SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒

☑ ANNUAL REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 20222023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________________________________ to ____________________________________

Commission File Number: 000-51726

Magyar Bancorp, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

(732) 342-7600

(Issuer’s Telephone Number including area code)

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐ No ☒ ☑

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act.

Yes ☐ No ☒ ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act during the preceding twelve months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐☑ No☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ No ☒☑

The aggregate value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the closing price of the Common Stock as of March 31, 20222023 was $79.6$70.6 million. As of December 15, 2022,2023, there were 6,742,9346,657,798 outstanding shares of the registrant’s Common Stock,

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

1.       Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on February 16, 202322, 2024 (Part III)

Magyar Bancorp, Inc.

Annual Report On Form 10-K

For The Fiscal Year Ended

September 30, 20222023

Table Of Contents

PART I

Forward Looking Statements

We have included or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and from time to time our management may make, statements that may constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the safe harbour provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are not historical facts but instead represent only our beliefs regarding future events, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and outside our control. These statements include statements other than historical information or statements of current condition and may relate to our future plans and objectives and results, as well as statements about the objective and effectiveness of our risk management and liquidity policies, statements about trends in or growth opportunities for our business, statements about our future status, and activities or reporting under U.S. banking and financial regulation. Forward-looking statements generally are identified by the words “believe,” “project,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “intend,” “strategy,” “future,” “opportunity,” “plan,” “may,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “will be,” “will continue,” “will likely result,” and similar expressions. By identifying these statements for you in this manner, we are alerting you to the possibility that our actual results and financial condition may differ, possibly materially, from the anticipated results and financial condition indicated in these forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ from those indicated in the forward-looking statements include, among others, those discussed below and under “Risk Factors” in Part 1, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Conversion and Reorganization of Magyar Bancorp, MHCInc.

Prior to consummation of its mutual to stock conversion in July 2021, Magyar Bancorp, MHC (the “MHC”) was the New Jersey-chartered mutual holding company of Magyar Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”). The MHC’s only business was the ownership of 55.0% is a Delaware-chartered corporation which owns 100% of the issuedoutstanding shares of common stock of Magyar Bank. Magyar Bancorp, MHC was the Company. On February 25, 2021, the MHC adopted a Plan of Conversion and Reorganization (the “Plan”) pursuant to which the MHC would undertake a “second-step” conversion and Magyar Bank, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, would reorganize from the two-tierformer mutual holding company structurefor Magyar Bancorp, Inc. prior to completion of the fully-public stock holding company structure.second-step conversion. In conjunction with the second-step conversion, Magyar Bancorp, MHC ceased to exist. The Plan received all required regulatory, depositor and stockholder approval, and thesecond-step conversion and offering were consummatedwas completed on July 14, 2021, onat which date the MHC ceased to exist.

Pursuant to the Plan, (i) the shares of the Company’s common stock held by persons other than the MHC (the shares held by the MHC were canceled) were converted into new shares of the Company’s common stock based on an exchange ratio designed to preserve the percentage ownership interests of such persons, and (ii) the Company offered and sold shares of common stock, representing the ownership interest of the MHC in the Company, in a subscription offering. In the stock offering,time the Company raised gross proceeds of $39.1 million by selling 3,910,000 shares of common stock at $10.00 per share. Concurrent with the completion of the stock offering, each share of the Company’s common stock owned by public stockholders (stockholders other than the MHC) was exchanged for 1.2213 new shares of Company common stock. A total of 7,097,825 shares of common stock were issued and outstanding at

At September 30, 2021. As a result of the second-step conversion, all share and per share information prior to the reorganization was subsequently revised to reflect the 1.2213 exchange ratio, unless otherwise noted.

2023, Magyar Bancorp, Inc.

The Company is a Delaware-chartered corporation which owns 100% had consolidated assets of the outstanding shares$907.3 million, total deposits of common stock$755.5 million and stockholders’ equity of Magyar Bank.$104.8 million. Magyar Bancorp, Inc. has not engaged in any significant business activity other than owning all of the shares of common stock of Magyar Bank. At September 30, 2022, Magyar Bancorp, Inc. had consolidated assets of $798.5 million, total deposits of $667.7 million and stockholders’ equity of $98.5 million. The executive office of Magyar Bancorp, Inc. is located at 400 Somerset Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, and its telephone number is (732) 342-7600. Magyar Bancorp, Inc. is subject to regulation and examination by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“FRB”) and the New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance (“NJDBI”).

Magyar Bank

Magyar Bank is a New Jersey-chartered savings bank headquartered in New Brunswick, New Jersey that was originally founded in 1922 as a New Jersey building and loan association. In 1954, Magyar Bank converted to a New Jersey

savings and loan association, before converting to a New Jersey savings bank charter in 1993. We conduct business from our main office located at 400 Somerset Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey, and our seven branch offices located in New Brunswick, North Brunswick, South Brunswick, Branchburg, Bridgewater, and Edison, New Jersey. The telephone number at our main office is (732) 342-7600 and our website is located at www.magbank.com. Information on our website is not and should not be considered a part of this Annual Report.

