UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20182020

OR

For the transition period from ______________ to _______________

Commission file number 001-35521

CLEARSIGN COMBUSTIONTECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

12870 Interurban Avenue South

Seattle, Washington 98168

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)

(206) 673-4848

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes¨Nox

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes¨Nox

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

YesxNo¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). YesxNo¨.

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the issuer is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes¨Nox

State the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter.

As of June 30, 2018,2020, the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the last sale price of the common equity was $41,000,000.$44,000,000.

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

As of March 12, 2019,28, 2021, the registrant has 26,697,26130,900,634 shares of common stock, par value $.0001, issued and outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant's proxy statement for the 20192021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated herein by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated herein. Such proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.2020.

CombustionTechnologies Corporation

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SSPECIALPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND OTHER INFORMATION
CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and the provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Forward-looking statements give our current expectations or forecasts of future events. You can identify these statements by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. You can find many (but not all) of these statements by looking for words such as “approximates,” “believes,” “hopes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “may,” “will” or other similar expressions in this report. In particular, these include statements relating to future actions; prospective products, applications, customers and technologies; future performance or results of any products; anticipated expenses; and future financial results. These forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from our historical experience and our present expectations or projections. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

Forward-looking statements may appear throughout this report, including without limitation, the following sections: Item 1“Business,” Item 1A “Risk Factors,” and Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”  The forward-looking statements are based upon management’s beliefs and assumptions and are made as of the date of this report. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements included in this report. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

Unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, the terms “ClearSign,” “we,” “us,” “our” and the “Company” refer to ClearSign CombustionTechnologies Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiary, ClearSign Asia Limited.

PART I

ITEM 1: BUSINESS

Introduction

We design and develop technologies for the purpose of improvingthat have been shown to significantly improve key performance characteristics of combustion systems, including emission and operational performance, energy efficiency, safety and overall cost-effectiveness. We believe that our patented Duplex™ClearSign Core™ technology is capable of enhancingcan enhance the performance of combustion systems in a broad range of markets, including the energy (upstream oil production and down-stream refining), institutional, commercial and industrial boiler, chemical, and petrochemical industries. Our DuplexClearSign Core technology, which is our primary technology, uses a porous ceramic matrixstructure or metal flame holder device held at a distance tofrom the injection planes of a burner to significantly reduce flame length and achieve very low emissions without the need for external flue gas recirculation, selective catalytic reduction, or excess air systems. To date, our operations have been funded primarily through sales of our equity securities. We have earned nominal revenue since inception in 2008.

DuplexOur combustion technology has been successfully installed in 11 commercial projects across four different combustion applications. In addition, we have two ongoing projects that, if successful, will increaseThese applications include our installed project baseprocess burner technology which is currently being optimized to suit high-intensity multiple burner industrial applications and number of distinct applications. Based onour boiler burner technology which is being configured to achieve performance certification for commercialization in China and also deployment in the results of our laboratory and field testing, as well as our initial commercialized installations in different applications, we believe that this proprietary technology is capable of improving emissions control performance and operational performance for many types of industrial and commercial combustion systems. As a result, we also believe that Duplex may reduce costs associated with the construction (including refurbishment and upgrade), operation and maintenance of these combustion systems as compared to combustion systems that use no or alternative technology to enhance combustion and control emissions.

USA. Based on the results of our testing and initial 11 field installations, we believe that Duplex compares favorably withcombustion equipment utilizing ClearSign Core technology is more effective and cost-efficient than current industry-standard air pollution control technologies, such as selective catalytic reduction devices, low- and ultra-low NOx burners (which address nitrogen oxides or NOx), external flue gas recirculation systems and other similar technologies. Such air pollution control systems are widely used in places within our current target market segments ofmarkets such as in petroleum refining and petrochemical process heaters, large-scale once through steam generators (OTSGs), enclosed flares, institutional commercial and industrial boilers and other similar equipment. We believe that our ClearSign Core technology can provide value to our prospective customers not only by helping them meet current and possible future legislative mandates to reduce pollutant emissions, but by also increasing operating efficiency and reducing capital expenditures while remaining compliant with operating permit emissions requirements.

Based on the limited operating data we have obtained from installations, burners utilizing ClearSign Core technology provide increased heat transfer efficiency compared to standard burner designs. This is consistent with the physics of heat transfer and the mechanisms by which the technology functions. The increased heat transfer efficiency as reported potentially results in cost savings in the low to mid-single digit percentage range, which we believe would produce an extremely attractive pay-back period for an investment in ClearSign Core technology-based burners. In addition, since the flames in a ClearSign Core system are established from a predominantly premixed stream of fuel, combustion air and flue gasses, and are stabilized on a downstream structure that promotes turbulence and ignition the flames form with minimal “bulking up” as typically results from the traditional slow mixing of the fuel and air, and dilutive inert flue gasses. The result of this is that flame volumes are small, thus virtually eliminating flame impingement and enabling the burners to function better in tightly spaced heaters compared to the flames of traditional low NOx burners. As a result, heaters utilizing ClearSign Core technology appear to require less maintenance, operate at a lower cost, and have increased productivity compared to heater operations constrained by traditional enlarged low NOx flames and limited internal furnace volumes. Most importantly, using our technology has the potential to decrease process downtime.

Although less developed at this time, we are designing and commercializing a range of sensing products. The market potential can be viewed as a primary addressable market and a secondary potential market. The primary addressable market is similar to that of our ClearSign Core technology. We expect our technology to replace the existing flame sensing technology. In addition, the flame sensing products are applicable to all installed burners, including in markets and regions beyond those where reducing emissions is a high priority. The secondary potential market is outside of the typical combustion industry and includes transportation industries. While use of this fundamental technology in applications intended for transportation markets is proven, the development and refinement of specific products, obtaining the certifications required for commercial deployment and establishing an efficient manufacturing source and channels to market will take some time, and we cannot assure that these goals will be achieved. We believe our sensing technologies provide valuable diversification for our future business and that they have wide-ranging global applications, as compared to our burner technology which is focused on regions requiring emissions reduction. Like the burner technology, the burner sensing technology is being developed to provide convenient replacement and retrofit solutions in existing equipment in addition to inclusion in newly built equipment. We believe that the opportunities for applications of our sensor technology in the transportation market are global and of great value but will also take longer to commercialize for the reasons stated above. We anticipate that this will allow for the continued expansion and growth of our business beyond the maturation of our combustion related businesses.

Corporate History

We were incorporated in Washington on January 23, 2008. The address of our corporate headquarters is 12870 Interurban Avenue South, Seattle, Washington 98168 and our telephone number is (206) 673-4848. Our website can be accessed atwww.clearsign.com. The information contained on or that may be obtained from our website is not a part of this report. We currently operate in the United States and through a wholly owned subsidiary in the People’s Republic of China.

Our Industry

The combustion and emissions control markets are significant, both in the wide array of industries in which the systems are used and in the amount of money spent in installing and upgrading systems. Combustion systems are used to provide heat for all manner of industrial processes, including boilers, furnaces, kilns and gas turbines. In order to maximize energy efficiency while keeping pace with regulatory guidelines for air pollution emissions, operators of combustion systems are continually installing, maintaining and upgrading a variety of costly process control, air pollution control and monitoring systems. Although we believe that there are many potential markets for our DuplexClearSign Core technology, to date we have limited the introduction of Duplexthis technology to petroleum refining process heaters, energy infrastructure process heaters, steam generation, boiler burners, and enclosed flares.

Our initial target markets center on the energy sector, including upstream crude oil production through the use of OTSGs and wellhead enclosed flares and downstream oil refineries through the use of process heaters and boilers. In recent years, the energy sector has been significantly affected by the volatile market price of crude oil and marginal economic growth. Crude oil prices stabilized during 2016 and 2017 and enjoyed appreciation with the general post-electionpost 2016 upswing in certain commodities and improved economic outlook. AccordingPrices plunged with the economic uncertainties that emerged from the pandemic in the spring of 2020 but stabilized through the summer and returned to pricing that is close to the U.S. Energy Information Administration,five year average by the spot priceend of West Texas intermediate crude oil in the last five years has ranged from approximately $108 per barrel to approximately $26 per barrel, with 2018 prices ranging from $44 to $77 per barrel and February 2019 prices approximating $55 per barrel.2020. Regardless of the effect of crude oil price volatility, based upon our experience and feedback from current and prospective customers, we believe that the value of our DuplexClearSign Core burner technology to the energy sector continues to be validated because of the technology’s ability to cost-effectively lower emissions and drive certain operational efficiencies.

We believe operators in all of our domestic target markets are under pressure to meet current and proposed federal, state and local pollution emissions standards. The standards applicable to our target markets have been developed over the past 50 years with broad political input. Due to the localized effects of poor air quality, we expect these standards to continue to become more stringent regardless of political leadership. We believe this to be the case in the U.S. and worldwide in most major developed and developing countries. As an illustration, air pollution emission standards are most stringent in the states of California and Texas, two states which, historically politically leaning in opposite directions.have had leadership from different political parties. As a result, these standards are a significant driver infor our development and sales efforts. We believe that our DuplexClearSign Core technology can provide a unique, cost-effective pollution control solution for operators in comparison to all known competing products.

Emissions standards largely emanate from the Clean Air Act, which is administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and regulates six common criteria air pollutants, including ground-level ozone. These regulations are enforced by state and local air quality districts as part of their compliance plans. As a precursor to ground-level ozone, NOx is a regulated pollutant by local air quality districts in order to achieve the EPA limits. The 8-hour ground-level ozone regulations have been reduced from 84 parts per billion (ppb) in 1997, to 75 ppb in 2008, and 70 ppb in 2015, with the requirement of realizing these levels approximately 25 years following the year of legislation. The areas of non-attainment related to this 1997 limit of 84 ppb are depicted below in the map on the left and the projected areas of non-attainment related to the 2015 limit of 70 ppb are depicted below in the map on the right.

Non-attainment areas under the 1997 limit of 84 ppb		Projected non-attainment areas under the 2015 limit of 70 ppb
Source: EPA, August 2016		Source: URS, August 2015

We have noted that local air quality districts in EPA designated “severe non-attainment zones” in California and Texas have undertaken a review of their air pollutant emissions regulations. In most regions these reviews are uncertain as to how they will achieveongoing but the 2015 standard and other future EPA requirements. Becauseamended regulations for the San Joaquin Valley region of this uncertainty, we believe that local regulators areCalifornia issued in search of additional means beyond those includedDecember 2020 indicate a significant reduction in the current regulations to comply withtarget NOx emissions from boilers, steam generators and process heaters and it is anticipated that the impending standards. outcome of the rule revisions from the other non-attainment regions will be similar.

Although NOx emissions from refineries and other oil production and processing operations are highly regulated sinceas they are historicallyconsidered a significant source of stationary NOx emissions, enclosed flares have not historically been viewed as a source requiring the same level of regulation. We believe that our DuplexClearSign Core technology is uniquely able to address the emissions challenges being faced by oil producers and other industries as those challenges relate to both current and reasonably predictable future local air emission standards.

Additionally, we believe that current emissions standards in Europe, the Middle East, other parts of Asia and Canada will continue to trend towards stricter air emission standards as these jurisdictions seek to achieve cleaner air. Existing and new emissions standards in such jurisdictions may create additional market opportunities for us.

Our TechnologiesProprietary Technology

In the process of attempting to develop our initial Electrodynamic Combustion Control™ (ECC) technology beyond laboratory scale for a potential process heater design in 2013, we developed Duplex, which has broad applications for gaseous fuels. While we continue to pursue development of our ECC technology through laboratory testing, in 2014 we began to pursue field evaluation and sales of our Duplex technology. We have since completed a number of field evaluation projects in which we successfully demonstrated the technology operating with thermal output of up to 62 million BTU/hr in an OTSG and pursued business development and marketing activities with established entities that use steam generators, process heaters, enclosed flares, boilers, and other combustion systems, as well as with original equipment manufacturers (OEMs).

We have completed 11 field projects in three of our five target markets using our Duplex technology: six related to wellhead enclosed flares, two related to process heaters in the oil refining industry, and three related to OTSGs in the enhanced oil recovery industry. We believe that the successful completion of these field evaluation projects, which resulted from years of research and development work, is fundamental to the commercialization of our Duplex product. We reported our first meaningful product sales of $621,000 during the second half of 2016 from the installation of our Duplex technology through retrofits of a wellhead enclosed flare for a major California oil producer, an enhanced oil recovery OTSG, and two refinery process heater projects. Furthermore, we entered into an agreement to supply the oil producer customer with five additional wellhead enclosed flare retrofits for $900,000 and in 2017 we delivered three units generating sales revenue of $540,000. The remaining two units were completed and installed in the first quarter of 2018, generating sales revenue of $360,000. An additional OTSG unit was also completed and invoiced during 2018. Our laboratory research currently focuses on enhancing our Duplex products and includes the development of an institutional commercial and industrial boiler application that enhances operational performance by eliminating flue gas recirculation.

