amended complaint on multiple grounds. On October 21, 2011, the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California dismissed all Federal and state claims against us and the other members of the CRA, with leave for the plaintiffs to amend their complaint, and also dismissed all state law claims against the CRA.
The state law claims against the CRA were dismissed pursuant to a California law known as the anti-SLAPP (Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation) statute, which, according to the court’s opinion, allows early dismissal of meritless first amendment cases aimed at chilling expression through costly, time-consuming litigation. The court held that the CRA’s statements were protected speech made in a public forum in connection with an issue of public interest (high fructose corn syrup). Under the anti-SLAPP statute, the CRA is entitled to recover its attorney’s fees and costs from the plaintiffs.
On November 18, 2011, the plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint against certain of the CRA member companies, including us, seeking to reinstate the federal law claims, but not the state law claims, against certain of the CRA member companies, including us. On December 16, 2011, the CRA member companies filed a motion to dismiss the second amended complaint on multiple grounds. On July 31, 2012, the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California denied the motion to dismiss for all CRA member companies other than Roquette America, Inc.
On September 4, 2012, we and the other CRA member companies that remain defendants in the case filed an answer to the plaintiffs’ second amended complaint that, among other things, added a counterclaim against the Sugar Association. The counterclaim alleges that the Sugar Association has made false and misleading statements that processed sugar differs from high fructose corn syrup in ways that are beneficial to consumers’ health (i.e., that consumers will be healthier if they consume foods and beverages containing processed sugar instead of high fructose corn syrup). The counterclaim, which was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, seeks injunctive relief and unspecified damages. Although the counterclaim was initially only filed against the Sugar Association, the Company and the other CRA member companies that remain defendants in the Western Sugar case have reserved the right to add other plaintiffs to the counterclaim in the future.
On October 29, 2012, the Sugar Association and the other plaintiffs filed a motion to dismiss the counterclaim and certain related portions of the defendants’ answer, each on multiple grounds. On December 10, 2012, the remaining member companies which are defendants in the case responded to the motion to dismiss the counterclaim. On January 14, 2013, the plaintiffs filed a reply to the defendants’ response to the motion to dismiss. On September 16, 2013, the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California denied the motion to dismiss the counterclaim, which entitles the Company and the other CRA member companies to continue to pursue the counterclaim against the Sugar Association and the other plaintiffs.
On May 23, 2014, the defendants asked the court for leave to amend their counterclaim to add the individual sugar companies as counterclaim defendants. The motion for leave to amend was denied by the court on August 4, 2014 and this decision is in the process of being appealed by the defendants. On August 26, 2014, each of the Company and Tate & Lyle filed motions to disqualify the plaintiffs’ lead counsel, Squire Patton Boggs, due to a conflict of interest arising from Squire Sanders’ merger with Patton Boggs, a firm which represents each of the Company and Tate & Lyle. In addition, on August 26, 2014, the defendants filed two separate motions for summary judgment, one on the issue of liability and the other on the issue of damages, and the plaintiffs filed a motion for summary judgment with respect to the defendants’ counterclaim.
The motion to disqualify the plaintiff’s attorneys was argued before the court on both November 13 and November 25, 2014. On February 13, 2015, the court granted the Company’s and Tate & Lyle’s motions to dismiss Squire Patton Boggs due to a conflict of interest. The schedule for arguing the summary judgment motions and the pre-trial conference have been delayed until May 5, 2015 while the plaintiffs seek replacement counsel in the case.
We continue to believe that the second amended complaint is without merit and intend to vigorously defend this case. In addition, we intend to vigorously pursue our rights in connection with the counterclaim.
We are alsoa party to a large number of labor claims relating to our Brazilian operations. WeAs of December 31, 2017, we have reserved an aggregate of approximately $5 million as of December 31, 2014 inwith respect ofto these claims. These labor claims primarily relate to dismissals, severance, health and safety, work schedules, and salary adjustments.
We are currently subject to various other claims and suits arising in the ordinary course of business, including certain environmental proceedings and other commercial claims. We also routinely receive inquiries from regulators and other government authorities relating to various aspects of our business, including with respect to compliance with laws and regulations relating to the environment, and at any given time, we have matters at various stages of resolution with the applicable governmental authorities. The outcomes of these matters are not within our complete control and may not be known for prolonged periods of time. We do not believe that the results of suchcurrently known legal proceedings and inquires, even if unfavorable to us, will be material to us. There can be no assurance, however, that such claims, suits or suitsinvestigations or those arising in the future, whether taken individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
27
ITEM 5.MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Shares of our common stock are traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the ticker symbol “INGR.” The number of holders of record of our common stock was 5,0784,160 at January 31, 2015.2018.
We have a history of paying quarterly dividends. The amount and timing of the dividend payment, if any, is based on a number of factors including estimated earnings, financial position and cash flow. The payment of a dividend is solely at the discretion of our Board of Directors. Future dividend payments will be subject to our financial results and the availability of funds and statutory surplus to pay dividends.
The quarterly high and low salesmarket prices for our common stock and cash dividends declared per common share for 20132016 and 20142017 are shown below.
|
| 1st QTR |
| 2nd QTR |
| 3rd QTR |
| 4th QTR |
| ||||
2014 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||
Market prices |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||
High |
| $ | 70.00 |
| $ | 77.92 |
| $ | 80.54 |
| $ | 87.20 |
|
Low |
| 58.28 |
| 65.25 |
| 73.10 |
| 69.94 |
| ||||
Per share dividends declared |
| $ | 0.42 |
| $ | 0.42 |
| $ | 0.42 |
| $ | 0.42 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||
2013 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||
Market prices |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||
High |
| $ | 72.58 |
| $ | 74.31 |
| $ | 72.19 |
| $ | 70.48 |
|
Low |
| 62.44 |
| 62.65 |
| 60.62 |
| 63.49 |
| ||||
Per share dividends declared |
| $ | 0.38 |
| $ | 0.38 |
| $ | 0.38 |
| $ | 0.42 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1st QTR |
| 2nd QTR |
| 3rd QTR |
| 4th QTR |
| ||||
2017 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Market prices |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
High |
| $ | 128.95 |
| $ | 124.48 |
| $ | 125.99 |
| $ | 142.64 |
|
Low |
|
| 113.07 |
|
| 113.42 |
|
| 115.47 |
|
| 120.67 |
|
Per share dividends declared |
|
| 0.50 |
|
| 0.50 |
|
| 0.60 |
|
| 0.60 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2016 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Market prices |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
High |
| $ | 108.00 |
| $ | 129.42 |
| $ | 140.00 |
| $ | 137.62 |
|
Low |
|
| 84.57 |
|
| 104.24 |
|
| 128.18 |
|
| 113.92 |
|
Per share dividends declared |
|
| 0.45 |
|
| 0.45 |
|
| 0.50 |
|
| 0.50 |
|
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities:
The following table summarizes information with respect to our purchases of our common stock during the fourth quarter of 2014.2017.
(shares in thousands) |
| Total |
| Average |
| Total Number of |
| Maximum Number |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Oct. 1 – Oct. 31, 2014 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 847 shares |
|
Nov. 1 – Nov. 30, 2014 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 847 shares |
|
Dec. 1 – Dec. 31, 2014 |
| 672 |
| 78.45 |
| 672 |
| 5,176 shares | * |
Total |
| 672 |
| 78.45 |
| 672 |
|
|
|
Maximum Number | |||||||||
(or Approximate | |||||||||
Total Number of | Dollar Value) of | ||||||||
Total | Average | Shares Purchased as | Shares That May Yet | ||||||
Number | Price | Part of Publicly | be Purchased Under | ||||||
of Shares | Paid | Announced Plans or | the Plans or Programs | ||||||
(shares in thousands) | Purchased | per Share | Programs | at End of Period | |||||
October 1 – October 31, 2017 | — | — | — | 3,702 shares | |||||
November 1 – November 30, 2017 | — | — | — | 3,702 shares | |||||
December 1 – December 31, 2017 | — | — | — | 3,750 shares | |||||
Total | — | — | — |
*On December 12, 2014, the Board of Directors authorized a new stock repurchase program permitting the Companyus to purchase up to 5 million of itsour outstanding common shares from January 1, 2015, through December 31, 2019. The Company’s previously authorizedAt December 31, 2017, we have 3.7 million shares available for repurchase under the stock repurchase program permitting the purchase of up to 4 million shares has been almost fully utilized with 176 thousand shares available to be repurchased as of December 31, 2014.program.
28
ITEM 6.SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
Selected financial data is provided below.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||
(in millions, except per share amounts) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
| 2011 |
| 2010 (a) |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 (a) |
| 2015 (b) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| ||||||||||
Summary of operations: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||
Net sales |
| $ | 5,668 |
| $ | 6,328 |
| $ | 6,532 |
| $ | 6,219 |
| $ | 4,367 |
|
| $ | 5,832 |
| $ | 5,704 |
| $ | 5,621 |
| $ | 5,668 |
| $ | 6,328 |
|
Net income attributable to Ingredion |
| 355 | (b) | 396 |
| 428 | (c) | 416 | (d) | 169 | (e) |
|
| 519 | (c) |
| 485 | (d) |
| 402 | (e) |
| 355 | (f) |
| 396 |
| |||||
Net earnings per common share of Ingredion: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||
Basic |
| $ | 4.82 | (b) | $ | 5.14 |
| $ | 5.59 | (c) | $ | 5.44 | (d) | $ | 2.24 | (e) |
|
| 7.21 | (c) |
| 6.70 | (d) |
| 5.62 | (e) |
| 4.82 | (f) |
| 5.14 |
|
Diluted |
| $ | 4.74 | (b) | $ | 5.05 |
| $ | 5.47 | (c) | $ | 5.32 | (d) | $ | 2.20 | (e) |
|
| 7.06 | (c) |
| 6.55 | (d) |
| 5.51 | (e) |
| 4.74 | (f) |
| 5.05 |
|
Cash dividends declared per common share of Ingredion |
| $ | 1.68 |
| $ | 1.56 |
| $ | 0.92 |
| $ | 0.66 |
| $ | 0.56 |
|
|
| 2.20 |
|
| 1.90 |
|
| 1.74 |
|
| 1.68 |
|
| 1.56 |
|
Balance sheet data: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||
Working capital |
| $ | 1,423 |
| $ | 1,394 |
| $ | 1,427 |
| $ | 1,176 |
| $ | 881 |
|
|
| 1,458 |
|
| 1,274 |
|
| 1,208 |
|
| 1,423 |
|
| 1,394 |
|
Property, plant and equipment-net |
| 2,073 |
| 2,156 |
| 2,193 |
| 2,156 |
| 2,156 |
| |||||||||||||||||||||
Property, plant and equipment, net |
|
| 2,217 |
|
| 2,116 |
|
| 1,989 |
|
| 2,073 |
|
| 2,156 |
| ||||||||||||||||
Total assets |
| 5,091 |
| 5,360 |
| 5,592 |
| 5,317 |
| 5,040 |
|
|
| 6,080 |
|
| 5,782 |
|
| 5,074 |
|
| 5,085 |
|
| 5,353 |
| |||||
Long-term debt |
| 1,804 |
| 1,717 |
| 1,724 |
| 1,801 |
| 1,681 |
|
|
| 1,744 |
|
| 1,850 |
|
| 1,819 |
|
| 1,798 |
|
| 1,710 |
| |||||
Total debt |
| 1,827 |
| 1,810 |
| 1,800 |
| 1,949 |
| 1,769 |
|
|
| 1,864 |
|
| 1,956 |
|
| 1,838 |
|
| 1,821 |
|
| 1,803 |
| |||||
Total equity (f) |
| $ | 2,207 |
| $ | 2,429 |
| $ | 2,459 |
| $ | 2,133 |
| $ | 2,001 |
| ||||||||||||||||
Total equity (g) |
| $ | 2,917 |
| $ | 2,595 |
| $ | 2,180 |
| $ | 2,207 |
| $ | 2,429 |
| ||||||||||||||||
Shares outstanding, year end |
| 71.3 |
| 74.3 |
| 77.0 |
| 75.9 |
| 76.0 |
|
|
| 72.0 |
|
| 72.4 |
|
| 71.6 |
|
| 71.3 |
|
| 74.3 |
| |||||
Additional data: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||
Depreciation and amortization |
| $ | 195 |
| $ | 194 |
| $ | 211 |
| $ | 211 |
| $ | 155 |
|
| $ | 209 |
| $ | 196 |
| $ | 194 |
| $ | 195 |
| $ | 194 |
|
Capital expenditures |
| 276 |
| 298 |
| 313 |
| 263 |
| 159 |
| |||||||||||||||||||||
Capital expenditures and mechanical stores purchases |
|
| 314 |
|
| 284 |
|
| 280 |
|
| 276 |
|
| 298 |
|
(a) | Includes TIC Gums Incorporated at December 31, 2016 for balance sheet data only. |
(b) | Includes Penford from March 11, 2015 forward and Kerr from August 3, 2015 forward. |
(a) Includes National Starch from October 1, 2010 forward.
| (c) | Includes after-tax restructuring charges of $31 million ($0.42 per diluted common share) consisting of employee-related severance and other costs associated with the restructuring in Argentina, restructuring charges related to the abandonment of certain assets related to our leaf extraction process in Brazil, employee-related severance and other costs associated with the Finance Transformation initiative, and other restructuring charges including employee-related severance costs in North America and a refinement of estimates for prior year restructuring activities. Additionally, includes after-tax charge of $23 million ($0.31 per diluted common share) to the provision for income taxes related to the enactment of the TCJA in December 2017, $6 million ($0.08 per diluted common share) related to the flow-through of costs primarily associated with the sale of TIC Gums inventory that was adjusted to fair value at the acquisition date in accordance with business combination accounting rules, and $3 million ($0.04 per diluted common share) associated with the integration of acquired operations, partially offset by a tax benefit of $10 million ($0.14 per diluted common share) due to deductible foreign exchange loss resulting from the tax settlement between the U.S. and Canada, and a $6 million ($0.08 per diluted common share) after-tax gain from an insurance settlement primarily related to capital reconstruction. |
| (d) | Includes after-tax restructuring charges of $14 million ($0.20 per diluted common share) consisting of employee severance-related charges and other costs associated with the execution of global IT outsourcing contracts, severance-related costs attributable to our optimization initiatives in North America and South America, and additional charges pertaining to our 2015 Port Colborne plant sale. Additionally, includes after-tax costs of $2 million ($0.03 per diluted common share) associated with the integration of acquired operations and $27 million ($0.36 per diluted common share) associated with an income tax matter. |
(e) | Includes after-tax charges for impaired assets and restructuring costs of $18 million ($0.25 per diluted common share), after-tax costs of $7 million ($0.10 per diluted common share) relating to the acquisition and integration of both Penford and Kerr, after-tax costs of $6 million ($0.09 per diluted common share) relating to the sale of Penford and Kerr inventory that was adjusted to fair value at the respective acquisition dates in accordance with business combination accounting rules, after-tax costs of $4 million ($0.06 per diluted common share) relating to a litigation settlement and an after-tax gain from the sale of a plant of $9 million ($0.12 per diluted common share). |
(f) | Includes a $33 million impairment charge ($0.44 per diluted common share) to write-off goodwill at our Southern Cone of South America reporting unit and after-tax costs of $1 million ($0.02 per diluted common share) related to the then-pending Penford acquisition. |
(g) | Includes non-controlling interests. |
29
diluted common share), after-tax costs of $3 million ($0.03 per diluted common share) relating to the integration of National Starch and an after-tax gain from the sale of land of $2 million ($0.02 per diluted common share). See Notes 4 and 8 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.
(d)Includes a $58 million NAFTA award ($0.75 per diluted common share) received from the Government of the United Mexican States, an after-tax gain of $18 million ($0.23 per diluted common share) pertaining to a change in a postretirement plan, after-tax charges of $7 million for restructuring costs ($0.08 per diluted common share) and after-tax costs of $21 million ($0.26 per diluted common share) relating to the integration of National Starch.
(e) Includes $14 million of after-tax charges for bridge loan and other financing costs ($0.18 per diluted common share), after-tax costs related to the National Starch acquisition of $26 million ($0.34 per diluted common share), after-tax charges of $22 million ($0.29 per diluted common share) for impaired assets and other costs primarily associated with our operations in Chile and after-tax charges of $18 million ($0.23 per diluted common share) relating to the sale of National Starch inventory that was adjusted to fair value at the acquisition date in accordance with business combination accounting rules.
(f) Includes non-controlling interests.
ITEM 7.MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
OVERVIEWOverview
We are a major supplier of high-quality food and industrial ingredientsingredient solutions to customers around the world. We have 3644 manufacturing plants located in North America, South America, Asia Pacific and Europe, the Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”), and we manage and operate our businesses at a regional level. We believe this approach provides us with a unique understanding of the cultures and product requirements in each of the geographic markets in which we operate, bringing added value to our customers. Our ingredients are used by customers in the food, beverage, animal feed, paper and corrugating, and brewing industries, among others.
Our Strategic Blueprint continues to guide our decision-making and strategic choices with an emphasisgrowth strategy is centered on delivering value-added ingredientsingredient solutions for our customers. The foundation of our Strategic Blueprintstrategy is operationaloperating excellence, which includes our focus on safety, quality and continuous improvement. We see growth opportunities in three areas. First is organic growth asareas: first, we workare working to expand our current business. Second,business through organic growth; second, we are focused on broadening our ingredient portfolio ofwith on-trend products through internal and external business development. Finally,development; finally, we look for growth from geographic expansion as we pursue extension of our reach to new locations. The ultimate goal of these strategies and actions is to deliver increased shareholder value.
Critical success factors in our business include managing our significant manufacturing costs, including costs for corn, other raw materials, and utilities. In addition, due to our global operations we are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. We use derivative financial instruments, when appropriate, for the purpose of minimizing the risks and/orand costs associated with fluctuations in certain raw material and energy costs, foreign exchange rates, and interest rates. Also, the capital intensive nature of our business requires that we generate significant cash flow over time in order to selectively reinvest in our operations and grow organically, as well as through strategic acquisitions and alliances. We utilize certain key financial metrics relating to working capital, debt and return on capital employed and financial leverage to monitor our progress toward achieving our strategic business objectives (see section entitled “Key Financial Performance Metrics”).
OurWe had a solid year in 2017 as operating income, net income per diluted common share for 2014 declined 6 percent from 2013 due to the recording of a non-cash impairment charge of $33 million to write-off goodwill at our Southern Cone of South America business unit and $2 million of costs related to our pending acquisition of Penford Corporation. Without these items, our diluted earnings per common share would have increased 3 percentgrew from 2013.2016. Our earnings growth was driven principally by continued strong operating results in our North America segment. Operating income excluding the impairment chargealso grew in our EMEA and acquisition costs, was up slightly from a year ago as growth in EMEA, Asia Pacific and reduced corporate expenses were substantiallysegments, which was offset by weaker resultslower earnings in Northour South America segment due to continued difficult macroeconomic conditions and South America. In North America, our largest segment, operating income declined 6 percent primarily reflecting the unfavorable impact of harsh winter weather conditions on our businessincreased costs in Argentina.
During the first quarter of 2014. South America operating income fell 7 percent driven2017, we implemented an organizational restructuring effort in Argentina to achieve a more competitive cost position in the region, which resulted in a strike by the impactlabor union and an interruption of difficult economic conditionsmanufacturing activities during the second quarter of 2017. We finalized a new labor agreement with the labor union in the Southern Conesecond quarter, ending the strike on June 1, 2017. We recorded total pre-tax employee-related severance and other costs in Argentina of South$17 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, related to the workforce reduction.
During the second quarter of 2017, we announced a Finance Transformation initiative in North America for the U.S. and unfavorable currency translation driven byCanada businesses to strengthen organizational capabilities and drive efficiencies to support our growth strategy. For the stronger US dollar. Operating income grewyear ended December 31, 2017, we recorded pre-tax restructuring charges of $6 million ($3 million of severance costs and $3 million of other costs) related to this initiative. We expect to incur between $1 million and $2 million of additional employee-related severance and other costs in both Asia Pacific2018.
During the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded $13 million of pre-tax restructuring charges related to our leaf extraction process in Brazil. The charges consisted of $6 million of abandonment of certain assets, $6 million of inventory write downs and EMEA reflecting volume and gross margin growth. Given that both Asia Pacific and EMEA possess strong specialty product portfolios,$1 million related to other costs, including employee-related severance costs. We expect to incur $1 million of additional other costs in 2018. Additionally, we remain confident regarding future growthreached an insurance settlement in these segments.North America for $9 million primarily related to capital reconstruction.
Our cash provided by operating cash flow of $731activities remained relatively flat at $769 million for 2014 grew 18 percent from 2013. We continuethe year ended December 31, 2017, compared to use$771 million in the prior year. The increase in current year earnings over the prior year were offset by an increase of cash outflow in working capital primarily due to the outflow in accounts payable and accrued
30
liabilities for the $63 million payment made to the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) in the third quarter of 2017 to complete the double taxation settlement between the U.S. and Canada. Our cash used for financing activities increased during the year ended December 31, 2017, primarily due to the repurchase of approximately one million shares of our operating cash flow to investcommon stock in our business and reward shareholders. Our acquisition of Penford Corporation (see below) is expected to close inopen market transactions for $123 million during the first quarter of 2015 pending regulatory approval. It should be immediately accretive to earnings2017. During the second and will enhance our specialty ingredient product portfolio. Additionally,third quarters, we continue to make strategic investments in research and development and capital for our specialty product portfolio. During 2014 we repurchased 3.8also refinanced a total of $500 million of senior notes with borrowings under our common sharesrevolving credit facility and our board of directors recently authorizeda new term loan entered into during the repurchase of an additional five million shares over the next five years. We also continued to pay quarterly cash dividends to our shareholders. Our balance sheet is strong and positions us well for future strategic initiatives.third quarter.
TableOn March 9, 2017, we completed our acquisition of ContentsSun Flour Industry Co., Ltd. (“Sun Flour”) in Thailand for $18 million. As of December 31, 2017, we paid $16 million in cash and recorded $2 million in accrued liabilities for the final deferred payment due to the previous owner. The acquisition of Sun Flour adds a fourth manufacturing facility to our operations in Thailand. Sun Flour produces rice-based ingredients used primarily in the food industry. This transaction enhances our global supply chain and leverages other capital investments that we have made in Thailand to grow our specialty ingredients and service customers around the world. The acquisition did not have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows in 2017.
Looking ahead, we anticipate that our operating income and net income will grow in 20152018 compared to 2014.2017. In North America, we expect operating income to increase as we do not expect a repetitiondriven by improved product mix and margins occurring in the latter half of the adverse weather effect that we experiencedyear offset by higher operating costs in the first quarter of 2014 and to benefit from anticipated improvement in price/product price mix.Mexico. In South America, we expect modestoperating income to improve over the prior year driven by volume recovery and favorable price mix. We intend to continue to maintain a high degree of focus on cost and network optimization during 2018 as we manage through the improving macroeconomic environment in this segment We expect operating income growth driven primarily by good cost management.in Asia Pacific during the latter half of the year given anticipated high tapioca costs. We anticipate slow economic growth and continued foreign exchange headwinds in that segment for 2015. In Argentina, the political and economic environment remains volatile, challenging and uncertain, and we currently believe that our full year 2015also expect operating income growth in that country will be flat relative to 2014. Operating incomeEMEA in both Asia Pacific and EMEA should continue to grow in 2015, despite currency headwinds associated with a stronger US dollar. We anticipate that this growth will be driven primarily by improved price/product mix from our specialty ingredient product portfolio and effective cost control.
On October 14, 2014, we entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Penford Corporation (“Penford”), a US-based leader in specialty ingredients for food and non-food applications. The acquisition has been approved by the boards of directors of both companies and by the shareholders of Penford. It is subject to approval by regulators as well as to other customary closing conditions. The purchase price is estimated to be $340 million, including the assumption of debt. We expect to fund the acquisition of Penford with available cash and proceeds from borrowings under our revolving credit agreement.
Penford, headquartered in Centennial, Colorado had net sales of $444 million in fiscal year 2014. Penford employs approximately 443 people and operates six plants in the United States, all of which manufacture specialty starches. See Note 3 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.2018.
We currently expect that our available cash balances, future cash flow from operations, access to debt markets, and borrowing capacity under our credit facilities will provide us with sufficient liquidity to fund our anticipated capital expenditures, dividends, and other investing and/orand financing activities for the foreseeable future.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONSResults of Operations
We have significant operations in four reporting segments: North America, South America, Asia Pacific and EMEA. For most of our foreign subsidiaries, the local foreign currency is the functional currency. Accordingly, revenues and expenses denominated in the functional currencies of these subsidiaries are translated into USU.S. dollars (“USD”) at the applicable average exchange rates for the period. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates affect the USU.S. dollar amounts of our foreign subsidiaries’ revenues and expenses. The impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes, where significant, is provided below.
2014We acquired Penford Corporation (“Penford”), Kerr Concentrates, Inc. (“Kerr”), Shandong Huanong Specialty Corn Development Co., Ltd. (“Shandong Huanong”), TIC Gums Incorporated (“TIC Gums”) and Sun Flour Industry Co., Ltd. (“Sun Flour”) on March 11, 2015, August 3, 2015, November 29, 2016, December 29, 2016, and March 9, 2017, respectively. The results of the acquired businesses are included in our consolidated financial results from the respective acquisition dates forward. While we identify fluctuations due to the acquisitions, our discussion below also addresses results of operations absent the impact of the acquisitions and the results of the acquired businesses, where appropriate, to provide a more comparable and meaningful analysis.
31
2017 Compared to 20132016 – Consolidated
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year Ended December 31, |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| |||||
(in millions) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| Variance |
| Percentage |
| |||
Net sales |
| $ | 5,832 |
| $ | 5,704 |
| $ | 128 |
| 2 | % |
Cost of sales |
|
| 4,359 |
|
| 4,302 |
|
| (57) |
| (1) | % |
Gross profit |
|
| 1,473 |
|
| 1,402 |
|
| 71 |
| 5 | % |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating expenses |
|
| 611 |
|
| 579 |
|
| (32) |
| (6) | % |
Other income, net |
|
| (18) |
|
| (4) |
|
| 14 |
| (350) | % |
Restructuring/impairment charges |
|
| 38 |
|
| 19 |
|
| (19) |
| (100) | % |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating income |
|
| 842 |
|
| 808 |
|
| 34 |
| 4 | % |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Financing costs, net |
|
| 73 |
|
| 66 |
|
| (7) |
| (11) | % |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income before income taxes |
|
| 769 |
|
| 742 |
|
| 27 |
| 4 | % |
Provision for income taxes |
|
| 237 |
|
| 246 |
|
| 9 |
| 4 | % |
Net income |
|
| 532 |
|
| 496 |
|
| 36 |
| 7 | % |
Less: Net income attributable to non-controlling interests |
|
| 13 |
|
| 11 |
|
| (2) |
| (18) | % |
Net income attributable to Ingredion |
| $ | 519 |
| $ | 485 |
| $ | 34 |
| 7 | % |
Net Income attributable to IngredionIngredion.. Net income attributable to Ingredion for 2014 decreased2017 increased to $355$519 million or $4.74 per diluted common share, from $396$485 million or $5.05 per diluted common share in 2013.2016. Our results for 2014 include an impairment charge2017 included $47 million of $33 million ($0.44 per diluted common share) to write-off goodwill at our Southern Coneone-time net after-tax costs, driven primarily by restructuring costs of South America reporting unit (see Note 4$31 million. The restructuring charges consisted of costs associated with the notesrestructuring in Argentina, charges related to the consolidated financial statements for additional information) and after-tax costsabandonment of $2 million ($0.02 per diluted common share)certain assets related to our pendingleaf extraction process in Brazil, costs associated with the Finance Transformation initiative, and other pre-tax restructuring charges including employee-related severance costs in North America and a refinement of estimates for prior year restructuring activities (see Note 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information). Our net after-tax results also included a net $23 million charge to the provision for income taxes related to the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”) in December 2017, a $6 million charge relating to the flow-through of costs primarily associated with the sale of TIC Gums inventory that was adjusted to fair value at the acquisition date in accordance with business combination accounting rules, and a $3 million charge associated with the integration of Penford. acquired operations, partially offset by a tax benefit of $10 million due to a deductible foreign exchange loss resulting from the tax settlement between the U.S. and Canada and a $6 million gain from an insurance settlement primarily related to capital reconstruction.
Our results for 2016 included $43 million of net after-tax costs, primarily driven by a $27 million charge for the U.S.-Canada income tax settlement and related after-tax reserve and restructuring costs of $14 million. These restructuring charges consisted of employee-related severance charges and other costs associated with the execution of global IT outsourcing contracts, severance-related costs attributable to optimization initiatives in North America and South America, and additional charges pertaining to our 2015 Port Colborne plant sale. Our net after-tax costs also included $2 million associated with the integration of acquired operations.
Without the impairment chargerestructuring, income tax reform, fair value adjustment of inventory, acquisition-related charges, income tax settlement, and acquisition costs,insurance settlement, our net income would have declined 2 percent from 2013, while ourand diluted earnings per share would have grown by 3 percent. This improvement7 percent and 8 percent, respectively, from 2016. These increases primarily reflect continued strong operating results in our dilutedNorth America segment and, to a lesser extent, Asia Pacific and EMEA during the year, partially offset by lower earnings per common sharein our South America segment due to continued difficult macroeconomic conditions and increased costs in Argentina. The increase for the year ended December 31, 2017, was partially offset by higher net financing costs.
Net sales. Our increase in net sales of 2 percent for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, was driven by the favorable impactvolume growth of our share repurchases.3 percent, which was comprised of 2 percent growth from
32
Net Sales. Net sales for 2014 decreased to $5.67 billion from $6.33 billion in 2013, primarily reflecting reduced net sales in North America driven by lower raw material costs (primarily corn) that were reflected in our product pricing.
A summary of net sales by reportable business segment is shown below:
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| Increase |
| % Change |
| |||
North America |
| $ | 3,093 |
| $ | 3,647 |
| $ | (554 | ) | (15 | )% |
South America |
| 1,203 |
| 1,334 |
| (131 | ) | (10 | )% | |||
Asia Pacific |
| 794 |
| 805 |
| (11 | ) | (1 | )% | |||
EMEA |
| 578 |
| 542 |
| 36 |
| 7 | % | |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Total |
| $ | 5,668 |
| $ | 6,328 |
| $ | (660 | ) | (10 | )% |
The decrease in net sales was driven by an 8 percent price/product mix decline primarily attributable to lower raw material costsrecent acquisitions and unfavorable currency translation of 4 percent due to the stronger US dollar. A 2 percent volume increase partially offset the unfavorable impacts of the reduced selling prices and currency translation.
Net sales in North America decreased 15 percent, primarily reflecting a 16 percent price/product mix decline driven principally by lower raw material costs. A 2 percent volume improvement more than offset unfavorable currency translation of 1 percent increase in Canada. Net sales in South America decreased 10 percent, as a 16 percent decline attributable to weaker foreign currencies more than offset price/product mix improvement of 6 percent. Volume in the segment was flat. Asia Pacific net sales declined 1 percent, as a 5 percent price/product mix decline and unfavorable currency translation of 2 percent, more than offset volume growth of 6 percent. EMEA net sales grew 7 percent reflecting price/product mix improvement of 3 percent, 3 percentorganic volume growth, and favorable currency translation of 1 percent primarily attributable toreflecting a stronger British Pound Sterling.Brazilian real. The increase was partially offset by a 2 percent decrease in price/product mix.
Cost of Salessales. Cost of sales for 2014 decreased 122017 increased 1 percent to $4.55$4.4 billion from $5.20$4.3 billion in 2013. This reduction2016 primarily reflectsdriven by higher net sales volume, partially offset by lower net raw material costs and the effects of currency translation.cost. Gross corn costs per ton for 20142017 decreased approximately 242 percent from 2013,2016 driven by lower market prices for corn. Currency translation caused cost of sales for 2014 to decrease approximately 4 percent from 2013, reflecting the impact of weaker foreign currencies, particularly in South America. Our gross profit margin was 25 percent for 2014 was 20 percent, compared to 18 percent in 2013. Despite reduced selling prices driven by lower corn costs, we have generally maintained per unit gross profit dollar levels, resulting in the improvedyear ended December 31, 2017, and 2016. The gross profit margin percentages.remained flat reflecting favorable currency translation offset by higher input costs as a result of the temporary manufacturing interruption in Argentina.
Selling, General and Administrative ExpensesOperating expenses.. Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) Our increase in operating expenses of 6 percent for 2014 declinedthe year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to $525 million from $534 million in 2013. The decreasethe year ended December 31, 2016, was driven principally by foreign currency weakness which more than offset slightly higher compensation-related costs. Currency translation caused SG&Athe incremental operating expenses for 2014 to decrease approximately 4 percent from 2013. SG&Aof acquired operations. Operating expenses, represented 47 percentas a percentage of gross profit, were 41 percent for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to 41 percent in 2014, consistent with 2013.the prior year.
Other Income-netincome, net. Our change in other income, net for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, was as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year Ended December 31, |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| |||||
(in millions) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| Variance |
| |||
Insurance settlement |
| $ | 9 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 9 |
|
Value-added tax recovery |
|
| 6 |
|
| 5 |
|
| 1 |
|
Other |
|
| 3 |
|
| (1) |
|
| 4 |
|
Other income, net |
| $ | 18 |
| $ | 4 |
| $ | 14 |
|
Financing costs, net. Our change in financing costs, net for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased $7 million from the year ended December 31, 2016, due to an increase in interest expense, driven by increased short-term borrowings with higher interest rates and unfavorable currency translation.
Provision for income taxes. Other income-netOur effective income tax rates for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were 30.8 percent and 33.1 percent, respectively.
The TCJA was enacted on December 22, 2017. The TCJA introduced numerous changes in the U.S. federal tax laws. Changes that have a significant impact on our effective tax rate are a reduction in the U.S. corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent and the imposition of a U.S. tax on our global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”). The TCJA also provides for a one-time transition tax on the deemed repatriation of cumulative foreign earnings as of December 31, 2017, and eliminates the tax on dividends from our foreign subsidiaries by allowing a 100 percent dividends received deduction.
On December 22, 2017, Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”) was issued to provide guidance on the application of U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) to situations in which the registrant does not have all the necessary information available, prepared or analyzed (including computations) in sufficient detail to complete the accounting for the income tax effects of the TCJA.
We have calculated what we believe is a reasonable estimate of the impact of the TCJA in accordance with SAB 118 and our understanding of the TCJA, including published guidance as of the date of this filing, and we have recorded $23 million of provisional income tax expense in the fourth quarter of 2017, the period in which the TCJA was enacted. The provisional amount of $23 million is composed of the following four items:
|
|
|
|
(in millions) |
|
| |
One-time transition tax |
| $ | 21 |
Remeasurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities |
|
| (38) |
Net impact of provision for taxes on unremitted earnings |
|
| 33 |
Other items, net |
|
| 7 |
Net impact of the TCJA on our 2017 income tax expense |
| $ | 23 |
33
We may update our estimate in 2018 as additional information, including guidance from federal and state regulatory agencies, becomes available and we finalize our computations, which are complex and subject to interpretation. Any adjustment to these provisional tax amounts will be recorded in the quarter of 2018 in which our analysis is completed.
Under a provision in the TCJA, all of the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries were deemed to be repatriated at December 31, 2017, and were subjected to a transition tax. As a result, a provisional transition tax liability of $21 million, or 2.7 percentage points on effective tax rate, was recorded in income from continuing operations in the fourth quarter of 2017. Although these earnings that were deemed to be repatriated are not subject to additional U.S. federal income upon distribution, these earnings could be subject to foreign withholding and state income tax upon distribution. In addition, distributions of these previously-taxed earnings could give rise to taxable exchange gain or loss in the U.S.
As a result of the reduction in the U.S. corporate tax rate, we recorded a provisional tax benefit of $38 million, or 4.9 percentage points on the effective tax rate, due to the remeasurement of our U.S. net deferred tax liabilities.
Due to a change in the U.S. tax treatment of dividends received from foreign subsidiaries, we have recorded a provisional tax liability of $33 million, or 4.3 percentage points on the effective tax rate, for foreign dividend withholding and state income taxes payable upon the distribution of unremitted earnings from certain foreign subsidiaries from which we expect to receive cash distributions in 2018 and beyond.
The net impact of the TCJA on our 2017 tax expense includes a provisional tax liability of $7 million, or 0.9 percentage points on the effective tax rate (included in other items, net), for the difference in our 2017 tax expense as calculated with and without the changes triggered by the TCJA.
Because of the complexity of the new GILTI rules, we are continuing to evaluate this provision of the TCJA for the application of ASC 740. Under GAAP, we are allowed to make an accounting policy choice of either treating taxes due on future U.S. inclusions in taxable income related to GILTI as a current-period expense when incurred (the “period cost method”) or factoring such amounts into our measurement of our deferred taxes (the “deferred method”). We have not made any adjustments related to potential GILTI tax in our financial statements, as we have not made a policy decision regarding whether to record deferred taxes on GILTI.
We had been pursuing relief from double taxation under the U.S.-Canada tax treaty for the years 2004 through 2013. During the fourth quarter of 2016, a tentative settlement was reached between the U.S. and Canada and, consequently, we established a net reserve of $24 million, including interest thereon, recorded as a $70 million cost and a $46 million benefit, or 3.2 percentage points on the effective tax rate. In addition, as a result of the settlement, for the years 2014 increased from other income-netthrough 2016, we had established a net reserve of $16 million in 2013. This increase primarily reflects $7 million, of income associated with aor 1.0 percentage points on the effective tax indemnification agreement relating to a subsidiary acquired from Akzo Nobel N.V. (“Akzo”)rate in 2010 and a $3 million gain from the sale of our idled plant in Kenya.2016. In the third quarter of 2014,2017, the two countries finalized the agreement, which eliminated the double taxation, and we recognizedpaid $63 million to the Internal Revenue Service to settle the U.S. federal portion of the accrued liability. As a chargeresult of that agreement, we are entitled to a tax affected benefit of $10 million primarily due to a foreign exchange loss deduction on our 2017 U.S. federal income tax provision for an unfavorable income tax audit result at the former Akzo subsidiary related to a pre-acquisition period for which we are indemnified by Akzo. The costs incurred by the acquired subsidiary are recorded in our provision for income taxes while the reimbursement from Akzo under the indemnification agreement is recorded as other income. The impactreturn, or 1.3 percentage points on our net income is zero.
Operating Income. A summary of operating income is shown below:
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| Favorable |
| Favorable |
| |||
North America |
| $ | 375 |
| $ | 401 |
| $ | (26 | ) | (6 | )% |
South America |
| 108 |
| 116 |
| (8 | ) | (7 | )% | |||
Asia Pacific |
| 103 |
| 97 |
| 6 |
| 6 | % | |||
EMEA |
| 95 |
| 74 |
| 21 |
| 28 | % | |||
Corporate expenses |
| (65 | ) | (75 | ) | 10 |
| 13 | % | |||
Write-off of impaired assets |
| (33 | ) | — |
| (33 | ) | nm |
| |||
Acquisition costs |
| (2 | ) | — |
| (2 | ) | nm |
| |||
Operating income |
| $ | 581 |
| $ | 613 |
| $ | (32 | ) | (5 | )% |
Operating income for 2014 decreased to $581 million from $613 million in 2013. Operating income for 2014 includes a $33 million charge to write-off impaired goodwill at our Southern Cone of South America reporting unit and $2 million of costs associated with our pending acquisition of Penford. Without the impairment charge and acquisition costs, operating income for 2014 would have been essentially flat with 2013. Our operating income primarily reflects earnings growth in EMEA and Asia Pacific along with reduced corporate expenses, which basically offset lower earnings in North America and South America. Unfavorable currency translation attributable to a stronger US dollar reduced operating income by approximately $28 million from 2013.
North America operating income decreased 6 percent to $375 million from $401 million in 2013. The decline primarily reflects our weak first quarter 2014 results that were negatively impacted by harsh winter weather conditions that caused higher energy, transportation and production costs. Additionally, currency translation associated with a weaker Canadian dollar caused operating income to decrease by approximately $7 million in North America. We are pursuing insurance recoveries for the property and business interruption loss that was caused by the harsh winter weather. South America operating income decreased 7 percent to $108 million from $116 million in 2013. The decrease was driven by weaker results in the Southern Cone of South America, which more than offset earnings growth in Brazil. The operating income decline in the Southern Cone of South America primarily reflects the impact of higher production costs and our inability to increase selling prices to a level sufficient to recover the impacts of inflation and currency devaluation. Translation effects associated with weaker South American currencies (particularly the Argentine Peso and Brazilian Real) caused operating income to decrease by approximately $18 million. We currently anticipate that our business in South America will continue to be challenged by difficult economic conditions in 2015. Asia Pacific operating income grew 6 percent to $103 million from $97 million in 2013. This increase was driven principally by volume growth in our Asian business and lower corn costs in South Korea. Unfavorable translation effects associated with weaker Asian currencies caused Asia Pacific operating income to decrease by approximately $3 million. EMEA operating income rose 28 percent to $95 million from $74 million in 2013. The improved earnings primarily reflect improved selling prices, volume growth and manufacturing efficiencies resulting from capital investments, particularly in Europe, and lower energy costs in Pakistan.
Financing Costs-net. Financing costs-net decreased to $61 million in 2014 from $66 million in 2013. The decline reflects a decrease in interest expense, an increase in interest income and a reduction in foreign currency transaction losses. The reduction in interest expense reflects lower average interest rates driven by the effect of our interest rate swaps, which more than offset the impact of higher average borrowings. The increase in interest income was driven principally by higher interest rates on our cash investments.
Provision for Income Taxes. Our effective tax rate was 30.2 percent in 2014, as compared to 26.3 percent in 2013. In the fourth quarter of 2014 we impaired goodwill in our Southern Cone subsidiaries and recorded a charge of $33 million without a tax benefit, which increased the effective tax rate by 1.8 percentage points. rate.
We use the USU.S. dollar as the functional currency for our subsidiaries in Mexico. Because of the increase in the value of the Mexican peso versus the U.S. dollar in 2017, the Mexican tax provision includes decreased tax expense of approximately $4 million, or 0.5 percentage points on the effective tax rate. In 2016, a decline in the value of the Mexican peso versus the USU.S. dollar primarily lateincreased tax expense by $18 million, or 2.4 percentage points on the effective tax rate. These impacts are largely associated with foreign currency translation gains and losses for local tax purposes on net U.S. dollar monetary assets held in 2014,Mexico for which there is no corresponding gain or loss in pre-tax income.
During 2017, we increased the Mexicanvaluation allowance on the net deferred tax provision includes an unfavorableassets in Argentina. As a result, we recorded a valuation allowance in the amount of $16 million, or 2.0 percentage points on the effective tax rate, compared to $7 million and or 1.0 percentage points on the effective tax rate in 2016. Additionally in 2017, distributions were repatriated from foreign affiliates resulting in the reversal of $4 million or 0.5 percentage points on the effective tax rate.
34
During 2016, our foreign tax credits increased in the amount of $22 million, or 3.0 percentage points on the effective tax rate. In addition, we accrued taxes on unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries in the amount of $4 million, or 0.5 percentage points on effective tax rate, and had net favorable reversals of previously unrecognized tax benefits of $2 million, or 0.3 percentage points on effective tax rate.
Without the impact of approximately $7 million, or 1.3 percentage points inthe items described above, our effective tax rate would have been approximately 28.1 percent and 28.3 percent for 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests. Net income attributable to non-controlling interests for the year ended December 31, 2017, increased $2 million from the year ended December 31, 2016, due to improved net income at our non-wholly-owned operation in Pakistan.
2017 Compared to 2016 – North America
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year Ended December 31, |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| |||||
(in millions) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| Variance |
| Percentage |
| |||
Net sales to unaffiliated customers |
| $ | 3,529 |
| $ | 3,447 |
| $ | 82 |
| 2 | % |
Operating income |
|
| 661 |
|
| 610 |
|
| 51 |
| 8 | % |
Net sales. Our increase in net sales of 2 percent for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, was driven by volume growth of 3 percent primarily from the TIC Gums acquisition, and was partially offset by a 1 percent decrease in price/product mix driven by lower raw material costs.