General

Our principal business consists of attracting retail deposits from the general public in the areas surrounding our main office in New Brunswick, New Jersey and our branch offices located in Middlesex and Somerset Counties, New Jersey, and investing those deposits, together with funds generated from operations and wholesale funding, in residential mortgage loans, home equity loans, home equity lines of credit, commercial real estate loans, residential mortgage loans, commercial business loans, Small Business Administration (“SBA”) loans, home equity loans, home equity lines of credit, construction loans and investment securities. We also originate consumer loans, which

consist primarily of secured demand loans. We originate loans primarily for our loan portfolio. However, from time to time we have sold some of our long-term, fixed-rate residential mortgage loans into the secondary market, while retaining the servicing rights for such loans. In addition, we sell the SBA-guaranteed portion of SBA loans into the secondary market, while retaining the servicing rights for such loans. Our revenues are derived principally from interest on loans and securities, our investment securities consist primarily of mortgage-backed securities and U.S. Government and government-sponsored enterprise obligations. We also generate revenues from fees and service charges. Our primary sources of funds are deposits, borrowings and principal and interest payments on loans and securities. We are subject to comprehensive regulation and examination by the NJDBI and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”).

Market Area

We are headquartered in New Brunswick, New Jersey, and our primary deposit market area is concentrated in the communities surrounding our headquarters branch and our branch offices located in Middlesex and Somerset Counties, New Jersey. Our primary lending market area is broader than our deposit market area and includes all of New Jersey.

The economy of our primary market area is largely urban and suburban with a broad economic base that is typical for counties surrounding the New York metropolitan area. The median household income in Middlesex and Somerset Counties ranks among the highest in the nation.

Competition

We face intense competition within our market area both in making loans and attracting deposits. Our market area has a high concentration of financial institutions including large money center and regional banks, community banks and credit unions. Some of our competitors offer products and services that we currently do not offer, such as trust services and private banking. According to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’s annual Summary of Deposit report, at June 30, 2022,2023, our market share of deposits was 1.11%1.26% and 0.42%0.38% in Middlesex and Somerset Counties, respectively. Our market share of deposits was 1.33%1.11% and 0.42%, respectively, at June 30, 2021.2022.

Our competition for loans and deposits comes principally from commercial banks, savings institutions, mortgage banking firms and credit unions. We face additional competition for deposits from short-term money market funds, brokerage firms, mutual funds and insurance companies. Our primary focus is to build and develop profitable customer relationships across all lines of business while maintaining our role as a community bank.

Lending Activities

We originate residential mortgage loans to purchase or refinance residential real property. Residential mortgage loans represented $214.4$237.7 million, or 34.1% of our total loans at September 30, 2022.2023. Historically, we have not originated a significant number of loans for the purpose of reselling them in the secondary market. In the future, however, to help manage interest rate risk and to increase fee income, we may increase our origination and sale of residential mortgage loans. No loans were held for sale at September 30, 2022.2023. We also originate commercial real estate, commercial business and construction loans. At September 30, 2022,2023, these loans totaled $342.8$389.1 million, or 54.5%55.8%, $34.7$30.2 million, or 5.5%4.3%, and $15.2$21.9 million, or 2.4%3.1%, respectively, of our total loan portfolio. We also offer consumer loans, which consist primarily of home equity lines of credit and stock-secured demand loans. At September 30, 2022,2023, home equity lines of credit and stock-secured demand loans totaled $18.7$17.0 million, or 3.0%2.4% and $3.1$2.4 million, or 0.5%0.3%, respectively, of our total loan portfolio.

Loan Portfolio Composition. The following table sets forth the composition of our loan portfolio by type of loan, at the dates indicated.

Loan Portfolio Maturities and Yields. The following table summarizes the scheduled repayments of our loan portfolio at September 30, 2022.2023. Demand loans, loans having no stated repayment schedule or maturity, and overdraft loans are reported as being due in one year or less.

The following table sets forth the scheduled repayments of fixed- and adjustable-rate loans at September 30, 20222023 that are contractually due after September 30, 2023.2024.

One-to Four-Family Residential Mortgage Loans. We originate residential mortgage loans, most of which are secured by properties located in our primary market area and most of which we hold in portfolio. At September 30, 2022, $214.42023, $237.7 million, or 34.1% of our total loan portfolio, consisted of residential mortgage loans (including home equity loans). Residential mortgage loan originations are generally obtained from our in-house loan representatives, from existing or past customers, through advertising, and through referrals from attorneys, real estate brokers, and local builders and are underwritten pursuant to Magyar Bank’s policies and standards. Generally, residential mortgage loans are originated in amounts up to 80% of the lesser of the appraised value or purchase price of the property, with private mortgage insurance required on loans with a loan-to-value ratio in excess of 80%. We generally will not make residential mortgage loans with a loan-to-value ratio in excess of 95%, which is the upper limit that has been established by the Board of Directors. Mortgage loans have been primarily

originated for terms of up to 30 years. Magyar Bank does not originate or purchase “sub-prime” (mortgages granted to borrowers whose credit history is not sufficient to get a conventional mortgage) or option ARMadjustable rate mortgage (“ARM”) mortgage loans. At September 30, 2022,2023, there were no$386,000 non-performing residential mortgage loans, andloans. During the year ended September 30, 2023, there were no charge-offs against the allowance for loan loss for impaired residential real estate loans while $1,000$4,000 was recovered from prior year charge-offs.