Product Applications of Duplex

To date, we have deployed our Duplex technology through retrofits and replacements of existing burners. Retrofits often involve engineering around an existing burner architecture that can complicate the Duplex installation, whereas replacements are more straightforward, especially after the introduction of our Duplex Plug & Play® technology in February 2017. Because of this, we believe that the retrofit and replacement markets are ideally suited for larger projects and larger applications of Duplex.

Process Heaters in the Oil Refining IndustryClearSign Core Burner Technology

To date, we have successfully retrofitted two process heatersThe name “ClearSign Core” was adopted to describe the inclusion of ClearSign’s burner technology in the products of original equipment burner manufacturers. Including our technology in OEM burner products enables us to leverage our technology by providing OEMs with the standard Duplexability to offer a new product range with our technologies’ unique capabilities and one demonstration unitdistinctively differentiated product performance in combination with their global manufacturing, order fulfillment and service capabilities.

Our ClearSign Core burner technology consists of an industrial burner body and a downstream porous ceramic structure or metal flame stabilizing device. When the unreacted mixture of gaseous fuel and air is directed at the ceramic or metal downstream flame stabilizing structure, the mixture ignites and the flame forms either within or immediately downstream of the structure itself. Because the fuel and air have more time to mix, the homogeneous mixture mitigates NOx-forming hot spots and the associated chemistry that is typically produced. The mixing and combustion propagating from the flame stabilizing structure results in a dramatically shorter flame, and modification of the structure enables a high level of control over the shape of the flame. As a result, the flame can be optimized for a wide range of different applications. NOx, a regulated greenhouse gas pollutant comprised of nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide, can be greatly reduced, often to levels of 5 ppm or below, depending on the specific application, without any external fans or associated power, thereby minimizing harmful emissions while improving system efficiency. A shorter flame can often allow for operation of the furnace at a higher capacity. We believe ClearSign Core’s flame structure and heat transfer profile, which results from the premixing of fuel, flue gas and combustion air in combination with the Duplexdownstream flame stabilizing device enhances thermal efficiency, minimizes the possibility of flame impingement, reduces the likelihood of carbon deposits forming on the inside surfaces of the process tubes (coking) and reduces the likelihood of process tube failure; thereby extending the length of time a heater can remain in operation before the need for maintenance.

ClearSign Core Plug & Play

Our ClearSign Core Plug & Play design. The Duplex Plug & Play designproduct provides a more simplified, pre-engineered and standardized direct burner replacement for traditional refinery process heaters. We believe that this product will reduceminimize the customized engineering associated with typical retrofits and lend itself to mass production. The product derives its name from the fact that it is designed to allow quick and easy installation into a multi-burner heater or furnace and possibly allow the heater to continue operating during installation rather than be shut down. TheWe believe that the simplicity of the actions required to retrofit refinery process heaters with the ClearSign Core Plug & Play, and the potential ability to install the DuplexClearSign Core Plug & Play while the remaining burner system is operational, will allowlead to increased demand for, and ultimately sales of, our ClearSign Core burners.

ClearSign Core Boiler Burner Technology

Our ClearSign Core boiler burner technology is, in essence, the same as the process burner technology. The details of the components are different due to the different orientation of the boiler application, the different internal chamber dimensions and the fact that a boiler operates with a relatively high combustion air pressure, and in the case of a small fire tube boiler, a lower fuel gas pressure. The concept of incorporating the ClearSign Core technology into a typical OEM burner remains the same.

ClearSign Core Flaring Burners

Our ClearSign Core flaring technology incorporates the same principles as our burner technology, namely directing the fuel gas, in this case typically waste gas, into an air stream with that air and gas mixture forming a flame stabilized on a downstream flame stabilizing structure. This technology has been configured into standard modular designs that can be incorporated into a flare manufacturer’s flare body to provide a flare product with the extremely low emissions production enabled by our ClearSign technology. The standardized flare configurations are designed with standard firing capacities, and these are combined in varying quantities to enable flares to be produced with different firing rates.

ClearSign Eye™ Flame Sensor

The ClearSign Eye™ flame sensor is an electrical flame sensor for industrial applications. Unlike flame rods, sensing electrodes do not have to make contact with the flame. We are continuing to pursue opportunities for this patented sensing technology through both laboratory research, where we have demonstrated certain favorable attributes of this proprietary technology operating at lab scales, in addition to the initial commercial activities currently being conducted with our pilot flame sensors. We have multiple options open to us as channels to market, including manufacturing the sensors as a ClearSign original equipment manufacturer, or OEM, product that we sell either directly or through partners and intermediaries to prospective customers which is our current commercialization activity for this product line. The value of our sensing technology is that we believe it provides a very reliable alternative or replacement technology for critical safety equipment that is typically very unreliable and requires frequent maintenance on industrial burners. There are additional favorable opportunities for flame sensors on other combustion equipment such as flares, thermal oxidizer burners and boiler burners.

Our sensing technology detects the capacitance of a flame, thereby permitting the sensors to limit down timefunction while being physically outside of the flame envelope. This allows the entire sensor probe to be positioned in a cool region, enabling the use of materials and shortenmanufacturing processes that provide an extremely long functional life. The electrodes are optimized in shape to provide the sales cyclemost robust signal while being easy to retrofit into existing burner equipment.

Development and Deployment of Our Technology

To date, we have deployed our ClearSign Core technology through retrofits and replacements of existing burners and complete replacement units in the case of our Plug & Play products. Retrofits often prolongedinvolve engineering around an existing burner architecture that can complicate the ClearSign Core burner installation, whereas replacements are more straightforward and more amenable to being sold and installed by annualthird parties, enabling more expansive channels to market. This is especially the case after the introduction of our Plug & Play technology in February 2017 and the simplified control and operation of this technology enabled by the inclusion of a new start up and flame initiation system in April 2019. Because of this, we have focused the development of our technology to provide designs that can be included into our prospective customers’ equipment as self-contained modules or semi-annual scheduled maintenance.assemblies rather than projects involving the re-engineering of existing burner systems. In this form, we believe that the ClearSign Core burner technology is ideally suited for installation into new heaters and burner replacements, including heater and furnace types requiring large quantities of burners. We planhave also developed the ClearSign Core flare and boiler burner technologies into similar repeatable forms to aid its inclusion in standard industry equipment on a commercial scale.

For simplification and marketing, we have adopted the term “ClearSign Core” to refer to the inclusion of our standardized proprietary combustion technology into a variety of combustion equipment types including, but not limited to, process heater burners, boiler burners, burners for thermal oxidizers and flares. Earlier heater retrofits in which a continuous ceramic “wall” was suspended above the existing burners also still operate and continue to be referred to as “Duplex” technology. The combustion controlling principles of both the “ClearSign Core” and “Duplex” technologies are the same, however the difference is in the ease of use, channel to market and standardization of the technology.

We have now achieved emission results in multiple applications that were superior to current local Best Available Control Technology (BACT) levels in multiple installations in California related to three of our five target industries. We intend to continue fieldto demonstrate ClearSign Core capabilities through (i) working with local air quality officials to demonstrate the effectiveness of the technology, (ii) operating in-place units, (iii) engineering and testing larger sizewith new customers, (iv) pursuing additional lab research and developing new applications (e.g. institutional commercial and industrial boilers) and next generation improvements to ClearSign Core design and standardization, including the pursuit of more complete systems similar to the ClearSign Core Plug & Play for application in other vertical markets, and (v) assisting our customers in making emission results available for designation as BACT by local regulatory bodies.

ClearSign Core Technology Product Applications

To date, we have deployed our ClearSign Core technology through retrofits and replacements of existing burners. As noted above, retrofits often involved engineering around an existing burner architecture that can complicate the installation. This was the case with the old “Duplex” technology, which we no longer install other than for the servicing of existing units. Replacements are more straightforward, especially after the introduction of our Plug & Play technology in February 2017, now developed into our ClearSign Core. By developing our ClearSign Core technology to enable a replacement product, we are able to standardize our designs, simplify inventory and, by removing the need to individually engineer every application, we are able to collaborate with other commercial equipment suppliers to incorporate our ClearSign Core technology into their standard product lines, greatly increasing our potential market reach and the resources we are able to make available to our prospective customers.

Process Heaters in the Oil Refining Industry

To date, we have retrofitted two multi burner process heaters with our new ClearSign Core burners, two process heaters with the old standard Duplex design and one demonstration unit with the prior Duplex Plug & Play devices, as well as alternate multi-burner configurations to further enhance the performancedesign. The ClearSign Core “Plug & Play” design provides a more simplified, pre-engineered and dependability of the product. If successful, westandardized direct burner replacement for traditional refinery process heaters. We believe that this product will reduce the customized engineering associated with typical retrofits and lend itself to mass production. This is our first completemost developed burner product, will beable to operate in the same way as a standard burner and to fit into a heater and with existing control systems. We believe that this product is suitable for licensing andas well as potential manufacturing arrangements with OEMs havingthat have established manufacturing and distribution capabilities. At this time we have a collaboration agreement in place with the world’s second largest combustion equipment manufacturer Zeeco Inc. This agreement is contingent on the successful completion of a comprehensive product performance and validation test which is part of an equipment supply order for ExxonMobil. We believe we are close to achieving success with this test. In February 2021 we received a purchase order from a second global supermajor refining company, and our first international order for a ClearSign Core refining process heater.

We plan to continue extending the range of ClearSign Core Plug & Play devices to allow the replacement of other burner shapes and configurations, as well as alternate process applications, to further enhance the market available for this product.

Wellhead Enclosed Flares

A major California oil producer approached us in early 2016 to address a unique emission compliance need relating to wellhead enclosed flares. This was an important milestone because it demonstrated the broad application of our Duplex technology. A total of six units have been completed for enclosed flares to date.

Based upon discussions with local regulators and examination of regulatory reports, we believe that enclosed flare emissions are a potential target for increased regulation in part becausecertain regions. We have adapted the successClearSign Core technology to suit this application. To date with have ten flare units installed and operating. In 2019, with the development of our installationsstandardized ClearSign Core flare technology, we formed a non-exclusive collaborative alliance with the flare OEM, ASHCOR, to date has shown regulatorsenhance our potential sales reach and production capabilities while providing ASHCOR with unique product capability. We have also formed sales and installation agreement with field engineering and servicing company California Boiler. The most recent installation of four of these flare units were the EPA that establishing NOx emissions standards for enclosed flares is possible. In anticipationresult of this, we are pursuing potential customers with target enclosed flare applications that would benefit from our technology.these collaborations.

OTSGs for the Enhanced Oil Recovery Industry

We have successfully installed our Duplex technology in three OTSG projects in the enhanced oil recovery industry in California. We believe that these successful installations are gaining regulator acceptance by the Southern California regulatory authorities and, as a result, market acceptance.acceptance as well. Field data reported by our customer indicates significant efficiency improvements resulting from the installation of the ClearSign technology.

Industrial Commercial Boilers

There are a large number of boiler manufacturers producing many styles of boiler equipment for many different applications. Boilers are used in many industrial applications, as well as in commercial and residential applications at much smaller scales. We are currently actively working on commercial boiler applications for two distinct types of industry standard commercial boilers – fire tube and water tube boilers. For fire tube products, we have recently developed our own prototype burner replacement product that is similar in concept to our DuplexClearSign Core Plug and Play device for process heaters. This product has achieved excellent results after testing in a typical commercial fire tube boiler produced by one of the industry’s largest suppliers.suppliers in the USA and in a second demonstration installation in China. Water tube boilers are larger and more varied in their designs, so our approach has been to retrofit existing equipment with our Duplex technology rather than to design a replacementdesigns. Water tube boiler burner product. Theseand fire tube boiler burner field verification projects are being undertaken in China and are ongoing. We anticipate significant progress during 20192021 in testing this equipment.equipment although progress has been delayed by the effects of the SARS-COV-2 virus (coronavirus or COVID-19). We have a collaboration agreement in place with California Boiler to sell, deliver, install and service fire tube boiler burners in the USA. This collaboration also allows access to larger sizes of fire tube boilers to verify the function of a full range of fire tube boiler burners. If the testing is successful in China, our goal will be to partnersell the boiler burner technology into the very large Chinese market through our Chinese subsidiary in collaboration with established OEMsstrategic partners in the water tube and fire tube boiler industry for wider deploymentChina.