Operating income.Our increase in operating income of $51 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, was primarily driven by net margin improvement from favorable raw material costs compared to the prior period and organic and acquisition-related volume growth, in addition to operational efficiencies and partially offset by a decrease in price/product mix.
2017 Compared to 2016 – South America
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year Ended December 31, |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| |||||
(in millions) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| Variance |
| Percentage |
| |||
Net sales to unaffiliated customers |
| $ | 1,007 |
| $ | 1,010 |
| $ | (3) |
| — | % |
Operating income |
|
| 80 |
|
| 89 |
|
| (9) |
| (10) | % |
Net sales. Net sales remained relatively flat for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, as a 3 percent favorable currency translation primarily reflecting a stronger Brazilian real was offset by a 3 percent decrease in price/product mix.
Operating income.Our decrease in operating income of $9 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, was primarily driven by unfavorable price/product mix and difficult macroeconomic conditions in the region and interruption of manufacturing activities resulting in temporary higher operating costs in Argentina during the second quarter of 2017. This decrease was partially offset by a net margin improvement from favorable raw material costs and a favorable currency translation primarily reflecting a stronger Brazilian real and Argentine peso.
2017 Compared to 2016 – Asia Pacific
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year Ended December 31, |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| |||||
(in millions) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| Variance |
| Percentage |
| |||
Net sales to unaffiliated customers |
| $ | 740 |
| $ | 709 |
| $ | 31 |
| 4 | % |
Operating income |
|
| 112 |
|
| 111 |
|
| 1 |
| 1 | % |
Net sales. Our increase in net sales of 4 percent for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, was driven by organic volume growth of 8 percent and favorable currency translation of 2
35
percent primarily reflecting a stronger Korean won, partially offset by a 6 percent decrease in price/product mix due to core customer mix diversification.
Operating income. Our increase in operating income of $1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, was driven by volume growth, improved operational efficiencies, and favorable currency translation primarily reflecting a stronger Korean won, partially offset by a decrease in price/product mix due to core customer mix diversification.
2017 Compared to 2016 – EMEA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year Ended December 31, |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| |||||
(in millions) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| Variance |
| Percentage |
| |||
Net sales to unaffiliated customers |
| $ | 556 |
| $ | 538 |
| $ | 18 |
| 3 | % |
Operating income |
|
| 113 |
|
| 106 |
|
| 7 |
| 7 | % |
Net sales. Our increase in net sales of 3 percent for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, was driven by a 2 percent increase in price/product mix and organic volume growth of 1 percent.
Operating income. Our increase in operating income of $7 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2016, was driven by favorable price/product mix and volume growth, partially offset by increased operational costs.
2016 Compared to 2015 – Consolidated
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year Ended December 31, |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| |||||
(in millions) |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| Variance |
| Percentage |
| |||
Net sales |
| $ | 5,704 |
| $ | 5,621 |
| $ | 83 |
| 1 | % |
Cost of sales |
|
| 4,302 |
|
| 4,379 |
|
| 77 |
| 2 | % |
Gross profit |
|
| 1,402 |
|
| 1,242 |
|
| 160 |
| 13 | % |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating expenses |
|
| 579 |
|
| 555 |
|
| (24) |
| (4) | % |
Other income, net |
|
| (4) |
|
| (1) |
|
| 3 |
| (300) | % |
Restructuring/impairment charges |
|
| 19 |
|
| 28 |
|
| 9 |
| 32 | % |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating income |
|
| 808 |
|
| 660 |
|
| 148 |
| 22 | % |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Financing costs, net |
|
| 66 |
|
| 61 |
|
| (5) |
| (8) | % |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income before income taxes |
|
| 742 |
|
| 599 |
|
| 143 |
| 24 | % |
Provision for income taxes |
|
| 246 |
|
| 187 |
|
| (59) |
| (32) | % |
Net income |
|
| 496 |
|
| 412 |
|
| 84 |
| 20 | % |
Less: Net income attributable to non-controlling interests |
|
| 11 |
|
| 10 |
|
| (1) |
| (10) | % |
Net income attributable to Ingredion |
| $ | 485 |
| $ | 402 |
| $ | 83 |
| 21 | % |
Net Income attributable to Ingredion. Net income attributable to Ingredion for 2016 increased to $485 million from $402 million in 2015. Our results for 2016 included $43 million of net after-tax costs, primarily driven by a $27 million charge for the U.S.-Canada income tax settlement and related after-tax reserve and restructuring costs of $14 million. These restructuring charges consisted of employee-related severance charges and other costs associated with the execution of global IT outsourcing contracts, employee-related severance costs attributable to optimization initiatives in North America and South America, and additional charges pertaining to our 2015 Port Colborne plant sale. Our net after-tax costs also included $2 million associated with the integration of acquired operations.
36
Our results for 2015 included $26 million of net after-tax costs, primarily driven by restructuring costs of $18 million. These restructuring charges consisted of $11 million for impaired assets and restructuring costs in Brazil and Canada and $7 million for after-tax employee-related severance costs associated with the Penford acquisition. Our net after-tax costs also included $7 million associated with the acquisition and integration of both Penford and Kerr, $6 million relating to the sale of Penford and Kerr inventory that was adjusted to fair value at the respective acquisition dates in accordance with business combination accounting rules, and $4 million relating to a litigation settlement, partially offset by an after-tax gain of $9 million from the sale of our Port Colborne plant.
Without the income tax settlement charge, the restructuring, impairment, and acquisition-related charges, the gain from the plant sale and the litigation settlement costs, our net income and diluted earnings per share would have grown 23 percent and 21 percent, respectively, from 2015. These increases primarily reflect significantly improved operating income in North America and, to a lesser extent, in Asia Pacific and EMEA, as compared to 2015.
Net sales. Our increase in net sales of 1 percent for the year ended December 31, 2016, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, was driven by a price/product mix improvement of 5 percent, partially offset by unfavorable currency translation of 4 percent primarily reflecting a stronger U.S. dollar. Volume remained flat, as our 2 percent volume increase due to acquisitions was offset by an organic volume decrease of 2 percent primarily reflecting the impact of the Port Colborne plant sale.
Cost of sales. Cost of sales for 2016 decreased 2 percent to $4.3 billion from $4.4 billion in 2015. This reduction primarily reflects the effects of currency translation. Gross corn costs per ton for 2016 increased approximately 3 percent from 2015, driven by higher market prices for corn. Currency translation caused cost of sales for 2016 to decrease approximately 5 percent from 2015, reflecting the impact of the stronger U.S. dollar. Our gross profit margin for 2016 was 25 percent, compared to 22 percent in 2015. This increase primarily reflects significantly improved gross profit margins in North America and, to a lesser extent, in Asia Pacific and EMEA.
Operating expenses. Our increase in operating expenses of 4 percent for the year ended December 31, 2016, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, was primarily driven by higher compensation-related costs and incremental operating expenses of acquired operations. This increase was partially offset by favorable translation primarily reflecting a stronger U.S. dollar and weaker foreign currencies. Operating expenses represented 41 percent of gross profit in 2016, as compared to 45 percent of gross profit in 2015.
Other income, net. Our change in other income, net for the year ended December 31, 2016, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, was as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year Ended December 31, |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| |||||
(in millions) |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| Variance |
| |||
Value-added tax recovery |
| $ | 5 |
| $ | 4 |
| $ | 1 |
|
Gain from sale of plant |
|
| — |
|
| 10 |
|
| (10) |
|
Litigation settlement |
|
| — |
|
| (7) |
|
| 7 |
|
Expense associated with tax indemnification |
|
| — |
|
| (4) |
|
| 4 |
|
Other |
|
| (1) |
|
| (2) |
|
| 1 |
|
Other income, net |
| $ | 4 |
| $ | 1 |
| $ | 3 |
|
Financing costs, net. Our change in financing costs, net for the year ended December 31, 2016, increased $5 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, primarily due to an increase in interest expense, driven by higher weighted average borrowing costs that more than offset the impact of reduced average debt balances, and a decrease in interest income due to lower average cash balances and short-term investment rates, partially offset by unfavorable currency translation.
Provision for income taxes. Our effective income tax rates for the years ended December 31, 2016, and 2015 were 33.1 percent and 31.2 percent, respectively.
37
We had been pursuing relief from double taxation under the U.S.-Canada tax treaty for the years 2004 through 2013. During the fourth quarter of 2016, a tentative settlement was reached between the U.S. and Canada and, consequently, we established a net reserve of $24 million, including interest thereon, recorded as a $70 million cost and a $46 million benefit, or 3.2 percentage points on the effective tax rate. In addition, as a result of the settlement, for the years 2014 through 2016, we had established a net reserve of $7 million, or 1.0 percentage points on the effective tax rate in 2016. Of this amount, $4 million pertains to 2016.
We use the U.S. dollar as the functional currency for our subsidiaries in Mexico. Because of the continued decline in the value of the Mexican peso versus the U.S. dollar, our tax provisions for 2016 and 2015 were increased by $18 million or 2.4 percentage points and $17 million, or 2.9 percentage points, respectively. A primary cause was foreign currency transactiontranslation gains for local income tax purposes on net USU.S. dollar monetary assets held in Mexico for which there is no corresponding gain in our pre-tax income. The
During 2016, our foreign tax provision also includes approximatelycredits increased in the amount of $22 million, or 3.0 percentage points on the effective tax rate and we had net favorable reversals of previously unrecognized tax benefits of $2 million, or 0.3 percentage points on effective tax rate. This was partially offset by a valuation allowance on the net deferred tax assets in Argentina in the amount of $7 million for an unfavorable audit result at a Nationalor 1.0 percentage points on the effective tax rate in 2016 and accrued taxes on unremitted earnings of foreign subsidiaries in the amount of $4 million, or 0.5 percentage points on the effective rate in 2016.
TableFinally, in the second quarter of Contents
Starch subsidiary2016, we elected to early adopt ASU No. 2016-09, related to a pre-acquisition periodstock compensation. The new guidance requires excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies to be recorded in the provision for which weincome taxes when stock options are indemnified by Akzo. Additionally, the 2014exercised or restricted shares and performance shares vest. Our 2016 tax provision includes a tax benefit of $12 million, or 1.6 percentage points, related to the adoption of this standard.
Based on the final settlement of an audit matter, in 2015 we reversed $4 million of the $7 million income tax expense and other income that was recorded in 2014. As a result, our effective income tax rate for 2015 was reduced by 0.7 percentage points. Substantial portions of the sale of Port Colborne, Canada, assets resulted in favorable tax treatment that reduced the effective tax rate by approximately 0.4 percentage points. Additionally, the 2015 tax provision includes $2 million of net favorable reversals of previously unrecognized tax benefits due to the lapsing of the statute of limitations. We have significant operations in Canada, Mexico and Thailand wherelimitations, which reduced the statutory tax rates are 25 percent, 30 percent and 20 percent, respectively. In addition, our subsidiary in Brazil has a lower effective tax rate of 26 percent including local tax incentives.
Our effective tax rate for 2013 includes approximately $2 million of tax benefits related to the January 2, 2013 enactment of the US American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012. We also received a favorable tax determination from the Canadian courts during 2013 that resulted in approximately $4 million of tax benefits related to prior years, and an additional $2 million related to 2013. In addition, in 2013, we recognized approximately $11 million of tax benefits related to net changes in previously unrecognized tax benefits and global provision to return adjustments.by 0.3 percentage points.
Without the impact of the items described above, our effective tax rates for 20142016 and 20132015 would have been approximately 2830.0 percent and 3029.7 percent, respectively. See Note 8 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
We have significant operations in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, and Pakistan where the statutory tax rates, including local income taxes are approximately 37 percent, 25 percent, 30 percent and 31 percent in 2016, respectively. In addition, our subsidiary in Brazil has a statutory tax rate of 34 percent, before local incentives that vary each year.
Net Income Attributableincome attributable to Non-controlling Interestsnon-controlling interests. Net income attributable to non-controlling interests was $8for the year ended December 31, 2016, increased $1 million in 2014, up from $7 million in 2013. The increase primarily reflectsthe year ended December 31, 2015, due to improved net income at our non-wholly-owned operation in Pakistan.
2016 Compared to 2015 – North America
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year Ended December 31, |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| |||||
(in millions) |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| Variance |
| Percentage |
| |||
Net sales to unaffiliated customers |
| $ | 3,447 |
| $ | 3,345 |
| $ | 102 |
| 3 | % |
Operating income |
|
| 610 |
|
| 479 |
|
| 131 |
| 27 | % |
Comprehensive IncomeNet sales. . We recorded comprehensive incomeOur increase in net sales of $156 million in 2014,3 percent for the year ended December 31, 2016, as compared with $288 million in 2013. The decrease in comprehensive income primarily reflects a $75 million unfavorable variance relating mainly to the reduced funded statusyear ended December 31, 2015, was driven by price/product mix improvement of our pension and postretirement benefit plans associated with lower discount rates and a revised mortality table, a $58 million unfavorable variance in the cumulative translation adjustment and our lower net income of $40 million,4 percent, partially offset by a $441 percent volume decline due to a decrease in organic volume of 4 percent driven primarily by the impact of the Port Colborne plant sale, partially offset by a 3 percent volume increase due to acquisitions.
38
Operating income.Our increase in operating income of $131 million favorable variance associated with our cash-flow hedging activity. The unfavorable variance infor the cumulative translation adjustment reflects a greater weakening in end of period foreign currencies relative to the US dollar,year ended December 31, 2016, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, was primarily driven by improved product price/mix and improved operational efficiencies, partially offset by a year ago.net margin decrease from unfavorable raw material costs. Our North American results included business interruption insurance recoveries in both 2016 and 2015 relating to the reimbursement of costs in those years.
20132016 Compared to 20122015 – South America
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year Ended December 31, |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| |||||
(in millions) |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| Variance |
| Percentage |
| |||
Net sales to unaffiliated customers |
| $ | 1,010 |
| $ | 1,013 |
| $ | (3) |
| — | % |
Operating income |
|
| 89 |
|
| 101 |
|
| (12) |
| (12) | % |
Net Income attributable to Ingredionsales. . Net income attributable to Ingredionsales remained relatively flat for 2013 decreased to $396 million, or $5.05 per diluted common share, from 2012 net income of $428 million, or $5.47 per diluted common share. Our results for 2012 included after-tax charges of $16 million ($0.20 per diluted common share) for impaired assets and restructuring costs in Kenya, China and Colombia (see Note 4 of the notesyear ended December 31, 2016, as compared to the consolidated financial statements for additional information), after-tax restructuring charges of $7 million ($0.09 per diluted common share) relating to our manufacturing optimization plan in North America, and after-tax costs of $3 million ($0.03 per diluted common share) associated with our integration of National Starch. Additionally, our 2012 results included the reversal ofyear ended December 31, 2015, as a $13 million valuation allowance that had been recorded against net deferred tax assets of our Korean subsidiary ($0.16 per diluted common share), an after-tax gain from a change in a benefit plan of $3 million ($0.04 per diluted common share) and an after-tax gain from the sale of land of $2 million ($0.02 per diluted common share).
Without the impairment/restructuring charges, the reversal of the Korean deferred tax asset valuation allowance, the gain from the benefit plan change, the gain from the land sale and the integration costs in 2012, net income and diluted earnings per common share for 2013 would have declined 917 percent from 2012. This decline in net income primarily reflects lower operating income driven principally by significantly reduced operating income in South America.
Net Sales. Net sales for 2013 decreased to $6.33 billion from $6.53 billion in 2012,unfavorable currency translation primarily reflecting reduced salesa weaker Argentine peso and a 5 percent volume reduction were offset by a 22 percent increase in South America and North America.price/product mix.
TableOur decrease in operating income of Contents$12 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, was primarily driven by a net margin decrease from unfavorable raw material costs, increased operational costs resulting from continuing difficult macroeconomic conditions in the region, and a volume reduction. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in price/product mix.
A summary of net sales by reportable business segment is shown below:2016 Compared to 2015 – Asia Pacific
(in millions) |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
| Increase |
| % Change |
| |||
North America |
| $ | 3,647 |
| $ | 3,741 |
| $ | (94 | ) | (3 | )% |
South America |
| 1,334 |
| 1,462 |
| (128 | ) | (9 | )% | |||
Asia Pacific |
| 805 |
| 816 |
| (11 | ) | (1 | )% | |||
EMEA |
| 542 |
| 513 |
| 29 |
| 6 | % | |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Total |
| $ | 6,328 |
| $ | 6,532 |
| $ | (204 | ) | (3 | )% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year Ended December 31, |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| |||||
(in millions) |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| Variance |
| Percentage |
| |||
Net sales to unaffiliated customers |
| $ | 709 |
| $ | 733 |
| $ | (24) |
| (3) | % |
Operating income |
|
| 111 |
|
| 107 |
|
| 4 |
| 4 | % |
TheNet sales. Our decrease in net sales primarily reflects aof 3 percent for the year ended December 31, 2016, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, was driven by a 5 percent decrease in price/product mix due to the pass through of lower raw material costs in pricing to our customers and a 2 percent unfavorable currency translation primarily reflecting a weaker Korean won, partially offset by organic volume reductiongrowth of 4 percent.
Operating income. Our increase in operating income of $4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, was driven by a net margin increase from favorable raw material costs, partially offset by a decrease in price/product mix and unfavorable currency translation primarily reflecting a weaker Chinese yuan and Korean won.
2016 Compared to 2015 – EMEA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year Ended December 31, |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| Favorable (Unfavorable) |
| |||||
(in millions) |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| Variance |
| Percentage |
| |||
Net sales to unaffiliated customers |
| $ | 538 |
| $ | 530 |
| $ | 8 |
| 2 | % |
Operating income |
|
| 106 |
|
| 93 |
|
| 13 |
| 14 | % |
Net sales. Our increase in net sales of 2 percent for the year ended December 31, 2016, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, was driven by organic volume growth of 6 percent, partially offset by unfavorable currency translation of 3 percent attributableprimarily reflecting a weaker British pound sterling and Pakistan rupee and a 1 percent decrease in price/product mix resulting from the pass through of lower corn costs in pricing to weaker foreign currencies relativeour customers.
Operating income. Our increase in operating income of $13 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, as compared to the US dollar, which more thanyear ended December 31, 2015, was driven by a net margin increase from favorable raw material costs
39
and organic volume growth, partially offset improved price/product mix of 3 percent.
Net sales in North America decreased 3 percent, as a 4 percent volume decline and slightlyby unfavorable currency translation attributable toprimarily reflecting a weaker Canadian dollar more than offset improved price/product mix of 2 percent. Increased selling prices helped to offset higher corn costs. Net sales in South America decreased 9 percent, as a 10 percent decline attributable to weaker foreign currenciesBritish pound sterling and a 2 percent volume reduction more than offset a 3 percent price/product mix improvement. The volume reduction primarily reflects weaker economic conditions, particularly in the Southern Cone of South America and in Brazil, and reduced sales to the brewing industry where excess industry capacity resulted in weaker brewery demand for high maltose in Brazil. Asia Pacific net sales declined 1 percent, as a volume decline of 2 percent and slightly unfavorable currency translation effects more than offset a 1 percent price/product mix improvement. The volume reduction reflects the effect of the fourth quarter 2012 sale of our investment in our Chinese non-wholly-owned consolidated subsidiary, Shouguang Golden Far East Modified Starch Co., Ltd. (“GFEMS”). Without net sales of $23 million from GFEMS in 2012, Asia Pacific net sales for 2013 would have increased 2 percent and volume would have grown 1 percent from a year ago. EMEA net sales grew 6 percent reflecting price/product mix improvement of 8 percent and 1 percent volume growth, which more than offset unfavorable currency translation of 3 percent. Without an $11 million sales reduction attributable to the closure of our plant in Kenya, EMEA net sales for 2013 would have increased approximately 8 percent and volume would have grown approximately 3 percent from 2012.
Cost of Sales. Cost of sales for 2013 decreased 2 percent to $5.20 billion from $5.29 billion in 2012. Higher raw material costs were more than offset by reduced volume, the effects of currency translation and the impacts of continued cost savings focus. Pricing actions by us limited the unfavorable impact of higher raw material costs on our operating income. Currency translation caused cost of sales for 2013 to decrease approximately 3 percent from 2012, reflecting the impact of weaker foreign currencies, particularly in South America. Gross corn costs per ton for 2013 increased approximately 1 percent from 2012, driven by higher market prices for corn. Additionally, energy costs increased approximately 2 percent from 2012, primarily reflecting higher costs in Korea and Pakistan. Our gross profit margin for 2013 was 18 percent, compared to 19 percent in 2012, primarily reflecting lower gross profits in South America.Pakistan rupee.
Selling, General
Liquidity and Administrative ExpensesCapital Resources
. SG&A expenses for 2013 declinedAt December 31, 2017, our total assets were $6.1 billion, as compared to $534 million from $556 million in 2012.$5.8 billion at December 31, 2016. The decreaseincrease was driven principally by foreign currency weakness and cost savings initiatives. Currency translation caused SG&A expenses for 2013our net income growth. Total equity increased to decrease approximately 3 percent$2.9 billion at December 31, 2017, from 2012. SG&A expenses represented approximately 8 percent of net sales in 2013, consistent with 2012.
Other Income-net. Other income-net of $16 million for 2013 decreased from other income-net of $22 million in 2012. This decrease primarily reflects the effects of a $5 million gain from a change in a North America benefit plan and a $2 million gain from a land sale, both of which were recorded in the fourth quarter of 2012.
Operating Income. A summary of operating income is shown below:
(in millions) |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
| Favorable |
| Favorable |
| |||
North America |
| $ | 401 |
| $ | 408 |
| $ | (7 | ) | (2 | )% |
South America |
| 116 |
| 198 |
| (82 | ) | (41 | )% | |||
Asia Pacific |
| 97 |
| 95 |
| 2 |
| 2 | % | |||
EMEA |
| 74 |
| 78 |
| (4 | ) | (6 | )% | |||
Corporate expenses |
| (75 | ) | (78 | ) | 3 |
| 4 | % | |||
Restructuring/impairment charges |
| — |
| (36 | ) | 36 |
| nm |
| |||
Gain from change in benefit plans |
| — |
| 5 |
| (5 | ) | nm |
| |||
Integration costs |
| — |
| (4 | ) | 4 |
| nm |
| |||
Gain from sale of land |
| — |
| 2 |
| (2 | ) | nm |
| |||
Operating income |
| $ | 613 |
| $ | 668 |
| $ | (55 | ) | (8 | )% |
Operating income for 2013 declined to $613 million from $668 million in 2012. Operating income for 2012 included $20 million of charges for impaired assets and restructuring costs in Kenya, $11 million of restructuring charges to reduce the carrying value of certain equipment associated with our manufacturing optimization plan in North America, $5 million of charges for impaired assets in China and Colombia, and $4 million of costs pertaining to the integration of National Starch. Additionally, operating income for 2012 included the $5 million gain from the benefit plan change in North America and the $2 million gain from the sale of land. Without the impairment/restructuring charges, integration costs, the gain from the benefit plan change and the gain from the land sale, operating income for 2013 would have decreased 13 percent, primarily reflecting reduced operating income in South America. Unfavorable currency translation associated with weaker foreign currencies caused operating income to decline by approximately $21 million from 2012.
North America operating income decreased 2 percent to $401 million from $408 million in 2012. Lower volumes due to reduced customer demand drove the operating income decline. Improved product selling prices and manufacturing cost saving initiatives limited the unfavorable impact of the reduced sales volume. Currency translation associated with a weaker Canadian dollar caused operating income to decrease by approximately $3 million in North America. South America operating income decreased 41 percent to $116 million from $198 million in 2012. The decrease was driven by significantly weaker results in the Southern Cone of South America and in Brazil. Our inability to increase selling prices to a level sufficient to recover higher corn, energy and labor costs, primarily in Argentina, and the reduced absorption of fixed manufacturing costs as a result of lower sales volumes due to soft demand from a weaker economy, drove the earnings decline. Translation effects associated with weaker South American currencies (particularly the Argentine Peso and Brazilian Real) caused operating income to decrease by approximately $14 million. Asia Pacific operating income rose 2 percent to $97 million from $95 million in 2012.$2.6 billion at December 31, 2016. This increase primarily reflects organic volumeour earnings growth, and slightly higher product selling prices, which more thanpartially offset higher local production costs andby treasury stock repurchases of $123 million during the impactfirst quarter of weaker foreign currencies. Unfavorable translation effects associated with weaker foreign currencies caused Asia Pacific operating income to decrease by approximately $1 million. EMEA operating income decreased 6 percent to $74 million from $78 million in 2012. The decrease primarily reflects the impacts of weaker foreign currencies and higher local production and energy costs, which more than offset improved product price/mix and volume growth. Translation effects associated with weaker foreign currencies (particularly the Pakistan Rupee) caused EMEA operating income to decrease by approximately $3 million.2017.
Financing Costs-net. Financing costs-net decreased slightlyOn August 18, 2017, we entered into a new Term Loan Credit Agreement (“Term Loan”) to $66establish a senior unsecured term loan credit facility. Under the Term Loan, we were allowed three borrowings in an amount of up to $500 million in 2013total. The Term Loan matures 18 months from $67the date of the final borrowing. As of October 25, 2017, we had initiated all three borrowings under the Term Loan totaling $420 million, in 2012.due April 25, 2019. The decrease primarily reflects reduced interest expense driven by lower averageproceeds were used to refinance $300 million of 1.8 percent senior notes due September 25, 2017, and pay down borrowings and interest rates andoutstanding on the revolving credit facility. In December 2017, we paid down $25 million of the Term Loan. On January 16, 2018, we paid an increase in interest income attributable to our higheradditional $185 million towards the Term Loan. Both payments were made with cash balances, partially offset by an increase in foreign currency transaction losses.on-hand. See also Note 7 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Provision for Income Taxes. Our effective tax rate was 26.3 percent in 2013, as compared to 27.8 percent in 2012. Our effective tax rate for 2013 includes approximately $2 million of tax benefits related to the January 2, 2013 enactment of the US American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012. The Company also receivedOn October 11, 2016, we entered into a favorable tax determination from the Canadian courts during 2013 that resulted in approximately $4 million of tax benefits related to prior years, and an
additional $2 million related to the current year. In addition, the Company recognized approximately $11 million of tax favorability related to net changes in previously unrecognized tax benefits and global provision to return adjustments. Our effective income tax rate for 2012 includes the effects of the discrete reversal of a $13 million valuation allowance that had been recorded against net deferred tax assets of our Korean subsidiary, the recognition of an income tax benefit of $8 million related to our $20 million restructuring charge in Kenya and the associated tax write-off of the investment. Additionally, in 2012 we recorded a $4 million pre-tax charge related to the disposition of GFEMS, which is not expected to produce a realizable tax benefit. Without the impact of the items described above, our effective tax rates for 2013 and 2012 would have been approximately 30 percent in both periods. See Note 8 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Net Income Attributable to Non-controlling Interests. Net income attributable to non-controlling interests was $7 million in 2013, up from $6 million in 2012. The increase reflects the impact of our 2012 sale of GFEMS and improved net income at our non-wholly-owned operation in Pakistan.
Comprehensive Income. We recorded comprehensive income of $288 million in 2013, as compared with $366 million in 2012. The decrease in comprehensive income primarily reflects a $125 million unfavorable variance in the cumulative translation adjustment, a $41 million unfavorable variance associated with our cash-flow hedging activity and our lower net income of $31 million, partially offset by a $119 million favorable variance relating mainly to the improved funded status of our pension and postretirement benefit plans. The unfavorable variance in the cumulative translation adjustment reflects a greater weakening in end of period foreign currencies relative to the US dollar, as compared to a year ago.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
At December 31, 2014, our total assets were $5.09 billion, down from $5.36 billion at December 31, 2013. This decrease primarily reflects translation effects associated with weaker end of period foreign currencies relative to the US dollar. Total equity decreased to $2.21 billion at December 31, 2014, from $2.43 billion at December 31, 2013. This decrease primarily reflects our share repurchases, dividends on our common stock and an increase in our accumulated other comprehensive loss driven principally by unfavorable foreign currency translation. These declines more than offset the favorable impact of our 2014 net income on total equity.
We have anew five-year senior unsecured $1 billion revolving credit agreement (the “Revolving Credit Agreement”) that maturesreplaced our previously existing $1 billion senior unsecured revolving credit facility that would have matured on October 22, 2017. See also Note 7 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Subject to certain terms and conditions, we may increase the amount of the revolving credit facility under the Revolving Credit Agreement by up to $250$500 million in the aggregate. We may also obtain up to two one-year extensions of the maturity date of the Revolving Credit Agreement at our request and subject to the agreement of our lenders. All committed pro rata borrowings under the revolving credit facility will bear interest at a variable annual rate based on either the LIBOR or primebase rate, at our election, subject to the terms and conditions thereof, plus, in each case, an applicable margin based on our leverage ratio (as reported in the financial statements delivered pursuant to the Revolving Credit Agreement). or our credit rating. Subject to specified conditions, we may designate one or more of our subsidiaries as additional borrowers under the Revolving Credit Agreement provided that we guarantee all borrowings and other obligations of any such subsidiaries thereunder.
The Revolving Credit Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, covenants, events of default and other terms and conditions, including limitations on liens, incurrence of subsidiary debt mergers and significant asset dispositions.mergers. We must also comply with a leverage ratio covenant and an interest coverage ratio covenant. The occurrence of an event of default under the Revolving Credit Agreement could result in all loans and other obligations under the agreement being declared due and payable and the revolving credit facility being terminated. We met all covenant requirements as of December 31, 2014.
At2017. As of December 31, 2014, we had $87 million of2017, there were no borrowings outstanding under our Revolving Credit Agreement. In addition, we have a number of short-term credit facilities consisting of operating lines of credit. Atcredit outside of the U.S.
On September 22, 2016, we issued 3.20 percent Senior Notes due October 1, 2026, in an aggregate principal amount of $500 million. The net proceeds from the sale of the notes of approximately $497 million were used to repay $350 million of term loan debt, to repay $52 million of borrowings under our previously existing $1 billion revolving credit facility and for general corporate purposes. See also Note 7 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
40
As of December 31, 2014,2017, we had a total debt outstanding of $1.83 billion, compared to $1.81 billion at$1.9 billion. As of December 31, 2013. In addition to the borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Credit Agreement,2017, our total debt includes $350 millionconsisted of 3.2 percent notes due November 1, 2015, $300 million (principal amount) of 1.8 percent senior notes due 2017, $200 million of 6.0 percent senior notes due 2017, $200 million of 5.62 percent senior notes due 2020, $400 million (principal amount) of 4.625 percent notes due 2020, $250 million (principal amount) of 6.625 percent senior notes due 2037 and $23 million of consolidated subsidiary debt consisting of local country short-term borrowings. Ingredion Incorporated,the following:
|
|
|
|
|
(in millions) |
|
|
| |
3.2% senior notes due October 1, 2026 |
| $ | 496 |
|
4.625% senior notes due November 1, 2020 |
|
| 398 |
|
6.625% senior notes due April 15, 2037 |
|
| 254 |
|
5.62% senior notes due March 25, 2020 |
|
| 200 |
|
Term loan credit agreement due April 25, 2019 |
|
| 395 |
|
Revolving credit facility |
|
| — |
|
Fair value adjustment related to hedged fixed rate debt instruments |
|
| 1 |
|
Long-term debt |
|
| 1,744 |
|
Short-term borrowings |
|
| 120 |
|
Total debt |
| $ | 1,864 |
|
We, as the parent company, guaranteesguarantee certain obligations of itsour consolidated subsidiaries. AtAs of December 31, 2014,2017, such guarantees aggregated $214$56 million. Management believesWe believe that such consolidated subsidiaries will meet their financial obligations as they become due.
Historically, the principal source of our liquidity has been our internally generated cash flow, which we supplement as necessary with our ability to borrow on our bank lines and to raise funds in the capital markets. In addition to borrowing availability under our Revolving Credit Agreement, we also have approximately $485$488 million of unused operating lines of credit in the various foreign countries in which we operate.
The weighted average interest rate on our total indebtedness was approximately 4.1 percent and 4.44.0 percent for 2014both 2017 and 2013,2016, respectively.
Net Cash Flows
A summary of operating cash flows is shown below:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| |||||
Net income |
| $ | 363 |
| $ | 403 |
|
| $ | 532 |
| $ | 496 |
| $ | 412 |
|
Depreciation and amortization |
| 195 |
| 194 |
|
|
| 209 |
|
| 196 |
|
| 194 |
| ||
Mechanical stores expense |
|
| 57 |
|
| 57 |
|
| 57 |
| |||||||
Write-off of impaired assets |
| 33 |
| — |
|
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 10 |
| ||
Charge for fair value mark-up of acquired inventory |
|
| 9 |
|
| — |
|
| 10 |
| |||||||
Gain on sale of plant |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| (10) |
| |||||||
Deferred income taxes |
| (11 | ) | 30 |
|
|
| 67 |
|
| (5) |
|
| (6) |
| ||
Changes in working capital |
| 84 |
| (57 | ) |
|
| (121) |
|
| (8) |
|
| (24) |
| ||
Other |
| 67 |
| 49 |
|
|
| 16 |
|
| 35 |
|
| 43 |
| ||
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||
Cash provided by operations |
| $ | 731 |
| $ | 619 |
|
| $ | 769 |
| $ | 771 |
| $ | 686 |
|
Cash provided by operations was $731$769 million in 2014,2017, as compared with $619$771 million in 2013.2016. The increase in operatingcurrent year earnings over the prior year were offset by an increase of cash flow for 2014 primarily reflects improved cash flow associated withoutflow in working capital activities. An increaseprimarily due to the outflow in accounts payable and accrued liabilities associated withfor the timing$63 million payment made to the IRS in the third quarter of payments2017 to complete the double taxation settlement between the U.S. and a decreaseCanada. The increase in 2016 operating cash flow from the prior year primarily reflects our margin accounts relating to commodity hedging contracts were the primary sources of our 2014 cash inflow from reduced working capital.net income growth.
We had cash inflows of $39 million in 2014 from our margin account activity relating to commodity hedging contracts. To manage price risk related to corn purchases in North America, we use derivative instruments (corn futures and options contracts) to lock in our corn costs associated with firm-priced customer sales contracts. We are unable to directly hedge price risk related to co-product sales; however, we occasionally enter into hedges of soybean oil (a competing product to our animal feed and corn oil) in order to mitigate the price risk of animal feed and corn oil sales. Additionally, we enter into futures contracts to hedge price risk associated with fluctuations in market prices of ethanol. As the market
41
price of corn fluctuates,these commodities fluctuate, our derivative instruments change in value and we fund any unrealized losses or receive cash for any unrealized gains related to outstanding corncommodity futures and option contracts. We plan to continue to use corn futures and option contractsderivative instruments to hedge thesuch price risk associated with firm-priced customer sales contracts in our North American business and, accordingly, we will be required to make cash deposits to or be entitled to receive cash from our margin accounts depending on the movement in the market price for corn.of the underlying commodity.
Listed below are our primary investing and financing activities for 2014:activities:
|
| Sources (Uses) |
| |
|
| of Cash |
| |
|
| (in millions) |
| |
Capital expenditures |
| $ | (276 | ) |
Payments on debt |
| (213 | ) | |
Proceeds from borrowings |
| 231 |
| |
Dividends paid (including to non-controlling interests) |
| (128 | ) | |
Repurchases of common stock |
| (304 | ) | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in millions) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| |||
Payments for acquisitions |
| $ | (17) |
| $ | (407) |
| $ | (434) |
|
Capital expenditures and mechanical stores purchases |
|
| (314) |
|
| (284) |
|
| (280) |
|
Payments on debt |
|
| (1,240) |
|
| (874) |
|
| (1,366) |
|
Proceeds from borrowings |
|
| 1,144 |
|
| 1,000 |
|
| 1,388 |
|
Dividends paid (including to non-controlling interests) |
|
| (165) |
|
| (141) |
|
| (126) |
|
Repurchases of common stock |
|
| (123) |
|
| — |
|
| (41) |
|
On December 12, 2014,15, 2017, our board of directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.42$0.60 per share of common stock. This dividend was paid on January 26, 201525, 2018, to stockholders of record at the close of business on December 31, 2014.2017.
As part of our stock repurchase program, we entered into an accelerated share repurchase agreement (“ASR”) on July 30, 2014 with an investment bank under which we repurchased $300 million of our common stock. We paid the $300 million on August 1, 2014 and received an initial delivery of shares from the investment bank of 3,152,502 shares, representing approximately 80 percent of the shares anticipated to be repurchased based on current market prices at that time. The initial delivery of shares resulted in an immediate reduction in the number of shares used to calculate the weighted average common shares outstanding for basic and diluted net earnings per share from the effective date of the ASR. On December 29, 2014, the ASR was completed and we received 671,823 additional shares of our common stock bringing the total amount of repurchases to 3,824,325 shares, based upon the volume-weighted average price of $78.45 per share over the term of the share repurchase agreement. The ASR was funded through a combination of cash on hand and utilization of the Revolving Credit Agreement.
On October 14, 2014, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”), by and among Penford Corporation, a Washington corporation (“Penford”), Prospect Sub, Inc., a Washington corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (“Merger Sub”), and the Company. The Merger Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement were unanimously approved by our board of directors. The Merger Agreement provides for the merger of Merger Sub with and into Penford, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement (the “Merger”), with Penford continuing as the surviving corporation in the Merger. As a result of the Merger, Penford will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.
Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”), each share (a “Share”) of common stock of Penford (“Penford Common Stock”) issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time, other than (a) Shares owned by the Company or Merger Sub, or by any subsidiary of the Company or Merger Sub, immediately prior to the Effective Time and (b) Shares outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time and held by a holder who is entitled to exercise dissenters’ rights and properly exercises dissenters’ rights under Washington law with respect to such Shares, will be converted into the right to receive $19.00 in cash per Share, without interest and subject to and reduced by the amount of any tax withholding. As of the date of the Merger Agreement, Penford had 12,735,038 outstanding Shares and 1,429,000 Shares underlying outstanding options. Outstanding borrowings under Penford’s revolving credit agreement will become due as a result of the Merger. The purchase price is estimated to be $340 million, including the assumption of debt. We expect to fund the acquisition of Penford with available cash and proceeds from borrowings under our revolving credit agreement. The acquisition is expected to close inIn the first quarter of 2015 pending regulatory approval. See Note 32017, we repurchased 1 million common shares in open market transactions at a cost of $123 million. There were no additional open market shares repurchased during the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.remainder of 2017.
We currently anticipate that capital expenditures and mechanical stores purchases for 2018 will be approximately $330 million to $360 million.
On March 9, 2017, we completed our acquisition of Sun Flour in Thailand for $18 million. As of December 31, 2017, we paid $16 million in cash and recorded $2 million in accrued liabilities for the final deferred payment due to the previous owner. The acquisition of Sun Flour adds a fourth manufacturing facility to our operations in Thailand. Sun Flour produces rice-based ingredients used primarily in the food industry. This transaction enhances our global supply chain and leverages other capital investments that we have made in Thailand to grow our specialty ingredients and service customers around the world.
On December 29, 2016, we acquired TIC Gums, a U.S.-based company that provides advanced texture systems to the food and beverage industry. Consistent with our strategy for new platform growth, this acquisition enhanced our texture capabilities and formulation expertise and provided additional opportunities for us to provide solutions for natural, organic and clean-label demands of our customers. TIC Gums utilizes a variety of agriculturally derived ingredients, such as acacia gum and guar gum, to form the foundation for innovative texture systems and allow for clean-label reformulation. TIC Gums operates two production facilities, one in Belcamp, Maryland, and one in Guangzhou, China. TIC Gums also maintains a research and development lab in each of these facilities. We funded the $396 million acquisition with cash and short-term borrowings.
On November 29, 2016, we completed our acquisition of Shandong Huanong in China for $12 million in cash. The acquisition of Shandong Huanong, located in Shandong Province, adds a second manufacturing facility to our operations in China. It produces starch raw material for our plant in Shanghai, which makes value-added ingredients for the food industry.
On August 3, 2015, will approximate $300 million.we completed our acquisition of Kerr, a privately-held producer of natural fruit and vegetable concentrates for approximately $102 million in cash. Kerr serves major food and beverage companies, flavor houses and ingredient producers from its manufacturing locations in Oregon and California. The acquisition of Kerr provided us with the opportunity to expand our product portfolio.
On March 11, 2015, we completed our acquisition of Penford, a manufacturer of specialty starches that was headquartered in Centennial, Colorado. The total purchase consideration for Penford was $332 million, which included
42
the extinguishment of $93 million in debt in conjunction with the acquisition. The acquisition of Penford provides us with, among other things, an expanded specialty ingredient product portfolio consisting of potato starch-based offerings.
We currently expect that our available cash balances, future cash flow from operations, access to debt markets, and borrowing capacity under our credit facilities will provide us with sufficient liquidity to fund our anticipated capital expenditures, dividends, and other investing and/orand financing activities for the foreseeable future.
We have not provided foreign withholding taxes, state income taxes, and federal and state income taxes on foreign currency gains/losses on accumulated undistributed earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries because these earnings are considered to be permanently reinvested. It is not practicable to determine the amount of the unrecognized deferred tax liability related to the undistributed earnings. We do not anticipate the need to repatriate funds to the United StatesU.S. to satisfy domestic liquidity needs arising in the ordinary course of business, including liquidity needs associated with our domestic debt service requirements or planned acquisition of Penford.requirements. Approximately $604$351 million of our total cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments of $614$604 million at December 31, 2014,2017, was held by our operations outside of the United States. We anticipate that such cash and short-term investments will be used to fund growth opportunities outside of the United States, including capital expenditures and acquisitions.U.S. We expect that available cash balances and credit facilities in the United States,U.S., along with cash generated from operations and access to debt markets, will be sufficient to meet our operating and other cash needs for the foreseeable future.
Table of ContentsHedging and Financial Risk
HedgingHedging:
We are exposed to market risk stemming from changes in commodity prices (primarily corn and natural gas), foreign currency exchange rates, and interest rates. In the normal course of business, we actively manage our exposure to these market risks by entering into various hedging transactions, authorized under established policies that place clear controls on these activities. These transactions utilize exchange-traded derivatives or over-the-counter derivatives with investment grade counterparties. Our hedging transactions may include, but are not limited to, a variety of derivative financial instruments such as commoditycommodity-related futures, options and swap contracts, forward currencycurrency-related contracts and options, interest rate swap agreements, and treasuryTreasury lock agreements.agreements (“T-Locks”). See Note 56 of the notesNotes to the consolidated financial statementsConsolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Commodity Price Risk:
Our principal use of derivative financial instruments is to manage commodity price risk in North America relating to anticipated purchases of corn and natural gas to be used in theour manufacturing process. We periodically enter into futures, options and swap contracts for a portion of our anticipated corn and natural gas usage, generally over the following twelve12 to twenty-four24 months, in order to hedge price risk associated with fluctuations in market prices. These derivative instruments are recognized at fair value and have effectively reduced our exposureWe also enter into futures contracts to changeshedge price risk associated with fluctuations in the market prices for these commodities.price of ethanol. We are unable to directly hedge price risk related to co-product sales; however, we occasionally enter into hedges of soybean oil (a competing product to our corn oil) in order to mitigate the price risk of corn oil sales. Unrealized gains and losses associated with marking our commodities-based derivative instruments to market are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income (“OCI”). At December 31, 2014,2017, our accumulated other comprehensive loss account (“AOCI”) included $13$12 million of losses, net of taxincome taxes of $6$7 million, related to these derivative instruments. It is anticipated that $9 million of these losses (net of income taxes of $5 million) will be reclassified into earnings during the next twelve12 months. We expect the losses to be offset by changes in the underlying commodities cost.costs.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk:
Due to our global operations, including operations in many emerging markets, we are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. As a result, we have exposure to translational foreign exchange risk when our foreign operationoperations’ results are translated to USDU.S. dollars and to transactional foreign exchange risk when transactions not denominated in the functional currency of the operating unit are revalued. We primarily use derivative financial instruments such as foreign currency forward contracts, swaps and options to manage our foreign currency transactional exchange risk. At December 31, 2014,2017, we had foreign currency forward sales contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $150$447 million and foreign currency forward purchase contracts that are designated as fair value hedges with an aggregate notional amount of $70$121 million that hedged transactional exposures. The fair value of these derivative instruments is an asset of $1$11 million at December 31, 2014.2017.