We also originate home equity loans secured by residences located in our market area. The underwriting standards we use for home equity loans include a determination of the applicant’s credit history, an assessment of the applicant’s ability to meet existing obligations, the ongoing payments on the proposed loan and the value of the collateral securing the loan. The maximum combined (first and second mortgage liens) loan-to-value ratio for home equity loans and home equity lines of credit is 80%. Home equity loans are generally offered with fixed rates of interest with the loan amount not to exceed $500,000 and with terms of up to 30 years. There were no non-performing home equity loans at September 30, 20222023 and there were no charge-offs or recoveries for impaired home equity loans during the year ended September 30, 2022.2023.

We offer fixed-rate mortgage loans with terms of either 10, 15, 20 or up to 30 years. While these loans are normally originated with up to 30-year terms, such loans typically remain outstanding for substantially shorter periods because borrowers often prepay their loans in full upon sale of the property pledged as security or upon refinancing the original loan. Therefore, average loan maturity is a function of, among other factors, the level of purchase and sale activity in the real estate market, prevailing interest rates and the interest rates payable on outstanding loans.

Generally, all fixed-rate residential mortgage loans are underwritten according to Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) guidelines, policies and procedures. Historically, we have not originated a significant number of loans for the purpose of reselling them in the secondary market. In the future we may increase our origination and sale of fixed-rate residential mortgage loans to help manage interest rate risk and to increase fee income. There were no fixed-rate mortgage loans sold to Freddie Mac during the year ended September 30, 20222023 and there were no loans were held for sale at September 30, 2022.2023.

We generally do notoccasionally purchase residential mortgage loans except for loans to low-income borrowers to enhanceaugment our Community Reinvestment Act performance. There were no residential mortgage loans purchased duringinternal loan origination efforts. During the year ended September 30, 2022.2023 we purchased fixed-rate and adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans totaling $13.3 million. We underwrite purchased residential mortgage loans using the same criteria as if we were originating the loans. At September 30, 2023, we had $17.4 million of one-to four-family residential mortgage loans that were serviced by other lenders.

At September 30, 2022,2023, we had $126.6$137.1 million of fixed-rate residential mortgage loans, which represented 59.1%57.7% of our total residential mortgage loan portfolio. At September 30, 2022,2023, our largest fixed-rate residential mortgage loan was $1.7$10.0 million. The loan was performing in accordance with its contractual repayment terms at September 30, 2022.2023.

We also offer adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans with interest rates based on the weekly average yield on U.S. Treasuries or the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), which adjust either semi-annually or annually from the outset of the loan or which adjusts annually after a one-, three-, five-, seven-, and ten-year initial fixed-rate period. Our adjustable-rate mortgage loans generally provide for maximum rate adjustments of 2% per adjustment, with a lifetime maximum adjustment up to 5%, regardless of the initial rate. We also offer adjustable-rate mortgage loans with an interest rate based on the prime rate as published in The Wall Street Journal or the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York advance rates.

Due to historically low interest rate levels until recently, borrowers generally have preferred fixed-rate mortgage loans in recent years.loans. Adjustable-rate mortgage loans decrease the risk associated with changes in market interest rates by periodically repricing. However, these loans have other risks because, as interest rates increase, the underlying payments by the borrower increase, which increases the potential for default by the borrower. At the same time, the marketability of the underlying collateral may be adversely affected by higher interest rates. The maximum periodic and lifetime interest rate adjustments also may limit the effectiveness of adjustable-rate mortgage loans during periods of rapidly rising interest rates.

At September 30, 2022,2023, adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans totaled $87.8$100.6 million, or 40.9%42.3% of our total residential mortgage loan portfolio. The largest adjustable-rate residential mortgage loan was for $2.4$2.3 million. The loan was performing in accordance with its contractual repayment terms at September 30, 2022.2023.

In an effort to provide financing for low-and moderate-income home buyers, we offer low-to-moderate income residential mortgage loans. These loans are offered with fixed rates of interest and terms of up to 40 years, and are secured by one-to four-family residential properties. All of these loans are originated using underwriting guidelines of U.S.

government-sponsored enterprises such as Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”).Mac. These loans are originated with maximum loan-to-value ratios of 95%.

All residential mortgage loans we originate include “due-on-sale” clauses, which give us the right to declare a loan immediately due and payable if the borrower sells or otherwise disposes of the real property securing the mortgage loan. All borrowers are required to obtain title insurance, fire and casualty insurance and, if warranted, flood insurance on properties securing real estate loans.