Technical Components of our DuplexClearSign Core Technology

Our ClearSign Core burner technology consists of an industrial burner with our ClearSign Core technology added in place of the traditional burner gas tips, flame stabilization device and refractory tile. The ClearSign Core consists of a series of gas tips arranged inside the combustion air stream at the point it passes the boundary into a heater. Some distance downstream is a primary or ignition device followed by the porous ceramic structure or metal flame stabilizing device. Between the injection point of the fuel gas and the primary or ignition device is a support structure and a mixing tube or tubes that optimize the flow of the fuel and air mixture onto the primary or ignition device and the flame stabilizing device. When the unreacted mix of gaseous fuel and air is directed at the flame stabilizing structure, the mixture ignites and burns within or immediately downstream of the structure. Because the fuel and air have more time to mix, the homogeneous mixture greatly reduces NOx- forming hot spots that are typically produced with existing technology. The premixing of the fuel and combustion air in combination with the accelerated ignition and flame formation created by the downstream flame stabilization device results in a dramatically shorter flame. NOx, a regulated pollutant comprised of nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide, is greatly reduced, often to levels of 5ppm or below, depending on the specific application, without any external fans or associated power, thereby minimizing harmful emissions while improving system efficiency. A shorter flame allows for consistent operation of the furnace at a higher capacity. As noted above, we believe ClearSign burner technologies’ heat transfer profile both increases a heater’s productivity and operational run time and reduces heater maintenance costs by: (i) enhancing thermal efficiency, (ii) reducing the probability of flame impingement and the likelihood that carbon deposits form on the inside surfaces of the process tubes (coking), and (iii) reducing the likelihood of process tube failures.

Duplex’s Emission Results and LicensingClearSign Core Performance

We have now achieved emission results in multiple applications that exceeded current local Best Available Control Technology (BACT)BACT levels, including in multiple installations in California related to three of our five target industries. WeAs indicated above, we intend to continue to demonstrate DuplexClearSign Core capabilities through (i) working with local air quality officials to demonstrate the effectiveness of the technology, (ii) operating in-place units, (iii) engineering and testing with new customers and applications, (iv) pursuing additional lab research and development of new applications (e.g. institutional commercial and industrial boilers) and next generation improvements to DuplexClearSign Core design and standardization, including the pursuit of more complete systems similar to the Duplexprocess burner ClearSign Core Plug & Play for applicationapplications in other vertical markets, and (v) assisting our customers in making emission results available for designation as BACT by local regulatory bodies.

Our business plan contemplates licensing our technology after we prove commercial viability and generate interest from end users and OEMs. We believe licensing would significantly change the makeup of our sales mix, sales cycles, and margins. Licensing our technology within one or an array of selected vertical markets (e.g. burners for refinery process heaters or institutional commercial and industrialboilers) could dramatically accelerate the global sales and market adoption rate of our technology. However, in order to create channel flexibility and meet end user demand, we intend to continue to pursue end user customers through direct sales, sub-contractors, or channel partners. While we are currently pursuing various licensing arrangements, we have no agreements at this time and do not anticipate entering into any such agreements prior to completing the field evaluation projects discussed above and completing a sufficient number of installations and direct sales. We believe that the continuing development of Duplex, additional sales and an increase in the number of end user installations will enhance our ability to license our technology.

Development of ECC

We are continuing to pursue opportunities for our patented ECC technology through laboratory research where we have demonstrated certain favorable attributes of this proprietary technology operating at lab scales. We are also developing certain derivative product expressions that are being tested and validated both by the Company and by independent third parties

Technical Components of our Duplex and ECC TechnologiesTarget Markets

Our Duplex burner technology consists of an industrial burner and a porous ceramic matrix. When the unreacted mix of gaseous fuel and air is directed at the ceramic matrix, the mixture ignites and burns within the matrix itself. Because the fuel and air have more time to mix, the homogeneous mixture mitigates NOx- forming hot spots that are typically produced. The mixing and combustion in the ceramic matrix results in a dramatically shorter flame. NOx, a regulated pollutant comprised largely of nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide, is greatly reduced to levels of 5ppm or below, depending on the specific application, without any external fans or associated power, thereby minimizing harmful emissions while improving system efficiency. A shorter flame allows for operation of the furnace at a higher capacity. We believe Duplex’s radiant heat transfer from the ceramic matrix enhances thermal efficiency, and it eliminates the possibility of flame impingement and reduces the likelihood of carbon deposits forming on the inside surfaces of the process tubes (coking) or failure of process tubes.

Our ECC technology introduces a high voltage electric field into the combustion process to control the resulting flames electrically through the naturally forming ions. The electrodes are optimized in shape and location to best suit the specific geometry of a given installation.

The basic components of both systems are either available “off the shelf” or require manufacturing techniques that are well within the current capabilities of existing suppliers. Thus, ourClearSign Core products can be readily available and scalable for high volume demand.

The Combustion Markets

Overview

We compete in the combustion and emissions control markets. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, in 2011, two-thirds of the energy used in U.S manufacturing is converted via boilers, furnaces, and process heaters, our core market focus.  Based on a June 2016 Frost & Sullivan Market Assessment Report, we estimate that our addressable target market over the next ten years in the United States is up to $3.6 billion, comprised of up to $1.7 billion from the institutional commercial and industrial boiler segment, up to $0.8 billion from the refinery segment, up to $0.8 billion from the large industrial segment, up to $0.2 billion from the flare segment, and up to $100 million from the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) segment.

These are highly competitive industries that are currently dominated by companies thatwhich, compared to ClearSign, have bothmore established products and substantially greater infrastructure, customer support networks, and financial resources than we do and established products.resources. Based on the testing and the field installations completed to date, however, we believe that our DuplexClearSign Core technology offersprovides a unique and powerful ability to improve emissionsenergy efficiency and operational performance, energy efficiencywhile at the same time significantly reducing emissions, leading to an overall cost-effective installation. Further, we believe that our technology is well suited to create substantial synergistic value through its incorporation into the mainstream commercial offerings of the market incumbents as a “ClearSign Core”, thus leveraging the ClearSign technology and overall cost-effectiveness. the established breadth and capabilities of collaborating companies.

We are targeting the following segments of the combustion market:market for our ClearSign Core technology:

In each segment, we are marketing solutions withthat include our DuplexClearSign Core technology thatwhich we believe could simultaneously improve both pollution control andproductivity, operational efficiency characteristics through (a) cost-effective retrofitting of our Duplex technology into existing standard system designs, and (b) new system designs.pollution control.

Market Entry

We believe that our Duplex technology can be applied to a wide range of systems in which there is a flame. While this implies many potential market opportunities, it also requires that we exercise a disciplined approach in comparatively evaluating those opportunities in order to select and prioritize those applications that are cost effective and afford the best mix of time and cost required for development relative to revenue potential. We also aim to select applications in which our technologies either offer immediate, clear, meaningful, and measurable advantages relative to competing technologies or address unmet market needs. 

We have pursued retrofitting existing systems with our Duplex technology to improve their performance as we believe that provides us the quickest path to market. This is because (1) the installed base of existing combustion systems is far greater than the annual number of newly built systems, (2) integrating our technology into a retrofit is less complex than integrating our technology into a new combustion system designed by an OEM, (3) the design cycle of a retrofit application is far shorter, and (4) we believe that with the previously challenging economic and energy industry market conditions, less costly retrofits are more attractive to many segments of the energy market than new capital equipment and infrastructure builds to comply with environmental regulations and derive cost efficiencies.

Since we have completed initial retrofit projects in three vertical market installations, we believe that pursuit of new, stand-alone replacement products, such as the Duplex Plug & Play, will enable us to substantially increase our sales through licensing or other business arrangements with OEMs. Assuming that broader adoption of the Duplex Plug & Play occurs, our plan is to pursue OEMs or other means to license the product in order to take advantage of the manufacturing and distribution capabilities of more established market participants. We successfully completed and demonstrated in our lab a stand-alone low emissions packaged boiler and are currently pursuing opportunities to install the product in the field with suitable customers.

The operational success we have experienced with demonstration units in the wellhead enclosed flare, oil refining and enhanced oil recovery sectors has allowed us to capitalize on these recent product development results by refocusing our personnel and resources toward enhancing and productizing our Duplex technology in order to generate revenue. The success in these initial areas has also allowed us to work on developing our Duplex technology for installation in both fire tube and water tube boilers. A demonstration project on boilers is currently underway with a Chinese partner and research on this application continues in our laboratory.

Sales and Marketing Plan

Partnership Strategy and Field Development. We believe that our technologies have the potential to transform many industries that rely on combustion and that our technologies are broadly applicable in large, scalable, global markets.

We intend to form strategic partnerships and/or license agreements with key incumbents who are currently participating in our targeted market segments. We expect to maintain our existing capabilities to serve our end-user customers via our current channel partners and subcontractors.

Our targeted market segment territories include North America, Europe, and China and encompass:

We currently are pursuing field evaluation programs of our Duplex burner products. These programs are aimed at our target industrial combustion markets.

Pricing Strategy. Our target markets are characterizedgreatly affected by well-established competitors in mature businesses. As a result, competitive pricing rather than pricingair emission regulations and economic conditions. Accordingly, our target market segments are also prioritized geographically based on broad product valuethe needs of the local industries and current and anticipated future demands of local environmental legislature. Details of the localized effect of these influences in the United States are described in the section of this report titled “Our Industry.” In general our immediate regional opportunities are the West Coast and Gulf Coast of the United States, and the regions of Northern China with high populations and cooler environments where district heating is the standard for these markets. Since we believe that our technology will provide greater economic value in comparison to our competitors, we plan to price our technology based upon the value that we believe it will provide in reduced air pollution control costs, including fines, and reduced maintenance and operating costs.

Channel Structure and Path to Market. Our path to market could involve any combination of (1) licensing our technologies for either one-time or periodic licensing fees for a period of time within specific fields of use and/or territories, (2) selling our intellectual property rights within specific fields of use and/or territories, or (3) manufacturing the components required to enable our technologies and/or supplying a complete burner package through strategic subcontracting agreements. Since our solutions consist largely of off-the-shelf components, we do not anticipate that we will require a large manufacturing capacity. Tosource of fossil fuel consumption and where reducing atmospheric pollution is a high priority of the extent we will require production of specific hardware, we plan to rely on outside contract manufacturers, which we believe are widely availablenational and for which a competitive market exists.local governments.

Competition, and Barriers to Entry and Go to Market Strategy

The industry in which we operate is global in scope and is populated by large, established suppliers of burners and post-combustion air pollution control systems, allmost of which possess substantially greater resources than we do. Worldwide, suppliers of burners and air pollution control equipment include but are not limited to companies such as UOP, Callidus, Eclipse and Maxon (all four are subsidiaries of Honeywell), John Zink Hamworthy Combustion (a subsidiary of Koch Industries and including Coen), General Electric, Haldor Topsøe, Hitachi, Linde, Zeeco and Fives Group, among others.

These systems include low and ultra-low NO_X burners, selective and non-selective catalytic reduction systems and other pollution control technologies. The companies that provide these systems are well established and their combustion and emissions control technologies are mostly based on mature, well-understood technologies that are proven in the market. We believe the further development of their technologies, however, will be limited largely to marginal performance improvements. As a consequence of thisthe relatively slow pace of adopting innovation, we believe current technology offerings from the large competitors have become largely commoditized, and differentiation between suppliers is very often based largely on price. This provides both an opportunity and a barrier to more nimble, disruptive companies.

From a customer's perspective, legacy air pollution control technologies are viewed as a cost of doing business, and as a means to operate within current and anticipated future regulatory requirements and to avoid fines.

Unlike most other kinds of capital equipment that provide an economic return through enhanced productivity or efficiency, we believe customers of traditional emissions control equipment do not otherwise expect any positive return on these investments.emissions control investments other than the right to continue operations or avoidance of fines. We believe the DuplexClearSign Core suite of products offers prospective customers the unique opportunity to greatly reduce capital investment and to realize a return on investment through increased efficiency and/or increased productivity, thereby further differentiating the Company’s technologies from the competition.

As indicated above, we are seeking to enterdevelop our business in the combustion and emissions control market and to establish ourselves in a highly competitive industry againstamong companies that have both substantially greatersubstantial financial resources, than we doa well-developed infrastructure and established products. Because they have been availableThe business development strategy for ClearSign is planned and being implemented to enable recognition of the ClearSign technology’s value while minimizing the challenges set forth below - many of which stem from the nature of the customers in this market as well as from the strengths of the other market for many years, our competitors’ product offerings may have several advantages.  Among these are:participants.

Major barriers faced by a new equipment manufacturer seeking to enter this market include:

We believe, however, that our Duplex technology would be an attractive alternative to the products and solutions offered by companies with which we seek to compete. In particular, we believe that our Duplex technology could offer a unique cost-effective means to reduce many pollutants at the source while improving operational efficiency. We believe our Duplex technology could be capable of reducing the requirement for legacy equipment, offering customers the prospect of a positive return on their investment in the form of enhanced efficiency and productivity while reducing emissions to levels below or equivalent to existing air pollution control technologies. In particular, we believe our Duplex technology could offer the following advantages when compared with the next best alternatives. 

Emissions Reduction from Combustion Sources. Current technology reduces emissions by manipulating mixing of fuel and air, staging combustion in two or more zones, inefficient operation due to external recirculating flue gas or high excess air or post-combustion treatment of NO_X using selective catalytic reduction. In contrast, we believe our Duplex technology can:

Enhancing heat-transferThe “go to market” strategy for the ClearSign Core combustion business has been developed considering both the Company’s strengths and process efficiency. weaknesses. The mainmost important weaknesses are highlighted by the barriers to entry identified above: we are a small company with limited financial resources and we do not have the infrastructure to meet the requirements of our sophisticated target global customers. Although we have highly skilled and experienced employees, we do not have the manpower to provide comprehensive service and customer support ourselves. We could overcome these limitations with a significant investment and an increase in operational costs; we believe, however, that it is in the best interests of the Company and our shareholders to develop our business with an asset light model to the extent this can enable a timely path to mainstream operations and maximum profitability.