43
We also have foreign currency derivative instruments that hedge certain foreign currency transactional exposures and are designated as cash-flowcash flow hedges. The amountAs of December 31, 2017, AOCI included in AOCI$1 million of gains, net of taxes, relating to these hedges at December 31, 2014 was not significant.hedges.
We have significant operations in Argentina. We utilize the official exchange rate published by the Argentine government for re-measurement purposes. Due to exchange controls put in place by the Argentine government, a parallel market exists for exchanging Argentine pesos to USU.S. dollars at rates less favorable than the official rate. Argentina and other emerging markets experienced increased devaluation and volatilityrate, although the difference in 2014 and we anticipate that this trend will continue in 2015.rates has decreased significantly from past levels.
Interest Rate Risk:
We occasionally use interest rate swaps and Treasury Lock agreements (“T-Locks”)T-Locks to hedge our exposure to interest rate changes, to reduce the volatility of our financing costs, or to achieve a desired proportion of fixed versus floating rate debt, based on current and projected market conditions. We did not have any T-Locks outstanding atas of December 31, 2014 or 2013.
Table of Contents2017.
In September 2014,As of December 31, 2017, our AOCI account included $1 million of losses (net of income taxes of $1 million) related to settled T-Locks. These deferred losses are being amortized to financing costs over the terms of the senior notes with which they are associated. It is anticipated that $1 million of these losses (net of income taxes of $1 million) will be reclassified into earnings during the next 12 months.
As of December 31, 2017, we entered intohave an interest rate swap agreementsagreement that effectively convertconverts the interest rates on our 6.0 percent $200 million senior notes due April 15, 2017, our 1.8 percent $300 million senior notes due September 25, 2017 and on $200 million of our $400 million of 4.625 percent senior notes due November 1, 2020, to variable rates. Additionally, we have interest rateThis swap agreements that effectively convert the interest rate on our 3.2 percent $350 million senior notes due November 1, 2015 to a variable rate. These swap agreements callagreement calls for us to receive interest at the fixed coupon rate of the respective notes and to pay interest at a variable rate based on the six-month USU.S. dollar LIBOR rate plus a spread. We have designated thesethis interest rate swap agreementsagreement as hedgesa hedge of the changes in fair value of the underlying debt obligationsobligation attributable to changes in interest rates and account for themit as fair-value hedges.a fair value hedge. The fair value of thesethis interest rate swap agreementsagreement was $13$1 million at both December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013,2017, and is reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets within other assets, with an offsetting amount recorded in long-term debt to adjust the carrying amount of the hedged debt obligations.
At December 31, 2014, our accumulated other comprehensive loss account included $7 million of losses (net of tax of $4 million) related to settled Treasury Lock agreements. These deferred losses are being amortized to financing costs over the terms of the senior notes with which they are associated. It is anticipated that $2 million of these losses (net of tax of $1 million) will be reclassified into earnings during the next twelve months.
44
Contractual Obligations and Off BalanceOff-Balance Sheet Arrangements
The table below summarizes our significant contractual obligations as of December 31, 2014.2017. Information included in the table is cross-referenced to the notesNotes to the consolidated financial statementsConsolidated Financial Statements elsewhere in this report, as applicable.
|
|
|
| Payments due by period |
| |||||||||||||
(in millions) |
|
|
|
|
| Less |
|
|
|
|
| More |
| |||||
Contractual |
| Note |
| Total |
| than 1 |
| 2 – 3 |
| 4 – 5 |
| than 5 |
| |||||
Long-term debt (a) |
| 6 |
| $ | 1,787 |
| $ | 350 |
| $ | 587 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 850 |
|
Interest on long-term debt |
| 6 |
| 607 |
| 76 |
| 124 |
| 93 |
| 314 |
| |||||
Operating lease obligations |
| 7 |
| 174 |
| 41 |
| 64 |
| 41 |
| 28 |
| |||||
Pension and other postretirement obligations |
| 9 |
| 113 |
| 6 |
| 6 |
| 6 |
| 95 |
| |||||
Purchase obligations (b) |
|
|
| 1,404 |
| 344 |
| 324 |
| 242 |
| 494 |
| |||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||
Total (c) |
|
|
| $ | 4,085 |
| $ | 817 |
| $ | 1,105 |
| $ | 382 |
| $ | 1,781 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Payments due by period |
| |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Less |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| More |
| ||
|
| Note |
|
|
|
| than 1 |
| 2 – 3 |
| 4 – 5 |
| than 5 |
| ||||
Contractual Obligations (in millions) |
| reference |
| Total |
| year |
| years |
| years |
| years |
| |||||
Long-term debt |
| 7 |
| $ | 1,745 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 995 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 750 |
|
Interest on long-term debt |
| 7 |
|
| 557 |
|
| 67 |
|
| 121 |
|
| 65 |
|
| 304 |
|
Operating lease obligations |
| 8 |
|
| 197 |
|
| 45 |
|
| 71 |
|
| 45 |
|
| 36 |
|
Pension and other postretirement obligations |
| 10 |
|
| 132 |
|
| 8 |
|
| 16 |
|
| 16 |
|
| 92 |
|
Purchase obligations (a) |
|
|
|
| 1,026 |
|
| 265 |
|
| 262 |
|
| 239 |
|
| 260 |
|
Total (b) |
|
|
| $ | 3,657 |
| $ | 385 |
| $ | 1,465 |
| $ | 365 |
| $ | 1,442 |
|
(a) | The purchase obligations relate principally to raw material and power supply sourcing agreements, including take or pay contracts, which help to provide us with adequate power and raw material supply at certain of our facilities. |
(b) | The above table does not reflect unrecognized income tax benefits of $39 million, the timing of which is uncertain. See Note 9 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information with respect to unrecognized income tax benefits. |
(a)Long-term debt at December 31, 2014 includes $350 million of 3.2 percent senior notes that mature November 1, 2015. These borrowings are included in long-term debt as we have the ability and intent to refinance the notes on a long-term basis prior to the maturity date.
(b)The purchase obligations relate principally to power supply and raw material sourcing agreements, including take or pay contracts, which help to provide us with adequate power and raw material supply at certain of our facilities.
(c)The above table does not reflect unrecognized income tax benefits of $23 million, the timing of which is uncertain. See Note 8 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information with respect to unrecognized income tax benefits.
We currently anticipate that in 2015 we will make cash contributions of $1 million and $2 million to our US and non-US pension plans, respectively. See Note 9 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further information with respect to our pension and postretirement benefit plans.
Key Financial Performance Metrics
We use certain key financial metrics to monitor our progress towards achieving our long-term strategic business objectives. These metrics relate to our return on capital employed (“ROCE”) and our financial leverage, and our management of working capital, each of which is tracked on an ongoing basis. We assess whether we are achieving an adequate return on invested capital by measuring our “Return on Capital Employed” (“ROCE”)ROCE against our cost of capital. We monitor our financial leverage by regularly reviewing our ratio of net debt to adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA”), and our “Net Debt to Capitalization” percentage to assure that we are properly financed. We assess our level of working capital investment by evaluating our “Operating Working Capital as a percentage of Net Sales.” We believe these metrics provide valuable managerial information to help us run our business and are useful to investors.
The metrics below include certain information (including Capital Employed, Adjusted Operating Income, Adjusted EBITDA, and Net Debt, Adjusted Current Assets, Adjusted Current Liabilities and Operating Working Capital)Debt) that is not calculated in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”).GAAP. Management uses non-GAAP financial measures internally for strategic decision-making, forecasting future results and evaluating current performance. By disclosing non-GAAP financial measures, management intends to provide a more meaningful, consistent comparison of our operating results and trends for the periods presented. These non-GAAP financial measures are used in addition to and in conjunction with results presented in accordance with GAAP and reflect an additional way of viewing aspects of our operations that, when viewed with our GAAP results, provide a more complete understanding of factors and trends affecting our business. These non-GAAP measures should be considered as a supplement to, and not as a substitute for, or superior to, the corresponding measures calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.GAAP.
Non-GAAP financial measures are not prepared in accordance with GAAP; therefore, the information is not necessarily comparable to other companies. A reconciliation of non-GAAP historical financial measures to the most comparable GAAP measure is provided in the tables below.
45
Our calculations of these key financial metrics for 20142017 with comparisons to the prior year are as follows:
Return on Capital Employed (dollars in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| ||
Total equity * |
| $ | 2,429 |
| $ | 2,459 |
|
Add: |
|
|
|
|
| ||
Cumulative translation adjustment * |
| 489 |
| 335 |
| ||
Share-based payments subject to redemption* |
| 24 |
| 19 |
| ||
Total debt * |
| 1,810 |
| 1,800 |
| ||
Less: |
|
|
|
|
| ||
Cash and cash equivalents * |
| (574 | ) | (609 | ) | ||
Capital employed * (a) |
| $ | 4,178 |
| $ | 4,004 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||
Operating income |
| $ | 581 |
| $ | 613 |
|
Adjusted for: |
|
|
|
|
| ||
Impairment charge |
| 33 |
| — |
| ||
Acquisition costs |
| 2 |
| — |
| ||
Adjusted operating income |
| $ | 616 |
| $ | 613 |
|
Income taxes (at effective tax rates of 28.3% in 2014 and 26.3% in 2013)** |
| (174 | ) | (161 | ) | ||
Adjusted operating income, net of tax (b) |
| $ | 442 |
| $ | 452 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||
Return on Capital Employed (b¸a) |
| 10.6 | % | 11.3 | % |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Return on Capital Employed (dollars in millions) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| ||
Total equity * |
| $ | 2,595 |
| $ | 2,180 |
|
Add: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cumulative translation adjustment * |
|
| 1,008 |
|
| 1,025 |
|
Share-based payments subject to redemption* |
|
| 30 |
|
| 24 |
|
Total debt * |
|
| 1,956 |
|
| 1,838 |
|
Less: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash and cash equivalents * |
|
| (512) |
|
| (434) |
|
Capital employed * (a) |
|
| 5,077 |
|
| 4,633 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating income |
|
| 842 |
|
| 808 |
|
Adjusted for: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Impairment/restructuring charges |
|
| 38 |
|
| 19 |
|
Acquisition/integration costs |
|
| 4 |
|
| 3 |
|
Charge for fair value mark-up of acquired inventory |
|
| 9 |
|
| — |
|
Insurance settlement |
|
| (9) |
|
| — |
|
Adjusted operating income |
|
| 884 |
|
| 830 |
|
Income taxes (at effective tax rates of 28.6% and 29.4%, respectively)** |
|
| (253) |
|
| (244) |
|
Adjusted operating income, net of tax (b) |
| $ | 631 |
| $ | 586 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Return on Capital Employed (b ÷ a) |
|
| 12.4% |
|
| 12.6% |
|
* Balance sheet amounts used in computing capital employed represent beginning of period balances.
** The effective income tax rate for 20142017 and 2016 excludes the impacts of impairment/restructuring charges, acquisition and integration related costs, sale of acquiree inventory that was adjusted to fair value at the acquisition date, income tax reform, and an impairment charge and acquisition costs.insurance settlement. Including these items, the Company’sour effective income tax rate for 20142017 and 2016 was 30.2 percent.30.8 percent and 33.1 percent, respectively. Listed below is a schedule that reconciles our effective income tax rate under US GAAP to the adjusted income tax rate.rate:
|
| Income before |
| Provision for |
| Effective Income |
| ||||||||||
(dollars in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| ||||
As reported |
| $ | 520 |
| $ | 547 |
| $ | 157 |
| $ | 144 |
| 30.2 | % | 26.3 | % |
Add back (deduct): |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||
Impairment charge |
| 33 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
|
|
|
|
| ||||
Acquisition costs |
| 2 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
|
|
|
|
| ||||
Adjusted-non-GAAP |
| $ | 555 |
| $ | 547 |
| $ | 157 |
| $ | 144 |
| 28.3 | % | 26.3 | % |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year ended December 31, 2017 |
| Year ended December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||
(dollars in millions) |
| Income before Income Taxes |
| Provision for Income Taxes |
| Effective Income Tax Rate |
| Income before Income Taxes |
| Provision for Income Taxes |
| Effective Income Tax Rate | ||||
As reported |
| $ | 769 |
| $ | 237 |
| 30.8% |
| $ | 742 |
| $ | 246 |
| 33.1% |
Add back (deduct): |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income tax settlement |
|
| — |
|
| 10 |
|
|
|
| — |
|
| (27) |
|
|
Impairment/restructuring charges |
|
| 38 |
|
| 7 |
|
|
|
| 19 |
|
| 5 |
|
|
Acquisition/integration costs |
|
| 4 |
|
| 1 |
|
|
|
| 3 |
|
| 1 |
|
|
Charge for fair value mark-up of acquired inventory |
|
| 9 |
|
| 3 |
|
|
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
|
Insurance settlement |
|
| (9) |
|
| (3) |
|
|
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
|
Income tax reform |
|
| — |
|
| (23) |
|
|
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
|
Adjusted non-GAAP |
| $ | 811 |
| $ | 232 |
| 28.6% |
| $ | 764 |
| $ | 225 |
| 29.4% |
46
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio (dollars in millions) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| ||
Short-term debt |
| $ | 120 |
| $ | 106 |
|
Long-term debt |
|
| 1,744 |
|
| 1,850 |
|
Less: Cash and cash equivalents |
|
| (595) |
|
| (512) |
|
Short-term investments |
|
| (9) |
|
| (4) |
|
Total net debt (a) |
|
| 1,260 |
|
| 1,440 |
|
Net income attributable to Ingredion |
|
| 519 |
|
| 485 |
|
Add back: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Impairment/restructuring charges |
|
| 38 |
|
| 19 |
|
Acquisition/integration costs |
|
| 4 |
|
| 3 |
|
Charge for fair value mark-up of acquired inventory |
|
| 9 |
|
| — |
|
Insurance settlement |
|
| (9) |
|
| — |
|
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest |
|
| 13 |
|
| 11 |
|
Provision for income taxes |
|
| 237 |
|
| 246 |
|
Financing costs, net of interest income of $11 and $10, respectively |
|
| 73 |
|
| 66 |
|
Depreciation and amortization |
|
| 209 |
|
| 196 |
|
Adjusted EBITDA (b) |
| $ | 1,093 |
| $ | 1,026 |
|
Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio (a ÷ b) |
|
| 1.2 |
|
| 1.4 |
|
Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio (dollars in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| ||
Short-term debt |
| $ | 23 |
| $ | 93 |
|
Long-term debt |
| 1,804 |
| 1,717 |
| ||
Less: Cash and cash equivalents |
| (580 | ) | (574 | ) | ||
Short-term investments |
| (34 | ) | — |
| ||
Total net debt (a) |
| $ | 1,213 |
| $ | 1,236 |
|
Net income attributable to Ingredion |
| $ | 355 |
| $ | 396 |
|
Add back: |
|
|
|
|
| ||
Impairment charge |
| 33 |
| — |
| ||
Acquisition costs |
| 2 |
| — |
| ||
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest |
| 8 |
| 7 |
| ||
Provision for income taxes |
| 157 |
| 144 |
| ||
Financing costs, net of interest income of $13 and $11, respectively |
| 61 |
| 66 |
| ||
Depreciation and amortization |
| 195 |
| 194 |
| ||
Adjusted EBITDA (b) |
| $ | 811 |
| $ | 807 |
|
Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio (a ÷ b) |
| 1.5 |
| 1.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Net Debt to Capitalization percentage (dollars in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 | ||||
Short-term debt |
| $ | 23 |
| $ | 93 |
|
| $ | 120 |
| $ | 106 |
Long-term debt |
| 1,804 |
| 1,717 |
|
|
| 1,744 |
|
| 1,850 | ||
Less: Cash and cash equivalents |
| (580 | ) | (574 | ) |
|
| (595) |
|
| (512) | ||
Short-term investments |
| (34 | ) | — |
|
|
| (9) |
|
| (4) | ||
Total net debt (a) |
| $ | 1,213 |
| $ | 1,236 |
|
|
| 1,260 |
|
| 1,440 |
Deferred income tax liabilities |
| $ | 180 |
| $ | 207 |
|
|
| 199 |
|
| 171 |
Share-based payments subject to redemption |
| 22 |
| 24 |
|
|
| 36 |
|
| 30 | ||
Total equity |
| 2,207 |
| 2,429 |
|
|
| 2,917 |
|
| 2,595 | ||
Total capital |
| $ | 2,409 |
| $ | 2,660 |
|
|
| 3,152 |
|
| 2,796 |
Total net debt and capital (b) |
| $ | 3,622 |
| $ | 3,896 |
|
| $ | 4,412 |
| $ | 4,236 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||
Net Debt to Capitalization percentage (a¸b) |
| 33.5 | % | 31.7 | % | ||||||||
Net Debt to Capitalization percentage (a ÷ b) |
|
| 28.6% |
|
| 34.0% |
Operating Working Capital |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| ||
Current assets |
| $ | 2,144 |
| $ | 2,214 |
|
Less: Cash and cash equivalents |
| (580 | ) | (574 | ) | ||
Short-term investments |
| (34 | ) | — |
| ||
Deferred income tax assets |
| (48 | ) | (68 | ) | ||
Adjusted current assets |
| $ | 1,482 |
| $ | 1,572 |
|
Current liabilities |
| $ | 721 |
| $ | 820 |
|
Less: Short-term debt |
| (23 | ) | (93 | ) | ||
Adjusted current liabilities |
| $ | 698 |
| $ | 727 |
|
Operating working capital (a) |
| $ | 784 |
| $ | 845 |
|
Net sales (b) |
| $ | 5,668 |
| $ | 6,328 |
|
Operating Working Capital as a percentage of Net Sales (a ¸ b) |
| 13.8 | % | 13.4 | % |
Commentary on Key Financial Performance Metrics:
In accordance with our long-term objectives, we set certain goalsobjectives relating to these key financial performance metrics that we strive to meet. AtAs of December 31, 2014,2017, we had achieved all of our established targets.objectives, except that our net debt to capitalization percentage was below our objective. However, no assurance can be given that we will continue to meet our financial performance metric targets. See Item 1A “Risk Factors”1A. Risk Factors and Item 7A “Quantitative7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.” The objectives set out below reflect our current aspirations in light of our present plans and existing circumstances. We may change these objectives from time to time in the future to address new opportunities or changing circumstances as appropriate to meet our long-term needs and those of our shareholders.
ROCE — Our long-term goalobjective is to achievemaintain a ROCE in excess of 10.0 percent. In determining this performance metric, the negative cumulative translation adjustment is added back to total equity to calculate returns based on the Company’sour original investment costs. While ourOur ROCE for 2014 declined2017 decreased to 10.612.4 percent from 11.312.6 percent in 2013, it still remains above our target of 10.0 percent. The decline in our ROCE for 2014 primarily reflects an increased2016, reflecting a higher equity balance at the beginning of the year capital employed base and2017 as a higher effective income tax rate.result of strong 2016 net earnings.
Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio — Our long-term objective is to maintain a ratio of net debt to adjusted EBITDA of less than 2.25. This ratio was 1.5 at1.2 as of December 31, 2014, consistent with the prior year.2017, down from 1.4 last year and remains below our target. The decline primarily reflects our reduction of debt and continued strong EBITDA results in 2017.
47
Net Debt to Capitalization percentage — Our long-term goalobjective is to maintain a Net Debt to Capitalization percentage in the range of 32 to 35 percent. AtAs of December 31, 2014,2017, our Net Debt to Capitalization percentage was 33.528.6 percent, updown from 31.734.0 percent a year ago, primarily reflecting a lower capital base driven by our share repurchases, dividends on our common stock and an increasereduction of debt in our accumulated other comprehensive loss driven principally by unfavorable foreign currency translation, which more than offset the impact of our 2014 net income.2017.
Operating Working Capital as a percentage of Net Sales — Our long-term goal is to maintain operating working capital in a range of 12 to 14 percent of our net sales. At December 31, 2014, the metric was 13.8 percent, up from the 13.4 percent of a year ago. The increase in the metric primarily reflects the impact of our lower net sales.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.
We have identified below the most critical accounting policies upon which the financial statements are based and that involve our most complex and subjective decisions and assessments. Our senior management has discussed the development, selection and disclosure of these policies with members of the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. These accounting policies are provided in the notesNotes to the consolidated financial statements.Consolidated Financial Statements. The discussion that follows should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Long-lived AssetsBusiness Combinations: Our acquisitions in 2017 of Sun Flour and in 2016 of Shandong Huanong and TIC Gums were accounted for in accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, as amended. In purchase accounting, identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed, are recognized at their estimated fair values at the acquisition date, and any remaining purchase price is recorded as goodwill. In determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, we make significant estimates and assumptions, particularly with respect to long-lived tangible and intangible assets. Critical estimates used in valuing tangible and intangible assets include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows, discount rates, market prices and asset lives. Although our estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, actual results may differ. See Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information related to our acquisitions.
Property, Plant and Equipment and Definite-Lived Intangible Assets:We have substantial investments in property, plant and equipment (“PP&E”) and definite-lived intangible assets. For property, plant and equipment,PP&E, we recognize the cost of depreciable assets in operations over the estimated useful life of the assets and evaluate the recoverability of these assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. For definite-lived intangible assets, we recognize the cost of these amortizable assets in operations over their estimated useful life and evaluate the recoverability of the assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. The carrying valuevalues of property, plant and equipmentPP&E and definite-lived intangible assets at December 31, 2014 was $2.12017, were $2.2 billion and $158$315 million, respectively.
In assessing the recoverability of the carrying value of property, plant and equipmentPP&E and definite-lived intangible assets, we may have to make projections regarding future cash flows. In developing these projections, we make a variety of important assumptions and estimates that have a significant impact on our assessments of whether the carrying values of property, plant and equipmentPP&E and definite-lived intangible assets should be adjusted to reflect impairment. Among these are assumptions and estimates about the future growth and profitability of the related business unit or asset group, anticipated future economic, regulatory and political conditions in the business unit’s or asset group’s market and estimates of terminal or disposal values.
No impairment charges for property, plant and equipmentPP&E or definite-lived intangible assets were recorded in 2014 or 2013.2017.
In 2012,2015, we decidedannounced plans to restructure our business operations in Kenya and closeconsolidate our manufacturing plantnetwork in the country. As part of that decision,Brazil. Plants in Trombudo Central and Conchal have been closed and production has been moved to plants in Balsa Nova and Mogi Guaçu, respectively. In 2015, we recorded a $20total pre-tax restructuring-related charges of $12 million restructuring charge,related to these plant closures, which included fixed asset impairment charges of $6 million to write down the carrying amount of certain assets to their estimated fair values.
As part of our ongoing strategic optimization, in 2012 we decided to exit our investment in GFEMS, a non-wholly-owned consolidated subsidiary in China. In conjunction with that decision, we recorded a $4 million impairment charge to reduce the carrying value of GFEMS to its estimated net realizable value. We also recorded a $1$10 million charge for impaired assets in Colombia in 2012.
In addition, as part of a manufacturing optimization program developed in conjunction with the acquisition of National Starch to improve profitability, we completed a plan in 2012 that optimized our production capabilities at certain of our North American facilities. As a result, we recorded restructuring charges to write-off certain equipment by the plan completion date. We recorded charges of $11 million in 2012, of which $10 million represented accelerated depreciation on the equipment.
Table of Contentsassets.
Through our continual assessment to optimize our operations, we address whether there is a need for additional consolidation of manufacturing facilities or to redeploy assets to areas where we can expect to achieve a higher return on our investment. This review may result in the closing or selling of certain of our manufacturing facilities. The closing or
48
selling of any of the facilities could have a significant negative impact on the results of operations in the year that the closing or selling of a facility occurs.
Even though it was determined that there was no additional long-lived asset impairment as of December 31, 2014,2017, the future occurrence of a potential indicator of impairment, such as a significant adverse change in the business climate that would require a change in our assumptions or strategic decisions made in response to economic or competitive conditions, could require us to perform tests of recoverability in the future. We continue to closely monitor certain assets in our South America business due to the continued sluggish economy there.
Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible AssetsAssets:
Our methodology for allocating the purchase price of acquisitions is based on established valuation techniques that reflect the consideration of a number of factors, including valuations performed by third-party appraisers when appropriate. Goodwill is measured as the excess of the cost of an acquired entitybusiness over the fair value assigned to identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. We have identified several reporting units for which cash flows are determinable and to which goodwill may be allocated. Goodwill is either assigned to a specific reporting unit or allocated between reporting units based on the relative excess fair value of each reporting unit. In addition, we have certain indefinite-lived intangible assets in the form of trade names and trademarks. The carrying value of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets at December 31, 20142017, was $478$803 million and $132$178 million, respectively.respectively, compared to $784 million and $201 million a year ago. The increase in goodwill is mainly due to the acquisition of Sun Flour in 2017, and the decrease in indefinite-lived intangible assets is mainly due changes in the purchase accounting for the acquisition of TIC Gums, which was preliminary as of December 31, 2016, and finalized during 2017. See Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to both acquisitions.
We perform our goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment tests annually as of October 1, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. In testing goodwill for impairment, we first assesses qualitative factors in determining whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. After assessing the qualitative factors, if we determine that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then we do not perform the two-step impairment test. If we conclude otherwise, then we perform the first step of the two-step impairment test as described in ASC Topic 350. In the first step (“Step One”), the fair value of the reporting unit is compared to its carrying value. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of its net assets, goodwill is not considered impaired and no further testing is required. If the carrying value of the net assets exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, a second step (“Step Two”) of the impairment assessment is performed in order to determine the implied fair value of a reporting unit’s goodwill.
In performing our impairment tests for goodwill, management makes certain estimates and judgments. These estimates and judgments include the identification of reporting units and the determination of fair values of reporting units, which management estimates using both discounted cash flow analyses and an analysis of market multiples. Significant assumptions used in the determination of fair value for reporting units include estimates for discount and long-term net sales growth rates, in addition to operating and capital expenditure requirements. We considered significant changes in discount rates for the reporting units based on current market interest rates and specific risk factors within each geographic region. We also evaluated qualitative factors, such as legal, regulatory, or competitive forces, in estimating the impact to the fair value of the reporting units noting no significant changes that would result in any reporting unit failing the impairment test. Changes in assumptions concerning projected results or other underlying assumptions could have a significant impact on the fair value of the reporting units in the future. The results of our impairment testing in the fourth quarter of 2014 indicated that the estimated fair value of our Southern Cone of South America reporting unit was less than its carrying amount primarily due to the impacts on its fair value of the elongation of unfavorable financial trends, such as the impact of higher production costs and our inability to increase selling prices to a level sufficient to recover the impacts of inflation and currency devaluation. Also, the political and economic volatility in the region and continued uncertainty in Argentina negatively impacted our earnings forecasts in the near term. Therefore, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $33 million to write-off the remaining balance of goodwill for this reporting unit. Additionally, basedBased on the results of the annual assessment, we concluded that as of October 1, 2014,2017, it was more likely than not that the fair value of all otherour reporting units was greater than their carrying value. We continue to monitor our reporting units in struggling economies and recent acquisitions for challenges in the business that may negatively impact the fair value (although the $32 million of
goodwill at our Brazilthese reporting unit continues to be closely monitored due to recent trends experienced in this reporting unit, such as continued economic headwinds and heightened competition).units.
In performing the annual qualitative annual impairment assessment for other indefinite-lived intangible assets, we considered various factors in determining if it was more likely than not that the fair value of these indefinite-lived intangible assets was greater than their carrying value. We evaluated net sales attributable to these intangible assets as compared to original projections and evaluated future projections of net sales related to these assets. In addition, we considered market and industry conditions in the reporting units in which these intangible assets reside noting no significant changes that would result in a failed Step One impairment test as described in ASC Topic 350. Based on the
49
results of this qualitative assessment as of October 1, 2014,2017, we concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of these indefinite-lived intangible assets was greater than their carrying value.
Income TaxesTaxes:
We recognize the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between book and tax bases of assets and liabilities and provide a valuation allowance when deferred tax assets are not more likely than not to be realized. We have considered forecasted earnings, future taxable income, the mix of earnings in the jurisdictions in which we operate, and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in determining the need for a valuation allowance. In the event we were to determine that we would not be able to realize all or part of our deferred tax assets in the future, we would increase the valuation allowance and make a corresponding charge to earnings in the period in which we make such determination. Likewise, if we later determine that we are more likely than not to realize the deferred tax assets, we would reverse the applicable portion of the previously provided valuation allowance. We had a valuation allowance of $3$34 million and $21 million at both December 31, 20142017 and 2013.2016, respectively. The increase in the valuation allowance from 2016 to 2017 is primarily attributed to a valuation allowance recorded on the net deferred tax assets (including net operating losses) in Argentina.
We are regularly audited by various taxing authorities, and sometimes these audits result in proposed assessments where the ultimate resolution may result in us owing additional taxes. We establish reserves when, despite our belief that our tax return positions are appropriate and supportable under local tax law, we believe there is uncertainty with respect to certain positions and we may not succeed in realizing the tax benefit.benefits. We evaluate these unrecognized tax benefits and related reserves each quarter and adjust the reserves and the related interest and penalties in light of changing facts and circumstances regarding the probability of realizing tax benefits, such as the settlement of a tax audit or the expiration of a statute of limitations. We believe the estimates and assumptions used to support our evaluation of tax benefit realization are reasonable. However, final determinations of prior-year tax liabilities, either by settlement with tax authorities or expiration of statutes of limitations, could be materially different than estimates reflected in assets and liabilities and historical income tax provisions. The outcome of these final determinations could have a material effect on our income tax provision, net income, or cash flows in the period in which that determination is made. We believe our tax positions comply with applicable tax law and that we have adequately provided for any known tax contingencies. We had been pursuing relief from double taxation under the U.S.-Canada tax treaty for the years 2004-2013. During the fourth quarter of 2016, a tentative settlement was reached between the U.S. and Canada and, consequently, we established a net reserve of $24 million, including interest thereon, recorded as a $70 million liability and a $46 million benefit. In the third quarter of 2017, the two countries finalized the agreement, which eliminated the double taxation, and we paid $63 million to the IRS to settle the liability. As a result of that agreement, we are entitled to deduct a foreign exchange loss of $10 million on our 2017 U.S. federal income tax return due to the foreign exchange loss deduction. Our liability for unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties at December 31, 20142017 and 20132016 was $23$39 million and $34$86 million, respectively. The decrease from 2016 to 2017 is primarily attributable to the U.S.-Canada tax settlement of $58 million referenced above.
No foreign withholding taxes, state income taxes, and federal and state taxes on foreign currency gains and losses have been provided on approximately $2.172$2.7 billion of undistributed earnings of certain foreign earnings that are plannedconsidered to be indefinitely reinvested. If future events, including changes in tax law, material changes in estimates of cash, working capital, and long-term investment requirements, necessitate that these earnings be distributed, an additional provision for income and withholding taxes may apply, which could materially affect our future effective tax rate.rate and cash flows.
Retirement BenefitsBenefits:
We and our subsidiaries sponsor non-contributorynoncontributory defined benefit pension plans (qualified and non-qualified) covering substantially alla substantial portion of employees in the United StatesU.S. and Canada, and certain employees in other foreign countries. We also provide healthcare and life insurance benefits for retired employees in the United States,U.S., Canada, and Brazil. In order to measure the expense and obligations associated with these benefits, our management must make a variety of estimates and assumptions including discount rates, expected long-term rates of return, rate of compensation increases, employee turnover rates, retirement rates, mortality rates and other factors. We review our actuarial assumptions on an annual basis as of December 31 (or more frequently if a significant event requiring remeasurement occurs) and modify our assumptions based on current rates and trends when it
is appropriate to do so. The effects of modifications are recognized immediately on the balance sheet, but are generally amortized into operating earnings over future periods, with the deferred amount recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income. We believe the assumptions utilized in recording our obligations under our plans, which are based on our experience, market conditions, and input from our
50
actuaries, are reasonable. We use third-party specialists to assist management in evaluating our assumptions and estimates, as well as to appropriately measure the costs and obligations associated with our retirement benefit plans. Had we used different estimates and assumptions with respect to these plans, our retirement benefit obligations and related expense could vary from the actual amounts recorded, and such differences could be material. Additionally, adverse changes in investment returns earned on pension assets and discount rates used to calculate pension and postretirement benefit related liabilities or changes in required funding levels may have an unfavorable impact on future expense and cash flow. Net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost for all of our plans was $16$4 million in 20142017 and $25$8 million in 2013.2016.
We determine our assumption for the discount rate used to measure year-end pension and postretirement obligations based on high-quality fixed-income investments that match the duration of the expected benefit payments, which has been benchmarked using a long-term, high-quality AA corporate bond index. In 2016, we changed the method used to estimate the service and interest cost components of net periodic benefit cost for certain of our defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans. Historically, we estimated the service and interest cost components using a single weighted-average discount rate derived from the yield curve used to measure the benefit obligation at the beginning of the period. Beginning in 2016, we have elected to use a full yield curve approach in the estimation of these components of benefit cost by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve used in the determination of the benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows. We have made this change to improve the correlation between projected benefit cash flows and the corresponding yield curve spot rates and to provide a more precise measurement of service and interest costs. This change does not affect the measurement of our total benefit obligations as the change in the service cost and interest cost is completely offset in the actuarial (gain) loss reported. The weighted average discount rate used to determine our obligations under USU.S. pension plans for December 31, 20142017 and 20132016 was 4.003.70 percent and 4.604.30 percent, respectively. The weighted average discount rate used to determine our obligations under non-USnon-U.S. pension plans for December 31, 20142017 and 20132016 was 4.474.02 percent and 5.604.34 percent, respectively. The weighted average discount rate used to determine our obligations under our postretirement plans for December 31, 20142017 and 20132016 was 5.704.92 percent and 6.475.42 percent, respectively.
A one-percentageone percentage point decrease in the discount rates at December 31, 20142017, would have increased the accumulated benefit obligation and projected benefit obligation by the following amounts (millions):
US Pension Plans |
|
|
| |||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
U.S. Pension Plans |
|
|
|
| ||||
Accumulated benefit obligation |
| $ | 36 |
|
| $ | 52 |
|
Projected benefit obligation |
| $ | 34 |
|
|
| 53 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Non-US Pension Plans |
|
|
| |||||
|
|
|
| |||||
Non-U.S. Pension Plans |
|
|
|
| ||||
Accumulated benefit obligation |
| $ | 40 |
|
| $ | 30 |
|
Projected benefit obligation |
| $ | 32 |
|
|
| 33 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Postretirement Plans |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
| |||||
Accumulated benefit obligation |
| $ | 6 |
|
| $ | 8 |
|
We changed our investment approach and related asset allocation for the U.S. and Canada plans during 2016 to a liability-driven investment approach by which a higher proportion of investments will be in interest-rate sensitive investments (fixed income) under an active-management approach as compared to the prior passive investment strategy. The Company’sapproach seeks to protect the current funded status of the plans from market volatility with a greater asset allocation to interest-rate sensitive assets. The greater allocation to interest-rate sensitive assets is expected to reduce volatility in plan funded status by more closely matching movements in asset values to changes in liabilities.
Our current investment policy for itsour pension plans is to balance risk and return through diversified portfolios of passively-managedactively-managed equity index instruments, fixed income index securities, and short-term investments. Maturities for fixed income securities are managed such that sufficient liquidity exists to meet near-term benefit payment obligations. The asset allocation is reviewed regularly and portfolio investments are rebalanced to the targeted allocation when considered appropriate.appropriate or to raise sufficient liquidity when necessary to meet near-term benefit payment obligations. For 2014,2018 net periodic pension cost, we have assumed an expected long-term rate of return on assets, which is based on the fair value of plan assets, of 7.255.30 percent for USU.S. plans and 6.45approximately 3.86 percent for Canadian plans. In developing the expected long-term rate of return assumption on plan assets, which consist mainly of USU.S. and Canadian equity and debt securities,
51
management evaluated historical rates of return achieved on plan assets and the asset allocation of the plans, input from our independent actuaries and investment consultants, and historical trends in long-term inflation rates. Projected return estimates made by such consultants are based upon broad equity and bond indices. We also maintain several funded pension plans in other international locations. The expected returns on plan assets for these plans are determined based on each plan’s investment approach and asset allocations. A hypothetical 25 basis point decrease in the expected long-term rate of return assumption for 2015 would increase 2018 net periodic pension cost for the USU.S. and Canada plans by less than $1 million each.
Healthcare cost trend rates are used in valuing our postretirement benefit obligations and are established based upon actual health care cost trends and consultation with actuaries and benefit providers. At December 31, 2014,2017, the health care cost trend rate assumptions for the next year for the US,U.S., Canada, and Brazil plans were 6.706.50 percent, 7.055.54 percent and 8.668.41 percent, respectively.
The sensitivities of service cost and interest cost and year-end benefit obligations to changes in healthcare cost trend rates (both initial and ultimate rates) for the postretirement benefit plans as of December 31, 20142017, are as follows:
| ||||
(in millions) | 2017 | |||
One-percentage point increase in trend rates: |
|
|
| |
|
| $ | 1 |
|
Increase in year-end benefit obligations |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
| |
One-percentage point decrease in trend rates: |
|
|
| |
|
|
| ||
|
| 1 | ||
|
|
|
|
|
See Note 910 of the notesNotes to the consolidated financial statementsConsolidated Financial Statements for more information related to our benefit plans.
New Accounting Standards
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”)FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”)ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) that introduces a new five-step revenue recognition model in which an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This ASU also requires disclosures sufficient to enable users to understand the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers, including qualitative and quantitative disclosures about contracts with customers, significant judgments and changes in judgments, and assets recognized from the costs to obtain or fulfill a contract. The FASB has also issued additional ASUs to provide further updates and clarification to this Update, including ASU 2015-14, ASU 2016-08, ASU 2016-10, ASU 2016-12 and ASU 2016-20. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016,2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. We plan to adopt the standard as of the effective date. The standard will allow various transition approaches upon adoption. We are assessingplan to use the impacts of thismodified retrospective approach for the transition to the new standard; howeverstandard. Based on our analysis to date, our assessment is that the adoption of the guidance in this Update is not expected to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.revenue recognition timing or amounts, as we have not identified any material changes to the recognition of revenue for existing customer contracts.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which supersedes Topic 840, Leases. This Update increases the transparency and comparability of organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for leases longer than 12 months and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The recognition, measurement and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease by a lessee have not significantly changed. This Update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We currently plan to adopt the standard as of the effective date. Adoption will require a modified retrospective approach for the transition. We expect the adoption of the guidance in this Update to have a material impact on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as operating leases will be recognized both as assets and liabilities on the Consolidated
52
Balance Sheets. We are in the process of quantifying the magnitude of these changes and assessing the implementation approach for accounting for these changes.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This Update simplifies the subsequent measurement of Goodwill as the Update eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Instead, under the Update, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should then recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, with the loss recognized not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. This Update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted.
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, Compensation – Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost. This Update requires an entity to change the classification of the net periodic benefit cost for pension and postretirement plans within the statement of income by eliminating the ability to net all of the components of the costs together within operating income. The Update will require the service cost component to continue to be presented within operating income, classified within either cost of sales or operating expenses depending on the employees covered within the plan. The remaining components of the net periodic benefit cost, however, must be presented in the statement of income as a non-operating income (loss) below operating income. The Update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted only within the first interim period for public entities. We plan to adopt this Update in 2018. When adopted, the new guidance must be applied retrospectively for all income statement periods presented. The Update will reduce our operating income and will require a new financial statement line item below operating income within the Consolidated Statements of Income for the non-operating income (loss) components. Net income within the Consolidated Statements of Income will not change upon adoption of the Update.
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. This Update modifies accounting guidance for hedge accounting by making more hedge strategies eligible for hedge accounting, amending presentation and disclosure requirements, and changing how companies assess ineffectiveness. The intent is to simplify the application of hedge accounting and increase transparency of information about an entity’s risk management activities. The amended guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We are in the process of assessing the effects of these updates including potential changes to existing hedging arrangement, as well as the implementation approach for accounting for these changes.
53
Forward-Looking Statements
This Form 10-K contains or may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The Company intends these forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for such statements.
Forward-looking statements include, among other things, any statements regarding the Company’s prospects or future financial condition, earnings, revenues, tax rates, capital expenditures, expenses or other financial items, any statements concerning the Company’s prospects or future operations, including management’s plans or strategies and objectives therefor and any assumptions, expectations or beliefs underlying the foregoing.
These statements can sometimes be identified by the use of forward looking words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “anticipate,” “assume”, “believe,” “plan,” “project,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “continue,” “pro forma,” “forecast,” “outlook”“outlook,” “propels,” “opportunities,” “potential”, “provisional”, or other similar expressions or the negative thereof. All statements other than statements of historical facts in this report or referred to in or incorporated by reference into this report are “forward-looking statements.”
These statements are based on current circumstances or expectations, but are subject to certain inherent risks and uncertainties, many of which are difficult to predict and are beyond our control. Although we believe our expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, stockholders are cautioned that no assurance can be given that our expectations will prove correct.
Actual results and developments may differ materially from the expectations expressed in or implied by these statements, based on various factors, including the effects of global economic conditions, including, particularly, continuation or worsening of the current economic, currency and political conditions in South America and economic conditions in Europe, and their impact on our sales volumes and pricing of our products, our ability to collect our receivables from customers and our ability to raise funds at reasonable rates; fluctuations in worldwide markets for corn and other commodities, and the associated risks of hedging against such fluctuations; fluctuations in the markets and prices for our co-products, particularly corn oil; fluctuations in aggregate industry supply and market demand; the behavior of financial markets, including foreign currency fluctuations and fluctuations in interest and exchange rates; volatility and turmoil in the capital markets; the commercial and consumer credit environment; general political, economic, business, market and weather conditions in the various geographic regions and countries in which we buy our raw materials or manufacture or sell our products; future financial performance of major industries which we serve, including, without limitation, the food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, paper, corrugated textile and brewing industries; energy costs and availability, freight and shipping costs, and changes in regulatory controls regarding quotas,quotas; tariffs, duties, taxes and income tax rates; particularly recently enacted United States tax reform; operating difficulties; availability of raw materials, including potato starch, tapioca, gum arabic, and the specific varieties of corn upon which our products are based; our ability to develop or acquire new products and services at rates or of qualities sufficient to meet expectations; energy issues in Pakistan; boiler reliability; our ability to effectively integrate and operate acquired businesses; our ability to achieve budgets and to realize expected synergies; our ability to complete planned maintenance and investment projects successfully and on budget; labor disputes; genetic and biotechnology issues; changing consumption preferences including those relating to high fructose corn syrup; increased competitive and/or customer pressure in the starch processingcorn-refining industry; and the outbreak or continuation of serious communicable disease or hostilities including acts of terrorism. Factors relating to the pending acquisition of Penford CorporationTIC Gums that could cause actual results and developments to differ from expectations include: required regulatory approvals may not be obtained in a timely manner, if at all; the pending acquisition may not be consummated in a timely manner or at all; the anticipated benefits of the pending acquisition, including synergies, may not be realized; and the integration of Penford’sTIC Gum’s operations with those of Ingredion which may be materially delayed or may be more costly or difficult than expected.
Our forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made and we do not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date of the statement as a result of new information or future events or developments. If we do update or correct one or more of these statements, investors and others should not conclude that we will make additional updates or corrections. For a further description of these and other risks, see Item 1A-Risk Factors above and subsequent reports on Forms 10-Q orand 8-K.