Commercial Real Estate Loans. We also originate commercial real estate loans, most of which are secured by properties located in our primary market area. At September 30, 2022, $342.82023, $389.1 million, or 54.5%55.8%, of our total loan portfolio consisted of these types of loans. Commercial real estate loans are generally secured by five-or-more-unit apartment buildings, industrial properties and properties used for business purposes such as small office buildings, warehouses and retail facilities. We generally originate adjustable-rate commercial real estate loans with a maximum term of 25 years with adjustable-rate periods every five years. The maximum loan-to-value ratio for our commercial real estate loans is 75%, based on the appraised value of the property.

We consider a number of factors when we originate commercial real estate loans. During the underwriting process we evaluate the business qualifications and financial condition of the borrower, including credit history, profitability of the property being financed, as well as the value and condition of the mortgaged property securing the loan. When evaluating the business qualifications of the borrower, we consider the financial resources of the borrower, the borrower’s experience in owning or managing similar property and the borrower’s payment history with us and other financial institutions. In evaluating the property securing the loan, we consider the net operating income of the mortgaged property before debt service and depreciation, the ratio of the loan amount to the appraised value of the mortgaged property and the debt service coverage ratio (the ratio of net operating income to debt service) to ensure it is at least 120% of the monthly debt service. We require personal guarantees on all commercial real estate loans made to individuals. Generally, commercial real estate loans made to corporations, partnerships and other business entities require personal guarantees by the principals. All borrowers are required to obtain title, fire and casualty insurance and, if warranted, flood insurance.

Loans secured by commercial real estate generally are larger than residential mortgage loans and involve greater credit risk. Commercial real estate loans often involve large loan balances to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers. Repayment of these loans depends to a large degree on the results of operations and management of the properties securing the loans or the businesses conducted on such property, and may be affected to a greater extent by adverse conditions in the

real estate market or the economy in general. Accordingly, the nature of these loans makes them more difficult for management to monitor and evaluate.

The maximum amount of a commercial real estate loan is limited by our Board-established loans-to-one-borrower limit, which is currently 15% of Magyar Bank’s capital, or $14.4$15.8 million. At September 30, 2022,2023, our largest commercial real estate loan was $13.7$13.5 million to finance the purchase and operation of a nursing and rehabilitation home in Edison, New Jersey. The original loan amount was 65% of the purchase price, which was lower than the appraised value. The loan was performing in accordance with its terms at September 30, 2022.2023.

There werewas one non-performing commercial real estate loan totaling $2.2 million at September 30, 2023 compared with no non-performing commercial real estate loans at September 30, 2022 compared with $1.1 million at September 30, 2021.2022. During the year ended September 30, 2022,2023, there were no charge-offs fromagainst the allowance for loan loss or recoveries for impaired commercial real estate loans, however there were $53,000 in recoveries received from prior year charge-offs.loans.

Construction Loans. We also originate construction and land acquisition loans for the development of one-to four-family homes, apartment buildings and commercial properties. Construction loans are generally offered to experienced local developers operating in our primary market area and to individuals for the construction of their personal residences. At September 30, 2022,2023, our construction loans totaled $15.2$21.9 million, or 2.4%3.1% of total loans.

At September 30, 2022,2023, construction loans for the development of one-to four-family residential properties totaled $9.6$10.9 million. These construction loans generally have a maximum term of 24 months. We provide financing for land acquisition, site improvement and construction of individual homes. Land acquisition loans are limited to 50% to 75% of the sale price of the land. Site improvement loans are limited to 100% of the bonded site improvement costs. Construction loans are limited to 75% of the lesser of the contract sale price or appraised value of the property (less funds already advanced for land acquisition and site improvement).

At September 30, 2022,2023, construction loans for the development of commercial properties totaled $4.0$7.0 million. These construction loans have a maximum term of 24 months. The maximum loan-to-value ratio limit applicable to these loans is 75% of the appraised value of the property.

At September 30, 2022,2023, construction loans for the development of town homes, condominiums and apartment buildings totaled $1.7$4.0 million. The maximum loan-to-value ratio limit applicable to these loans is 70%75% of the appraised value of the property. We may retain up to 10% of each loan advance until the property attains a 90% occupancy level.

The maximum amount of a construction loan is limited by our loans-to-one-borrower limit, which is currently 15% of Magyar Bank’s capital, or $14.4$15.8 million. At September 30, 2022,2023, our largest outstanding construction loan was a $2.8 million loan to finance the construction of a single-family homehotel in Colts Neck, New Jersey. The loan has been past due greater than 90 days since the Bank declined to renew the loan uponwas performing in accordance with its maturity in January 2018. Atcontractual repayment terms at September 30, 2022, the Bank was in the process of foreclosing on the real estate collateral securing the loan as well as pursuing the personal guarantors of the loan. At2023. There were two non-performing construction loans totaled $2.5 million at September 30, 2022, the $2.8 million loan was the only2023 compared with one non-performing construction loan in the Bank’s portfolio. Interest income of $220,000 would have been recorded on this non-performing construction loan for the year endedtotaled $2.8 million at September 30, 2022, if it had been current in accordance with their original term.2022. During the year ended September 30, 2022,2023, there were no charge-offs against the allowance for loan loss and there were noor recoveries from prior year charge-offs.