Our strengths include our technology, which has been developed to provide a standard set of “core” components that can be incorporated into any generic OEM burner body and enable unique performance that both minimize emissions and controls flame size. Our strengths also include the market opportunity potentially created by new and anticipated environmental emissions control regulations. These regulations will potentially require combustion performance that either exceeds the technology available from the incumbent equipment manufacturers or requires retrofitting existing equipment with a post-combustion clean up apparatus. Installation of clean-up apparatus is very expensive - especially for small to mid-sized heaters. We believe that the incumbent burner OEM product development approaches are, and will continue to be, incremental in nature, and are unlikely to pose a significant threat to the value provided by ClearSign Core technology in the foreseeable future.

Our business has been, and continues to be, developed with the goal of virtually all industrial combustion iscombining our technology with the infrastructure and resources of major OEM equipment manufacturers. Through such a collaborative arrangement, an OEM burner manufacturer can reap the benefits of adding a truly differentiated and unique product line to transfer heatits offering and ClearSign can overcome the barriers to raise process fluid temperatures or enablemarket resulting from the need for a chemical reaction,capital and to do so as efficiently as possible. Conventional low NOxoperating expense-intensive infrastructure and ultra-low NOx combustion techniques involve long and sometimes unruly flames, which may lead to flame impingement on process tubes, decreases throughput, increases maintenance requirements and could pose a safety risk. We believe conventional combustion techniques have no additional practical means for enhancing heat transfer. In contrast, we believe that our technology’s ability to produce short, compact flames eliminates the potential for flame impingement and therefore allows improved throughput of the process heaters or boilers.large specialist staff. In addition, we believe that having orders fulfilled by a well-known and trusted supplier will reduce the risk, as perceived by prospective customers, of dealing with a small company and aid in the adoption of our technology could enhance heat transfer to the process tubes as radiation properties from the solid Duplex matrix provide more effective radiation than a conventional flame. technology.

ComparedOur business plan contemplates forming collaborative partnerships with major OEM equipment manufacturers. At this time, our technology has been demonstrated to have commercial viability and has generated interest from end users and OEMs. We expect that the development of strategically chosen collaborative partnerships will result in the supply of ClearSign Core technology to major global customers in large quantities and with the engineering, quality control, customer support and project management services such sophisticated customers require. These relationships will also enable our OEM partners to offer a unique product in the marketplace, providing a potentially significant commercial opportunity for both them and us. We believe forming such alliances willdramatically accelerate the global sales and market adoption rate of our technology. As announced in June 2019, we already have an agreement in place with Zeeco Inc., the world’s second largest burner manufacturer. Under this agreement, Zeeco will provide ClearSign Core process burners globally. This agreement is contingent on the successful completion of a burner demonstration that is part of ongoing supply order for ExxonMobil which we believe that we are close to achieving. In addition, we have a collaborative agreement with ASHCOR with respect to our flare product and a collaborative agreement with California Boiler to sell and produce both fire tube boiler burner and flare products. We are also pursuing various other licensing like arrangements for other market verticals and ClearSign Core applications.

Pricing Strategy. Our target markets are characterized by well-established competitors in mature businesses. As a result, competitive pricing rather than pricing based on broad product value is the standard for these markets. However, we believe that our technology could provideimproves combustion equipment performance with unique capabilities and therefore provides significant economic value to our customers compared to the next best alternative solutions available. This, in turn, should enable products containing ClearSign Core technology to sell at prices reflecting the value they offer. Consequently, we believe that the value the ClearSign Core technology provides to the OEMs partnering with us will result in compensation to us based on that value.

Sensing Products. Our sensing products are not yet through the final commercialization phase of the development and product launch process. We have obtained clear and consistent customer feedback guiding the first application of this technology. The target market for this technology is potentially every burner with a lower total costpilot on which flame sensors are deployed, providing a global and very high-volume opportunity. This market is not limited by emissions mandates or the type or manufacturer of ownershipthe burners. The product is also of value for both retrofit applications, where it is applied to existing burners, and to new burners, where it will be installed in the burners by reducing capitalthe original burner manufacturer.

The technology is proven, final product design details are being completed for our target application and operating expenseswe are assessing various product business strategies. Unlike the ClearSign Core burner technology, we are assessing both the possibility that we manufacture the sensing products along with the alternative of partnering with one or more established OEM suppliers. We have manufactured demonstration units and increasingare currently planning to manufacture the sensor ourselves for the foreseeable future.

The fundamental technology for the sensors envisioned for transport applications is the same as for the flame sensors, but the application and form of the final product will be very different. We have received notable interest in energy efficiency. this product from a major global customer giving us the confidence that this is a market and technology worthy of future investment. This product is in the very early stages of development, and the application will be highly regulated so it will require a thorough product development process. However, we believe indications to date suggest this is potentially a significant future business opportunity for ClearSign.

Research and Development Program

The experience and industry contacts of our management team, board of directors, and consultants with potential customers in the petroleum, petrochemical, and industrial steam applications industries inform our research program. These are supported by field evaluation agreements, research agreements, and memoranda of understanding with potential development partners, customers and research institutions. Our research and development activities make use of employees and consultants thatwho are experts in the areas of industrial combustion, statistical experimental design, gas turbines, fluid mechanics and heat transfer.

We have testedWith the maturation of our DuplexClearSign Core technology, our development process has transitioned from research to commercialization. This has included optimizing the technology to perform in a manner readily adoptable by our prospective customers and ECC technologieseasy to implement into the burner structures of our collaborative alliance partners. There are many influences on this later phase of development including customer feedback, product and component standardization, design for manufacture and considerations to simplify inventory management, both for the manufacture and the lifetime support of our products.

Our technology and products for flame sensing applications are proven in our laboratory at commercially relevant capacities. We have installed our Duplex technology on a retrofitbench scale and new build basis in numerous field evaluation sites, including our Duplex Plug & Play™ product. Our research and development activities include the following: (1) scale-up to commercial sizes for various product expressions suited to our five target markets. (2) collaborate with strategic end users for site demonstrations at full scale (3) complete“first article” form. This product is currently in the first installation, (4) complete further installations to optimizecommercialization phase. As discussed above, we also have another form of our sensing technology that we believe can indicate the potential flammability of a hydrocarbon gas and air mixture, which can have great and varied application in other industries such as transport. This product is in an earlier form and is currently undergoing validation and optimization of its installation, and its reliability, and (5) enhance our intellectual property portfolio.intended role in this very different application.

Intellectual Property Protection

We have generated inventions that we believe to be patentable subject matter and for which we have been seeking protection through patent application filings. As of December 31, 2018,2020, we have 70135 active patent grants and another 9251 patents pending.pending with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. The earliest year in which any of our patents will expire is 2031. In terms of the technology breakdown of our patent portfolio, weWe have been granted 2747 patents related to our DuplexClearSign Core technology and 4377 patents related to our ECC technology. In terms of the geographic breakdown of our patent portfolio, 44 patent grants have been issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) with 59 patent applications pending. We have been issued 26 patents from foreign regulatory bodies related to our Duplex and ECC technologies, including 19 in China. We have 33 patent applications pending in various foreign jurisdictions. We maintain an active review process to monitor relevant new inventions to expand our intellectual property protection globally.

We cannot predict when our patent applications may result in issued patents, if at all. Further, we may modify a patent application in the future as we develop additional information. As a result, we may create additional patent applications from an existing application, consolidate existing patent applications, abandon applications, or otherwise modify applications based upon our judgment in order to protect our intellectual property in a reasonably cost beneficial manner.

Government Regulation

Government regulation, particularly environmental regulation, is likely to play an important role in shaping our product mix and offerings. Field implementation of our technologies requires permits from various local, state and federal agencies that regulate mechanical and electrical infrastructure and fire and air pollution control.

We believe that we offer major advances in emissions reductions and efficiency improvements. We also believe emissions regulations could enhance market demand for technology if such regulations require a reduction in pollutants such as NO_X, CO and CO₂.CO. In such cases, possible legislation on greenhouse gases, boiler Maximum Available Control Technology (MACT) rules, or general reductions in required criteria pollutant levels globally, and especially in the U.S. and China, could servebolster our business objectives. Although the timing of such regulations is uncertain, the general trend over the last decades continues to be government-mandated reduction for all criteria pollutants. Ultimately, it may be possible for our technology to achieve BACT designation. We believe the availability of our technology, by itself, may accelerate the government’s willingness to adopt more stringent environmental regulations. Further, we believe efficiency improvements, combined with the elimination of flame impingement, could generate market demand regardless of the existing regulatory framework because they could result in increased productivity or savings tofor businesses that adopt our technology.

AlthoughAt this time, we believe that the current U.S. administration has indicated that it plans to pursue the reductionis supportive of environmental regulations in order to promote economic activity“green initiatives,” and to eliminate or reduce perceived needless environmental regulations, the statements and actions to date have primarily referenced elimination of regulations associated with greenhouse gas emissions, an area with secondary benefit to our technologies, and the approval of oil pipelines, a step that may benefit our business and that of our customers in the energy sector. At this time, we are not aware of any current or proposed federal, state or local environmental compliance regulations that would have a material detrimental effect on our business objectives. We do not anticipate any major expenditures to be required in order for our technology to comply with any environmental protection statutes. Concurrently the Chinese government has enacted notable tightening of allowable emissions levels, particularly for NOx emissions, and we anticipate this trend will continue in the future.

Employees

As of February 28, 2019,March 31, 2021, we had 1615 full-time employees and 2 part-time employees. Our employees are not covered by collective bargaining agreements, and we believe our relationship with our employees is good.

ITEM 1A:    RISK FACTORS

We are subject to various risks that may materially harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. An investment in our common stock is speculative and involves a high degree of risk. In evaluating an investment in shares of our common stock, you should carefully consider the risks described below, together with the other information included in this report.

The risks described below are not the only risks we face. If any of the events described in the following risk factors actually occurs, or if additional risks and uncertainties later materialize that are not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial, then our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment in our shares. The risks discussed below include forward-looking statements, and our actual results may differ substantially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements.

Risks Related to Our Business

We are a company with a limited operating history and our future profitability is uncertain. We anticipate future losses and negative cash flows and we may never be profitable.

We are a company with a limited operating history and limited revenues to date. We have incurred losses since our inception and expect to experience operating losses and negative cash flows for the foreseeable future. As of December 31, 2018,2020, we had a total accumulated deficit of approximately $59.5$75 million. We anticipate our losses will continue to increase from current levels because we expect to incur additional costs and expenses related to prototype development, consulting costs, laboratory development costs, marketing and other promotional activities, the addition of engineering and manufacturing personnel, and our continued efforts to form relationships with strategic partners. We may never generate significant revenue and we may never be profitable.

If we do not receive additional financing when and as needed in the future, we may not be able to continue our research and development efforts or commercialization efforts and our business may fail.

Our business is capital-intensive and requires capital investments in order for it to develop. Our cash on hand will likely not be sufficient to meet all of our future needs and because our target customers are, in general, slow to adopt new technologies, and we anticipate that we will require substantial additional funds in excess of our current financial resources for research, development and commercialization of our technology, to obtain and maintain patents and other intellectual property rights in our technology, and for working capital and other purposes, the timing and amount of which are difficult to ascertain. Until our technology generates revenues sufficient to support our operations, we plan to obtain the necessary working capital for operations through the sale of our securities, but we may not be able to obtain financing in amounts sufficient to fund our business plans. If we cannot obtain additional funding when and as needed, our business might fail.

Market acceptance of our technology and business is difficult to predict. If our technology does not achieve market acceptance, our business could fail.

We are continuing to develop our technology, which is being implemented and tested in the field by customers in various markets. If we are unable to effectively develop and demonstrate our technology in a timely fashion, gain recognition in our market segments, and develop a critical level of successful sales and product installations, we may not be able to successfully achieve sales revenue and our results of operations and financial condition would then suffer. Our ability to achieve future revenue will depend significantly upon achieving a critical mass of market awareness and sales to potential customers of our products. While we plan to achieve this awareness over time, there can be no assurance that awareness of our company and technology will develop in a manner or pace that is necessary for us to achieve acceptance and profitability in the near term.

Further, we cannot predict the rate of adoption or acceptance of our technology by potential customers. While we may be able to effectively demonstrate the feasibility of our technology, this does not guarantee the industrial combustion market will accept it, nor can we control the rate at which such acceptance may be achieved. In certain of our market segments, there is a well-established channel with a limited number of companies engaged in reselling to our target customers. Failure to achieve productive relations with a sufficient number of these prospective partners may impede adoption of our technology. Additionally, some potential customers in our target industries are historically risk-averse and have been slow to adopt new technologies. If our technology is not widely adopted in the industrial combustion market, we may not earn enough by selling or licensing our technology to support our operations, recover our research and development costs or become profitable and our business could fail.