54
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Interest Rate Exposure. Exposure:We are exposed to interest rate risk on our variable-rate debt and price risk on our fixed-rate debt. As of December 31, 2014,2017, approximately 3662 percent or $650$1.2 billion of our total debt are fixed-rate debt and 38 percent or approximately $714 million of our borrowings are fixed rate debt and 64 percent or approximately $1.16 billion of ourtotal debt is subject to changes in short-term rates, which could affect our interest costs. We assess market risk based on changes in interest rates utilizing a sensitivity analysis that measures the potential change in earnings, fair values and cash flows based on a hypothetical 1 percentage point change in interest rates at December 31, 2014.2017. A hypothetical increase of 1 percentage point in the weighted average floating interest rate would
increase our annual interest expense by approximately $12$7 million. See Note 67 of the notesNotes to the consolidated financial statementsConsolidated Financial Statements entitled “Financing Arrangements” for further information.
At December 31, 20142017 and 2013,2016, the carrying and fair values of long-term debt were as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| |||||||||||||||||||||
|
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
|
| Carrying |
| Fair |
| Carrying |
| Fair |
| ||||||||||||
(in millions) |
| Carrying |
| Fair |
| Carrying |
| Fair |
|
| amount |
| value |
| amount |
| value |
| ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||
3.2% senior notes due October 1, 2026 |
| $ | 496 |
| $ | 492 |
| $ | 496 |
| $ | 482 |
| |||||||||||||
4.625% senior notes, due November 1, 2020 |
| $ | 399 |
| $ | 427 |
| $ | 399 |
| $ | 420 |
|
|
| 398 |
|
| 421 |
|
| 398 |
|
| 428 |
|
3.2% senior notes, due November 1, 2015 |
| 350 |
| 356 |
| 350 |
| 363 |
| |||||||||||||||||
6.625% senior notes, due April 15, 2037 |
|
| 254 |
|
| 325 |
|
| 254 |
|
| 299 |
| |||||||||||||
5.62% senior notes, due March 25, 2020 |
|
| 200 |
|
| 212 |
|
| 200 |
|
| 217 |
| |||||||||||||
1.8% senior notes, due September 25, 2017 |
| 299 |
| 302 |
| 298 |
| 296 |
|
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 299 |
|
| 301 |
| ||||
6.625% senior notes, due April 15, 2037 |
| 256 |
| 312 |
| 257 |
| 281 |
| |||||||||||||||||
6.0% senior notes, due April 15, 2017 |
| 200 |
| 220 |
| 200 |
| 219 |
|
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 200 |
|
| 202 |
| ||||
5.62% senior notes, due March 25, 2020 |
| 200 |
| 222 |
| 200 |
| 221 |
| |||||||||||||||||
U.S. revolving credit facility due October 22, 2017 |
| 87 |
| 87 |
| — |
| — |
| |||||||||||||||||
Fair value adjustment related to hedged fixed rate debt instrument |
| 13 |
| 13 |
| 13 |
| 13 |
| |||||||||||||||||
Term loan credit agreement due April 25, 2019 |
|
| 395 |
|
| 395 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
| |||||||||||||
U.S. revolving credit facility |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
| |||||||||||||
Fair value adjustment related to hedged fixed rate debt instruments |
|
| 1 |
|
| — |
|
| 3 |
|
| — |
| |||||||||||||
Total long-term debt |
| $ | 1,804 |
| $ | 1,939 |
| $ | 1,717 |
| $ | 1,813 |
|
| $ | 1,744 |
| $ | 1,845 |
| $ | 1,850 |
| $ | 1,929 |
|
A hypothetical change of 1 percentage point in interest rates would change the fair value of our fixed rate debt at December 31, 20142017, by approximately $87$91 million. Since we have no current plans to repurchase our outstanding fixed-rate instruments before their maturities, the impact of market interest rate fluctuations on our long-term debt is not expected to have a significant effect on our consolidated financial statements.
In September 2014, we entered intoWe have an interest rate swap agreementsagreement that effectively convertconverts the interest rates on our 6.0 percent $200 million senior notes due April 15, 2017, our 1.8 percent $300 million senior notes due September 25, 2017 and on $200 million of our $400 million 4.625 percent senior notes due November 1, 2020, to variable rates. Additionally, we have interest rateThis swap agreements that effectively convert the interest rate on our 3.2 percent $350 million senior notes due November 1, 2015 to a variable rate. These swap agreements callagreement calls for us to receive interest at the fixed coupon rate of the respective notes and to pay interest at a variable rate based on the six-month USU.S. dollar LIBOR rate plus a spread. We have designated thesethis interest rate swap agreementsagreement as hedgesa hedge of the changes in fair value of the underlying debt obligations attributable to changes in interest rates and account for themit as fair-value hedges.a fair value hedge. The fair value of thesethe interest rate swap agreements approximated $13$1 million at December 31, 20142017, and is reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets within other assets, with an offsetting amount recorded in long-term debt to adjust the carrying amount of the hedged debt obligations.
Raw Material, Energy, and Energy Costs. Other Commodity Exposure:Our finished products are made primarily from corn. In North America, we sell a large portion of finished products at firm prices established in supply contracts typically lasting for periods of up to one year. In order to minimize the effect of volatility in the cost of corn related to these firm-priced supply contracts, we enter into corn futures contracts or take other hedging positions in the corn futures market. These contracts typically mature within one year. At expiration, we settle the derivative contracts at a net amount equal to the difference between the then-current price of corn and the futures contract price. While these hedging instruments are subject to fluctuations in value, changes in the value of the underlying exposures we are hedging generally offset such fluctuations. While the corn futures contracts or other hedging positions are intended to minimize the volatility of corn costs on operating profits,
occasionally the hedging activity can result in losses, some of which may be material. Outside of North America, sales of finished products under long-term, firm-priced supply contracts are not material.
Energy costs represent approximately 1110 percent of our operating costs.cost of sales. The primary use of energy is to create steam in the production process and to dry product. We consume coal, natural gas, electricity, wood, and fuel oil to generate
55
energy. The market prices for these commodities vary depending on supply and demand, world economies and other factors. We purchase these commodities based on our anticipated usage and the future outlook for these costs. We cannot assure that we will be able to purchase these commodities at prices that we can adequately pass on to customers to sustain or increase profitability. We use derivative financial instruments, such as over-the-counter natural gas swaps, to hedge portions of our natural gas costs generally over the following twelve12 to twenty-four24 months, primarily in our North American operations.
At December 31, 2014,2017, we had outstanding futures and option contracts that hedged the forecasted purchase of approximately 9392 million bushels of forecasted corn purchases and 416 million pounds of soybean oil. We are unable to directly hedge price risk related to co-product sales; however, we occasionally enter into hedges of soybean oil (a competing product to corn oil) in order to mitigate the price risk of corn oil sales. Also at December 31, 2014, weWe also had outstanding swap and option contracts that hedged the forecasted purchase of approximately 1435 million mmbtu’s of forecasted natural gas purchases.at December 31, 2017. Additionally at December 31, 2017, we had outstanding ethanol futures contracts that hedged the forecasted sale of approximately 4 million gallons of ethanol. Based on our overall commodity hedge position at December 31, 2014,2017, a hypothetical 10 percent decline in market prices applied to the fair value of the instruments would result in a charge to other comprehensive income of approximately $28$30 million, net of income tax benefit. It should be noted that any change in the fair value of the contracts, real or hypothetical, would be substantially offset by an inverse change in the value of the underlying hedged item.
Foreign CurrenciesCurrencies:. Due to our global operations, we are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. As a result, we have exposure to translational foreign exchange risk when our foreign operation results are translated to USDU.S. dollars and to transactional foreign exchange risk when transactions not denominated in the functional currency of the operating unit are revalued. We have significant operations in Argentina. We utilize the official exchange rate published by the Argentine government for re-measurement purposes. Due to exchange controls put in place by the Argentine government, a parallel market exists for exchanging Argentine pesos to US dollars at rates less favorable than the official rate. Argentina and other emerging markets experienced increased devaluation and volatility in 2014 and we anticipate that this trend will continue in 2015.
We selectively use derivative instruments such as forward contracts, currency swaps and options to manage transactional foreign exchange risk. Based on our overall foreign currency transactional exposure at December 31, 2014,2017, we estimate that a hypothetical 10 percent decline in the value of the USDU.S. dollar would have resulted in a transactional foreign exchange gain of less than $1approximately $5 million. At December 31, 2014,2017, our accumulated other comprehensive loss account included in the equity section of our consolidated balance sheetConsolidated Balance Sheets includes a cumulative translation loss of $701 million.approximately $1.0 billion. The aggregate net assets of our foreign subsidiaries where the local currency is the functional currency approximated $1.6$1.4 billion at December 31, 2014.2017. A hypothetical 10 percent decline in the value of the USDU.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies would have resulted in a reduction to our cumulative translation loss and a credit to other comprehensive income of approximately $181$156 million.
56
ITEM 8.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Ingredion IncorporatedIndex to Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
| ||
Ingredion Incorporated | Page | |
| ||
|
| 58 |
| ||
|
| 60 |
| ||
|
| 61 |
| ||
|
| 62 |
| ||
|
| 63 |
| ||
|
| 64 |
| ||
|
| 65 |
| 100 |
57
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The BoardTo the stockholders and board of Directors and Stockholders
directors
Ingredion Incorporated:
Opinions on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ingredion Incorporated and subsidiaries (the Company)“Company”) as of December 31, 20142017 and 2013, and2016, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, equity and redeemable equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2014.2017, and the related notes (collectively, the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014,2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control —– Integrated Framework (1992)(2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Commission.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on thesethe Company’s consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits.
We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supportingregarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements, assessingstatements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, andas well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statement presentation.statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management
58
and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion,The Company acquired Sun Flour Industry Co., LTD (“Sun Flour”) during the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial positionfirst quarter of Ingredion Incorporated2017, and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for eachmanagement excluded from its assessment of the years ineffectiveness of the three-year period ended December 31, 2014, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effectiveCompany’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on criteria2017, Sun Flour’s internal control over financial reporting associated with total assets of $20 million and total net sales of less than $1 million included in the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2017. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also excluded an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of Sun Flour.
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1997
Chicago, Illinois
February 21, 2018
59
established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (1992) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
| |
| |
|
53Ingredion Incorporated (“Ingredion”)
INGREDION INCORPORATED
Consolidated Statements of Income
Years Ended December 31, (in millions, except per share amounts) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
| ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||
|
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
(in millions, except per share amounts) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 | |||||||||||||
Net sales before shipping and handling costs |
| $ | 5,998 |
| $ | 6,653 |
| $ | 6,868 |
|
| $ | 6,180 |
| $ | 6,022 |
| $ | 5,958 |
Less - shipping and handling costs |
| 330 |
| 325 |
| 336 |
| ||||||||||||
Less: shipping and handling costs |
|
| 348 |
|
| 318 |
|
| 337 | ||||||||||
Net sales |
| 5,668 |
| 6,328 |
| 6,532 |
|
|
| 5,832 |
|
| 5,704 |
|
| 5,621 | |||
Cost of sales |
| 4,553 |
| 5,197 |
| 5,294 |
|
|
| 4,359 |
|
| 4,302 |
|
| 4,379 | |||
Gross profit |
| 1,115 |
| 1,131 |
| 1,238 |
|
|
| 1,473 |
|
| 1,402 |
|
| 1,242 | |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Selling, general and administrative expenses |
| 525 |
| 534 |
| 556 |
| ||||||||||||
Other (income) - net |
| (24 | ) | (16 | ) | (22 | ) | ||||||||||||
Impairment/restructuring charges |
| 33 |
| — |
| 36 |
| ||||||||||||
|
| 534 |
| 518 |
| 570 |
| ||||||||||||
Operating expenses |
|
| 611 |
|
| 579 |
|
| 555 | ||||||||||
Other income, net |
|
| (18) |
|
| (4) |
|
| (1) | ||||||||||
Restructuring/impairment charges |
|
| 38 |
|
| 19 |
|
| 28 | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Operating income |
| 581 |
| 613 |
| 668 |
|
|
| 842 |
|
| 808 |
|
| 660 | |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Financing costs-net |
| 61 |
| 66 |
| 67 |
| ||||||||||||
Financing costs, net |
|
| 73 |
|
| 66 |
|
| 61 | ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Income before income taxes |
| 520 |
| 547 |
| 601 |
|
|
| 769 |
|
| 742 |
|
| 599 | |||
Provision for income taxes |
| 157 |
| 144 |
| 167 |
|
|
| 237 |
|
| 246 |
|
| 187 | |||
Net income |
| 363 |
| 403 |
| 434 |
|
|
| 532 |
|
| 496 |
|
| 412 | |||
Less - Net income attributable to non-controlling interests |
| 8 |
| 7 |
| 6 |
| ||||||||||||
Less: Net income attributable to non-controlling interests |
|
| 13 |
|
| 11 |
|
| 10 | ||||||||||
Net income attributable to Ingredion |
| $ | 355 |
| $ | 396 |
| $ | 428 |
|
| $ | 519 |
| $ | 485 |
| $ | 402 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Basic |
| 73.6 |
| 77.0 |
| 76.5 |
|
|
| 72.0 |
|
| 72.3 |
|
| 71.6 | |||
Diluted |
| 74.9 |
| 78.3 |
| 78.2 |
|
|
| 73.5 |
|
| 74.1 |
|
| 73.0 | |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Earnings per common share of Ingredion: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Basic |
| $ | 4.82 |
| $ | 5.14 |
| $ | 5.59 |
|
| $ | 7.21 |
| $ | 6.70 |
| $ | 5.62 |
Diluted |
| 4.74 |
| 5.05 |
| 5.47 |
|
| 7.06 |
|
| 6.55 |
|
| 5.51 |
See notesthe Notes to the consolidated financial statements.Consolidated Financial Statements.
60
Ingredion Incorporated (“Ingredion”)
INGREDION INCORPORATED
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Years ended December 31, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 | ||||||
Net income |
| $ | 363 |
| $ | 403 |
| $ | 434 |
|
| $ | 532 |
| $ | 496 |
| $ | 412 |
Other comprehensive income: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Gains (losses) on cash-flow hedges, net of income tax effect of $12, $29 and $25, respectively |
| (29 | ) | (64 | ) | 43 |
| ||||||||||||
Reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) on cash-flow hedges included in net income, net of income tax effect of $23, $19 and $15, respectively |
| 50 |
| 41 |
| (25 | ) | ||||||||||||
Actuarial gains (losses) on pension and other postretirement obligations, settlements and plan amendments, net of income tax effect of $5, $32 and $27, respectively |
| (12 | ) | 63 |
| (56 | ) | ||||||||||||
Losses related to pension and other postretirement obligations reclassified to earnings, net of income tax effect of $1, $3 and $2, respectively |
| 4 |
| 5 |
| 5 |
| ||||||||||||
Unrealized gain on investment, net of income tax effect |
| — |
| 1 |
| — |
| ||||||||||||
Losses on cash flow hedges, net of income tax effect of $6, $6, and $19, respectively |
|
| (10) |
|
| (11) |
|
| (42) | ||||||||||
Losses on cash flow hedges reclassified to earnings, net of income tax effect of $2, $16, and $14, respectively |
|
| 4 |
|
| 33 |
|
| 32 | ||||||||||
Actuarial gains (losses) on pension and other postretirement obligations, settlements and plan amendments, net of income tax effect of $2, $4, and $5, respectively |
|
| 6 |
|
| (10) |
|
| 13 | ||||||||||
(Gains) losses related to pension and other postretirement obligations reclassified to earnings, net of income tax effect of $1, $-, and $-, respectively |
|
| (1) |
|
| 1 |
|
| 1 | ||||||||||
Unrealized gains on investments, net of income tax effect of $1, $-, and $-, respectively |
|
| 2 |
|
| 1 |
|
| — | ||||||||||
Currency translation adjustment |
| (212 | ) | (154 | ) | (29 | ) |
|
| 57 |
|
| 7 |
|
| (324) | |||
Comprehensive income |
| $ | 164 |
| $ | 295 |
| $ | 372 |
|
|
| 590 |
|
| 517 |
|
| 92 |
Less: Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests |
| 8 |
| 7 |
| 6 |
|
|
| 13 |
|
| 12 |
|
| 10 | |||
Comprehensive income attributable to Ingredion |
| $ | 156 |
| $ | 288 |
| $ | 366 |
|
| $ | 577 |
| $ | 505 |
| $ | 82 |
See notesthe Notes to the consolidated financial statements.Consolidated Financial Statements.
61
Ingredion Incorporated (“Ingredion”)
INGREDION INCORPORATED
As of December 31, |
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
| As of December 31, |
| |||||||||||
(in millions, except share and per share amounts) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| ||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||
Assets |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||
Current assets |
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||
Current assets: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
| $ | 580 |
| $ | 574 |
|
| $ | 595 |
| $ | 512 |
|
Short-term investments |
| 34 |
| — |
|
|
| 9 |
|
| 4 |
| ||
Accounts receivable — net |
| 762 |
| 832 |
| |||||||||
Accounts receivable, net |
|
| 961 |
|
| 923 |
| |||||||
Inventories |
| 699 |
| 723 |
|
|
| 823 |
|
| 789 |
| ||
Prepaid expenses |
| 21 |
| 17 |
|
|
| 27 |
|
| 24 |
| ||
Deferred income tax assets |
| 48 |
| 68 |
| |||||||||
Total current assets |
| 2,144 |
| 2,214 |
|
|
| 2,415 |
|
| 2,252 |
| ||
Property, plant and equipment, at cost |
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Property, plant and equipment: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Land |
| 170 |
| 173 |
|
|
| 225 |
|
| 183 |
| ||
Buildings |
| 695 |
| 696 |
|
|
| 731 |
|
| 704 |
| ||
Machinery and equipment |
| 4,021 |
| 4,063 |
|
|
| 4,252 |
|
| 4,055 |
| ||
|
| 4,886 |
| 4,932 |
| |||||||||
Less: accumulated depreciation |
| (2,813 | ) | (2,776 | ) | |||||||||
Property, plant and equipment, at cost |
|
| 5,208 |
|
| 4,942 |
| |||||||
Accumulated depreciation |
|
| (2,991) |
|
| (2,826) |
| |||||||
Property, plant and equipment, net |
|
| 2,217 |
|
| 2,116 |
| |||||||
|
| 2,073 |
| 2,156 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||
Goodwill |
| 478 |
| 535 |
|
|
| 803 |
|
| 784 |
| ||
Other intangible assets (less accumulated amortization of $62 and $49, respectively) |
| 290 |
| 311 |
| |||||||||
Other intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $139 and $106, respectively |
|
| 493 |
|
| 502 |
| |||||||
Deferred income tax assets |
| 4 |
| 15 |
|
|
| 9 |
|
| 7 |
| ||
Investments |
| 5 |
| 11 |
| |||||||||
Other assets |
| 97 |
| 118 |
|
|
| 143 |
|
| 121 |
| ||
Total assets |
| $ | 5,091 |
| $ | 5,360 |
|
| $ | 6,080 |
| $ | 5,782 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||
Liabilities and equity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||
Current liabilities |
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||
Current liabilities: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Short-term borrowings |
| $ | 23 |
| $ | 93 |
|
| $ | 120 |
| $ | 106 |
|
Accounts payable |
| 430 |
| 458 |
|
|
| 493 |
|
| 440 |
| ||
Accrued liabilities |
| 268 |
| 269 |
|
|
| 344 |
|
| 432 |
| ||
Total current liabilities |
| 721 |
| 820 |
|
|
| 957 |
|
| 978 |
| ||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||
Non-current liabilities |
| 157 |
| 163 |
|
|
| 227 |
|
| 158 |
| ||
Long-term debt |
| 1,804 |
| 1,717 |
|
|
| 1,744 |
|
| 1,850 |
| ||
Deferred income taxes |
| 180 |
| 207 |
| |||||||||
Deferred income tax liabilities |
|
| 199 |
|
| 171 |
| |||||||
Share-based payments subject to redemption |
| 22 |
| 24 |
|
|
| 36 |
|
| 30 |
| ||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||
Ingredion stockholders’ equity |
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||
Preferred stock — authorized 25,000,000 shares-$0.01 par value, none issued |
| — |
| — |
| |||||||||
Common stock — authorized 200,000,000 shares-$0.01 par value, 77,810,875 and 77,672,670 issued at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively |
| 1 |
| 1 |
| |||||||||
Ingredion stockholders’ equity: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Preferred stock — authorized 25,000,000 shares — $0.01 par value, none issued |
|
| — |
|
| — |
| |||||||
Common stock — authorized 200,000,000 shares — $0.01 par value, 77,810,875 issued at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively |
|
| 1 |
|
| 1 |
| |||||||
Additional paid-in capital |
| 1,164 |
| 1,166 |
|
|
| 1,138 |
|
| 1,149 |
| ||
Less - Treasury stock (common stock: 6,488,605 and 3,361,180 shares at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively) at cost |
| (481 | ) | (225 | ) | |||||||||
Less: Treasury stock (common stock: 5,815,904 and 5,396,526 shares at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively) at cost |
|
| (494) |
|
| (413) |
| |||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |
| (782 | ) | (583 | ) |
|
| (1,013) |
|
| (1,071) |
| ||
Retained earnings |
| 2,275 |
| 2,045 |
|
|
| 3,259 |
|
| 2,899 |
| ||
Total Ingredion stockholders’ equity |
| 2,177 |
| 2,404 |
|
|
| 2,891 |
|
| 2,565 |
| ||
Non-controlling interests |
| 30 |
| 25 |
|
|
| 26 |
|
| 30 |
| ||
Total equity |
| 2,207 |
| 2,429 |
|
|
| 2,917 |
|
| 2,595 |
| ||
Total liabilities and equity |
| $ | 5,091 |
| $ | 5,360 |
|
| $ | 6,080 |
| $ | 5,782 |
|
See notesthe Notes to the consolidated financial statements.Consolidated Financial Statements.
62
Ingredion Incorporated (“Ingredion”)
INGREDION INCORPORATED
Consolidated Statements of Equity and Redeemable Equity
|
| Equity |
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||
(in millions) |
| Common |
| Additional |
| Treasury |
| Accumulated Other |
| Retained |
| Non-Controlling |
| Share-based |
| |||||||
Balance, December 31, 2011 |
| $ | 1 |
| $ | 1,146 |
| $ | (42 | ) | $ | (413 | ) | $ | 1,412 |
| $ | 29 |
| $ | 15 |
|
Net income attributable to Ingredion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 428 |
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 6 |
|
|
| |||||||
Dividends declared |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (71 | ) | (4 | ) |
|
| |||||||
Gains on cash-flow hedges, net of income tax effect of $25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 43 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Amount of gains on cash-flow hedges reclassified to earnings, net of income tax effect of $15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (25 | ) |
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Repurchases of common stock |
|
|
|
|
| (18 | ) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Issuance of common stock on exercise of stock options |
|
|
| (13 | ) | 47 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Stock option expense |
|
|
| 7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Other share-based compensation |
|
|
| (3 | ) | 7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 4 |
| |||||||
Excess tax benefit on share-based compensation |
|
|
| 11 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Currency translation adjustment |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (29 | ) |
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Sale of non-controlling interests |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (7 | ) |
|
| |||||||
Actuarial losses on pension and postretirement obligations, settlements and plan amendments, net of income tax effect of $27 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (56 | ) |
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Losses on pension and postretirement obligations reclassified to earnings, net of income tax effect of $2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Other |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (2 | ) |
|
| |||||||
Balance, December 31, 2012 |
| $ | 1 |
| $ | 1, 148 |
| $ | (6 | ) | $ | (475 | ) | $ | 1,769 |
| $ | 22 |
| $ | 19 |
|
Net income attributable to Ingredion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 396 |
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 7 |
|
|
| |||||||
Dividends declared |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (120 | ) | (4 | ) |
|
| |||||||
Losses on cash-flow hedges, net of income tax effect of $29 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (64 | ) |
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Amount of losses on cash-flow hedges reclassified to earnings, net of income tax effect of $19 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 41 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Repurchases of common stock |
|
|
|
|
| (228 | ) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Issuance of common stock on exercise of stock options |
|
|
| 8 |
| 6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Stock option expense |
|
|
| 6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Other share-based compensation |
|
|
| (1 | ) | 3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 5 |
| |||||||
Excess tax benefit on share-based compensation |
|
|
| 5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Currency translation adjustment |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (154 | ) |
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Actuarial gains on pension and postretirement obligations, settlements and plan amendments, net of income tax effect of $32 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 63 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Losses on pension and postretirement obligations reclassified to earnings, net of income tax effect of $3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Unrealized gain on investment, net of income tax effect |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Balance, December 31, 2013 |
| $ | 1 |
| $ | 1, 166 |
| $ | (225 | ) | $ | (583 | ) | $ | 2,045 |
| $ | 25 |
| $ | 24 |
|
Net income attributable to Ingredion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 355 |
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 8 |
|
|
| |||||||
Dividends declared |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (125 | ) | (3 | ) |
|
| |||||||
Losses on cash-flow hedges, net of income tax effect of $12 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (29 | ) |
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Amount of losses on cash-flow hedges reclassified to earnings, net of income tax effect of $23 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 50 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Repurchases of common stock |
|
|
| (3 | ) | (301 | ) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Issuance of common stock on exercise of stock options |
|
|
| (17 | ) | 37 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Stock option expense |
|
|
| 7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Other share-based compensation |
|
|
| 5 |
| 8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (2 | ) | |||||||
Excess tax benefit on share-based compensation |
|
|
| 6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Currency translation adjustment |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (212 | ) |
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Actuarial losses on pension and postretirement obligations, settlements and plan amendments, net of income tax effect of $5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (12 | ) |
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Losses on pension and postretirement obligations reclassified to earnings, net of income tax effect of $1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
Balance, December 31, 2014 |
| $ | 1 |
| $ | 1, 164 |
| $ | (481 | ) | $ | (782 | ) | $ | 2,275 |
| $ | 30 |
| $ | 22 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Total Equity |
| Share-based |
| |||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
| Additional |
|
|
|
| Accumulated Other |
|
|
|
| Non- |
| Payments |
| ||||
|
| Common |
| Paid-In |
| Treasury |
| Comprehensive |
| Retained |
| Controlling |
| Subject to |
| |||||||
(in millions) |
| Stock |
| Capital |
| Stock |
| Loss |
| Earnings |
| Interests |
| Redemption |
| |||||||
Balance, December 31, 2014 |
| $ | 1 |
| $ | 1,164 |
| $ | (481) |
| $ | (782) |
| $ | 2,275 |
| $ | 30 |
| $ | 22 |
|
Net income attributable to Ingredion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 402 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 10 |
|
|
|
|
Dividends declared |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (125) |
|
| (4) |
|
|
|
|
Repurchases of common stock |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (34) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Share-based compensation, net of issuance |
|
|
|
|
| (4) |
|
| 48 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 2 |
|
Other comprehensive loss |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (320) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2015 |
|
| 1 |
|
| 1,160 |
|
| (467) |
|
| (1,102) |
|
| 2,552 |
|
| 36 |
|
| 24 |
|
Net income attributable to Ingredion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 485 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 11 |
|
|
|
|
Dividends declared |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (138) |
|
| (7) |
|
|
|
|
Share-based compensation, net of issuance |
|
|
|
|
| (11) |
|
| 54 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 6 |
|
Other comprehensive income (loss) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 31 |
|
|
|
|
| (10) |
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2016 |
|
| 1 |
|
| 1,149 |
|
| (413) |
|
| (1,071) |
|
| 2,899 |
|
| 30 |
|
| 30 |
|
Net income attributable to Ingredion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 519 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 13 |
|
|
|
|
Dividends declared |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (159) |
|
| (15) |
|
|
|
|
Repurchases of common stock |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (123) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Share-based compensation, net of issuance |
|
|
|
|
| (11) |
|
| 42 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 6 |
|
Other comprehensive income (loss) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 58 |
|
|
|
|
| (2) |
|
|
|
|
Balance, December 31, 2017 |
| $ | 1 |
| $ | 1,138 |
| $ | (494) |
| $ | (1,013) |
| $ | 3,259 |
| $ | 26 |
| $ | 36 |
|
See notesthe Notes to the consolidated financial statementsConsolidated Financial Statements.
63
Ingredion Incorporated (“Ingredion”)
INGREDION INCORPORATED
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Years ended December 31, |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
| |||||||||||||
Cash provided by operating activities: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||
|
| Year Ended December 31, |
| |||||||||||||||||
(in millions) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| |||||||||||||
Cash provided by operating activities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
Net income |
| $ | 363 |
| $ | 403 |
| $ | 434 |
|
| $ | 532 |
| $ | 496 |
| $ | 412 |
|
Non-cash charges (credits) to net income: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||
Non-cash charges to net income: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
| 195 |
| 194 |
| 211 |
|
|
| 209 |
|
| 196 |
|
| 194 |
| |||
Mechanical stores expense |
|
| 57 |
|
| 57 |
|
| 57 |
| ||||||||||
Deferred income taxes |
| (11 | ) | 30 |
| (3 | ) |
|
| 67 |
|
| (5) |
|
| (6) |
| |||
Write-off of impaired assets |
| 33 |
| — |
| 24 |
|
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 10 |
| |||
Gain on sale of plant |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| (10) |
| ||||||||||
Charge for fair value markup of acquired inventory |
|
| 9 |
|
| — |
|
| 10 |
| ||||||||||
Other |
| 68 |
| 74 |
| 55 |
|
|
| 39 |
|
| 44 |
|
| 39 |
| |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||
Changes in working capital: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||
Accounts receivable and prepaid expenses |
| (15 | ) | (69 | ) | 22 |
|
|
| (44) |
|
| (131) |
|
| (29) |
| |||
Inventories |
| (6 | ) | 76 |
| (69 | ) |
|
| (34) |
|
| (19) |
|
| 9 |
| |||
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |
| 66 |
| (78 | ) | 80 |
|
|
| (49) |
|
| 127 |
|
| 30 |
| |||
Decrease in margin accounts |
| 39 |
| 14 |
| — |
| |||||||||||||
Margin accounts |
|
| 6 |
|
| 15 |
|
| (34) |
| ||||||||||
Other |
| (1 | ) | (25 | ) | (22 | ) |
|
| (23) |
|
| (9) |
|
| 4 |
| |||
Cash provided by operating activities |
| 731 |
| 619 |
| 732 |
|
|
| 769 |
|
| 771 |
|
| 686 |
| |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Cash used for investing activities: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||
Capital expenditures |
| (276 | ) | (298 | ) | (313 | ) | |||||||||||||
Cash used for investing activities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
Payments for acquisitions, net of cash acquired of $-, $4, and $16, respectively |
|
| (17) |
|
| (407) |
|
| (434) |
| ||||||||||
Capital expenditures and mechanical stores purchases |
|
| (314) |
|
| (284) |
|
| (280) |
| ||||||||||
Investment in a non-consolidated affiliate |
|
| — |
|
| (2) |
|
| — |
| ||||||||||
Short-term investments |
| (34 | ) | 19 |
| (18 | ) |
|
| (3) |
|
| 1 |
|
| 27 |
| |||
Proceeds from disposal of plants and properties |
| 5 |
| 3 |
| 9 |
|
|
| 8 |
|
| 3 |
|
| 38 |
| |||
Proceeds from sale of investment |
| 11 |
| — |
| — |
| |||||||||||||
Other |
| — |
| 2 |
| — |
| |||||||||||||
Cash used for investing activities |
| (294 | ) | (274 | ) | (322 | ) |
|
| (326) |
|
| (689) |
|
| (649) |
| |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Cash used for financing activities: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||
Cash used for financing activities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
Proceeds from borrowings |
|
| 1,144 |
|
| 1,000 |
|
| 1,388 |
| ||||||||||
Payments on debt |
| (213 | ) | (53 | ) | (462 | ) |
|
| (1,240) |
|
| (874) |
|
| (1,366) |
| |||
Proceeds from borrowings |
| 231 |
| 21 |
| 312 |
| |||||||||||||
Debt issuance costs |
| — |
| — |
| (5 | ) |
|
| — |
|
| (6) |
|
| — |
| |||
Dividends paid (including to non-controlling interests) |
| (128 | ) | (112 | ) | (69 | ) | |||||||||||||
Repurchases of common stock |
| (304 | ) | (228 | ) | (18 | ) |
|
| (123) |
|
| (8) |
|
| (41) |
| |||
Issuance of common stock |
| 20 |
| 14 |
| 34 |
| |||||||||||||
Issuances of common stock for share-based compensation, net of settlements |
|
| 9 |
|
| 29 |
|
| 21 |
| ||||||||||
Dividends paid, including to non-controlling interests |
|
| (165) |
|
| (141) |
|
| (126) |
| ||||||||||
Excess tax benefit on share-based compensation |
| 6 |
| 5 |
| 11 |
|
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 8 |
| |||
Cash used for financing activities |
| (388 | ) | (353 | ) | (197 | ) |
|
| (375) |
|
| — |
|
| (116) |
| |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Effects of foreign exchange rate changes on cash |
| (43 | ) | (27 | ) | (5 | ) |
|
| 15 |
|
| (4) |
|
| (67) |
| |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |
| 6 |
| (35 | ) | 208 |
|
|
| 83 |
|
| 78 |
|
| (146) |
| |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |
| 574 |
| 609 |
| 401 |
|
|
| 512 |
|
| 434 |
|
| 580 |
| |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |
| $ | 580 |
| $ | 574 |
| $ | 609 |
|
| $ | 595 |
| $ | 512 |
| $ | 434 |
|
See notesthe Notes to the consolidated financial statements.Consolidated Financial Statements.
64
Ingredion Incorporated (“Ingredion”)
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1-1 – Description of the Business
Ingredion Incorporated (“the Company”) was founded in 1906 and became an independent and public company as of December 31, 1997. The Company primarily manufactures and sells sweetener, starches, nutrition ingredients, and sweetenersbiomaterial solutions derived from the wet milling and processing of corn and other starch-based materials to a wide range of industries, both domestically and internationally.
NOTE 2-2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of presentation —: The consolidated financial statements consist of the accounts of the Company, including all significant subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.
The preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of AmericaU.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events. These estimates and the underlying assumptions affect the amounts of assets and liabilities reported, disclosures about contingent assets and liabilities, and reported amounts of revenues and expenses. Such estimates include the value of purchase consideration, valuation of accounts receivable, inventories, goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets, legal contingencies, guarantee obligations, and assumptions used in the calculation of income taxes, and pension and other postretirement benefits, among others. These estimates and assumptions are based on management’s best estimates and judgment. Management evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment, which management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Management will adjust such estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Foreign currency devaluations, corn price volatility, access to difficult credit markets, and adverse changes in the global economic environment have combined to increase the uncertainty inherent in such estimates and assumptions. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results could differ significantly from these estimates. Changes in these estimates will be reflected in the financial statements in future periods.
A new line item entitled “other” was established within the non-cash charges (credits) to net income portion of the operating section of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on previously reported total cash provided by operating activities.
Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries, other than those whose functional currency is the USU.S. dollar, are translated at current exchange rates with the related translation adjustments reported in equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). The USU.S. dollar is the functional currency for the Company’s MexicoMexican subsidiary. Income statement accounts are translated at the average exchange rate during the period. However, significant non-recurring items related to a specific event are recognized at the exchange rate on the date of the significant event. For foreign subsidiaries where the USU.S. dollar is the functional currency, monetary assets and liabilities are translated at current exchange rates with the related adjustment included in net income. Non-monetary assets and liabilities are translated at historical exchange rates. Although the Company hedges the predominance of its transactional foreign exchange risk (see Note 5)6), the Company incurs foreign currency transaction gains/gains and losses relating to assets and liabilities that are denominated in a currency other than the functional currency. For 2014, 20132017, 2016, and 2012,2015, the Company incurred foreign currency transaction net losses of $1$5 million, $3 million, and less than $1$6 million, respectively. The Company’s accumulated other comprehensive loss included in equity on the Consolidated Balance Sheets includes cumulative translation loss adjustmentslosses of $701 million and $489 millionapproximately $1 billion at both December 31, 20142017 and 2013, respectively.2016.
Cash and cash equivalentsequivalents: — Cash equivalents consist of all instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less, and which have virtually no risk of loss in value.
InventoriesAccounts receivable, net —: Accounts receivable, net, consist of trade and other receivables carried at approximate fair value, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts based on specific identification of material amounts at risk and a general reserve based on historical collection experience.
Inventories: Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Costs are predominantly determined using the weighted average method.
Investments — Investments:Investments in the common stock of affiliated companies over which the Company does not exercise significant influence are accounted for under the cost method. In 2014,2016, the Company sold an investment thatinvested in SweeGen Inc., which it had accounted for under the cost method. The Company received $11 million in cash and recorded a pre-tax
gain of $5 million from the sale. The Company no longer has any investments accountedaccounts for under the cost method at December 31, 2014. Theand which had a carrying value of the investment was $6$2 million atas of both December 31, 2013. 2017 and 2016.
65
Investments that enable the Company to exercise significant influence, but do not represent a controlling interest, are accounted for under the equity method; such investments are carried at cost, adjusted to reflect the Company’s proportionate share of income or loss, less dividends received. The Company did not have any investments accounted for under the equity method at December 31, 20142017, or 2013.2016. The Company also has equity interests in the CME Group Inc. and CBOE Holdings, Inc., which it classifiesare classified as available for sale securities. The investment isinvestments are carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses recorded to other comprehensive income. The Company would recognize a loss on its investments when there is a loss in value of an investment that is other than temporary. Investments are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are not significant.
Leases: The Company leases rail cars, certain machinery and equipment, and office space. The Company classifies its leases as either capital or operating based on the terms of the related lease agreement and the criteria contained in Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 840, Leases, and related interpretations.
Property, plant and equipment and depreciation — depreciation:Property, plant and equipment (“PP&E”) are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is generally computed on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of depreciable assets, which range from 1025 to 50 years for buildings and from 3two to 2025 years for all other assets. Where permitted by law, accelerated depreciation methods are used for tax purposes. The Company recognized depreciation expense of $179 million, $171 million, and $172 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. The Company reviews the recoverability of the net book value of property, plant and equipmentPP&E for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable from estimated future cash flows expected to result from its use and eventual disposition. If this review indicates that the carrying values will not be recovered, the carrying values would be reduced to fair value and an impairment loss would be recognized. As required under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States,U.S., the impairment analysis for long-lived assets occurs before the goodwill impairment assessment described below.
Goodwill and other intangible assets assets:— Goodwill ($478803 million and $535$784 million at December 31, 20142017 and 2013,2016, respectively) represents the excess of the cost of an acquired entity over the fair value assigned to identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company also has other intangible assets aggregating $290of $493 million and $311$502 million at December 31, 20142017 and 2013,2016, respectively. The carrying amountvalue of goodwill by geographicreportable business segment at December 31, 20142017 and 20132016 was as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| North |
| South |
| Asia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
(in millions) |
| America |
| America |
| Pacific |
| EMEA |
| Total |
| |||||
Balance at December 31, 2015 |
| $ | 424 |
| $ | 22 |
| $ | 86 |
| $ | 69 |
| $ | 601 |
|
Acquisitions |
|
| 186 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 186 |
|
Currency translation |
|
| — |
|
| 4 |
|
| (1) |
|
| (6) |
|
| (3) |
|
Balance at December 31, 2016 |
|
| 610 |
|
| 26 |
|
| 85 |
|
| 63 |
|
| 784 |
|
Acquisitions |
|
| (10) | (a) |
| — |
|
| 15 |
|
| — |
|
| 5 |
|
Currency translation |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 7 |
|
| 7 |
|
| 14 |
|
Balance at December 31, 2017 |
| $ | 600 |
| $ | 26 |
| $ | 107 |
| $ | 70 |
| $ | 803 |
|
(a) | Related to TIC Gums Incorporated (“TIC Gums”) purchase price accounting adjustments |
The original carrying value of goodwill by reportable business segment and accumulated impairment charges by reportable business segment at December 31, 2017 and 2016 were as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| North |
| South |
| Asia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
|
| America |
| America |
| Pacific |
| EMEA |
| Total |
| |||||
Goodwill before impairment charges |
| $ | 611 |
| $ | 59 |
| $ | 206 |
| $ | 63 |
| $ | 939 |
|
Accumulated impairment charges |
|
| (1) |
|
| (33) |
|
| (121) |
|
| — |
|
| (155) |
|
Balance at December 31, 2016 |
|
| 610 |
|
| 26 |
|
| 85 |
|
| 63 |
|
| 784 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Goodwill before impairment charges |
|
| 601 |
|
| 59 |
|
| 228 |
|
| 70 |
|
| 958 |
|
Accumulated impairment charges |
|
| (1) |
|
| (33) |
|
| (121) |
|
| — |
|
| (155) |
|
Balance at December 31, 2017 |
| $ | 600 |
| $ | 26 |
| $ | 107 |
| $ | 70 |
| $ | 803 |
|
66
(in millions) |
| North |
| South |
| Asia |
| EMEA |
| Total |
| |||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||
Balance at December 31, 2011 |
| $ | 278 |
| $ | 101 |
| $ | 106 |
| $ | 77 |
| $ | 562 |
|
Impairment charges |
| — |
| — |
| (2 | ) | — |
| (2 | ) | |||||
Currency translation |
| — |
| (6 | ) | — |
| 3 |
| (3 | ) | |||||
Balance at December 31, 2012 |
| $ | 278 |
| $ | 95 |
| $ | 104 |
| $ | 80 |
| $ | 557 |
|
Currency translation |
| — |
| (17 | ) | (7 | ) | 2 |
| (22 | ) | |||||
Balance at December 31, 2013 |
| $ | 278 |
| $ | 78 |
| $ | 97 |
| $ | 82 |
| $ | 535 |
|
Impairment charges |
| — |
| (33 | ) | — |
| — |
| (33 | ) | |||||
Currency translation |
| — |
| (13 | ) | (4 | ) | (7 | ) | (24 | ) | |||||
Balance at December 31, 2014 |
| $ | 278 |
| $ | 32 |
| $ | 93 |
| $ | 75 |
| $ | 478 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||
Goodwill before impairment charges |
| $ | 279 |
| $ | 78 |
| $ | 218 |
| $ | 82 |
| $ | 657 |
|
Accumulated impairment charges |
| (1 | ) | — |
| (121 | ) | — |
| (122 | ) | |||||
Balance at December 31, 2013 |
| $ | 278 |
| $ | 78 |
| $ | 97 |
| $ | 82 |
| $ | 535 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||
Goodwill before impairment charges |
| $ | 279 |
| $ | 65 |
| $ | 214 |
| $ | 75 |
| $ | 633 |
|
Accumulated impairment charges |
| (1 | ) | (33 | ) | (121 | ) | — |
| (155 | ) | |||||
Balance at December 31, 2014 |
| $ | 278 |
| $ | 32 |
| $ | 93 |
| $ | 75 |
| $ | 478 |
|
The following table summarizes the Company’s other intangible assets for the periods presented:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
|
| As of December 31, 2014 |
| As of December 31, 2013 |
|
| As of December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(in millions) |
| Gross |
| Accumulated |
| Net |
| Weighted |
| Gross |
| Accumulated |
| Net |
| Weighted |
|
| Gross |
| Accumulated Amortization |
| Net |
| Weighted Average Useful Life (years) | |||||||||
Trademarks/tradenames |
| $ | 132 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 132 |
| — |
| $ | 132 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 132 |
| — |
| |||||||||||
Trademarks/tradenames (indefinite-lived) |
| $ | 178 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 178 |
| — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Customer relationships |
| 132 |
| (23 | ) | 109 |
| 25 |
| 139 |
| (18 | ) | 121 |
| 25 |
|
|
| 329 |
|
| (62) |
|
| 267 |
| 20 | ||||||
Technology |
| 83 |
| (35 | ) | 48 |
| 10 |
| 83 |
| (27 | ) | 56 |
| 10 |
|
|
| 103 |
|
| (68) |
|
| 35 |
| 9 | ||||||
Other |
| 5 |
| (4 | ) | 1 |
| 8 |
| 6 |
| (4 | ) | 2 |
| 8 |
|
|
| 22 |
|
| (9) |
|
| 13 |
| 16 | ||||||
Total other intangible assets |
| $ | 352 |
| $ | (62 | ) | $ | 290 |
| 19 |
| $ | 360 |
| $ | (49 | ) | $ | 311 |
| 19 |
|
| $ | 632 |
| $ | (139) |
| $ | 493 |
| 18 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
|
| As of December 31, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(in millions) |
| Gross |
| Accumulated Amortization |
| Net |
| Weighted Average Useful Life (years) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Trademarks/tradenames (indefinite-lived) |
| $ | 143 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 143 |
| — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Customer relationships |
|
| 227 |
|
| (42) |
|
| 185 |
| 20 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Technology |
|
| 100 |
|
| (57) |
|
| 43 |
| 10 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
TIC Gums intangible assets (preliminary) |
|
| 117 |
|
| — |
|
| 117 |
| Various | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Other |
|
| 21 |
|
| (7) |
|
| 14 |
| 16 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Total other intangible assets |
| $ | 608 |
| $ | (106) |
| $ | 502 |
| 17 |
For definite-lived intangible assets, the Company recognizes the cost of such amortizable assets in operations over their estimated useful lives and evaluates the recoverability of the assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $14$30 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013in 2017, $25 million in 2016, and 2012.$22 million in 2015.