Before making a commitment to fund afor impaired construction loan, we require an appraisal of the property by an independent licensed appraiser. We generally also engage an outside engineering firm to review and inspect each property before disbursement of funds during the term of a construction loan. Loan proceeds are disbursed after inspection based on the percentage of completion method. We require a personal guarantee from each principal of all of our construction loan borrowers.loans.

Construction lending is generally considered to involve a higher degree of credit risk than long-term financing on improved, owner-occupied real estate. Risk of loss on a construction loan depends largely upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the value of the property at completion of construction compared to the estimated cost (including interest) of construction and other assumptions. If the estimate of construction cost is inaccurate, we may be required to advance funds beyond the amount originally committed in order to protect the value of the property. Additionally, if our estimate of the value of the completed property is inaccurate, our construction loan may exceed the value of the collateral.

Commercial Business Loans. At September 30, 2022,2023, our commercial business loans totaled $34.7$30.2 million, or 5.5%4.3% of total loans. We make commercial business loans primarily in our market area to a variety of professionals, sole proprietorships and small and mid-sized businesses. Our commercial business loans include term loans and revolving lines of credit. The maximum term of a commercial business loan is 25 years. Such loans are generally used for longer-term working capital purposes such as purchasing equipment or furniture. Commercial business loans are made with either adjustable or fixed rates of interest. The interest rates for adjustable commercial business loans are typically based on the prime rate as published in The Wall Street Journal.

Included in commercial business loans are SBA 7(a) loans, on which the SBA provides guarantees of up to 75% of the principal balance (85% for loans under $150,000). These loans are made for the purposes of providing working capital and financing the purchase of equipment, inventory or commercial real estate, and may be made inside or outside the State of New Jersey. At September 30, 2023, $9.3 million, or 89.2% of the Company’s SBA loan balances, were to businesses located in the State of New Jersey. Generally, an SBA 7(a) loan has a deficiency in its credit profile that would not allow the borrower to qualify for a traditional commercial loan, which is why the government provides the guarantee. The deficiency may be a higher loan to value ratio, lower debt service coverage ratio or weak personal financial guarantees. In addition, many SBA 7(a) loans are for start-up businesses where there is no history of financial information. Finally, many SBA borrowers do not have an ongoing and continuous banking relationship with the Bank, but merely work with the Bank on a single transaction. We generally sell the guaranteed portions of these SBA loans in the secondary market.

When making commercial business loans, we consider the financial strength of the borrower, our lending history with the borrower, the debt service capabilities of the borrower, the projected cash flows of the business and the value and type of the collateral. Commercial business loans generally are secured by a variety of collateral, primarily accounts receivable, inventory, equipment, savings instruments and readily marketable securities. In addition, we generally require the business principals to execute personal guarantees.

Commercial business loans generally have greater credit risk than residential mortgage loans. Unlike residential mortgage loans, which generally are made on the basis of the borrower’s ability to repay the loan from his or her employment income, and which are secured by real property with ascertainable value, commercial business loans generally are made on the basis of the borrower’s ability to repay the loan from the cash flow of the borrower’s business. As a result, the repayment of commercial business loans may depend substantially on the success of the borrower’s business. As such the performance of these types of loans may be particularly sensitive to local and/or national economic conditions. Further, any collateral securing commercial business loans may depreciate over time, may be difficult to appraise and may fluctuate in value. We try to minimize these risks through our underwriting standards.

The Bank participated in the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”), which was designed by the U.S. Treasury under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act of 2020 (the “CARES Act”) to provide liquidity using the SBA’s platform to small businesses and self-employed individuals to maintain their staff and operations through the COVID-19 pandemic. This liquidity was in the form of a loan, 100% guaranteed by the SBA, that was forgivable provided the funds were used on qualifying payroll costs, and to a lesser extent, rent, utilities and interest on qualifying mortgage payments. The loans bear a fixed rate of 1.0% and loan payments were deferred through the date that the SBA remits the borrower’s loan forgiveness amount to the lender (or, if the borrower did not apply for loan forgiveness, 10 months after the end of the borrower’s loan forgiveness covered period). All 350 PPP loans totaling $56.0 million originated by the Company under the CARES Act were fully forgiven and paid off.