Our efforts may never demonstrate the feasibility of our product.

Our research and development efforts remain subject to all of the risks associated with the development of new products based on emerging and innovative technologies, including without limitation unanticipated technical or other problems, our ability to scale our technology to large industrial applications, conditions in the field during installation and the possible insufficiency of funds for completing development of these products. Technical problems, including those specific to customer site implementation, may result in delays and cause us to incur additional expenses that would increase our losses. If we cannot complete, or if we experience significant delays in completing, research and development of our technology for use in potential commercial applications, particularly after incurring significant expenditures, our business may fail.

Changes to environmental regulations could make our technology less desirable.

The negative environmental impacts of industrial activity have given rise to significant environmental regulation in industrialized countries. These regulations are important incentives in the adoption of technologies like ours. To the extent that environmental regulations in the United States and in other industrialized countries are modified in the future, or even relaxed, our technology may not produce the results required, or may even be unnecessary, to comply with the modified regulations. If federal, state or local regulatory agencies relax the clean air regulations our technologies are designed to address, our business and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

We may fail to adequately protect our proprietary technology, which would allow our competitors to take advantage of our research and development efforts.

Our long-term success largely depends on our ability to market our technology. We rely on a combination of patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property laws, confidentiality and security procedures and contractual provisions to establish and protect our proprietary rights in our technology, products and processes. If we fail to obtain or maintain these protections, we may not be able to prevent third parties from using our proprietary technologies. Our pending or future patent applications may not result in issued patents. In addition, any patents issued to us, or that may be issued to us in the future, may not contain claims sufficiently broad to protect us against third parties with similar technologies or products or from third parties infringing such patents or misappropriating our trade secrets or provide us with any competitive advantage. In addition, effective patent and other intellectual property protection may be unenforceable or limited in foreign countries. If a third party initiates litigation regarding the validity of our patents and is successful, a court could revoke our patents or limit the scope of coverage for those patents.

We also rely upon trade secrets, proprietary know-how and continuing technological innovation to remain competitive. We protect this information with reasonable security measures, including the use of confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants and confidentiality agreements with strategic customers and partners. It is possible that these agreements may not be sufficient or that these individuals or companies may breach these agreements and that any remedies for a breach will be insufficient to allow us to recover our costs and damages. Furthermore, our trade secrets, know-how and other technology may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by our competitors.

We may incur substantial costs as a result of litigation or other proceedings relating to patent and other intellectual property rights.

A third party may sue us for infringing its intellectual property rights. Likewise, we may need to resort to litigation to enforce our patent rights or to determine the scope and validity of third-party intellectual property rights. The cost to us of any litigation or other proceeding relating to intellectual property rights, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial, and the litigation would divert our efforts from our business activities. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. If we do not prevail in this type of litigation, we may be required to pay monetary damages and/or expenses; stop commercial activities relating to our products; obtain one or more licenses in order to secure the rights to continue the manufacturing or marketing our products; or attempt to compete in the market with substantially similar products. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could limit our ability to continue some of our operations.

A cybersecurity incident or other technology disruptions could negatively impact our business and our relationships with customers.

We use computers in substantially all aspects of our business operations. We also use mobile devices and other online activities to connect with our employees, suppliers and customers. Such uses give rise to cybersecurity risks, including security breaches, espionage, system disruption, theft, the compromise of trade secrets and inadvertent release of information. Our business involves the storage and transmission of sensitive and/or confidential information and intellectual property, including customers’ and suppliers’ information, private information about employees and financial and strategic information about us. If we fail to assess and identify cybersecurity risks associated with our operations, we may become increasingly vulnerable to such risks. Additionally, while we have implemented measures to prevent security breaches and cyber incidents, our preventative measures and incident response efforts may not be entirely effective. The theft, destruction, loss, misappropriation, or release of sensitive and/or confidential information or intellectual property, or interference with our information technology systems, could result in business disruption, negative publicity, brand damage, violation of privacy laws, loss of customers, potential liability and competitive disadvantage all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We cannot guarantee that any research and development partnership we enter into will be successful.

We intend to form research and development arrangements to develop our technology within targeted segments. Collaborative arrangements involve risks that participating parties may disagree on business decisions and strategies. These disagreements could result in delays, additional costs, risks of litigation, and failure of the development of our technology within the combustion market segment. Success of any collaborative arrangements we enter into will depend, in part, on whether those with whom we collaborate fulfill their contractual obligations satisfactorily. If a party with whom we collaborate fails to perform its contractual obligations satisfactorily, we may be unable to make the additional investments or provide the added services that would be required to compensate for that failure. If we are unable to adequately address any such performance issues, our reputation may be materially adversely affected and we may be exposed to legal liability. Our inability to successfully maintain collaborative relationships, once we enter into them, or to enter into new collaborative arrangements, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

If we are unable to keep up with rapid technological changes, our products may become obsolete.

The market for alternative environmental products is characterized by significant and rapid technological change and innovation. Although we intend to employ our technological capabilities to create innovative products and solutions that are practical and competitive in today’s marketplace, future research and discoveries by others may make our products and solutions less attractive or even obsolete compared to other alternatives that may emerge.

Our technology for some industrial applications has not been safety tested yet.

There is inherent danger in dealing with the combustion process. There is additional danger in modifying this process in ways that are new and have only been implemented on a limited basis at a commercial scale. Although we have not yet encountered any areas of risk in the development or testing of our products beyond those already inherent in the combustion process or those particular to an industrial site, we may be exposed to liabilities should an industrial accident occur during development, testing, or operation in our laboratory or during field implementation of our technology.

We depend on approval from various local, state and federal agencies to implement and operate our technology. There is no assurance that these agencies will approve our technology.

Our technology includes enhancement of the combustion process to reduce certain emissions at a lower cost of ownership than current air pollution control devices. Field implementation of our technology will therefore require permits from various local, state and federal agencies that regulate mechanical and electrical infrastructure and fire and air pollution control. Our technology may be subject to heightened scrutiny since it will be new to these governing bodies. As such, there may be delays or rejections in applications of portions of or all of our technology in the individual jurisdictions involved.

We are uncertain of our profit margins and whether such profit margins, if achieved, will be able to sustain our business, because our technology has not yet been fully developed or implemented.

We have not fully developed all of our products, their cost of goods or pricing. As a result, we cannot reliably predict our profit margins. Our operating costs could increase significantly compared to those we currently anticipate due to unanticipated results from the development process, application of our technology to unique or difficult processes, regulatory requirements and particular field implementations. Further, we envision our pricing to be highly dependent on the benefits that our customers believe they will achieve using our products. Accordingly, we cannot predict whether or when we will achieve profitability, and if achieved, the amount of such profit margins.

Many of our potential competitors have greater resources, and it may be difficult to compete against them.

The combustion industry is characterized by intense competition. Many of our potential competitors have better name recognition and substantially greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing, personnel and/or research capabilities than we do. Although at this time we do not believe that any of our potential competitors have technology similar to ours, we are aware certain potential competitors are developingattempting to develop similar products. Many firms in the combustion industry have made and continue to make substantial investments in improving their technologies and manufacturing processes. In addition, they may be able to price their products below the marginal cost of production in an attempt to establish, retain or increase market share. Because of these circumstances, it may be difficult for us to compete successfully in the combustion market.

The loss of the services of our key management and personnel or the failure to attract additional key personnel could adversely affect our ability to operate our business.

A loss of one or more of our current officers or key employees could severely and negatively impact our operations. Of particular note, the loss of services of Dr. Colin J. Deller, our President, Dr. Donald W. Kendrick, our Chief Technology Officer, or Stephen Sock, our Senior ViceManuel C. Menendez III, President of Sales,ClearSign Asia, or Jeffrey Lewallen, our Business Leader – Refining and Petrochemical, could significantly harm our business. We have no present intention to obtain key-man life insurance on any of our executive officers or management. Additionally, competition for highly skilled technical, managerial and other personnel is intense. As our business develops, we might not be able to attract, hire, train, retain and motivate the highly skilled executives and employees we need to be successful. If we fail to attract and retain the necessary technical and managerial personnel, our business will suffer and might fail.

There are many risks we are exposed to by doing business in China.

We are exposed to risks of doing business in China. As a result, the economic, political, legal and social conditions in China could have a material adverse effect on our business.  In addition, the legal system in China has inherent uncertainties that may limit the legal protections available in the event of any claims or disputes that we may have with third parties, including our ability to protect the intellectual property we use in China. As China’s legal system is still evolving, the interpretation of many laws, regulations and rules is not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involve uncertainties, which may limit the remedies available in the event of any claims or disputes with third parties. Some of the other risks related to doing business in China include:

·         the Chinese government exerts substantial influence over the manner in which we must conduct our business activities;

·         restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to receive and use our cash effectively;

·         the Chinese government may favor local businesses and make it more difficult for foreign businesses to operate in China on an equal footing, or generally;

·         there are uncertainties related to the enforcement of contracts with certain parties; and

·         more restrictive rules on foreign investment could adversely affect our ability to expand our operations in China.

As a result of our anticipated growing operations in China, these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Furthermore,our operations in China have been impacted by the outbreak of a strain of the coronavirus, which has resulted in the limitation of flights in and out of China, quarantines, and travel restrictions on the local work force and personnel from our U.S. offices. As a result, the Company has experienced ongoing delays in the completion of two boiler demonstration projects in China. The disruptions resulting from the coronavirus outbreak could have a negative impact on our financial condition, results of operations and business relationships.

Finally, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar foreign anti-corruption laws generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments or providing anything of value to improperly influence foreign government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or obtaining an unfair advantage. While we make every attempt to comply with these laws, our operations outside the United States may increase the risk of violating such laws. Violations of these laws may result in severe criminal or civil sanctions, could disrupt our business and result in a material adverse effect on our reputation, business and results of operations or financial condition.

Our business and operations have been and may continue to be adversely affected by the recent coronavirus outbreak.

In order to mitigate the impact of the coronavirus pandemic we have significantly limited the personnel working full time in both our Seattle, Washington and Tulsa, Oklahoma offices to those providing services that cannot be provided remotely, including research and development activities. We also limit the in-person attendance of other employees to times when their interactions with others are necessary and can be done safely, and in compliance with the CDC guidelines. It is not possible to say what inefficiencies result for this working arrangement but is it is probable that some projects have been prolonged or delayed as a result.

Our operations in China have also been impacted by the severity of the pandemic, which has prevented our USA based employees, other than our President of ClearSign Asia from visiting the country. This has delayed progress on our product development and product proving programs there, and we do not know how long these delays will continue.

In addition to our own work, the work of our partners and suppliers has been, and continues to be affected. The resulting delays to the delivery of materials and services, has resulted in delays to our projects.

If the capital markets continue to experience volatility in response to the coronavirus pandemic, we may not be able to raise capital.

The capital markets have experienced significant volatility due to the ongoing spread of the coronavirus, which may negatively affect our ability to raise capital.

The recent decrease in the price of oil could adversely affect our business and financial results.

The business, operations and financial results of our potential customers in the energy sector, specifically refining operations, may experience adverse effects resulting from the recent decline in oil prices.  This event may put pressure on their capital spending budgets, which could make them less likely to invest time and money in new technologies, such as the ClearSign Core, or make them cancel or delay existing projects in our pipeline.  Any of these outcomes could adversely affect our business and financial results.

Risks Related to Owning Our Securities

The public market for our securities is volatile. This may affect not only the ability of our investors to sell their securities, but the price at which they can sell their securities.

We completed the initial public offering of our common stock in April 2012. Since that time, our common stock (CLIR: NASDAQ) has traded as low as $0.88$0.35 per share and as high as $11.75 per share based upon daily closing prices, and day-to-day trading has been volatile at times. This volatility may continue or increase in the future. The market price for the securities may be significantly affected by factors such as progress in the development of our technology, agreements with research facilities or co-development partners, commercialization of our technology, variations in quarterly and yearly operating results, general trends in the alternative energy industry, and changes in state or federal regulations affecting us and our industry. Furthermore, in recent years the stock market has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that are unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of the affected companies.companies, such as the market reactions to internet marketed ‘short squeezes’ or the coronavirus outbreak. Such broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our securities.

We have the right to issue shares of preferred stock. If we were to issue preferred stock, it is likely to have rights, preferences and privileges that may adversely affect our common stock or other securities.

We are authorized to issue 2,000,000 shares of “blank check” preferred stock, with such rights, preferences and privileges as may be determined from time-to-time by our board of directors. Our board of directors is empowered, without shareholder approval, to issue preferred stock in one or more series, and to fix for any series the dividend rights, dissolution or liquidation preferences, redemption prices, conversion rights, voting rights, and other rights, preferences and privileges for the preferred stock. No shares of preferred stock are presently issued and outstanding and we have no immediate plans to issue shares of preferred stock. The issuance of shares of preferred stock, depending on the rights, preferences and privileges attributable to the preferred stock, could adversely reduce the voting rights and powers of the common stock and the portion of our assets allocated for distribution to common stock holdersstockholders in a liquidation event, and could also result in dilution in the book value per share of our common stock. The preferred stock could also be utilized, under certain circumstances, as a method for raising additional capital or discouraging, delaying or preventing a change in control of the Company, to the detriment of our shareholders. We cannot assure you that we will not, under certain circumstances, issue shares of our preferred stock.