Based on acquisitions completed through December 31, 2014,2017, including the Company expectspurchase price allocations for Sun Flour Industry Co., Ltd. (“Sun Flour”), intangible asset amortization expense for futurethe next five years is shown below. The amortization is subject to be approximately $14 million annually through 2019.change based on finalization of the purchase accounting for Sun Flour.
|
|
|
|
(in millions) |
|
|
|
Year |
| Amortization Expense | |
2018 |
| $ | 29 |
2019 |
|
| 29 |
2020 |
|
| 27 |
2021 |
|
| 19 |
2022 |
|
| 18 |
Balance thereafter |
|
| 193 |
The Company assesses goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually (or more frequently if impairment indicators arise). The Company has chosen to perform this annual impairment assessment as of October 1 of each year. The Company has completed the required impairment assessments and determined that it was necessary to record an impairment charge to write-off the goodwill at its Southern Cone of South America reporting unit in the fourth quarter of 2014 (see below).
In testing goodwill for impairment, the Company first assesses qualitative factors in determining whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. After assessing the qualitative factors, if the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount then the Company does not perform the two-step impairment test. If the Company concludes otherwise, then it performs the first step of the two-step impairment test as described in ASC Topic 350. In the first step (“Step One”), the fair value of the reporting unit is compared to its carrying value. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of its net assets, goodwill is not considered impaired and no further testing is required. If the carrying value of the net assets exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, a second step (“Step Two”) of the impairment assessment is performed in order to determine the implied fair value of a reporting unit’sunit's goodwill. Determining the implied fair value of goodwill requires a valuation of the reporting unit’sunit's tangible and intangible assets and liabilities in a manner similar to the allocation of purchase price in a business combination. If the carrying value of the reporting unit’sunit's goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of its goodwill, goodwill is deemed impaired and is written down to the extent of the difference. The results of the Company’s impairment testing in the fourth quarter of 2014 indicated that the estimated fair value of the Company’s Southern Cone of South America reporting unit was less than its carrying amount primarily due to the impacts on its fair value of the elongation of unfavorable financial trends, such as the impact of higher production costs and the Company’s inability to increase selling prices to a level sufficient to recover the impacts of inflation and currency devaluation. Also, the political and economic volatility in the region and continued uncertainty in Argentina negatively impacted earnings forecasts for the reporting unit in the near term. Therefore, the Company recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $33 million to write-off the remaining balance of goodwill for this reporting unit. Additionally, basedBased on the results of the annual assessment, the Company concluded that as of October 1, 2014,2017, it was more likely than not that the fair value of all otherour reporting units was greater than their carrying value. We continue to monitor our reporting
67
units in struggling economies and recent acquisitions for challenges in the business that may negatively impact the fair value (although the $32 million of goodwill at the Brazilthese reporting unit continues to be closely monitored due to recent trends experienced in this reporting unit).units.
In testing indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment, the Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. After assessing the qualitative factors, if the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that
the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying amount, then it would not be required to compute the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset. In the event the qualitative assessment leads the Company to conclude otherwise, then it would be required to determine the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset and perform the quantitative impairment test in accordance with ASC subtopic 350-30. In performing the qualitative analysis, the Company considers various factors including net sales derived from these intangibles and certain market and industry conditions. Based on the results of this qualitative assessment, the Company concluded that as of October 1, 2014,2017, it was more likely than not that the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets was greater than their carrying value.
Revenue recognition — recognition:The Company recognizes operating revenues at the time title to the goods and all risks of ownership transfer to the customer. This transfer is considered complete when a sales agreement is in place, delivery has occurred, pricing is fixed or determinable and collection is reasonably assured. In the case of consigned inventories, the title passes and the transfer of ownership risk occurs when the goods are used by the customer. Taxes assessed by governmental authorities and collected from customers are accounted for on a net basis and excluded from revenues.
Hedging instrumentsinstruments: — The Company uses derivative financial instruments principally to offset exposure to market risks arising from changes in commodity prices, foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. Derivative financial instruments used by the Company consist of commodity futures and option contracts, forward currency contracts and options, interest rate swap agreements and treasuryTreasury lock agreements.agreements (“T-Locks”). The Company enters into futures and option contracts, which are designated as hedges of specific volumes of commodities (primarily corn and natural gas) that will be purchased in a future month. These derivative financial instruments are recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. The Company has also entered into interest rate swap agreements that effectively convert the interest rate on certain fixed rate debt to a variable interest rate and, on certain variable rate debt, to a fixed interest rate. The Company periodically enters into treasury lock agreementsT-Locks to lock the benchmarkhedge its exposure to interest rate for an anticipated fixed-rate borrowing.changes. See also Note 56 and Note 67 of the notesNotes to the consolidated financial statementsConsolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
On the date a derivative contract is entered into, the Company designates the derivative as either a hedge of variable cash flows to be paid related to interest on variable rate debt, as a hedge of market variation in the benchmark rate for a future fixed rate debt issue, as a hedge of foreign currency cash flows associated with certain forecasted commercial transactions or loans, as a hedge of certain forecasted purchases of corn, or natural gas or ethanol used in the manufacturing process (“a cash-flowcash flow hedge”), or as a hedge of the fair value of certain debt obligations (“a fair-valuefair value hedge”). This process includes linking all derivatives that are designated as fair-valuefair value or cash-flowcash flow hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet,Sheets, or to specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. For all hedging relationships, the Company documents the hedging relationships and its risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge transactions, the hedging instrument, the hedged item, the nature of the risk being hedged, how the hedging instrument’s effectiveness in offsetting the hedged risk will be assessed and a description of the method of measuring ineffectiveness. The Company also formally assesses both, at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows or fair values of hedged items. When it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective as a hedge or has ceased to be a highly effective hedge, the Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively.
Changes in the fair value of floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps, treasury locks orT-Locks, commodity futures, and option contracts or foreign currency forward contracts, swaps, and options that are highly effective and that are designated and qualify as cash-flowcash flow hedges are recorded in other comprehensive income, net of applicable income taxes. Realized gains and losses associated with changes in the fair value of interest rate swaps and treasury locksT-Locks are reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) to the Consolidated StatementStatements of Income over the life of the underlying debt. Gains and losses on hedges of foreign currency cash flows associated with certain forecasted commercial transactions or loans are reclassified from AOCI to the Consolidated StatementStatements of Income when such transactions or obligations are settled. Gains and losses on commodity hedging contracts are reclassified from AOCI to the Consolidated Statement of Income when the finished goods produced using the hedged item are sold. The maximum term over which the Company hedges exposures to the variability of cash flows for commodity price risk is generally 24 months. Changes in the fair value of a fixed-to-floating interest rate swap agreement that is highly effective and that is designated and qualifies as a fair-value
68
fair value hedge, along with the loss or gain on the hedged debt obligation, are recorded in earnings. The ineffective portion of the change in fair value of a derivative instrument that qualifies as either a cash-flowcash flow hedge or a fair-valuefair value hedge is reported in earnings.
The Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively when it is determined that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows or fair value of the hedged item, the derivative is de-designated as a hedging instrument because it is unlikely that a forecasted transaction will occur, or management determines that designation of the derivative as a hedging instrument is no longer appropriate. When hedge accounting is discontinued, the Company continues to carry the derivative on the Consolidated Balance SheetSheets at its fair value, and gains and losses that were included in AOCI are recognized in earnings in the same line item affected by the hedged transaction and in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings, or in the month a hedge is determined to be ineffective.
The Company uses derivative financial instruments such as foreign currency forward contracts, swaps and options to manage the transactional foreign exchange risk that is created when transactions not denominated in the functional currency of the operating unit are revalued. The changes in fair value of these derivative instruments and the offsetting changes in the value of the underlying non-functional currency denominated transactions are recorded in earnings on a monthly basis.
Stock-based compensationShare-based compensation: — The Company has a stock incentive plan that provides for stock-basedshare-based employee compensation, including the granting of stock options, shares of restricted stock, restricted stock units, and performance shares to certain key employees. Compensation expense is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the Company’s stock-basedshare-based employee compensation plan. The plan is more fully described in Note 11.12 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Earnings per common shareshare: — Basic earnings per common share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income attributable to Ingredion by the weighted average number of shares outstanding, which totaled 73.672.0 million for 2014, 77.02017, 72.3 million for 20132016 and 76.571.6 million for 2012.2015. Diluted earnings per share (EPS)EPS is calculated using the treasury stock method, computed by dividing net income attributable to Ingredion by the weighted average number of shares outstanding, including the dilutive effect of outstanding stock options and other instruments associated with long-term incentive compensation plans. The weighted average number of shares outstanding for diluted EPS calculations was 74.973.5 million, 78.374.1 million and 78.273.0 million for 2014, 20132017, 2016, and 2012,2015, respectively. In 2014, 2013Approximately 0.3 million, 0, and 2012, options to purchase approximately 0.10.3 million 0.4 million and 0.9 million sharesshare-based awards of common stock respectively, were excluded in 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively, from the calculation of the weighted average number of shares outstanding for diluted EPS because their effects were anti-dilutive.
Risks and uncertaintiesuncertainties: — The Company operates domestically and internationally. In each country, the business and assets are subject to varying degrees of risk and uncertainty. The Company insures its business and assets in each country against insurable risks in a manner that it deems appropriate. Because of this geographic dispersion, the Company believes that a loss from non-insurable events in any one country would not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations as a whole. Additionally, the Company believes there is no significant concentration of risk with any single customer or supplier whose failure or non-performance would materially affect the Company’s results.
Recently adoptedNew accounting standards —standards:In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) In July 2013,that introduces a new five-step revenue recognition model in which an entity should recognize revenue to depict the Financial Accounting Standards Boardtransfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This ASU also requires disclosures sufficient to enable users to understand the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers, including qualitative and quantitative disclosures about contracts with customers, significant judgments and changes in judgments, and assets recognized from the costs to obtain or fulfill a contract. The FASB has also issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2013-11, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists. This Update provides guidance pertainingadditional ASUs to the financial statement presentation of an unrecognized tax benefit when a net operating loss carryforward, a similar tax loss or a tax credit carryforward exists,provide further updates and clarification to resolve diversity in practice. The Update requires that companies present an unrecognized tax benefit as a reduction of a deferred tax asset for a tax loss or credit carryforward on the balance sheet when (a) the tax law requires the company to use the tax loss or credit carryforward to satisfy amounts payable upon disallowance of the tax position; or (b) the tax loss or credit carryforward is available to satisfy amounts payable upon disallowance of the tax position, and the company intends to use the deferred tax asset for that purpose. The guidance in this Update, including ASU 2015-14, ASU 2016-08, ASU 2016-10, ASU 2016-12 and ASU 2016-20. This standard is effective prospectively for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2013, and2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years.that reporting period. We will adopt the standard as of the effective date, January 1, 2018. The standard will allow various transition approaches upon adoption. We plan to use the modified retrospective approach for the transition to the new standard. Based on the analysis performed by the Company adoptedto date, our assessment is that the adoption of the guidance in this Update prospectively and the adoption didis not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s revenue recognition timing or amounts, as we have not identified any material changes to the recognition of revenue for existing customer contracts.
69
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which supersedes Topic 840, Leases. This Update increases the transparency and comparability of organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for leases longer than 12 months and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The recognition, measurement and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease by a lessee have not significantly changed. This Update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We currently plan to adopt the standard as of the effective date. Adoption will require a modified retrospective approach for the transition. We expect the adoption of the guidance in this Update to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.Balance Sheets, as operating leases will be recognized both as assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We are in the process of quantifying the magnitude of these changes and assessing the implementation approach for accounting for these changes.
63In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This Update simplifies the subsequent measurement of Goodwill as the Update eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Instead, under the Update, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should then recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, with the loss recognized not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. This Update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted.
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, Compensation – Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost. This Update requires an entity to change the classification of the net periodic benefit cost for pension and postretirement plans within the statement of income by eliminating the ability to net all of the components of the costs together within operating income. The Update will require the service cost component to continue to be presented within operating income, classified within either cost of sales or operating expenses depending on the employees covered within the plan. The remaining components of the net periodic benefit cost, however, must be presented in the statement of income as a non-operating income (loss) below operating income. The Update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted only within the first interim period for public entities. We plan to adopt this Update in 2018. When adopted, the new guidance must be applied retrospectively for all income statement periods presented. The Update will reduce the Company’s operating income and will require a new financial statement line item below operating income within the Consolidated Statements of Income for the non-operating income (loss) components. Net income within the Consolidated Statements of Income will not change upon adoption of the Update.
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. This Update modifies accounting guidance for hedge accounting by making more hedge strategies eligible for hedge accounting, amending presentation and disclosure requirements, and changing how companies assess ineffectiveness. The intent is to simplify the application of hedge accounting and increase transparency of information about an entity’s risk management activities. The amended guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We are in the process of assessing the effects of these updates including potential changes to existing hedging arrangement, as well as the implementation approach for accounting for these changes.
NOTE 3 – Acquisitions
On March 9, 2017, the Company completed its acquisition of Sun Flour in Thailand for $18 million. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had paid $16 million in cash and recorded $2 million in accrued liabilities for deferred payments due to the previous owner. The Company funded the acquisition primarily with cash on-hand. The acquisition of Sun Flour adds a fourth manufacturing facility to our operations in Thailand. Sun Flour produces rice-based ingredients used primarily in the food industry. The results of the acquired operation are included in the Company’s consolidated results from the acquisition date forward within the Asia Pacific business segment, and $14 million of goodwill was allocated to that segment.
On December 29, 2016, the Company completed its acquisition of TIC Gums, a privately held, U.S.-based company that provides advanced texture systems to the food and beverage industry, for $396 million, net of cash acquired. The acquisition adds a manufacturing facility in both the U.S. and China. The Company funded the acquisition with proceeds from borrowings under its revolving credit agreement. The results of the acquired operations are included in the
70
NOTE 3 — AcquisitionCompany’s consolidated results from the respective acquisition dates forward within the North America and Asia Pacific business segments, and $175 million and $2 million of goodwill was allocated to those segments, respectively.
On October 14, 2014,November 29, 2016, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plancompleted its acquisition of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”)Shandong Huanong Specialty Corn Development Co., by and among Penford Corporation, a Washington corporationLtd. (“Penford”Shandong Huanong”), Prospect Sub, Inc., a Washington corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary in China for $12 million in cash. The Company funded the acquisition primarily with cash on-hand. The acquisition of Shandong Huanong, located in Shandong Province, adds second manufacturing facility to our operations in China. It produces starch raw material for our plant in Shanghai, which makes value-added ingredients for the food industry. The results of the Company (“Merger Sub”), and the Company. The Merger Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement were unanimously approved byacquired operation are included in the Company’s board of directors.consolidated results from the acquisition date forward within the Asia Pacific business segment.
The Merger Agreement provides forOn August 3, 2015, the mergerCompany completed its acquisition of Merger Sub with and into Penford, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement (the “Merger”Kerr Concentrates, Inc. (“Kerr”), a privately held producer of natural fruit and vegetable concentrates for $102 million in cash. Kerr serves major food and beverage companies, flavor houses and ingredient producers from its manufacturing locations in Oregon and California. The acquisition of Kerr provided the Company with Penford continuing as the surviving corporation inopportunity to expand its product portfolio. The Company finalized the Merger.purchase price allocation during the first quarter of 2016, which did not have a significant impact on previously estimated amounts. As a result of the Merger, Penford will become a wholly-owned subsidiaryacquisition, $27 million of the Company.
Pursuantgoodwill was allocated to the Merger Agreement, at the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”), each share (a “Share”) of common stock of Penford (“Penford Common Stock”) issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time, other than (a) Shares owned by the Company or Merger Sub, or by any subsidiary of the CompanyNorth America segment.
or Merger Sub, immediately prior toOn March 11, 2015, the Effective Time and (b) Shares outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time and held by a holder who is entitled to exercise dissenters’ rights and properly exercises dissenters’ rights under Washington law with respect to such Shares, will be converted into the right to receive $19.00 in cash per Share, without interest and subject to and reduced by the amount of any tax withholding. As of the date of the Merger Agreement, Penford had 12,735,038 outstanding Shares and 1,429,000 Shares underlying outstanding options. Outstanding borrowings under Penford’s revolving credit agreement will become due as a result of the Merger. The purchase price is estimated to be $340 million, including the assumption of debt. The Company expects to fund thecompleted its acquisition of Penford with available cash and proceeds from borrowings under the Company’s revolving credit agreement.
Penford,Corporation (“Penford”), a manufacturer of specialty starches that was headquartered in Centennial, Colorado had net salesColorado. Total purchase consideration for Penford was $332 million, which included the extinguishment of $444$93 million in debt in conjunction with the acquisition. Purchase accounting for Penford was completed in 2015. The acquisition of Penford provides the fiscal year ended August 31, 2014.Company with, among other things, an expanded specialty ingredient product portfolio consisting of potato starch-based offerings. Penford employs approximately 443 people and operates six plantsmanufacturing facilities in the United States,U.S., all of which manufacture specialty starches.As a result of the acquisition, $121 million of goodwill was allocated to the North America segment.
A preliminary allocation of the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed was made based on available information and incorporating management’s best estimates. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed for each acquisition in the transactions are generally recorded at their estimated acquisition date fair values, while transaction costs associated with the acquisitions were expensed as incurred. Goodwill and intangible assets are open to be finalized for purchase accounting for Sun Flour as of December 31, 2017.
Goodwill represents the amount by which the purchase price exceeds the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired. The goodwill of $177 million and $27 million for TIC Gums and Kerr, respectively, result from synergies and other operational benefits expected to be derived from the acquisitions. The goodwill related to TIC Gums, Shandong, and Kerr acquisitions is tax deductible due to the structure of the acquisitions. The goodwill related to Sun Flour is not tax deductible.
The Merger has been approved byfollowing table summarizes the shareholdersfinalized purchase price allocations for the acquisitions of Penford. TIC Gums and Kerr as of December 29, 2016, and August 3, 2015, respectively:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in millions) |
|
| TIC Gums |
|
| Kerr |
Working capital (excluding cash) |
| $ | 49 |
| $ | 37 |
Property, plant and equipment |
|
| 37 |
|
| 8 |
Other assets |
|
| — |
|
| 1 |
Identifiable intangible assets |
|
| 133 |
|
| 29 |
Goodwill |
|
| 177 |
|
| 27 |
Total purchase price, net of cash |
| $ | 396 |
| $ | 102 |
The consummationidentifiable intangible assets for the acquisition of TIC Gums and Kerr included items such as customer relationships, trade names, proprietary technology, and non-competition agreements. The fair values of these intangible assets were determined to be Level 3 under the fair value hierarchy. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for an asset or liability. Unobservable inputs are used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for fair value estimates to be made in situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for an asset or liability at the measurement date. For more information on the fair value hierarchy, see Note 6.
71
The following table presents the fair values, valuation techniques, and estimated remaining useful life at the acquisition date for these Level 3 measurements (dollars in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Estimated |
TIC Gums |
| Fair Value |
| Valuation Technique |
| Useful Life | |
Customer relationships |
| $ | 94 |
| Multi-period excess earnings method |
| 20 years |
Trade names |
|
| 35 |
| Relief-from-royalty method |
| Indefinite |
Proprietary technology |
|
| 4 |
| Relief-from-royalty method |
| 8 years |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Estimated |
Kerr |
| Fair Value |
| Valuation Technique |
| Useful Life | |
Customer relationships |
| $ | 24 |
| Multi-period excess earnings method |
| 15 years |
Trade names |
|
| 4 |
| Relief-from-royalty method |
| 11 years |
Non-competition agreements |
|
| 1 |
| Income approach method |
| 3 years |
The fair value of customer relationships, trade names, proprietary technology, and non-competition agreements were determined through the valuation techniques described above using various judgmental assumptions such as discount rates, royalty rates, and customer attrition rates, as applicable. The fair values of property, plant and equipment associated with the acquisitions were determined to be Level 3 under the fair value hierarchy. Property, plant and equipment values were estimated using either the cost or market approach.
The acquisitions of Sun Flour and Shandong Huanong added $21 million to goodwill and identifiable intangible assets and $9 million to net tangible assets as of their respective acquisition dates.
Included in the results of the Merger is subjectacquired businesses for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2015 was an increase in pre-tax cost of sales of $9 million and $10 million, respectively, relating to the satisfaction or waiversale of specified closing conditions, including, among other things, (a)inventory that was adjusted to fair value at the receipt of certain required antitrust approvals and (b) other specified customary closing conditions.acquisition dates for each acquired business in accordance with business combination accounting rules. The Merger could close as early as March, 2015.fair value adjustments for the year ended December 31, 2016, were not material.
Pro-forma results of operations for the acquisitions made in 2017, 2016, and 2015 have not been presented as the effect of each acquisition individually and in aggregate would not be material to the Company’s results of operations for any periods presented.
The Company incurred $4 million, $3 million, and $10 million of pre-tax acquisition and integration costs in 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively, associated with its acquisitions.
NOTE 4 —– Sale of Canadian Plant
On December 15, 2015, the Company sold its manufacturing assets in Port Colborne, Ontario, Canada for $35 million in cash. The Company recorded a pre-tax gain of $10 million on the sale, net of the write-off of goodwill of $2 million associated with the business. The Company also recorded pre-tax restructuring charges of $4 million in 2015 associated with the sale of the plant as described below. Additionally, in 2016 the Company recorded pre-tax restructuring charges of $2 million related to the Port Colborne plant sale.
NOTE 5 – Impairment and Restructuring Charges
In 2017, the Company recorded $38 million of pre-tax restructuring charges. During the first quarter of 2017, the Company implemented an organizational restructuring effort in Argentina in order to achieve a more competitive cost position. The Company notified the local labor union of a planned reduction in workforce, which resulted in a strike by the labor union and an interruption of manufacturing activities during the second quarter of 2017. The Company finalized a new labor agreement with the labor union in the second quarter, ending the strike on June 1, 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recorded total pre-tax restructuring-related charges in Argentina of $17 million for employee-related severance and other costs.
During the second quarter of 2017, the Company announced a Finance Transformation initiative in North America for the U.S. and Canada businesses to strengthen organizational capabilities and drive efficiencies to support the growth strategy of the Company. For the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recorded pre-tax restructuring charges of $6 million ($3 million of severance costs and $3 million of other costs) related to this initiative. The Company expects to incur between $1 million and $2 million of additional employee-related severance and other costs in 2018.
72
During the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company recorded $13 million of pre-tax restructuring charges related to its leaf extraction process in Brazil. The charges consisted of $6 million of abandonment of certain assets, $6 million of inventory write downs and $1 million related to other costs, including employee-related severance costs. The Company expects to incur $1 million of additional other costs in 2018.
Additionally for the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recorded $2 million of other pre-tax restructuring charges including other employee-related severance costs in North America and a refinement of estimates for prior year restructuring activities.
In 2016, the Company recorded $19 million of restructuring charges consisting of $11 million of employee-related severance and other costs due to the execution of global information technology outsourcing contracts, $6 million of employee-related severance costs associated with the Company’s optimization initiatives in North America and South America, and $2 million of costs attributable to the 2015 Port Colborne plant sale.
A summary of the Company’s severance accrual at December 31, 2017, is as follows (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
Balance in severance accrual as of December 31, 2016 |
| $ | 7 |
|
Restructuring charge for employee-related severance costs: |
|
|
|
|
Argentina |
|
| 15 |
|
North America Finance Transformation |
|
| 3 |
|
Other |
|
| 3 |
|
Prior year restructuring activities |
|
| (2) |
|
Payments made to terminated employees |
|
| (15) |
|
Balance in severance accrual as of December 31, 2017 |
| $ | 11 |
|
Of the $11 million severance accrual at December 31, 2017, $10 million is expected to be paid within the next 12 months.
The Company assesses goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually (or more frequently if impairment indicators arise). The Company has chosen to perform this annual impairment assessment as of October 1 of each year. The results of the Company’sNo goodwill impairment testingwas recognized in the fourth quarterquarters of 2014 indicated that the estimated fair value of the Company’s Southern Cone of South America reporting unit was less than its carrying amount primarily due to the impacts on its fair value of the elongation of unfavorable financial trends, such as the impact of higher production costs and the Company’s inability to increase selling prices to a level sufficient to recover the impacts of inflation and currency devaluation. Also, the political and economic volatility in the region and continued uncertainty in Argentina negatively impacted earnings forecasts for the reporting unit in the near term. Therefore, the Company recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $33 million in the fourth quarter of 2014 to write-off the remaining balance of goodwill for this reporting unit.
In the second quarter of 2012, the Company decided to restructure its business operations in Kenya and to close its manufacturing plant in the country. As part of that decision, the Company recorded $20 million of restructuring charges to its Statement of Income consisting of an $8 million charge to realize the cumulative translation adjustment associated with the Kenyan operations, a $6 million fixed asset impairment charge, a $2 million charge to reduce certain working capital balances to net realizable value based on the announced closure, $2 million of costs primarily consisting of severance pay2017, 2016, or 2015 related to the termination of the majority of its employees in Kenya and $2 million of additional charges related to this restructuring.Company’s annual impairment testing.
As part of the Company’s ongoing strategic optimization, in the third quarter of 2012, the Company decided to exit its investment in Shouguang Golden Far East Modified Starch Co., Ltd (“GFEMS”), a non-wholly-owned consolidated subsidiary in China. In conjunction with that decision, the Company recorded a $4 million impairment charge to reduce the carrying value of GFEMS to its estimated net realizable value. The Company also recorded a $1 million charge for impaired assets in Colombia in 2012. The Company sold its interest in GFEMS in 2012 for $3 million in cash, which approximated the carrying value of the investment in GFEMS following the aforementioned impairment charge.
Additionally, as part of a manufacturing optimization program developed in conjunction with the acquisition of National Starch to improve profitability, in the second quarter of 2011 the Company committed to a plan to optimize its production capabilities at certain of its North American facilities. The plan was completed in October 2012. As a result, the Company recorded restructuring charges to write-off certain equipment by the plan completion date. These charges totaled $11 million in 2012, of which $10 million represented accelerated depreciation on the equipment.
NOTE 5 —6 – Financial Instruments, Derivatives and Hedging Activities
The Company is exposed to market risk stemming from changes in commodity prices (corn(primarily corn and natural gas), foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. In the normal course of business, the Company actively manages its exposure to these market risks by entering into various hedging transactions, authorized under established policies that place clear controls on these activities. These transactions utilize exchange-traded derivatives or over-the-counter derivatives with investment-gradeinvestment grade counterparties. Derivative financial instruments currently used by the Company consist of commoditycommodity-related futures, options and swap contracts, foreign currencycurrency-related forward contracts, interest rate swaps and options, and interest rate swaps.T-Locks.
Commodity price hedging: The Company’s principal use of derivative financial instruments is to manage commodity price risk in North America relating to anticipated purchases of corn and natural gas to be used in the manufacturing process, generally over the next twelve12 to twenty-four24 months. The Company maintains a commodity-price risk management strategy that uses derivative instruments to minimize significant, unanticipated earnings fluctuations caused by commodity-price volatility. For example, the manufacturing of the Company’s products requires a significant volume of corn and natural gas. Price fluctuations in corn and natural gas cause the actual purchase price of corn and natural gas to differ from anticipated prices.
To manage price risk related to corn purchases in North America, the Company uses corn futures and options contracts that trade on regulated commodity exchanges to lock inlock-in its corn costs associated with firm-priced customer sales contracts. The Company uses over-the-counter natural gas swaps to hedge a portion of its natural gas usage in North America. These derivative financial instruments limit the impact that volatility resulting from fluctuations in market prices will have on corn and natural gas purchases and have been designated as cash-flowcash flow hedges. The Company also enters into futures contracts to hedge price risk associated with fluctuations in the market price of ethanol. Unrealized gains and losses
73
associated with marking the commodity hedging contracts to market (fair value) are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income (“OCI”) and included in the equity section of the Consolidated Balance Sheets as part of AOCI. These amounts are subsequently reclassified into earnings in the same line item affected by the hedged transaction and in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings, or in the month a hedge is determined to be ineffective. The Company assesses the effectiveness of a commodity hedge contract based on changes in the contract’s fair value. The changes in the market value of such contracts have historically been, and are expected to continue to be, highly effective at offsetting changes in the price of the hedged items. The amounts representing the ineffectiveness of these cash-cash flow hedges are not significant.
AtAs of December 31, 2014 and 2013,2017, AOCI included $13$12 million of losses (net of tax of $6$7 million) and $32 million of losses (net of tax of $15 million), respectively, pertaining to commodities-related derivative instruments designated as cash-flowcash flow hedges. As of December 31, 2016, AOCI included an insignificant amount pertaining to commodities-related derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges.
Interest rate hedging: The Company assesses its exposure to variability in interest rates by identifying and monitoring changes in interest rates that may adversely impact future cash flows and the fair value of existing debt instruments, and by evaluating hedging opportunities. The Company maintains risk management control systems to monitor interest rate risk attributable to both the Company’s outstanding and forecasted debt obligations as well as the Company’s offsetting hedge positions. The risk management control systems involve the use of analytical techniques, including sensitivity analysis, to estimate the expected impact of changes in interest rates on future cash flows and the fair value of the Company’s outstanding and forecasted debt instruments.
Derivative financial instruments that have been used by the Company to manage its interest rate risk consist of Treasury Lock agreements (“T-Locks”) and interest rate swaps.swaps and T-Locks. The Company periodically enters into T-Locks to fix the benchmark component of thehedge its exposure to interest rate to be established for certain planned fixed-rate debt issuances.changes. The T-Locks are designated as hedges of the variability in cash flows associated with future interest payments caused by market fluctuations in the benchmark interest rate until the fixed interest rate is established, and are accounted for as cash-flowcash flow hedges. Accordingly, changes in the fair value of the T-Locks are recorded to AOCI until the consummation of the underlying debt offering, at which time any realized gain (loss) is amortized to earnings over the life of the debt. The net gain or loss recognized in earnings during 2014, 2013 and 2012 was not significant. The Company also from time to time, enters into interest rate swap agreements that effectively convert the interest rate on certain fixed-rate debt to a variable rate. These swaps call for the Company to receive interest at a fixed rate and to pay interest at a variable rate, thereby creating the equivalent of variable-rate debt. The Company designates these interest rate swap agreements as hedges of the changes in fair value of the underlying debt obligation attributable to changes in interest rates and accounts for them as fair-value hedges. Changes in the fair value of interest rate swaps designated as hedging instruments that effectively offset the
variability in the fair value of outstanding debt obligations are reported in earnings. These amounts offset the gain or loss (that is, the change in fair value) of the hedged debt instrument that is attributable to changes in interest rates (that is, the hedged risk) which is also recognized in earnings. The Company did not have any T-Locks outstanding at December 31, 2014 or 2013. At December 31, 2014 and 2013, AOCI included $7 million of losses (net of income taxes of $4 million) and $8 million of losses (net of income taxes of $5 million), respectively, related to settled T-Locks. These deferred losses are being amortized to financing costs over the terms of the senior notes with which they are associated.
In September 2014, the Company entered intohas interest rate swap agreements that effectively convert the interest rates on its 6.0 percent $200 million senior notes due April 15, 2017, its 1.8 percent $300 million senior notes due September 25, 2017 and on $200 million of its $400 million of 4.625 percent senior notes, due November 1, 2020, to variable rates. Additionally, the Company has interest rate swap agreements that effectively convert the interest rate on its 3.2 percent $350 million senior notes due November 1, 2015 to a variable rate. These swap agreements call for the Company to receive interest at the fixed coupon rate of the respective notes and to pay interest at a variable rate based on the six-month US dollarU.S. LIBOR rate plus a spread. The Company has designated these interest rate swap agreements as hedges of the changes in fair value of the underlying debt obligations attributable to changes in interest rates and accounts for them as fair-valuefair value hedges. Changes in the fair value of interest rate swaps designated as hedging instruments that effectively offset the variability in the fair value of outstanding debt obligations are reported in earnings. These amounts offset the gain or loss (the change in fair value) of the hedged debt instrument that is attributable to changes in interest rates (the hedged risk), which is also recognized in earnings. The fair value of these interest rate swap agreements was $13 million at bothas of December 31, 20142017 and December 31, 2013,2016 was $1 million and $3 million, respectively, and is reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets within other assets, with an offsetting amount recorded in long-term debt to adjust the carrying amount of the hedged debt obligations. The Company did not have any T-Locks outstanding as of December 31, 2017, or 2016. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, AOCI included $2 million of losses (net of income taxes of $1 million) and $4 million of losses (net of income taxes of $2 million), respectively, related to settled T-Locks. These deferred losses are being amortized to financing costs over the terms of the senior notes with which they are associated.
Foreign currency hedging: Due to the Company’s global operations, including operations in many emerging markets, it is exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. As a result, the Company has exposure to translational foreign exchange risk when the results of its foreign operations are translated to USU.S. dollars and to transactional foreign exchange risk when transactions not denominated in the functional currency are revalued. The Company primarily uses derivative financial instruments such as foreign currency forward contracts, swaps and options to manage its transactional foreign exchange risk. AtAs of December 31, 2014,2017, the Company had foreign currency forward sales contracts that are designated as fair value hedges with an aggregate notional amount of $447 million and foreign currency forward purchase contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $121 million that hedged transactional exposures. As of December 31, 2016, the Company had foreign currency forward sales contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $150$432 million and foreign currency forward purchase contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $70 million that hedged transactional exposures. At December 31, 2013, the Company had foreign currency forward sales contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $147 million and foreign currency forward purchase contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $78$227 million that hedged transactional exposures. The fair valuevalues of these derivative instruments were assets of $1$11 million at December 31, 2014 and liabilities of $5 million at December 31, 2013,2017 and 2016, respectively.
74
The Company also has foreign currency derivative instruments that hedge certain foreign currency transactional exposures and are designated as cash-flowcash flow hedges. TheAs of December 31, 2017, AOCI included $1 million of gains (net of income taxes of $1 million) related to foreign currency derivative instruments. As of December 31, 2016, the amounts included in AOCI relatingrelated to these hedges at both December 31, 2014 and 2013 were not significant.
By using derivative financial instruments to hedge exposures, the Company exposes itself to credit risk and market risk. Credit risk is the risk that the counterparty will fail to perform under the terms of the derivative contract. When the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, the counterparty owes the Company, which creates credit risk for the Company. When the fair value of a derivative contract is negative, the Company owes the counterparty and, therefore, it does not possess credit risk. The Company minimizes the credit risk in derivative instruments by entering into over-the-counter transactions only with investment grade counterparties or by utilizing exchange-traded derivatives. Market risk is the adverse effect on the value of a financial instrument that results from a change in commodity prices, interest rates or foreign exchange rates. The market risk associated with commodity-price, interest rate or foreign exchange contracts is managed by establishing and monitoring parameters that limit the types and degree of market risk that may be undertaken.
The fair value and balance sheet location of the Company’s derivative instruments, accounted for as cash-flow hedgespresented gross in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, are presentedreflected below:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fair Value of Derivative Instruments as of December 31, 2017 |
| ||||||||
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments (in millions): |
| Balance Sheet Location |
| Fair Value |
| Balance Sheet Location |
| Fair Value |
| ||
Commodity and foreign currency |
| Accounts receivable, net |
| $ | 11 |
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |
| $ | 23 |
|
Commodity, foreign currency, and interest rate contracts |
| Other assets |
|
| 3 |
| Non-current liabilities |
|
| 8 |
|
Total |
|
|
| $ | 14 |
|
|
| $ | 31 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fair Value of Derivative Instruments as of December 31, 2016 |
| ||||||||
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments (in millions): |
| Balance Sheet Location |
| Fair Value |
| Balance Sheet Location |
| Fair Value |
| ||
Commodity and foreign currency |
| Accounts receivable, net |
| $ | 31 |
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |
| $ | 25 |
|
Commodity, foreign currency, and interest rate contracts |
| Other assets |
|
| 8 |
| Non-current liabilities |
|
| 2 |
|
|
|
|
| $ | 39 |
|
|
| $ | 27 |
|
|
| Fair Value of Derivative Instruments |
| ||||||||||||||
Derivatives designated as |
|
|
| Fair Value |
|
|
| Fair Value |
| ||||||||
cash-flow hedging |
| Balance Sheet |
| At |
| At |
| Balance Sheet |
| At |
| At |
| ||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||
Commodity and foreign currency contracts |
| Accounts receivable-net |
| $ | 15 |
| $ | 2 |
| Accounts payable and accrued liabilities |
| $ | 18 |
| $ | 27 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||
Commodity and foreign currency contracts |
| Other assets |
| 1 |
| 5 |
| Non-current liabilities |
| 6 |
| — |
| ||||
Total |
|
|
| $ | 16 |
| $ | 7 |
|
|
| $ | 24 |
| $ | 27 |
|
AtAs of December 31, 2014,2017, the Company had outstanding futures and option contracts that hedged the forecasted purchase of approximately 9392 million bushels of corn and 416 million pounds of soybean oil. The Company is unable to directly hedge price risk related to co-product sales; however, it occasionally enters into hedges of soybean oil (a competing product to corn oil) in order to mitigate the price risk of corn oil sales. Additionally at December 31, 2014, theThe Company also had outstanding swap and option contracts that hedged the forecasted purchase of approximately 1435 million mmbtu’s of natural gas.gas at December 31, 2017. Additionally at December 31, 2017, the Company had outstanding ethanol futures contracts that hedged the forecasted sale of approximately 4 million gallons of ethanol.
75
Additional information relating to the Company’s derivative instruments is presented below (in millions, pre-tax):
Derivatives in |
| Amount of Gains (Losses) |
| Location of Gains |
| Amount of Gains (Losses) |
| ||||||||||||||
Cash-Flow |
| Year Ended |
| Year Ended |
| Year Ended |
| Reclassified from |
| Year Ended |
| Year Ended |
| Year Ended |
| ||||||
Commodity and foreign currency contracts |
| $ | (41 | ) | $ | (93 | ) | $ | 68 |
| Cost of Sales |
| $ | (70 | ) | $ | (57 | ) | $ | 43 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||
Interest rate contracts |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| Financing |
| (3 | ) | (3 | ) | (3 | ) | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||
Total |
| $ | (41 | ) | $ | (93 | ) | $ | 68 |
|
|
| $ | (73 | ) | $ | (60 | ) | $ | 40 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year ended December 31, 2017 |
| ||||||
Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships |
| Amount of Gains |
| Location of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI into Income |
| Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI into Income |
| ||
Commodity contracts |
| $ | (22) |
| Cost of sales |
| $ | (5) |
|
Foreign currency contracts |
|
| 6 |
| Net sales/Cost of sales |
|
| 1 |
|
Interest rate contracts |
|
| — |
| Financing costs, net |
|
| (2) |
|
Total |
| $ | (16) |
|
|
| $ | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year ended December 31, 2016 |
| ||||||
Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships |
| Amount of Gains |
| Location of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI into Income |
| Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI into Income |
| ||
Commodity contracts |
| $ | (15) |
| Cost of sales |
| $ | (45) |
|
Foreign currency contracts |
|
| (2) |
| Net sales/Cost of sales |
|
| (2) |
|
Interest rate contracts |
|
| — |
| Financing costs, net |
|
| (2) |
|
Total |
| $ | (17) |
|
|
| $ | (49) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year ended December 31, 2015 |
| ||||||
Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships |
| Amount of Gains |
| Location of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI into Income |
| Amount of Gains (Losses) Reclassified from AOCI into Income |
| ||
Commodity contracts |
| $ | (61) |
| Cost of sales |
| $ | (43) |
|
Foreign currency contracts |
|
| — |
| Net sales/Cost of sales |
|
| — |
|
Interest rate contracts |
|
| — |
| Financing costs, net |
|
| (3) |
|
Total |
| $ | (61) |
|
|
| $ | (46) |
|
AtAs of December 31, 2014,2017, AOCI included approximately $13$9 million of losses net(net of income taxes of $6 million,$5 million), on commodities-related derivative instruments designated as cash-flowcash flow hedges that are expected to be reclassified into earnings during the next twelve12 months. Transactions and events expected to occur over the next twelve months that will necessitate reclassifying these derivative losses to earnings include the sale of finished goods inventory that includes previously hedged purchases of corn, natural gas and natural gas.ethanol. The Company expects the losses to be offset by changes in the underlying commodities cost.costs. Additionally at December 31, 2014,2017, AOCI included $2$1 million of losses on settled T-Locks (net of income taxes of $1 million) on settled T-Locks and $1 million of gains related to foreign currency hedges (net of income taxes of $1 million), related to foreign currency hedges which are expected to be reclassified into earnings during the next twelve12 months. Cash-flowCash flow hedges discontinued during 20142017 or 20132016 were not significant.
Presented below are the fair values of the Company’s financial instruments and derivatives for the periods presented:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| As of December 31, 2017 |
| As of December 31, 2016 |
| ||||||||||||||||||||
(in millions) |
| Total |
| Level 1 (a) |
| Level 2 (b) |
| Level 3 (c) |
| Total |
| Level 1 (a) |
| Level 2 (b) |
| Level 3 (c) |
| ||||||||
Available for sale securities |
| $ | 10 |
| $ | 10 |
| $ | — |
| $ | — |
| $ | 7 |
| $ | 7 |
| $ | — |
| $ | — |
|
Derivative assets |
|
| 14 |
|
| 3 |
|
| 11 |
|
| — |
|
| 39 |
|
| 6 |
|
| 33 |
|
| — |
|
Derivative liabilities |
|
| 31 |
|
| 11 |
|
| 20 |
|
| — |
|
| 27 |
|
| 11 |
|
| 16 |
|
| — |
|
Long-term debt |
|
| 1,845 |
|
| — |
|
| 1,845 |
|
| — |
|
| 1,929 |
|
| — |
|
| 1,929 |
|
| — |
|
|
| As of December 31, 2014 |
| As of December 31, 2013 |
| ||||||||||||||||||||
(in millions) |
| Total |
| Level 1 |
| Level 2 |
| Level 3 |
| Total |
| Level 1 |
| Level 2 |
| Level 3 |
| ||||||||
Available for sale securities |
| $ | 5 |
| $ | 5 |
| $ | — |
| $ | — |
| $ | 4 |
| $ | 4 |
| $ | — |
| $ | — |
|
Derivative assets |
| 29 |
| 12 |
| 17 |
| — |
| 20 |
| — |
| 20 |
| — |
| ||||||||
Derivative liabilities |
| 23 |
| 6 |
| 17 |
| — |
| 32 |
| 22 |
| 10 |
| — |
| ||||||||
Long-term debt |
| 1,939 |
| — |
| 1,939 |
| — |
| 1,813 |
| — |
| 1,813 |
| — |
| ||||||||
(a) | Level 1 inputs consist of quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. |
(b) | Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 2 inputs are based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data. |
(c) | Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs shall be used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for fair value estimates to be made in situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date. |
Level 1 inputs consist of quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 2 inputs are based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Unobservable inputs shall be used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date.