The Economic Aid to Hard-Hit Small Businesses, Nonprofits, and Venues (“Economic Aid Act”) extended the SBA’s authority to guarantee “Second Draw” PPP loans, under generally the same terms and conditions available under the First Draw program. In order to qualify for a Second Draw PPP loan, an applicant must have experienced a revenue reduction of at least 25% in 2020 relative to 2019. Of the 212 Second Draw PPP loans totaling $35.3 million originated by the Company, only one loan totaling $3,000 did not apply for forgiveness and was the only PPP loan outstanding at September 30, 2022. The loan is expected to be repaid over the contractual term of the loan, or five years.

The maximum amount of a commercial business loan is limited by our loans-to-one-borrower limit, which is 15% of Magyar Bank’s capital, or $14.4$15.8 million. At September 30, 2022,2023, our largest commercial business loan was a $7.2$4.8 million, loan to a company that provides janitorial services and was secured bycollateralized with cash deposits held at the accounts receivable of the company.Bank. This loan was performing according to its repayment terms at September 30, 2022. At2023. There were no non-performing commercial real estate loans at September 30, 2022,2023 and 2022. During the year ended September 30, 2023, there were notwo charge-offs totaling $488,000 against the allowance for loan loss for impaired commercial business loans and there were no recoveries from prior year charge-offs.recoveries.

Home Equity Lines of Credit and Other Loans. We originate home equity lines of credit secured by residences located in our market area. At September 30, 2022,2023, these loans totaled $18.7$17.0 million, or 3.0%2.4% of our total loan portfolio. The

underwriting standards we use for home equity lines of credit include a determination of the applicant’s credit history, an assessment of the applicant’s ability to meet existing obligations, the ongoing payments on the proposed loan and the value of the collateral securing the loan. The maximum combined (first and second mortgage liens) loan-to-value ratio for home equity lines of credit is 80%. Home equity lines of credit have adjustable rates of interest, indexed to the prime rate, as reported in The Wall Street Journal, with terms of up to 25 years.

The maximum amount of a home equity line of credit loan is limited by our loans-to-one-borrower limit, which is 15% of Magyar Bank’s capital, or $14.4$15.8 million. At September 30, 2022,2023, our largest home equity line of credit loan was $1.1 million.$986,000. The loan was performing according to its terms at September 30, 2022. At2023. During the year ended September 30, 2022,2023, there were no charge-offs toagainst the allowance for loan loss or recoveries for impaired home equity lines of credit and there were no recoveries of any prior year charge-offs.or other loans.

We also originate loans secured by the common stock of publicly traded companies, provided their shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange or the NASDAQ Stock Market, and provided the company is not a banking company. Stock-secured loans are interest-only and are offered for terms up to twelve months and for adjustable rates of interest indexed to the prime rate, as reported in The Wall Street Journal. The loan amount is not to exceed 70% of the value of the stock securing the loan at any time.

At September 30, 2022,2023, stock-secured and other loans totaled $3.1$2.4 million, or 0.5%0.3% of our total net loan portfolio. Generally, we limit the aggregate amount of loans secured by the common stock of any one corporation to 15% of Magyar Bank’s capital, or $14.4$15.8 million. At September 30, 2022,2023, loans totaling $3.0$2.2 million, or 0.5%0.3% of our loan portfolio, were secured by the common stock of Johnson & Johnson, a New York Stock Exchange company that operates a number of facilities in our market area and employs a substantial number of residents.area. Although these loans are underwritten based on the ability of the individual borrower to repay the loan, the concentration of our portfolio secured by this stock subjects us to the risk of a decline in the market price of the stock and, therefore, a reduction in the value of the collateral securing these loans. As of September 30, 2022,2023, the aggregate loan-to-value ratio of the stock-secured portfolio was 15.8%16.7%.

Loan Originations, Purchases, Participations and Servicing of Loans. Lending activities are conducted primarily by our loan personnel operating at our main and branch office locations. All loans originated by us are underwritten pursuant to our policies and procedures. We originate both adjustable rate and fixed rate loans. Our ability to originate fixed or adjustable rate loans is dependent upon the relative customer demand for such loans, which is affected by the current and expected future levels of market interest rates.

Generally, we retain in our portfolio substantially all loans that we originate. Historically, we have not originated a significant number of loans for the purpose of selling them in the secondary market. In the future, however, to help manage our interest rate risk and to increase fee income, we may increase our origination and sale of fixed-rate residential loans and commercial business loans guaranteed by the SBA. All one-to four-family residential mortgage loans that we sell in the secondary market are sold with servicing rights retained pursuant to master commitments negotiated with Freddie Mac. We sell our loans to Freddie Mac without recourse. No loans were held for sale at September 30, 2022.2023.

At September 30, 2022,2023, we were servicing SBA-guaranteed and commercial participation loans sold in the amount of $32.0$35.5 million and $9.5$10.7 million, respectively. Loan servicing includes collecting and remitting loan payments, accounting for principal and interest, contacting delinquent mortgagors, supervising foreclosures and property dispositions in the event of unremedied defaults, making certain insurance and tax payments on behalf of the borrowers and generally administering the loans.