We may be required to raise additional financingcapital by issuing new securities, which may have terms or rights superior to those of our shares of common stock, which could adversely affect the market price of our shares of common stock and our business.

We will require additional financing to fund research, development and commercialization of our technology, to obtain and maintain patents and other intellectual property rights in our technology, and for working capital and other purposes. We may not be able to obtain financing on favorable terms, if at all. Additionally, COVID-19 has caused significant disruptions to the global financial markets which could impact our ability to raise additional capital. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, the percentage ownership of our then-current shareholders will be reduced. Further, we may have to offer new investors in our equity securities rights that are superior to the holders of common stock, which could adversely affect the market price and the voting power of shares of our common stock. If we raise additional funds by issuing debt securities, the holders of these debt securities would similarly have some rights senior to those of the holders of shares of common stock, and the terms of these debt securities could impose restrictions on operations and create a significant interest expense for us which could have a materially adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We have not paid dividends in the past and have no immediate plans to pay dividends.

We plan to reinvest all of our earnings, to the extent we have earnings, in order to continue to develop our products, to market our products, to cover operating costs and to otherwise become and remain competitive. We do not plan to pay any cash dividends with respect to our securities in the foreseeable future. We cannot assure you that we would, at any time, generate sufficient surplus cash that would be available for distribution to the holders of our common stock as a dividend.

We have a significant number of options and a small number of warrants outstanding and we may issue additional options in the future to employees, officers, directors, independent contractors and agents. Sales of the underlying shares of common stock could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

As of February 28, 2019,December 31, 2020, we had outstanding options and warrants for the purchase of 2,039,3772,697,119 and 100,31380,000 shares of common stock, respectively. Under the ClearSign CombustionTechnologies Corporation 2011 Equity Incentive Plan and the ClearSign CombustionTechnologies Corporation 2013 Consultant Stock Plan (collectively, the “Plans”), we have the ability to grant awards of shares or options to employees, officers, directors, independent contractors and agents. Furthermore, as of December 31, 2018,2020, we have reserved an additional 1,496,1671,429,006 shares of common stock for such awards and the Plans provide that this number may increase quarterly by a collective amount of up to 11%16% of the number of shares issued by us each quarter. Certain holders may sell these shares in the public markets from time to time, without limitations on the timing, amount or method of sale. If our stock price rises, the holders may exercise their warrants and options and sell a large number of shares. This could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

We have incurred and will incur significant costs as a result of being a public company that reports to the Securities and Exchange Commission and our management is required to devote substantial time to meet compliance obligations.

As a public company reporting to the Securities and Exchange Commission, we incur significant legal, accounting, investor relations, printing, board compensation, and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. These costs totaled $1,423,000$1,123,000 in 2018.2020. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (with the exception of the requirement of auditor attestation of internal control over financial reporting from which we are currently excluded as a non-accelerated filer company), as well as rules subsequently implemented by the Commission that impose significant requirements on public companies, including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and changes in corporate governance practices. In addition, there are significant corporate governance and executive compensation-related provisions in the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Protection Act that as we grow could increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and may also place undue strain on our personnel, systems and resources. Our management and other personnel continually devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. In addition,Furthermore, these rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified people to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers.

Our charter documents and Washington law may inhibit a takeover that shareholders consider favorable.

Provisions of our articles of Incorporation and bylaws and applicable provisions of Washington law may delay or discourage transactions involving an actual or potential change in our control or change in our management, including transactions in which shareholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares, or transactions that our shareholders might otherwise deem to be in their best interests. The provisions in our articles of incorporation and bylaws:

In addition, Chapter 23B.19 of the Washington Revised Code generally limits our ability to engage in any business combination with a person who beneficially owns 10% or more of our outstanding voting stock unless certain conditions are satisfied. This restriction lasts for a period of five years following the share acquisition. These provisions may have the effect of entrenching our management team and may deprive you of the opportunity to sell your shares to potential acquirers at a premium over prevailing prices. This potential inability to obtain a control premium could reduce the price of our common stock or other securities.

On July 10, 2020, we received a letter from the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) notifying us that FINRA is investigating trading in our securities surrounding the June 15, 2020 announcement that we received a purchase order from ExxonMobil.  We cannot predict the outcome of the investigation.  Potential negative outcomes could adversely affect our ability to raise capital in the future and the investigation itself could distract our management, both of which could increase the risk that you would suffer a loss on your investment.

We have been advised that FINRA is conducting a review of trading in our common stock surrounding the June 15, 2020 announcement of the purchase order we received from ExxonMobil. We have been responding to FINRA’s request for information and intend to continue to cooperate in the investigation.

Although we cannot, at this time, assess either the duration or the likely outcome or consequences of this investigation, any FINRA action that adversely affects us could also adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.  In addition, to the extent that the FINRA investigation distracts our management from pursuing our business plan, our results and the trading price of our common stock could be adversely affected.

ITEM 1B: UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None.

ITEM 2: PROPERTIES.

Our principal office is located at 12870 Interurban Avenue South, Seattle, Washington with satellite offices located in Tulsa, Oklahoma and Beijing, China. At our principal office in Seattle, we currently lease approximately 9,425 square feet of office and laboratory space, which is suitable and adequate for our current operations, under a triple net lease which expires in March 2020.May 2023. Monthly minimum rent is approximately $12,000.$14,000. The Company also has triple net operating leases for office space located in Tulsa, Oklahoma and Beijing, China. The term of the lease for the Tulsa location began in September 2016 and willwas to expire in August 2019.2022. The monthly minimum rent for our Tulsa location is approximately $2,100.$2,200. In January 2021, the lease was amended for a larger office space in the same building. The amended lease will commence in April 2021, pending completion of improvements by the landlord, and will expire in September 2027. The new minimum rent for our Tulsa location will be approximately $5,100 with an annual 2.5% increase. The term of the lease for the Beijing location began in November 2018 and will expireexpired in November 2020. It was renewed for an additional 18 months through May 2022, and is being treated as a short term lease. The monthly minimum rent for our Beijing location is approximately $6,000 (37,000RMB)$4,500 (30,000RMB).

ITEM 3: LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

From time to time we may become involved in various lawsuits and legal proceedings which arise in the ordinary course of business. Litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties and an adverse result in any such matter may harm our business. As of the date of this report, we are not a party to any material pending legal proceedings.

ITEM 4: MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5: MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “CLIR”.

According to our transfer agent, as of March 11, 201928, 2021 we had approximately 141143 shareholders of record. These numbers dorecord. This number does not include an indeterminate number of holders whose shares are held by brokers in street name. Our stock transfer agent is VStock Transfer, LLC, 18 Lafayette Place, Woodmere, NY 11598.

Recent Issuances of Unregistered Securities

On December 31, 2018,2020, we issued 2,5003,750 shares of common stock, having a per share value of $1.44,$2.33, the closing price of our common stock on October 30, 2018,November 5, 2020, the date of grant, from our 2013 Consultant Stock Plan to our investor relations firm, Firm IR Group, LLC, for services provided in the three months ended December 31, 2018.2020. We relied on Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Regulation D promulgated thereunder to issue the stock.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

See Item 12, Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters, for information about our equity compensation plans.

ITEM 6: SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA.

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide this information.

ITEM 7: MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis here and throughout this Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including but not limited to, the risks described in the section titled “Risk Factors”.

OVERVIEW

We design and develop technologies for the purpose of improving key performance characteristics of combustion systems, including emission and operational performance, energy efficiency and overall cost-effectiveness. Our DuplexClearSign Core technology is currently in test furnace and field development and we continue to conduct laboratory research with our ECC technology.development. We have generated nominal revenues from operations to date to meet operating expenses.

We have incurred losses since inception totaling $59,511,000$74,874,000 and we expect to experience operating losses and negative cash flow for the foreseeable future. We have historically financed our operations primarily through issuances of equity securities. Since inception, we have raised approximately $72.0$78.0 million in gross proceeds through the sale of our equity securities. We may need to raise additional capital in the future, however, the significant volatility in the capital markets relating to the ongoing spread of the coronavirus may negatively affect our ability to do so.

In order to mitigate the impact of the coronavirus pandemic we have significantly limited the personnel working full time in both our Seattle, Washington and Tulsa, Oklahoma offices to those providing services that cannot be provided remotely, including research and development activities. We also limit the in person attendance of other employees to times when their interactions with others are necessary and can be done safely, and in compliance with the CDC guidelines. It is not possible to say what inefficiencies result for this working arrangement but is it probable that some projects have been prolonged or delayed as a result.

Our operations in China have also been impacted by the severity of the pandemic, which has prevented our USA based employees other than our President of ClearSign Asia from visiting the country. This has delayed progress on our product development and product proving programs there and we do not know how long these delays will continue.

In addition to our own work the work of our partners and suppliers has been, and continues to be affected resulting in delays to the delivery of materials and services, and has resulted in delays to our projects.

It is not possible at this time to estimate the full impact that the coronavirus pandemic will have on our business or on our potential customers, suppliers or other business partners. However, the continued spread of the coronavirus, the measures taken by the governments of affected countries, actions taken to protect employees, the limitations placed on travel and border crossings, and the impact of the pandemic on various business activities in affected countries could adversely impact our operational results and financial condition.

In order to generate meaningful revenues, our technologies must be fully developed, gain market recognition and acceptance and develop a critical level of successful sales and product installations. In addition, management believes that the successful growth and operation of our business is dependent upon our ability to obtain adequate sources of funding through co-development agreements, strategic partnering agreements, or equity or debt financing to adequately support research and development efforts, protect intellectual property, form relationships with strategic partners and provide for working capital and general corporate purposes. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in achieving our long-term plans, or that such plans, if consummated, will result in profitable operations or enable us to continue in the long-term as a going concern.

Our costs include employee salaries and benefits, compensation paid to consultants, materials and supplies for research, costs associated with development activities including materials, sub-contractors, travel and administration, legal and accounting expenses, sales and marketing costs, general and administrative expenses, and other costs associated with an early stage, publicly-traded technology company. We currently have 1615 full-time employeesemployees. Because using third party expertise and 2 part-time employees. We anticipate increasing the number of employees required to support our activities in the areas of research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative functions. Weresources is more efficient than maintaining full time resources, we also expect to incur consulting expenses related to technology development using third party expertise and resources is more cost effective than maintaining full time resources,some administrative, sales and legal functions commensurate with our current levels and we expect to incur increasing expenses to protect our intellectual property.levels.

The amount that we spend for any specific purpose may vary significantly, and could depend on a number of factors including, but not limited to, the pace of progress of our commercialization and development efforts, actual needs with respect to product testing, development and research, market conditions, and changes in or revisions to our sales and marketing strategies.

Research, development, and commercial acceptance of new technologies are, by their nature, unpredictable.  Although we undertake development and commercialization efforts with reasonable diligence, there can be no assurance that the net proceeds from our securities offerings will be sufficient to enable us to develop our technology to the extent needed to create future sales to sustain operations.  If the net proceeds from these offerings are insufficient for this purpose, we will consider other options to continue our path to commercialization, including, but not limited to, additional financing through follow-on equity offerings, debt financing, co-development agreements, sale or licensing of developed intellectual or other property, or other alternatives.

We cannot assure that our technologies will be accepted, that we will ever earn revenues sufficient to support our operations, or that we will ever be profitable. Furthermore, we have no committed source of financing and we cannot assure that we will be able to raise money as and when we need it to continue our operations. If we cannot raise funds as and when we need them, we may be required to scale back our development plans by reducing expenditures for employees, consultants, business development and marketing efforts or to otherwise severely curtail, or even to cease, our operations.

Critical Accounting Policies

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based upon our financial statements, which have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Certain accounting policies and estimates are particularly important to the understanding of our financial position and results of operations and require the application of significant judgment by our management or can be materially affected by changes from period to period in economic factors or conditions that are outside of our control. As a result, they are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. In applying these policies, our management uses their judgment to determine the appropriate assumptions to be used in the determination of certain estimates. Those estimates are based on our historical operations, our future business plans and projected financial results, the terms of existing contracts, our observance of trends in the industry, information provided by our customers and information available from other outside sources, as appropriate. See Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for a more complete description of our significant accounting policies.