The carrying values of cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and short-term borrowings approximate fair values. Commodity futures, options, and swap contracts are recognized at fair
76
value. Foreign currency forward contracts, swaps, and options are also recognized at fair value. The fair value of the Company’s long-term debt is estimated based on quotations of major securities dealers who are market makers in the securities. Presented below are the carrying amounts and the fair values of the Company’s long-term debt at December 31, 20142017 and 2013.2016.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| December 31, 2017 |
| December 31, 2016 |
| ||||||||
|
| Carrying |
| Fair |
| Carrying |
| Fair |
| ||||
(in millions) |
| Amount |
| Value |
| Amount |
| Value |
| ||||
3.2% senior notes due October 1, 2026 |
| $ | 496 |
| $ | 492 |
| $ | 496 |
| $ | 482 |
|
4.625% senior notes due November 1, 2020 |
|
| 398 |
|
| 421 |
|
| 398 |
|
| 428 |
|
6.625% senior notes due April 15, 2037 |
|
| 254 |
|
| 325 |
|
| 254 |
|
| 299 |
|
5.62% senior notes due March 25, 2020 |
|
| 200 |
|
| 212 |
|
| 200 |
|
| 217 |
|
1.8% senior notes due September 25, 2017 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 299 |
|
| 301 |
|
6.0% senior notes due April 15, 2017 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 200 |
|
| 202 |
|
Term loan credit agreement due April 25, 2019 |
|
| 395 |
|
| 395 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
Revolving credit facility |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
Fair value adjustment related to hedged fixed rate debt instrument |
|
| 1 |
|
| — |
|
| 3 |
|
| — |
|
Total long-term debt |
| $ | 1,744 |
| $ | 1,845 |
| $ | 1,850 |
| $ | 1,929 |
|
|
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| ||||||||
(in millions) |
| Carrying |
| Fair |
| Carrying |
| Fair |
| ||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||
4.625% senior notes due November 1, 2020 |
| $ | 399 |
| $ | 427 |
| $ | 399 |
| $ | 420 |
|
3.2% senior notes due November 1, 2015 |
| 350 |
| 356 |
| 350 |
| 363 |
| ||||
1.8% senior notes due September 25, 2017 |
| 299 |
| 302 |
| 298 |
| 296 |
| ||||
6.625% senior notes due April 15, 2037 |
| 256 |
| 312 |
| 257 |
| 281 |
| ||||
6.0% senior notes due April 15, 2017 |
| 200 |
| 220 |
| 200 |
| 219 |
| ||||
5.62% senior notes due March 25, 2020 |
| 200 |
| 222 |
| 200 |
| 221 |
| ||||
U.S. revolving credit facility due October 22, 2017 |
| 87 |
| 87 |
| — |
| — |
| ||||
Fair value adjustment related to hedged fixed rate debt instrument |
| 13 |
| 13 |
| 13 |
| 13 |
| ||||
Total long-term debt |
| $ | 1,804 |
| $ | 1,939 |
| $ | 1,717 |
| $ | 1,813 |
|
NOTE 6 —7 – Financing Arrangements
The Company had total debt outstanding of $1.83$1.9 billion and $1.81$2.0 billion at December 31, 20142017 and 2013,2016, respectively. Short-term borrowings at December 31, 20142017 and 20132016 consist primarily of amounts outstanding under various unsecured local country operating lines of credit.
Short-termThe $200 million of 6.0 percent senior notes due April 15, 2017, were refinanced with borrowings consist ofunder the following at December 31:revolving credit facility in April 2017.
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| ||
Short-term borrowings in various currencies (at rates ranging from 1% to 7% for 2014 and 1% to 11% for 2013) |
| $ | 23 |
| $ | 93 |
|
TheOn August 18, 2017, the Company hasentered into a new Term Loan Credit Agreement (“Term Loan”) to establish a senior unsecured $1 billion revolvingterm loan credit agreement (the “Revolving Credit Agreement”) that matures on October 22, 2017.
Subject to certain terms and conditions,facility. Under the Term Loan, the Company may increase theis allowed three borrowings in an amount of the revolving facility under the Revolving Credit Agreement by up to $250$500 million intotal. The Term Loan matures 18 months from the aggregate. All committed pro ratadate of the final borrowing. As of October 25, 2017, the Company had initiated all three borrowings under the Term Loan totaling $420 million, due April 25, 2019. The proceeds were used to refinance $300 million of 1.8 percent senior notes due September 25, 2017, and pay down borrowings outstanding on the revolving credit facility.
All borrowings under the Term Loan facility will bear interest at a variable annual rate based on the LIBOR or primebase rate, at the Company’s election, subject to the terms and conditions thereof, plus, in each case, an applicable margin based on the
Company’s leverage ratio (as reported in the financial statements delivered pursuant to the Revolving Credit Agreement).
margin. The RevolvingTerm Loan Credit Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, covenants, events of default, terms and conditions, including limitations on liens, incurrence of debt, mergers and significant asset dispositions. The Company must also comply with a leverage ratio and interest coverage ratio. The occurrence of an event of default under the Term Loan Credit Agreement could result in all loans and other obligations being declared due and payable and the term loan credit facility being terminated.
In December 2017, the Company paid down $25 million of the Term Loan. On January 16, 2018, the Company paid an additional $185 million towards the Term Loan. Both payments were made with cash on-hand.
On September 22, 2016, the Company issued 3.2 percent Senior Notes due October 1, 2026, in an aggregate principal amount of $500 million. These notes are unsecured obligations of the Company and rank equally with all of the Company’s other existing and future unsecured, senior indebtedness. Interest on the notes is required to be paid semi-annually in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year, commencing April 1, 2017. The Company may redeem these notes at its option, at any time in whole or from time to time in part, at the redemption prices set forth in the supplemental indenture pursuant to which these notes were issued. The net proceeds from the sale of the notes of approximately $497 million were used to repay the $350 million due under the Company’s Term Loan Credit Agreement, plus accrued interest, to repay $52 million of borrowings under the Company’s previously existing $1 billion revolving credit facility and for general corporate purposes.
77
On October 11, 2016, the Company entered into a new five-year, senior, unsecured $1 billion revolving credit agreement (the “Revolving Credit Agreement”) that replaced our previously existing $1 billion senior unsecured revolving credit facility that would have matured on October 22, 2017.
Subject to certain terms and conditions, the Company may increase the amount of the revolving facility under the Revolving Credit Agreement by up to $500 million in the aggregate. The Company may also obtain up to two one-year extensions of the maturity date of the Revolving Credit Agreement at its requests and subject to the agreement of the lenders. All committed pro rata borrowings under the revolving facility will bear interest at a variable annual rate based on the LIBOR or base rate, at the Company’s election, subject to the terms and conditions thereof, plus, in each case, an applicable margin based on the Company’s leverage ratio (as reported in the financial statements delivered pursuant to the Revolving Credit Agreement) or the Company’s credit rating. Subject to specified conditions, the Company may designate one or more of its subsidiaries as additional borrowers under the Revolving Credit Agreement provided that the Company guarantees all borrowings and other obligations of any such subsidiaries thereunder.
The Revolving Credit Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, covenants, events of default, terms and conditions, including limitations on liens, incurrence of subsidiary debt and mergers. The Company must also comply with a leverage ratio covenant and an interest coverage ratio covenant. The occurrence of an event of default under the Revolving Credit Agreement could result in all loans and other obligations under the agreement being declared due and payable and the revolving credit facility being terminated.
AtAs of December 31, 2014,2017, there were $87 million ofno borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Credit Agreement. In addition to borrowing availability under its Revolving Credit Agreement, the Company has approximately $485$488 million of unused operating lines of credit in the various foreign countries in which it operates.
Long-term debt, net of related discounts, premiums and debt issuance costs consists of the following at December 31:
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| ||
4.625% senior notes due November 1, 2020, net of discount of $1 |
| $ | 399 |
| $ | 399 |
|
3.2% senior notes due November 1, 2015 |
| 350 |
| 350 |
| ||
1.8% senior notes due September 25, 2017, net of discount of $1 and $2, respectively |
| 299 |
| 298 |
| ||
6.625% senior notes due April 15, 2037, including premium of $6 and $7, respectively |
| 256 |
| 257 |
| ||
6.0% senior notes due April 15, 2017 |
| 200 |
| 200 |
| ||
5.62% senior notes due March 25, 2020 |
| 200 |
| 200 |
| ||
U.S. revolving credit facility due October 22, 2017 |
| 87 |
| — |
| ||
Fair value adjustment related to hedged fixed rate debt instrument |
| 13 |
| 13 |
| ||
Total |
| $ | 1,804 |
| $ | 1,717 |
|
Less: current maturities |
| — |
| — |
| ||
Long-term debt |
| $ | 1,804 |
| $ | 1,717 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||
(in millions) |
|
| 2017 |
|
| 2016 |
|
3.2% senior notes due October 1, 2026 |
| $ | 496 |
| $ | 496 |
|
4.625% senior notes due November 1, 2020 |
|
| 398 |
|
| 398 |
|
6.625% senior notes due April 15, 2037 |
|
| 254 |
|
| 254 |
|
5.62% senior notes due March 25, 2020 |
|
| 200 |
|
| 200 |
|
1.8% senior notes due September 25, 2017 |
|
| — |
|
| 299 |
|
6.0% senior notes due April 15, 2017 |
|
| — |
|
| 200 |
|
Term loan credit agreement due April 25, 2019 |
|
| 395 |
|
| — |
|
Revolving credit facility |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
Fair value adjustment related to hedged fixed rate debt instruments |
|
| 1 |
|
| 3 |
|
Long-term debt |
|
| 1,744 |
|
| 1,850 |
|
Short-term borrowings |
|
| 120 |
|
| 106 |
|
Total debt |
| $ | 1,864 |
| $ | 1,956 |
|
The Company’s long-term debt matures as follows: $350 million in 2015, $587 million in 2017, $600 million in 2020, $500 million in 2026, and $250 million in 2037. The Company’s long-term debt at December 31, 2014 includes $350 million of 3.2 percent senior notes that mature November 1, 2015. These borrowings are included in long-term debt as the Company has the ability and intent to refinance the notes on a long-term basis prior to the maturity date.
Ingredion IncorporatedThe Company’s term loan of $395 million matures in 2019.
The Company guarantees certain obligations of its consolidated subsidiaries. The amount of the obligations guaranteed aggregated $214$56 million and $225$121 million at December 31, 20142017 and 2013,2016, respectively.
78
NOTE 7 -8 – Leases
The Company leases rail cars, certain machinery and equipment, and office space under various operating leases. Rental expense under operating leases was $47$51 million, $47$53 million and $45$52 million in 2014, 20132017, 2016, and 2012,2015, respectively. Minimum lease payments due on non-cancellable leases existing at December 31, 20142017, are shown below:
(in millions) |
|
|
| |
Year |
| Minimum Lease Payments |
| |
2015 |
| $ | 41 |
|
|
|
|
| |
2016 |
| 36 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
2017 |
| 28 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
2018 |
| 22 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
2019 |
| 19 |
| |
|
|
|
| |
Balance thereafter |
| 28 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Year (in millions) |
| Minimum Lease Payments |
| |
2018 |
| $ | 45 |
|
2019 |
|
| 40 |
|
2020 |
|
| 31 |
|
2021 |
|
| 25 |
|
2022 |
|
| 20 |
|
Balance thereafter |
|
| 36 |
|
NOTE 8 -9 – Income Taxes
The components of income before income taxes and the provision for income taxes are shown below:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| ||||||
Income before income taxes: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
United States |
| $ | 83 |
| $ | 138 |
| $ | 91 |
| ||||||||||
U.S. |
| $ | 226 |
| $ | 176 |
| $ | 109 |
| ||||||||||
Foreign |
| 437 |
| 409 |
| 510 |
|
|
| 543 |
|
| 566 |
|
| 490 |
| |||
Total |
| $ | 520 |
| $ | 547 |
| $ | 601 |
| ||||||||||
Total income before income taxes |
|
| 769 |
|
| 742 |
|
| 599 |
| ||||||||||
Provision for income taxes: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Current tax expense |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||
US federal |
| $ | 8 |
| $ | 5 |
| $ | 3 |
| ||||||||||
Current tax (benefit) expense: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
U.S. federal |
|
| (13) |
|
| 95 |
|
| 26 |
| ||||||||||
State and local |
| 1 |
| 3 |
| 1 |
|
|
| 4 |
|
| 8 |
|
| 3 |
| |||
Foreign |
| 159 |
| 106 |
| 166 |
|
|
| 179 |
|
| 148 |
|
| 164 |
| |||
Total current |
| $ | 168 |
| $ | 114 |
| $ | 170 |
| ||||||||||
Deferred tax expense (benefit) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||
US federal |
| $ | (16 | ) | $ | 11 |
| $ | (5 | ) | ||||||||||
Total current tax expense |
|
| 170 |
|
| 251 |
|
| 193 |
| ||||||||||
Deferred tax expense (benefit): |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
U.S. federal |
|
| 77 |
|
| 13 |
|
| (8) |
| ||||||||||
State and local |
| (2 | ) | (2 | ) | 2 |
|
|
| 4 |
|
| 1 |
|
| (1) |
| |||
Foreign |
| 7 |
| 21 |
| — |
|
|
| (14) |
|
| (19) |
|
| 3 |
| |||
Total deferred |
| $ | (11 | ) | $ | 30 |
| $ | (3 | ) | ||||||||||
Total deferred tax expense (benefit) |
|
| 67 |
|
| (5) |
|
| (6) |
| ||||||||||
Total provision for income taxes |
| $ | 157 |
| $ | 144 |
| $ | 167 |
|
| $ | 237 |
| $ | 246 |
| $ | 187 |
|
Deferred income taxes are provided for the tax effects of temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and tax basis of assets and liabilities. Significant temporary differences atas of December 31, 20142017 and 20132016 are summarized as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| ||||
Deferred tax assets attributable to: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||
Employee benefit accruals |
| $ | 23 |
| $ | 23 |
|
| $ | 20 |
| $ | 39 |
|
Pensions and postretirement plans |
| 30 |
| 24 |
|
|
| 20 |
|
| 30 |
| ||
Derivative contracts |
| 9 |
| 20 |
|
|
| 5 |
|
| 3 |
| ||
Net operating loss carryforwards |
| 11 |
| 16 |
|
|
| 32 |
|
| 18 |
| ||
Foreign tax credit carryforwards |
| — |
| 11 |
|
|
| — |
|
| 4 |
| ||
Other |
| 30 |
| 42 |
|
|
| — |
|
| 24 |
| ||
Gross deferred tax assets |
| $ | 103 |
| $ | 136 |
|
|
| 77 |
|
| 118 |
|
Valuation allowance |
| (3 | ) | (3 | ) | |||||||||
Valuation allowances |
|
| (34) |
|
| (21) |
| |||||||
Net deferred tax assets |
| $ | 100 |
| $ | 133 |
|
|
| 43 |
|
| 97 |
|
Deferred tax liabilities attributable to: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||
Property, plant and equipment |
| $ | 194 |
| $ | 200 |
|
|
| 185 |
|
| 206 |
|
Identified intangibles |
| 34 |
| 57 |
|
|
| 37 |
|
| 55 |
| ||
Other |
|
| 11 |
|
| — |
| |||||||
Gross deferred tax liabilities |
| $ | 228 |
| $ | 257 |
|
|
| 233 |
|
| 261 |
|
Net deferred tax liabilities |
| $ | 128 |
| $ | 124 |
|
| $ | 190 |
| $ | 164 |
|
79
Of the $11$32 million of tax-effected net operating loss carryforwards atas of December 31, 2014,2017, approximately $7$9 million are in Korea,for state loss carryforwards and approximately $23 million are scheduled to expire in 2021. The Company anticipates full utilizationfor foreign loss carryforwards. Of the $18 million of the Korean carryforward. tax-effected net operating loss carryforwards as of December 31, 2016, approximately $8 million are for state loss carryforwards. Income tax accounting requires that a valuation allowance be established when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. In making this assessment, management considers the level of historical taxable income, scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, tax planning
strategies, tax carryovers, and projected future taxable income. AtAs of December 31, 2014,2017, the Company maintains valuation allowances of $2$9 million for state loss carryforwards, $2 million for state credits, and $1$21 million for foreign net operating lossesloss carryforwards that management has determined will more likely than not expire prior to realization.As of December 31, 2016, the Company maintains valuation allowances of $8 million for state loss carryforwards, $2 million for state credits and $9 million for foreign loss carryforwards that management has determined will more likely than not expire prior to realization. In addition, the Company maintains valuation allowances on foreign subsidiaries’ net deferred tax assets of $2 million for both the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.
A reconciliation of the USU.S. federal statutory tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate follows:
|
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
|
Provision for tax at US statutory rate |
| 35.00 | % | 35.00 | % | 35.00 | % |
Tax rate difference on foreign income |
| (6.26 | ) | (5.28 | ) | (3.86 | ) |
State and local taxes — net |
| 0.13 |
| 0.35 |
| 0.79 |
|
Nondeductible goodwill impairment - Southern Cone |
| 2.18 |
| — |
| — |
|
Reversal of Korea valuation allowance |
| — |
| — |
| (2.52 | ) |
Other items — net |
| (0.86 | ) | (3.74 | ) | (1.63 | ) |
Provision at effective tax rate |
| 30.19 | % | 26.33 | % | 27.78 | % |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
|
Provision for tax at U.S. statutory rate |
| 35.0 | % | 35.0 | % | 35.0 | % |
Tax rate difference on foreign income |
| (5.6) |
| (5.5) |
| (5.8) |
|
State and local taxes, net |
| 0.7 |
| 0.3 |
| 0.3 |
|
Tax impact of fluctuations in Mexican peso to U.S. dollar |
| (0.5) |
| 2.4 |
| 2.9 |
|
Net impact of U.S. foreign tax credits |
| 0.3 |
| (2.3) |
| 0.9 |
|
Net impact of U.S.-Canada tax settlement |
| (1.3) |
| 3.2 |
| — |
|
Net impact of valuation allowance in Argentina |
| 2.0 |
| 1.0 |
| — |
|
Net impact of transition tax |
| 2.7 |
| — |
| — |
|
Net impact of U.S. deferred tax remeasurement |
| (4.9) |
| — |
| — |
|
Net impact of provision for taxes on unremitted earnings |
| 4.3 |
| 0.5 |
| — |
|
Other items, net |
| (1.9) |
| (1.5) |
| (2.1) |
|
Provision at effective tax rate |
| 30.8 | % | 33.1 | % | 31.2 | % |
The Company has significant operations in Canada, Mexico, and ThailandPakistan where the statutory tax rates are 25 percent, 30 percent and 2030 percent in 2017, respectively. In addition, the Company’sCompany's subsidiary in Brazil has a lowerstatutory tax rate of 34 percent before local incentives that vary each year.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”) was enacted on December 22, 2017. The TCJA introduced numerous changes in the U.S. federal tax laws. Changes that have a significant impact on our effective tax rate are a reduction in the U.S. corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent and the imposition of 26a U.S. tax on our global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”). The TCJA also provides for a one-time transition tax on the deemed repatriation of cumulative foreign earnings as of December 31, 2017, and eliminates the tax on dividends from our foreign subsidiaries by allowing a 100 percent dividends received deduction.
On December 22, 2017, Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”) was issued to provide guidance on the application of GAAP to situations in which the registrant does not have all the necessary information available, prepared or analyzed (including computations) in sufficient detail to complete the accounting for the income tax effects of the TCJA.
80
The Company has calculated what it believes is a reasonable estimate of the impact of the TCJA in accordance with SAB 118 and its understanding of the TCJA, including localpublished guidance as of the date of this filing, and has recorded $23 million of provisional income tax incentives.expense in the fourth quarter of 2017, the period in which the TCJA was enacted. The provisional amount of $23 million is composed of the following four items:
|
|
|
|
(in millions) |
|
| |
One-time transition tax |
| $ | 21 |
Remeasurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities |
|
| (38) |
Net impact of provision for taxes on unremitted earnings |
|
| 33 |
Other items, net |
|
| 7 |
Net impact of the TCJA on our 2017 income tax expense |
| $ | 23 |
The Company may update its estimate in 2018 as additional information, including guidance from federal and state regulatory agencies, becomes available and it finalizes its computations, which are complex and subject to interpretation. Any adjustment to these provisional tax amounts will be recorded in the quarter of 2018 in which the analysis is completed.
Under a provision in the TCJA, all of the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries were deemed to be repatriated at December 31, 2017, and were subjected to a transition tax. As a result, a provisional transition tax liability of $21 million, or 2.7 percentage points on effective tax rate, was recorded in income from continuing operations in the fourth quarter of 2017. Although these earnings that were deemed to be repatriated are not subject to additional U.S. federal income tax upon distribution, these earnings could be subject to foreign withholding and state income tax upon distribution. In addition, distributions of these previously-taxed earnings could give rise to taxable exchange gain or loss in the U.S.
As a result of the reduction in the U.S. corporate tax rate, the Company recorded a provisional tax benefit of $38 million, or 4.9 percentage points on the effective tax rate, due to the remeasurement of its U.S. net deferred tax liabilities.
Due to a change in the U.S. tax treatment of dividends received from foreign subsidiaries, the Company has recorded a provisional tax liability of $33 million, or 4.3 percentage points on the effective tax rate, for foreign dividend withholding and state income taxes payable upon the distribution of unremitted earnings from certain foreign subsidiaries from which it expects to receive cash distributions in 2018 and beyond.
The net impact of the TCJA on its 2017 tax expense includes a provisional tax liability of $7 million, or 0.9 percentage points on the effective tax rate (included in other items, net), for the difference in its 2017 tax expense as calculated with and without the changes triggered by the TCJA.
Because of the complexity of the new GILTI rules, the Company is continuing to evaluate this provision of the TCJA for the application of ASC 740. Under GAAP, the Company is allowed to make an accounting policy choice of either treating taxes due on future U.S. inclusions in taxable income related to GILTI as a current-period expense when incurred (the “period cost method”) or factoring such amounts into our measurement of our deferred taxes (the “deferred method”). The Company has not made any adjustments related to potential GILTI tax in its financial statements, as it has not made a policy decision regarding whether to record deferred taxes on GILTI.
The Company had been pursuing relief from double taxation under the U.S.-Canada tax treaty for the years 2004 through 2013. During the fourth quarter of 2016, a tentative settlement was reached between the U.S. and Canada and, consequently, the Company established a net reserve of $24 million, including interest thereon, recorded as a $70 million cost and a $46 million benefit, or 3.2 percentage points, on the effective tax rate. In addition, as a result of the settlement, for the years 2014 through 2016, the Company had established a net reserve of $7 million, or 1.0 percentage points, on the effective tax rate in 2016. In the third quarter of 2017, the two countries finalized the agreement, which eliminated the double taxation, and the Company paid $63 million to the U.S. Internal Revenue Service to settle the liability. As a result of that agreement, the Company is entitled to a net tax benefit of $10 million primarily due to a foreign exchange loss deduction on its 2017 U.S. federal income tax return, or 1.3 percentage points, on the effective tax rate.
The Company uses the USU.S. dollar as the functional currency for its subsidiaries in Mexico. Because of the declineincrease in the value of the Mexican peso versus the USU.S. dollar primarily late in 2014,2017, the Mexican tax provision includes an unfavorable impactdecreased tax expense of approximately $7$4 million, or 1.30.5 percentage points, on the effective tax rate. In 2016 and 2015, a decline in value of the Mexican peso versus the U.S. dollar increased tax expense by $18 million and $17 million, or 2.4 percentage
81
points and 2.9 percentage points on the effective tax rate, primarilyrespectively. These impacts are largely associated with foreign currency transactiontranslation gains and losses for local income tax purposes on net USU.S. dollar monetary assets held in Mexico for which there is no corresponding gain or loss in pre-tax income. This impact is included
During 2017, the Company increased the valuation allowance on the net deferred tax assets in Argentina. As a result, the Company recorded a valuation allowance in the rate reconciliation as “Other”. In the third quarter, the Company recognized an unfavorable impactamount of approximately $7$16 million, or 1.32.0 percentage points inon the effective tax rate, forcompared to $7 million and or 1.0 percentage points on the effective tax rate in 2016.
During 2015, an audit result inwas settled at a National Starch subsidiary related to a pre-acquisition period for which we are indemnified by Akzo Nobel N.V. (“Akzo”). This impactIn the third quarter of $52014, the Company recognized increased tax expense to reserve approximately $7 million ($5 million of tax and $2 million of interest is alsointerest) or 1.3 percentage points in the effective tax rate for the audit. In the third quarter of 2015 the reserve was reduced by approximately $4 million ($3 million of tax and $1 million of interest) which resulted in a decrease of 0.7 percentage points in the 2015 effective tax rate. These impacts are included in the rate reconciliation as “Other”.“Other items, net.” The $7 million of tax expense isand $4 million of reduced tax expense were recorded in the tax provision of the subsidiary, while the reimbursement from Akzo under the indemnity is recorded as other income. A portionincome, which results in no impact in net income for all periods.
As of December 31, 2017, for U.S. tax purposes all of the tax is being disputed, but as the Company is fully indemnified for this pre-acquisition obligation, the impact on net income is zero in all cases.
Provisions are made for estimated USundistributed earnings and foreign income taxes, less credits that may be available, on distributions fromprofits of our foreign subsidiaries were deemed to the extent dividends are anticipated. No provision has been madebe repatriated and subjected to a transition tax. In addition, during 2017 we recorded a provisional liability of $33 million for foreign withholding and state income taxes on certain unremitted earnings from foreign subsidiaries. However, we have not provided for foreign withholding taxes, state income taxes and federal and state taxes on foreign currency gains/losses on distributions of approximately $2.172$2.7 billion of undistributedunremitted earnings of our foreign subsidiaries at December 31, 2014,subsidiaries; as such amounts are considered permanently reinvested. It is not practicable to estimate the additional income taxes, including applicable foreign withholding taxes and credits that would be due upon the repatriation of these earnings.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amountamounts of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, for 20142017 and 20132016 is as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| ||||
Balance at January 1 |
| $ | 34 |
| $ | 37 |
|
| $ | 86 |
| $ | 12 |
|
Additions for tax positions related to prior years |
| 6 |
| 5 |
|
|
| — |
|
| 72 |
| ||
Reductions for tax positions related to prior years |
| (5 | ) | (6 | ) |
|
| — |
|
| (9) |
| ||
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year |
| — |
| 1 |
|
|
| 12 |
|
| 12 |
| ||
Settlements |
|
| (58) |
|
| — |
| |||||||
Reductions related to a lapse in the statute of limitations |
| (12 | ) | (3 | ) |
|
| (1) |
|
| (1) |
| ||
Balance at December 31 |
| $ | 23 |
| $ | 34 |
|
| $ | 39 |
| $ | 86 |
|
Of the $23$39 million atof unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2014, $52017, $15 million represents the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, wouldcould affect the effective tax rate in future periods. The remaining $18$24 million would includeincludes an offset of $13$23 million for an income tax receivable and $1 million of foreign tax credit carryforwards that would otherwise befederal benefit created as part of the Canada and US audit processU.S.-Canada tax settlement described below. In addition, $5 million of the unrecognized benefit would be offset by reversing a
receivable recorded for indemnity claims that we would expect to collect from Akzo Nobel N.V. as part of the National Starch acquisition.previously.
The Company accounts for interest and penalties related to income tax matters inwithin the provision for income tax expense.taxes. The Company has accrued $6$2 million of interest expense and $1 million of penalties related to the unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2014.2017. The accrued interest expense was $5 million (net of $3 million interest income) and accrued penalties were $1$9 million as of December 31, 2013.2016.
The Company is subject to USU.S. federal income tax as well as income tax in multiple statestates and non-USnon-U.S. jurisdictions. The USU.S. federal tax returns are subject to audit for the years 20112014 to 2014.2017. In general, the Company’s foreign subsidiaries remain subject to audit for years 20082011 and later.
In 2008 and 2007, the Company made deposits of approximately $13 million and $17 million, respectively, to the Canadian tax authorities relating to an ongoing audit examination. The Company did not make any additional deposits relating to this ongoing audit examination. The Company settled $2 million of the claims and continues to pursue relief from double taxation under the US and Canadian tax treaty for the remaining items in the audit. As a result, the US and Canadian tax returns were subject to adjustment from 2000 and forward for the specific issues being contested. During 2014, the countries reached an agreement that settled the issues for the years 2000 through 2003, and it is possible but not assured, that a conclusion could be reached on the remaining periods within 12 months of December 31, 2014. The Company believes that it has adequately provided for the most likely outcome of the settlement process.
It is also reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits including interest and penalties will increase or decrease within twelve12 months of December 31, 2014.2017. The Company has classified $12 millionnone of the unrecognized tax benefits as current because they are not expected to be resolved within the next twelve12 months.
82
NOTE 9 —10 – Benefit Plans
The Company and its subsidiaries sponsor noncontributory defined benefit pension plans (qualified and non-qualified) covering substantially alla substantial portion of employees in the United StatesU.S. and Canada, and certain employees in other foreign countries. Plans for most salaried employees provide pay-related benefits based on years of service. Plans for hourly employees generally provide benefits based on flat dollar amounts and years of service. The Company’s general funding policy is to make contributions to the plans in amounts that comply with minimum funding requirements and are within the limits of deductibility under current tax regulations. Certain foreign countries allow income tax deductions without regard to contribution levels, and the Company’s policy in those countries is to make contributions required by the terms of the applicable plan.
US salaried employees are covered by a defined benefit “cash balance” pension plan, which provides benefits based on service credits to the participating employees’ accounts of between 3 percent and 10 percent of base salary, bonus and overtime.
Included in the Company’s pension obligation are nonqualified supplemental retirement plans for certain key employees. All benefitsBenefits provided under these plans are unfunded,only partially funded, and payments to plan participants are made by the Company.
The Company also provides healthcare and/or life insurance benefits for retired employees in the United States,U.S., Canada, and Brazil. Healthcare benefits for retirees outside of the United States,U.S., Canada, and Brazil are generally covered through local government plans.
InOn December 31, 2016, the fourth quarterCompany merged its existing U.S. qualified pension plans into the Ingredion Incorporated Cash Balance Plan for Salaried Employees. The Ingredion Incorporated Cash Balance Plan for Salaried Employees was renamed the Ingredion Pension Plan (“Combined Plan”). Certain U.S. salaried employees are covered by a component of 2014,the Combined Plan which provides benefits based on service credits to the participating employees’ accounts of between 3 percent and 10 percent of base salary, bonus, and overtime. On January 1, 2017, the Company amended this component of the Combined Plan to eliminate the service credit percentage increases and freeze them at the January 1, 2017, rate for eligible salaried employees. The amendment also impacted the nonqualified supplemental retirement plans. The plan amendment resulted in a reduction of the benefit obligation of $5 million as of December 31, 2016. The benefit will be recognized over the remaining life of the plan as a prior service cost benefit.
In April 2016, the Company performed a pension remeasurement for one of its retiree medicalpension plans in Canada as a result of lump sum settlement payments made related to the Port Colborne plant sale. This plan settlement resulted in a reduction in the US for salaried employees. This amendment required certain age and yearsfunded status of service requirements through December 31, 2014 in order to continue to participate in the plan. As such,Plan by $5 million. The Company recorded a pension charge of $1 million as a result of the number of eligible employees was significantly reduced. For those eligible US salaried employees, they are provided with access to postretirement medical insurance through retirement healthcare spending accounts. US salaried employees accrue an account during employment, which can be used after employment to purchase postretirement medical insurance from the Company prior to age 65, Medigap or through Medicare HMO policies after age 65. The accounts are credited with a flat dollar amount and indexed for inflation annually during employment. These credits will cease after December 31, 2014. The accounts also accrue interest credits using a rate equal to a specified amount above the yield on five-year US Treasury notes. Employees can use the amounts accumulated in these accounts, including credited interest, to purchase postretirement medicalsettlement.
insurance. Employees become eligible for benefits when they meet minimum age and service requirements. The Company recognizes the cost of these postretirement benefits by accruing a flat dollar amount on an annual basis for each US salaried employee.
Pension Obligation and Funded StatusStatus: — The changes in pension benefit obligations and plan assets during 20142017 and 2013,2016, as well as the funded status and the amounts recognized in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets related to the Company’s pension plans at December 31, 20142017 and 2013,2016, were as follows:
|
| US Plans |
| Non-US Plans |
| ||||||||
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| ||||
Benefit obligation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||
At January 1 |
| $ | 293 |
| $ | 323 |
| $ | 250 |
| $ | 272 |
|
Service cost |
| 7 |
| 8 |
| 6 |
| 9 |
| ||||
Interest cost |
| 13 |
| 11 |
| 14 |
| 12 |
| ||||
Benefits paid |
| (17 | ) | (14 | ) | (11 | ) | (12 | ) | ||||
Actuarial (gain) loss |
| 22 |
| (36 | ) | 33 |
| (15 | ) | ||||
Business combinations / transfers |
| — |
| 1 |
| (2 | ) | — |
| ||||
Curtailment / settlement / amendments |
| (4 | ) | — |
| — |
| (2 | ) | ||||
Foreign currency translation |
| — |
| — |
| (23 | ) | (14 | ) | ||||
Benefit obligation at December 31 |
| $ | 314 |
| $ | 293 |
| $ | 267 |
| $ | 250 |
|
Fair value of plan assets |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||
At January 1 |
| $ | 297 |
| $ | 257 |
| $ | 223 |
| $ | 189 |
|
Actual return on plan assets |
| 30 |
| 41 |
| 28 |
| 16 |
| ||||
Employer contributions |
| 6 |
| 13 |
| 11 |
| 43 |
| ||||
Benefits paid |
| (17 | ) | (14 | ) | (11 | ) | (12 | ) | ||||
Plan settlements |
| (3 | ) | — |
| — |
| — |
| ||||
Foreign currency translation |
| — |
| — |
| (19 | ) | (13 | ) | ||||
Fair value of plan assets at December 31 |
| $ | 313 |
| $ | 297 |
| $ | 232 |
| $ | 223 |
|
Funded status |
| $ | (1 | ) | $ | 4 |
| $ | (35 | ) | $ | (27 | ) |
83
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| U.S. Plans |
| Non-U.S. Plans |
| ||||||||
(in millions) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| ||||
Benefit obligation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
At January 1 |
| $ | 367 |
| $ | 359 |
| $ | 223 |
| $ | 219 |
|
Service cost |
|
| 6 |
|
| 6 |
|
| 3 |
|
| 3 |
|
Interest cost |
|
| 13 |
|
| 14 |
|
| 11 |
|
| 10 |
|
Benefits paid |
|
| (23) |
|
| (16) |
|
| (12) |
|
| (15) |
|
Actuarial (gain) loss |
|
| 30 |
|
| 10 |
|
| 7 |
|
| 6 |
|
Curtailment/settlement/amendments |
|
| — |
|
| (6) |
|
| — |
|
| (5) |
|
Foreign currency translation |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 16 |
|
| 5 |
|
Benefit obligation at December 31 |
| $ | 393 |
| $ | 367 |
| $ | 248 |
| $ | 223 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fair value of plan assets |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
At January 1 |
| $ | 368 |
| $ | 354 |
| $ | 211 |
| $ | 206 |
|
Actual return on plan assets |
|
| 59 |
|
| 20 |
|
| 17 |
|
| 11 |
|
Employer contributions |
|
| — |
|
| 10 |
|
| 5 |
|
| 7 |
|
Benefits paid |
|
| (23) |
|
| (16) |
|
| (12) |
|
| (15) |
|
Plan settlements |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| (5) |
|
Foreign currency translation |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 14 |
|
| 7 |
|
Fair value of plan assets at December 31 |
| $ | 404 |
| $ | 368 |
| $ | 235 |
| $ | 211 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Funded status |
| $ | 11 |
| $ | 1 |
| $ | (13) |
| $ | (12) |
|
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 20142017 and 20132016 were as follows:
|
| US Plans |
| Non-US Plans |
| ||||||||
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| ||||
Non-current asset |
| $ | 12 |
| $ | 16 |
| $ | 18 |
| $ | 26 |
|
Current liabilities |
| (1 | ) | (1 | ) | (1 | ) | (3 | ) | ||||
Non-current liabilities |
| (12 | ) | (11 | ) | (52 | ) | (50 | ) | ||||
Net asset (liability) recognized |
| $ | (1 | ) | $ | 4 |
| $ | (35 | ) | $ | (27 | ) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| U.S. Plans |
| Non-U.S. Plans |
| ||||||||
(in millions) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| ||||
Non-current asset |
| $ | 23 |
| $ | 12 |
| $ | 37 |
| $ | 29 |
|
Current liabilities |
|
| (2) |
|
| (1) |
|
| (1) |
|
| (1) |
|
Non-current liabilities |
|
| (10) |
|
| (10) |
|
| (49) |
|
| (40) |
|
Net asset (liability) recognized |
| $ | 11 |
| $ | 1 |
| $ | (13) |
| $ | (12) |
|
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss, excluding tax effects, that have not yet been recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost at December 31, 20142017 and 20132016 were as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||
|
| US Plans |
| Non-US Plans |
|
| U.S. Plans |
| Non-U.S. Plans |
| ||||||||||||||||
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| ||||||||
Net actuarial loss |
| $ | 19 |
| $ | 7 |
| $ | 69 |
| $ | 59 |
|
| $ | 21 |
| $ | 28 |
| $ | 55 |
| $ | 52 |
|
Transition obligation |
| — |
| — |
| 2 |
| 2 |
|
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 1 |
|
| 1 |
| ||||
Prior service credit |
| (2 | ) | — |
| (1 | ) | — |
|
|
| (6) |
|
| (6) |
|
| (1) |
|
| (1) |
| ||||
Net amount recognized |
| $ | 17 |
| $ | 7 |
| $ | 70 |
| $ | 61 |
|
| $ | 15 |
| $ | 22 |
| $ | 55 |
| $ | 52 |
|
The decrease in the net amount recognized in accumulated comprehensive loss at December 31, 2017, for the U.S. plans as compared to December 31, 2016, is mainly due to the actual return on assets being greater than the expected return on assets. This is partially offset by the effect of the decrease in discount rates used to measure the Company’s obligations under its U.S. pension plans.
The increase in the net amount recognized in accumulated comprehensive loss at December 31, 2014,2017, for the Non-U.S. plans, as compared to December 31, 2013,2016, is largely due to athe effect of the decrease in discount rates used to measure the Company’s obligations under its Non-U.S. pension plans slightly offset by higher than expected returns on plan assets during 2014 for most plans.
The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit pension plans was $527$603 million and $493$555 million at December 31, 20142017 and 2013,2016, respectively.
84
Information about plan obligations and assets for plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets is as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||
|
| US Plans |
| Non-US Plans |
|
| U.S. Plans |
| Non-U.S. Plans |
| ||||||||||||||||
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| ||||||||
Projected benefit obligation |
| $ | 9 |
| $ | 10 |
| $ | 54 |
| $ | 52 |
|
| $ | 12 |
| $ | 11 |
| $ | 51 |
| $ | 43 |
|
Accumulated benefit obligation |
| 8 |
| 8 |
| 43 |
| 42 |
|
|
| 11 |
|
| 10 |
|
| 41 |
|
| 36 |
| ||||
Fair value of plan assets |
| — |
| — |
| 2 |
| 3 |
|
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 2 |
|
| 2 |
|
Components of net periodic benefit cost consist of the following for the years ended December 31, 2014, 20132017, 2016, and 2012:2015:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||
|
|
| Year Ended December 31, |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
| US Plans |
| Non-US Plans |
|
|
| U.S. Plans |
| Non-U.S. Plans |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
|
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| ||||||||||||
Service cost |
| $ | 7 |
| $ | 8 |
| $ | 7 |
| $ | 6 |
| $ | 9 |
| $ | 8 |
|
|
| $ | 6 |
| $ | 6 |
| $ | 8 |
| $ | 3 |
| $ | 3 |
| $ | 4 |
|
Interest cost |
| 13 |
| 11 |
| 12 |
| 14 |
| 12 |
| 13 |
|
|
|
| 13 |
|
| 14 |
|
| 14 |
|
| 11 |
|
| 10 |
|
| 12 |
| ||||||
Expected return on plan assets |
| (21 | ) | (18 | ) | (16 | ) | (14 | ) | (12 | ) | (13 | ) |
|
|
| (21) |
|
| (20) |
|
| (24) |
|
| (10) |
|
| (10) |
|
| (13) |
| ||||||
Amortization of actuarial loss |
| 1 |
| 2 |
| 1 |
| 3 |
| 5 |
| 4 |
|
|
|
| — |
|
| 1 |
|
| 1 |
|
| 2 |
|
| 2 |
|
| 3 |
| ||||||
Amortization of transition obligation |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 1 |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Settlement / curtailment |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 1 |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of prior service credit |
|
|
| (1) |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
| |||||||||||||||||||
Settlement loss |
|
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| (1) |
|
| — |
|
| 1 |
|
| — |
| |||||||||||||||||||
Net periodic benefit cost |
| $ | — |
| $ | 3 |
| $ | 4 |
| $ | 9 |
| $ | 14 |
| $ | 14 |
|
|
| $ | (3) |
| $ | 1 |
| $ | (2) |
| $ | 6 |
| $ | 6 |
| $ | 6 |
|
For the USU.S. plans, the Company estimates that net periodic benefit cost for 20152018 will include approximately $1 million relating to the amortization of its accumulated actuarial lossthe prior service credit included in accumulated other comprehensive loss atas of December 31, 2014.2017.
For the non-USnon-U.S. plans, the Company estimates that net periodic benefit cost for 20152018 will include approximately $4$2 million relating to the amortization of its accumulated actuarial loss and $0.3 million relating to the amortization of the transition obligation included in accumulated other comprehensive loss at December 31, 2014.loss.
Actuarial gains and losses in excess of 10 percent of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or the market-related value of plan assets are recognized as a component of net periodic benefit cost over the average remaining
service period of a plan’s active employees for active defined benefit pension plans and over the average remaining life of a plan’s active employees for frozen defined benefit pension plans.
Total amounts recorded in other comprehensive income and net periodic benefit cost during 2014 was as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
(in millions, pre-tax) |
| US Plans |
| Non-US Plans |
|
| U.S. Plans |
| Non-U.S. Plans |
| ||||||||||||||||
Net actuarial loss |
| $ | 13 |
| $ | 19 |
| |||||||||||||||||||
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| |||||||||||||
Net actuarial (gain) loss |
| $ | (7) |
| $ | 10 |
| $ | — |
| $ | (3) |
| $ | 6 |
| $ | (18) |
| |||||||
Prior service credit |
| (2 | ) | — |
|
|
| — |
|
| (6) |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| (1) |
|
| — |
| ||
Amortization of actuarial loss |
| (1 | ) | (3 | ) |
|
| — |
|
| (1) |
|
| (1) |
|
| (2) |
|
| (2) |
|
| (3) |
| ||
Foreign currency translation |
| — |
| (7 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of prior service credit |
|
| 1 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
| |||||||
Settlement gain |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 1 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| — |
| |||||||
Total recorded in other comprehensive income |
| 10 |
| 9 |
|
|
| (6) |
|
| 3 |
|
| — |
|
| (5) |
|
| 3 |
|
| (21) |
| ||
Net periodic benefit cost |
| — |
| 9 |
|
|
| (3) |
|
| 1 |
|
| (2) |
|
| 6 |
|
| 6 |
|
| 6 |
| ||
Total recorded in other comprehensive income and net periodic benefit cost |
| $ | 10 |
| $ | 18 |
|
| $ | (9) |
| $ | 4 |
| $ | (2) |
| $ | 1 |
| $ | 9 |
| $ | (15) |
|
The following weighted average assumptions were used to determine the Company’s obligations under the pension plans:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| U.S. Plans |
| Non-U.S. Plans |
| ||||
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
|
Discount rate |
| 3.70 | % | 4.30 | % | 4.02 | % | 4.34 | % |
Rate of compensation increase |
| 4.42 |
| 4.54 |
| 3.58 |
| 3.62 |
|
|
| US Plans |
| Non-US Plans |
| ||||
|
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
|
Discount rate |
| 4.00 | % | 4.60 | % | 4.47 | % | 5.60 | % |
Rate of compensation increase |
| 4.31 | % | 4.22 | % | 3.76 | % | 4.39 | % |
85
The following weighted average assumptions were used to determine the Company’s net periodic benefit cost for the pension plans:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||
|
| US Plans |
| Non-US Plans |
|
| U.S. Plans |
| Non-U.S. Plans |
| ||||||||||||||||
|
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
|
Discount rate |
| 4.60 | % | 3.60 | % | 4.50 | % | 5.60 | % | 4.88 | % | 5.68 | % |
| 4.30 | % | 4.30 | % | 4.00 | % | 4.34 | % | 4.57 | % | 4.47 | % |
Expected long-term return on plan assets |
| 7.25 | % | 7.25 | % | 7.25 | % | 6.82 | % | 6.69 | % | 6.81 | % |
| 5.75 |
| 5.75 |
| 7.00 |
| 5.29 |
| 5.41 |
| 6.48 |
|
Rate of compensation increase |
| 4.22 | % | 4.19 | % | 4.19 | % | 4.39 | % | 4.35 | % | 4.51 | % |
| 4.54 |
| 4.71 |
| 4.31 |
| 3.62 |
| 3.73 |
| 3.76 |
|
For 20152018 and 2014,2017, the Company has assumed an expected long-term rate of return on assets of 7.005.30 percent and 7.255.75 percent for USU.S. plans, respectively, and 6.00approximately 3.86 percent and 6.454.76 percent for Canadian plans, respectively. In developing the expected long-term rate of return assumption on plan assets, which consist mainly of USU.S. and Canadian equity and debt securities, management evaluated historical rates of return achieved on plan assets and the asset allocation of the plans, input from the Company’s independent actuaries and investment consultants, and historical trends in long-term inflation rates. Projected return estimates made by such consultants are based upon broad equity and bond indices. The decrease in expected Non-U.S. plan long-term rates of return on assets compared to 2015 is due to the change in our investment approach and related asset allocation in the U.S. and Canada that occurred during 2016 to a liability-driven investment approach. As a result, a higher proportion of investments are in interest-sensitive investments (fixed income) as compared to the prior investment strategy for the U.S. and Canada pension plans.
The discount rate reflects a rate of return on high-quality fixed income investments that match the duration of the expected benefit payments. The Company has typically used returns on long-term, high-quality corporate AA bonds as a benchmark in establishing this assumption. In 2016, the Company changed the method used to estimate the service and interest cost components of net periodic benefit cost for certain of our defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans. Historically, the Company estimated the service and interest cost components using a single weighted-average discount rate derived from the yield curve used to measure the benefit obligation at the beginning of the period. Beginning in 2016, the Company has elected to use a full yield curve approach in the estimation of these components of benefit cost by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve used in the determination of the benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows.
Plan AssetsAssets: — The Company’s investment policy for its pension plans is to balance risk and return through diversified portfolios of equity instruments, fixed income securities, equity instruments, and short-term investments. Maturities for fixed income securities are managed such that sufficient liquidity exists to meet near-term benefit payment obligations. In 2016, the Company changed its investment approach for the U.S. and Canada plans due to the funded nature of the plans to a liability-driven investment approach. As a result, a higher proportion of investments are in interest rate-sensitive investments (fixed income) as compared to the prior investment strategy. For USU.S. pension plans, the weighted average target range allocation of assets was 38-7220-40 percent in equities, 31-5857-79 percent in fixed income and 1-3 percent in cash and other short-term investments. The asset allocation is reviewed regularly and portfolio investments are rebalanced to the targeted allocation when considered
appropriate. The Company anticipates increasing its target allocation of assets in fixed income portfolios in the future due to the funded nature of the US plans.
The Company’s weighted average asset allocation as of December 31, 20142017 and 20132016 for USU.S. and non-USnon-U.S. pension plan assets is as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||
|
| US Plans |
| Non-US Plans |
|
| U.S. Plans |
| Non-U.S. Plans |
| ||||||||
Asset Category |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
|
Equity securities |
| 62 | % | 62 | % | 50 | % | 51 | % |
| 26 | % | 38 | % | 39 | % | 41 | % |
Debt securities |
| 37 | % | 36 | % | 40 | % | 39 | % |
| 73 |
| 61 |
| 46 |
| 44 |
|
Cash and other |
| 1 | % | 2 | % | 10 | % | 10 | % |
| 1 |
| 1 |
| 15 |
| 15 |
|
Total |
| 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % |
| 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % |
86
The fair values of the Company’s plan assets at December 31, 2014, by asset category and level in the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
Asset Category |
| Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2014 |
| |||||||||
| Quoted Prices |
| Significant |
| Significant |
| Total |
| ||||
US Plans: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Equity index: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
US (a) |
|
|
| $ | 158 |
|
|
| $ | 158 |
| |
International (b) |
|
|
| 30 |
|
|
| 30 |
| |||
Real estate (c) |
|
|
| 5 |
|
|
| 5 |
| |||
Fixed income index: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Intermediate bond (d) |
|
|
| 61 |
|
|
| 61 |
| |||
Long bond (e) |
|
|
| 54 |
|
|
| 54 |
| |||
Cash (f) |
|
|
| 5 |
|
|
| 5 |
| |||
Total US Plans |
|
|
| $ | 313 |
|
|
| $ | 313 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Non-US Plans: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Equity index: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
US (a) |
|
|
| $ | 42 |
|
|
| $ | 42 |
| |
Canada (g) |
|
|
| 36 |
|
|
| 36 |
| |||
International (b) |
|
|
| 37 |
|
|
| 37 |
| |||
Fixed income index: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Intermediate bond (d) |
|
|
| 1 |
|
|
| 1 |
| |||
Long bond (h) |
|
|
| 92 |
|
|
| 92 |
| |||
Other (i) |
|
|
| 22 |
|
|
| 22 |
| |||
Cash (f) |
| 2 |
|
|
|
|
| 2 |
| |||
Total Non-US Plans |
| $ | 2 |
| $ | 230 |
|
|
| $ | 232 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017 |
| ||||||||||
(in millions) |
| Level 1 |
| Level 2 |
| Level 3 |
| Total |
| ||||
U.S. Plans: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Equity index: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
U.S. (a) |
| $ | — |
| $ | 51 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 51 |
|
International (b) |
|
| — |
|
| 55 |
|
| — |
|
| 55 |
|
Fixed income index: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Long bond (c) |
|
| — |
|
| 273 |
|
| — |
|
| 273 |
|
Long government bond (d) |
|
| — |
|
| 21 |
|
| — |
|
| 21 |
|
Cash (e) |
|
| — |
|
| 4 |
|
| — |
|
| 4 |
|
Total U.S. Plans |
| $ | — |
| $ | 404 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 404 |
|
Non-U.S. Plans: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Equity index: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
U.S. (a) |
| $ | — |
| $ | 12 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 12 |
|
Canada (f) |
|
| — |
|
| 22 |
|
| — |
|
| 22 |
|
International (b) |
|
| — |
|
| 52 |
|
| — |
|
| 52 |
|
Real estate (g) |
|
| — |
|
| 5 |
|
| — |
|
| 5 |
|
Fixed income index: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Intermediate bond (h) |
|
| — |
|
| 25 |
|
| — |
|
| 25 |
|
Long bond (i) |
|
| — |
|
| 84 |
|
| — |
|
| 84 |
|
Other (j) |
|
| — |
|
| 24 |
|
| — |
|
| 24 |
|
Cash (e) |
|
| 2 |
|
| 9 |
|
| — |
|
| 11 |
|
Total Non-U.S. Plans |
| $ | 2 |
| $ | 233 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 235 |
|
(a)This category consists of a passively managed equity index fund that tracks the return of large capitalization US equities.
(b)This category consists of a passively managed equity index fund that tracks an index of returns on international developed market equities.
(c)This category consists of a passively managed equity index fund that tracks a US real estate equity securities index that includes equities of real estate investment trusts and real estate operating companies.
(d)This category consists of a passively managed fixed income index fund that tracks the return of intermediate duration government and investment grade corporate bonds.
87
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2016 |
| ||||||||||
(in millions) |
| Level 1 |
| Level 2 |
| Level 3 |
| Total |
| ||||
U.S. Plans: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Equity index: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
U.S. (a) |
| $ | — |
| $ | 70 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 70 |
|
International (b) |
|
| — |
|
| 68 |
|
| — |
|
| 68 |
|
Fixed income index: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Long bond (c) |
|
| — |
|
| 227 |
|
| — |
|
| 227 |
|
Cash (e) |
|
| — |
|
| 3 |
|
| — |
|
| 3 |
|
Total U.S. Plans |
| $ | — |
| $ | 368 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 368 |
|
Non-U.S. Plans: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Equity index: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
U.S. (a) |
| $ | — |
| $ | 11 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 11 |
|
Canada (f) |
|
| — |
|
| 21 |
|
| — |
|
| 21 |
|
International (b) |
|
| — |
|
| 49 |
|
| — |
|
| 49 |
|
Real estate (g) |
|
| — |
|
| 5 |
|
| — |
|
| 5 |
|
Fixed income index: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Intermediate bond (h) |
|
| — |
|
| 21 |
|
| — |
|
| 21 |
|
Long bond (i) |
|
| — |
|
| 72 |
|
| — |
|
| 72 |
|
Other (j) |
|
| — |
|
| 23 |
|
| — |
|
| 23 |
|
Cash (e) |
|
| 1 |
|
| 8 |
|
| — |
|
| 9 |
|
Total Non-U.S. Plans |
| $ | 1 |
| $ | 210 |
| $ | — |
| $ | 211 |
|
| (a) | This category consists of both passively and actively managed equity index funds that track the return of large capitalization U.S. equities. |
(b) | This category consists of both passively and actively managed equity index funds that track an index of returns on international developed market equities as well as infrastructure assets. |
(c) | This category consists of an actively managed fixed income index fund that invests in a diversified portfolio of fixed-income corporate securities with maturities generally exceeding 10 years. |
(d) | This category consists of an actively managed fixed income index fund that invests in a diversified portfolio of fixed-income U.S. treasury securities with maturities generally exceeding 10 years. |
(e) | This category represents cash or cash equivalents. |
(f) | This category consists of an actively managed equity index fund that tracks against an index of large capitalization Canadian equities. |
(g) | This category consists of an actively managed equity index fund that tracks against real estate investment trusts and real estate operating companies. |
(h) | This category consists of both passively and actively managed fixed income index funds that track the return of intermediate duration government and investment grade corporate bonds. |
(i) | This category consists of both passively and actively managed fixed income index funds that track the return of Canada government bonds, investment grade corporate bonds and hedge funds. |
(j) | This category mainly consists of investment products provided by an insurance company that offers returns that are subject to a minimum guarantee and mutual funds. |
All significant pension plan assets are held in collective trusts by the Company’s USU.S. and non-USnon-U.S. plans. The fair values of shares of collective trusts are based upon the net asset values of the funds reported by the fund managers based on quoted market prices of the underlying securities as of the balance sheet date and are considered to be Level 2 fair value measurements. This may produce a fair value measurement that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with those of other market participants, the use of different methodologies could result in different fair value measurements at the reporting date.
In 2014,2017, the Company made cash contributions of $6 million and $11$5 million to its US and non-USnon-U.S. pension plans, respectively.plans. The Company anticipates that in 20152018 it will make cash contributions of $1$2 million and $2$3 million to its USU.S. and non-USnon-U.S. pension plans, respectively. Cash contributions in subsequent years will depend on a number of factors including the performance of plan assets.
88
The following benefit payments, which reflect anticipated future service, as appropriate, are expected to be made:
(in millions) |
| US Plans |
| Non-US Plans |
| ||
2015 |
| $ | 17 |
| $ | 10 |
|
2016 |
| 17 |
| 14 |
| ||
2017 |
| 19 |
| 11 |
| ||
2018 |
| 19 |
| 12 |
| ||
2019 |
| 19 |
| 13 |
| ||
Years 2020 - 2024 |
| 107 |
| 73 |
| ||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in millions) |
| U.S. Plans |
| Non-U.S. Plans |
| ||
2018 |
| $ | 21 |
| $ | 11 |
|
2019 |
|
| 20 |
|
| 12 |
|
2020 |
|
| 21 |
|
| 12 |
|
2021 |
|
| 22 |
|
| 12 |
|
2022 |
|
| 23 |
|
| 12 |
|
Years 2023 - 2027 |
|
| 124 |
|
| 70 |
|
The Company and certain subsidiaries also maintain defined contribution plans. The Company makes matching contributions to these plans that are subject to certain vesting requirements and are based on a percentage of employee contributions. Amounts charged to expense for defined contribution plans totaled $22 million, $20 million, and $17 million $15 millionin 2017, 2016, and $13 million in 2014, 2013 and 2012,2015, respectively.
Postretirement Benefit PlansPlans: — The Company’s postretirement benefit plans currently are not funded. The information presented below includes plans in the United States,U.S., Brazil, and Canada. The changes in the benefit obligations of the plans during 20142017 and 2013,2016, and the amounts recognized in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 20142017 and 2013,2016, are as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| ||||
Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||
At January 1 |
| $ | 57 |
| $ | 74 |
|
| $ | 67 |
| $ | 64 |
|
Service cost |
| 3 |
| 3 |
|
|
| 1 |
|
| 1 |
| ||
Interest cost |
| 4 |
| 4 |
|
|
| 3 |
|
| 2 |
| ||
Curtailment / settlement |
| — |
| (1 | ) | |||||||||
Plan amendment |
| (16 | ) | — |
| |||||||||
Actuarial (gain) loss |
| 4 |
| (15 | ) | |||||||||
Employee contributions |
|
| 1 |
|
| — |
| |||||||
Actuarial loss |
|
| 2 |
|
| 2 |
| |||||||
Benefits paid |
| (3 | ) | (3 | ) |
|
| (4) |
|
| (4) |
| ||
Foreign currency translation |
| (2 | ) | (5 | ) |
|
| — |
|
| 2 |
| ||
At December 31 |
| $ | 47 |
| $ | 57 |
|
|
| 70 |
|
| 67 |
|
Fair value of plan assets |
| — |
| — |
|
|
| — |
|
| — |
| ||
Funded status |
| $ | (47 | ) | $ | (57 | ) |
| $ | (70) |
| $ | (67) |
|
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance SheetSheets consist of:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| ||||
Current liabilities |
| $ | (3 | ) | $ | (2 | ) |
| $ | (4) |
| $ | (4) |
|
Non-current liabilities |
| (44 | ) | (55 | ) |
|
| (66) |
|
| (63) |
| ||
Net liability recognized |
| $ | (47 | ) | $ | (57 | ) |
| $ | (70) |
| $ | (67) |
|
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss (income) loss,, excluding tax effects, that have not yet been recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost at December 31, 20142017 and 20132016 were as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| ||||
Net actuarial loss |
| $ | 9 |
| $ | 7 |
|
| $ | 11 |
| $ | 7 |
|
Prior service credit |
| (15 | ) | — |
|
|
| (6) |
|
| (8) |
| ||
Net amount recognized |
| $ | (6 | ) | $ | 7 |
|
| $ | 5 |
| $ | (1) |
|
Components of net periodic benefit cost consisted of the following for the years ended December 31, 2014, 20132017, 2016, and 2012:2015:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||
(in millions) |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 | |||
Service cost |
|
| $ | 1 |
| $ | 1 |
| $ | 1 |
Interest cost |
|
|
| 3 |
|
| 2 |
|
| 3 |
Amortization of prior service credit |
|
|
| (3) |
|
| (2) |
|
| (2) |
Net periodic benefit cost |
|
| $ | 1 |
| $ | 1 |
| $ | 2 |
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
| |||
Service cost |
| $ | 3 |
| $ | 3 |
| $ | 2 |
|
Interest cost |
| 4 |
| 4 |
| 3 |
| |||
Amortization of actuarial loss |
| — |
| 1 |
| 1 |
| |||
Net periodic benefit cost |
| $ | 7 |
| $ | 8 |
| $ | 6 |
|
89
The Company estimates that postretirement benefit expense for 2015these plans for 2018 will include approximately $0.5$2 million relating to the amortization of its accumulated actuarial loss and $2.2 million relating to the amortization of its prior service credit included in accumulated other comprehensive income atas of December 31, 2014.
Table of Contents2017.
Total amounts recorded in other comprehensive income and net periodic benefit cost during 2014 was as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
(in millions, pre-tax) |
| 2014 |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| ||||
Net actuarial loss |
| $ | 2 |
| ||||||||||
Net actuarial loss (gain) |
| $ | 2 |
| $ | 2 |
| $ | (2) |
| ||||
Amortization of prior service credit |
|
| 3 |
|
| 2 |
|
| 2 |
| ||||
New prior service credit |
| (15 | ) |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 2 |
| |
Total recorded in other comprehensive income |
| (13 | ) |
|
| 5 |
|
| 4 |
|
| 2 |
| |
Net periodic benefit cost |
| 7 |
|
|
| 1 |
|
| 1 |
|
| 2 |
| |
Total recorded in other comprehensive income and net periodic benefit cost |
| $ | (6 | ) |
| $ | 6 |
| $ | 5 |
| $ | 4 |
|
The following weighted average assumptions were used to determine the Company’s obligations under the postretirement plans:
|
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
|
Discount rate |
| 5.70 | % | 6.47 | % |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
|
Discount rate |
| 4.92 | % | 5.42 | % |
The following weighted average assumptions were used to determine the Company’s net postretirement benefit cost:
|
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
|
Discount rate |
| 6.47 | % | 5.44 | % | 6.23 | % |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
|
Discount rate |
| 5.46 | % | 5.30 | % | 5.70 | % |
The discount rate reflects a rate of return on high-quality fixed-income investments that match the duration of expected benefit payments. The Company has typically used returns on long-term, high-quality corporate AA bonds as a benchmark in establishing this assumption.
The healthcare cost trend rates used in valuing the Company’s postretirement benefit obligations are established based upon actual healthcare trends and consultation with actuaries and benefit providers. The following assumptions were used as of December 31, 2014:2017:
|
| US |
| Canada |
| Brazil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2015 increase in per capita cost |
| 6.70 | % | 7.05 | % | 8.66 | % | |||||||
|
| U.S. |
| Canada |
| Brazil |
| |||||||
2017 increase in per capita cost |
| 6.50 | % | 5.54 | % | 8.41 | % | |||||||
Ultimate trend |
| 4.50 | % | 4.50 | % | 8.66 | % |
| 4.50 | % | 4.50 | % | 8.41 | % |
Year ultimate trend reached |
| 2027 |
| 2031 |
| 2014 |
|
| 2037 |
| 2031 |
| 2017 |
|
The sensitivities of service cost and interest cost and year-end benefit obligations to changes in healthcare cost trend rates for the postretirement benefit plans as of December 31, 20142017, are as follows:
| ||||
(in millions) | 2017 | |||
One-percentage point increase in trend rates: |
|
|
| |
|
| $ | 1 | |
|
|
|
| 7 |
|
|
|
| |
One-percentage point decrease in trend rates: |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
| 1 |
|
|
|
| 6 |
90
The following benefit payments, which reflect anticipated future service, as appropriate, are expected to be made under the Company’s postretirement benefit plans:
(in millions) |
|
|
| |
2015 |
| $ | 3 |
|
2016 |
| 3 |
| |
2017 |
| 3 |
| |
2018 |
| 3 |
| |
2019 |
| 3 |
| |
Years 2020 - 2024 |
| $ | 16 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in millions) |
|
|
|
|
2018 |
| $ | 4 |
|
2019 |
|
| 4 |
|
2020 |
|
| 4 |
|
2021 |
|
| 4 |
|
2022 |
|
| 5 |
|
Years 2023 - 2027 |
|
| 24 |
|
Multiemployer Plans Multi-employer Plans:— The Company participates in and contributes to one multiemployermulti-employer benefit plan under the terms of a collective bargaining agreementagreements that coverscover certain union-represented employees and retirees in the US.U.S. The plan covers medical and dental benefits for active hourly employees and retirees represented by the United StatesU.S. Steel Workers Union for certain USU.S. locations.
The risks of participating in this multiemployermulti-employer plan are different from single-employer plans. This plan receives contributions from two or more unrelated employers pursuant to one or more collective bargaining agreements and the assets contributed by one employer may be used to fund the benefits of all employees covered within the plan.
The Company is required to make contributions to this plan as determined by the terms and conditions of the collective bargaining agreements and plan terms. For the years ended December 31, 2014, 20132017, 2016, and 2012,2015, the Company made regular contributions of $13 million, $14 million, and $12 million, in each yearrespectively, to this multi-employer plan. The Company cannot currently estimate the amount of multiemployermulti-employer plan contributions that will be required in 20152018 and future years, but these contributions could increase due to healthcare cost trends. The collective bargaining agreements associated with this plan expire during 2018 - 2021.
81NOTE 11 – Supplementary Information
Consolidated Balance Sheets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in millions) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| ||
Accounts receivable, net: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Accounts receivable — trade |
| $ | 760 |
| $ | 751 |
|
Accounts receivable — other |
|
| 209 |
|
| 178 |
|
Allowance for doubtful accounts |
|
| (8) |
|
| (6) |
|
Total accounts receivable, net |
|
| 961 |
|
| 923 |
|
Inventories: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Finished and in process |
|
| 495 |
|
| 478 |
|
Raw materials |
|
| 278 |
|
| 260 |
|
Manufacturing supplies |
|
| 50 |
|
| 51 |
|
Total inventories |
|
| 823 |
|
| 789 |
|
Accrued liabilities: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Compensation-related costs |
|
| 101 |
|
| 107 |
|
Income taxes payable |
|
| 22 |
|
| 40 |
|
Unrecognized tax benefits |
|
| — |
|
| 72 |
|
Dividends payable |
|
| 44 |
|
| 36 |
|
Accrued interest |
|
| 15 |
|
| 19 |
|
Taxes payable other than income taxes |
|
| 37 |
|
| 36 |
|
Other |
|
| 125 |
|
| 122 |
|
Total accrued liabilities |
|
| 344 |
|
| 432 |
|
Non-current liabilities: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Employees’ pension, indemnity, and postretirement |
|
| 121 |
|
| 109 |
|
Other |
|
| 106 |
|
| 49 |
|
Total non-current liabilities |
| $ | 227 |
| $ | 158 |
|
91
Consolidated Statements of Income
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in millions) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| |||
Other income, net: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Insurance settlement |
| $ | 9 |
| $ | — |
| $ | — |
|
Value-added tax recovery |
|
| 6 |
|
| 5 |
|
| 4 |
|
Gain from sale of plant |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 10 |
|
Legal settlement |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| (7) |
|
Income tax indemnification expense (a) |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| (4) |
|
Other |
|
| 3 |
|
| (1) |
|
| (2) |
|
Other income, net |
| $ | 18 |
| $ | 4 |
| $ | 1 |
|
(a) | Amount fully offset by $4 million of benefit recorded in the income tax provision for 2015. |
NOTE 10 — Supplementary Information
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in millions) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 | |||
Financing costs, net: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized (a) |
| $ | 79 |
| $ | 73 |
| $ | 69 |
Interest income |
|
| (11) |
|
| (10) |
|
| (14) |
Foreign currency transaction losses |
|
| 5 |
|
| 3 |
|
| 6 |
Financing costs, net |
| $ | 73 |
| $ | 66 |
| $ | 61 |
(a) | Interest capitalized amounted to $4 million, $4 million, and $2 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. |
Balance Sheets
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| ||
Accounts receivable — net: |
|
|
|
|
| ||
Accounts receivable — trade |
| $ | 655 |
| $ | 667 |
|
Accounts receivable — other |
| 111 |
| 171 |
| ||
Allowance for doubtful accounts |
| (4 | ) | (6 | ) | ||
Total accounts receivable — net |
| $ | 762 |
| $ | 832 |
|
Inventories: |
|
|
|
|
| ||
Finished and in process |
| $ | 428 |
| $ | 440 |
|
Raw materials |
| 225 |
| 235 |
| ||
Manufacturing supplies |
| 46 |
| 48 |
| ||
Total inventories |
| $ | 699 |
| $ | 723 |
|
Accrued liabilities: |
|
|
|
|
| ||
Compensation-related costs |
| $ | 74 |
| $ | 75 |
|
Income taxes payable |
| 36 |
| 14 |
| ||
Dividends payable |
| 31 |
| 32 |
| ||
Accrued interest |
| 16 |
| 16 |
| ||
Taxes payable other than income taxes |
| 36 |
| 32 |
| ||
Other |
| 75 |
| 100 |
| ||
Total accrued liabilities |
| $ | 268 |
| $ | 269 |
|
Non-current liabilities: |
|
|
|
|
| ||
Employees’ pension, indemnity and postretirement |
| $ | 126 |
| $ | 133 |
|
Other |
| 31 |
| 30 |
| ||
Total non-current liabilities |
| $ | 157 |
| $ | 163 |
|
Statements of Income
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
| |||
Other income - net: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Income tax indemnification income (a) |
| $ | 7 |
| $ | — |
| $ | — |
|
Gain from sale of investment |
| 5 |
| — |
| — |
| |||
Gain from sale of idled plant and land |
| 3 |
| — |
| 2 |
| |||
Gain from change in benefit plan in North America |
| — |
| — |
| 5 |
| |||
Other |
| 9 |
| 16 |
| 15 |
| |||
Other income - net |
| $ | 24 |
| $ | 16 |
| $ | 22 |
|
(a) Amount fully offset by $7 million of expense recorded in the income tax provision.
Financing costs-net: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Interest expense, net of amounts capitalized (a) |
| $ | 73 |
| $ | 74 |
| $ | 77 |
|
Interest income |
| (13 | ) | (11 | ) | (10 | ) | |||
Foreign currency transaction losses |
| 1 |
| 3 |
| — |
| |||
Financing costs-net |
| $ | 61 |
| $ | 66 |
| $ | 67 |
|
(a) Interest capitalized amounted to $2 million, $4 million and $6 million in 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| ||||||
Other non-cash charges to net income: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Mechanical stores expense (a) |
| $ | 56 |
| $ | 48 |
| $ | 42 |
| ||||||||||
Share-based compensation expense |
| 19 |
| 17 |
| 18 |
|
| $ | 26 |
| $ | 28 |
| $ | 21 |
| |||
Other |
| (7 | ) | 9 |
| (5 | ) |
|
| 13 |
|
| 16 |
|
| 18 |
| |||
Total other non-cash charges to net income |
| $ | 68 |
| $ | 74 |
| $ | 55 |
|
| $ | 39 |
| $ | 44 |
| $ | 39 |
|
(a) Represents spare parts used in the production process. Such spare parts are recorded in PP&E as part of machinery and equipment until they are utilized in the manufacturing process and expensed as a period cost.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| ||||||
Interest paid |
| $ | 59 |
| $ | 61 |
| $ | 65 |
|
| $ | 77 |
| $ | 59 |
| $ | 52 |
|
Income taxes paid |
| 94 |
| 135 |
| 133 |
|
|
| 289 |
|
| 254 |
|
| 158 |
|
NOTE 11 - Equity
Preferred stock:NOTE 12 – Equity
Preferred stock: The Company has authorized 25 million shares of $0.01 par value preferred stock, none of which were issued or outstanding at December 31, 20142017 and 2013.2016.
Treasury stock:
On December 12, 2014, the Board of Directors authorized a new stock repurchase program permitting the Company to purchase up to 5 million of its outstanding common shares from January 1, 2015, through December 12, 2019. The Company’s previously authorized stock repurchase program permitting the purchase of up to 4 million shares has been almost fully utilized with 176 thousand shares available to be repurchased at December 31, 2014.utilized. The parameters of the Company’s stock repurchase program are not established solely with reference to the dilutive impact of shares issued under the Company’s stock incentive plan. However, the Company expects that, over time, share repurchases will offset the dilutive impact of shares issued under the stock incentive plan.
As part of the previous stock repurchase program, the Company entered into an accelerated share repurchase agreement (“ASR”) on July 30, 2014 with an investment bank under whichIn 2017, the Company repurchased $3001 million of its common stock. The Company paid the $300 million on August 1, 2014 and received an initial delivery of shares from the investment bank of 3,152,502 shares, representing approximately 80 percent of the shares anticipated to be repurchased based on current market prices at that time. The ASR was initially accounted for as an initial stock purchase transaction and a forward stock purchase contract. The initial delivery of shares resulted in an immediate reduction in the number of shares used to calculate the weighted average common shares outstanding for basic and diluted net earnings per share from the effective date of the ASR. On December 29, 2014, the ASR was completed and the Company received 671,823 additional shares of its common stock bringing the total amount of repurchases to 3,824,325 shares, based upon the volume-weighted average price of $78.45 per share over the term of the share repurchase agreement. The ASR was funded through a combination of cash on hand and utilization of the Revolving Credit Agreement.
In 2013, the Company repurchased 3,385,000 common shares in open market transactions at a cost of approximately $227$123 million. In 2012,2016, the Company repurchased 300,000had no repurchases of common shares in open market transactions at a cost of approximately $15 million.transactions.
The Company also reacquired 8,738, 21,629 and 44,674 shares of its common stock during 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively, by both repurchasing shares from employees under the stock incentive plan and through the cancellation of forfeited restricted stock. The Company repurchased shares from employees at average purchase prices of $61.05, $44.55 and $58.59, or fair value at the date of purchase, during 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. All of the acquired shares are held as common stock in treasury, less shares issued to employees under the stock incentive plan.
92
Set forth below is a reconciliation of common stock share activity for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132017, 2016, and 2014:2015:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
(Shares of common stock, in thousands) |
| Issued |
| Held in Treasury |
| Outstanding |
|
| Issued |
| Held in Treasury |
| Outstanding |
|
Balance at December 31, 2011 |
| 76,822 |
| 939 |
| 75,883 |
| |||||||
Balance at December 31, 2014 |
| 77,811 |
| 6,489 |
| 71,322 |
| |||||||
Issuance of restricted stock units as compensation |
| — |
| (6 | ) | 6 |
|
| — |
| (102) |
| 102 |
|
Issuance under incentive and other plans |
| — |
| (142 | ) | 142 |
| |||||||
Performance shares and other share-based awards |
| — |
| (75) |
| 75 |
| |||||||
Stock options exercised |
| 320 |
| (1,026 | ) | 1,346 |
|
| — |
| (556) |
| 556 |
|
Purchase/acquisition of treasury stock |
| — |
| 345 |
| (345 | ) |
| — |
| 439 |
| (439) |
|
Balance at December 31, 2012 |
| 77,142 |
| 110 |
| 77,032 |
| |||||||
Balance at December 31, 2015 |
| 77,811 |
| 6,195 |
| 71,616 |
| |||||||
Issuance of restricted stock units as compensation |
| 6 |
| (3 | ) | 9 |
|
| — |
| (94) |
| 94 |
|
Issuance under incentive and other plans |
| 130 |
| (43 | ) | 173 |
| |||||||
Performance shares and other share-based awards |
| — |
| (70) |
| 70 |
| |||||||
Stock options exercised |
| 395 |
| (110 | ) | 505 |
|
| — |
| (636) |
| 636 |
|
Purchase/acquisition of treasury stock |
| — |
| 3,407 |
| (3,407 | ) |
| — |
| 2 |
| (2) |
|
Balance at December 31, 2013 |
| 77,673 |
| 3,361 |
| 74,312 |
| |||||||
Balance at December 31, 2016 |
| 77,811 |
| 5,397 |
| 72,414 |
| |||||||
Issuance of restricted stock units as compensation |
| 89 |
| (24 | ) | 113 |
|
| — |
| (103) |
| 103 |
|
Issuance under incentive and other plans |
| 49 |
| (63 | ) | 112 |
| |||||||
Performance shares and other share-based awards |
| — |
| (75) |
| 75 |
| |||||||
Stock options exercised |
| — |
| (618 | ) | 618 |
|
| — |
| (443) |
| 443 |
|
Purchase/acquisition of treasury stock |
| — |
| 3,833 |
| (3,833 | ) |
| — |
| 1,039 |
| (1,039) |
|
Balance at December 31, 2014 |
| 77,811 |
| 6,489 |
| 71,322 |
| |||||||
Balance at December 31, 2017 |
| 77,811 |
| 5,815 |
| 71,996 |
|
Share-based payments:
payments: The following table summarizes the components of the Company’s share-based compensation expense for the last three years:
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
| |||
Stock options: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Pre-tax compensation expense |
| $ | 7 |
| $ | 6 |
| $ | 7 |
|
Income tax (benefit) |
| (3 | ) | (2 | ) | (3 | ) | |||
Stock option expense, net of income taxes |
| 4 |
| 4 |
| 4 |
| |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
RSUs and RSAs: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Pre-tax compensation expense |
| 8 |
| 7 |
| 6 |
| |||
Income tax (benefit) |
| (3 | ) | (3 | ) | (2 | ) | |||
RSU and RSA compensation expense, net of income taxes |
| 5 |
| 4 |
| 4 |
| |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Performance shares and other share-based awards: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Pre-tax compensation expense |
| 4 |
| 4 |
| 5 |
| |||
Income tax (benefit) |
| (1 | ) | (1 | ) | (2 | ) | |||
Performance shares and other share-based |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
compensation expense, net of income taxes |
| 3 |
| 3 |
| 3 |
| |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Total share-based compensation: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Pre-tax compensation expense |
| 19 |
| 17 |
| 18 |
| |||
Income tax (benefit) |
| (7 | ) | (6 | ) | (7 | ) | |||
Total share-based compensation expense, net of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
income taxes |
| $ | 12 |
| $ | 11 |
| $ | 11 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in millions) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 | |||
Stock options: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pre-tax compensation expense |
| $ | 7 |
| $ | 9 |
| $ | 7 |
Income tax benefit |
|
| (2) |
|
| (3) |
|
| (3) |
Stock option expense, net of income taxes |
|
| 5 |
|
| 6 |
|
| 4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
RSUs: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pre-tax compensation expense |
|
| 13 |
|
| 12 |
|
| 9 |
Income tax benefit |
|
| (4) |
|
| (5) |
|
| (3) |
RSUs, net of income taxes |
|
| 9 |
|
| 7 |
|
| 6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Performance shares and other share-based awards: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pre-tax compensation expense |
|
| 6 |
|
| 7 |
|
| 5 |
Income tax benefit |
|
| (2) |
|
| (3) |
|
| (2) |
Performance shares and other share-based compensation expense, net of income taxes |
|
| 4 |
|
| 4 |
|
| 3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total share-based compensation: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pre-tax compensation expense |
|
| 26 |
|
| 28 |
|
| 21 |
Income tax benefit |
|
| (8) |
|
| (11) |
|
| (8) |
Total share-based compensation expense, net of income taxes |
| $ | 18 |
| $ | 17 |
| $ | 13 |
The Company has a stock incentive plan (“SIP”) administered by the compensation committee of its Board of Directors that provides for the granting of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and other share-based awards to certain key employees. A maximum of 8 million shares were originally authorized for awards under the SIP. As of
December 31, 2014, 6.02017, 3.7 million shares were available for future grants under the SIP. Shares covered by awards that expire, terminate or lapse will again be available for the grant of awards under the SIP.
The Company grants nonqualified
93
Stock Options: Under the Company’s SIP, stock options to purchase sharesare granted at exercise prices that equal the market value of the Company’sunderlying common stock.stock on the date of grant. The stock options have a ten-year life10-year term and are exercisable upon vesting, which occurs evenly over a three-year period at the anniversary dates of the date of grant. Compensation expense is generally recognized on a straight-line basis for awards. Asall awards over the employee’s vesting period or over a one-year required service period for certain retirement eligible executive level employees. The Company estimates a forfeiture rate at the time of grant and updates the estimate throughout the vesting of the stock options within the amount of compensation costs recognized in each period.
The Company granted non-qualified options to purchase 278 thousand shares and 329 thousand shares for the years ended December 31, 2014, certain of these nonqualified options have been forfeited due to the termination of employees.
2017 and 2016, respectively. The fair value of stockeach option awardsgrant was estimated at the grant dates using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||
|
|
| ||||||||||||||
|
| For the Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
|
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 | |||
Expected life (in years) |
| 5.5 |
| 5.8 |
| 5.8 |
|
| 5.5 |
|
| 5.5 |
|
| 5.5 |
|
Risk-free interest rate |
| 1.6 | % | 1.1 | % | 1.1 | % |
| 1.9 | % |
| 1.4 | % |
| 1.4 | % |
Expected volatility |
| 30.3 | % | 32.6 | % | 33.3 | % |
| 22.5 | % |
| 23.4 | % |
| 25.2 | % |
Expected dividend yield |
| 2.8 | % | 1.6 | % | 1.2 | % |
| 1.7 | % |
| 1.8 | % |
| 2.0 | % |
The expected life of options represents the weighted-averageweighted average period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding giving consideration to vesting schedules and the Company’s historical exercise patterns. The risk-free interest rate is based on the USU.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time ofgrant date for the grant for periodsperiod corresponding withto the expected life of the options. Expected volatility is based on historical volatilities of the Company’s common stock. Dividend yields are based on historicalcurrent dividend payments. The weighted average fair value of options granted during 2014, 2013 and 2012 was estimated to be $12.99, $17.87 and $16.16, respectively.
A summary of stock option transactions for the last three yearsyear follows:
(shares in thousands) |
| Stock Option |
| Stock Option |
| Weighted |
| ||||||||||||
Outstanding at December 31, 2011 |
| 4,030 |
| $14.33 to 52.64 |
| $ | 30.29 |
| |||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||
|
|
|
| Weighted |
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||
|
|
|
| Average |
| Average |
| Aggregate |
| ||||||||||
|
| Number of |
| Exercise |
| Remaining |
| Intrinsic |
| ||||||||||
|
| Options |
| Price per |
| Contractual |
| Value |
| ||||||||||
|
| (in thousands) |
| Share |
| Term (Years) |
| (in millions) |
| ||||||||||
Outstanding as of December 31, 2016 |
| 2,281 |
| $ | 61.39 |
| 5.93 |
| $ | 145 |
| ||||||||
Granted |
| 460 |
| 55.95 to 57.33 |
| 55.96 |
|
| 278 |
|
| 117.65 |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Exercised |
| (1,409 | ) | 14.33 to 47.95 |
| 26.80 |
|
| (443) |
|
| 46.16 |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Cancelled |
| (49 | ) | 25.58 to 55.95 |
| 39.29 |
|
| (21) |
|
| 87.50 |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Outstanding at December 31, 2012 |
| 3,032 |
| 16.92 to 57.33 |
| 35.66 |
| ||||||||||||
Granted |
| 416 |
| 66.07 to 66.26 |
| 66.07 |
| ||||||||||||
Exercised |
| (511 | ) | 16.92 to 57.33 |
| 28.74 |
| ||||||||||||
Cancelled |
| (88 | ) | 47.95 to 66.07 |
| 54.37 |
| ||||||||||||
Outstanding at December 31, 2013 |
| 2,849 |
| 24.70 to 66.26 |
| 40.77 |
| ||||||||||||
Granted |
| 715 |
| 59.58 to 69.14 |
| 59.65 |
| ||||||||||||
Exercised |
| (618 | ) | 24.70 to 66.07 |
| 33.25 |
| ||||||||||||
Cancelled |
| (57 | ) | 24.70 to 66.07 |
| 51.54 |
| ||||||||||||
Outstanding at December 31, 2014 |
| 2,889 |
| 25.83 to 69.14 |
| 46.84 |
| ||||||||||||
Outstanding as of December 31, 2017 |
| 2,095 |
| $ | 71.81 |
| 5.87 |
| $ | 142 |
| ||||||||
Exercisable as of December 31, 2017 |
| 1,527 |
| $ | 59.14 |
| 5.24 |
| $ | 123 |
|
The intrinsic values of stock options exercised during 2014, 2013 and 2012 were approximately $26 million, $20 million and $46 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2014, 20132017, 2016, and 2012,2015, cash received from the exercise of stock options was $20 million, $14$29 million, and $34$21 million, respectively. The excess income tax benefit realized from share-based compensation was $6 million, $5 million and $11 million in 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. As of December 31, 2014,2017, the unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options totaled $9$3 million, which is expected to be amortized over the weighted-average period of approximately 1.81.5 years.
85Additional information pertaining to stock option activity is as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||
|
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||
(dollars in millions, except per share) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 | |||
Weighted average grant date fair value of stock options granted (per share) |
| $ | 23.90 |
| $ | 18.73 |
| $ | 16.04 |
Total intrinsic value of stock options exercised |
|
| 35 |
|
| 46 |
|
| 27 |
Restricted Stock Units:The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 2014:
(options in thousands)
Range of Exercise Prices |
| Options |
| Weighted Average Exercise |
| Average Remaining |
| Options |
| Weighted Average |
| ||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||
$24.70 to 27.30 |
| 334 |
| $ | 25.68 |
| 2.89 |
| 334 |
| $ | 25.68 |
|
$27.31 to 29.90 |
| 369 |
| 29.06 |
| 5.07 |
| 369 |
| 29.06 |
| ||
$32.51 to 35.10 |
| 472 |
| 34.06 |
| 2.79 |
| 472 |
| 34.07 |
| ||
$45.51 to 53.30 |
| 281 |
| 47.95 |
| 6.11 |
| 281 |
| 47.95 |
| ||
$55.91 to 58.50 |
| 369 |
| 55.95 |
| 7.11 |
| 253 |
| 55.95 |
| ||
$58.51 to 61.10 |
| 695 |
| 59.58 |
| 9.10 |
| — |
| — |
| ||
$63.71 to 66.26 |
| 364 |
| 66.07 |
| 8.10 |
| 131 |
| 66.07 |
| ||
$68.91 to 71.50 |
| 5 |
| 69.14 |
| 9.34 |
| — |
| — |
| ||
|
| 2,889 |
| $ | 46.84 |
| 6.17 |
| 1,840 |
| $ | 38.95 |
|
Stock options outstanding at December 31, 2014 had an aggregate intrinsic value of approximately $110 million and an average remaining contractual life of 6.2 years. Stock options exercisable at December 31, 2014 had an aggregate intrinsic value of approximately $85 million and an average remaining contractual life of 4.7 years. Stock options outstanding at December 31, 2013 had an aggregate intrinsic value of approximately $79 million and an average remaining contractual life of 5.8 years. Stock options exercisable at December 31, 2013 had an aggregate intrinsic value of approximately $72 million and an average remaining contractual life of 4.8 years.
In addition to stock options, the Company awards shares of restricted common stock (“restricted shares”) andhas granted restricted stock units (“restricted units”RSUs”) to certain key employees. The restricted shares and restricted units issued under the planRSUs are subject to cliff vesting, generally after three to five years provided the employee remains in the service of the Company. ExpenseCompensation expense is generally recognized on a straight-line basis for all awards over the employee’s vesting period taking into account an estimatedor over a one-year required service period for certain retirement eligible executive level employees. The Company estimates a forfeiture rate.rate at the time of grant and updates the estimate throughout the vesting of the RSUs within the amount of compensation costs recognized in each period. The fair value of the restricted stock and restricted unitsRSUs is determined based upon the number of shares granted and the quoted market price of the Company’s common stock at the date of the grant.
94
The following table summarizes restricted share and restricted unitRSU activity for the last three years:year:
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||
|
|
|
| Weighted | ||||||||||||
|
| Number of |
| Average | ||||||||||||
|
| Restricted |
| Fair Value | ||||||||||||
(shares in thousands) |
| Number of |
| Weighted |
| Number of |
| Weighted |
|
| Shares |
| per Share | |||
Non-vested at December 31, 2011 |
| 136 |
| $ | 30.69 |
| 235 |
| $ | 44.24 |
| |||||
Non-vested at December 31, 2016 |
| 429 |
| $ | 81.04 | |||||||||||
Granted |
| — |
| — |
| 174 |
| 55.69 |
|
| 125 |
|
| 119.54 | ||
Vested |
| (37 | ) | 33.73 |
| (9 | ) | 37.57 |
|
| (148) |
|
| 65.03 | ||
Cancelled |
| (4 | ) | 25.58 |
| (15 | ) | 44.95 |
|
| (19) |
|
| 95.17 | ||
Non-vested at December 31, 2012 |
| 95 |
| $ | 29.69 |
| 385 |
| $ | 49.77 |
| |||||
Granted |
| — |
| — |
| 144 |
| 66.27 |
| |||||||
Vested |
| (33 | ) | 34.02 |
| (17 | ) | 46.82 |
| |||||||
Cancelled |
| (14 | ) | 31.25 |
| (43 | ) | 54.93 |
| |||||||
Non-vested at December 31, 2013 |
| 48 |
| $ | 26.25 |
| 469 |
| $ | 54.47 |
| |||||
Granted |
| — |
| — |
| 161 |
| 61.50 |
| |||||||
Vested |
| (31 | ) | 25.35 |
| (168 | ) | 48.16 |
| |||||||
Cancelled |
| (1 | ) | 28.75 |
| (28 | ) | 53.27 |
| |||||||
Non-vested at December 31, 2014 |
| 16 |
| $ | 27.94 |
| 434 |
| $ | 59.61 |
| |||||
Non-vested at December 31, 2017 |
| 387 |
| $ | 100.13 |
The total fair value of restricted unitsRSUs that vested in 2014, 20132017, 2016, and 20122015 was $8$18 million, $1$15 million, and $0.3$13 million, respectively. Restricted shares with a total fair value of $1 million vested in each of 2014, 2013 and 2012.
At December 31, 2014,2017, the total remaining unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted unitsRSUs was $11$13 million which will be amortized on a weighted-average basis over approximately 1.91.7 years. Unrecognized compensation cost related to restricted shares was insignificant at December 31, 2014. Recognized compensation cost related to unvested restrictedRSUs is included in share-based payments subject to redemption in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and totaled $25 million and $21 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Performance Shares: The Company has a long-term incentive plan for senior management in the form of performance shares. The ultimate payments for performance shares awarded and vested will be based solely on the Company’s stock performance as compared to the stock performance of its peer group. The number of shares that ultimately vest can range from zero to 200 percent of the awarded grant depending on the Company’s stock performance as compared to the stock performance of the peer group. The share award vesting will be calculated at the end of the three-year period and restricted stock unitare subject to approval by management and the Compensation Committee. Compensation expense is based on the fair value of the performance shares at the grant date, established using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The total compensation expense for these awards is amortized over a three-year graded vesting schedule.
The Company awarded 38 thousand, 44 thousand, and 47 thousand performance shares in 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. The weighted average fair value of the shares granted during 2017, 2016, and 2015 was $114.08, $131.34, and $77.54, respectively.
The 2014 performance share award vested in February 2017, achieving a 200 percent pay out of the grant, or 115 thousand total vested shares. As of December 31, 2017, the performance awards granted in 2017, 2016, and 2015 are estimated to pay out at 127 percent, 175 percent, and 200 percent, respectively. There were three thousand shares cancelled during the year ended December 31, 2017.
As of December 31, 2017, the unrecognized compensation cost relating to these plans was $3 million, which will be amortized over the remaining requisite service periods of 1.7 years. Recognized compensation cost related to these unvested awards is included in share-based payments subject to redemption in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and totaled $16$11 million and $17$9 million at December 31, 20142017 and 2013,2016, respectively.
Other share-based awards under the SIP:
Under the compensation agreement with the Board of Directors, at least$110,000 of a director’s annual retainer and 50 percent of a director’s compensation isthe additional retainers paid to the Lead Director and the Chairmen of committees of the Board of Directors are awarded in shares of common stock or restricted units based on each director’s electionelections to receive his or her compensation or a portion thereof in the form of restricted units. These restricted units vest immediately, butand the director is allowed to either receive these shares immediately or defer them. Deferred shares cannot be transferred until a date not less than six months after the director’s termination of service from the board at which time the restricted units will be settled by delivering shares of common stock. The compensation expense relating to this plan included in the Consolidated Statements of Income did not exceedwas approximately $1 million in 2014, 2013 or 2012.2017, 2016, and 2015. At December 31, 2014,2017, there were approximately 183,000182 thousand restricted units outstanding under this plan at a carrying value of approximately $7$11 million.
95
The Company has a long-term incentive plan for officers in the form of performance shares. The ultimate payments for performance shares awarded in 2012, 2013 and 2014 to be paid in 2015, 2016 and 2017 will be based solely on the Company’s stock performance as compared to the stock performance of a peer group. Compensation expense is based on the fair value of the performance shares at the grant date, established using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The total compensation expense for these awards is amortized over a three-year service period. As of December 31, 2014, the unrecognized compensation cost relating to these plans was $3 million, which will be amortized over the remaining requisite service periods of 1 to 2 years. Recognized compensation cost related to these unvested awards is included in share-based payments subject to redemption in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and totaled $6 million and $7 million at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss:
A summary of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2012, 20132015, 2016 and 20142017 is presented below:
(in millions) |
| Cumulative |
| Deferred |
| Pension/ |
| Unrealized |
| Accumulated |
| |||||
Balance, December 31, 2011 |
| $ | (306 | ) | $ | (35 | ) | $ | (70 | ) | $ | (2 | ) | $ | (413 | ) |
Gains on cash-flow hedges, net of income tax effect of $25 |
|
|
| 43 |
|
|
|
|
| 43 |
| |||||
Amount of gains on cash-flow hedges reclassified to earnings, net of income tax effect of $15 |
|
|
| (25 | ) |
|
|
|
| (25 | ) | |||||
Actuarial losses on pension and other postretirement obligations, settlements and plan amendments, net of income tax effect of $27 |
|
|
|
|
| (56 | ) |
|
| (56 | ) | |||||
Losses related to pension and other postretirement obligations reclassified to earnings, net of income tax effect of $2 |
|
|
|
|
| 5 |
|
|
| 5 |
| |||||
Currency translation adjustment |
| (29 | ) |
|
|
|
|
|
| (29 | ) | |||||
Balance, December 31, 2012 |
| $ | (335 | ) | $ | (17 | ) | $ | (121 | ) | $ | (2 | ) | $ | (475 | ) |
Losses on cash-flow hedges, net of income tax effect of $29 |
|
|
| (64 | ) |
|
|
|
| (64 | ) | |||||
Amount of losses on cash-flow hedges reclassified to earnings, net of income tax effect of $19 |
|
|
| 41 |
|
|
|
|
| 41 |
| |||||
Actuarial gains on pension and other postretirement obligations, settlements and plan amendments, net of income tax effect of $32 |
|
|
|
|
| 63 |
|
|
| 63 |
| |||||
Losses related to pension and other postretirement obligations reclassified to earnings, net of income tax of $3 |
|
|
|
|
| 5 |
|
|
| 5 |
| |||||
Unrealized gain on investment, net of income tax effect |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
| 1 |
| |||||
Currency translation adjustment |
| (154 | ) |
|
|
|
|
|
| (154 | ) | |||||
Balance, December 31, 2013 |
| $ | (489 | ) | $ | (40 | ) | $ | (53 | ) | $ | (1 | ) | $ | (583 | ) |
Losses on cash-flow hedges, net of income tax effect of $12 |
|
|
| (29 | ) |
|
|
|
| (29 | ) | |||||
Amount of losses on cash-flow hedges reclassified to earnings, net of income tax effect of $23 |
|
|
| 50 |
|
|
|
|
| 50 |
| |||||
Actuarial losses on pension and other postretirement obligations, settlements and plan amendments, net of income tax effect of $5 |
|
|
|
|
| (12 | ) |
|
| (12 | ) | |||||
Losses related to pension and other postretirement obligations reclassified to earnings, net of income tax effect of $1 |
|
|
|
|
| 4 |
|
|
| 4 |
| |||||
Currency translation adjustment |
| (212 | ) |
|
|
|
|
|
| (212 | ) | |||||
Balance, December 31, 2014 |
| $ | (701 | ) | $ | (19 | ) | $ | (61 | ) | $ | (1 | ) | $ | (782 | ) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Deferred |
|
|
|
| Unrealized |
| Accumulated |
| |||
|
| Cumulative |
| (Loss) Gain |
| Pension and |
| (Loss) |
| Other |
| |||||
|
| Translation |
| on Hedging |
| Postretirement |
| Gain on |
| Comprehensive |
| |||||
(in millions) |
| Adjustment |
| Activities |
| Adjustment |
| Investment |
| (Loss) Gain |
| |||||
Balance, December 31, 2014 |
| $ | (701) |
| $ | (19) |
| $ | (61) |
| $ | (1) |
| $ | (782) |
|
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassification adjustments |
|
| (324) |
|
| (61) |
|
| 18 |
|
| — |
|
| (367) |
|
Amount reclassified from accumulated OCI |
|
| — |
|
| 46 |
|
| 1 |
|
| — |
|
| 47 |
|
Tax benefit (provision) |
|
| — |
|
| 5 |
|
| (5) |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
Net other comprehensive (loss) income |
|
| (324) |
|
| (10) |
|
| 14 |
|
| — |
|
| (320) |
|
Balance, December 31, 2015 |
|
| (1,025) |
|
| (29) |
|
| (47) |
|
| (1) |
|
| (1,102) |
|
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments |
|
| 17 |
|
| (17) |
|
| (14) |
|
| 1 |
|
| (13) |
|
Amount reclassified from accumulated OCI |
|
| — |
|
| 49 |
|
| 1 |
|
| — |
|
| 50 |
|
Tax (provision) benefit |
|
| — |
|
| (10) |
|
| 4 |
|
| — |
|
| (6) |
|
Net other comprehensive income (loss) |
|
| 17 |
|
| 22 |
|
| (9) |
|
| 1 |
|
| 31 |
|
Balance, December 31, 2016 |
|
| (1,008) |
|
| (7) |
|
| (56) |
|
| — |
|
| (1,071) |
|
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification adjustments |
|
| 57 |
|
| (16) |
|
| 8 |
|
| 3 |
|
| 52 |
|
Amount reclassified from accumulated OCI |
|
| — |
|
| 6 |
|
| (2) |
|
| — |
|
| 4 |
|
Tax benefit (provision) |
|
| — |
|
| 4 |
|
| (1) |
|
| (1) |
|
| 2 |
|
Net other comprehensive income (loss) |
|
| 57 |
|
| (6) |
|
| 5 |
|
| 2 |
|
| 58 |
|
Balance, December 31, 2017 |
| $ | (951) |
| $ | (13) |
| $ | (51) |
| $ | 2 |
| $ | (1,013) |
|
The following table provides detail pertaining to reclassifications from AOCI into net income for the periods presented:
Details about AOCI Components |
| Amount Reclassified from AOCI |
| Affected Line Item in |
| |||||||
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
|
|
| |||
Gains (losses) on cash-flow hedges: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Commodity and foreign currency contracts |
| $ | (70 | ) | $ | (57 | ) | $ | 43 |
| Cost of sales |
|
Interest rate contracts |
| (3 | ) | (3 | ) | (3 | ) | Financing costs, net |
| |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
Losses related to pension and other postretirement obligations |
| (5 | ) | (8 | ) | (7 | ) |
| (a) | |||
Total before tax reclassifications |
| $ | (78 | ) | $ | (68 | ) | $ | 33 |
|
|
|
Income tax (expense) benefit |
| 24 |
| 22 |
| (13 | ) |
|
| |||
Total after-tax reclassifications |
| $ | (54 | ) | $ | (46 | ) | $ | 20 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Affected Line Item in | |||||||
|
| Amount Reclassified from AOCI |
| Consolidated | |||||||
(in millions) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| Statements of Income | |||
Gains (losses) on cash flow hedges: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Commodity contracts |
| $ | (5) |
| $ | (45) |
| $ | (43) |
| Cost of sales |
Foreign currency contracts |
|
| 1 |
|
| (2) |
|
| — |
| Net sales/Cost of sales |
Interest rate contracts |
|
| (2) |
|
| (2) |
|
| (3) |
| Financing costs, net |
Gains (losses) related to pension and other postretirement obligations |
|
| 2 |
|
| (1) |
|
| (1) |
| (a) |
Total before-tax reclassifications |
|
| (4) |
|
| (50) |
|
| (47) |
|
|
Tax benefit |
|
| 1 |
|
| 16 |
|
| 14 |
|
|
Total after-tax reclassifications |
| $ | (3) |
| $ | (34) |
| $ | (33) |
|
|
(a) This component is included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost and affects both cost of sales and SG&A
(a) | This component is included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost and affects both cost of sales and operating expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income. |
96
The following table provides the computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share (“EPS”) for the periods presented.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
|
| Year ended December 31, |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
| Net Income |
|
|
|
|
| Net Income |
|
|
|
|
| Net Income |
|
|
|
|
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| ||||||||||||||||||
|
| Available |
| Weighted |
|
|
| Available |
| Weighted |
|
|
| Available |
| Weighted |
|
|
|
| Net Income |
| Weighted |
| Per |
| Net Income |
| Weighted |
| Per |
| Net Income |
| Weighted |
| Per |
| ||||||
|
| to Ingredion |
| Average Shares |
| Per Share |
| to Ingredion |
| Average Shares |
| Per Share |
| to Ingredion |
| Average Shares |
| Per Share |
|
| Available |
| Average |
| Share |
| Available |
| Average |
| Share |
| Available |
| Average |
| Share |
| ||||||
(in millions, except per share amounts) |
| (Numerator) |
| (Denominator) |
| Amount |
| (Numerator) |
| (Denominator) |
| Amount |
| (Numerator) |
| (Denominator) |
| Amount |
|
| to Ingredion |
| Shares |
| Amount |
| to Ingredion |
| Shares |
| Amount |
| to Ingredion |
| Shares |
| Amount |
| ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||
Basic EPS |
| $ | 354.9 |
| 73.6 |
| $ | 4.82 |
| $ | 395.7 |
| 77.0 |
| $ | 5.14 |
| $ | 427.5 |
| 76.5 |
| $ | 5.59 |
|
| $ 519 |
| 72.0 |
| $ 7.21 |
| $ 485 |
| 72.3 |
| $ 6.70 |
| $ 402 |
| 71.6 |
| $ 5.62 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||
Effect of Dilutive Securities: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Incremental shares from assumed exercise of dilutive stock options and vesting of dilutive RSUs, RSAs and other awards |
|
|
| 1.3 |
|
|
|
|
| 1.3 |
|
|
|
|
| 1.7 |
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Incremental shares from assumed exercise of dilutive stock options and vesting of dilutive RSUs and other awards |
|
|
| 1.5 |
|
|
|
|
| 1.8 |
|
|
|
|
| 1.4 |
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||
Diluted EPS |
| $ | 354.9 |
| 74.9 |
| $ | 4.74 |
| $ | 395.7 |
| 78.3 |
| $ | 5.05 |
| $ | 427.5 |
| 78.2 |
| $ | 5.47 |
|
| $ 519 |
| 73.5 |
| $ 7.06 |
| $ 485 |
| 74.1 |
| $ 6.55 |
| $ 402 |
| 73.0 |
| $ 5.51 |
|
NOTE 12 -13 – Segment Information
The Company is principally engaged in the production and sale of starches and sweeteners for a wide range of industries, and is managed geographically on a regional basis. The Company’s operations are classified into four reportable business segments: North America, South America, Asia Pacific, and Europe, Middle East, and Africa (“EMEA”). Its North America segment includes businesses in the United States,U.S., Canada, and Mexico. The Company’s South America segment includes businesses in Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador, and the Southern Cone of South America, which includes Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay. Its Asia Pacific segment includes businesses in South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, China, Japan, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, India, Australia, and New Zealand. The Company’s EMEA segment includes businesses in the United Kingdom, Germany, South Africa, Pakistan, and Kenya. The Company does not aggregate its operating segments when determining its reportable segments. Net sales by product are not presented because to do so would be impracticable.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in millions) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| |||
Net sales to unaffiliated customers: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
North America |
| $ | 3,529 |
| $ | 3,447 |
| $ | 3,345 |
|
South America |
|
| 1,007 |
|
| 1,010 |
|
| 1,013 |
|
Asia Pacific |
|
| 740 |
|
| 709 |
|
| 733 |
|
EMEA |
|
| 556 |
|
| 538 |
|
| 530 |
|
Total |
| $ | 5,832 |
| $ | 5,704 |
| $ | 5,621 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating income: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
North America |
| $ | 661 |
| $ | 610 |
| $ | 479 |
|
South America |
|
| 80 |
|
| 89 |
|
| 101 |
|
Asia Pacific |
|
| 112 |
|
| 111 |
|
| 107 |
|
EMEA |
|
| 113 |
|
| 106 |
|
| 93 |
|
Corporate (a) |
|
| (82) |
|
| (86) |
|
| (75) |
|
Subtotal |
|
| 884 |
|
| 830 |
|
| 705 |
|
Restructuring/impairment charges (b) |
|
| (38) |
|
| (19) |
|
| (28) |
|
Acquisition/integration costs |
|
| (4) |
|
| (3) |
|
| (10) |
|
Charge for fair value markup of acquired inventory |
|
| (9) |
|
| — |
|
| (10) |
|
Insurance settlement |
|
| 9 |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
Litigation settlement |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| (7) |
|
Gain from land sale |
|
| — |
|
| — |
|
| 10 |
|
Total operating income |
|
| 842 |
|
| 808 |
|
| 660 |
|
Financing costs, net |
|
| 73 |
|
| 66 |
|
| 61 |
|
Income before income taxes |
| $ | 769 |
| $ | 742 |
| $ | 599 |
|
97
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
| |||
Net sales to unaffiliated customers: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
North America |
| $ | 3,093 |
| $ | 3,647 |
| $ | 3,741 |
|
South America |
| 1,203 |
| 1,334 |
| 1,462 |
| |||
Asia Pacific |
| 794 |
| 805 |
| 816 |
| |||
EMEA |
| 578 |
| 542 |
| 513 |
| |||
Total |
| $ | 5,668 |
| $ | 6,328 |
| $ | 6,532 |
|
Operating income: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
North America |
| $ | 375 |
| $ | 401 |
| $ | 408 |
|
South America |
| 108 |
| 116 |
| 198 |
| |||
Asia Pacific |
| 103 |
| 97 |
| 95 |
| |||
EMEA (a) |
| 95 |
| 74 |
| 78 |
| |||
Corporate (b) |
| (65 | ) | (75 | ) | (78 | ) | |||
Subtotal |
| 616 |
| 613 |
| 701 |
| |||
Impairment / restructuring charges (c) |
| (33 | ) | — |
| (36 | ) | |||
Acquisition / integration costs |
| (2 | ) | — |
| (4 | ) | |||
Gain from change in benefit plans |
| — |
| — |
| 5 |
| |||
Gain from land sale |
| — |
| — |
| 2 |
| |||
Total |
| $ | 581 |
| $ | 613 |
| $ | 668 |
|
Total assets: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
North America |
| $ | 2,907 |
| $ | 3,008 |
| $ | 3,116 |
|
South America |
| 923 |
| 1,088 |
| 1,230 |
| |||
Asia Pacific |
| 711 |
| 711 |
| 730 |
| |||
EMEA |
| 550 |
| 553 |
| 516 |
| |||
Total |
| $ | 5,091 |
| $ | 5,360 |
| $ | 5,592 |
|
Depreciation and amortization: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
North America |
| $ | 111 |
| $ | 112 |
| $ | 130 |
|
South America |
| 38 |
| 41 |
| 44 |
| |||
Asia Pacific |
| 26 |
| 25 |
| 24 |
| |||
EMEA |
| 20 |
| 16 |
| 13 |
| |||
Total |
| $ | 195 |
| $ | 194 |
| $ | 211 |
|
Capital expenditures: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||
North America |
| $ | 130 |
| $ | 141 |
| $ | 162 |
|
South America |
| 90 |
| 76 |
| 75 |
| |||
Asia Pacific |
| 30 |
| 28 |
| 33 |
| |||
EMEA |
| 26 |
| 53 |
| 43 |
| |||
Total |
| $ | 276 |
| $ | 298 |
| $ | 313 |
|
(a) | For 2015, includes $4 million of expense relating to a tax indemnification agreement with offsetting income of $4 million recorded in the provision for income taxes (see Note 9). |
(b) | For 2017, includes $17 million of employee-related severance and other costs associated with the restructuring in Argentina, $13 million of restructuring of related to our leaf extraction process in Brazil, $6 million of employee-related severance and other costs associated with the Finance Transformation initiative, and $2 million of other restructuring charges including employee-related severance costs in North America and a refinement of estimates for prior year restructuring activities. For 2016, includes $11 million of employee-related severance and other costs associated with the execution of IT outsourcing contracts, $6 million of employee-related severance costs associated with our optimization initiative in North America and South America, and $2 million of costs attributable to the Port Colborne plant sale. For 2015, includes $12 million of charges for impaired assets and restructuring costs in Brazil, $12 million of restructuring costs associated with the Penford acquisition, and $4 million of restructuring costs in Canada. |
(a) For 2014, includes a $3 million gain from the sale of an idled plant in Kenya.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| As of December 31, |
| ||||
(in millions) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| ||
Total assets: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
North America (a) |
| $ | 3,967 |
| $ | 3,796 |
|
South America |
|
| 812 |
|
| 809 |
|
Asia Pacific |
|
| 774 |
|
| 697 |
|
EMEA |
|
| 527 |
|
| 480 |
|
Total |
| $ | 6,080 |
| $ | 5,782 |
|
| (a) | For purposes of presentation, North America includes Corporate assets. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in millions) |
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 | |||
Depreciation and amortization: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
North America (a) |
| $ | 140 |
| $ | 130 |
| $ | 123 |
South America |
|
| 27 |
|
| 26 |
|
| 30 |
Asia Pacific |
|
| 25 |
|
| 23 |
|
| 23 |
EMEA |
|
| 17 |
|
| 17 |
|
| 18 |
Total |
| $ | 209 |
| $ | 196 |
| $ | 194 |
Mechanical stores expense (b): |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
North America (a) |
| $ | 37 |
| $ | 37 |
| $ | 36 |
South America |
|
| 12 |
|
| 12 |
|
| 13 |
Asia Pacific |
|
| 5 |
|
| 5 |
|
| 5 |
EMEA |
|
| 3 |
|
| 3 |
|
| 3 |
Total |
| $ | 57 |
| $ | 57 |
| $ | 57 |
Capital expenditures and mechanical stores purchases: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
North America (a) |
| $ | 180 |
| $ | 167 |
| $ | 158 |
South America |
|
| 50 |
|
| 56 |
|
| 61 |
Asia Pacific |
|
| 51 |
|
| 41 |
|
| 36 |
EMEA |
|
| 33 |
|
| 20 |
|
| 25 |
Total |
| $ | 314 |
| $ | 284 |
| $ | 280 |
(a) | For purposes of presentation, North America includes Corporate activities of depreciation, amortization, capital expenditures, and mechanical stores purchase, respectively. |
(a) | Represents spare parts used in the production process. Such spare parts are recorded in PP&E as part of machinery and equipment until they are utilized in the manufacturing process and expensed as a period cost. |
(c) For 2014, includes a $33 million write-off of impaired goodwill in the Southern Cone of South America. For 2012, includes $20 million of charges for impaired assets and restructuring costs in Kenya, $11 million of charges to write-down certain equipment as part of the Company’s North American manufacturing optimization plan and $5 million of charges for impaired assets in China and Colombia.
98
The following table presents net sales to unaffiliated customers by country of origin for the last three years:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
|
| Net Sales |
|
| Net Sales |
| ||||||||||||||
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 |
| 2015 |
| ||||||
United States |
| $ | 1,681 |
| $ | 1,970 |
| $ | 2,035 |
| ||||||||||
U.S. |
| $ | 2,191 |
| $ | 2,117 |
| $ | 1,983 |
| ||||||||||
Mexico |
| 955 |
| 1,130 |
| 1,143 |
|
|
| 952 |
|
| 955 |
|
| 945 |
| |||
Brazil |
| 591 |
| 670 |
| 731 |
|
|
| 519 |
|
| 522 |
|
| 452 |
| |||
Canada |
| 457 |
| 547 |
| 564 |
|
|
| 385 |
|
| 375 |
|
| 417 |
| |||
Korea |
| 295 |
| 301 |
| 306 |
|
|
| 275 |
|
| 266 |
|
| 276 |
| |||
Argentina |
| 262 |
| 305 |
| 356 |
| |||||||||||||
Others |
| 1,427 |
| 1,405 |
| 1,397 |
|
|
| 1,510 |
|
| 1,469 |
|
| 1,548 |
| |||
Total |
| $ | 5,668 |
| $ | 6,328 |
| $ | 6,532 |
|
| $ | 5,832 |
| $ | 5,704 |
| $ | 5,621 |
|
The following table presents long-lived assets (excluding intangible assets and deferred income taxes) by country at December 31:
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||||||||
|
| Long-lived Assets |
|
| Long-lived Assets | |||||||||||
(in millions) |
| 2014 |
| 2013 |
| 2012 |
|
| 2017 |
| 2016 | |||||
United States |
| $ | 809 |
| $ | 822 |
| $ | 824 |
| ||||||
U.S. |
| $ | 977 |
| $ | 955 | ||||||||||
Mexico |
| 296 |
| 296 |
| 290 |
|
|
| 306 |
|
| 303 | |||
Brazil |
| 294 |
| 321 |
| 346 |
|
|
| 235 |
|
| 245 | |||
Canada |
| 154 |
| 181 |
| 199 |
|
|
| 179 |
|
| 147 | |||
Thailand |
|
| 137 |
|
| 119 | ||||||||||
Germany |
| 133 |
| 151 |
| 114 |
|
|
| 133 |
|
| 106 | |||
Thailand |
| 105 |
| 112 |
| 117 |
| |||||||||
Korea |
| 88 |
| 91 |
| 90 |
|
|
| 109 |
|
| 84 | |||
Argentina |
| 82 |
| 92 |
| 111 |
| |||||||||
Others |
| 214 |
| 219 |
| 234 |
|
|
| 284 |
|
| 278 | |||
Total |
| $ | 2,175 |
| $ | 2,285 |
| $ | 2,325 |
|
| $ | 2,360 |
| $ | 2,237 |
NOTE 13 —14 – Commitments and Contingencies
As previously reported, on April 22, 2011, Western Sugar and two other sugar companies filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California against the Corn Refiners Association (“CRA”) and certain of its member companies, including the Company, alleging false and/or misleading statements relating to high fructose corn syrup in violation of the Lanham Act and California’s unfair competition law. The complaint seeks injunctive relief and unspecified damages. On May 23, 2011, the plaintiffs amended the complaint to add additional plaintiffs, among other reasons.
On July 1, 2011, the CRA and the member companies in the case filed a motion to dismiss the first amended complaint on multiple grounds. On October 21, 2011, the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California dismissed all Federal and state claims against the Company and the other members of the CRA, with leave for the plaintiffs to amend their complaint, and also dismissed all state law claims against the CRA.
The state law claims against the CRA were dismissed pursuant to a California law known as the anti-SLAPP (Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation) statute, which, according to the court’s opinion, allows early dismissal of meritless first amendment cases aimed at chilling expression through costly, time-consuming litigation. The court held that the CRA’s statements were protected speech made in a public forum in connection with an issue of public interest (high fructose corn syrup). Under the anti-SLAPP statute, the CRA is entitled to recover its attorney’s fees and costs from the plaintiffs.
On November 18, 2011, the plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint against certain of the CRA member companies, including the Company, seeking to reinstate the federal law claims, but not the state law claims, against certain of the CRA member companies, including us. On December 16, 2011, the CRA member companies filed a motion to dismiss the second amended complaint on multiple grounds. On July 31, 2012, the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California denied the motion to dismiss for all CRA member companies other than Roquette America, Inc.
On September 4, 2012, the Company and the other CRA member companies that remain defendants in the case filed an answer to the plaintiffs’ second amended complaint that, among other things, added a counterclaim against the Sugar
Association. The counterclaim alleges that the Sugar Association has made false and misleading statements that processed sugar differs from high fructose corn syrup in ways that are beneficial to consumers’ health (i.e., that consumers will be healthier if they consume foods and beverages containing processed sugar instead of high fructose corn syrup). The counterclaim, which was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, seeks injunctive relief and unspecified damages. Although the counterclaim was initially only filed against the Sugar Association, the Company and the other CRA member companies that remain defendants in the Western Sugar case have reserved the right to add other plaintiffs to the counterclaim in the future.
On October 29, 2012, the Sugar Association and the other plaintiffs filed a motion to dismiss the counterclaim and certain related portions of the defendants’ answer, each on multiple grounds. On December 10, 2012, the remaining member companies which are defendants in the case responded to the motion to dismiss the counterclaim. On January 14, 2013, the plaintiffs filed a reply to the defendants’ response to the motion to dismiss. On September 16, 2013, the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California denied the motion to dismiss the counterclaim, which entitles the Company and the other CRA member companies to continue to pursue the counterclaim against the Sugar Association and the other plaintiffs.
On May 23, 2014, the defendants asked the court for leave to amend their counterclaim to add the individual sugar companies as counterclaim defendants. The motion for leave to amend was denied by the court on August 4, 2014 and this decision is in the process of being appealed by the defendants. On August 26, 2014, each of the Company and Tate & Lyle filed motions to disqualify the plaintiffs’ lead counsel, Squire Patton Boggs, due to a conflict of interest arising from Squire Sanders’ merger with Patton Boggs, a firm which represents each of the Company and Tate & Lyle. In addition, on August 26, 2014, the defendants filed two separate motions for summary judgment, one on the issue of liability and the other on the issue of damages, and the plaintiffs filed a motion for summary judgment with respect to the defendants’ counterclaim.
The motion to disqualify the plaintiff’s attorneys was argued before the court on both November 13 and November 25, 2014. On February 13, 2015, the court granted the Company’s and Tate & Lyle’s motions to dismiss Squire Patton Boggs due to a conflict of interest. The schedule for arguing the summary judgment motions and the pre-trial conference have been delayed until May 5, 2015 while the plaintiffs seek replacement counsel in the case.
The Company continues to believe that the second amended complaint is without merit and intends to vigorously defend this case. In addition, the Company intends to vigorously pursue its rights in connection with the counterclaim.
In the ordinary course of business, the Company enters into purchase commitments principally related to power supply and raw material sourcing. Such agreements, including take or pay contracts, help to provide the Company with adequate supply of power and raw material at certain of our facilities. The Company would be subject to liquidated damages in the unlikely event that it did not fulfill such commitments.
The Company is alsoa party to a large number of labor claims relating to itsour Brazilian operations. The Company has reserved an aggregate of approximately $5 million as of December 31, 20142017, in respect of these claims. These labor claims primarily relate to dismissals, severance, health and safety, work schedules, and salary adjustments.
The Company is currently subject to various other claims and suits arising in the ordinary course of business, including certain environmental proceedings and product liabilityother commercial claims. The Company also routinely receives inquiries from regulators and other government authorities relating to various aspects of its business, including with respect to compliance with laws and regulations relating to the environment, and at any given time, the Company has matters at various stages of resolution with the applicable governmental authorities. The outcomes of these matters are not within the Company’s complete control and may not be known for prolonged periods of time. The Company does not believe that the results of suchcurrently known legal proceedings and inquires, even if unfavorable to the Company, will be material to the Company. There can be no assurance, however, that such claims, suits or suitsinvestigations or those arising in the future, whether taken individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.
99
Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
Summarized quarterly financial data is as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||
(in millions, except per share amounts) |
| 1st QTR |
| 2nd QTR |
| 3rd QTR |
| 4th QTR * |
|
| 1st QTR (a) |
| 2nd QTR (b) |
| 3rd QTR (c) |
| 4th QTR (d) |
| ||||||||
2014 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||
2017 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |||||||||||||
Net sales before shipping and handling costs |
| $ | 1,435 |
| $ | 1,568 |
| $ | 1,545 |
| $ | 1,450 |
|
| $ | 1,537 |
| $ | 1,542 |
| $ | 1,574 |
| $ | 1,527 |
|
Less: shipping and handling costs |
| 78 |
| 85 |
| 85 |
| 82 |
|
|
| 84 |
|
| 85 |
|
| 89 |
|
| 90 |
| ||||
Net sales |
| $ | 1,357 |
| $ | 1,483 |
| $ | 1,460 |
| $ | 1,368 |
|
|
| 1,453 |
|
| 1,457 |
|
| 1,485 |
|
| 1,437 |
|
Gross profit |
| 250 |
| 296 |
| 298 |
| 272 |
|
|
| 352 |
|
| 373 |
|
| 388 |
|
| 360 |
| ||||
Net income attributable to Ingredion |
| 73 |
| 103 |
| 119 |
| 61 |
|
|
| 124 |
|
| 130 |
|
| 166 |
|
| 99 |
| ||||
Basic earnings per common share of Ingredion |
| $ | 0.97 |
| $ | 1.37 |
| $ | 1.62 |
| $ | 0.85 |
|
|
| 1.72 |
|
| 1.81 |
|
| 2.31 |
|
| 1.37 |
|
Diluted earnings per common share of Ingredion |
| $ | 0.96 |
| $ | 1.35 |
| $ | 1.60 |
| $ | 0.83 |
|
|
| 1.68 |
|
| 1.78 |
|
| 2.26 |
|
| 1.35 |
|
Per share dividends declared |
| $ | 0.50 |
| $ | 0.50 |
| $ | 0.60 |
| $ | 0.60 |
|
(in millions, except per share amounts) |
| 1st QTR |
| 2nd QTR |
| 3rd QTR |
| 4th QTR |
| ||||
2013 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ||||
Net sales before shipping and handling costs |
| $ | 1,662 |
| $ | 1,715 |
| $ | 1,696 |
| $ | 1,579 |
|
Less: shipping and handling costs |
| 78 |
| 82 |
| 84 |
| 80 |
| ||||
Net sales |
| $ | 1,584 |
| $ | 1,633 |
| $ | 1,612 |
| $ | 1,499 |
|
Gross profit |
| 306 |
| 276 |
| 259 |
| 291 |
| ||||
Net income attributable to Ingredion |
| 111 |
| 95 |
| 86 |
| 104 |
| ||||
Basic earnings per common share of Ingredion |
| $ | 1.43 |
| $ | 1.22 |
| $ | 1.12 |
| $ | 1.37 |
|
Diluted earnings per common share of Ingredion |
| $ | 1.41 |
| $ | 1.20 |
| $ | 1.10 |
| $ | 1.35 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in millions, except per share amounts) |
| 1st QTR (e) |
| 2nd QTR (f) |
| 3rd QTR (g) |
| 4th QTR (h) |
| ||||
2016 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net sales before shipping and handling costs |
| $ | 1,434 |
| $ | 1,533 |
| $ | 1,569 |
| $ | 1,484 |
|
Less: shipping and handling costs |
|
| 74 |
|
| 78 |
|
| 80 |
|
| 85 |
|
Net sales |
|
| 1,360 |
|
| 1,455 |
|
| 1,489 |
|
| 1,399 |
|
Gross profit |
|
| 339 |
|
| 355 |
|
| 369 |
|
| 339 |
|
Net income attributable to Ingredion |
|
| 130 |
|
| 117 |
|
| 143 |
|
| 94 |
|
Basic earnings per common share of Ingredion |
|
| 1.81 |
|
| 1.62 |
|
| 1.98 |
|
| 1.29 |
|
Diluted earnings per common share of Ingredion |
|
| 1.77 |
|
| 1.58 |
|
| 1.93 |
|
| 1.26 |
|
Per share dividends declared |
| $ | 0.45 |
| $ | 0.45 |
| $ | 0.50 |
| $ | 0.50 |
|
* Fourth quarter 2014 includes a write-off of impaired goodwill in the Southern Cone of South America of $33 million ($0.44 per diluted common share) and $2 million of costs ($1 million after-tax, or $0.02 per diluted common share) related to the pending Penford acquisition.
(a) | In the first quarter of 2017, the Company recorded $11 million in after-tax, net restructuring costs, $3 million in after-tax non-cash inventory charges related to the TIC acquisition, and $1 million in after-tax acquisition and integration costs. |
(b) | In the second quarter of 2017, the Company recorded $5 million in after-tax, net restructuring costs and $3 million in after-tax, non-cash inventory charges. |
(c) | In the third quarter of 2017, the Company recorded a $10 million gain related to an income tax settlement, $5 million in after-tax, net restructuring costs, and $1 million in after-tax acquisition and integration costs. |
(d) | In the fourth quarter of 2017, the Company recorded a $23 million after-tax charge related to the enactment of the TCJA, $10 million in after-tax, net restructuring costs, a $6 million after-tax gain related to insurance settlement, and $1 million in after-tax acquisition and integration costs. |
(e) | In the first quarter of 2016, the Company recorded $1 million in after-tax acquisition and integration costs. |
(f) | In the second quarter of 2016, the Company recorded $10 million in after-tax, net restructuring costs. |
(g) | In the third quarter of 2016, the Company recorded $2 million in after-tax, net restructuring costs. |
(h) | In the fourth quarter of 2016, the Company recorded a $27 million charge related to an income tax settlement, $2 million in after-tax, net restructuring charges, and $1 million in after-tax acquisition and integration costs. |
ITEM 9.CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
100
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2014.2017. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (a) are effective in providing reasonable assurance that all material information required to be filed in this report has been recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (b) are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
In the first quarter of 2017, we acquired Sun Flour in Thailand. In conducting our evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, we have elected to exclude Sun Flour from our evaluation as of December 31, 2017, as permitted by the Securities and Exchange Commission. We are currently in the process of evaluating and integrating the acquired operations, processes, and internal controls. See Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the acquisitions. There have been no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 20142017, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. This system of internal controls is designed to provide reasonable assurance that assets are safeguarded and transactions are properly recorded and executed in accordance with management’s authorization.
Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:
| 1. | Pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets. |
| 2. | Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S., and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors. |
| 3. | Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements. |
Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting based on the framework of Internal Control - Integrated Framework (1992)(2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The scope of the assessment included all of the subsidiaries of the Company except for Sun Flour, which was acquired in the first quarter of 2017. The consolidated net sales of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2017 were $5.8 billion of which Sun Flour represented less than $1 million. The consolidated total assets of the Company at December 31, 2017 were $6.1 billion of which Sun Flour represented $20 million. Based on the evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2014.2017. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their attestation report included herein.
None.
101
ITEM 10.DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information contained under the headings “Proposal 1. Election of Directors,” “The Board and Committees” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the Company’s 20152018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”) is incorporated herein by reference. The information regarding executive officers called for by Item 401 of Regulation S-K is included in Part 1 of this report under the heading “Executive Officers of the Registrant.” The Company has adopted a code of ethics that applies to its principal executive officer, principal financial officer, and controller. The code of ethics is posted on the Company’s Internet website, which is found at www.ingredion.com. The Company intends to include on its website any amendments to, or waivers from, a provision of its code of ethics that applies to the Company’s principal executive officer, principal financial officer or controller that relates to any element of the code of ethics definition enumerated in Item 406(b) of Regulation S-K.
ITEM 11.EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information contained under the headings “Executive Compensation,” “Compensation Committee Report,” “Director Compensation” and “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 12.SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information contained under the headings “Equity Compensation Plan Information as of December 31, 2014”2017” and “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 13.CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information contained under the headings “Review and Approval of Transactions with Related Persons,” “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” and “Independence of Board Members” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information contained under the heading “2014“2017 and 20132016 Audit Firm Fee Summary” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.
102
ITEM 15.EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
Item 15(a)(1) Consolidated Financial Statements
Financial Statements (see the Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements on page 5157 of this report).
Item 15(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules
All financial statement schedules have been omitted because the information either is not required or
is otherwise included in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.
Item 15(a)(3) Exhibits
The following list of exhibits includes both exhibits submitted with this Form 10-K as filed with the SEC and those incorporated by reference from other filings.
|
| ||||
|
|
| |||
Exhibit | Description | ||||
|
|
| |||
|
| ||||
3.1 | |||||
|
|
| |||
|
| ||||
|
|
| |||
|
| ||||
|
|
| |||
|
| ||||
|
|
| |||
|
| ||||
|
|
| |||
|
| ||||
|
|
| |||
|
| ||||
|
|
|
103
4.3 |
| ||||
|
|
| |||
|
|
| |||||
|
|
| |||
|
| ||||
|
|
| |||
|
|
| |||
| |||||
|
|
| |||
|
|
| |||
| |||||
|
|
| |||
|
| ||||
|
|
| |||
|
| ||||
4.10 | |||||
|
|
| |||
10.1* |
| ||||
|
|
| |||
10.2* |
| ||||
|
|
| |||
10.3* |
| ||||
|
|
|
104
10.4* |
|
Registration Statement on Form S-8, File No. 333-75844, as amended by Amendment No. 1 dated December 1, 2004 | |||||
|
|
| |||
10.5* |
| ||||
|
|
| |||
10.6* |
| ||||
|
|
| |||
10.7* |
| ||||
|
|
| |||
10.8* |
| ||||
|
|
| |||
10.9* |
| ||||
|
|
| |||
10.10* |
| ||||
|
|
| |||
10.11* |
|
| |||
| |||||
|
|
| |||
|
| ||||
|
|
| |||
|
| ||||
|
|
| |||
|
|
|
| ||||
10.15* | |||||
|
|
| |||
|
|
105
|
|
| |||
|
|
| |||
|
| ||||
| |||||
|
|
| |||
|
| ||||
|
|
| |||
|
| ||||
|
|
| |||
|
| ||||
|
|
| |||
|
| ||||
10.22* |
| ||||
| |||||
10.23* |
| ||||
| |||||
10.24* |
| ||||
10.25* | Executive Severance Agreement dated March 1, 2016 between the Company and Stephen K. Latreille
| ||||
12.1 |
| ||||
|
|
| |||
21.1 |
|
23.1 |
| ||||
|
|
| |||
24.1 |
| ||||
|
|
| |||
31.1 |
| CEO Section 302 Certification Pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | |||
|
|
| |||
31.2 |
| CFO Section 302 Certification Pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 | |||
|
|
| |||
32.1 |
| ||||
|
|
| |||
32.2 |
| ||||
|
|
|
106
101 |
| The following financial information from the Ingredion Incorporated Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, |
*Incorporated herein by reference as indicated in the exhibit description.
**Incorporated herein by reference to the exhibits filed with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1997.
*** Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit to this form pursuant to Item 15(b) of this report.
107
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on the 20th21st day of February, 2015.2018.
| ||
INGREDION INCORPORATED | ||
|
|
|
|
|
|
| By: | /s/ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant, in the capacities indicated and on the 20th21st day of February, 2015.2018.
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/ |
| President, Chief |
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Controller |
Stephen K. Latreille | ||
*Ilene S. Gordon | Director | |
Ilene S. Gordon | ||
*Luis Aranguren-Trellez Luis Aranguren-Trellez |
|
Director |
|
|
|
*David B. Fischer |
| Director |
David B. Fischer |
|
|
|
|
|
*Paul Hanrahan |
| Director |
Paul Hanrahan | ||
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
*Rhonda L. Jordan |
| Director |
Rhonda L. Jordan |
|
|
|
|
|
*Gregory B. Kenny |
| Director |
Gregory B. Kenny |
|
|
|
|
|
*Barbara A. Klein |
| Director |
Barbara A. Klein |
|
|
*Victoria J. Reich |
| Director |
Victoria J. Reich | ||
* Jorge A. Uribe | Director | |
Jorge A. Uribe |
|
|
|
|
|
*Dwayne A. Wilson |
| Director |
Dwayne A. Wilson |
|
|
|
|
| |
*By: | /s/ Christine M. Castellano |
|
|
Christine M. Castellano |
|
| |
Attorney-in-fact |
|
|
(Being the principal executive officer, the principal financial officer, the controllerprincipal accounting officer, and a majority of the directors of Ingredion Incorporated)