From time-to-time, we will also participate in loans, sometimes as the “lead lender.” Whether we are the lead lender or not, we underwrite our participation portion of the loan according to our own underwriting criteria and procedures. At September 30, 2022,2023, we had $24.3$21.2 million of loan participation interests in which we were the lead lender, and $17.1$16.6 million in loan participations in which we were not the lead lender. There were no commercial real estate loan participations originated during the year ended September 30, 2022 in which we were not the lead lender.2023. We have entered into certain loan participations when the aggregate outstanding balance of a particular customer relationship exceeds our loan-to-one-borrower limit. All loan participations are loans secured by real estate that adhere to our loan policies. At September 30, 2022,2023, all participation loans were performing in accordance with their terms.

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022,2023, we originated $87.0$94.8 million of fixed-rate and adjustable-rate commercial real estate loans and $38.6$46.9 million of fixed-rate and adjustable-rate one-to four-family residential mortgage loans. The fixed-rate loans are primarily loans with terms of 30 years or less. We also originated $16.2$16.6 million of home equity lines of credit and other loans, $9.0$27.1 million of construction loans and $8.5$3.0 million of commercial business loans.

We generally do not purchase residential mortgage loans, except for loans to low-income borrowers as part of our Community Reinvestment Act lenders program. At September 30, 2022, we had $5.3 million of one-to four-family residential mortgage loans that were serviced by other lenders.

Asset Quality

We commence collection efforts when a loan becomes 15 days past due with system-generated reminder notices. Subsequent late charge and delinquent notices are issued and the account is monitored on a regular basis thereafter. Personal, direct contact with the borrower is attempted early in the collection process as a courtesy reminder and later to determine the reason for the delinquency and to safeguard our collateral. When a loan is more than 60 days past due, the credit file is reviewed and, if deemed necessary, information is updated or confirmed and collateral re-evaluated. We make every effort to contact the borrower and develop a plan of repayment to cure the delinquency. Loans are placed on non-accrual status when they are delinquent for more than three months. When loans are placed on non-accrual status, unpaid accrued interest is fully reversed, and further income is recognized only to the extent received.

A summary report of all loans 30 days or more past due is provided to the Board of Directors on a monthly basis. If no repayment plan is in process, the file is referred to counsel for the commencement of foreclosure or other collection efforts.

Non-Performing Assets. The following table sets forth the amounts and categories of our non-performingnon-accrual assets at the dates indicated. The table includes troubled debt restructurings (loans for which a portion of interest or principal has been forgiven and loans modified at interest rates materially less than current market rates) for each date presented.

Commercial business, commercial real estate and construction loans generally have more risk than one-to four-family residential mortgage loans. At September 30, 2022,2023, our portfolio of commercial business, commercial real estate and construction loans totaled $441.2 million, or 63.2% of our total loans, compared to $392.7 million, or 62.4% of our total loans, compared to $369.9 million, or 62.2% of our total loans, at September 30, 2021.2022.

The Company’s non-accrual loans decreased $5.3 million, or 65.3%, to $2.8 million at September 30, 2022 from $8.2 million at September 30, 2021. During the year ended September 30, 2022, $1.3 million in non-accrual commercial business loans, $1.1 million in non-accrual commercial real estate loans and $685,000 in non-accrual one-to four-family residential mortgage loans were paid off by the borrowers. In addition, $1.7 million in non-accrual construction loans and $467,000 in non-accrual one-to four-family residential mortgage loans were paid current by the borrowers.

Additional interest income of approximately $220,000 and $555,000 would have been recorded during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, if the non-accrual loans summarized in the above table had performed in accordance with their original terms.

The Company accountsWe account for itsour impaired loans in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, which require that a creditor measure impairment based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate except that, as a practical expedient, a creditor may measure impairment based on a loan’s observable market price less estimated costs of disposal, or the fair value of the collateral less estimated costs of disposal if the loan is collateral dependent. Regardless of the measurement method, a creditor may measure impairment based on the fair value of the collateral when the creditor determines that foreclosure is probable.

The Company recordsWe record cash receipts on impaired loans that are non-performing as a reduction to principal before applying amounts to interest or late charges unless specifically directed by the Bankruptcy Court to apply payments otherwise. The CompanyWe generally continuescontinue to recognize interest income on impaired loans that are performing.

Troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) occur when a creditor, for economic or legal reasons related to a debtor’s financial condition, grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider, such as a below market interest rate, extending the maturity of a loan, or a combination of both. There was one new TDR loan during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. For comparison purposes, there were no new TDR loans during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022. For comparison purposes, there were two TDR loans totaling $340,000 during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2021.

Delinquent Loans. The following table sets forth certain information with respect to our loan portfolio delinquencies at the dates indicated. Loans delinquent more than three months are generally classified as non-accrual loans.

Real Estate Owned. Real estate we acquire as a result of foreclosure or by deed in lieu of foreclosure is classified as other real estate owned (“OREO”) until sold. When property is acquired it is recorded at fair value less estimated cost to sell at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis. Holding costs and declines in fair value result in charges to expense after acquisition.

The CompanyWe held one OREO property totaling $328,000 at September 30, 2023, an increase of $47,000, or 16.7% from $281,000 at September 30, 2022, a decrease of $355,000, or 55.8% from $636,000 on at September 30, 2021.2022.

Classified Assets. Federal banking regulations provide that loans and other assets of lesser quality should be classified as “substandard,” “doubtful” or “loss” assets. An asset is considered “substandard” if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. “Substandard” assets include those characterized by the “distinct possibility” we will sustain “some loss” if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as “doubtful” have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified “substandard,” with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make “collection or liquidation in full,” on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, “highly questionable and improbable.” Assets classified as “loss” are those considered “un-collectible” and of such little value their continuance as assets without the establishment of a specific loss reserve is not warranted. We classify an asset as “special mention” if the asset has a potential weakness that warrants management’s close attention. While such assets are not impaired, management has concluded that if the potential weakness in the asset is not addressed, the value of the asset may deteriorate, adversely affecting the repayment of the asset. On the basis of our review at September 30, 2022,2023, classified assets consisted of $1.2 million$116,000 in special mention loans, $4.8$5.6 million in substandard loans, and $281,000$328,000 in substandard OREO.

We are required to establish an allowance for loan losses in an amount deemed prudent by management for loans classified substandard or doubtful, as well as for other problem loans. General allowances represent loss allowances which have been established to recognize the inherent losses associated with lending activities, but which, unlike impairment allowances, have not been allocated to particular problem assets. When we classify problem assets, we are required to determine whether or not impairment exists. A loan is impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that Magyar Bank will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. When it is determined that impairment exists, a specific allowance for loss is established. For collateral-dependent loans, the loan is reduced by the impairment amount via a reduction to the loan and the allowance for loan loss. Our determination as to the classification of our assets and the amount of our valuation allowances is subject to review by the NJDBI and the FDIC, which can direct us to establish additional loss allowances.

The loan portfolio is reviewed on a regular basis to determine whether any loans require classification in accordance with applicable regulations. Not all classified assets constitute non-performing assets.

Allowance for Loan Losses

Our allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level management deems necessary to absorb loan losses that are both probable and reasonably estimable. Management, in determining the allowance for loan losses, considers the losses in our loan portfolio both probable and reasonably estimable, and changes in the nature and volume of loan activities,activities. along with the general economic and real estate market conditions. Management further evaluates risk characteristics of the loan portfolio and considers the borrowers, past and expected loan loss experience and other risk factors that enable for the management to establish an adequate reserve. The loan portfolio are analyzed on a continuous basis and periodically by management. The allowance for loan losses as of September 30, 20222023 was maintained at a level that represents management’s best estimate of losses in the loan portfolio both probable and reasonably estimable. However, this analysis process is inherently subjective, as it requires us to make estimates that are susceptible to revisions as more information becomes available. Although we believe we have established the allowance at levels to absorb probable and estimable losses, future additions may be necessary if economic or other conditions in the future differ from the current environment.

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13. ASU 2016-13 significantly changes how entities will measure credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that are not measured at fair value through net income. ASU 2016-13 will replace the incurred loss model under existing guidance with a current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model and require entities to record allowances for loan loss. It does specify the allowance should be based on relevant information about past events, including historical loss experience, current portfolio and market conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts for the duration of each respective loan. Accordingly, the Company expects that the adoption of the CECL model on October 1, 2023 will affect how it determines the allowance for loan losses.

In addition, as an integral part of their examination process, the NJDBI and the FDIC will periodically review our allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require us to recognize additions to the allowance based on their judgments of information available to them at the time of their examination.

The provision for loan losses decreased $1.3 million,increased $77,000, or 81.3%25.3%, to $381,000 for the year ended September 30, 2023 compared to $304,000 for the year ended September 30, 2022 compared to $1.6 million for the year ended September 30, 2021.2022. The decreaseincrease was attributable to lower adjustments for the COVID-19 pandemic, lower balances of higher-riska $69.3 million, or 11.2% increase in loan segments within the allowance for loan loss calculation and lowerreceivable to $698.2 million at September 30, 2023 compared with $628.9 million at September 30, 2022. In addition, non-performing loan balanceloans increased $2.2 million, or 79.3%, to $5.1 million at September 30, 2023 compared with $2.8 million at September 30, 2022.

Allowance for Loan Losses. The following table sets forth activity in our allowance for loan losses for the periodsyears indicated.

The following table presents the net charge-offs as a percentage of the average loans outstanding for each loan category during the year ended September 30, 2023 for each loan category.

Allocation of Allowance for Loan Losses. The following table sets forth the allowance for loan losses allocated by loan category and the percent of the allowance to the total allowance and the percent of loans in each category to total loans at the dates indicated. The allowance for loan losses allocated to each category is not necessarily indicative of future losses in any particular category and does not restrict the use of the allowance to absorb losses in other categories.

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