Revenue Recognition and Cost of Goods Sold. Effective January 1, 2017, the Company retroactively adopted ASU No. 2014-09 which has as its core principle that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in the exchange for those goods or services. The Company reviews each contract to identify contract rights, performance obligations,recognizes revenue and transaction prices, including the allocationcost of prices to separate performance obligations.goods sold in accordance with ASC606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Revenues and costs of sales are recognized once the goods or services are delivered to the customer’s control and performance obligations are satisfied. Typically, theThe Company’s customer contracts includewith customers generally have performance obligations related to emission levelsand a schedule of non-refundable cancellation obligations. The contracts generally will be fully performed upon delivery of certain drawings or other metrics that are measured at project completion. Since this is the singular performance obligation and cannot be achieved until the air emissions and operational performance have been successfully tested, revenueequipment. Revenue related to the contracts is recognized upon project completion.in accordance with ASC 606 in accordance with the non-refundable performance obligations which are laid out in each sales order.

Product Warranties. The Company warrants all installed products against defects in materials and workmanship for a period specified in each contract by replacing failed parts. Accruals for product warranties are based on historical warranty experience and current product performance trends, and are recorded at the time revenue is recognized as a component of cost of sales. The warranty liabilities are reduced by material and labor costs used to replace parts over the warranty period in the periods in which the costs are incurred. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liabilities and adjusts the amounts as necessary and such adjustments could be material in the future if estimates differ significantly from actual warranty expense. The warranty liabilities are included in accrued liabilities in the balance sheets.

Research and Development. The cost of research and development is expensed as incurred. Research and development costs consist of salaries, benefits, share-based compensation, consulting fees, rent, utilities, depreciation, and consumables.

Stock-Based Compensation. The costs of all employee stock options, as well as other equity-based compensation arrangements, are reflected in the consolidated financial statements based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the grant date. That cost is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award. Stock compensation for stock granted to non-employees is determined as the fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of equity instruments issued, whichever is more reliably measured.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are categorized based on whether or not the inputs are observable in the market and the degree that the inputs are observable. The categorization of financial assets and liabilities within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The Company's financial instruments primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable, accrued expenses and short-term investments in government securities. As of the balance sheet date, the estimated fair values of the financial instruments were not materially different from their carrying values as presented on the balance sheets. This is primarily attributed to the short maturities of these instruments. The Company did not identify any other non-recurring assets and liabilities that are required to be presented in the balance sheets at fair value.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 20182020 and 2017 2019

Revenue, Cost of Goods Sold, and Gross Profit. The Company reported no annual revenue in 2020. We recognized cost of $530,000 in 2018 earnedgoods sold of $450,000 from installationsa project that we anticipate will show a loss on the sale when completed and from a second project that has been deemed as potentially uncollectable. This was offset by a recorded adjustment of Duplex units at two enclosed ground flares and one OTSG, and recognized gross profit$171,000 representing reversal of accruals for product warranties that expired during the year of $103,000.period. The Company reported no revenue of $540,000 from installation of Duplex units at three enclosed ground flares and a gross profit of $160,000incurred $1,000 in 2017.warranty costs for previously completed contracts in 2019. We anticipate gross margins will normalize in the range of 50%, as production increases, assuming an increasethat the Company will realize revenue in volume of sales.future periods.

Operating Expenses. Operating expenses decreased by $198,000$1,929,000 to $9,674,000$6,653,000 in 20182020 compared to $9,872,000$8,582,000 in operating expenses in 2017,2019, a decrease of approximately 2%22%. The Company decreased its research and development (R&D) expenses by $660,000$1,027,000 to $4,052,000$2,029,000 for 20182020 compared to $4,712,000$3,056,000 for 2017.2019. R&D expenses decreased due primarily to a $443,000 decrease both in consulting costs relatedtransitioning from R&D work to the evaluation of our Duplex technologyfield work with customers, and reduced laboratory related costs, all of which totaled $1,191,000 in 2018 as compared to $1,634,000 in 2017. The field testing decrease was offset in part by a small increase in general R&D costs. General & Administrativeadministrative (G&A) expenses increaseddecreased by $462,000$902,000 to $5,622,000$4,624,000 for 20182020 compared to $5,160,000$5,526,000 for 2017.2019. This increasedecrease is due to various activities, including costsa reduction of consulting services, travel expenses, and patent impairment charges by approximately $364,000 incurred$1,090,000, offset primarily by a $215,000 increase in resolving a proposed solicitation of our shareholders and a write-off of approximately $322,000 of capitalized pending patents that were projected to be unnecessarily costly and could be disposed without degrading the quality of other intellectual property.G&A compensation costs.

Loss from Operations. Due to the decrease in operating expenses, our loss from operations decreased during 20182020 by $141,000$1,651,000 to $9,571,000,$6,932,000, compared to $9,712,000$8,583,000 in 2017,2019, a decrease of approximately 1%19%.

Other income. Other income of $44,000 in 2020 resulted from a non-recurring sale of spare materials and parts for an installation site on a previously completed contract.

Net Loss. Primarily as a result of the decrease in operating expenses, our net loss for 20182020 was $9,500,000$6,886,000 as compared to a net loss of $9,680,000$8,482,000 for 2017,2019, resulting in a $180,000$1,596,000 decrease in the net loss or approximately 2%19%.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

At December 31, 2018,2020, our cash and cash equivalent balance totaled $8,949,000$8,824,000 compared to $1,247,000$8,552,000 at December 31, 2017,2019, which we believe will be adequate to support our operations for at least the next 12 months from the date of issuance of this report.Although we are pursuing sales and co-development agreements, there is no assurance that we will be successful in entering into any such agreements or, if we do enter into such agreements, that they will provide adequate funds to support our operations and to commercialize our technology. To the extent sales and co-development agreement funding is insufficient for these purposes, we may undertake offerings of our securities, debt financing, selling or licensing our developed intellectual or other property, or other alternatives. From inception, the Company’s operations have been funded primarily through the sale of its common stock. In order to continue business operations beyond twelve months from the date of issuance of this report, the Company currently anticipates that it will need to raise additional capital. However, there can be no assurances that the Company will be able to secure any such additional financing on acceptable terms and conditions. Additionally, the outbreak of COVID-19 has caused significant disruptions to the global financial markets which could impact the Company’s ability to raise additional capital.

At December 31, 2018,2020, our current assets were in excess of current liabilities resulting in working capital of $14,774,000$8,302,000 compared to $263,000$7,684,000 at December 31, 2017.2019. The increase in working capital resulted primarily from a $7,702,000$272,000 increase in cash and cash equivalents, a $6,923,000 increase in short-term investments with maturities of twelve months or less, and a decrease of $266,000$410,000 in accounts payable and accrued compensation, offset byliabilities, and an increase of $134,000$75,000 in prepaid expenses and other assets.

Operating activities for 20182020 resulted in cash outflows of $8,384,000$5,964,000 which were due primarily to the net loss for the period of $6,886,000, offset by share based compensation primarily from the Company’s employee and consultant equity plans of $800,000, services and compensation paid with common stock of $17,000, and depreciation and amortization expense of $210,000. Operating activities for 2019 resulted in cash outflows of $6,902,000 which were due primarily to the loss for the period of $9,500,000, offset by share based compensation from the Company’s employee and consultant equity plans of $224,000, services and compensation paid with common stock of $242,000, abandonment of capitalized patent costs of $322,000 and depreciation and amortization expense of $271,000. Operating activities for 2017 resulted in cash outflows of $8,258,000 which were due primarily to the loss for the period of $9,680,000,$8,482,000, offset by share-based compensation from the Company’s employee and consultant equity plans of $369,000,$685,000, services and compensation paid with common stock of $342,000,$14,000, impairment of capitalized patent costs of $733,000, and depreciation and amortization expense of $297,000.$240,000.

Investing activities for 2018 and 20172020 resulted in cash outflows of $7,425,000$194,000 and $421,000, respectively. On December 31, 2018, we had investmentscash inflows of $6,923,000 of cash$6,505,000 in short-term U.S. Treasury securities. Development2019. During 2020 and 2019, development of capitalized patents and other intangible assets resulted in cash outflows of $408,000$177,000 and $327,000,$398,000, respectively. Acquisition of fixed assets for 20182020 and 2017,2019 resulted in cash outflows of $94,000, in each$17,000 and $20,000, respectively. During 2019, we received proceeds of 2018 and 2017.$6,923,000 from maturities of short-term U.S. Treasury securities.

Financing activities for 20182020 resulted in $23,511,000 of cash inflows of $6,053,000 in net proceeds from the underwritten offeringissuance of our common stock, that we completed on February 27, 2018, which provided gross$251,000 from PPP loan funding and $126,000 in proceeds of $12.9 million and net cash proceeds of $11.9 million and the private offering of our common stock that we completed on July 20, 2018, which provided gross proceeds of $11.7 million and net cash proceeds of $11.6 million. Financing activities for 2017 resulted in $8,667,000 of cash inflows from the shareholder rights offering and saleexercise of units we completed on January 25, 2017, which provided gross proceeds of $9.6 million and net cash proceeds of $8.7 million.stock options, compared to no financing activities during 2019.

Off-Balance Sheet Transactions

We do not have any off-balance sheet transactions.

ITEM 7A: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide this information.

ITEM 8: CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

ClearSign CombustionTechnologies Corporation and Subsidiary

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of

ClearSign CombustionTechnologies Corporation

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of ClearSign CombustionTechnologies Corporation and subsidiary (the "Company") as of December 31, 20182020 and 2017,2019, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows, for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2018,2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 20182020 and 2017,2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2018,2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

LiquidityCritical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of this critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the account or disclosures to which it relates.

Patents and Other Intangible Assets Impairment Assessment

As described in Notes 2 and 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s patents and other intangible assets balance was $1.3 million as of December 31, 2020, which primarily consists of patents and trademarks. Patent and other intangible assets are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable.

We identified the carrying value of intangible assets as a critical audit matter. The methods and underlying assumptions in an impairment analysis involve high levels of management estimates and judgment, which in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment and subjectivity in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence.

The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We reviewed current and previous operating conditions for indications of impairment. We reviewed patent committee and board minutes and news for indications of impairment. We reviewed documents from current and potential future customers for evidence of future recoverability.

Liquidity

As more fully described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has incurred significant operating losses and negative operating cash flows since its inception. The Company’s continued operations are dependent upon its ability to raise additional funds through equity or debt financing and attain profitable operations. Additionally, the outbreak of COVID-19 has caused significant disruptions to the global financial markets which could impact the Company’s operations and its ability to raise additional capital.

/s/ Gumbiner Savett Inc.

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2011

Santa Monica, California

March 12, 201931, 2021

ClearSign CombustionTechnologies Corporation and Subsidiary

Consolidated Balance Sheets

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1 – Organization and Description of Business

ClearSign CombustionTechnologies Corporation (ClearSign or the Company)designs and develops products and technologies for the purpose of improving key performance characteristics of combustionindustrial and commercial systems, including emission and operational performance, energy efficiency, emission reduction, safety and overall cost-effectiveness. Our patented technologies, embedded in established OEM products as ClearSign Core™, and ClearSign Eye™ and other sensing configurations, enhance the performance of combustion systems and fuel safety systems in a broad range of markets, including the energy (upstream oil production and down-stream refining), commercial/industrial boiler, chemical, petrochemical, transport and power industries. The Company’s primary technologies includetechnology is its DuplexClearSign Core technology, which achieves very low emissions without the need of external flue gas recirculation, selective catalytic reduction, or higher excess air operation, and its Electrodynamic Combustion Control or ECC technology, which introduces a computer-controlled electric field into the combustion region that may better control gas-phase chemical reactions and improve system performance and cost-effectiveness.operation. The Company is headquartered in Seattle, Washington and was incorporated in the state of Washington in 2008.  On July 28, 2017, the Company incorporated a subsidiary, ClearSign Asia Limited, in Hong Kong to represent the Company’s business and technological interests throughout Asia. Through ClearSign Asia Limited, the Company has established a Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise (WFOE) in China – ClearSign Combustion (Beijing) Environmental Technologies Co., LTD.

Unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, the terms ClearSign and the “Company” refersCompany refer to ClearSign CombustionTechnologies Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiary, ClearSign Asia Limited.

Liquidity

The Company’s technologies are currently in field development and have generated nominal revenues from operations to date to meet operating expenses. In order to generate meaningful revenues, the technologies must be fully developed, gain market recognition and acceptance, and develop a critical level of successful sales and product installations. The Company has historically financed its operations primarily through issuances of equity securities, including $11.9$4.8 million in proceeds, net of offering costs, from a stock offering completed on February 27, 2018August 24, 2020 and $11.6$1.3 million in proceeds, net of offering costs, from a stock offering completed on July 20, 2018.September 30, 2020. Subsequent to December 31, 2020, the Company raised $3.5 million from the issuance of 750,000 shares of common stock at prices ranging from $4.03 to $5.50 per share through an At The Market (ATM) facility as of March 27, 2021. The Company has incurred losses since its inception totaling $59,511,000$74,874,000 and expects to experience operating losses and negative cash flows for the foreseeable future. Additionally, the outbreak of COVID-19 has caused significant disruptions to the global markets which could impact the Company’s ability to raise additional capital. Based on the Company’s current plans, it has sufficient funds to continue to support its operations for at least twelve months from the date of issuance of these consolidated financial statements. In order to continue business operations beyond twelve months from the date of issuance of these consolidated financial statements, the Company currently anticipates that it will need to raise additional capital. Management believes that the successful growth and operation of the Company’s business is dependent upon its ability to obtain adequate sources of funding through co-development agreements, strategic partnering agreements, or equity or debt financing to adequately support research and development efforts, protect intellectual property, form relationships with strategic partners, and provide for working capital and general corporate purposes. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in achieving its long-term plans as set forth above, or that such plans, if consummated, will result in profitable operations or enable the Company to continue in the long-term as a going concern.

Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of ClearSign and its subsidiary. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition and Cost of Sales

The Company recognizes revenue and related cost of goods sold in accordance with FASB ASC 606Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606). Revenues and cost of goods sold are recognized once the goods or services are delivered to the customer’s control andor non-refundable performance obligations are satisfied. Typically, theThe Company’s contracts with customers generally have performance obligations regarding air emissions and operational performance that are satisfieda schedule of non-refundable cancellation obligations. The contracts generally will be fully performed upon completiondelivery of service. Since this is the singular performance obligation and cannot be achieved until the air emissions and operational performance have been successfully tested, revenuecertain drawings or equipment. Revenue related to the contracts is recognized upon project completion.in accordance with ASC 606 in accordance with the non-refundable performance obligations which are laid out in each sales order.

The Company’s contracts generally include progress payments from the customer upon completion of defined milestones. As these payments are received, they are offset against accumulated project costs and recorded as either contract assets or contract liabilities. Upon completion of the performance obligations and acceptance by the customer the projects can be recorded as revenue.

The Company's contracts with customers contain no variable considerations or incentives or discounts that would cause revenue to be allocated or adjusted over time. Therefore, no separate methods of evaluating the contracts other than consideration of the price at achievement of the performance objectives was used in satisfying the review requirements of ASC 606.

Contract acquisition costsAcquisition Costs and practical expedientsPractical Expedients

For contracts that have a duration of less than one year, the Company follows ASC 606, practical expedientsNarrow Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients, and expenses those costs when incurred; for contracts with a life exceeding one year, the Company records those costs when performance obligations related to the contract are completed. The Company generally expenses sales commissions when earned. The Company records those costs within general and administrative expenses.

Product Warranties

The Company warrants all installed products against defects in materials and workmanship for a period specified in each contract by replacing failed parts. Accruals for product warranties are based on historical warranty experience and current product performance trends, and are recorded at the time revenue is recognized as a component of cost of sales.sales at the time revenue is recognized. The warranty liabilities are reduced by material and labor costs used to replace parts over the warranty period in the periods in which the costs are incurred. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liabilities and adjusts the amounts as necessary, and such adjustments could be material in the future if estimates differ significantly from actual warranty expense. The warranty liabilities are included in accrued liabilities in the balance sheets.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less are considered cash equivalents. Cash is maintained with a commercial bank where accounts are generally guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation up to $250,000. The Company’s deposits may at times exceed this limit. The Company also maintains a cash balance in China. Accounts at such banks areChina which is insured up to $75,000$70,000 (500,000RMB). The Company has not experienced losses in such accounts and believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk on cash and cash equivalents.

Short-Term Investments

Short-term investments consist of U.S. Treasury bills with original maturities of twelve months or less and greater than three months. These short-term investments are classified as held to maturity and are recorded on an amortized cost basis which approximates fair value.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount. An allowance for doubtful accounts is established, as necessary, based on past experience and other factors which, in management’s judgment, deserve current recognition in estimating bad debts. The determination of the collectability of amounts due from customer accounts requires the Company to make judgments regarding future events and trends. Allowances for doubtful accounts are determined based on assessing the Company’s portfolio on an individual customer and on an overall basis. This process consists of a review of historical collection experience, current aging status of the customer accounts, and the financial condition of the Company’s customers. Based on a review of these factors, the Company may establish or adjust the allowance for specific customers and the accounts receivable portfolio as a whole.

Fixed Assets and Leases

Fixed assets are recorded at cost. Leases are recorded in accordance with FASB ASC 842,Leases. For those leases with a term greater than one year, the Company recognizes on the balance sheet at the time of lease inception or modification a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, initially measured at the present value of the lease payments. Lease costs are recognized in the income statement over the lease term on a straight-line basis. Operating leases with a term of 1 year or less are recognized on a straight line basis over the term. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the life of the lease or their useful life, whichever is shorter. All other fixed assets are depreciated over two to four years. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred.

Patents and Trademarks

Patents and trademarks are recorded at cost.cost, less accumulated amortization. Amortization is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets once they are awarded. Patent application costs are deferred pending the outcome of patent applications. Costs associated with unsuccessful patent applications and abandoned intellectual property are expensed when determined to have no recoverable value. The Company evaluates the potential alternative uses of all intangible assets, as well as the recoverability of the carrying values of intangible assets, on a recurring basis.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company tests long-lived assets, consisting of fixed assets, patents and other intangible assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable through the estimated undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the assets. In that event, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the long-lived assets. Fair value is determined based on the present value of estimated expected cash flows using a discount rate commensurate with the risks involved, quoted market prices, or appraised values depending upon the nature of the assets. Loss on long-lived assets to be disposed of is determined in a similar manner, except that fair values are reduced for the cost of disposal.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are categorized based on whether or not the inputs are observable in the market and the degree that the inputs are observable. The categorization of financial assets and liabilities within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of inputs used to establish fair value are the following:

The Company's financial instruments primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts payable and accrued expenses. As of the balance sheet dates, the estimated fair values of the financial instruments were not materially different from their carrying values as presented on the balance sheets. This is primarily attributable to the short-term maturities of these instruments.

The Company did not identify any other non-recurring assets and liabilities that are required to be presented in the balance sheets at fair value.

Research and Development

The cost of research and development is expensed as incurred. Research and development costs consist of salaries, benefits, share based compensation, consulting fees, rent, utilities, depreciation, and consumables.

In 2018,During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company received $44,000$108,000 to partially fund specific research and development activity relating to its ECC technology. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company received $40,000 to partially fund specific engineering activity relating to the development of burners for a Super Major. Additionally, the Company received $50,000 to partially fund the engineering and installation of a product for an air quality demonstration project. Since these funds were provided without expectation of reciprocation, exceptother than the notification of research results, the funds received were offset against the related research and development costs incurred.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes using an asset and liability approach which allows for the recognition and measurement of deferred tax assets based upon the likelihood of realization of tax benefits in future years. Under the asset and liability approach, deferred taxes are provided for the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. A valuation allowance is provided for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not these items will either expire before the Company is able to realize their benefits, or that future deductibility is uncertain. Tax benefits from an uncertain tax position are recognized only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution.

Stock-Based Compensation

The costs of all employee stock options, as well as other equity-based compensation arrangements, are reflected in the consolidated financial statements based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the grant date. That cost is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award. Stock compensation for stock granted to non-employees is determined as the fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of equity instruments issued, whichever is more reliably measured.

Foreign Operations

The accompanying consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 20182020 and 20172019 include assets amounting to approximately $199,000$103,000 and $0,$151,000, respectively, relating to operations of the Company in China. It is always possible that unanticipated events in foreign countries could disrupt the Company’s operations.operations, and since the first quarter of 2020 this has been and currently continues to be the case with the effects of the recent COVID-19 pandemic.

Foreign Currency

The functional currency of ClearSign Asia Limited is the U.S. dollar. The Company remeasures the transactions denominated in Chinese Yuan at the average exchange rate in effect during the period. At the end of each reporting period, the Company remeasures ClearSign Asia Limited’s monetary assets and liabilities to the U.S. dollar using exchange rates in effect at the end of the reporting period. The Company remeasures its non-monetary assets and liabilities at historical exchange rates. The Company records gains and losses related to remeasurement in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations. Foreign currency exchange gain (losses)(loss) has not been significant in any period presented and the Company has not undertaken any hedging transactions related to foreign currency exposure.

The subsidiary of the Company has a minority shareholder representing an ownership interest of 1.00% at December 31, 2020 and 2019. The Company accounts for this noncontrolling interest pursuant to ASC 810-10-65 whereby gains and losses in a subsidiary with a noncontrolling interest are allocated to the noncontrolling interest based on the ownership percentage of the noncontrolling interest, even if that allocation results in a deficit noncontrolling interest balance.

Net Loss per Common Share

Basic loss per share is computed by dividing loss available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted loss per share is computed similar to basic loss per share except that the denominator is increased to include additional common shares available upon exercise of stock options and warrants using the treasury stock method, except for periods for which no common share equivalents are included because their effect would be anti-dilutive. At December 31, 20182020 and 2017,2019, potentially dilutive shares outstanding amounted to 3,376,0612,777,119 and 3,489,644,2,211,058, respectively.

Recently Adopted Standards

In May 2017 the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2017-09Scope of Modification Accounting, clarifies Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation, which requires a company to apply modification accounting to changes in the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award unless all of the following criteria are met:(1) the fair value of the modified award is the same as the fair value of the original award immediately before the modification.  The ASU indicates that if the modification does not affect any of the inputs to the valuation technique used to value the award, the entity is not required to estimate the value immediately before and after the modification; (2) the vesting conditions of the modified award are the same as the vesting conditions of the original award immediately before the modification; and (3) the classification of the modified award as an equity instrument or a liability instrument is the same as the classification of the original award immediately before the modification.  The ASU is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those years.  The Company currently does not have any modifications to existing stock compensation agreements and will be able to calculate the impact of the ASU once modifications arise.Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2018 FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07Compensation-Stock Compensation. The amendments in this Update expand the scope of Topic 718 to include share based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. An entity should apply the requirements of Topic 718 to nonemployee awards except for specific guidance on inputs to an option pricing model and the attribution of cost (that is, the period of time over which share-based payment awards vest and the pattern of cost recognition over that period). The amendments specify that Topic 718 applies to all share-based payment transactions in which a grantor acquires goods or services to be used or consumed in a grantor’s own operations by issuing share-based payment awards. The amendments also clarify that Topic 718 does not apply to share-based payments used to effectively provide (1) financing to the issuer or (2) awards granted in conjunction with selling goods or services to customers as part of a contract accounted for under Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The ASU is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those years. The Company currently does not believe this amendment applies to any of its transactions at this time.

In November 2018 FASB issued ASU 2018-18,Topic 808 Collaborative Arrangements,Arrangements. The amendments in this Updateupdate make targeted improvements to generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for collaborative arrangements as follows: (1) clarify that certain transactions between collaborative arrangement participants should be accounted for as revenue under Topic 606 when the collaborative arrangement participant is a customer in the context of a unit of account. In those situations, all the guidance in Topic 606 should be applied, including recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure requirements; (2) add unit-of-account guidance in Topic 808 to align with the guidance in Topic 606 (that is, a distinct good or service) when an entity is assessing whether the collaborative arrangement or a part of the arrangement is within the scope of Topic 606; (3) require that in a transaction with a collaborative arrangement participant that is not directly related to sales to third parties, presenting the transaction together with revenue recognized under Topic 606 is precluded if the collaborative arrangement participant is not a customer. For public business entities, the amendments in this Updateupdate are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company currently doesadoption of this standard did not believe this amendment applies.have material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Management does not believe that any other recently issued, but not yet effective, authoritative guidance, if currently adopted, would have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statement presentation or disclosures.

Note 3 – Fixed Assets

Fixed assets are summarized as follows:

The Company has a triple net operating lease for office and laboratory space in Seattle, Washington throughwhich had a term that was to end in March 2020 with rent of approximately $12,000 per month plus triple net operating costs. The Company also has a triple net operating lease for office space in Tulsa, Oklahoma throughwith a term that was to end in August 2019 withand monthly rent of approximately $2,000 per month plus triple net operating costs. Both leases include lessee renewal options for three years at the then prevailing market rate. Effective as of July and August 2019, the Company exercised the options to renew both the Seattle lease and the Tulsa lease for three years. The new term of the Seattle lease began in April 2020 and rent was abated for April and May 2020, although the Company was responsible for its proportionate share of expenses and taxes. The Company haspays a monthly rent of approximately $13,500 through March 2021. The monthly rent increases on the first day of April of each succeeding year by approximately 3% until the end of the term in May 2023. The rent for the Tulsa lease was approximately $2,200 a month through August 2022 with an annual 2.5% increase. However, in January 2021, the lease was amended for a larger office space in the same building. The amended lease terms will commence in April 2021 or later, pending completion of improvements by the landlord, and expire in September 2027. The new rent amount for the Tulsa lease will be approximately $5,100 a month with an annual 2.5% increase. The Company had an operating lease for office space in Beijing, China through November 2020 with a monthly rent of approximately $6,000. It was renewed for an additional 18 months through May 2022, and is being treated as a short term lease with a monthly rent of approximately $4,500.

Lease costs for the years ended December 31, 20182020 and 20172019 and other quantitative disclosures are as follows:

Minimum future payments under the Company’s leases at December 31, 20182020 and their application to the corresponding lease liabilities are as follows: