UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
ý Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20162018
¨ Transition Report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the transition period from ________ to ________
Commission File Number: 000-50058
PRA Group, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
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| Delaware | | | | 75-3078675 |
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | | | | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) |
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| 120 Corporate Boulevard, Norfolk, Virginia | | 23502 | | (888) 772-7326 |
| (Address of principal executive offices) | | (Zip Code) | | (Registrant's Telephone No., including area code) |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
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| Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share | | NASDAQ Global Select Market |
| (Title of Class) | | (Name of Exchange on which registered) |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES þ NO ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15 (d) of the Act. YES ¨ NO þ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES þ NO ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). YES þ NO ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company or emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company" and "smaller reporting"emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one): Large accelerated filer þ Accelerated filer ¨ Non-accelerated filer ¨ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company¨ Emerging growth company ¨
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). YES ¨ NO þ
The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 20162018 was $1,103,694,825$1,705,630,140 based on the $24.14$38.55 closing price as reported on the NASDAQ Global Select Market.
The number of shares of the registrant's Common Stock outstanding as of February 24, 2017March 6, 2019 was 46,409,330.45,325,738.
Documents incorporated by reference: Portions of the Registrant's definitive Proxy Statement for its 20172019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.
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Cautionary Statements Pursuant to Safe Harbor Provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995:
This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. These forward-looking statements involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause our results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements, including statements regarding overall cash collection trends, gross margin trends, operating cost trends, liquidity and capital needs and other statements of expectations, beliefs, future plans and strategies, anticipated events or trends, and similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts. The risks, uncertainties and assumptions referred to above may include the following:
a prolonged economic recovery or a deterioration in the economic or inflationary environment in the Americas or Europe, including the interest rate environment;
changes in the credit or capital markets, which affect our ability to borrow money or raise capital;
our ability to replace our portfolios of nonperforming loans with additional portfolios;
our ability to purchase nonperforming loans at appropriate prices;
changes in, or interpretations of, federal, state, local, or foreign laws or the administrative practices of various bankruptcy courts, which may impact our ability to collect on our nonperforming loans;
our ability to collect sufficient amounts on our nonperforming loans;
the possibility that we could incur significant allowance charges on our finance receivables;
changes in, or interpretations of, bankruptcy or collection laws that could negatively affect our business, including by causing an increase in certain types of bankruptcy filings involving liquidations, which may cause our collections to decrease;
our ability to manage risks associated with our international operations;
changes in tax laws and interpretations regarding earnings of our subsidiaries located outsidedomestic and foreign operations;
the impact of the United StatesTax Cuts and Jobs Act ("U.S."Tax Act");
the imposition of additional taxes on us; including interpretations and determinations by tax authorities;
the possibility that we could incur goodwill or other intangible asset impairment charges;
adverse effects from the vote by the United Kingdom ("UK") to leave the European Union ("EU");
adverse outcomes in pending litigationslitigation or administrative proceedings;
our loss contingency accruals may not be adequate to cover actual losses;
the possibility that class action suits and other litigation could divert our management's attention and increase our expenses;
the possibility that we could incur business or technology disruptions or cyber incidents;
our ability to collect and enforce our finance receivablesnonperforming loans may be limited under federal, state, local and foreign laws;
our ability to comply with existing and new regulations of the collection industry, the failure of which could result in penalties, fines, litigation, damage to our reputation, or the suspension or termination of or required modification to our ability to conduct our business;
investigations or enforcement actions by governmental authorities, including the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB"), which could result in changes to our business practices;practices, negatively impact our portfolio purchasing volume;volume, make collection of account balances more difficult or expose us to the risk of fines, penalties, restitution payments, and litigation;
the ability of our European operations to comply with the provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR");
the possibility that compliance with foreign and United States ("U.S.") laws and regulations that apply to our international operations could increase our cost of doing business in international jurisdictions;
our ability to raise the funds necessary to repurchase the convertible senior notes or to settle conversions in cash;
our ability to maintain,expand, renegotiate or replace our credit facility;facilities and our ability to comply with the covenants under our financing arrangements;
changes in interest or exchange rates, which could reduce our net income, and the possibility that future hedging strategies may not be successful, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition, ascondition;
the possibility that the adoption of future accounting standards could negatively impact our failure to comply with hedge accounting principles and interpretations;business; and
the risk factors discussed herein and in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"("SEC").
You should assume that the information appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this "Form("Form 10-K") is accurate only as of the date it was issued. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.
You should carefully consider the factors listed above and review the "Risk Factors" section beginning on page 9, as well as the "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" section beginning on page 2324 and the "Business" section beginning on page 5.5. Our forward-looking statements could be wrong in light of these and other risks, uncertainties and assumptions. The future events, developments or results described in, or implied by, this Form 10-K could turn out to be materially different. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to publicly update or revise our forward-looking statements after the date of this Form 10-K and you should not expect us to do so.
Investors should also be aware that while we do, from time to time, communicate with securities analysts and others, we do not, by policy, selectively disclose to them any material nonpublic information or other confidential commercial information. Accordingly, stockholdersinvestors should not assume that we agree with any statement or report issued by any analyst regardless of the content of the statement or report. We do not, by policy, confirm forecasts or projections issued by others. Thus, to the extent that reports issued by securities analysts contain any projections, forecasts or opinions, such reports are not our responsibility.
PART I
Item 1. Business.
General
Headquartered in Norfolk, Virginia and incorporated in Delaware, we are a global financial and business services company with operations in the Americas and Europe.
Our primary business is the purchase, collection and management of portfolios of nonperforming loans that have been charged-off by the credit grantor.loans. The accounts we acquire are primarily the unpaid obligations of individuals owed to credit grantors, which include banks and other types of consumer, retail, and auto finance companies. We acquire portfolios of nonperforming loans in two broad categories: Core and Insolvency. Our Core operation specializes in purchasing and collecting receivables. Becausenonperforming loans, which we purchased at a discount to face value since either the credit grantor and/or other debt servicing companiesthird-party collection agencies have unsuccessfully attempted to fully collect these receivables, we are able to purchase them at a substantial discount to their face value.been unsuccessful in collecting the full balance owed. Our Insolvency operation consists primarily of purchasing and collecting on nonperforming loan accounts that arewhere the customer is involved in a Chapter 13 bankruptcy proceeding from credit grantors based in the U.S, but also includes the purchasing and collecting of insolvent accounts in Europe and Canada.
proceeding. We also provide the following fee-based services:
Vehicle location, skip tracing and collateral recovery for auto lenders, government entities and law enforcement;
Revenue administration, audit and revenue discovery/recovery services for local government entities;
Classon class action claims recovery servicesrecoveries and purchases;
Servicing ofby servicing consumer bankruptcy accounts in the U.S.; and
To a lesser extent, contingent collections of nonperforming loans in Europe and South America.
As discussed in Note 17 to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K ("Note 17"), we sold our revenue administration, audit and revenue discovery/recovery services for government entities business in January 2017.
We have one reportable segment, accounts receivable management, based on similarities among the operating units, including the nature of the products and services, the nature of the production processes, the types or classes of customers for our products and services, the methods used to distribute our products and services, and the nature of the regulatory environment.
We were initially formed as Portfolio Recovery Associates, L.L.C., a Delaware limited liability company, on March 20, 1996. In connection with becoming a publicly-traded company, weWe formed Portfolio Recovery Associates, Inc. in August 2002 in order to become a publicly traded company and our common stock began trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market ("NASDAQ") on November 8, 2002. On July 16, 2014, weWe changed our legal name to PRA Group, Inc. on October 23, 2014.
We acquired Aktiv Kapital AS ("Aktiv"), a Norway-based company specializing in the acquisitionpurchase, collection and servicingmanagement of portfolios of nonperforming loans throughout Europe and Canada.Canada, on July 16, 2014. On October 23, 2014,April 26, 2016, we changedacquired DTP S.A. ("DTP"), a Polish-based debt collection company, further building our legal name from Portfolio Recovery Associates, Inc. to PRA Group, Inc. Onin-house collection efforts in Poland.
We expanded into South America on August 3, 2015 we acquiredby acquiring 55% of the equity interest in RCB Investimentos S.A. ("RCB"), a servicing platform offor nonperforming loans in Brazil, with the remaining 45% of the equity interest ownedretained by the executive team and previous owners of RCB. On April 26, 2016,December 20, 2018, we completedentered into a strategic partnership with Banco Bradesco S.A. (“Bradesco”), under which Bradesco purchased 79% of our public tender offerinterest in RCB's servicing platform. RCB will continue to purchase 100%be operated by RCB’s founders together with Bradesco. PRA retained an 11.7% equity interest in RCB's servicing platform. The sale did not impact the nonperforming loan purchasing business that we have established in Brazil in partnership with the previous owners of RCB, as it was not part of the sharessale to Bradesco. Accordingly, we will continue to use RCB to service our portfolios of DTP S.A. ("DTP"), a Polish-based debt collection company.nonperforming loans in South America.
All references in this Form 10-K to the "PRA Group," "our," "we," "us," the "Company" or similar terms are to PRA Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries.
Nonperforming Loan Portfolio Purchases
Our portfolio of nonperforming loans includes a diverse set of accounts that can be categorized by asset type, age and size of account, level of previous collection efforts, payment history, and geography. To identify buying opportunities, we maintain an extensive marketing effort with our senior officers contacting known and prospective sellers of nonperforming loans. From these sellers, we have purchased a variety of nonperforming loans including Visa® and MasterCard® credit cards, private label and other
credit cards, installment loans, lines of credit, deficiency balances of various types, legal judgments, and trade payables. Sellers of nonperforming loans include major banks, credit unions, consumer finance companies, telecommunication providers, retailers, utilities, automobile finance companies, student loan companies, and other debt owners. The price at which we acquire portfolios depends on the age of the portfolio, itswhether it is a Core or Insolvency portfolio, geographic distribution, the seller's selection criteria, our historical experience with a certain asset type or credit grantor, and other similar factors.
Nonperforming Loan Portfolio Purchasing Process
We purchaseacquire portfolios of accountsnonperforming loans from credit grantors through auctions and negotiated sales. In an auction process, the seller will assemble a portfolio of nonperforming loans and will seek purchase prices from specifically invited potential purchasers. In a privately negotiated sale process, the credit grantor will contact one or more purchasers directly, receive a bid, and negotiate the terms of sale. In either case, typically, invited purchasers will have already successfully completed a qualification process that are includedcan include the seller's review of any or all of the following: the purchaser's experience, reputation, financial standing, operating procedures, business practices, and compliance oversight.
We acquire portfolios of nonperforming loans through either single portfolio transactions, referred to as spot sales, or through the pre-arranged purchase of multiple portfolios over time, referred to as forward flow sales. Under a forward flow contract, we agree to purchase nonperforming loans from credit grantors on a periodic basis, at a price equal to a set percentage of face value of the nonperforming loans over a specified time period, generally from three to twelve months.
Nonperforming Loan Portfolio Collection Operations
Call Center Operations
In higher volume markets, our collection efforts leverage internally staffed call centers. In some newer markets or in certain types of consumer insolvency proceedings. Inmarkets that have less consistent debt purchasing patterns, most notably outside the U.S., we may utilize external vendors to do some of this work. Whether the accounts are being worked internally or externally, we utilize our proprietary analysis to proportionally direct work efforts to those customers most likely to pay. The analysis driving those decisions relies on various models and variables that have the highest correlation to profitable collections from call activity.
Legal Recovery - Core Portfolios
An important component of our collections effort involves our legal recovery operations and the judicial collection of accounts of customers who we believe have the ability, but not the willingness, to resolve their obligations. There are some markets in which the collection process follows a prescribed time-sensitive and sequential set of legal actions, but in the majority of instances, we use models and analysis to select those accounts reflecting a high propensity to pay in a legal environment. Depending on the characteristics of the receivable and the applicable local collection laws, we determine whether to commence legal action to judicially collect on the receivable. The legal process can take an extended period of time and can be costly, but when accounts are selected properly it also usually generates net cash collections that likely would not have been realized otherwise. We use a combination of internal staff (attorney and support), and external staff to pursue legal collections under certain circumstances.
Insolvency Operations
Insolvency Operations in the U.S. manages customer filings under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code on debtor accounts derived from two sources: (1) our purchased pools of bankrupt accounts and (2) our Core purchased pools of nonperforming loans that have filed for bankruptcy protection after being acquired by us. We file proofs of claim ("POCs") or claim transfers and actively manage these accounts through the entire life cycle of the bankruptcy proceeding to substantiate our claims and ensure that we participate in any distributions to creditors. Outside of the U.S., similar insolvency work is primarily outsourced to third parties.
Insolvency accounts in the U.S. are typically those filed under Chapter 13 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, have an associated payment plan that generally ranges from three to five years in duration, and can be acquired at any stage in the bankruptcy plan life cycle. Portfolios sold close to the filing of the bankruptcy plan will generally take months to generate cash flow; however, aged portfolios sold years after the filing of the bankruptcy plan will typically generate cash flows immediately. Non-U.S. insolvency accounts may have some slight differences, but generally operate in a similar manner. In Canada, we purchase Consumer Proposal, Consumer Credit Counseling and Bankrupt Accounts. In the UK, we purchase Individual Voluntary Arrangements, Company Voluntary Arrangements, Trust Deeds and Bankrupt Accounts. In Germany, we acquire consumer bankruptcies, which may also consist of small business loans with a personal guarantee.
Nonperforming Loan Portfolio Purchasing Process
We acquire portfolios of nonperforming loans from debt owners through auctions and negotiated sales. In an auction process, the seller will assemble a portfolio of nonperforming loans and will seek purchase prices from specifically invited potential purchasers. In a privately negotiated sale process, the debt owner will contact one or more purchasers directly, receive a bid, and negotiate the terms of sale. In either case, typically, invited purchasers will have already successfully completed a qualification process that can include the owner's reviews of any or all of the following: the purchaser's experience, reputation, financial standing, operating procedures, business practices, and compliance oversight.
We also acquire portfolios of nonperforming loans through either single portfolio transactions, referred to as spot sales, or through the pre-arranged purchase of multiple portfolios over time, referred to as forward flow sales. Under a forward flow contract, we agree to purchase nonperforming loans from a debt owner on a periodic basis, at a price equal to a set percentage of face value of the nonperforming loans over a specified time period, generally from three to twelve months.
Nonperforming Loan Portfolio Collection Operations
Call Center Operations
In higher volume markets, our collection efforts leverage call centers. In some newer markets or in markets that have less consistent debt purchasing patterns, most notably outside the U.S., we may utilize external vendors to do some or all of this work. Whether the accounts are being worked internally or externally, we utilize our proprietary analysis to proportionally direct work efforts to those customers most likely to pay. The analysis driving those decisions relies on various models and variables that have the highest correlation to profitable collection call activity.
Legal Recovery - Core Portfolios
An important component of our collections effort involves our legal recovery departments and the judicial collection of accounts of customers who we believe have the ability, but not the willingness, to resolve their obligations. There are some markets in which the collection process follows a prescribed time-sensitive and sequential set of legal actions, but in the majority of instances, we use models and analysis and select those accounts reflecting a high propensity to pay in a legal environment. Depending on the balance of the receivable and the applicable local collection laws, we determine whether to commence legal action to judicially collect on the receivable. The legal process can take an extended period of time and can be costly, but when accounts are selected properly it also usually generates net cash collections that likely would not have been realized otherwise. We use a combination of internal staff (attorney and support), as well as external attorneys, to pursue legal collections under certain circumstances.
Insolvency Operations
Insolvency Operations in the U.S. manages customer filings under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code on debtor accounts derived from two sources: (1) our purchased pools of bankrupt accounts and (2) our Core purchased pools of nonperforming loans that have filed for bankruptcy or insolvency protection after being acquired by us. We file proofs of claim ("POCs") or claim transfers and actively manage these accounts through the entire life cycle of the insolvency proceeding in order to substantiate our claims and ensure that we participate in any distributions to creditors.
Fee-for-Service BusinessesFee-Based Services
In addition to the purchase, collection and management of portfolios of nonperforming loans, we provide fee-based services including vehicle location, skip tracing and collateral recovery services for auto lenders and governments via PRA Location Services, LLC ("PLS"); revenue administration, audit, and revenue discovery/recovery services for government entities through PRA Government Services, LLC and MuniServices, LLC (collectively "PGS"); class action claims recovery purchasing and servicing through Claims Compensation Bureau, LLC ("CCB"); contingent collection of finance receivables through PRA Group Europe and RCB; and third-party servicing of bankruptcy accounts in the U.S. As discussed in Note 17, we sold our PGS business in January 2017.
Seasonality
Although our business is not impacted significantly by seasonality, cashCash collections in the Americas tend to be higher in the first and second quartersquarter of the year and lowerdue to the high volume of income tax refunds received by individuals in the thirdU.S., and fourth quarters oftrend lower as the year; by contrast, cash collections in Europe tend to be higher in the third and fourth quarters of the year.year progresses. Customer payment patterns arein all of the countries in which we operate can be affected by seasonal employment trends, income tax refunds and holiday spending habits geographically.
Competition
We face competition in both markets we serve: nonperforming loan purchasing, collecting and management, and fee-for-service receivables management. Purchased portfolio competition comesis derived from both third-party contingent fee collection agencies and other purchasers of debt that manage their own nonperforming loans or outsource such servicing. Our primary competitors in our fee-for-servicefee-based business are new and existing providers of outsourced receivables management services. Regulatory complexity and burdens, combined with seller preference for experienced portfolio purchasers, create significant barriers to successful entry for new competitors.competitors particularly in the U.S. While both markets remain competitive, the contingent fee industry is more fragmented than the purchased portfolio industry.
We face bidding competition in our acquisition of nonperforming loans and in obtaining placements for our fee-for-servicefee-based businesses. We also compete on the basis of reputation, industry experience and performance. We believe that our competitive strengths include our disciplined and proprietary underwriting process, the extensive data set we have developed as a result of not reselling portfolios since 2002,our founding in 1996, our ability to bid on portfolios at appropriate prices, our reputation from previous portfolio purchase transactions, our ability to close transactions in a timely fashion, our strong relationships with credit grantors, of receivables, our team of well-trained collectors who provide quality customer service while complying with applicable collection laws, and our ability to efficiently and effectively collect on various asset types.
Compliance
Our approach to compliance is multifaceted and comprehensive and is overseen by both the Board of Directors and management. Our compliance management system includes policies and procedures, training, monitoring and consumer complaint response. In addition, our compliance expectations extend to our service providers. Our compliance management system is predicated on the following:
our Code of Business Conduct, and Ethics, which applies to all directors, officers and employees, including officers, is available at the Investor Relations page of our website at www.pragroup.com;
compliance and ethics training for our directors, officers and employees;
annual compliance testing;
a confidential telephone hotline and email hotline and web-based portals to report suspected compliance violations, fraud, financial reporting, accounting, and auditing matters and other acts that may be illegal and/or unethical;
regular testing by our compliance departmentand internal audit departments of controls embedded in business processes designed to foster compliance with laws, regulations and internal policy; and
regular evaluation of the legislative and regulatory environment and monitoring of statutory and regulatory changes and relevant case law, so that operations personnel are aware of and in compliance with the laws and judicial decisions that may impact their job duties.
Regulation
We are subject to a variety of federal, state, local, and foreign laws that establish specific guidelines and procedures that debt collectors must follow when collecting customer accounts, including laws relating to the collection, use, retention, security and transfer of personal information. It is our policy to comply with the provisions of all applicable federal, state, local and foreign laws in all of our activities even though there are frequent changes in these laws and regulations, inincluding their interpretation, and
application and inconsistencies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Our failure to comply with these laws could result in enforcement action against us, the payment of significant fines and penalties, restrictions upon our operations or our inability to recover amounts owed to us. Significant laws and regulations applicable to our business include the following:
Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ("FDCPA"), which imposes certain obligations and restrictions on the practices of debt collectors, including specific restrictions regarding the time, place and manner of the communications.
Fair Credit Reporting Act ("FCRA"), which obligates credit information providers to verify the accuracy of information provided to credit reporting agencies and investigate consumer disputes concerning the accuracy of such information.
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which requires that certain financial institutions, including collection agencies, develop policies to protect the privacy of consumers' private financial information and provide notices to consumers advising them of their privacy policies.
Electronic Funds Transfer Act, which regulates electronic fund transfer transactions, including a consumer’s right to stop payments on a pre-approved fund transfer and right to receive certain documentation of the transaction.
Telephone Consumer Protection Act ("TCPA"), which, along with similar state laws, places certain restrictions on users of certain automated dialing equipment and pre-recorded messages that place telephone calls to consumers.
Servicemembers Civil Relief Act ("SCRA"), which gives U.S. military service personnel relief from credit obligations they may have incurred prior to entering military service and may also apply in certain circumstances to obligations and liabilities incurred by a servicemember while serving on active duty.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, which provides standards to protect the confidentiality of patients' personal healthcare and financial information in the U.S.
U.S. Bankruptcy Code, which prohibits certain contacts with consumers after the filing of bankruptcy petitions and dictates what types of claims will or will not be allowed in a bankruptcy proceeding andincluding how such claims may be discharged.
Americans with Disabilities Act, which requires that telecommunications companies operating in the U.S. take steps to ensure functionally equivalent services are available for their consumers with disabilities, and requires accommodation of consumers with disabilities, such as the implementation of telecommunications relay services.
U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA"), United Kingdom Bribery Act ("UK Bribery Act") and Other Applicable Legislation. Our operations outside the U.S. are subject to the FCPA, which prohibits U.S. companies and their agents and employees from providing anything of value to a foreign official for the purposes of influencing any act or decision of these individuals in order to obtain an unfair advantage or help obtain or retain business. Although similar to the FCPA, the UK Bribery Act is broader in scope and covers bribes given to or received by any person with improper intent.
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the "Dodd-Frank Act"), which restructured the regulation and supervision of the financial services industry in the U.S. and created the CFPB. The CFPB has rulemaking, supervisory, and enforcement authority over larger consumer debt collectors. The Dodd-Frank Act, along with the Unfair, Deceptive, or Abusive Acts or Practices ("UDAAP") provisions included therein, and the Federal Trade Commission Act, prohibit unfair, deceptive, and/or abusive acts and practices.
Data ProtectionForeign data protection and Privacy Laws,privacy laws, which include relevant country specific legislation in the United Kingdom Data Protection Actand other European countries where we operate that regulate the processing of 1998,information relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use or disclosure of such information; the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, which aims to protect personal information that is collected, used or disclosed in Canadacertain circumstances for purposes of electronic commerce in Canada; and the EU Data Protection Directive, which has been replaced by the General Data Protection Regulation, effective as of May 25, 2018, which regulates the processing and free movement of personal data within the EU and transfer of such data outside the EU.
Consumer Credit Act 1974 (and its related regulations), Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations of 1999 and the Financial Conduct Authority's consumer credit conduct of business rules, which apply to our international operations and govern consumer credit agreements.
In addition, certain of our EU subsidiaries are subject to capital adequacy and liquidity requirements as prescribed by the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority ("SFSA").requirements.
On September 9, 2015, Portfolio Recovery Associates, LLC ("PRA"), our wholly owned subsidiary, entered into a consent order with the CFPB, settling a previously disclosed investigation of certain debt collection practices of PRA (the "Consent Order"). PRA entered into the Consent Order for settlement purposes, without admitting the truth of the allegations, other than the jurisdictional facts. Among other things, the Consent Order required PRA to: (i) vacate 837 judgments obtained after the applicable statute of limitations, refund $860,607 in payments received on account of such judgments and waive the remaining $3.4 million
in judgment balances; (ii) refund $18.2 million in Litigation Department Calls Restitution, as defined in the Consent Order; and (iii) pay an $8.0 million civil money penalty to the CFPB.
Employees
As of December 31, 2016,2018, we employed 4,0195,377 full-time equivalents globally. We believe thatManagement considers our employee relations with our employees are generally satisfactory.to be good. While none of our North American employees are represented by a union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement, in Europe we work closely with a number of Works Councils,works councils, and in countries where it is the customary local practice, such as Finland and Spain, we have collective bargaining agreements.
Available Information
Our website is www.pragroup.com. We make available on or through our website, www.pragroup.com, certain reports that we file with or furnish to the SEC in accordance with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). These include our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, our Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act.Act ("SEC Filings"). We make this information available on our website free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file the information with or furnish it to the SEC. The information that is filed with the SEC may be read or copied at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. In addition, information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at: www.sec.gov.www.sec.gov.
The information contained on, or that can be accessed through our website, is not, and shall not be deemed to be, a part of this Form 10-K or incorporated into any of our other filings we make with the SEC.SEC Filings.
Reports filed with, or furnished to, the SEC are also available free of charge upon request by contacting our corporate office at:
PRA Group, Inc.
Attn: Investor Relations
120 Corporate Boulevard, Suite 100
Norfolk, Virginia 23502
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
An investment in our Company involves risk, including the possibility that the value of the investment could fall substantially. The following are risks that could materially affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, cash flows, and the value of, and return on, an investment in our Company.
Risks related to our operations and industry
A prolonged economic recovery or deterioration in the economic or inflationary environment in the Americas or Europe could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Our performance may be adversely affected by economic, political or inflationary conditions in any market in which we operate. EconomicThese conditions may be impacted bycould include regulatory developments, changes in global or domestic conditions or by global political and economic conditions such aspolicy, legislative changes, the sovereign debt crises experienced in several European countries and the uncertainty on the future of the EU as a result of the UK's departure from the EU. Deterioration in economic conditions, a prolonged economic recovery, or a significant rise in inflation could cause personal bankruptcy and insolvency filings to increase, and the ability of consumers to pay their debts could be adversely affected. This may in turn adversely impact our business and financial results. Deteriorating economic conditions or a prolonged recovery could also adversely impact the businesses and governmental entities to which we provide fee-based services, which could reduce our fee income and cash flow.
If global credit market conditions and the stability of global banks deteriorate, it could negatively impact the generation of comprehensive receivable buying opportunities and our business, financial results and ability to succeed in foreign markets could be adversely affected. If conditions in major credit markets deteriorate, the amount of consumer or commercial lending and financing could be reduced, thus decreasing the amountvolume of potentially purchasable nonperforming loans that we depend onavailable for our operations.
purchase.
Other factors associated with the economy that could influence our performance include the financial stability of the lenders on our bank loans and credit facilities and our access to capital and credit. The financial turmoil that adversely affected the banking system and financial markets in recent years resulted in athe tightening in theof credit markets. Although there has been some
improvement, a worsening of current conditions could have a number of follow-on effectsnegative impact on our business, including a decrease in the value of our financial investments and the insolvency of lending institutions, including the lenders on our bank loans and credit facilities, resulting in our difficulty in or inability to obtain credit. These and other economic factors could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We may not be able to continually replace our nonperforming loans with additional portfolios sufficient to operate efficiently and profitably, and/or we may not be able to purchase nonperforming loans at appropriate prices.
To operate profitably, we must acquire and service a sufficient amount of nonperforming loans to generate revenue that exceeds our expenses. Fixed costs such as salaries and other compensation expense constitute a significant portion of our overhead and, if we do not replace the nonperforming loan portfolios we service with additional portfolios, we may have to reduce the number of our collection personnel. We would then have to rehire collection staff if we subsequently obtain additional portfolios. These practices could lead to:
low employee morale;
fewer experienced employees;
higher training costs;
disruptions in our operations;
loss of efficiency; and
excess costs associated with unused space in our facilities.
The availability of nonperforming loansloan portfolios at prices that generate an appropriate return on our investment depends on a number of factors both within and outside of our control, including the following:
the continuation of high levels of consumer debt obligations;
sales of nonperforming loan portfolios by debt owners; and
competitive factors affecting potential purchasers and credit grantors of receivables.
Furthermore, heightened regulation of the credit card and consumer lending industry or changing credit origination strategies may result in decreased availability of credit to consumers, potentially leading to a future reduction in nonperforming loans available for purchase from debt owners. Conversely, lower regulatory barriers with respect to debt buyers could lead to increased participants in the debt collection industry, which could, in turn, impact the supply of nonperforming loans available for purchase. We cannot predict how our ability to identify and purchase receivablesnonperforming loans and the quality of those receivablesnonperforming loans would be affected if there were a shift in lending practices, whether caused by changes in the regulations or accounting practices applicable to debt owners or debt buyers, a sustained economic downturn or otherwise.
Moreover, there can be no assurance that debt owners will continue to sell their nonperforming loans consistent with recent levels or at all, or that we will be able to continue to offer competitive bidsbid competitively for those portfolios. Because of the length of time involved in collecting on acquired portfolios and the variability in the timing of our collections, we may not be able to identify trends and make changes in our purchasing strategies in a timely manner. If we are unable to maintain our business or adapt to changing market needs as well as our current or future competitors, we may experience reduced access to nonperforming loan portfolios at appropriate prices and, therefore, reduced profitability.
Currently, a number of large banks that historically sold nonperforming loans in the U.S. are not selling such debt. This includes sellers of bankrupt accounts, some of whom have elected to stop selling such accounts because they believe that regulatory guidance concerning sales of bankruptcy accounts is ambiguous. Should these conditions worsen, it could negatively impact our ability to replace our receivablesnonperforming loans with additional portfolios sufficient to operate profitably.
We may not be able to collect sufficient amounts on our nonperforming loans to fund our operations.
Our principal business consists of acquiring and liquidating nonperforming loans that consumers or others have failed to pay and that the credit grantor has deemed uncollectible and has charged-off.pay. The debt owners have typically made numerous attempts to recover on their receivables, often using a combination of in-house recovery efforts and third-party collection agencies. These nonperforming loans are difficult to collect, and we may not collect a sufficient amount to cover our investment and the costs of running our business.
For financial reporting purposes, we utilize the interest method of revenue recognition for determining our income recognized on finance receivables, which is based on an analysis of projected cash flows that may prove to be less than anticipated and could lead to reductions in future revenues or the incurrence of allowance charges.
charges which would reduce our profitability.
We utilize the interest method to determine income recognized on finance receivables under the guidance of Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification 310-30, "Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality" ("ASC 310-30"). Under this method, pools of receivables we acquire are modeled upon their projected cash flows. A yield is then established which, when applied to the unamortized purchase price of the receivables, results in the recognition of income at a constant yield relative to the remaining balance in the pool. Each pool is analyzed regularly to assess the actual performance compared to that derived from our models. Under ASC 310-30, rather than lowering the estimated yield if the collection estimates are not received or projected to be received, the carrying value of a pool would be written down to maintain the then current yield and is shownrecorded as a reduction in revenuean allowance charge in the consolidated income statements with a corresponding valuation allowance offsetting finance receivables net, on the consolidated balance sheets. As a result, if the accuracy of the modeling process deteriorates or there is a significant decline in anticipated future cash flows, we could incur reductions in future revenues resulting from additional allowance charges, which could reduce our profitability in a given period.
Changes in accounting standards and their interpretations could adversely affect our operating results.
U.S. GAAP, as issued and amended by the FASB, is subject to interpretation by the SEC, and various other bodies that promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. These principles and related implementation guidelines and interpretations can be highly complex and involve subjective estimates. A change in these principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported financial results. For example, in June 2016 the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): “Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASU 2016-13”), which requires the measurement of expected credit losses for financial instruments held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. ASU 2016-13 supersedes ASC 310-30, which we currently follow to account for income recognized on our finance receivables and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We expect ASU 2016-13 will have a significant impact on how we measure and record income recognized on our finance receivables and are in the process of evaluating the impact of adoption on our consolidated financial statements and accounting operations. Delays in the release of clarifying guidance could adversely impact our ability to implement the necessary processes and controls required to adopt the standard on a timely basis. ASU 2016-13, amendments thereof, and amendments to new and existing accounting standards could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
Our collections may decrease if certain types of insolvency proceedings and bankruptcy filings involving liquidations increase.
Various economic trends and potential changes to existing legislation may contribute to an increase in the amount of personal bankruptcy and insolvency filings. Under certain of these filings, a debtor's assets may be sold to repay creditors, but because most of the receivables we collect through our collections operations are unsecured, we typically would not be able to collect on those receivables. Although our insolvency collections business could benefit from an increase in personal bankruptcies and insolvencies, we cannot ensure that our collections operations collections business would not decline with an increase in personal insolvencies or bankruptcy filings or changes in related regulations or practices. If our actual collection experience with respect to a nonperforming or insolvent bankrupt receivables portfolio is significantly lower than the total amount we projected when we purchased the portfolio, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely impacted.
Our international operations expose us to risks which could harm our business, operating results of operations and financial condition.
A significant portion of our operations is conducted outside the U.S. This could expose us to increased adverse economic, industry and industrypolitical conditions that may have a negative impact on our ability to manage our existing operations or pursue alternative strategic transactions, which could have a negative effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The global nature of our operations expands the risks and uncertainties described elsewhere in this section, including the following:
changes in local political, economic, social and labor conditions in the markets in which we operate, including Europe, Brazil and Canada;the Americas;
foreign exchange controls on currency conversion and the transfer of funds that might prevent us from repatriating cash earned in countries outside the U.S. in a tax-efficient manner;
currency exchange rate fluctuations, currency restructurings, inflation or deflation, and our ability to manage these fluctuations through a foreign exchange risk management program;
different employee/employer relationships, laws and regulations, union recognition and the existence of employment tribunals and Works Councils;works councils;
laws and regulations imposed by foreign governments, including those relating to governing data security, sharing and transfer;
potentially adverse tax consequences resulting from changes in tax laws in the foreign jurisdictions in which we operate or challenges to our interpretations and application of complex international tax laws;
logistical, communications and other challenges caused by distance and cultural and language differences, each making it harder to do business in certain jurisdictions;
risks related to crimes, strikes, riots, civil disturbances, terrorist attacks, wars and natural disasters in a variety of new geographical locations;disasters;
volatility of global credit markets and the availability of consumer credit and financing in our international markets
markets;
uncertainty as to the enforceability of contract and intellectual property rights under local laws;
the potential of forced nationalization of certain industries, or the impact on creditors' rights, consumer disposable income levels, flexibility and availability of consumer credit, and the ability to enforce and collect aged or charged-off debts stemming from foreign governmental actions, whether through austerity or stimulus measures or initiative, intended to control or influence macroeconomic factors such as wages, unemployment, national output or consumption, inflation, investment, credit, finance, taxation or other economic drivers;
the presence of varying levels of business corruption in international markets and the effect of various anti-corruption and other laws on our foreign operations;
the impact on our day-to-day operations and our ability to staff our international operations given our high employee turnover rates, changing labor conditions and long-term trends towards higher wages in developed and emerging international markets as well as the potential impact of union organizing efforts;
potential damage to our reputation due to non-compliance with foreign and local laws; and
the complexity and necessity of using non-U.S. representatives, consultants and consultants.other third-party vendors.
Furthermore, our future effective tax expense could be affected by changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, or changes in tax laws or their interpretation. The determination of the provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities regarding our global operations requires significant judgment. Although we believe our estimates are reasonable, the ultimate tax outcome may differ from the amounts recorded in our financial statements and may adversely affect our financial results in the period or periodsperiod(s) for which such determination is made.
Our tax filings are subject to audit by domestic and foreign tax authorities. These audits may result in assessments of additional taxes, adjustments to the timing of taxable income or deductions, or re-allocations of income among tax jurisdictions.
Any one of these factors could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The impact of the Tax Act, including interpretations and determinations by taxing authorities, could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
In December 2017, the Tax Act became law. The Tax Act includes a broad range of tax reform provisions affecting businesses, including a reduction in the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%; a one-time transition tax on certain unrepatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries; generally eliminating U.S. federal income taxes on dividends from foreign subsidiaries; requiring a current inclusion in U.S. federal taxable income of certain earnings of controlled foreign corporations referred to as Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”); creating the base erosion anti-abuse tax, a new minimum tax; creating a new limitation on deductible interest expense; and increased limitations on the deductibility of executive compensation. The Tax Act impacted our effective tax rate for fiscal year 2018 and will impact our effective tax rate in the future. The new law makes broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code and we expect to see future regulatory, administrative or legislative guidance. To the extent any future guidance differs from our current interpretation of the law, it could have a material effect on our financial position and results of operations.
In addition, many countries in the EU and around the world have adopted and/or proposed changes to current tax laws. Further, organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development have published actions that, if adopted by countries where we do business, could increase our tax obligations in those countries. Due to the scale of our U.S. and international
business activities, many of these enacted and proposed changes to the taxation of our activities could increase our worldwide effective tax rate potentially harming our financial position and results of operations.
Goodwill or other intangible asset impairment charges could negatively impact our net income and stockholders' equity.
We have recorded a significant amount of goodwill as a result of our acquisitions. Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level. Goodwill is required to be tested for impairment annually and between annual tests if events or circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. There are numerous risks that may cause the fair value of a reporting unit to fall below its carrying amount, which could lead to the recognition of goodwill impairment. These risks include, but are not limited to, adverse changes in macroeconomic conditions, the business climate, or the market for the entity's products or services; significant variances between actual and expected financial results; negative or declining cash flows; lowered expectations of future results; failure to realize anticipated synergies from acquisitions; significant expense increases; a more likely-than-not expectation of selling or disposing all or a portion of a reporting unit; the loss of key personnel; an adverse action or assessment by a regulator; andor a sustained decrease in the Company's share price.
Our goodwill impairment testing involves the use of estimates and the exercise of judgment, including judgments regarding expected future business performance and market conditions. Significant changes in our assessment of such factors, including the deterioration of market conditions, could affect our assessment of the fair value of one or more of our reporting units and could result in a goodwill impairment charge in a future period.
Other intangible assets, such as client and customer relationships, non-compete agreements and trademarks, are amortized. Risks such as those that could lead to the recognition of goodwill impairment, could also lead to the recognition of other intangible asset impairment.
The vote by the United KingdomUK to leave the EU, and the ultimate exit of the United KingdomUK from the EU, could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
On June 23, 2016, the UK voted to leave the EU.EU (commonly referred to as "Brexit"). Although the vote had no binding legal effect, it adversely impacted global markets and resulted in a decline in the value of the British pound as compared to the U.S. dollar and other currencies. The UK’s actualUK's exit negotiations with the EU officially began in June 2017. EU rules provide for a two-year negotiation period, ending on March 29, 2019, unless an extension is agreed to by the parties. There remains significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the UK and the EU, including the possibility of the UK leaving the EU without a negotiated and bilaterally approved withdrawal plan. The impact of the UK's ultimate withdrawal from the EU or Brexit, could take several years because the UK must first give noticeany related changes to the EU of its intention to leave and the parties have two years from the date the notice is given to complete exit negotiations. However, perceptions concerning the impact of the UK’s withdrawal from the EUdecision may adversely affect business activity, political stability and economic conditions
in the UK, the EU and globally, which could in turn adversely affect European or worldwide political, regulatory, economic and financial market conditions.
As of December 31, 2016,2018, the total estimated remaining collections ("ERC") of our UK portfolios constituted approximately 15%20% of our consolidated ERC. We expectOur British pound assets are predominantly funded by British pound liabilities. However, British pound net income and retained earnings could be affected when translated back to the U.S. dollar, positively or negatively, by foreign exchange volatility in exchange rates in the short term as the UK negotiates its exitresulting from the EU. A weaker British pound compared to the U.S. dollar during a reporting period could cause local currency resultsuncertainty of our UK operations to be translated into fewer U.S. dollars.Brexit. In the longer term, any impact from Brexit on our business, results of operations and financial condition will depend on the final terms negotiated by the UK and the EU, including arrangements concerning taxes and financial services regulation.
Our use of the cost recovery method of accounting for finance receivables has been challenged by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") and an adverse determination could result in our amending prior year tax returns and the payment of deferred taxes, interest and penalties.
For tax purposes, we utilize the cost recovery method of accounting for our finance receivables. The IRS has challenged our use of this method of accounting for tax purposes, and as described in Note 13 and Note 14 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K ("Note 14"), we are involved in related litigation. If we are unsuccessful in the litigation related to our method of accounting, we may ultimately be required to pay the related deferred taxes, and possibly interest and penalties. This could adversely impact our results of operations and liquidity, and could require additional financing from other sources. Deferred tax liabilities related to this item were $239.3 million at December 31, 2016. Our estimate of the potential federal and state interest is $112.0 million as of December 31, 2016.
Our loss contingency accruals may not be adequate to cover actual losses.
We are involved in judicial, regulatory, and arbitration proceedings or investigations concerning matters arising from our business activities. We believe that we have adopted reasonable compliance policies and procedures and believe we have meritorious defenses in all material litigation pending against us; however,us. However, there can be no assurance as to the ultimate outcome. We establish accruals for potential liability arising from legal proceedings when it is probable that such liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. We may still incur legal costs for a matter even if we have not accrued a liability. In addition, actual losses may be higher than the amount accrued for a certain matter, or in the aggregate. An unfavorable resolution of a legal proceeding or claim could adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity. For more information, refer to the "Litigation and Regulatory Matters" section of Note 1413 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.10-K ("Note 13").
Class action suits and other litigation could divert our management's attention from operating our business and increase our expenses.
Grantors,Credit grantors, nonperforming loan purchasers and third-party collection agencies and attorneys in the consumer credit industry are frequently subject to putative class action lawsuits and other litigation. Claims include failure to comply with applicable
laws and regulations and improper or deceptive origination and servicing practices. An unfavorable outcome in a class action suit or other litigation could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and liquidity. Even when we prevail or the basis for the litigation is groundless, considerable time, energy and resources may be needed to respond, and such class action lawsuits or other litigation could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and cash flows.
liquidity.
The occurrence of cyber incidents, or a deficiency in our cyber-security, could negatively impact our business by disrupting our operations, compromising or corrupting our confidential information or damaging our image, all of which could negatively impact our business and financial results.
Our business is highly dependent on our ability to process and monitor a large number of transactions across markets and in multiple currencies. As our geographical reach expands, maintaining the security of our systems and infrastructure becomes more significant. Privacy laws in the U.S., Europe and elsewhere govern the collection and transmission of personal data. As our reliance on technology has increased, so have the risks posed to our systems, both internal and those we have outsourced. Our three primary risks that could directly result from the occurrence of a cyber incident are operational interruption, damage to our image, and private data exposure. Private data may include customer information, our employees' personally identifiable information, or proprietary business information such as underwriting and collections methodologies. We have implemented solutions, processes, and procedures to help mitigate these risks, but these measures, as well as our organization's increased awareness of our risk of a cyber incident do not guarantee that our business, reputation or financial results will not be negatively impacted by such an incident. To date, interruptions of our systems have been infrequent and have not had a material impact on our operations. However, should
Should such a cyber incident occur, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to notify affected consumers, modify our protective measures or to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities or other exposures, andexposures. Additionally, we may be subject to fines, penalties, litigation costs and settlements and financial losses that may not be fully covered by our cyber insurance.
Risks associated with governmental regulation and laws
Our ability to collect and enforce our finance receivablesnonperforming loans may be limited under federal, state and foreign laws, regulations and policies.
The businesses conducted by our operating subsidiaries are subject to licensing and regulation by governmental and regulatory bodies in the many jurisdictions in which we operate and conduct our business.operate. Federal and state laws and the laws and regulations of the foreign countries in which we operate may limit our ability to collect on and enforce our finance receivablesrights with respect to our nonperforming loans regardless of any act or omission on our part. Some laws and regulations applicable to credit issuers may preclude us from collecting on nonperforming loans we purchase if the credit issuer previously failed to comply with applicable laws in generating or servicing those receivables. Collection laws and regulations also directly apply to our business. Such laws and regulations are extensive and subject to change. A variety of state, federal state and international laws and regulations govern the collection, use, retention, transmission, sharing and security of consumer data. Consumer protection and privacy protection laws, changes in the ways that existing rules or laws are interpreted or enforced and any procedures that may be implemented as a result of regulatory consent orders may adversely affect our ability to collect on our finance receivablesnonperforming loans and may harm our business. Our failure to comply with laws or regulations applicable to us could limit our ability to collect on our receivables, which could reduce our profitability and harm our business.
Failure to comply with government regulation of the collections industry could result in penalties, fines, litigation, damage to our reputation or the suspension or termination of our ability to conduct our business.
The collections industry throughout the markets in which we operate is governed by various laws and regulations, many of which require us to be a licensed debt collector. Our industry is also at times investigated by regulators and offices of state attorneys general, and subpoenas and other requests or demands for information may be issued by governmental authorities who are investigating debt collection activities. These investigations may result in enforcement actions, fines and penalties, or the assertion of private claims and lawsuits. If any such investigations result in findings that we or our vendors have failed to comply with applicable laws and regulations, we could be subject to penalties, litigation losses and expenses, damage to our reputation, or the suspension or termination of, or required modification to, our ability to conduct collections, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
In a number of jurisdictions, we must maintain licenses to purchase or own debt, and/or to perform debt recovery services and must satisfy related bonding requirements. Our failure to comply with existing licensing requirements, changing interpretations of existing requirements, or adoption of new licensing requirements, could restrict our ability to collect in certain jurisdictions, subject us to increased regulation, increase our costs, or adversely affect our ability to purchase, own and/or collect our receivables.
Some laws, among other things, also may limit the interest rate and the fees that a credit grantor may impose on our consumers, limit the time in which we may file legal actions to enforce consumer accounts, and require specific account information for certain collection activities. In addition, local requirements and court rulings in various jurisdictions also may affect our ability to collect.
Regulations and statutes applicable to our industry further provide that, in some cases, consumers cannot be held liable for, or their liability may be limited with respect to, charges to their debt or credit card accounts that resulted from unauthorized use of their credit. These laws, among others, may limit our ability to recover amounts owing with respect to the receivables, whether or not we committed any wrongful act or omission in connection with the account.
If we fail to comply with any applicable laws and regulations discussed above, such failure could result in penalties, litigation losses and expenses, damage to our reputation, or otherwise impact our ability to conduct collections efforts, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Investigations or enforcement actions by governmental authorities may result in changes to our business practices; negatively impact our receivables portfolio purchasing volume; make collection of receivables more difficult; or expose us to the risk of fines, penalties, restitution payments and litigation.
Our debt collection activities and business practices are subject to review from time to time by various governmental authorities and regulators, including the CFPB, which may commence investigations or enforcement actions, or reviews targeted at businesses in the financial services industry. These reviews may involve governmental authority consideration of individual consumer
complaints, or could involve a broader review of our debt collection policies and practices. Such investigations could lead to assertions by governmental authorities that we are not complying with applicable laws or regulations. In such circumstances, authorities may request or seek to impose a range of remedies that could involve potential compensatory or punitive damage claims, fines, restitution payments, sanctions or injunctive relief, that if agreed to or granted, could require us to make payments or incur other expenditures that could have an adverse effect on our financial position. The CFPB has the authority to obtain cease and desist orders (which can include orders for restitution or rescission of contracts, as well as other kinds of affirmative relief), recover costs, and impose monetary penalties (ranging from $5,000 per day to over $1 million per day, depending on the nature and gravity of the violation). In addition, where a company has violated Title X of the Dodd-Frank Act or CFPB regulations implemented thereunder, the Dodd-Frank Act empowers state Attorneys Generalattorneys general and other state regulators to bring civil actions to remedy violations under state law. Government authorities could also request or seek to require us to cease certain of our practices or institute new practices. Negative publicity relating to investigations or proceedings brought by governmental authorities could have an adverse impact on our reputation, could harm our ability to conduct business with industry participants, and could result in financial institutions reducing or eliminating sales of receivables portfolios to us which would harm our business and negatively impact our results of operations. Moreover, changing or modifying our internal policies or procedures, responding to governmental inquiries and investigations and defending lawsuits or other proceedings could require significant efforts on the part of management and result in increased costs to our business. In addition, such efforts could divert management's full attention from our business operations. All of these factors could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
The CFPB has issued civil investigative demands to many companies that it regulates and is currently examiningperiodically examines practices regarding the collection of consumer debt. In September 2015, we entered into the Consent Order with the CFPB which resultedsettling a previously disclosed investigation of certain debt collection practices of PRA. Among other things, the Consent Order required PRA to: (i) vacate 837 judgments obtained after the applicable statute of limitations, refund $860,607 in payments received on account of such judgments and waive the remaining $3.4 million in judgment balances; (ii) refund $18.2 million in Litigation Department Calls Restitution, as defined in the payment of $19Consent Order; and (iii) pay an $8.0 million in consumer refunds and an $8 million penalty. In addition, we were requiredcivil money penalty to cease collection of approximately $3 million of consumer debt and modify some of our collections practices.the CFPB. Although we have implemented the requirements of the Consent Order, there can be no assurance that additional litigation or new industry regulations currently under consideration by the CFPB would not have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. In addition, the CFPB monitors our compliance with the Consent Order and could make a determination that we have failed to adhere to our obligations. Such a determination could result in additional inquiries, penalties or liabilities, which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Compliance with complex and evolving foreign and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations could increase our cost of doing business in international jurisdictions.
We operate on a global basis with offices and activities in a number of jurisdictions throughout the U.S., Europe, CanadaAmericas and Brazil.Europe. We face increased exposure to risks inherent in conducting business internationally, including compliance with complex foreign and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations, which could increase our cost of doing business in international jurisdictions. These laws and regulations include those related to taxation and anti-corruption laws such as the FCPA, the UK Bribery Act and other local laws prohibiting corrupt payments to governmental officials. Given the complexity of these laws, there is a risk that we may inadvertently breach certain provisions of these laws, such as through the negligent behavior of an employee or our failure to comply with certain formal documentation requirements. Violations of these laws and regulations by us, any of our employees or our third-party vendors, either inadvertently or intentionally, could result in fines and penalties, criminal sanctions, restrictions on our operations and limits on our ability to offer our products and services in one or more countries. Violations of these laws could also adversely affect our business, brand, international expansion efforts, ability to attract and retain employees and results of operations.
The impact of the GDPR, including interpretations and determinations by regulatory authorities, could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
On May 25, 2018, the EU adopted the GDPR, which impacts our European operations. The GDPR updated data privacy compliance obligations, which required us to adapt our business practices accordingly. Financial penalties for noncompliance with the GDPR can be significant.
The regulation of data privacy in the EU and around the globe continues to evolve, and it is not possible to predict the effect of such rigorous data protection regulations over time, which could result in increased costs of conducting business to maintain compliance with such regulations. Although we take significant steps to protect the security of our data and the personal data of our customers, we may be required to expend significant resources to comply with regulations if third parties improperly obtain and use such data.
Risks associated with indebtedness
We utilize bank loans, credit facilities and convertible notes to finance our business activities, which could negatively impact our liquidity and business operations if we are unable to retain, renegotiate, expand or replace our bank loans and credit facilities or raise the necessary funds to repurchase the convertible notes.
As described in Note 6 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K, our sources of financing include a North American credit facility, a European multicurrency revolving credit facility and convertible senior notes. The credit facilities contain financial and other restrictive covenants, including restrictions on how we operate our business and our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders. Failure to satisfy any one of these covenants could result in negative consequences including the following:
acceleration of outstanding indebtedness;
exercise by our lenders of rights with respect to the collateral pledged under certain of our outstanding indebtedness;
our inability to continue to purchase nonperforming loans needed to operate our business; or
our inability to secure alternative financing on favorable terms, if at all.
If we are unable to retain, renegotiate, expand or replace our credit facilities, including as a result of failure to satisfy the restrictive covenants contained in them, our liquidity and business operations could be impacted negatively.
We have additional indebtedness in the form of Convertible Senior Notes due 2020 (theand 2023 (collectively the "Notes") and may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to repurchase the Notes upon a fundamental change or to settle conversions in cash. Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on, or to refinance our indebtedness, including the Notes, or to make cash payments in connection with any conversion of the Notes depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Our ability to refinance our indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at that time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations. In addition, in the event the conditional conversion featurefeatures of the Notes isare triggered, holders of the Notes are entitled to convert the Notes into shares of our common stock at any time during specified periods at their option.option, subject to the terms of the indenture governing the Notes. Upon conversion, unless we elect to deliver solely shares of our common stock to settle such conversion (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional shares of our common stock), we will be required to make cash payments in respect of the Notes. However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to repurchase Notes surrendered to settle conversions in cash, and our ability to repurchase the Notes or pay cash upon conversion may be limited by law. Any issuance of shares of our common stock upon conversion of the Notes would dilute the ownership interest of our stockholders.
We may be restricted from paying cash upon conversion of the Notes, repurchasing the Notes for cash when required and repaying the Notes at maturity or upon acceleration following an event of default under the Notes unless we repay all amounts outstanding under, and terminate, our North American Credit Agreement. Additionally, our future indebtedness may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversion of the Notes and on our ability to repurchase the Notes.
The terms of our North American Credit Agreement prohibit us from paying cash upon conversion of the Notes, repurchasing the Notes for cash when required upon the occurrence of a fundamental change and repaying the Notes at maturity or upon acceleration following an event of default under the indenture governing the Notes if a default or an event of default exists on the date of such required payment, repurchase or repayment, as applicable, or certain other conditions are not met, including pro forma compliance with the financial covenants and having “Sufficient Liquidity” (described below). As a result, we will be restricted
from making such payments unless the default or event of default under our North American Credit Agreement is cured or waived, such conditions are met and/or we repay all amounts then outstanding under, and terminate, our North American Credit Agreement.
In addition, under our North American Credit Agreement our ability to settle conversions of the Notes in cash requires that immediately prior to any such conversion, our cash and cash equivalents (including our availability under our domestic and multi-currency revolving facilities under our North American Credit Agreement) be at least 115% of the sum of the principal amount of the Notes to be paid in cash (“Sufficient Liquidity”). The terms of any additional indebtedness incurred as permitted by our North American Credit Agreement may contain similar or more onerous restrictions than the foregoing.
Our failure to repurchase Notes, to pay, when due, cash upon conversion of the Notes or repay the Notes at maturity or upon acceleration following an event of default under the indenture governing the Notes would constitute a default under the indenture governing the Notes. A default under the indenture may constitute a default under our North American Credit Agreement.
Changes in interest rates could increase our interest expense and reduce our net income.
Our revolving credit facilities bear interest at variable rates. Increases in interest rates could increase our interest expense which would, in turn, lower our earnings. From time to time, we may enter into hedging transactions to mitigate our interest rate risk on all or a portion of our debt. Hedging strategies rely on assumptions and projections. If these assumptions and projections prove to be incorrect or our hedges do not adequately mitigate the impact of changes in interest rates, we may experience volatility in our earnings that could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Default by or failure of one or more of our counterparty financial institutions could cause us to incur significant losses.
As part of our risk management activities, we enter into transactions involving derivative financial instruments, including, among others, forward contracts and interest rate swap contracts, with various financial institutions. In addition, we have significant amounts of cash and cash equivalents on deposit or in accounts with banks or other financial institutions in the U.S. and abroad. As a result, we are exposed to the risk of default by, or failure of, counterparty financial institutions. The risk of counterparty default or failure may be heightened during economic downturns and periods of uncertainty in the financial markets. If one of our counterparties were to become insolvent or file for bankruptcy, our ability to recover losses incurred as a result of default or to retrieve our assets that are deposited or held in accounts with such counterparty may be limited by the counterparty's liquidity or the applicable laws governing the insolvency or bankruptcy proceedings.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.
Item 2. Properties.
Our corporate headquarters and primary domestic operations facilityfacilities are located in Norfolk, Virginia. In addition, at December 31, 2018, we havehad operational centers, all of which are leased except the facilities in Kansas and Tennessee, in the following locations in the Americas and Europe:
|
| | | | |
| Americas |
| | - Baton Rouge, LouisianaBirmingham, Alabama | | - Jackson, Tennessee | |
| | - Birmingham, Alabama | | - Lake Forest, California | |
| - Conshohocken, PennsylvaniaBurlington, North Carolina | | - London, Ontario, Canada | |
| | - Duluth, Georgia | | - Montgomery, Alabama | |
| - Folsom, CaliforniaHampton, Virginia | | - North Richland Hills, Texas | |
| | - Fresno, California | | - Rosemont, Illinois | |
| - Hampton, VirginiaHenderson, Nevada | | - San Diego, California | |
| - Houston, Texas | | - São Paulo, Brazil | |
| | - Hutchinson, Kansas | | | |
| Europe |
| | - Bromley, United Kingdom | | - Madrid, Spain | |
| | - Duisburg, Germany | | - Oslo, Norway | |
| | - Eisenstadt, Austria | | - Padova, Italy | |
| | - Helsinki, Finland | | - Uppsala, Sweden | |
| | - Kilmarnock, United Kingdom | | - Warsaw, Poland | |
| | - London, United KingdomLuxembourg, Luxembourg | | - Zug, Switzerland | |
| - Luxembourg, Luxembourg | | | |
We also lease several less significant facilities in various locations throughout the Americas and Europe, which are not listed above. We do not consider any specific leased or owned facility to be material to our operations. We believe that equally suitable alternative facilities are available throughout our geographic market areas.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
We and our subsidiaries are from time to time subject to a variety of routine legal and regulatory claims, inquiries and proceedings, most of which are incidental to the ordinary course of our business. We initiate lawsuits against customers and are occasionally countersued by them in such actions. Also, customers, either individually, as members of a class action, or through a governmental entity on behalf of customers, may initiate litigation against us in which they allege that we have violated a state or federal law in the process of collecting on an account. From time to time, other types of lawsuits are brought against us.
Refer to Note 1413 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for information regarding legal proceedings in which we are involved.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Price Range of Common Stock
Our common stock is traded on NASDAQ under the symbol "PRAA." The following table sets forth the high and low sales price for our common stock, as reported by the NASDAQ, for the periods indicated.
|
| | | | | | | |
| | 2016 | | 2015 |
| | High | | Low | | High | | Low |
| Quarter ended March 31, | $35.98 | | $20.00 | | $58.42 | | $47.84 |
| Quarter ended June 30, | $34.15 | | $22.51 | | $64.24 | | $52.92 |
| Quarter ended September 30, | $34.99 | | $21.93 | | $64.82 | | $50.03 |
| Quarter ended December 31, | $39.70 | | $23.15 | | $56.00 | | $32.49 |
Based on information provided by our transfer agent and registrar, as of February 15, 2017,2019, there were 7151 holders of record and 40,13423,020 beneficial owners of our common stock.
Stock Performance
The following graph and subsequent table comparescompare from December 31, 20112013 to December 31, 2016,2018, the cumulative stockholder returns assuming an initial investment of $100 in our common stock (PRAA), the stocks comprising the NASDAQ Financial 100 (IXF), and the stocks comprising the NASDAQ Global Market Composite Index (NQGM) at the beginning of the period. Any dividends paid during the five yearfive-year period are assumed to be reinvested.
| | | | Ticker | | 2011 | | 2012 | | 2013 | | 2014 | | 2015 | | 2016 | Ticker | | 2013 | | 2014 | | 2015 | | 2016 | | 2017 | | 2018 |
| PRA Group, Inc. | PRAA | | $ | 100 |
| | $ | 158 |
| | $ | 235 |
| | $ | 257 |
| | $ | 154 |
| | $ | 174 |
| PRAA | | $ | 100 |
| | $ | 110 |
| | $ | 66 |
| | $ | 74 |
| | $ | 63 |
| | $ | 46 |
|
| NASDAQ Financial 100 | IXF | | $ | 100 |
| | $ | 116 |
| | $ | 166 |
| | $ | 174 |
| | $ | 185 |
| | $ | 234 |
| IXF | | $ | 100 |
| | $ | 105 |
| | $ | 112 |
| | $ | 141 |
| | $ | 163 |
| | $ | 149 |
|
| NASDAQ Global Market Composite Index | NQGM | | $ | 100 |
| | $ | 116 |
| | $ | 192 |
| | $ | 204 |
| | $ | 204 |
| | $ | 196 |
| NQGM | | $ | 100 |
| | $ | 106 |
| | $ | 106 |
| | $ | 102 |
| | $ | 127 |
| | $ | 148 |
|
The comparisons of stock performance shown above are not intended to forecast or be indicative of possible future performance of our common stock. We do not make or endorse any predictions as to our future stock performance.
Dividend Policy
Our board of directors sets our dividend policy. We do not currently pay regular dividends on our common stock and did not pay dividends in the three years ended December 31, 2016;2018; however, our board of directors may determine in the future to declare or pay dividends on our common stock. Under the terms of our credit facilities, cash dividends may not exceed $20 million in any fiscal year without the consent of our lenders. Any future determination as to the declaration and payment of dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on then existing conditions, including our results of operations, financial condition, contractual restrictions, capital requirements, business prospects and other factors that our board of directors may consider relevant.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
For information regarding securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans see Note 9 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
Share Repurchase Programs
On October 22, 2015, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program to purchase up to $125 million of our outstanding shares of common stock.None.
During the fourth quarter of 2015, we purchased $80 million of our common stock under this program. No shares were purchased during 2016. As of December 31, 2016, the maximum remaining amount available for share repurchases under this program was $45 million.
Item 6. Selected Financial Data.
The following selected financial data should be read in conjunction with "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" included in Item 7 of this Form 10-K and our Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes thereto included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K .10-K. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for consistency with the current period presentation. In addition, certain prior year amounts have been revised to correct immaterial errors which are reflected in the fourth quarter of the respective year in the quarterly income statement and balance sheet data tables included in Item 6 of this Form 10-K. For additional information on the correction of the immaterial errors see Note 17 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
Consolidated Income Statement, Operating and Other Financial Data Amounts in thousands, except per share amounts | |
Consolidated Income Statement, Operating and Other Financial Data $ in thousands, except per share amounts | | Consolidated Income Statement, Operating and Other Financial Data $ in thousands, except per share amounts |
| | | Years Ended December 31, | Years Ended December 31, |
| Income Statement Data: | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 |
| Revenues: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Income recognized on finance receivables, net | $ | 745,119 |
| | $ | 865,122 |
| | $ | 807,474 |
| | $ | 663,546 |
| | $ | 530,635 |
| |
| Income recognized on finance receivables | | $ | 891,899 |
| | $ | 795,435 |
| | $ | 845,142 |
| | $ | 894,491 |
| | $ | 802,539 |
|
| Fee income | 77,381 |
| | 64,383 |
| | 65,675 |
| | 71,532 |
| | 62,164 |
| 14,916 |
| | 24,916 |
| | 77,381 |
| | 64,383 |
| | 65,675 |
|
| Other revenue | 8,080 |
| | 12,513 |
| | 7,820 |
| | 57 |
| | 2 |
| 1,441 |
| | 7,855 |
| | 8,080 |
| | 12,513 |
| | 7,820 |
|
| Total revenues | 830,580 |
| | 942,018 |
| | 880,969 |
| | 735,135 |
| | 592,801 |
| 908,256 |
| | 828,206 |
| | 930,603 |
| | 971,387 |
| | 876,034 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net allowance charges | | (33,425 | ) | | (11,898 | ) | | (98,479 | ) | | (29,369 | ) | | 4,935 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Operating expenses: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Compensation and employee services | 258,846 |
| | 268,345 |
| | 234,531 |
| | 192,474 |
| | 168,356 |
| 319,400 |
| | 273,033 |
| | 258,846 |
| | 268,345 |
| | 234,531 |
|
| Legal collection expenses | 132,202 |
| | 129,456 |
| | 139,161 |
| | 124,551 |
| | 106,718 |
| |
| Legal collection fees | | 42,941 |
| | 43,351 |
| | 47,717 |
| | 53,393 |
| | 51,107 |
|
| Legal collection costs | | 104,988 |
| | 76,047 |
| | 84,485 |
| | 76,063 |
| | 88,054 |
|
| Agency fees | 44,922 |
| | 32,188 |
| | 16,399 |
| | 5,901 |
| | 5,906 |
| 33,854 |
| | 35,530 |
| | 44,922 |
| | 32,188 |
| | 16,399 |
|
| Outside fees and services | 63,098 |
| | 65,155 |
| | 55,821 |
| | 31,615 |
| | 28,867 |
| 61,492 |
| | 62,792 |
| | 63,098 |
| | 65,155 |
| | 55,821 |
|
| Communication | 33,771 |
| | 33,113 |
| | 33,085 |
| | 28,161 |
| | 25,225 |
| 43,224 |
| | 33,132 |
| | 33,771 |
| | 33,113 |
| | 33,085 |
|
| Rent and occupancy | 15,710 |
| | 14,714 |
| | 11,509 |
| | 8,311 |
| | 7,498 |
| 16,906 |
| | 14,823 |
| | 15,710 |
| | 14,714 |
| | 11,509 |
|
| Depreciation and amortization | 24,359 |
| | 19,874 |
| | 18,414 |
| | 14,417 |
| | 14,515 |
| 19,322 |
| | 19,763 |
| | 24,359 |
| | 19,874 |
| | 18,414 |
|
| Other operating expenses | 39,466 |
| | 68,829 |
| | 29,981 |
| | 25,781 |
| | 19,661 |
| 47,444 |
| | 44,103 |
| | 39,466 |
| | 68,829 |
| | 29,981 |
|
| Impairment of goodwill | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 6,397 |
| | — |
| |
| Total operating expenses | 612,374 |
| | 631,674 |
| | 538,901 |
| | 437,608 |
| | 376,746 |
| 689,571 |
| | 602,574 |
| | 612,374 |
| | 631,674 |
| | 538,901 |
|
| Income from operations | 218,206 |
| | 310,344 |
| | 342,068 |
| | 297,527 |
| | 216,055 |
| 185,260 |
| | 213,734 |
| | 219,750 |
| | 310,344 |
| | 342,068 |
|
| Other income and (expense): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Interest expense | (80,864 | ) | | (60,336 | ) | | (35,226 | ) | | (14,466 | ) | | (9,031 | ) | |
| Impairment of investments | (5,823 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
| Foreign exchange gain/(loss) | 2,564 |
| | 7,514 |
| | (5,829 | ) | | 4 |
| | 9 |
| |
| Gain on sale of subsidiaries | | 26,575 |
| | 48,474 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Interest expense, net | | (121,078 | ) | | (98,041 | ) | | (80,864 | ) | | (60,336 | ) | | (35,226 | ) |
| Foreign exchange (loss)/gain | | (944 | ) | | (1,104 | ) | | 2,564 |
| | 7,514 |
| | (5,829 | ) |
| Other | | (316 | ) | | (2,790 | ) | | (5,823 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Income before income taxes | 134,083 |
| | 257,522 |
| | 301,013 |
| | 283,065 |
| | 207,033 |
| 89,497 |
| | 160,273 |
| | 135,627 |
| | 257,522 |
| | 301,013 |
|
| Provision for income taxes | 43,191 |
| | 89,391 |
| | 124,508 |
| | 106,146 |
| | 80,934 |
| |
| Income tax expense/(benefit) | | 13,763 |
| | (10,852 | ) | | 43,577 |
| | 89,391 |
| | 124,508 |
|
| Net income | 90,892 |
| | 168,131 |
| | 176,505 |
| | 176,919 |
| | 126,099 |
| 75,734 |
| | 171,125 |
| | 92,050 |
| | 168,131 |
| | 176,505 |
|
| Adjustment for net income/(loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest | 5,795 |
| | 205 |
| | — |
| | 1,605 |
| | (494 | ) | |
| Adjustment for net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | | 10,171 |
| | 6,810 |
| | 5,795 |
| | 205 |
| | — |
|
| Net income attributable to PRA Group, Inc. | $ | 85,097 |
| | $ | 167,926 |
| | $ | 176,505 |
| | $ | 175,314 |
| | $ | 126,593 |
| $ | 65,563 |
| | $ | 164,315 |
| | $ | 86,255 |
| | $ | 167,926 |
| | $ | 176,505 |
|
| Net income per common share attributable to PRA Group, Inc.: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income per share attributable to PRA Group, Inc.: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Basic | $1.84 | | $3.49 | | $3.53 | | $3.48 | | $2.48 | $1.45 | | $3.60 | | $1.86 | | $3.49 | | $3.53 |
| Diluted | $1.83 | | $3.47 | | $3.50 | | $3.45 | | $2.46 | $1.44 | | $3.59 | | $1.86 | | $3.47 | | $3.50 |
| Weighted average number of shares outstanding: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Basic | 46,316 |
| | 48,128 |
| | 49,990 |
| | 50,366 |
| | 50,991 |
| 45,280 |
| | 45,671 |
| | 46,316 |
| | 48,128 |
| | 49,990 |
|
| Diluted | 46,388 |
| | 48,405 |
| | 50,421 |
| | 50,873 |
| | 51,369 |
| 45,413 |
| | 45,823 |
| | 46,388 |
| | 48,405 |
| | 50,421 |
|
| Operating and Other Financial Data: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash receipts | $ | 1,569,367 |
| | $ | 1,603,878 |
| | $ | 1,444,487 |
| | $ | 1,213,969 |
| | $ | 970,848 |
| $ | 1,640,121 |
| | $ | 1,537,521 |
| | $ | 1,569,367 |
| | $ | 1,603,878 |
| | $ | 1,444,487 |
|
| Operating expenses to cash receipts | 39 | % | | 39 | % | | 37 | % | | 36 | % | | 39 | % | 42 | % | | 39 | % | | 39 | % | | 39 | % | | 37 | % |
Return on equity (1) | 10 | % | | 20 | % | | 19 | % | | 22 | % | | 20 | % | 6 | % | | 17 | % | | 10 | % | | 20 | % | | 19 | % |
Acquisitions of finance receivables, at cost (2) | $ | 947,331 |
| | $ | 963,811 |
| | $ | 1,432,764 |
| | $ | 656,785 |
| | $ | 542,451 |
| $ | 1,117,997 |
| | $ | 1,108,959 |
| | $ | 947,331 |
| | $ | 963,811 |
| | $ | 1,432,764 |
|
| Full-time equivalents at period end | 4,019 |
| | 3,799 |
| | 3,880 |
| | 3,543 |
| | 3,221 |
| 5,377 |
| | 5,154 |
| | 4,019 |
| | 3,799 |
| | 3,880 |
|
| |
| (1) | Calculated by dividing net income attributable to PRA Group, Inc. for each year by average monthly stockholders' equity - PRA Group, Inc. for the sameeach year. |
| |
| (2) | Represents cash paid for finance receivables through the ordinary course of business as well as the acquisition date finance receivable portfolios that were acquired through our various business acquisitions. |
Key Balance Sheet Data Amounts in thousands | Key Balance Sheet Data Amounts in thousands | Key Balance Sheet Data Amounts in thousands |
| | | As of December 31, | As of December 31, |
| | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 94,287 |
| | $ | 71,372 |
| | $ | 39,661 |
| | $ | 162,004 |
| | $ | 32,687 |
| $ | 98,695 |
| | $ | 120,516 |
| | $ | 94,287 |
| | $ | 71,372 |
| | $ | 39,661 |
|
| Finance receivables, net | 2,307,969 |
| | 2,202,113 |
| | 2,001,790 |
| | 1,239,191 |
| | 1,078,951 |
| 3,084,777 |
| | 2,776,199 |
| | 2,309,513 |
| | 2,202,113 |
| | 2,001,790 |
|
| Total assets | 3,163,999 |
| | 2,990,567 |
| | 2,778,751 |
| | 1,601,232 |
| | 1,288,956 |
| 3,909,559 |
| | 3,700,972 |
| | 3,165,157 |
| | 2,990,567 |
| | 2,778,751 |
|
| Borrowings | 1,784,101 |
| | 1,717,129 |
| | 1,482,456 |
| | 451,780 |
| | 327,542 |
| 2,473,656 |
| | 2,170,182 |
| | 1,784,101 |
| | 1,717,129 |
| | 1,482,456 |
|
| Total equity | 917,163 |
| | 839,747 |
| | 902,215 |
| | 869,476 |
| | 708,427 |
| 1,123,969 |
| | 1,140,717 |
| | 918,321 |
| | 839,747 |
| | 902,215 |
|
Quarterly Income Statement Data Amounts in thousands, except per share amounts | Quarterly Income Statement Data Amounts in thousands, except per share amounts | Quarterly Income Statement Data Amounts in thousands, except per share amounts |
| | | Dec 31, 2016 | | Sep 30, 2016 | | Jun 30, 2016 | | Mar 31, 2016 | | Dec 31, 2015 | | Sep 30, 2015 | | Jun 30, 2015 | | Mar 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2018 | | Sep 30, 2018 | | Jun 30, 2018 | | Mar 31, 2018 | | Dec 31, 2017 | | Sep 30, 2017 | | Jun 30, 2017 | | Mar 31, 2017 |
| Revenues: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Income recognized on finance receivables, net | $ | 131,965 |
| | $ | 202,639 |
| | $ | 204,008 |
| | $ | 206,507 |
| | $ | 208,471 |
| | $ | 208,184 |
| | $ | 220,064 |
| | $ | 228,403 |
| |
| Income recognized on finance receivables | | $ | 231,029 |
| | $ | 223,228 |
| | $ | 219,018 |
| | $ | 218,624 |
| | $ | 203,397 |
| | $ | 200,660 |
| | $ | 194,164 |
| | $ | 197,214 |
|
| Fee income | 21,171 |
| | 17,597 |
| | 22,347 |
| | 16,266 |
| | 19,649 |
| | 17,803 |
| | 13,878 |
| | 13,053 |
| 4,686 |
| | 2,561 |
| | 2,342 |
| | 5,327 |
| | 6,043 |
| | 2,671 |
| | 6,344 |
| | 9,858 |
|
| Other revenue | 2,122 |
| | 1,748 |
| | 2,101 |
| | 2,109 |
| | 2,065 |
| | 3,443 |
| | 3,255 |
| | 3,750 |
| 1,027 |
| | 99 |
| | 158 |
| | 157 |
| | 1,454 |
| | 1,091 |
| | 3,145 |
| | 2,165 |
|
| Total revenues | 155,258 |
| | 221,984 |
| | 228,456 |
| | 224,882 |
| | 230,185 |
| | 229,430 |
| | 237,197 |
| | 245,206 |
| 236,742 |
| | 225,888 |
| | 221,518 |
| | 224,108 |
| | 210,894 |
| | 204,422 |
| | 203,653 |
| | 209,237 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net allowance charges | | (21,381 | ) | | (8,285 | ) | | (2,834 | ) | | (925 | ) | | (2,486 | ) | | (3,412 | ) | | (3,321 | ) | | (2,679 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Operating expenses: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Compensation and employee services | 61,390 |
| | 65,898 |
| | 64,793 |
| | 66,765 |
| | 68,670 |
| | 66,084 |
| | 68,320 |
| | 65,271 |
| 79,123 |
| | 78,350 |
| | 80,690 |
| | 81,237 |
| | 69,253 |
| | 68,541 |
| | 66,771 |
| | 68,468 |
|
| Legal collection expenses | 34,726 |
| | 33,447 |
| | 33,897 |
| | 30,132 |
| | 28,647 |
| | 32,594 |
| | 33,670 |
| | 34,545 |
| |
| Legal collection fees | | 11,501 |
| | 10,428 |
| | 10,343 |
| | 10,669 |
| | 10,061 |
| | 10,065 |
| | 11,967 |
| | 11,258 |
|
| Legal collection costs | | 33,281 |
| | 30,769 |
| | 18,695 |
| | 22,243 |
| | 18,781 |
| | 17,561 |
| | 19,235 |
| | 20,470 |
|
| Agency fees | 10,695 |
| | 12,034 |
| | 11,309 |
| | 10,884 |
| | 8,182 |
| | 7,961 |
| | 7,784 |
| | 8,261 |
| 9,088 |
| | 8,350 |
| | 8,138 |
| | 8,278 |
| | 7,877 |
| | 7,599 |
| | 9,254 |
| | 10,800 |
|
| Outside fees and services | 16,683 |
| | 14,731 |
| | 15,876 |
| | 15,808 |
| | 27,309 |
| | 12,583 |
| | 12,466 |
| | 12,797 |
| 17,068 |
| | 15,701 |
| | 14,565 |
| | 14,158 |
| | 15,815 |
| | 15,631 |
| | 18,061 |
| | 13,285 |
|
| Communication | 7,652 |
| | 7,814 |
| | 8,423 |
| | 9,882 |
| | 6,601 |
| | 8,021 |
| | 8,073 |
| | 10,418 |
| 10,645 |
| | 10,240 |
| | 10,782 |
| | 11,557 |
| | 8,028 |
| | 8,713 |
| | 7,254 |
| | 9,137 |
|
| Rent and occupancy | 4,001 |
| | 3,875 |
| | 4,038 |
| | 3,796 |
| | 3,991 |
| | 3,684 |
| | 3,479 |
| | 3,560 |
| 4,319 |
| | 4,270 |
| | 4,003 |
| | 4,314 |
| | 3,985 |
| | 3,668 |
| | 3,387 |
| | 3,783 |
|
| Depreciation and amortization | 6,020 |
| | 6,184 |
| | 6,085 |
| | 6,070 |
| | 4,935 |
| | 5,413 |
| | 4,916 |
| | 4,610 |
| 5,092 |
| | 4,776 |
| | 4,525 |
| | 4,929 |
| | 4,666 |
| | 4,841 |
| | 5,041 |
| | 5,215 |
|
| Other operating expenses | 7,023 |
| | 10,513 |
| | 11,279 |
| | 10,651 |
| | 10,678 |
| | 38,963 |
| | 9,610 |
| | 9,578 |
| 13,030 |
| | 10,602 |
| | 11,628 |
| | 12,184 |
| | 12,032 |
| | 10,140 |
| | 11,046 |
| | 10,885 |
|
| Total operating expenses | 148,190 |
| | 154,496 |
| | 155,700 |
| | 153,988 |
| | 159,013 |
| | 175,303 |
| | 148,318 |
| | 149,040 |
| 183,147 |
| | 173,486 |
| | 163,369 |
| | 169,569 |
| | 150,498 |
| | 146,759 |
| | 152,016 |
| | 153,301 |
|
| Income from operations | 7,068 |
| | 67,488 |
| | 72,756 |
| | 70,894 |
| | 71,172 |
| | 54,127 |
| | 88,879 |
| | 96,166 |
| 32,214 |
| | 44,117 |
| | 55,315 |
| | 53,614 |
| | 57,910 |
| | 54,251 |
| | 48,316 |
| | 53,257 |
|
| Other income and (expense): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Interest expense | (21,026 | ) | | (19,310 | ) | | (20,569 | ) | | (19,959 | ) | | (15,321 | ) | | (16,787 | ) | | (13,452 | ) | | (14,776 | ) | |
| Impairment of investments | (5,823 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
| Gain on sale of subsidiaries | | 26,575 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 307 |
| | 1,322 |
| | 46,845 |
|
| Interest expense, net | | (33,549 | ) | | (30,624 | ) | | (31,124 | ) | | (25,781 | ) | | (28,379 | ) | | (25,899 | ) | | (22,506 | ) | | (21,257 | ) |
| Foreign exchange (loss)/gain | (2,619 | ) | | 5,004 |
| | 2,029 |
| | (1,850 | ) | | 301 |
| | (3,160 | ) | | 3,584 |
| | 6,789 |
| (4,553 | ) | | 626 |
| | 1,690 |
| | 1,293 |
| | 317 |
| | (1,084 | ) | | (2,516 | ) | | 2,179 |
|
| (Loss)/income before income taxes | (22,400 | ) | | 53,182 |
| | 54,216 |
| | 49,085 |
| | 56,152 |
| | 34,180 |
| | 79,011 |
| | 88,179 |
| |
| Provision for income taxes | (7,053 | ) | | 16,664 |
| | 17,348 |
| | 16,232 |
| | 15,164 |
| | 16,597 |
| | 27,586 |
| | 30,044 |
| |
| Net (loss)/income | (15,347 | ) | | 36,518 |
| | 36,868 |
| | 32,853 |
| | 40,988 |
| | 17,583 |
| | 51,425 |
| | 58,135 |
| |
| Other | | (381 | ) | | 222 |
| | (400 | ) | | 243 |
| | (2,790 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Income before income taxes | | 20,306 |
| | 14,341 |
| | 25,481 |
| | 29,369 |
| | 27,058 |
| | 27,575 |
| | 24,616 |
| | 81,024 |
|
| Income tax expense/(benefit) | | 1,980 |
| | 1,789 |
| | 3,857 |
| | 6,137 |
| | (63,709 | ) | | 10,682 |
| | 10,766 |
| | 31,409 |
|
| Net income | | 18,326 |
| | 12,552 |
| | 21,624 |
| | 23,232 |
| | 90,767 |
| | 16,893 |
| | 13,850 |
| | 49,615 |
|
| Adjustment for net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | 2,301 |
| | 2,212 |
| | 412 |
| | 870 |
| | 18 |
| | 187 |
| | — |
| | — |
| 3,384 |
| | 2,625 |
| | 2,036 |
| | 2,126 |
| | 1,847 |
| | 1,338 |
| | 2,177 |
| | 1,448 |
|
| Net (loss)/income attributable to PRA Group, Inc. | $ | (17,648 | ) | | $ | 34,306 |
| | $ | 36,456 |
| | $ | 31,983 |
| | $ | 40,970 |
| | $ | 17,396 |
| | $ | 51,425 |
| | $ | 58,135 |
| |
| Net (loss)/income per common share attributable to PRA Group, Inc.: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income attributable to PRA Group, Inc. | | $ | 14,942 |
| | $ | 9,927 |
| | $ | 19,588 |
| | $ | 21,106 |
| | $ | 88,920 |
| | $ | 15,555 |
| | $ | 11,673 |
| | $ | 48,167 |
|
| Net income per share attributable to PRA Group, Inc.: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Basic | $ | (0.38 | ) | | $ | 0.74 |
| | $ | 0.79 |
| | $ | 0.69 |
| | $ | 0.87 |
| | $ | 0.36 |
| | $ | 1.06 |
| | $ | 1.19 |
| $ | 0.33 |
| | $ | 0.22 |
| | $ | 0.43 |
| | $ | 0.47 |
| | $ | 1.97 |
| | $ | 0.34 |
| | $ | 0.25 |
| | $ | 1.04 |
|
| Diluted | $ | (0.38 | ) | | $ | 0.74 |
| | $ | 0.79 |
| | $ | 0.69 |
| | $ | 0.86 |
| | $ | 0.36 |
| | $ | 1.06 |
| | $ | 1.19 |
| $ | 0.33 |
| | $ | 0.22 |
| | $ | 0.43 |
| | $ | 0.47 |
| | $ | 1.96 |
| | $ | 0.34 |
| | $ | 0.25 |
| | $ | 1.03 |
|
| Weighted average number of shares outstanding: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Basic | 46,346 |
| | 46,343 |
| | 46,333 |
| | 46,243 |
| | 47,197 |
| | 48,265 |
| | 48,325 |
| | 48,724 |
| 45,304 |
| | 45,302 |
| | 45,283 |
| | 45,231 |
| | 45,170 |
| | 45,168 |
| | 45,941 |
| | 46,406 |
|
| Diluted | 46,346 |
| | 46,434 |
| | 46,402 |
| | 46,372 |
| | 47,539 |
| | 48,498 |
| | 48,529 |
| | 49,052 |
| 45,394 |
| | 45,440 |
| | 45,449 |
| | 45,370 |
| | 45,318 |
| | 45,286 |
| | 46,060 |
| | 46,627 |
|
Quarterly Balance Sheet Data Amounts in thousands | Quarterly Balance Sheet Data Amounts in thousands | Quarterly Balance Sheet Data Amounts in thousands |
| | | Dec 31, 2016 | | Sep 30, 2016 | | Jun 30, 2016 | | Mar 31, 2016 | | Dec 31, 2015 | | Sep 30, 2015 | | Jun 30, 2015 | | Mar 31, 2015 | Dec 31, 2018 | | Sep 30, 2018 | | Jun 30, 2018 | | Mar 31, 2018 | | Dec 31, 2017 | | Sep 30, 2017 | | Jun 30, 2017 | | Mar 31, 2017 |
| Assets | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 94,287 |
| | $ | 91,791 |
| | $ | 117,071 |
| | $ | 79,442 |
| | $ | 71,372 |
| | $ | 69,111 |
| | $ | 56,811 |
| | $ | 40,542 |
| $ | 98,695 |
| | $ | 114,176 |
| | $ | 71,570 |
| | $ | 101,418 |
| | $ | 120,516 |
| | $ | 113,754 |
| | $ | 92,756 |
| | $ | 82,110 |
|
| Investments | 68,543 |
| | 67,050 |
| | 66,560 |
| | 71,413 |
| | 73,799 |
| | 75,985 |
| | 88,295 |
| | 91,470 |
| 45,173 |
| | 21,750 |
| | 80,541 |
| | 87,764 |
| | 78,290 |
| | 75,512 |
| | 76,438 |
| | 74,055 |
|
| Finance receivables, net | 2,307,969 |
| | 2,392,408 |
| | 2,399,949 |
| | 2,377,077 |
| | 2,202,113 |
| | 2,167,178 |
| | 2,012,552 |
| | 1,954,772 |
| 3,084,777 |
| | 2,823,622 |
| | 2,734,673 |
| | 2,771,408 |
| | 2,776,199 |
| | 2,579,375 |
| | 2,522,427 |
| | 2,368,424 |
|
| Other receivables, net | 11,650 |
| | 24,299 |
| | 30,079 |
| | 33,555 |
| | 30,771 |
| | 24,648 |
| | 18,443 |
| | 16,834 |
| 46,157 |
| | 9,067 |
| | 14,688 |
| | 14,308 |
| | 15,770 |
| | 10,919 |
| | 11,306 |
| | 17,684 |
|
| Income taxes receivable | 9,427 |
| | 10,673 |
| | 13,871 |
| | — |
| | 1,717 |
| | 12,840 |
| | 1,580 |
| | — |
| 16,809 |
| | 8,912 |
| | 12,163 |
| | 10,271 |
| | 21,686 |
| | 3,877 |
| | 2,865 |
| | — |
|
| Net deferred tax asset | 28,482 |
| | 19,453 |
| | 15,713 |
| | 15,571 |
| | 13,068 |
| | 831 |
| | 125 |
| | 5,771 |
| 61,453 |
| | 63,724 |
| | 60,944 |
| | 59,377 |
| | 56,459 |
| | 40,797 |
| | 36,913 |
| | 28,704 |
|
| Property and equipment, net | 38,744 |
| | 44,354 |
| | 46,852 |
| | 47,785 |
| | 45,394 |
| | 46,105 |
| | 46,215 |
| | 46,855 |
| 54,136 |
| | 55,010 |
| | 53,364 |
| | 53,788 |
| | 49,311 |
| | 36,428 |
| | 36,532 |
| | 38,024 |
|
| Goodwill | 499,911 |
| | 560,505 |
| | 544,337 |
| | 524,870 |
| | 495,156 |
| | 502,383 |
| | 503,001 |
| | 496,653 |
| 464,116 |
| | 519,045 |
| | 519,811 |
| | 544,293 |
| | 526,513 |
| | 538,337 |
| | 516,165 |
| | 506,240 |
|
| Intangible assets, net | 27,935 |
| | 31,539 |
| | 32,655 |
| | 32,154 |
| | 23,788 |
| | 24,458 |
| | 9,450 |
| | 10,042 |
| 5,522 |
| | 17,369 |
| | 18,914 |
| | 22,523 |
| | 23,572 |
| | 25,527 |
| | 25,878 |
| | 27,393 |
|
| Other assets | 33,808 |
| | 37,275 |
| | 38,509 |
| | 86,966 |
| | 33,389 |
| | 61,011 |
| | 47,284 |
| | 37,674 |
| 32,721 |
| | 27,296 |
| | 31,650 |
| | 37,639 |
| | 32,656 |
| | 37,409 |
| | 40,489 |
| | 32,373 |
|
| Assets held for sale | 43,243 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
| Total assets | $ | 3,163,999 |
| | $ | 3,279,347 |
| | $ | 3,305,596 |
| | $ | 3,268,833 |
| | $ | 2,990,567 |
| | $ | 2,984,550 |
| | $ | 2,783,756 |
| | $ | 2,700,613 |
| $ | 3,909,559 |
| | $ | 3,659,971 |
| | $ | 3,598,318 |
| | $ | 3,702,789 |
| | $ | 3,700,972 |
| | $ | 3,461,935 |
| | $ | 3,361,769 |
| | $ | 3,175,007 |
|
| Liabilities and Equity | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Liabilities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Accounts payable | $ | 2,459 |
| | $ | 2,808 |
| | $ | 3,719 |
| | $ | 2,377 |
| | $ | 4,190 |
| | $ | 3,693 |
| | $ | 3,933 |
| | $ | 7,838 |
| $ | 6,110 |
| | $ | 3,773 |
| | $ | 5,090 |
| | $ | 2,330 |
| | $ | 4,992 |
| | $ | 3,605 |
| | $ | 3,694 |
| | $ | 3,924 |
|
| Accrued expenses | 82,699 |
| | 86,531 |
| | 79,202 |
| | 95,049 |
| | 95,380 |
| | 97,123 |
| | 77,007 |
| | 69,250 |
| 79,396 |
| | 81,445 |
| | 78,852 |
| | 85,137 |
| | 85,993 |
| | 82,445 |
| | 77,869 |
| | 82,594 |
|
| Income taxes payable | 19,631 |
| | 20,242 |
| | 20,888 |
| | 28,114 |
| | 21,236 |
| | 9,534 |
| | 9,758 |
| | 22,120 |
| 15,080 |
| | 13,408 |
| | 466 |
| | 23,872 |
| | 10,771 |
| | 4,069 |
| | 19,793 |
| | 37,960 |
|
| Net deferred tax liability | 258,344 |
| | 271,152 |
| | 276,360 |
| | 269,201 |
| | 261,498 |
| | 267,587 |
| | 252,638 |
| | 265,661 |
| 114,979 |
| | 120,990 |
| | 140,224 |
| | 146,410 |
| | 171,185 |
| | 237,044 |
| | 250,821 |
| | 259,330 |
|
| Interest-bearing deposits | 76,113 |
| | 88,719 |
| | 58,041 |
| | 55,349 |
| | 46,991 |
| | 46,277 |
| | 33,248 |
| | 32,439 |
| 82,666 |
| | 79,282 |
| | 82,613 |
| | 90,769 |
| | 98,580 |
| | 96,395 |
| | 92,479 |
| | 78,792 |
|
| Borrowings | 1,784,101 |
| | 1,816,600 |
| | 1,912,283 |
| | 1,896,424 |
| | 1,717,129 |
| | 1,654,457 |
| | 1,503,363 |
| | 1,479,262 |
| 2,473,656 |
| | 2,194,687 |
| | 2,133,997 |
| | 2,150,873 |
| | 2,170,182 |
| | 1,963,504 |
| | 1,899,148 |
| | 1,708,687 |
|
| Other liabilities | 10,821 |
| | 5,317 |
| | 19,922 |
| | 13,577 |
| | 4,396 |
| | 4,460 |
| | 5,933 |
| | 6,725 |
| 7,370 |
| | 8,474 |
| | 8,061 |
| | 15,146 |
| | 9,018 |
| | 1,213 |
| | 3,094 |
| | 13,344 |
|
| Liabilities held for sale | 4,220 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
| Total liabilities | 2,238,388 |
| | 2,291,369 |
| | 2,370,415 |
| | 2,360,091 |
| | 2,150,820 |
| | 2,083,131 |
| | 1,885,880 |
| | 1,883,295 |
| 2,779,257 |
| | 2,502,059 |
| | 2,449,303 |
| | 2,514,537 |
| | 2,550,721 |
| | 2,388,275 |
| | 2,346,898 |
| | 2,184,631 |
|
| Redeemable noncontrolling interest | 8,448 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| 6,333 |
| | 6,955 |
| | 8,322 |
| | 9,697 |
| | 9,534 |
| | 8,620 |
| | 8,860 |
| | 8,515 |
|
| Equity: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Preferred stock | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Common stock | 464 |
| | 463 |
| | 463 |
| | 463 |
| | 462 |
| | 482 |
| | 483 |
| | 483 |
| 453 |
| | 453 |
| | 453 |
| | 453 |
| | 452 |
| | 452 |
| | 452 |
| | 464 |
|
| Additional paid-in capital | 66,414 |
| | 70,112 |
| | 66,838 |
| | 64,287 |
| | 64,622 |
| | 31,344 |
| | 35,360 |
| | 31,339 |
| 60,303 |
| | 58,713 |
| | 56,410 |
| | 54,271 |
| | 53,870 |
| | 52,049 |
| | 49,928 |
| | 66,293 |
|
| Retained earnings | 1,049,367 |
| | 1,067,015 |
| | 1,032,709 |
| | 996,253 |
| | 964,270 |
| | 1,032,966 |
| | 1,015,570 |
| | 964,145 |
| 1,276,473 |
| | 1,261,531 |
| | 1,251,604 |
| | 1,232,016 |
| | 1,214,840 |
| | 1,125,920 |
| | 1,110,365 |
| | 1,098,692 |
|
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (251,944 | ) | | (199,888 | ) | | (213,933 | ) | | (196,135 | ) | | (228,861 | ) | | (201,275 | ) | | (153,537 | ) | | (178,649 | ) | (242,109 | ) | | (213,078 | ) | | (209,167 | ) | | (155,687 | ) | | (178,607 | ) | | (166,397 | ) | | (204,213 | ) | | (233,476 | ) |
| Total stockholders' equity - PRA Group, Inc. | 864,301 |
| | 937,702 |
| | 886,077 |
| | 864,868 |
| | 800,493 |
| | 863,517 |
| | 897,876 |
| | 817,318 |
| 1,095,120 |
| | 1,107,619 |
| | 1,099,300 |
| | 1,131,053 |
| | 1,090,555 |
| | 1,012,024 |
| | 956,532 |
| | 931,973 |
|
| Noncontrolling interest | 52,862 |
| | 50,276 |
| | 49,104 |
| | 43,874 |
| | 39,254 |
| | 37,902 |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
| Noncontrolling interests | | 28,849 |
| | 43,338 |
| | 41,393 |
| | 47,502 |
| | 50,162 |
| | 53,016 |
| | 49,479 |
| | 49,888 |
|
| Total equity | 917,163 |
| | 987,978 |
| | 935,181 |
| | 908,742 |
| | 839,747 |
| | 901,419 |
| | 897,876 |
| | 817,318 |
| 1,123,969 |
| | 1,150,957 |
| | 1,140,693 |
| | 1,178,555 |
| | 1,140,717 |
| | 1,065,040 |
| | 1,006,011 |
| | 981,861 |
|
| Total liabilities and equity | $ | 3,163,999 |
| | $ | 3,279,347 |
| | $ | 3,305,596 |
| | $ | 3,268,833 |
| | $ | 2,990,567 |
| | $ | 2,984,550 |
| | $ | 2,783,756 |
| | $ | 2,700,613 |
| $ | 3,909,559 |
| | $ | 3,659,971 |
| | $ | 3,598,318 |
| | $ | 3,702,789 |
| | $ | 3,700,972 |
| | $ | 3,461,935 |
| | $ | 3,361,769 |
| | $ | 3,175,007 |
|
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Overview
We are a global financial and business services company with operations in the Americas and Europe. Our primary business is the purchase, collection and management of portfolios of nonperforming loans. We also provide
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for consistency with the following fee-based services: vehicle location, skip tracing and collateral recovery for auto lenders, government entities and law enforcement; class action claims recovery services and purchases; servicingcurrent period presentation. In addition, certain prior year amounts have been revised to correct immaterial errors. For additional information on the correction of consumer bankruptcy accounts in the U.S.; and, to a lesser extent, contingent collections of nonperforming loans in Europe and South America. We also provided revenue administration, audit and revenue discovery/recovery services for local government entities through our PGS business which, as discussed inimmaterial errors see Note 17 we soldto our Consolidated Financial Statements included in January 2017. The gain on sale before income taxes is expected to be approximately $47 million.
On July 16, 2014, we completed the purchaseItem 8 of the outstanding equity of Aktiv, a Norway-based company specializing in the acquisition and servicing of nonperforming loans in Europe and Canada, for a purchase price of approximately $861.3 million, and assumed approximately $433.7 million of Aktiv's corporate debt, resulting in an enterprise acquisition value of approximately $1.3 billion.
On August 3, 2015, we acquired 55% of the equity interest in RCB. The remaining 45% of the equity interest in RCB is owned by the executive team and previous owners of RCB. RCB is a leading master servicing platform for nonperforming loans in Brazil. Our investment for the 55% ownership of RCB was approximately $55.2 million. As part of the investment and call option agreements, we have the right to purchase the remaining 45% of RCB at certain multiples of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") beginning August 3, 2019 and ending August 3, 2021.
On April 26, 2016, we completed our public tender offer to purchase 100% of the shares of DTP, a Polish-based debt collection company, for approximately $44.9 million.this Form 10-K.
Frequently Used Terms
We use the following terminology throughout this document:
"Allowance charges" refers to a reduction in income recognized on finance receivables on pools of finance receivables due to a decrease in cash collection estimates or a delay in the expected timing of the cash collections.
"Amortization rate" refers to cash collections applied to principal on finance receivables as a percentage of total cash collections.
"Buybacks" refers to purchase price refunded by the seller due to the return of ineligible accounts.
"Cash collections" refers to collections on our owned finance receivables portfolios.
"Cash receipts" refers to collections on our owned finance receivables portfolios plus fee income.
"Core" accounts or portfolios refer to accounts or portfolios that are nonperforming loans and are not in an insolvent status upon purchase. These accounts are aggregated separately from insolvency accounts.
"Estimated remaining collections" or "ERC" refers to the sum of all future projected cash collections on our owned finance receivables portfolios.
"Fee income" refers to revenues generated from our fee-for-service businesses.
"Income recognized on finance receivables" refers to income derived from our owned finance receivables portfolios.
"Income recognized on finance receivables, net" refers to income derived from our owned finance receivables portfolios and is shown net of allowance charges/reversals.
"Insolvency" accounts or portfolios refer to accounts or portfolios of receivables that are in an insolvent status when we purchase them and as such are purchased as a pool of insolvent accounts. These include Individual Voluntary Arrangements ("IVAs"), Trust Deeds in the UK, Consumer Proposals in Canada and bankruptcy accounts in the U.S., Canada, Germany and the UK.
"Net finance receivable balance" is recorded on our balance sheet and refers to the purchase price less principal amortization and net allowance charges/reversals.
"Nonperforming loans" refers to the loans that we purchase, which consist generally of defaulted, unpaid obligations of individuals that have been charged-off by the credit grantor.
"Principal amortization" refers to cash collections applied to principal on finance receivables.
"Purchase price" refers to the cash paid to a seller to acquire nonperforming loans, plus certain capitalized costs, less buybacks.
"Purchase price multiple" refers to the total estimated collections (as defined below) on owned finance receivables portfolios divided by purchase price.
"Total estimated collections" or "TEC" refers to actual cash collections, including cash sales, plus estimated remaining collections on our finance receivables portfolios.
Earnings Summary
For the year ended December 31,Unless otherwise specified, references to 2018, 2017 and 2016 net income attributableare to PRA Group was $85.1 million, or $1.83 per diluted share, compared with $167.9 million, or $3.47 per diluted share, for the year ended December 31, 2015. Total revenues were $830.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, down 11.8% from the same year ago period. Revenues during the year ended December 31, 2016 consisted of $745.1 million in income recognized on finance receivables, net, $77.4 million in fee income and $8.1 million in other revenue. Income recognized on finance receivables, net, for the year ended December 31, 2016 decreased $120.0 million, or 13.9%, over the year ended December 31, 2015, primarily due to an increase in net allowance charges on our finance receivables to $98.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to $29.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $69.1 million or 235.0%. Our cash collections on our finance receivables decreased to $1,492.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to $1,539.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, a decrease of $47.5 million or 3.1%.
Our finance receivables amortization rate, including net allowance charges, was 50.1% for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to 43.8% for the year ended December 31, 2015. Our finance receivables amortization rate, excluding net allowance charges, was 43.5% for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to 41.9% for the year ended December 31, 2015.
Fee income increased from $64.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 to $77.4 million in 2016, primarily due to an increase in revenues generated by PLS, PGS, Recovery Management Systems Corporation ("RMSC"), CCB and RCB. This was offset by a decrease in fee income from PRA Europe, due primarily to an expected decline in the amount of contingent fee services provided by us for debt owners.
A summary of how our revenue was generated during the years ended December 31, 2016, 20152018, December 31, 2017 and 2014 is as follows (amounts in thousands):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 |
| Cash collections | $ | 1,491,986 |
| | $ | 1,539,495 |
| | $ | 1,378,812 |
|
| Amortization of investment | (648,388 | ) | | (645,004 | ) | | (576,273 | ) |
| Net allowance reversals/(charges) | (98,479 | ) | | (29,369 | ) | | 4,935 |
|
| Income recognized on finance receivables, net | 745,119 |
| | 865,122 |
| | 807,474 |
|
| Fee income | 77,381 |
| | 64,383 |
| | 65,675 |
|
| Other revenue | 8,080 |
| | 12,513 |
| | 7,820 |
|
| Total revenues | $ | 830,580 |
| | $ | 942,018 |
| | $ | 880,969 |
|
Operating expenses were $612.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, a decrease of $19.3 million or 3.1% from the year ended December 31, 2015. The decrease was due in part to $28.8 million in other operating expenses incurred during the year ended December 31, 2015 relating to the Consent Order entered into with the CFPB.respectively.
As a result of expanding our international footprint into many countries with various currencies throughout Europe and the Americas, we are exposed to foreign currency fluctuations between and among the U.S. dollar and each of the other currencies in which we operate. As a result, for the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded a net foreign currency transaction gain of $2.6 million in our consolidated income statement, as compared to a gain of $7.5 million in the prior year, and we recorded a foreign currency translation adjustment of $(23.1) million for the year ended December 31, 2016, as compared to an adjustment of $(112.9) million for the year ended December 31, 2015.
During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we acquired finance receivables portfolios at an approximate cost of $947.3 million, $963.8 million and $1,432.8 million, respectively. The figures for 2014 include the acquisition-date fair value of the Aktiv portfolios. In any period, we acquire nonperforming loans that can vary dramatically in their age, type and ultimate collectability. We may pay significantly different purchase prices relative to face value for purchased receivables within any period as a result of this quality fluctuation. In addition, market forces can increase or decrease pricing, irrespective of other quality fluctuations. As a result, the average purchase price paid relative to face value for any given period can fluctuate dramatically. However, regardless of the average purchase price, we intend to target a similar internal rate of return, after direct expenses, in pricing our portfolio acquisitions during any given period. Therefore, the price paid relative to face value is not necessarily indicative of profitability.
Results of Operations
The results of operations include the financial results of PRA Group and all of our subsidiaries, which are in the receivables management business. Under the guidance of the FASB ASC Topic 280 "Segment Reporting" ("ASC 280"), we have determined that we have several operating segments that meet the aggregation criteria of ASC 280, and therefore, we have one reportable segment, accounts receivables management, based on similarities among the operating units, including economic characteristics, the nature of the products and services, the nature of the production processes, the types or class of customer for their products and services, the methods used to distribute their products and services and the nature of the regulatory environment.
The following table sets forth certain operating data as a percentage of total revenues for the years indicated (dollars in thousands):
| | | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Revenues: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Income recognized on finance receivables, net | $ | 745,119 |
| | 89.7 | % | | $ | 865,122 |
| | 91.8 | % | | $ | 807,474 |
| | 91.7 | % | |
| Income recognized on finance receivables | | $ | 891,899 |
| | 98.2 | % | | $ | 795,435 |
| | 96.0 | % | | $ | 845,142 |
| | 90.8 | % |
| Fee income | 77,381 |
| | 9.3 |
| | 64,383 |
| | 6.8 |
| | 65,675 |
| | 7.5 |
| 14,916 |
| | 1.6 |
| | 24,916 |
| | 3.0 |
| | 77,381 |
| | 8.3 |
|
| Other revenue | 8,080 |
| | 1.0 |
| | 12,513 |
| | 1.4 |
| | 7,820 |
| | 0.8 |
| 1,441 |
| | 0.2 |
| | 7,855 |
| | 0.9 |
| | 8,080 |
| | 0.9 |
|
| Total revenues | 830,580 |
| | 100.0 |
| | 942,018 |
| | 100.0 |
| | 880,969 |
| | 100.0 |
| 908,256 |
| | 100.0 |
| | 828,206 |
| | 100.0 |
| | 930,603 |
| | 100.0 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net allowance charges | | (33,425 | ) | | (3.7 | ) | | (11,898 | ) | | (1.4 | ) | | (98,479 | ) | | (10.6 | ) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Operating expenses: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Compensation and employee services | 258,846 |
| | 31.2 |
| | 268,345 |
| | 28.5 |
| | 234,531 |
| | 26.6 |
| 319,400 |
| | 35.2 |
| | 273,033 |
| | 33.0 |
| | 258,846 |
| | 27.8 |
|
| Legal collection expenses | 132,202 |
| | 15.9 |
| | 129,456 |
| | 13.8 |
| | 139,161 |
| | 15.8 |
| |
| Legal collection fees | | 42,941 |
| | 4.7 |
| | 43,351 |
| | 5.2 |
| | 47,717 |
| | 5.1 |
|
| Legal collection costs | | 104,988 |
| | 11.6 |
| | 76,047 |
| | 9.2 |
| | 84,485 |
| | 9.1 |
|
| Agency fees | 44,922 |
| | 5.4 |
| | 32,188 |
| | 3.4 |
| | 16,399 |
| | 1.9 |
| 33,854 |
| | 3.7 |
| | 35,530 |
| | 4.3 |
| | 44,922 |
| | 4.8 |
|
| Outside fees and services | 63,098 |
| | 7.6 |
| | 65,155 |
| | 6.9 |
| | 55,821 |
| | 6.3 |
| 61,492 |
| | 6.8 |
| | 62,792 |
| | 7.6 |
| | 63,098 |
| | 6.8 |
|
| Communication | 33,771 |
| | 4.1 |
| | 33,113 |
| | 3.5 |
| | 33,085 |
| | 3.8 |
| 43,224 |
| | 4.8 |
| | 33,132 |
| | 4.0 |
| | 33,771 |
| | 3.6 |
|
| Rent and occupancy | 15,710 |
| | 1.9 |
| | 14,714 |
| | 1.6 |
| | 11,509 |
| | 1.3 |
| 16,906 |
| | 1.9 |
| | 14,823 |
| | 1.8 |
| | 15,710 |
| | 1.7 |
|
| Depreciation and amortization | 24,359 |
| | 2.9 |
| | 19,874 |
| | 2.1 |
| | 18,414 |
| | 2.1 |
| 19,322 |
| | 2.1 |
| | 19,763 |
| | 2.4 |
| | 24,359 |
| | 2.6 |
|
| Other operating expenses | 39,466 |
| | 4.8 |
| | 68,829 |
| | 7.3 |
| | 29,981 |
| | 3.4 |
| 47,444 |
| | 5.1 |
| | 44,103 |
| | 5.3 |
| | 39,466 |
| | 4.3 |
|
| Total operating expenses | 612,374 |
| | 73.8 |
| | 631,674 |
| | 67.1 |
| | 538,901 |
| | 61.2 |
| 689,571 |
| | 75.9 |
| | 602,574 |
| | 72.8 |
| | 612,374 |
| | 65.8 |
|
| Income from operations | 218,206 |
| | 26.2 |
| | 310,344 |
| | 32.9 |
| | 342,068 |
| | 38.8 |
| 185,260 |
| | 20.4 |
| | 213,734 |
| | 25.8 |
| | 219,750 |
| | 23.6 |
|
| Other income and (expense): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Interest expense | (80,864 | ) | | (9.7 | ) | | (60,336 | ) | | (6.4 | ) | | (35,226 | ) | | (4.0 | ) | |
| Impairment of investments | (5,823 | ) | | (0.7 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
| Foreign exchange gain/(loss) | 2,564 |
| | 0.3 |
| | 7,514 |
| | 0.8 |
| | (5,829 | ) | | (0.7 | ) | |
| Gain on sale of subsidiaries | | 26,575 |
| | 2.9 |
| | 48,474 |
| | 5.9 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Interest expense, net | | (121,078 | ) | | (13.3 | ) | | (98,041 | ) | | (11.8 | ) | | (80,864 | ) | | (8.7 | ) |
| Foreign exchange (loss)/gain | | (944 | ) | | (0.1 | ) | | (1,104 | ) | | (0.1 | ) | | 2,564 |
| | 0.3 |
|
| Other | | (316 | ) | | (0.1 | ) | | (2,790 | ) | | (0.3 | ) | | (5,823 | ) | | (0.6 | ) |
| Income before income taxes | 134,083 |
| | 16.1 |
| | 257,522 |
| | 27.3 |
| | 301,013 |
| | 34.1 |
| 89,497 |
| | 9.8 |
| | 160,273 |
| | 19.4 |
| | 135,627 |
| | 14.6 |
|
| Provision for income taxes | 43,191 |
| | 5.2 |
| | 89,391 |
| | 9.5 |
| | 124,508 |
| | 14.1 |
| |
| Income tax expense/(benefit) | | 13,763 |
| | 1.5 |
| | (10,852 | ) | | (1.3 | ) | | 43,577 |
| | 4.7 |
|
| Net income | 90,892 |
| | 10.9 |
| | 168,131 |
| | 17.8 |
| | 176,505 |
| | 20.0 |
| 75,734 |
| | 8.3 |
| | 171,125 |
| | 20.7 |
| | 92,050 |
| | 9.9 |
|
| Adjustment for net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | 5,795 |
| | 0.7 |
| | 205 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| 10,171 |
| | 1.1 |
| | 6,810 |
| | 0.8 |
| | 5,795 |
| | 0.6 |
|
| Income attributable to PRA Group, Inc. | $ | 85,097 |
| | 10.2 | % | | $ | 167,926 |
| | 17.8 | % | | $ | 176,505 |
| | 20.0 | % | |
| Net income attributable to PRA Group, Inc. | | $ | 65,563 |
| | 7.2 | % | | $ | 164,315 |
| | 19.9 | % | | $ | 86,255 |
| | 9.3 | % |
Year Ended December 31,Cash Collections
Cash collections were as follows for the periods indicated:
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Year Ended December 31, | | Variances |
| (Amounts in millions) | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2018 vs. 2017 | | 2017 vs. 2016 |
| Americas-Core | $ | 945.2 |
| | $ | 860.9 |
| | $ | 837.2 |
| | $ | 84.3 |
| | $ | 23.7 |
|
| Americas-Insolvency | 207.8 |
| | 222.5 |
| | 249.8 |
| | (14.7 | ) | | (27.3 | ) |
| Europe-Core | 443.4 |
| | 407.0 |
| | 390.5 |
| | 36.4 |
| | 16.5 |
|
| Europe-Insolvency | 28.8 |
| | 22.2 |
| | 14.5 |
| | 6.6 |
| | 7.7 |
|
| Total cash collections | $ | 1,625.2 |
| | $ | 1,512.6 |
| | $ | 1,492.0 |
| | $ | 112.6 |
| | $ | 20.6 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | |
Cash collections adjusted (1) | $ | 1,625.2 |
| | $ | 1,518.7 |
| | $ | 1,493.8 |
| | $ | 106.5 |
| | $ | 18.8 |
|
| Cash collections on fully amortized pools | 54.0 |
| | 57.6 |
| | 34.2 |
| | (3.6 | ) | | 23.4 |
|
| Cash collections on pools on cost recovery | 35.8 |
| | 37.7 |
| | 29.1 |
| | (1.9 | ) | | 8.6 |
|
| Net finance receivables on cost recovery at year-end | 48.0 |
| | 166.6 |
| | 105.5 |
| | (118.6 | ) | | 61.1 |
|
(1) Cash collections adjusted refers to 2017 cash collections remeasured using 2018 exchange rates and 2016 Comparedcash collections remeasured using 2017 exchange rates.
Cash collections were $1,625.2 million in 2018, an increase of $112.6 million or 7.4%, compared to Year Ended December 31, 2015$1,512.6 million in 2017. The increase was largely due to U.S. call center collections increasing 15.7%, due primarily to record U.S. Core portfolio purchasing in 2018 and 2017, and U.S. legal collections increasing 8.0%. Additionally, Europe Core and Europe Insolvency cash collections increased 8.9% and 29.7%, respectively. The increase in Europe Core cash collections was primarily the result of elevated portfolio purchasing in the fourth quarter of 2017 and 2018. These increases were partially offset by a 6.6% decline in Americas Insolvency cash collections caused mainly by a decline in Americas Insolvency portfolio buying in 2018 and the continued runoff of our older portfolios.
Cash collections were $1,512.6 million in 2017, an increase of $20.6 million or 1.4%, compared to $1,492.0 million in 2016. The increase was largely due to U.S. call center collections increasing 5.8%, due primarily to increased staffing in our U.S. call centers in 2017. Additionally, Europe Core and Europe Insolvency cash collections increased 4.2% and 53.1%, respectively. The increase in Europe Core cash collections was primarily the result of elevated portfolio purchasing during 2015-2017. These increases were partially offset by a 10.9% decline in Americas Insolvency cash collections caused mainly by a decline in Americas Insolvency portfolio purchasing during 2014-2016.
Revenues
Total revenues were $830.6$908.3 million forin 2018, $828.2 million in 2017, and $930.6 million in 2016.
A summary of how our revenues were generated during the year ended December 31, 2016, a decrease of $111.4 million or 11.8% compared to total revenues of $942.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015.years indicated is as follows (amounts in thousands):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Cash collections | $ | 1,625,205 |
| | $ | 1,512,605 |
| | $ | 1,491,986 |
|
| Principal amortization | (733,306 | ) | | (717,170 | ) | | (646,844 | ) |
| Income recognized on finance receivables | 891,899 |
| | 795,435 |
| | 845,142 |
|
| Fee income | 14,916 |
| | 24,916 |
| | 77,381 |
|
| Other revenue | 1,441 |
| | 7,855 |
| | 8,080 |
|
| Total revenues | $ | 908,256 |
| | $ | 828,206 |
| | $ | 930,603 |
|
Income Recognized on Finance Receivables
We have revised the presentation of our consolidated income statements for all reporting periods by reclassifying net allowance charges on our finance receivables as a line item separate from revenues. As a result, we no longer include net allowance charges as part of "Income recognized on finance receivables, net" on the face of the income statement and report income recognized on finance receivables gross of valuation allowances.
Income recognized on finance receivables net, was $745.1$891.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, a decreasein 2018, an increase of $120.0$96.5 million or 13.9%12.1% compared to income recognized on finance receivables net, of $865.1$795.4 million forin 2017. The increase was primarily the year ended December 31, 2015.result of overperformance on select Americas Core and Europe Core portfolios which resulted in several yield increases on certain pools and the impact of
record Americas Core buying in 2017 and 2018. This was partially offset by a decline in our Americas Insolvency revenue caused mainly by a decline in Americas Insolvency portfolio buying in 2018 and the continued runoff of our older portfolios.
Income recognized on finance receivables was $795.4 million in 2017, a decrease of $49.7 million or 5.9% compared to income recognized on finance receivables of $845.1 million in 2016. The decrease was primarily due to an increasea decrease in netincome generated by our Americas Core portfolios and our Americas Insolvency portfolios. Elevated allowance charges incurred during 2016, mainly on pools acquired during 2012 to 2014, reduced the income-earning principal balances of our finance receivablesAmericas Core portfolios. Income generated by our Americas Insolvency portfolios declined due primarily to $98.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016 comparedlower volumes of purchasing during 2014 to $29.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $69.1 million or 235.0%. In addition, our cash collections on our finance receivables decreased to $1,492.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to $1,539.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, a decrease of $47.5 million or 3.1%.
Our finance receivables amortization rate, including net allowance charges, was 50.1% for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to 43.8% for the year ended December 31, 2015. Our finance receivables amortization rate, excluding net allowance charges, was 43.5% for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to 41.9% for the year ended December 31, 2015.2016.
Accretable yield represents the amount of income recognized on finance receivables we can expect to generate over the remaining life of our existing portfolios based on estimated future cash flows as of the balance sheet date. Additions from portfolio purchases represent the original expected accretable yield to be earned by us, on portfolios purchased during the period, to be earned by us.period. Net reclassifications from nonaccretable difference to accretable yield primarily result from an increase in our estimate of future cash flows. Increases in future cash flows may occur as portfolios age and actual cash collections exceed those originally expected. If those cash flows are determined to be incremental to the portfolio's original forecast, future projections of cash flows are generally increased resulting in higher expected revenue and hence, increases in accretable yield. During the year ended December 31,2018, we reclassified $195.0 million from nonaccretable difference to accretable yield due primarily to increased cash collection forecasts relating mainly to certain Americas and European Core pools. During 2017, we reclassified $149.5 million from nonaccretable difference to accretable yield due primarily to increased cash collection forecasts relating mainly to certain Americas Core pools, Americas Insolvency pools and European Core pools. During 2016, we reclassified $41.1 million from nonaccretable difference to accretable yield due primarily to increased cash collection forecasts related to portfolios in Europe partially offset by reductions in cash collection forecasts on our domestic portfolios. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we reclassified $502.7 million from nonaccretable difference to accretable yield due primarily to increased cash collection forecasts related to domestic portfolios primarily acquired from 2011-2014. When applicable, net reclassifications to nonaccretable difference from accretable yield result from a decrease in our estimates of future cash flows and allowance charges that together exceed the increase in our estimate of future cash flows.
Fee Income recognized
Fee income was $14.9 million in 2018, a decrease of $10.0 million or 40.2% compared to fee income of $24.9 million in 2017. Fee income was $24.9 million in 2017, a decrease of $52.5 million or 67.8% compared to fee income of $77.4 million in 2016.The decreases in 2018 and 2017 were primarily due to the sale of our government services businesses and the sale of PRA Location Services, LLC ("PLS") in 2017.
Other Revenue
Other revenue was $1.4 million in 2018, $7.9 million in 2017, and $8.1 million in 2016. The decrease is primarily due to a decrease in revenue earned on finance receivables, net, is shown net of changes in valuation allowances whichour investments.
Net Allowance Charges
Net allowance charges are recorded for significant decreases in expected cash flows or a change in timing of cash flows which would otherwise require a reduction in the stated yield on a pool of accounts. ForIn 2018, we recorded net allowance charges of $33.4 million consisting of $31.0 million on our Americas Core portfolios, primarily on vintages impacted most by the year ended December 31,Consent Order and purchased between 2013-2015, $0.4 million on our Americas Insolvency portfolios, and $2.0 million on our European portfolios. In 2017, we recorded net allowance charges of $11.9 million consisting of $7.4 million on our Americas Core portfolios, $1.5 million on our Americas Insolvency portfolios, and $3.0 million on our European portfolios. In 2016, we recorded net allowance charges of $98.5 million. Onmillion consisting of $89.1 million on our domesticAmericas Core portfolios, we recorded allowance charges of $89.3$0.4 million on our Americas Insolvency portfolios, purchased between 2005 and 2016, offset by allowance reversals of $0.8$9.0 million on portfolios primarily purchased between 2010 and 2011.our European portfolios. During 2016, we made downward adjustments to projections of future cash collections and we adjusted amortization periods for many of our Americas Core portfolios. This was done in response to recent trends of cash collections being lower than expected. We have attributed this under-performance to a variety of regulatory and operational factors that we believe adversely impacted our callingcollection efforts and therefore cash collected. We also recorded net allowance charges of $9.4 million on our foreign portfolios, primarily on certain Spanish, UK and Italian portfolios. On our Insolvency portfolios, we recorded net allowance charges of $0.6 million on our domestic portfolios. For the year ended December 31, 2015, we recorded net allowance charges of $29.4 million. On our domestic Core portfolios, we recorded net allowance charges of $23.3 million on portfolios purchased between 2010 and 2013, offset by allowance reversals of $1.4 million on portfolios primarily purchased between 2005 and 2008. We also recorded a net allowance charge of $7.5 million on our portfolios in the UK and $0.1 million on our Denmark portfolios. On our Insolvency portfolios, we recorded net allowance reversals of $0.2 million on our domestic portfolios.
Fee Income
Fee income was $77.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increase of $13.0 million or 20.2% compared to fee income of $64.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Fee income increased primarily due to an increase in revenues generated by PLS, PGS, CCB, RMSC and RCB. This was offset by a decrease in fee income from PRA Europe, due primarily to an expected decline in the amount of contingent fee services provided by us for debt owners.
Other Revenue
Other revenue was $8.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, a decrease of $4.4 million or 35.2% compared to $12.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The decrease is primarily due to a decrease in revenue earned on our investments.
Operating Expenses
Total operating expenses were $689.6 million in 2018, $602.6 million in 2017, and $612.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, a decrease of $19.3 million or 3.1% compared to total operating expenses of $631.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Total operating expenses were 39.0% of cash receipts for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared with 39.4% for the year ended December 31, 2015.in 2016.
Compensation and Employee Services
Compensation and employee service expenses were $258.8$319.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, a decreasein 2018, an increase of $9.5$46.4 million or 3.5%17.0% compared to compensation and employee service expenses of $268.3$273.0 million forin 2017. Compensation expense increased primarily as a result of larger average staff sizes due mainly to the year ended December 31, 2015. Compensation and employee services expenses decreased primarily due toexpansion of our domestic collector workforce, partially offset by a decrease resulting
from the sale of our government services businesses and PLS in discretionary bonus and other incentive compensation expenses, including share-based compensation expenses offset by increases in normal salary expenses caused by an increase in employee headcount.2017. Total full-time equivalents increased 5.8%4.3% to 5,377 as of December 31, 2018 from 5,154 as of December 31, 2017.
Compensation and employee service expenses were $273.0 million in 2017, an increase of $14.2 million or 5.5% compared to compensation and employee service expenses of $258.8 million in 2016. Compensation expense increased primarily as a result of larger average staff sizes due mainly to the expansion of our domestic collector workforce, partially offset by a decrease resulting from the sale of our government services businesses and PLS in 2017. In the U.S., we added approximately 1,100 net new collectors as of December 31, 2017, as compared to December 31, 2016. Total full-time equivalents increased 28.2% to 5,154 as of December 31, 2017 from 4,019 as of December 31, 2016 from 3,799 as of December 31, 2015.2016.
Legal Collection ExpensesFees
Legal collection expensesfees represent costs paid to courts where a lawsuit is filed, contingent fees incurred for the cash collections generated by our independent third-party attorney network, andnetwork. Legal collection fees were $42.9 million in 2018, a decrease of $0.5 million or 1.2% compared to $43.4 million in 2017.
Legal collection fees were $43.4 million in 2017, a decrease of $4.3 million or 9.0% compared to $47.7 million in 2016. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in domestic external legal collections as a result of fewer accounts brought into the costlegal collection process in the Americas during that time.
Legal Collection Costs
Legal collection costs primarily consist of documentscosts paid to sellerscourts where a lawsuit is filed for the purpose of nonperforming loans.attempting to collect on an account. Legal collection expensescosts were $132.2$105.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016,in 2018, an increase of $2.7$29.0 million or 2.1%38.2%, compared to $129.5legal collection costs of $76.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015.in 2017. The increase was primarily due to additional court costs related to the expansion of the number of accounts brought into the legal channel in Europe during the year ended December 31, 2016. OurU.S. This expansion was the result of a change in the nature of the accounts purchased, the regulatory environment and consumer behavior.
Legal collection costs paid to courts were $79.8$76.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increasein 2017, a decrease of $9.0$8.5 million or 12.7%10.1%, compared to $70.8legal collection costs of $84.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Thisin 2016. The decrease was partially offset byprimarily due to a decrease in the number of accounts brought into the legal collection expenses paid to third-party attorneys, primarily as a result of a decreaseprocess in domestic external legal collections. Our costs paid to third-party attorneys were $47.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, a decrease of $5.7 million or 10.7% compared to $53.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. Our costs paid to sellers of nonperforming loans for documents were $4.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, a decrease of $0.5 million or 9.6% compared to $5.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015.Americas during that time.
Agency Fees
Agency fees primarily represent third-party collection fees. Prior to the sale of PLS in June of 2017, agency fees and also includeincluded costs paid to repossession agents to repossess vehicles. Agency fees were $44.9$33.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016,in 2018, compared to $32.2$35.5 million forin 2017, a decrease of $1.6 million or 4.5%. The decrease was primarily due to the year ended and December 31, 2015,impact of the sale of PLS partially offset by an increase of $12.7 million or 39.4%. This increase was mainly attributable toin third-party collection fees incurred by our international operations where we utilizeforeign operations.
Agency fees were $35.5 million in 2017, compared to $44.9 million in 2016, a decrease of $9.4 million or 20.9%. The decrease was primarily due to the impact of the sale of PLS in addition to a decrease in third-party agencies.collection fees incurred by our foreign operations.
Outside Fees and Services
Outside fees and services expenses were $63.1$61.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2016,in 2018, a decrease of $2.1$1.3 million or 3.2%2.1% compared to outside fees and services expenses of $65.2$62.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015.in 2017. The decrease was primarily the result of a $4.0 million decline in corporate legal expenses, due largely to legal costs not associated with normal operations incurred during 2017. This was partially offset by a $6.6$1.0 million increase in payment processing and database fees and a $0.7 million increase in consulting fees.
Outside fees and services expenses were $62.8 million in 2017, a decrease of $0.3 million or 0.5% compared to outside fees and services expenses of $63.1 million in 2016. The decrease was primarily the result of a $2.3 million decrease in corporate legal expenses during the year ended December 31, 2016, mainly asand a result of increased corporate legal expenses incurred$0.5 million decrease in 2015 as a result of outstanding litigationaccounting and regulatory matters.audit related expenses. This was partially offset by ana $1.2 million increase of $4.1in payment processing and database fees, a $1.1 million increase in consulting fees during the year ended December 31, 2016, as compared to the prior year period.and a $0.6 million increase in credit bureau expenses.
Communication
Communication expenses primarily represent postage and telephone related expenses incurred as a result of our collection efforts. Communication expenses were $33.8$43.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016,in 2018, an increase of $10.1 million or 30.5% compared to communication expenses of $33.1 million in 2017. These increases are driven primarily by higher letter and call volume associated with record portfolio purchasing of Americas Core portfolios in 2017 and 2018 and additional U.S. collectors operating during 2018.
Communication expenses were $33.1 million in 2017, a decrease of $0.7 million or 2.1% compared to communication expenses of $33.1$33.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. None of the increase was attributable to any significant identifiable items.in 2016.
Rent and Occupancy
Rent and occupancy expenses were $15.7$16.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2016,in 2018, an increase of $1.0$2.1 million or 6.8%14.2% compared to rent and occupancy expenses of $14.7$14.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015.in 2017. The increase was primarily
due to additional rental expenses incurred as a resultthe opening of our acquisitionstwo new call centers in the U.S. in the fourth quarter of RCB, RMSC and DTP2017 as well as the additional rent expense associated with the expansion of our headquartersEuropean facilities.
Rent and occupancy expenses were $14.8 million in Norfolk, Virginia.2017, a decrease of $0.9 million or 5.7% compared to rent and occupancy expenses of $15.7 million in 2016. The decrease was primarily due to the impact of the sale of our government services businesses in January 2017 and the sale of PLS in June 2017.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expense was $24.4$19.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, an increasein 2018, a decrease of $4.5$0.5 million or 22.6%2.5% compared to depreciation and amortization expenses of $19.9$19.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015.in 2017.
Depreciation and amortization expense was $19.8 million in 2017, a decrease of $4.6 million or 18.9% compared to depreciation and amortization expenses of $24.4 million in 2016. The increasedecrease was primarily due to the amortization expense incurred on intangible assets acquiredimpact of the sale of our government services businesses in connection with the acquisitions of RCB and RMSC.January 2017.
Other Operating Expenses
Other operating expenses were $39.5$47.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, a decreasein 2018, an increase of $29.3$3.3 million or 42.6%7.5% compared to other operating expenses of $68.8$44.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015.in 2017. The decreaseincrease was primarily due to a $4.4 million increase in corporate technology and software related expenses. This was partially offset by a $2.5 million decrease as a result of the $28.8sale of our government services businesses and the sale of PLS in 2017.
Other operating expenses were $44.1 million in 2017, an increase of $4.6 million or 11.6% compared to other operating expenses incurred during 2015 relatingof $39.5 million in 2016. The increase was primarily due to the Consent Order entered into with the CFPB.an increase of $2.9 million in taxes, fees and licenses, a $1.2 million increase in an accounts receivable allowance expense, a $0.9 million increase in hiring expenses and an $0.8 million increase in general office expenses. This was offset by a $0.9 million decrease in travel-related expenses and a $0.7 million decrease in dues and subscriptions.
Gain on Sale of Subsidiaries
Gain on sale of subsidiaries was $26.6 million, $48.5 million, and $0.0 in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. In 2018, we sold 79% of our interest in RCB's servicing platform which resulted in a gain of $26.6 million. In 2017, we sold our government services businesses and PLS which resulted in a combined gain of $48.5 million. No business or subsidiaries were sold in 2016.
Interest Expense, Net
Interest expense, net was $80.9$121.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2016,in 2018, an increase of $20.6$23.1 million or 34.2%23.6% compared to interest expense, net of $60.3$98.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015.in 2017. The increase was primarily the resultdue to higher levels of higher average borrowings outstanding during 2016and higher average interest rates.
Interest expense, net was $98.0 million in 2017, an increase of $17.1 million or 21.1% compared to 2015, as well asinterest expense, net of $80.9 million in 2016. The increase was primarily due to higher levels of average borrowings outstanding, increases in interest rates, and increases in unused line fees and deferred financing costs related to our financing activities in 2017. This was partially offset by changes in fair value related to our interest rate swaps and an increase in interest income.
Interest expense, net consisted of the interest rates charged on our variable rate borrowings.following in 2018, 2017 and 2016 (amounts in thousands):
Impairment of Investments |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Twelve Months Ended December 31, | | Variances |
| | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2018 vs. 2017 | | 2017 vs. 2016 |
| Stated interest on debt obligations and unused line fees | $ | 83,983 |
| | $ | 71,656 |
| | $ | 63,475 |
| | $ | 12,327 |
| | $ | 8,181 |
|
| Coupon interest on convertible debt | 20,700 |
| | 15,870 |
| | 8,625 |
| | 4,830 |
| | 7,245 |
|
| Amortization of convertible debt discount | 11,725 |
| | 8,583 |
| | 4,472 |
| | 3,142 |
| | 4,111 |
|
| Amortization of loan fees and other loan costs | 10,332 |
| | 9,569 |
| | 8,116 |
| | 763 |
| | 1,453 |
|
| Change in fair value on interest rate swap agreements | (2,532 | ) | | (2,025 | ) | | 1,223 |
| | (507 | ) | | (3,248 | ) |
| Interest income | (3,130 | ) | | (5,612 | ) | | (5,047 | ) | | 2,482 |
| | (565 | ) |
| Interest expense, net | $ | 121,078 |
| | $ | 98,041 |
| | $ | 80,864 |
| | $ | 23,037 |
| | $ | 17,177 |
|
Net Foreign Currency Transaction (Losses)/Gains
Net foreign currency transaction (losses)/gains were $(0.9) million, $(1.1) million, and $2.6 million in 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. In any given period, we may incur foreign currency transaction losses or gains from transactions in currencies other than the functional currency.
Other Expense
Impairment of investments wereOther expense was $0.3 million in 2018, compared to $2.8 million in 2017 and $5.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, comparedin 2016. In 2017, we incurred an other-than-temporary impairment charge of $1.7 million on one of our investments in private equity funds. Additionally, during 2017 we incurred a $1.0 million expense related to $0.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015.a performance guarantee on a Polish investment fund. During 2016, the net portfolio collections on our investments in a closed-end Polish investment fund significantly underperformed expectations. As a result, in 2016 we recorded an other-than-temporary impairment charge of $5.8 million. For more information, refer to Note 3 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K ("Note 3").
Net Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Net foreign currency transaction gains were $2.6 million and $7.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. In any given period, we are exposed to foreign currency transactions gains or losses from transactions in currencies other than the functional currency.
Provision for Income TaxesTax Expense/(Benefit)
Income tax expenseexpense/(benefit) was $43.2$13.8 million, for$(10.9) million, and $43.6 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The change was primarily attributable to a $73.8 million after-tax benefit recorded in 2017 as a result of the year ended December 31, 2016, a decreaserevaluation of $46.2 million or 51.7% compared to incomeour net deferred tax expense of $89.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015. The decrease wasliability due to a decreasereduction of 47.9%future domestic federal tax rates per the Tax Act. This was partially offset by a 44.2% decrease in income before taxes. In addition,taxes in 2018 as compared to 2017; whereas, there was an 18.2% increase in income before taxes in 2017 as compared to 2016.
The effective tax rate increased to 15.4% in 2018 compared to (6.8)% in 2017, and the 2017 effective tax rate decreased to 32.2% for(6.8%) from 32.1% in 2016. The 2018 increase and 2017 decrease were primarily attributable to the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to 34.7% for the year ended December 31, 2015. The decrease was caused by a varietyaforementioned revaluation of factors, includingour net deferred tax liability and changes in the mix of earnings, provision-to-return adjustments, and non-deductible penalties incurred during 2016, alltaxable income between tax jurisdictions caused by gains on sales of which caused the rate to decrease. The impact of these factors was partially offset by tax rate changessubsidiaries in Europe and tax expense on a one-time intercompany transaction in 2016.2017. Our effective tax rate will vary from period to period due to these types of items.
Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2014
Revenues
Total revenues were $942.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $61.0 million or 6.9% compared to total revenues of $881.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2014.
Income Recognized on Finance Receivables, net
Income recognized on finance receivables, net, was $865.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $57.6 million or 7.1% compared to income recognized on finance receivables, net, of $807.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase was primarily due to an increase in cash collections on our finance receivables to $1.5 billion for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to $1.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2014, an increase of $100.0 million or 7.1%. This increase was largely due to the inclusion of Aktiv's cash collections for the full year in 2015 as compared to the prior year period from July 16, 2014 to December 31, 2014.
Our finance receivables amortization rate, including net allowance charges, was 43.8% for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to 41.4% for the year ended December 31, 2014.
During the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we reclassified $502.7 million and $390.3 million, respectively, from nonaccretable difference to accretable yield due primarily to increased cash collection forecasts related to pools primarily acquired from 2011-2014.
For the year ended December 31, 2015, we recorded net allowance charges of $29.4 million. On our domestic Core portfolios, we recorded net allowance charges of $23.3 million on portfolios purchased between 2010 and 2013, offset by net allowance reversals of $1.4 million on portfolios primarily purchased between 2005 and 2008. We also recorded a net allowance charge of $7.5 million on our portfolios in the UK and $0.1 million on our Denmark portfolios. On our Insolvency portfolios, we recorded net allowance reversals of $0.2 million on our domestic portfolios. For the year ended December 31, 2014, we recorded net allowance reversals of $4.9 million. On our domestic Core portfolios, we recorded net allowance reversals of $10.9 million on portfolios purchased between 2005 and 2008, offset by allowance charges of $6.0 million on portfolios primarily purchased in 2010 and 2011. On our Insolvency portfolios, we recorded net allowance reversals of $1.7 million on our domestic portfolios primarily purchased in 2007 and 2008, offset by net allowance charges of $1.1 million on Canadian portfolios purchased in 2014. We also recorded a net allowance charge of $0.5 million on our portfolios in the UK.
Fee Income
Fee income was $64.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, a decrease of $1.3 million or 2.0% compared to fee income of $65.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Fee income decreased primarily due to a decrease in revenues generated by CCB and PRA Europe. The decrease in revenue from CCB is due primarily to smaller distributions of class action settlements. The decline in fee income from PRA Europe is due primarily to a decline in the amount of contingent fee work provided by us for debt owners, which was partially offset by higher fee income generated by PLS, PGS and our operations in Brazil.
Other Revenue
Other revenue was $12.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $4.7 million or 60.3% compared to $7.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase is due primarily to an increase in revenue generated from our Series B Poland investment. For more information, refer to Note 3.
Operating Expenses
Total operating expenses were $631.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $92.8 million or 17.2% compared to total operating expenses of $538.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Total operating expenses were 39.4% of cash receipts for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared with 37.3% for the year ended December 31, 2014.
Compensation and Employee Services
Compensation and employee service expenses were $268.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $33.8 million or 14.4% compared to compensation and employee service expenses of $234.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Compensation expense increased primarily as a result of larger average staff sizes, mainly attributable to the acquisition of Aktiv, in addition to increases in incentive compensation and normal pay increases. Total full-time equivalents decreased 2.1% to 3,799 as of December 31, 2015 from 3,880 as of December 31, 2014.
Legal Collection Expenses
Legal collection expenses were $129.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, a decrease of $9.7 million or 7.0% compared to legal collection expenses of $139.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease was mainly due to a decrease of $14.8 million in costs paid to courts where a lawsuit is filed. During 2012-2014, we expanded the number of accounts brought into the legal collection process resulting in increased legal collection expenses. This expansion subsided in 2015 which led to the decrease in the costs paid to courts. This was partially offset by increases in document costs and contingent fees paid to our independent third-party attorneys. Our costs paid to sellers of nonperforming loans for documents were $5.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $2.8 million or 116.7% compared to $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. Our costs paid to third-party attorneys were $53.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $2.3 million or 4.5% compared to $51.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2014.
Agency Fees
Agency fees were $32.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to $16.4 million for the year ended and December 31, 2014, an increase of 15.8 million or 96.3%. This increase was mainly attributable to third-party collection fees incurred by PRA Europe due to our utilization of outsourcing in our blended operational collection model there.
Outside Fees and Services
Outside fees and services expenses were $65.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $9.4 million or 16.8% compared to outside fees and services expenses of $55.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase was mainly attributable to an incremental increase of $13.3 million in corporate legal expenses incurred in 2015 as a result of outstanding litigation and regulatory matters. This was offset by a decrease of $12.3 million in acquisition- related transaction costs incurred during 2015 compared to 2014. The remaining increase is a result of the outside fees and services incurred by our European operations for the full year in 2015 as compared to the prior year period from July 16, 2014 to December 31, 2014.
Communication
Communication expenses were $33.1 million for both the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014.
Rent and Occupancy
Rent and occupancy expenses were $14.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $3.2 million or 27.8% compared to rent and occupancy expenses of $11.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase was primarily due to the rent and occupancy expense incurred by our European operations for the full year in 2015 as compared to the prior year period from July 16, 2014 to December 31, 2014.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expense was $19.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $1.5 million or 8.2% compared to depreciation and amortization expenses of $18.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase was primarily due to the depreciation and amortization expenses incurred by our European operations for the full year in 2015 as compared to the prior year period from July 16, 2014 to December 31, 2014.
Other Operating Expenses
Other operating expenses were $68.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $38.8 million or 129.3% compared to other operating expenses of $30.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase was primarily due to $28.8 million in expenses incurred during 2015 relating to a Consent Order entered into with the CFPB, as well as other operating expenses incurred by our European operations for the full year in 2015 as compared to the prior year period from July 16, 2014 to December 31, 2014.
Interest Expense
Interest expense was $60.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, an increase of $25.1 million or 71.3% compared to interest expense of $35.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase was primarily due to additional borrowings for the Aktiv and RCB acquisitions and the additional interest incurred on the Aktiv assumed debt and interest rate swap contracts.
Net Foreign Currency Transaction Gain/(Loss)
Net foreign currency transaction gains were $7.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to a net foreign currency transaction loss of $5.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. In any given period, we are exposed to foreign currency transactions gains or losses from transactions in currencies other than the functional currency.
Provision for Income Taxes
Income tax expense was $89.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2015, a decrease of $35.1 million or 28.2% compared to income tax expense of $124.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease was due to a decrease of 14.4% in income before taxes, in addition to a decrease in the effective tax rate to 34.7% for the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to 41.4% for the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease in the effective tax rate was due primarily to having proportionately more income during 2015 in foreign jurisdictions with lower tax rates than the U.S. and changes in amounts and mix of taxable foreign currency translation gains and non-deductible foreign exchange losses, partially offset by the non-tax deductible payments made pursuant to the Consent Order entered into with the CFPB.
Supplemental Performance Data
Finance Receivables Portfolio Performance
The following tables show certain data related to our finance receivables portfolio. These tables include the purchase price, actual cash collections, estimates of future cash collections, income recognized on finance receivables (gross and net of allowance charges/(reversals)), principal amortization, allowance charges/(reversals), net finance receivable balances, and the ratio of total estimated collections to purchase price (which we refer to as purchase price multiple) as well as the original purchase price multiple.portfolios. Certain adjustments, as noted in the footnotes to these tables, have been made to reduce the impact of foreign currency fluctuations on ERC and purchase price multiples.
Further, these tables disclose our Americas and European Core and Insolvency portfolios. The accounts represented in the Insolvencyinsolvency tables are those portfolios of accounts that were in an insolvency status at the time of purchase. This contrasts with accounts in our Core portfolios that file for bankruptcy/insolvency protection after we purchase them, which continue to be tracked in their corresponding Core portfolio. Core customers sometimes file for bankruptcy/insolvency protection subsequent to our purchase of the related Core portfolio. When this occurs, we adjust our collection practices accordingly to comply with bankruptcy/insolvency rules and procedures; however, for accounting purposes, these accounts remain in the relatedoriginal Core portfolio. Conversely, Insolvency accounts may be dismissed voluntarily or involuntarily subsequent to our purchase of the related Insolvency portfolio. Dismissal occurs when the terms of the bankruptcy are not met by the petitioner. When this occurs, we are typically free to pursue collection outside of bankruptcy procedures; however, for accounting purposes, these accounts remain in the relatedoriginal Insolvency pool.
Purchase price multiples can vary over time due to a variety of factors, including pricing competition, supply levels, age of the receivables purchased, and changes in our operational efficiency. For example, increased pricing competition during the 2005 to 2008 period negatively impacted purchase price multiples of our Core portfolio compared to prior years. Conversely, during the 2009 to 2011 period, pricing disruptionsadditional supply occurred as a result of the economic downturn. This created unique and advantageous purchasing opportunities, particularly within the Insolvency market, relative to the prior four years. Purchase price multiples can also vary among types of finance receivables. For example, we generally incur lower collection costs on our Insolvency portfolio compared with our Core portfolio. This allows us, in general, to pay more for an Insolvency portfolio and experience lower purchase price multiples, while generating similar internal rates of return, net of expenses,income margins when compared with a Core portfolio.
When competition increases and/or supply decreases, pricing often becomes negatively impacted relative to expected collections, and yields tend to trend lower. The opposite tends to occur when competition decreases and/or supply increases.
Within a given portfolio type, to the extent that lower purchase price multiples are the result of more competitive pricing and lower net yields, this will generally lead to higher amortization rates and lower profitability. As portfolio pricing becomes more favorable on a relative basis, our profitability will tend to increase. Profitability within given Core portfolio types may also be impacted by the age and quality of the receivables, which impact the cost to collect those accounts. Fresher accounts, for example, typically carry lower associated collection expenses, while older accounts and lower balance accounts typically carry higher costs and, as a result, require higher purchase price multiples to achieve the same net profitability as fresher paper.
Revenue recognition under ASC 310-30 is driven by estimates of totalthe amount and timing of collections as well as the timing of those collections. We record new portfolio purchases based on our best estimate of the cash flows expected at acquisition, which reflects the uncertainties inherent in the purchase of nonperforming loans and the results of our underwriting process. Subsequent to the initial booking, as we gain collection experience and confidence with a pool of accounts, we regularly update ERC. As a result, our estimate of total collections has often increased as pools have aged. These processes have tended to cause the ratio of ERC to purchase price for any given year of buying to gradually increase over time. As a result, our estimate of total collections has often increased as pools have aged. Thus, all factors being equal in terms of pricing, one would typically tend to see a higher collection to purchase price ratio from a pool of accounts that was six years from purchase than a pool that was just two years from purchase.
We hold a beneficial interest in certain pools of finance receivables in Europe. Revenue recognition is under ASC Topic 310-20, "Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs" where we compute a life-to-date yield on a retrospective basis and apply it to the ERC of the portfolio. Revenue on these pools is included in income recognized on finance receivables. In addition, these portfolios are included in the following tables as they perform economically similar to nonperforming loans accounted for under ASC 310-30.
The numbers presented in the following tables represent gross cash collections and do not reflect any costs to collect; therefore, they may not represent relative profitability. Due to all the factors described above, readers should be cautious when making comparisons of purchase price multiples among periods and between types of receivables.
We hold a majority interest in a closed-end Polish investment fund that purchases and services finance receivables. Our investment in this fund iswas previously classified in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as "Investments" and as such is notpreviously excluded from the following tables. Effective July 1, 2018, we assumed servicing responsibilities for approximately 50% of the portfolios held by the Polish investment fund which led to an accounting reconsideration event and the consolidation of this investment. The finance receivables recorded at the consolidation date and the related portfolio performance information are included in the following tables. The equivalent ofSupplemental Performance Data section in the estimated remaining collections of the portfolios, expected to be received by us, is $61.4 million at December 31, 2016.Europe-Core 2018 line unless otherwise indicated.
Multiples Table Amounts in thousands | |
| Purchase Price Multiples as of December 31, 2018 Amounts in thousands | | Purchase Price Multiples as of December 31, 2018 Amounts in thousands |
| | | As of December 31, 2016 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Purchase Period | Purchase Price (1)(3) | Net Finance Receivables (4) | ERC-Historical Period Exchange Rates (5) | Total Estimated Collections (6) | ERC-Current Period Exchange Rates (7) | Current Purchase Price Multiple | Original Purchase Price Multiple (2) | Purchase Price (1)(2) | Net Finance Receivables (3) | ERC-Historical Period Exchange Rates (4) | Total Estimated Collections (5) | ERC-Current Period Exchange Rates (6) | Current Estimated Purchase Price Multiple | Original Estimated Purchase Price Multiple (7) |
| Americas-Core | | | | |
| 1996 - 2006 | $ | 458,637 |
| $ | 4,458 |
| $ | 22,414 |
| $ | 1,604,862 |
| $ | 22,414 |
| 350 | % | 246 | % | |
| 2007 | 179,834 |
| 6,737 |
| 29,422 |
| 446,944 |
| 29,422 |
| 249 | % | 227 | % | |
| 2008 | 166,481 |
| 7,344 |
| 21,730 |
| 375,039 |
| 21,730 |
| 225 | % | 220 | % | |
| 1996-2008 | | $ | 804,883 |
| $ | 9,108 |
| $ | 35,385 |
| $ | 2,423,212 |
| $ | 35,385 |
| 301% | 236% |
| 2009 | 125,171 |
| 3,029 |
| 45,506 |
| 463,131 |
| 45,506 |
| 370 | % | 252 | % | 125,153 |
| 653 |
| 22,518 |
| 459,318 |
| 22,518 |
| 367% | 252% |
| 2010 | 148,237 |
| 8,503 |
| 68,346 |
| 539,432 |
| 68,346 |
| 364 | % | 247 | % | 148,199 |
| 4,644 |
| 37,181 |
| 534,994 |
| 37,181 |
| 361% | 247% |
| 2011 | 209,747 |
| 20,111 |
| 101,347 |
| 721,704 |
| 101,347 |
| 344 | % | 245 | % | 209,607 |
| 10,434 |
| 64,203 |
| 738,173 |
| 64,203 |
| 352% | 245% |
| 2012 | 254,627 |
| 40,235 |
| 143,639 |
| 677,575 |
| 143,639 |
| 266 | % | 226 | % | 254,142 |
| 19,643 |
| 79,446 |
| 681,221 |
| 79,446 |
| 268% | 226% |
| 2013 | 391,572 |
| 103,081 |
| 306,914 |
| 971,191 |
| 306,914 |
| 248 | % | 211 | % | 391,031 |
| 50,555 |
| 143,328 |
| 942,934 |
| 143,328 |
| 241% | 211% |
| 2014 | 406,261 |
| 163,557 |
| 452,789 |
| 974,450 |
| 446,731 |
| 240 | % | 204 | % | 405,459 |
| 81,050 |
| 210,315 |
| 930,676 |
| 206,685 |
| 230% | 204% |
| 2015 | 446,846 |
| 287,053 |
| 594,567 |
| 938,887 |
| 597,147 |
| 210 | % | 205 | % | 444,063 |
| 134,024 |
| 310,233 |
| 965,382 |
| 310,059 |
| 217% | 205% |
| 2016 | 458,280 |
| 403,485 |
| 785,209 |
| 921,482 |
| 788,692 |
| 201 | % | 201 | % | 454,552 |
| 196,236 |
| 458,039 |
| 1,041,655 |
| 452,225 |
| 229% | 201% |
| 2017 | | 534,410 |
| 371,366 |
| 724,197 |
| 1,112,042 |
| 720,535 |
| 208% | 193% |
| 2018 | | 658,490 |
| 630,508 |
| 1,204,192 |
| 1,327,453 |
| 1,201,445 |
| 202% |
| Subtotal | 3,245,693 |
| 1,047,593 |
| 2,571,883 |
| 8,634,697 |
| 2,571,888 |
| | 4,429,989 |
| 1,508,221 |
| 3,289,037 |
| 11,157,060 |
| 3,273,010 |
| |
| Americas-Insolvency | Americas-Insolvency | | | Americas-Insolvency | | |
| 2004 - 2006 | 54,396 |
| — |
| 554 |
| 91,184 |
| 554 |
| 168 | % | 145 | % | |
| 2007 | 78,524 |
| 149 |
| 426 |
| 106,040 |
| 426 |
| 135 | % | 150 | % | |
| 2008 | 108,579 |
| 715 |
| 1,367 |
| 169,108 |
| 1,367 |
| 156 | % | 163 | % | |
| 1996-2008 | | 241,465 |
| — |
| 658 |
| 365,653 |
| 658 |
| 151% | 155% |
| 2009 | 155,999 |
| — |
| 5,463 |
| 472,528 |
| 5,463 |
| 303 | % | 214 | % | 155,988 |
| — |
| 1,232 |
| 470,626 |
| 1,232 |
| 302% | 214% |
| 2010 | 208,972 |
| 82 |
| 7,801 |
| 549,052 |
| 7,801 |
| 263 | % | 184 | % | 208,942 |
| — |
| 2,191 |
| 547,219 |
| 2,191 |
| 262% | 184% |
| 2011 | 180,587 |
| — |
| 3,021 |
| 366,098 |
| 3,021 |
| 203 | % | 155 | % | 180,434 |
| — |
| 434 |
| 368,821 |
| 434 |
| 204% | 155% |
| 2012 | 251,737 |
| 9,605 |
| 25,679 |
| 381,613 |
| 25,679 |
| 152 | % | 136 | % | 251,419 |
| — |
| 356 |
| 389,910 |
| 356 |
| 155% | 136% |
| 2013 | 228,080 |
| 41,337 |
| 59,441 |
| 339,630 |
| 59,441 |
| 149 | % | 133 | % | 227,904 |
| — |
| 5,820 |
| 355,738 |
| 5,820 |
| 156% | 133% |
| 2014 | 149,013 |
| 54,692 |
| 73,376 |
| 205,796 |
| 73,264 |
| 138 | % | 124 | % | 148,712 |
| 7,493 |
| 16,938 |
| 215,568 |
| 16,896 |
| 145% | 124% |
| 2015 | 64,024 |
| 49,131 |
| 58,329 |
| 79,616 |
| 58,329 |
| 124 | % | 125 | % | 63,184 |
| 16,234 |
| 22,790 |
| 83,989 |
| 22,790 |
| 133% | 125% |
| 2016 | 94,377 |
| 78,905 |
| 96,691 |
| 115,671 |
| 96,027 |
| 123 | % | 123 | % | 92,285 |
| 30,580 |
| 39,669 |
| 114,088 |
| 39,516 |
| 124% | 123% |
| 2017 | | 275,293 |
| 155,609 |
| 200,144 |
| 346,550 |
| 200,144 |
| 126% | 125% |
| 2018 | | 99,386 |
| 95,194 |
| 119,444 |
| 126,142 |
| 119,444 |
| 127% |
| Subtotal | 1,574,288 |
| 234,616 |
| 332,148 |
| 2,876,336 |
| 331,372 |
| | 1,945,012 |
| 305,110 |
| 409,676 |
| 3,384,304 |
| 409,481 |
| |
| Total Americas | 4,819,981 |
| 1,282,209 |
| 2,904,031 |
| 11,511,033 |
| 2,903,260 |
| | 6,375,001 |
| 1,813,331 |
| 3,698,713 |
| 14,541,364 |
| 3,682,491 |
| |
| Europe-Core | | | | | | |
| 2012 | 20,457 |
| — |
| 135 |
| 32,959 |
| 103 |
| 161 | % | 187 | % | 20,424 |
| — |
| 1,387 |
| 39,210 |
| 1,086 |
| 192% | 187% |
| 2013 | 20,370 |
| 960 |
| 1,885 |
| 22,039 |
| 1,403 |
| 108 | % | 119 | % | 20,347 |
| 100 |
| 831 |
| 24,227 |
| 639 |
| 119% |
| 2014 | 797,945 |
| 388,379 |
| 1,292,054 |
| 2,058,567 |
| 1,054,557 |
| 258 | % | 208 | % | 796,899 |
| 240,603 |
| 921,669 |
| 2,173,128 |
| 791,947 |
| 273% | 208% |
| 2015 | 423,673 |
| 271,489 |
| 571,381 |
| 723,335 |
| 492,904 |
| 171 | % | 160 | % | 420,956 |
| 189,588 |
| 421,252 |
| 751,455 |
| 377,175 |
| 179% | 160% |
| 2016 | 352,151 |
| 314,373 |
| 546,628 |
| 587,497 |
| 523,969 |
| 167 | % | 167 | % | 348,436 |
| 225,044 |
| 395,574 |
| 582,324 |
| 394,089 |
| 167% |
| 2017 | | 247,757 |
| 188,893 |
| 284,707 |
| 357,298 |
| 276,223 |
| 144% |
2018 (8) | | 346,933 |
| 325,907 |
| 488,989 |
| 513,635 |
| 484,567 |
| 148% |
| Subtotal | 1,614,596 |
| 975,201 |
| 2,412,083 |
| 3,424,397 |
| 2,072,936 |
| | 2,201,752 |
| 1,170,135 |
| 2,514,409 |
| 4,441,277 |
| 2,325,726 |
| |
| Europe-Insolvency | Europe-Insolvency | | | Europe-Insolvency | | |
| 2014 | 10,876 |
| 3,555 |
| 9,500 |
| 18,524 |
| 8,043 |
| 170 | % | 129 | % | 10,876 |
| 985 |
| 2,656 |
| 18,010 |
| 2,389 |
| 166% | 129% |
| 2015 | 19,420 |
| 11,179 |
| 20,547 |
| 28,254 |
| 16,999 |
| 145 | % | 139 | % | 19,396 |
| 5,059 |
| 10,245 |
| 29,042 |
| 8,805 |
| 150% | 139% |
| 2016 | 43,143 |
| 35,825 |
| 49,819 |
| 56,141 |
| 46,768 |
| 130 | % | 130 | % | 42,190 |
| 19,002 |
| 29,476 |
| 61,117 |
| 28,993 |
| 145% | 130% |
| 2017 | | 38,830 |
| 31,688 |
| 41,590 |
| 50,661 |
| 40,206 |
| 130% | 128% |
| 2018 | | 45,636 |
| 44,577 |
| 55,360 |
| 56,029 |
| 54,569 |
| 123% |
| Subtotal | 73,439 |
| 50,559 |
| 79,866 |
| 102,919 |
| 71,810 |
| | 156,928 |
| 101,311 |
| 139,327 |
| 214,859 |
| 134,962 |
| |
| Total Europe | 1,688,035 |
| 1,025,760 |
| 2,491,949 |
| 3,527,316 |
| 2,144,746 |
| | 2,358,680 |
| 1,271,446 |
| 2,653,736 |
| 4,656,136 |
| 2,460,688 |
| |
| Total PRA Group | $ | 6,508,016 |
| $ | 2,307,969 |
| $ | 5,395,980 |
| $ | 15,038,349 |
| $ | 5,048,006 |
| | $ | 8,733,681 |
| $ | 3,084,777 |
| $ | 6,352,449 |
| $ | 19,197,500 |
| $ | 6,143,179 |
| |
| |
| (1) | The amount reflected in the Purchase Price also includes the acquisition date finance receivablereceivables portfolios that were acquired through our various business acquisitions. |
| |
| (2) | The Original Purchase Price Multiple represents the purchase price multiple at the end of the year of acquisition. |
| |
(3) | For our international amounts, Purchase Price is presented at the exchange rate at the end of the quarter in which the pool was purchased. In addition, any purchase price adjustments that occur throughout the life of the pool are presented at the period-end exchange rate for the respective quarter of purchase. |
| |
(4)(3) | For our international amounts, Net Finance Receivables are presented at the December 31, 20162018 exchange rate. |
| |
(5)(4) | For our international amounts, ERC-Historical Period Exchange Rates is presented at the period-end exchange rate for the respective quarter of purchase. |
| |
(6)(5) | For our international amounts, TEC is presented at the period-end exchange rate for the respective quarter of purchase. |
| |
(7)(6) | For our international amounts, ERC-Current Period Exchange Rates is presented at the December 31, 20162018 exchange rate. |
| |
| (7) | The Original Purchase Price Multiple represents the purchase price multiple at the end of the year of acquisition. |
| |
| (8) | The Europe-Core purchases include a $34.9 million finance receivables portfolio addition in the third quarter of 2018 relating to the consolidation of a Polish investment fund.
|
Portfolio Financial Information Amounts in thousands | |
| Portfolio Financial Information For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Amounts in thousands | | Portfolio Financial Information For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Amounts in thousands |
| | | For the Year Ended December 31, 2016 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Purchase Period | Purchase Price (1)(3) | Cash
Collections (2) | Gross Revenue (2) | Amortization (2) | Allowance (2) | Net Revenue (2) | Net Finance Receivables (4) | Purchase Price (1)(2) | Cash
Collections (3) | Gross Revenue (3) | Amortization (3) | Net Allowance Charges/(Reversals) (3) | Net Revenue (3)(4) | Net Finance Receivables as of December 31, 2018 (5) |
| Americas-Core | | |
| 1996 - 2006 | $ | 458,637 |
| $ | 11,862 |
| $ | 9,982 |
| $ | 1,880 |
| $ | 2,220 |
| $ | 7,762 |
| $ | 4,458 |
| |
| 2007 | 179,834 |
| 8,883 |
| 6,538 |
| 2,345 |
| 3,190 |
| 3,348 |
| 6,737 |
| |
| 2008 | 166,481 |
| 8,989 |
| 5,822 |
| 3,167 |
| 2,840 |
| 2,982 |
| 7,344 |
| |
| 1996-2008 | | $ | 804,883 |
| $ | 15,092 |
| $ | 10,645 |
| $ | 4,447 |
| $ | (1,970 | ) | $ | 12,615 |
| $ | 9,108 |
|
| 2009 | 125,171 |
| 16,000 |
| 13,494 |
| 2,506 |
| — |
| 13,494 |
| 3,029 |
| 125,153 |
| 8,180 |
| 7,899 |
| 281 |
| 125 |
| 7,774 |
| 653 |
|
| 2010 | 148,237 |
| 24,515 |
| 19,316 |
| 5,199 |
| 275 |
| 19,041 |
| 8,503 |
| 148,199 |
| 11,140 |
| 9,654 |
| 1,486 |
| (2,625 | ) | 12,279 |
| 4,644 |
|
| 2011 | 209,747 |
| 48,711 |
| 39,374 |
| 9,337 |
| 1,485 |
| 37,889 |
| 20,111 |
| 209,607 |
| 21,622 |
| 18,912 |
| 2,710 |
| 25 |
| 18,887 |
| 10,434 |
|
| 2012 | 254,627 |
| 59,981 |
| 44,784 |
| 15,197 |
| 16,085 |
| 28,699 |
| 40,235 |
| 254,142 |
| 27,797 |
| 18,251 |
| 9,546 |
| (4,005 | ) | 22,256 |
| 19,643 |
|
| 2013 | 391,572 |
| 120,789 |
| 88,492 |
| 32,297 |
| 41,205 |
| 47,287 |
| 103,081 |
| 391,031 |
| 56,449 |
| 41,274 |
| 15,175 |
| 11,480 |
| 29,794 |
| 50,555 |
|
| 2014 | 406,261 |
| 170,311 |
| 113,434 |
| 56,877 |
| 21,178 |
| 92,256 |
| 163,557 |
| 405,459 |
| 82,244 |
| 58,426 |
| 23,818 |
| 22,395 |
| 36,031 |
| 81,050 |
|
| 2015 | 446,846 |
| 228,432 |
| 119,120 |
| 109,312 |
| 94 |
| 119,026 |
| 287,053 |
| 444,063 |
| 126,605 |
| 74,083 |
| 52,522 |
| 4,632 |
| 69,451 |
| 134,024 |
|
| 2016 | 458,280 |
| 138,723 |
| 82,198 |
| 56,525 |
| 500 |
| 81,698 |
| 403,485 |
| 454,552 |
| 194,605 |
| 110,399 |
| 84,206 |
| 631 |
| 109,768 |
| 196,236 |
|
| 2017 | | 534,410 |
| 278,733 |
| 155,298 |
| 123,435 |
| 318 |
| 154,980 |
| 371,366 |
|
| 2018 | | 658,490 |
| 122,712 |
| 96,202 |
| 26,510 |
| — |
| 96,202 |
| 630,508 |
|
| Subtotal | 3,245,693 |
| 837,196 |
| 542,554 |
| 294,642 |
| 89,072 |
| 453,482 |
| 1,047,593 |
| 4,429,989 |
| 945,179 |
| 601,043 |
| 344,136 |
| 31,006 |
| 570,037 |
| 1,508,221 |
|
| Americas-Insolvency | Americas-Insolvency | | Americas-Insolvency | |
| 2004 - 2006 | 54,396 |
| 193 |
| 126 |
| 67 |
| (20 | ) | 146 |
| — |
| |
| 2007 | 78,524 |
| 270 |
| 125 |
| 145 |
| (100 | ) | 225 |
| 149 |
| |
| 2008 | 108,579 |
| 635 |
| 239 |
| 396 |
| 45 |
| 194 |
| 715 |
| |
| 1996-2008 | | 241,465 |
| 356 |
| 356 |
| — |
| — |
| 356 |
| — |
|
| 2009 | 155,999 |
| 2,531 |
| 2,531 |
| — |
| — |
| 2,531 |
| — |
| 155,988 |
| 747 |
| 747 |
| — |
| — |
| 747 |
| — |
|
| 2010 | 208,972 |
| 5,008 |
| 4,893 |
| 115 |
| 510 |
| 4,383 |
| 82 |
| 208,942 |
| 1,352 |
| 1,352 |
| — |
| — |
| 1,352 |
| — |
|
| 2011 | 180,587 |
| 35,996 |
| 22,405 |
| 13,591 |
| 90 |
| 22,315 |
| — |
| 180,434 |
| 1,584 |
| 1,584 |
| — |
| — |
| 1,584 |
| — |
|
| 2012 | 251,737 |
| 60,715 |
| 23,853 |
| 36,862 |
| — |
| 23,853 |
| 9,605 |
| 251,419 |
| 4,284 |
| 4,284 |
| — |
| — |
| 4,284 |
| — |
|
| 2013 | 228,080 |
| 63,386 |
| 23,530 |
| 39,856 |
| — |
| 23,530 |
| 41,337 |
| 227,904 |
| 21,948 |
| 14,364 |
| 7,584 |
| — |
| 14,364 |
| — |
|
| 2014 | 149,013 |
| 44,313 |
| 16,114 |
| 28,199 |
| (69 | ) | 16,183 |
| 54,692 |
| 148,712 |
| 28,759 |
| 9,433 |
| 19,326 |
| — |
| 9,433 |
| 7,493 |
|
| 2015 | 64,024 |
| 17,892 |
| 4,495 |
| 13,397 |
| — |
| 4,495 |
| 49,131 |
| 63,184 |
| 19,769 |
| 3,793 |
| 15,976 |
| — |
| 3,793 |
| 16,234 |
|
| 2016 | 94,377 |
| 18,869 |
| 4,053 |
| 14,816 |
| — |
| 4,053 |
| 78,905 |
| 92,285 |
| 25,047 |
| 4,209 |
| 20,838 |
| 435 |
| 3,774 |
| 30,580 |
|
| 2017 | | 275,293 |
| 97,315 |
| 17,518 |
| 79,797 |
| — |
| 17,518 |
| 155,609 |
|
| 2018 | | 99,386 |
| 6,700 |
| 2,509 |
| 4,191 |
| — |
| 2,509 |
| 95,194 |
|
| Subtotal | 1,574,288 |
| 249,808 |
| 102,364 |
| 147,444 |
| 456 |
| 101,908 |
| 234,616 |
| 1,945,012 |
| 207,861 |
| 60,149 |
| 147,712 |
| 435 |
| 59,714 |
| 305,110 |
|
| Total Americas | 4,819,981 |
| 1,087,004 |
| 644,918 |
| 442,086 |
| 89,528 |
| 555,390 |
| 1,282,209 |
| 6,375,001 |
| 1,153,040 |
| 661,192 |
| 491,848 |
| 31,441 |
| 629,751 |
| 1,813,331 |
|
| Europe-Core | | |
| 2012 | 20,457 |
| 2,198 |
| 2,037 |
| 161 |
| — |
| 2,037 |
| — |
| 20,424 |
| 1,996 |
| 2,000 |
| (4 | ) | — |
| 2,000 |
| — |
|
| 2013 | 20,370 |
| 1,326 |
| 875 |
| 451 |
| 454 |
| 421 |
| 960 |
| 20,347 |
| 1,331 |
| 894 |
| 437 |
| — |
| 894 |
| 100 |
|
| 2014 | 797,945 |
| 246,365 |
| 142,256 |
| 104,109 |
| 2,570 |
| 139,686 |
| 388,379 |
| 796,899 |
| 206,255 |
| 131,812 |
| 74,443 |
| (1,393 | ) | 133,205 |
| 240,603 |
|
| 2015 | 423,673 |
| 100,263 |
| 32,900 |
| 67,363 |
| 5,927 |
| 26,973 |
| 271,489 |
| 420,956 |
| 80,858 |
| 34,556 |
| 46,302 |
| (3,258 | ) | 37,814 |
| 189,588 |
|
| 2016 | 352,151 |
| 40,368 |
| 16,878 |
| 23,490 |
| — |
| 16,878 |
| 314,373 |
| 348,436 |
| 72,603 |
| 28,839 |
| 43,764 |
| 6,035 |
| 22,804 |
| 225,044 |
|
| 2017 | | 247,757 |
| 56,033 |
| 15,027 |
| 41,006 |
| 599 |
| 14,428 |
| 188,893 |
|
2018 (6) | | 346,933 |
| 24,326 |
| 6,585 |
| 17,741 |
| — |
| 6,585 |
| 325,907 |
|
| Subtotal | 1,614,596 |
| 390,520 |
| 194,946 |
| 195,574 |
| 8,951 |
| 185,995 |
| 975,201 |
| 2,201,752 |
| 443,402 |
| 219,713 |
| 223,689 |
| 1,983 |
| 217,730 |
| 1,170,135 |
|
| Europe-Insolvency | Europe-Insolvency | | Europe-Insolvency | |
| 2014 | 10,876 |
| 3,921 |
| 1,298 |
| 2,623 |
| — |
| 1,298 |
| 3,555 |
| 10,876 |
| 2,620 |
| 1,496 |
| 1,124 |
| — |
| 1,496 |
| 985 |
|
| 2015 | 19,420 |
| 4,366 |
| 1,171 |
| 3,195 |
| — |
| 1,171 |
| 11,179 |
| 19,396 |
| 4,783 |
| 1,891 |
| 2,892 |
| (63 | ) | 1,954 |
| 5,059 |
|
| 2016 | 43,143 |
| 6,175 |
| 1,265 |
| 4,910 |
| — |
| 1,265 |
| 35,825 |
| 42,190 |
| 12,856 |
| 4,941 |
| 7,915 |
| 64 |
| 4,877 |
| 19,002 |
|
| 2017 | | 38,830 |
| 7,862 |
| 2,411 |
| 5,451 |
| — |
| 2,411 |
| 31,688 |
|
| 2018 | | 45,636 |
| 642 |
| 255 |
| 387 |
| — |
| 255 |
| 44,577 |
|
| Subtotal | 73,439 |
| 14,462 |
| 3,734 |
| 10,728 |
| — |
| 3,734 |
| 50,559 |
| 156,928 |
| 28,763 |
| 10,994 |
| 17,769 |
| 1 |
| 10,993 |
| 101,311 |
|
| Total Europe | 1,688,035 |
| 404,982 |
| 198,680 |
| 206,302 |
| 8,951 |
| 189,729 |
| 1,025,760 |
| 2,358,680 |
| 472,165 |
| 230,707 |
| 241,458 |
| 1,984 |
| 228,723 |
| 1,271,446 |
|
| Total PRA Group | $ | 6,508,016 |
| $ | 1,491,986 |
| $ | 843,598 |
| $ | 648,388 |
| $ | 98,479 |
| $ | 745,119 |
| $ | 2,307,969 |
| $ | 8,733,681 |
| $ | 1,625,205 |
| $ | 891,899 |
| $ | 733,306 |
| $ | 33,425 |
| $ | 858,474 |
| $ | 3,084,777 |
|
| |
| (1) | The amount reflected in the Purchase Price also includes the acquisition date finance receivablereceivables portfolios that were acquired through our various business acquisitions. |
| |
| (2) | For our international amounts, amounts are presented using the average exchange rates during the current reporting period. |
| |
(3) | For our international amounts, Purchase Price is presented at the exchange rate at the end of the quarter in which the pool was purchased. In addition, any purchase price adjustments that occur throughout the life of the pool are presented at the period-end exchange rate for the respective quarter of purchase. |
| |
| (3) | For our international amounts, amounts are presented using the average exchange rates during the current reporting period. |
| |
| (4) | Net Revenue refers to income recognized on finance receivables, net of allowance charges/(reversals). |
| |
| (5) | For our international amounts, net finance receivables are presented at the December 31, 20162018 exchange rate. |
| |
| (6) | The Europe-Core purchases include a $34.9 million finance receivables portfolio addition in the third quarter of 2018 relating to the consolidation of a Polish investment fund.
|
The following tables,table, which excludeexcludes any proceeds from cash sales of finance receivables, illustrateillustrates historical cash collections, by year, on our portfolios.
Cash Collections by Year, By Year of Purchase (2) Amounts in thousands | |
Cash Collections by Year, By Year of Purchase (1) as of December 31, 2018 Amounts in thousands | | Cash Collections by Year, By Year of Purchase (1) as of December 31, 2018 Amounts in thousands |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cash Collections |
| Purchase Period | Purchase Price (1)(3) | 1996 - 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | Total | Purchase Price (2)(3) | 1996-
2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | Total |
| Americas-Core | Americas-Core | | Americas-Core | |
| 1996 - 2006 | $ | 458,637 |
| $ | 861,003 |
| $ | 195,738 |
| $ | 135,589 |
| $ | 99,674 |
| $ | 77,459 |
| $ | 64,555 |
| $ | 49,820 |
| $ | 35,711 |
| $ | 25,488 |
| $ | 18,293 |
| $ | 11,862 |
| $ | 1,575,192 |
| |
| 2007 | 179,834 |
| — |
| 39,412 |
| 87,039 |
| 69,175 |
| 60,230 |
| 50,996 |
| 39,585 |
| 28,244 |
| 19,759 |
| 14,198 |
| 8,883 |
| 417,521 |
| |
| 2008 | 166,481 |
| — |
| — |
| 47,253 |
| 72,080 |
| 62,363 |
| 53,654 |
| 42,850 |
| 31,307 |
| 21,027 |
| 13,786 |
| 8,989 |
| 353,309 |
| |
| 1996-2008 | | $ | 804,883 |
| $ | 1,366,034 |
| $ | 240,929 |
| $ | 200,052 |
| $ | 169,205 |
| $ | 132,255 |
| $ | 95,262 |
| $ | 66,274 |
| $ | 46,277 |
| $ | 29,734 |
| $ | 19,458 |
| $ | 15,092 |
| $ | 2,380,572 |
|
| 2009 | 125,171 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 40,703 |
| 95,627 |
| 84,339 |
| 69,385 |
| 51,121 |
| 35,555 |
| 24,896 |
| 16,000 |
| 417,626 |
| 125,153 |
| — |
| 40,703 |
| 95,627 |
| 84,339 |
| 69,385 |
| 51,121 |
| 35,555 |
| 24,896 |
| 16,000 |
| 10,994 |
| 8,180 |
| 436,800 |
|
| 2010 | 148,237 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 47,076 |
| 113,554 |
| 109,873 |
| 82,014 |
| 55,946 |
| 38,110 |
| 24,515 |
| 471,088 |
| 148,199 |
| — |
| — |
| 47,076 |
| 113,554 |
| 109,873 |
| 82,014 |
| 55,946 |
| 38,110 |
| 24,515 |
| 15,587 |
| 11,140 |
| 497,815 |
|
| 2011 | 209,747 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 61,971 |
| 174,461 |
| 152,908 |
| 108,513 |
| 73,793 |
| 48,711 |
| 620,357 |
| 209,607 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 61,971 |
| 174,461 |
| 152,908 |
| 108,513 |
| 73,793 |
| 48,711 |
| 31,991 |
| 21,622 |
| 673,970 |
|
| 2012 | 254,627 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 56,901 |
| 173,589 |
| 146,198 |
| 97,267 |
| 59,981 |
| 533,936 |
| 254,142 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 56,901 |
| 173,589 |
| 146,198 |
| 97,267 |
| 59,981 |
| 40,042 |
| 27,797 |
| 601,775 |
|
| 2013 | 391,572 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 101,614 |
| 247,849 |
| 194,026 |
| 120,789 |
| 664,278 |
| 391,031 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 101,614 |
| 247,849 |
| 194,026 |
| 120,789 |
| 78,880 |
| 56,449 |
| 799,607 |
|
| 2014 | 406,261 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 92,660 |
| 253,448 |
| 170,311 |
| 516,419 |
| 405,459 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 92,660 |
| 253,448 |
| 170,311 |
| 114,219 |
| 82,244 |
| 712,882 |
|
| 2015 | 446,846 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 116,951 |
| 228,432 |
| 345,383 |
| 444,063 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 116,951 |
| 228,432 |
| 185,898 |
| 126,605 |
| 657,886 |
|
| 2016 | 458,280 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 138,723 |
| 138,723 |
| 454,552 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 138,723 |
| 256,531 |
| 194,605 |
| 589,859 |
|
| 2017 | | 534,410 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 107,327 |
| 278,733 |
| 386,060 |
|
| 2018 | | 658,490 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 122,712 |
| 122,712 |
|
| Subtotal | 3,245,693 |
| 861,003 |
| 235,150 |
| 269,881 |
| 281,632 |
| 342,755 |
| 429,069 |
| 542,875 |
| 656,508 |
| 752,995 |
| 844,768 |
| 837,196 |
| 6,053,832 |
| 4,429,989 |
| 1,366,034 |
| 281,632 |
| 342,755 |
| 429,069 |
| 542,875 |
| 656,508 |
| 752,995 |
| 844,768 |
| 837,196 |
| 860,927 |
| 945,179 |
| 7,859,938 |
|
| Americas-Insolvency | Americas-Insolvency | | Americas-Insolvency | |
| 2004 - 2006 | 54,396 |
| 34,138 |
| 24,166 |
| 14,822 |
| 8,212 |
| 4,518 |
| 2,141 |
| 1,023 |
| 678 |
| 437 |
| 302 |
| 193 |
| 90,630 |
| |
| 2007 | 78,524 |
| — |
| 2,850 |
| 27,972 |
| 25,630 |
| 22,829 |
| 16,093 |
| 7,551 |
| 1,206 |
| 714 |
| 500 |
| 270 |
| 105,615 |
| |
| 2008 | 108,579 |
| — |
| — |
| 14,024 |
| 35,894 |
| 37,974 |
| 35,690 |
| 28,956 |
| 11,650 |
| 1,884 |
| 1,034 |
| 635 |
| 167,741 |
| |
| 1996-2008 | | 241,465 |
| 117,972 |
| 69,736 |
| 65,321 |
| 53,924 |
| 37,530 |
| 13,534 |
| 3,035 |
| 1,836 |
| 1,098 |
| 653 |
| 356 |
| 364,995 |
|
| 2009 | 155,999 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 16,635 |
| 81,780 |
| 102,780 |
| 107,888 |
| 95,725 |
| 53,945 |
| 5,781 |
| 2,531 |
| 467,065 |
| 155,988 |
| — |
| 16,635 |
| 81,780 |
| 102,780 |
| 107,888 |
| 95,725 |
| 53,945 |
| 5,781 |
| 2,531 |
| 1,581 |
| 747 |
| 469,393 |
|
| 2010 | 208,972 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 39,486 |
| 104,499 |
| 125,020 |
| 121,717 |
| 101,873 |
| 43,649 |
| 5,008 |
| 541,252 |
| 208,942 |
| — |
| — |
| 39,486 |
| 104,499 |
| 125,020 |
| 121,717 |
| 101,873 |
| 43,649 |
| 5,008 |
| 2,425 |
| 1,352 |
| 545,029 |
|
| 2011 | 180,587 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 15,218 |
| 66,379 |
| 82,752 |
| 85,816 |
| 76,915 |
| 35,996 |
| 363,076 |
| 180,434 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 15,218 |
| 66,379 |
| 82,752 |
| 85,816 |
| 76,915 |
| 35,996 |
| 3,726 |
| 1,584 |
| 368,386 |
|
| 2012 | 251,737 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 17,388 |
| 103,610 |
| 94,141 |
| 80,079 |
| 60,715 |
| 355,933 |
| 251,419 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 17,388 |
| 103,610 |
| 94,141 |
| 80,079 |
| 60,715 |
| 29,337 |
| 4,284 |
| 389,554 |
|
| 2013 | 228,080 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 52,528 |
| 82,596 |
| 81,679 |
| 63,386 |
| 280,189 |
| 227,904 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 52,528 |
| 82,596 |
| 81,679 |
| 63,386 |
| 47,781 |
| 21,948 |
| 349,918 |
|
| 2014 | 149,013 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 37,045 |
| 50,880 |
| 44,313 |
| 132,238 |
| 148,712 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 37,045 |
| 50,880 |
| 44,313 |
| 37,350 |
| 28,759 |
| 198,347 |
|
| 2015 | 64,024 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 3,395 |
| 17,892 |
| 21,287 |
| 63,184 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 3,395 |
| 17,892 |
| 20,143 |
| 19,769 |
| 61,199 |
|
| 2016 | 94,377 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 18,869 |
| 18,869 |
| 92,285 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 18,869 |
| 30,426 |
| 25,047 |
| 74,342 |
|
| 2017 | | 275,293 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 49,093 |
| 97,315 |
| 146,408 |
|
| 2018 | | 99,386 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 6,700 |
| 6,700 |
|
| Subtotal | 1,574,288 |
| 34,138 |
| 27,016 |
| 56,818 |
| 86,371 |
| 186,587 |
| 276,421 |
| 354,205 |
| 469,866 |
| 458,451 |
| 344,214 |
| 249,808 |
| 2,543,895 |
| 1,945,012 |
| 117,972 |
| 86,371 |
| 186,587 |
| 276,421 |
| 354,205 |
| 469,866 |
| 458,451 |
| 344,214 |
| 249,808 |
| 222,515 |
| 207,861 |
| 2,974,271 |
|
| Total Americas | 4,819,981 |
| 895,141 |
| 262,166 |
| 326,699 |
| 368,003 |
| 529,342 |
| 705,490 |
| 897,080 |
| 1,126,374 |
| 1,211,446 |
| 1,188,982 |
| 1,087,004 |
| 8,597,727 |
| 6,375,001 |
| 1,484,006 |
| 368,003 |
| 529,342 |
| 705,490 |
| 897,080 |
| 1,126,374 |
| 1,211,446 |
| 1,188,982 |
| 1,087,004 |
| 1,083,442 |
| 1,153,040 |
| 10,834,209 |
|
| Europe-Core | Europe-Core | | Europe-Core | |
| 2012 | 20,457 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 11,604 |
| 8,995 |
| 5,641 |
| 3,175 |
| 2,198 |
| 31,613 |
| 20,424 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 11,604 |
| 8,995 |
| 5,641 |
| 3,175 |
| 2,198 |
| 2,038 |
| 1,996 |
| 35,647 |
|
| 2013 | 20,370 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 7,068 |
| 8,540 |
| 2,347 |
| 1,326 |
| 19,281 |
| 20,347 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 7,068 |
| 8,540 |
| 2,347 |
| 1,326 |
| 1,239 |
| 1,331 |
| 21,851 |
|
| 2014 | 797,945 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 153,180 |
| 291,980 |
| 246,365 |
| 691,525 |
| 796,899 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 153,180 |
| 291,980 |
| 246,365 |
| 220,765 |
| 206,255 |
| 1,118,545 |
|
| 2015 | 423,673 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 45,760 |
| 100,263 |
| 146,023 |
| 420,956 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 45,760 |
| 100,263 |
| 86,156 |
| 80,858 |
| 313,037 |
|
| 2016 | 352,151 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 40,368 |
| 40,368 |
| 348,436 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 40,368 |
| 78,915 |
| 72,603 |
| 191,886 |
|
| 2017 | | 247,757 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 17,894 |
| 56,033 |
| 73,927 |
|
2018 (4) | | 346,933 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 24,326 |
| 24,326 |
|
| Subtotal | 1,614,596 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 11,604 |
| 16,063 |
| 167,361 |
| 343,262 |
| 390,520 |
| 928,810 |
| 2,201,752 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 11,604 |
| 16,063 |
| 167,361 |
| 343,262 |
| 390,520 |
| 407,007 |
| 443,402 |
| 1,779,219 |
|
| Europe-Insolvency | Europe-Insolvency | | Europe-Insolvency | |
| 2014 | 10,876 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 5 |
| 4,297 |
| 3,921 |
| 8,223 |
| 10,876 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 5 |
| 4,297 |
| 3,921 |
| 3,207 |
| 2,620 |
| 14,050 |
|
| 2015 | 19,420 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 2,954 |
| 4,366 |
| 7,320 |
| 19,396 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 2,954 |
| 4,366 |
| 5,013 |
| 4,783 |
| 17,116 |
|
| 2016 | 43,143 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 6,175 |
| 6,175 |
| 42,190 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 6,175 |
| 12,703 |
| 12,856 |
| 31,734 |
|
| 2017 | | 38,830 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 1,233 |
| 7,862 |
| 9,095 |
|
| 2018 | | 45,636 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 642 |
| 642 |
|
| Subtotal | 73,439 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 5 |
| 7,251 |
| 14,462 |
| 21,718 |
| 156,928 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 5 |
| 7,251 |
| 14,462 |
| 22,156 |
| 28,763 |
| 72,637 |
|
| Total Europe | 1,688,035 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 11,604 |
| 16,063 |
| 167,366 |
| 350,513 |
| 404,982 |
| 950,528 |
| 2,358,680 |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| — |
| 11,604 |
| 16,063 |
| 167,366 |
| 350,513 |
| 404,982 |
| 429,163 |
| 472,165 |
| 1,851,856 |
|
| Total PRA Group | $ | 6,508,016 |
| $ | 895,141 |
| $ | 262,166 |
| $ | 326,699 |
| $ | 368,003 |
| $ | 529,342 |
| $ | 705,490 |
| $ | 908,684 |
| $ | 1,142,437 |
| $ | 1,378,812 |
| $ | 1,539,495 |
| $ | 1,491,986 |
| $ | 9,548,255 |
| $ | 8,733,681 |
| $ | 1,484,006 |
| $ | 368,003 |
| $ | 529,342 |
| $ | 705,490 |
| $ | 908,684 |
| $ | 1,142,437 |
| $ | 1,378,812 |
| $ | 1,539,495 |
| $ | 1,491,986 |
| $ | 1,512,605 |
| $ | 1,625,205 |
| $ | 12,686,065 |
|
| |
| (1) | The amount reflected in the Purchase Price also includes the acquisition date finance receivable portfolios that were acquired through our various business acquisitions. |
| |
(2) | For our international amounts, cash collections are presented using the average exchange rates during the cash collection period. |
| |
| (2) | The amount reflected in the Purchase Price also includes the acquisition date finance receivables portfolios that were acquired through our various business acquisitions. |
| |
| (3) | For our international amounts, purchase pricePurchase Price is presented at the exchange rate at the end of the quarter in which the portfolio was purchased. In addition, any purchase price adjustments that occur throughout the life of the pool are presented at the period end exchange rate for the respective quarter of purchase. |
| |
| (4) | The Europe-Core purchases include a $34.9 million finance receivables portfolio addition in the third quarter of 2018 relating to the consolidation of a Polish investment fund. |
Estimated Remaining Collections
The following chart shows our ERC by geographical region at December 31, 20162018 (amounts in millions).
Seasonality
Cash collections in the Americas tend to be higher in the first and second quarters of the year and lower in the third and fourth quarters of the year; by contrast, cash collections in Europe tend to be higher in the third and fourth quarters of the year. Customer payment patterns are affected by seasonal employment trends, income tax refunds and holiday spending habits geographically.Collections
The following table displays our quarterly cash collections by geography and portfolio type, for the periods indicated.
Cash Collections by Geography and Type Amounts in thousands | Cash Collections by Geography and Type Amounts in thousands | Cash Collections by Geography and Type Amounts in thousands |
| | | 2016 | | 2015 | 2018 | | 2017 |
| | Q4 | | Q3 | | Q2 | | Q1 | | Q4 | | Q3 | | Q2 | | Q1 | Q4 | | Q3 | | Q2 | | Q1 | | Q4 | | Q3 | | Q2 | | Q1 |
| Americas-Core | $ | 193,360 |
| | $ | 210,524 |
| | $ | 213,741 |
| | $ | 219,571 |
| | $ | 195,835 |
| | $ | 210,725 |
| | $ | 218,838 |
| | $ | 219,371 |
| $ | 233,937 |
| | $ | 231,253 |
| | $ | 233,752 |
| | $ | 246,237 |
| | $ | 204,245 |
| | $ | 212,756 |
| | $ | 217,020 |
| | $ | 226,906 |
|
| Americas-Insolvency | 52,988 |
| | 60,429 |
| | 67,745 |
| | 68,646 |
| | 73,842 |
| | 81,865 |
| | 92,974 |
| | 95,533 |
| 48,000 |
| | 48,518 |
| | 56,063 |
| | 55,280 |
| | 59,103 |
| | 60,436 |
| | 53,163 |
| | 49,813 |
|
| Europe-Core | 97,429 |
| | 96,028 |
| | 102,972 |
| | 94,091 |
| | 97,149 |
| | 85,635 |
| | 76,602 |
| | 83,876 |
| 113,154 |
| | 102,780 |
| | 109,359 |
| | 118,109 |
| | 107,124 |
| | 102,681 |
| | 99,121 |
| | 98,081 |
|
| Europe-Insolvency | 4,974 |
| | 4,719 |
| | 2,744 |
| | 2,025 |
| | 2,545 |
| | 2,528 |
| | 1,210 |
| | 967 |
| 7,618 |
| | 6,731 |
| | 7,460 |
| | 6,954 |
| | 5,794 |
| | 5,961 |
| | 5,371 |
| | 5,030 |
|
| Total Cash Collections | $ | 348,751 |
| | $ | 371,700 |
| | $ | 387,202 |
| | $ | 384,333 |
| | $ | 369,371 |
| | $ | 380,753 |
| | $ | 389,624 |
| | $ | 399,747 |
| $ | 402,709 |
| | $ | 389,282 |
| | $ | 406,634 |
| | $ | 426,580 |
| | $ | 376,266 |
| | $ | 381,834 |
| | $ | 374,675 |
| | $ | 379,830 |
|
The following table provides additional details on the composition of our U.S. Core cash collections for the periods indicated.
Domestic Portfolio Core Cash Collections by Source Amounts in thousands | |
U.S. Core Portfolio Cash Collections by Source Amounts in thousands | | U.S. Core Portfolio Cash Collections by Source Amounts in thousands |
| | | 2016 | | 2015 | 2018 | | 2017 |
| | Q4 | | Q3 | | Q2 | | Q1 | | Q4 | | Q3 | | Q2 | | Q1 | Q4 | | Q3 | | Q2 | | Q1 | | Q4 | | Q3 | | Q2 | | Q1 |
| Call Center and Other Collections | $ | 103,595 |
| | $ | 115,454 |
| | $ | 119,568 |
| | $ | 127,851 |
| | $ | 108,979 |
| | $ | 117,560 |
| | $ | 121,148 |
| | $ | 122,316 |
| $ | 134,543 |
| | $ | 137,325 |
| | $ | 143,527 |
| | $ | 155,448 |
| | $ | 120,349 |
| | $ | 123,009 |
| | $ | 122,780 |
| | $ | 127,368 |
|
| External Legal Collections | 35,231 |
| | 36,415 |
| | 40,369 |
| | 43,203 |
| | 42,432 |
| | 47,318 |
| | 49,995 |
| | 49,578 |
| 47,410 |
| | 41,935 |
| | 40,631 |
| | 38,891 |
| | 31,960 |
| | 35,042 |
| | 37,863 |
| | 40,267 |
|
| Internal Legal Collections | 31,458 |
| | 33,206 |
| | 34,505 |
| | 39,080 |
| | 38,998 |
| | 41,338 |
| | 42,482 |
| | 42,464 |
| 30,724 |
| | 32,064 |
| | 32,532 |
| | 33,423 |
| | 31,154 |
| | 31,761 |
| | 32,511 |
| | 34,937 |
|
| Total Domestic Core Cash Collections | $ | 170,284 |
| | $ | 185,075 |
| | $ | 194,442 |
| | $ | 210,134 |
| | $ | 190,409 |
| | $ | 206,216 |
| | $ | 213,625 |
| | $ | 214,358 |
| |
| Total U.S.-Core Cash Collections | | $ | 212,677 |
| | $ | 211,324 |
| | $ | 216,690 |
| | $ | 227,762 |
| | $ | 183,463 |
| | $ | 189,812 |
| | $ | 193,154 |
| | $ | 202,572 |
|
Collections Productivity (Domestic(U.S. Portfolio)
The following tables display variouscertain collections productivity measures that we track.measures.
Cash Collections per Collector Hour Paid Domestic Portfolio | |
Cash Collections per Collector Hour Paid U.S. Portfolio | | Cash Collections per Collector Hour Paid U.S. Portfolio |
| | | Total domestic core cash collections (1) | Total U.S. Core cash collections (1) |
| | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 |
| First Quarter | $ | 274 |
| | $ | 247 |
| | $ | 223 |
| | $ | 193 |
| | $ | 166 |
| $ | 176 |
| | $ | 254 |
| | $ | 274 |
| | $ | 247 |
| | $ | 223 |
|
| Second Quarter | 269 |
| | 245 |
| | 220 |
| | 190 |
| | 169 |
| 152 |
| | 202 |
| | 269 |
| | 245 |
| | 220 |
|
| Third Quarter | 281 |
| | 250 |
| | 217 |
| | 191 |
| | 171 |
| 163 |
| | 191 |
| | 281 |
| | 250 |
| | 217 |
|
| Fourth Quarter | 248 |
| | 239 |
| | 203 |
| | 190 |
| | 150 |
| 163 |
| | 170 |
| | 248 |
| | 239 |
| | 203 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Call center and other cash collections (2) | Call center and other cash collections (2) |
| | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2013 | | 2012 | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 |
| First Quarter | $ | 168 |
| | $ | 143 |
| | $ | 119 |
| | $ | 107 |
| | $ | 97 |
| $ | 121 |
| | $ | 161 |
| | $ | 168 |
| | $ | 143 |
| | $ | 119 |
|
| Second Quarter | 167 |
| | 141 |
| | 107 |
| | 104 |
| | 90 |
| 101 |
| | 129 |
| | 167 |
| | 141 |
| | 107 |
|
| Third Quarter | 177 |
| | 145 |
| | 112 |
| | 104 |
| | 90 |
| 107 |
| | 125 |
| | 177 |
| | 145 |
| | 112 |
|
| Fourth Quarter | 153 |
| | 139 |
| | 110 |
| | 100 |
| | 79 |
| 104 |
| | 112 |
| | 153 |
| | 139 |
| | 110 |
|
| |
| (1) | Represents total cash collections less Insolvency cash collections from trustee-administered accounts. This metric includes cash collections from Insolvency accounts administered by the Core call centercenters as well as cash collections generated by our internal staff of legal collectors. This calculation does not include hours paid to our internal staff of legal collectors or to employees processing the required notifications to trustees on Insolvency accounts. |
| |
| (2) | Represents total cash collections less internal legal cash collections, external legal cash collections and Insolvency cash collections from trustee-administered accounts. |
Portfolio Purchasing
The following graph shows the purchase price of our portfolios by year since 2007.2009. It also includes the acquisition date finance receivable portfolios that were acquired through our various business acquisitions.
Our ability to profitably purchase and liquidate pools of Insolvency accounts provides diversity to our nonperforming loan purchasing business. Although we generally purchase Insolvency portfolios from many of the same consumer lenders from whom we acquire Core customer portfolios, the volumes and pricing characteristics as well as the competitors are different. Based upon market dynamics, the profitability of portfolios purchased in the Insolvency and Core markets may differ over time. We have found periods when Insolvency accounts were more profitable and other times when Core accounts were more profitable. A primary driver of portfolio profitability is determined by the amount of purchase price relative to the expected returns of the acquired portfolios. When pricing becomes more competitive due to reduced portfolios available for purchase or increased demand from competitors entering or increasing their presence in the market, prices tend to go up, driving down the purchase price multiples
and lowering the overall expected returns. When pricing relaxes due to market dynamics, purchase price multiples tend to increase, thereby increasing the overall expected returns.
In order to collect our Core portfolios, we generally need to employ relatively higher amounts of labor and incur additional collection costs to generate each dollar of cash collections as compared with Insolvency portfolios. In order to achieve acceptable levels of net return on investment (after direct expenses), we are generally targeting a higher total cash collections to purchase price multiple for Core portfolios. On the other hand, Insolvency accounts generate the majority of their cash collections through the efforts of bankruptcy courts and trustees. In this process, cash is remitted to our Company with no corresponding cost other than the cost of filing claims at the time of purchase, court fees associated with the filing of ownership claim transfers and general administrative costs for monitoring the progress of each account through the bankruptcy process. As a result, overall collection costs are much lower for us when liquidating a pool of Insolvency accounts as compared to a pool of Core accounts, but conversely the price we pay for Insolvency accounts is generally higher than Core accounts. We generally target similar net returns on investment (measured after direct expenses) for Insolvency and Core portfolios at any given point in the market cycles. However, because of the lower related collection costs, we can pay more for Insolvency portfolios, which causes the estimated total cash collections to purchase price multiples of Insolvency pools generally to be lower. In summary, compared to a similar investment in a pool of Core accounts, to the extent both pools had identical targeted net returns on investment (measured after direct expenses), the Insolvency pool would be expected to generate less revenue, less direct expenses, similar operating income, and a higher operating margin. From time to time, especially in Europe, we purchase Core portfolios which consist of a majority of paying previously charged-off accounts. These portfolios have some of the same financial dynamics as Insolvency accounts, with lower collection costs and lower purchase price multiples.
As a result of these purchase price and collection cost dynamics, the mix of our portfolios impacts the relative profitability we realize in a given year. We minimize the impact of higher pricing, to the degree possible, with increased analytics used to score Core accounts and determine on which of those accounts to focus our collection efforts.
We utilize a long-term approach to collecting our receivables. This approach has historically caused us to realize significant cash collections and revenues from purchased portfolios of finance receivables years after they are originally acquired. As a result, we have in the past been able to temporarily reduce our level of current period acquisitions without a material negative current period impact on cash collections and revenue.
The following table displays our quarterly portfolio purchases for the periods indicated. Portfolio Purchases by Geography and Type Amounts in thousands | Portfolio Purchases by Geography and Type Amounts in thousands | Portfolio Purchases by Geography and Type Amounts in thousands |
| | | 2016 | | 2015 | 2018 | | 2017 |
| | Q4 | | Q3 | | Q2 | | Q1 | | Q4 | | Q3 | | Q2 | | Q1 | Q4 | | Q3 | | Q2 | | Q1 | | Q4 | | Q3 | | Q2 | | Q1 |
| Americas-Core | $ | 91,800 |
| | $ | 95,452 |
| | $ | 130,529 |
| | $ | 136,057 |
| | $ | 120,554 |
| | $ | 90,912 |
| | $ | 98,317 |
| | $ | 138,498 |
| $ | 172,511 |
| | $ | 170,426 |
| | $ | 182,768 |
| | $ | 131,427 |
| | $ | 160,278 |
| | $ | 115,572 |
| | $ | 144,871 |
| | $ | 115,166 |
|
| Americas-Insolvency | 20,929 |
| | 16,760 |
| | 33,723 |
| | 22,952 |
| | 20,589 |
| | 9,300 |
| | 19,111 |
| | 16,437 |
| 52,871 |
| | 17,151 |
| | 16,651 |
| | 13,436 |
| | 44,195 |
| | 73,497 |
| | 100,040 |
| | 67,123 |
|
Europe-Core | 80,129 |
| | 34,240 |
| | 68,835 |
| | 171,038 |
| | 79,735 |
| | 240,385 |
| | 88,499 |
| | 21,579 |
| 231,810 |
| | 45,754 |
| | 19,403 |
| | 18,000 |
| | 152,417 |
| | 14,695 |
| | 42,876 |
| | 39,505 |
|
| Europe-Insolvency | 6,943 |
| | 14,803 |
| | 16,410 |
| | 6,731 |
| | 4,976 |
| | 3,959 |
| | 2,450 |
| | 8,510 |
| 33,661 |
| | 4,159 |
| | 2,577 |
| | 5,392 |
| | 17,698 |
| | 7,146 |
| | 7,860 |
| | 6,020 |
|
| Total Portfolio Purchasing | $ | 199,801 |
| | $ | 161,255 |
| | $ | 249,497 |
| | $ | 336,778 |
| | $ | 225,854 |
| | $ | 344,556 |
| | $ | 208,377 |
| | $ | 185,024 |
| $ | 490,853 |
| | $ | 237,490 |
| | $ | 221,399 |
| | $ | 168,255 |
| | $ | 374,588 |
| | $ | 210,910 |
| | $ | 295,647 |
| | $ | 227,814 |
|
| |
| (1) | The Europe-Core purchases in the above table and graph exclude a $34.9 million finance receivables portfolio addition in the third quarter of 2018 relating to the consolidation of a Polish investment fund.
|
Portfolio Purchases by Stratifications (Domestic(U.S. Only)
The following table categorizes our quarterly domesticU.S. portfolio purchases for the periods indicated into major asset type and delinquency category. Over the past 20 years,Since our inception in 1996, we have acquired more than 4351 million customer accounts in the U.S. alone.
Domestic Portfolio Purchases by Stratification (Major Asset Type) Amounts in thousands | |
U.S. Portfolio Purchases by Major Asset Type Amounts in thousands | | U.S. Portfolio Purchases by Major Asset Type Amounts in thousands |
| | | 2016 | | 2015 | 2018 | | 2017 |
| | Q4 | | Q3 | | Q2 | | Q1 | | Q4 | | Q3 | | Q2 | | Q1 | Q4 | | Q3 | | Q2 | | Q1 | | Q4 | | Q3 | | Q2 | | Q1 |
| Major Credit Cards | $ | 35,306 |
| | $ | 38,858 |
| | $ | 48,471 |
| | $ | 68,072 |
| | $ | 32,734 |
| | $ | 25,104 |
| | $ | 23,978 |
| | $ | 43,683 |
| $ | 65,025 |
| | $ | 78,864 |
| | $ | 100,160 |
| | $ | 84,858 |
| | $ | 87,895 |
| | $ | 54,892 |
| | $ | 65,177 |
| | $ | 57,615 |
|
| Consumer Finance | 5,678 |
| | 1,309 |
| | 1,616 |
| | 2,533 |
| | 2,616 |
| | 2,513 |
| | 2,947 |
| | 1,885 |
| 2,619 |
| | 2,248 |
| | 4,098 |
| | 3,558 |
| | 2,360 |
| | 3,308 |
| | 7,354 |
| | 7,987 |
|
| Private Label Credit Cards | 56,681 |
| | 54,969 |
| | 86,331 |
| | 62,104 |
| | 93,660 |
| | 65,456 |
| | 89,066 |
| | 105,064 |
| 100,633 |
| | 100,517 |
| | 82,406 |
| | 47,962 |
| | 90,332 |
| | 78,609 |
| | 101,162 |
| | 73,473 |
|
| Auto Deficiency | 6,104 |
| | — |
| | 831 |
| | 411 |
| | 7,032 |
| | 557 |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
| Auto Related | | 31,892 |
| | 330 |
| | 427 |
| | 613 |
| | 21,219 |
| | 49,741 |
| | 67,701 |
| | 30,191 |
|
| Total | $ | 103,769 |
| | $ | 95,136 |
| | $ | 137,249 |
| | $ | 133,120 |
| | $ | 136,042 |
| | $ | 93,630 |
| | $ | 115,991 |
| | $ | 150,632 |
| $ | 200,169 |
| | $ | 181,959 |
| | $ | 187,091 |
| | $ | 136,991 |
| | $ | 201,806 |
| | $ | 186,550 |
| | $ | 241,394 |
| | $ | 169,266 |
|
Domestic Portfolio Purchases by Stratification (Delinquency Category) Amounts in thousands | |
U.S. Portfolio Purchases by Delinquency Category Amounts in thousands | | U.S. Portfolio Purchases by Delinquency Category Amounts in thousands |
| | | 2016 | | 2015 | 2018 | | 2017 |
| | Q4 | | Q3 | | Q2 | | Q1 | | Q4 | | Q3 | | Q2 | | Q1 | Q4 | | Q3 | | Q2 | | Q1 | | Q4 | | Q3 | | Q2 | | Q1 |
Fresh | $ | 30,919 |
| | $ | 30,114 |
| | $ | 42,048 |
| | $ | 37,036 |
| | $ | 37,450 |
| | $ | 27,899 |
| | $ | 39,555 |
| | $ | 53,703 |
| $ | 61,730 |
| | $ | 61,882 |
| | $ | 80,976 |
| | $ | 71,067 |
| | $ | 76,910 |
| | $ | 67,540 |
| | $ | 73,813 |
| | $ | 43,786 |
|
Primary | 2,672 |
| | 1,568 |
| | 29,990 |
| | 26,240 |
| | 37,994 |
| | 25,517 |
| | 12,462 |
| | 23,869 |
| 39,690 |
| | 37,670 |
| | 34,166 |
| | 3,290 |
| | 23,100 |
| | 1,623 |
| | 4,314 |
| | 726 |
|
Secondary | 48,005 |
| | 51,630 |
| | 51,019 |
| | 43,841 |
| | 36,804 |
| | 28,667 |
| | 40,029 |
| | 46,063 |
| 45,878 |
| | 63,525 |
| | 55,299 |
| | 49,198 |
| | 48,865 |
| | 43,366 |
| | 52,217 |
| | 49,794 |
|
Tertiary | 557 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,843 |
| | 2,298 |
| | — |
| | 2,260 |
| | 9,119 |
| — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 8,736 |
| | 524 |
| | — |
| | 1,111 |
|
| Insolvency | 20,930 |
| | 11,145 |
| | 13,702 |
| | 22,952 |
| | 20,589 |
| | 9,299 |
| | 19,111 |
| | 16,437 |
| 52,871 |
| | 17,151 |
| | 16,650 |
| | 13,436 |
| | 44,195 |
| | 73,497 |
| | 100,040 |
| | 67,123 |
|
Other | 686 |
| | 679 |
| | 490 |
| | 1,208 |
| | 907 |
| | 2,248 |
| | 2,574 |
| | 1,441 |
| — |
| | 1,731 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 11,010 |
| | 6,726 |
|
| Total | $ | 103,769 |
| | $ | 95,136 |
| | $ | 137,249 |
| | $ | 133,120 |
| | $ | 136,042 |
| | $ | 93,630 |
| | $ | 115,991 |
| | $ | 150,632 |
| $ | 200,169 |
| | $ | 181,959 |
| | $ | 187,091 |
| | $ | 136,991 |
| | $ | 201,806 |
| | $ | 186,550 |
| | $ | 241,394 |
| | $ | 169,266 |
|
| |
| (1) | Fresh accounts are typically past due 120 to 270 days, charged-off by the credit originator and are either being sold prior to any post-charge-off collection activity or placement with a third-party for the first time. |
| |
| (2) | Primary accounts are typically 360 to 450 days past due and charged-off and have been previously placed with one contingent fee servicer. |
| |
| (3) | Secondary and tertiary accounts are typically more than 660 days past due and charged-off and have been placed with two or three contingent fee servicers. |
| |
| (4) | Other accounts are typically two to three years or more past due and charged-off and have previously been worked by four or more contingent fee servicers. |
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We manage our liquidity to help provide access to sufficient funding to meet our business needs and financial obligations. As of December 31, 2016,2018, cash and cash equivalents totaled $94.3$98.7 million. Of the cash and cash equivalent balance as of December 31, 2016, $73.62018, $78.6 million consisted of cash on hand related to foreign operations with indefinitely reinvested earnings. See the "Undistributed Earnings of Foreign Subsidiaries" section below for more information.
At December 31, 2016,2018, we had approximately $1.8$2.5 billion in borrowings outstanding with $641.1$797.8 million of availability under all of our credit facilities (subject to the borrowing base and applicable debt covenants). Considering borrowing base restrictions, as of December 31, 2016,2018, the amount available to be drawn was $204.0$456.4 million. Of the $641.1$797.8 million of borrowing availability, $538.2$278.1 million was available under our European credit facility and $102.9$519.7 million was available under our North American credit facility. Of the $204.0$456.4 million available considering borrowing base restrictions, $126.0$166.0 million was available under our European credit facility and $78.0$290.3 million was available under our North American credit facility. The primary borrowing base under both credit facilities is ERC of the respective finance receivables portfolios. For more information, see Note 6 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K ("Note 6").10-K.
An additional funding source for our Europe operations is interest-bearing deposits generated in Europe.deposits. Per the terms of our European credit facility, we are permitted to obtain interest-bearing deposit funding of up to SEK 1.51.2 billion (approximately $164.1$134.3 million as of December 31, 2016)2018). Interest-bearing deposits as of December 31, 20162018 were $76.1$82.7 million.
We believe we were in compliance with the covenants of our financing arrangements as of December 31, 2016.
As discussed in Note 17,16 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K, in December 2018, we sold 79% of our government services businessinterest in January 2017 for $91.5 million in cash plus additional consideration for certain balance sheet items. The sale of this businessRCB's servicing platform which provided us with additional liquidity not reflectedapproximately $40 million of net cash proceeds. We received 25% of the proceeds on December 20, 2018 and the remaining 75% in our December 31, 2016 Consolidated Financial Statements.the first quarter of 2019.
We have the ability to slowdecrease the purchasing of finance receivablesnonperforming loans if necessary, with low impact to current year cash collections. For example, acquisitions of finance receivables, net of buybacks, totaled $890.8 millionwe invested $1.1 billion in 2016.portfolio purchases in 2018. The portfolios purchased in 20162018 generated $204.1$154.4 million of cash collections, representing only 13.7%9.5% of 20162018 cash collections.
Contractual obligations over the next year are primarily related to debt maturities and purchase commitments. A portion of ourOur North American credit facility expires in December 2017, and the remaining portion expires in December 2020. Of the $695 million outstanding under our North American revolving credit facility at December 31, 2016, $152.3 million is due within one year.May 2022. Our European credit facility expires in February 2021. Of our $718.3$740.6 million in long-term debt outstanding at December 31, 2016, $65.02018, $10.0 million in principal is due within one year.
We have in place forward flow commitments for the purchase of nonperforming loans primarily over the next twelve12 months with a maximum purchase price of $302.6$303.7 million as of December 31, 2016.2018. We may also enter into new or renewed flow commitments and close on spot transactions in addition to the aforementioned flow agreements.
For domestic income tax purposes,On May 10, 2017, we recognize revenue fromreached a settlement with the collections of finance receivables usingInternal Revenue Service (“IRS”) in regard to the cost recovery method. The IRS has audited and issued Notices of Deficiency for the tax years ended December 31, 2005 through 2012. It has assertedassertion that tax revenue recognition using the cost recovery method doesdid not clearly reflect taxable income. In accordance with the settlement, our tax accounting method to recognize finance receivables revenue changed effective with tax year 2017. Under the new method, a portion of the annual collections amortizes principal and the remaining portion is taxable income. The revenue related to the difference in timing between the new method and the cost recovery method will be included evenly into our tax filings over four years effective with tax year 2017. We have filed petitions in the U.S. Tax Court (the "Tax Court") challenging the deficiencies and believe we have sufficient support for the technical merits of our positions. On July 14, 2016, the Tax Court set the trial to begin on May 15, 2017. If we are unsuccessful in the Tax Court and any potential appeals, we may ultimately be required to payestimate the related deferred taxes, and possibly interest and penalties,
which may require additional financing from other sources. Deferred tax liabilities relatedpayments for future years to this item were $239.3be approximately $9.3 million at December 31, 2016. Any adverse determination on this matter could result in our amending state tax returns for prior years, increasing our taxable income in those states. Our estimate of the potential federal and state interest is $112.0 million as of December 31, 2016. Accordingly, an adverse determination on this matter could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity. While the trial is set to begin on May 15, 2017, due to the administrative process involved, the final outcome is anticipated to occur between late 2018 and early 2021, depending on any appeals. Accordingly, an adverse outcome, if it was to occur, is not expected to impact the Company in the short-term.
On October 22, 2015, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program to purchase up to $125.0 million of our outstanding shares of common stock. Repurchases depend on prevailing market conditions and other factors. The repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time. During 2015, we purchased 2,072,721 shares of our common stock under the share repurchase program at an average price of $38.60 per share. We made no repurchases during 2016. At December 31, 2016, the maximum remaining purchase price for share repurchases under the program was approximately $45.0 million.quarter.
We believe that funds generated from operations and from cash collections on finance receivables, together with existing cash and available borrowings under our revolving credit facilities will be sufficient to finance our operations, planned capital expenditures, forward flow purchase commitments, and additional portfolio purchasing during the next twelve months. Business acquisitions, adverse outcomes in pending litigation or higher than expected levels of portfolio purchasing could require additional financing from other sources.
Cash Flows Analysis
Our operating activities provided cash of $103.0$80.9 million, $186.7$15.5 million, and $267.9$205.9 million forin 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Key drivers of the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. In these periods, cash from operations was generated primarily from net income earned throughchanges included cash collections recognized as revenue, and fee income, received for the period.income tax payments, interest payments and operating expenses. In addition, changes in other accounts related to our operating activities impacted our cash from operations. Cash collections recognized as revenue were $891.9 million, $795.4 million and $845.1 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Fee income was $14.9 million, $24.9 million and $77.4 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The decline in 2018 and 2017 was primarily the result of the sale of our government services business and PLS in 2017. Cash paid for income taxes was $73.5 million, $144.3 million and $78.8 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The 2017 total included $23.4 million related to the sale of our government services business and $58.3 million related to payment of the deferred tax liability discussed earlier in this section. Interest payments were $97.5 million, $79.8 million and $68.0 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The increases were due primarily to increased borrowings and increases in interest rates and unused line fees.
Operating expenses were $689.6 million, $602.6 million and $612.4 million in 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. For an analysis of the changes in operating expenses refer to the "Operating expenses" section included in Item 7 of this Form 10-K.
Our investing activities used cash of $217.5$387.3 million, $282.3$295.0 million, and $1,030.7$317.5 million for the years ended December 31,in 2018, 2017, and 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. Cash used in investing activities iswas primarily driven by acquisitions of nonperforming loans and business acquisitions.loans. Cash provided by investing activities iswas primarily driven by cash collections applied to principal on finance receivables.receivables and proceeds from sale of subsidiaries. The change in net cash used in investing activities was primarily due to net cash payments for corporate acquisitions totaling $60.2 million, $1.4 million, and $851.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014. The change was also due to changes in the amounts of acquisitions of finance receivables, which totaled $1,105.8 million in 2018, compared to $1,086.0 million and $890.8 million in 2017 and 2016, respectively. Additionally, in 2016, net cash payments for business acquisitions totaled $60.2 million. There were no business acquisitions in 2018 or 2017. The change was also due to changes in the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to $955.0 million and $682.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. In addition, we had net sales and maturitiesamount of investments of $0.8 million and $14.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, compared to net purchases of investments of $44.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in collections applied to principal on finance receivables which totaled$746.9totaled $733.3 million $674.4in 2018, compared to $717.2 million, and $571.3$646.8 million forin 2017, and 2016, respectively. These items were offset by increases of $4.9 million and $93.3 million in cash provided by investing activities related to the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015,sale of certain of our subsidiaries in 2018 and 2014,2017, respectively. No subsidiaries were sold in 2016. In 2018, cash provided by investing activities included $17.5 million related to the consolidation of a Polish investment fund.
Our financing activities provided cash of $97.3$294.9 million, $136.5$295.7 million and $648.0$94.4 million for the years ended December 31,in 2018, 2017, and 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. Cash for financing activities is normally provided by draws on our lines of credit and proceeds from long-term debt. Cash used in financing activities is primarily driven by principal payments on our lines of credit and long-term debt and repurchases of our common stock. The decreasechange in cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2016in 2018 compared to the year ended December 31, 20152017, was primarily due to a decrease in our net borrowingsdraws on our lines of credit and long-term debt. During the year ended December 31, 2016, net repayments on our lines of credit totaled $21.5 million and2018, net draws on our long-term debtborrowing activities totaled $104.3 million. During the year ended December 31, 2015,$324.1 million compared to net draws onof $350.3 million during 2017. Cash used in financing activities in 2018 compared to 2017 was also impacted by repurchases of common stock, distributions paid to noncontrolling interests and payments of origination costs and fees. Repurchases of our linescommon stock totaled $44.9 million during 2017, which occurred in combination with our offering of creditconvertible senior notes. There were no repurchases of our common stock during 2018 or 2016. Distributions paid to noncontrolling interests totaled $327.2$14.5 million and net repayments on our long-term debt$1.4 million for 2018 and 2017, respectively. Payments of origination costs and fees totaled $47.4 million. During the year ended December 31, 2014,$2.3 million during 2018 compared to $18.2 million during 2017. Additionally, during 2018 we had a decrease in interest bearing deposits of $8.7 million, compared to an increase of $13.0 million during 2017. The change in cash provided by financing activities in 2017 compared to 2016, was primarily due to an increase in net draws on our lines of credit and long-term debt, totaled $409.0offset partially by repurchases of our common stock. During 2017, net proceeds from borrowing activities were $350.3 million and $264.1 million, respectively. The decrease in cash provided by financing activities in 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily attributable to the additional funding required for the Aktiv acquisition in 2014. In addition, cash flow related to financing activities was impacted by stock repurchases of $0.0$82.8 million $165.5 million, and $33.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively.
Cash paid for interest was $68.0 million, $49.8 million, and $31.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. Interest was paid on our revolving credit facilities, long-term debt, convertible debt, interest-bearing deposits and interest rate swap agreements. The increase during the year ended December 31, 2016 as compared to 2015 and 2014, was mainly the result of higher average borrowings outstanding as well as2016. Additionally, during 2017 we had an increase in the interest rates charged on our variable rate borrowings. Cash paid for income taxes was $78.8bearing deposits of $13.0 million, $86.3 million, and $47.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. The decrease in taxes paid for the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to the year ended December 31, 2015, is primarily due to a decrease in taxable income. Thean increase in taxes paid for the year ended December 31,
2015 compared to the year ended December 31, 2014, is primarily due to the utilization of foreign net operating losses and the full year impact in 2015 of our acquisition of Aktiv in 2014.
Cash generated from operations is dependent upon our ability to collect on our finance receivables. Many factors, including the economy and our ability to hire and retain qualified collectors and managers, are essential to our ability to generate cash flows. Fluctuations in these factors that cause a negative impact on our business could have a material impact on our future cash flows.$32.9 million 2016.
Undistributed Earnings of Foreign Subsidiaries
We intend to use predominantly all of our accumulated and future undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries to expand operations outside the U.S.; therefore, such undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries are considered to be indefinitely reinvested outside the U.S..U.S. Accordingly, no provision for federal and state income tax or withholding tax has been provided thereon. If management's intentions change and eligible undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries are repatriated, we wouldcould be subject to additional U.S. income taxes and withholding taxes payable to various foreign jurisdictions, where applicable.taxes. This could result in a higher effective tax rate in the period in which such a decision is made to repatriate accumulated or future undistributed foreign earnings. The amount of cash on hand related to foreign operations with indefinitely reinvested earnings was $73.6$78.6 million and $51.5$106.0 million as of December 31, 20162018 and 2015,2017, respectively. Refer to the Note 1312 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further information related to our income taxes and undistributed foreign earnings.
Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any off balanceoff-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 20162018 as defined by Item 303(a)(4) of Regulation S-K promulgated under the Exchange Act.
Contractual Obligations
Our contractual obligations as of December 31, 20162018 were as follows (amounts in thousands):
| | | | | Payments due by period | | Payments due by period |
| Contractual Obligations | | Total | | Less than 1 year | | 1 - 3 years | | 3 - 5 years | | More than 5 years | | Total | | Less than 1 year | | 1 - 3 years | | 3 - 5 years | | More than 5 years |
| Operating leases | | $ | 48,418 |
| | $ | 10,965 |
| | $ | 16,514 |
| | $ | 10,150 |
| | $ | 10,789 |
| | $ | 55,072 |
| | $ | 11,470 |
| | $ | 22,260 |
| | $ | 13,476 |
| | $ | 7,866 |
|
Revolving credit facilities (1) | | 1,281,378 |
| | 200,859 |
| | 86,029 |
| | 992,867 |
| | 1,623 |
| |
Revolving credit (1) | | | 1,326,240 |
| | 58,241 |
| | 656,260 |
| | 611,739 |
| | — |
|
Long-term debt (2) | | 892,695 |
| | 90,619 |
| | 67,396 |
| | 734,680 |
| | — |
| | 1,627,172 |
| | 64,479 |
| | 784,442 |
| | 778,251 |
| | — |
|
Purchase commitments (3) | | 304,574 |
| | 303,882 |
| | 692 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 303,702 |
| | 294,533 |
| | 9,169 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Employment agreements | | 12,855 |
| | 8,711 |
| | 4,144 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 16,125 |
| | 8,651 |
| | 7,474 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Total | | $ | 2,539,920 |
| | $ | 615,036 |
| | $ | 174,775 |
| | $ | 1,737,697 |
| | $ | 12,412 |
| | $ | 3,328,311 |
| | $ | 437,374 |
| | $ | 1,479,605 |
| | $ | 1,403,466 |
| | $ | 7,866 |
|
| |
| (1) | This amount includes estimated interest and unused line fees due on our revolving credit facilities and assumes that the outstanding balances on the revolving credit facilities remain constant from the December 31, 20162018 balances to maturity. |
| |
| (2) | This amount includes scheduled interest and principal payments on our term loans interest-bearing deposits, and the Notes.convertible senior notes. |
| |
| (3) | This amount includes the maximum remaining amount to be purchased under forward flow and other contracts for the purchase of nonperforming loans in the amount of approximately $302.6$303.7 million. |
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Our significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 1 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Our significant accounting policies are fundamental to understanding our results of operations and financial condition because they require that we use estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets, and liabilities.
Three of these policies are considered to be critical because they are important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results, and because they require management to make judgments and estimates that are difficult, subjective, and complex regarding matters that are inherently uncertain.
We base our estimates on historical experience, current trends and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. If these estimates differ significantly from actual results, the impact on our consolidated financial statements may be material.
Management has reviewed these critical accounting policies with the Audit Committee of our board of directors.
Revenue Recognition - Finance Receivables
We account for our investment in finance receivables under the guidance of ASC 310-30. Revenue recognition for finance receivables accounted for under ASC 310-30 involves the use of estimates and the exercise of judgment on the part of management. These estimates include projections of the quantity and timing of future cash flows and economic lives of our pools of finance receivables. Significant changes in such estimates could result in increased revenue via yield increases which are recognized prospectively or increased allowance charges resulting from decreased revenue through the incurrence of allowance charges.cash flow estimates which are recognized immediately.
We implement the accounting for income recognized on finance receivables under ASC 310-30 as follows:
We create each accounting pool using our projections of estimated cash flows and expected economic life. We then compute the effective yield that fully amortizes the pool over a reasonable expectation of its economic life based on the current projections of estimated cash flows. As actual cash flow results are recorded, we balance those results to the data contained in our proprietary models to ensure accuracy, then review each pool watching for trends, actual performance versus projections and curve shape (a graphical depiction of the timing of cash flows), regularly re-forecasting. We then re-forecast future cash flows utilizing our statisticalproprietary analytical models. The review process is primarily performed by our finance staff; however, our operational and statistical staff are also involved, providing updated statistical input and cash projections to the finance staff.
Significant judgment is used in evaluating whether overperformance isvariances in actual performance are due to an increasechanges in projected cash flowsthe total amount or an accelerationchanges in the timing of cash flows (a timing difference). If determined to be a significant increase in expected cash flows, we will recognizeflows. Significant changes in either may result in yield increases or allowance charges if necessary for the effect of the increase prospectively first through an adjustment to any previously recognized valuation allowance for that pool and then through an increase in yield. If the overperformance is determined to be due to a timing difference, we will: a) adjust estimated future cash flows downward which effectively extends thepool's amortization period to fall within a reasonable expectation of the pool'sits economic life; b) adjust future cash flow projections as noted previously coupled with an increase in yield in order for the amortization period to fall within a reasonable expectation of the pool's economic life; or c) take no action at all if the amortization period falls within a reasonable expectation of the pool's expected economic life. To the extent there is underperformance, we will record an allowance if the underperformance is significant and causes us to significantly decrease estimated future cash flows or delay the expected timing of the cash flows, or take no action if the pool's amortization period is reasonable and falls within the currently projected economic life.
Valuation of Acquired Intangibles and Goodwill
In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 350, "Intangibles-Goodwill and Other" ("ASC 350"), we amortize intangible assets over their estimated useful lives. Goodwill, pursuant to ASC 350, is not amortized but rather evaluated for impairment annually and more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist. Goodwill is reviewed for potential impairment at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit is an operating segment or one level below an operating segment.
Goodwill is evaluated for impairment either under the qualitative assessment option or the two-step test approach depending on facts and circumstances of a reporting unit, including the excess of fair value over carrying amount in the last valuation or changes in business environment. If we qualitatively determine it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, the two-step impairment test is unnecessary. Otherwise, goodwill is evaluated for impairment using the two-step test, where the carrying amount of a reporting unit is compared to its fair value in Step 1; if the fair value exceeds the carrying amount, Step 2 is unnecessary. If the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, this could indicate potential impairment and Step 2 of the goodwill evaluation process is required to determine if goodwill is impaired and to measure the amount of impairment loss to recognize, if any. When Step 2 is necessary, the fair value of individual assets and liabilities is determined using valuations (which in some cases may be based in part on third-party valuation reports), or other observable sources of fair value, as appropriate. If the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, the excess is recognized as an impairment loss.
We determine the fair value of a reporting unit by applying the approaches prescribed under the fair value measurement accounting framework: the income approach and the market approach. Depending on the availability of public data and suitable comparables, we may or may not use the market approach or we may emphasize the results from the approach differently. Under the income approach, we estimate the fair value of a reporting unit based on the present value of estimated future cash flows and a residual terminal value. Cash flow projections are based on management's estimates of revenue growth rates, operating margins, necessary working capital, and capital expenditure requirements, taking into consideration industry and market conditions. The discount rate used is based on the weighted-average cost of capital adjusted for the relevant risk associated with business-specific characteristics and the uncertainty related to the reporting unit's ability to execute on the projected cash flows. Under the market approach, we estimate fair value based on prices and other relevant market transactions involving comparable publicly-traded companies with operating and investment characteristics similar to the reporting unit.
Income Taxes
We are subject to the income tax laws of the various jurisdictions in which we operate, including U.S. federal, state, local, and international jurisdictions. These tax laws are complex and are subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and the relevant government taxing authorities. When determining our domestic and foreign income tax expense, we must make judgments about the application of these inherently complex laws.
We follow the guidance of FASB ASC Topic 740 "Income Taxes" ("ASC 740") as it relates to the provision for income taxes and uncertainty in income taxes. Accordingly, we record a tax provision for the anticipated tax consequences of the reported results of operations. In accordance with ASC 740, the provision for income taxes is computed using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities, and for operating losses and tax credit carry-forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the currently enacted tax rates that apply to taxable income in effect for the years in which those tax assets and liabilities are expected to be realized or settled. The evaluation of a tax position in accordance with the guidance is a two-step process. The first step is recognition: the enterpriseCompany determines whether it is more-likely-than-not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. In evaluating whether a tax position has met the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the enterpriseCompany should presume that the position will be examined by the appropriate taxing authority that would have full knowledge of all relevant information. The second step is measurement: a tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is measured to determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the financial statements. The tax position is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Tax positions that previously failed to meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold should be recognized in the first subsequent financial reporting period in which that threshold is met. Previously recognized tax positions that no longer meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold should be derecognized in the first subsequent financial reporting period in which that threshold is no longer met. We record interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense.
In the event that all or part of the deferred tax assets are determined not to be realizable in the future, a valuation allowance would be established and charged to earnings in the period such determination is made. If we subsequently realize deferred tax assets that were previously determined to be unrealizable, the respective valuation allowance would be reversed, resulting in a positive adjustment to earnings in the period such determination is made. The establishment or release of a valuation allowance
does not have an impact on cash, nor does such an allowance preclude the use of loss carry-forwards or other deferred tax assets in future periods. The calculation of tax liabilities involves significant judgment in estimating the impact of uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws. Resolution of these uncertainties in a manner inconsistent with our expectations could have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position.
For domestic income tax purposes, we recognize revenue using the cost recovery method with respect to our nonperforming loan purchasing business. We believe cost recovery to be an acceptable method for companies in the nonperforming loan purchasing industry. Under the cost recovery method, collections on finance receivables are applied first to principal to reduce the finance receivables to zero before any income is recognized.
Our international operations requires the use of material estimates and interpretations of complex tax laws in multiple jurisdictions, and increases the complexity of our accounting for income taxes.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
For a summary of recent accounting pronouncements and the anticipated effects on our consolidated financial statements see Note 1 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Our activities are subject to various financial risks including market risk, currency and interest rate risk, credit risk, liquidity risk and cash flow risk. Our financial risk management program focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to minimize potential adverse effects on our financial performance. We may periodically enter into derivative financial instruments, typically interest rate derivatives, to reduce our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates on variable-rate debt and their impact on earnings and cash flows. We do not utilize derivative financial instruments with a level of complexity or with a risk greater than the exposure to be managed nor do we enter into or hold derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. Derivative instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of non-performance, or credit risk. We do not believe that we currently face a significant risk of loss in the event of non-performance by the counterparties associated with these instruments, as these transactions were executed with a diversified group of major financial institutions with an investment-grade or better credit rating. Our credit risk exposure is managed through the periodic monitoring of our exposures to such counterparties.
Interest Rate Risk
We are subject to interest rate risk from outstanding borrowings on our variable rate credit facilities. As such, our consolidated financial results are subject to fluctuations due to changes in the market rate of interest. We assess this interest rate risk by estimating the increase or decrease in interest expense that would occur due to a change in short-term interest rates. The borrowings on our variable rate credit facilities were approximately $1.5$1.9 billion as of December 31, 2016. Assuming2018. Based on our current debt structure, assuming a 2550 basis point decrease in interest rates, for example, interest expense over the following twelve12 months would decrease by an estimated $2.5$6.8 million. Assuming a 50 basis point increase in interest rates, interest expense over the following twelve12 months would increase by an estimated $5.5$8.0 million.
To reduce the exposure to changes in the market rate of interest and to be in compliance with the terms of our European credit facility, we have entered into interest rate swap agreementsderivative contracts for a portion of our borrowings under our variablefloating rate facilities.financing arrangements. Further, effective in the second quarter of 2018, we began to apply hedge accounting to certain of our interest rate derivative contracts. By applying hedge accounting, changes in market value are reflected as adjustments in Other Comprehensive Income. All derivatives to which we have applied hedge accounting were evaluated and remain highly effective at December 31, 2018 and mature in 2020 or 2021. Terms of the interest rate swap agreementsderivative contracts require us to receive a variable interest rate and pay a fixed interest rate. For the majority of our borrowings under our variable rate facilities, we have no interest rate swap agreements in place. The sensitivity calculations above consider the impact of our interest rate swap agreements.derivative contracts.
The fair value of our interest rate swapderivative agreements was a net liabilityasset of $2.8$0.8 million at December 31, 2016.2018. A hypothetical 2550 basis point decrease in interest rates would cause a decrease in the estimated fair value of our interest rate swapderivative agreements and the resulting estimated fair value would be a liability of $6.0$2.0 million at December 31, 2016.2018. Conversely, a hypothetical 50 basis point increase in interest rates would cause an increase in the estimated fair value of our interest rate swapderivative agreements and the resulting estimated fair value would be an asset of $3.8$4.3 million at December 31, 2016.2018.
The assumptions used in the interest rate sensitivity calculations do not include the effect of certain interest rate swap contracts that were executed subsequent to year-end and are expected to effectively convert certain of our forecasted interest payments on borrowings under our domestic revolving credit facility from a variable rate to a fixed rate.
Currency Exchange Risk
We operate internationally and enter into transactions denominated in various foreign currencies, including the euro, the Great British pound, the Canadian dollar, Norwegian kroner, Swiss franc, Danish kroner, Swedish kroner, Polish zloty, and Brazilian real.currencies. In 2016,2018, we generated $245.8$289.1 million of revenues from operations outside the U.S. and used eighteleven functional currencies. Weakness in one particular currency might be offset by strength in other currencies over time.
As a result of our international operations, fluctuations in foreign currencies could cause us to incur foreign currency exchange gains and losses, and could adversely affect our comprehensive income and stockholders' equity. Additionally, our reported financial results could change from period to period due solely to fluctuations between currencies.
Foreign currency exchange gains and losses are primarily the result of the re-measurement of account balancestransactions in certain other currencies into an entity's functional currency. Foreign currency gains and losses are included as a component of other income and (expense) in our consolidated income statements.
When an entity's functional currency is different than the reporting currency of its parent, foreign currency translation adjustments may occur. Foreign currency translation adjustments are included as a component of other comprehensive income/(loss)/income in our consolidated statements of comprehensive income and as a component of equity in our consolidated balance sheets.
We are takinghave taken measures to mitigate the impact of foreign currency fluctuations. We have restructuredorganized our European operations so that portfolio ownership and collections generally occur within the same entity. Our European credit facility is a multi-currencymulticurrency facility, allowing us to better match funding and portfolio investments by currency. We strive to maintain the distribution of our European borrowings within defined thresholds based on the currency composition of our finance receivables portfolios. When those thresholds are exceeded, we engage in foreign exchange spot transactions to mitigate our risk.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
See Item 6 for quarterly consolidated financial statements for 20162018 and 2015.2017. Index to Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
TheTo the Stockholders and Board of Directors and Stockholders
PRA Group, Inc.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of PRA Group, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 20162018 and 2015, and2017, the related consolidated income statements, and statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016. These2018, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States)statements). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of PRA Group, Inc. and subsidiariesthe Company as of December 31, 20162018 and 2015,2017, and the results of theirits operations and theirits cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016,2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), PRA Group, Inc.'sthe Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016,2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control –- Integrated Framework(2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, (COSO), and our report dated February 28, 2017March 12, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of PRA Group, Inc.'sthe Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2007.
Norfolk, Virginia
February 28, 2017March 12, 2019
PRA Group, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
December 31, 20162018 and 20152017
(Amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)
| | | | 2016 | | 2015 | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Assets | | | | | | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 94,287 |
| | $ | 71,372 |
| $ | 98,695 |
| | $ | 120,516 |
|
| Investments | 68,543 |
| | 73,799 |
| 45,173 |
| | 78,290 |
|
| Finance receivables, net | 2,307,969 |
| | 2,202,113 |
| 3,084,777 |
| | 2,776,199 |
|
| Other receivables, net | 11,650 |
| | 30,771 |
| 46,157 |
| | 15,770 |
|
| Income taxes receivable | 9,427 |
| | 1,717 |
| 16,809 |
| | 21,686 |
|
| Net deferred tax asset | 28,482 |
| | 13,068 |
| 61,453 |
| | 56,459 |
|
| Property and equipment, net | 38,744 |
| | 45,394 |
| 54,136 |
| | 49,311 |
|
| Goodwill | 499,911 |
| | 495,156 |
| 464,116 |
| | 526,513 |
|
| Intangible assets, net | 27,935 |
| | 23,788 |
| 5,522 |
| | 23,572 |
|
| Other assets | 33,808 |
| | 33,389 |
| 32,721 |
| | 32,656 |
|
| Assets held for sale | 43,243 |
| | — |
| |
| Total assets | $ | 3,163,999 |
| | $ | 2,990,567 |
| $ | 3,909,559 |
| | $ | 3,700,972 |
|
| Liabilities and Equity | | | | | | |
| Liabilities: | | | | | | |
| Accounts payable | $ | 2,459 |
| | $ | 4,190 |
| $ | 6,110 |
| | $ | 4,992 |
|
| Accrued expenses | 82,699 |
| | 95,380 |
| 79,396 |
| | 85,993 |
|
| Income taxes payable | 19,631 |
| | 21,236 |
| 15,080 |
| | 10,771 |
|
| Net deferred tax liability | 258,344 |
| | 261,498 |
| 114,979 |
| | 171,185 |
|
| Interest-bearing deposits | 76,113 |
| | 46,991 |
| 82,666 |
| | 98,580 |
|
| Borrowings | 1,784,101 |
| | 1,717,129 |
| 2,473,656 |
| | 2,170,182 |
|
| Other liabilities | 10,821 |
| | 4,396 |
| 7,370 |
| | 9,018 |
|
| Liabilities held for sale | 4,220 |
| | — |
| |
| Total liabilities | 2,238,388 |
| | 2,150,820 |
| 2,779,257 |
| | 2,550,721 |
|
| | | | | |
| Redeemable noncontrolling interest | 8,448 |
| | — |
| 6,333 |
| | 9,534 |
|
| Equity: |
| |
|
| |
|
| Preferred stock, par value $0.01, authorized shares, 2,000, issued and outstanding shares, 0 | — |
| | — |
| |
| Common stock, par value $0.01, authorized shares, 100,000, issued and outstanding shares, 46,356 at December 31, 2016; 100,000 authorized shares, 46,173 issued and outstanding shares at December 31, 2015 | 464 |
| | 462 |
| |
| Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 2,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding | | — |
| | — |
|
| Common stock, $0.01 par value, 100,000 shares authorized, 45,304 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2018; 100,000 shares authorized, 45,189 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2017 | | 453 |
| | 452 |
|
| Additional paid-in capital | 66,414 |
| | 64,622 |
| 60,303 |
| | 53,870 |
|
| Retained earnings | 1,049,367 |
| | 964,270 |
| 1,276,473 |
| | 1,214,840 |
|
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (251,944 | ) | | (228,861 | ) | (242,109 | ) | | (178,607 | ) |
| Total stockholders' equity - PRA Group, Inc. | 864,301 |
| | 800,493 |
| 1,095,120 |
| | 1,090,555 |
|
| Noncontrolling interest | 52,862 |
| | 39,254 |
| |
| Noncontrolling interests | | 28,849 |
| | 50,162 |
|
| Total equity | 917,163 |
| | 839,747 |
| 1,123,969 |
| | 1,140,717 |
|
| Total liabilities and equity | $ | 3,163,999 |
| | $ | 2,990,567 |
| $ | 3,909,559 |
| | $ | 3,700,972 |
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
PRA Group, Inc.
Consolidated Income Statements
For the years ended December 31, 2016, 20152018, 2017 and 20142016
(Amounts in thousands, except per share amounts)
| | | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Revenues: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Income recognized on finance receivables, net | $ | 745,119 |
| | $ | 865,122 |
| | $ | 807,474 |
| |
| Income recognized on finance receivables | | $ | 891,899 |
| | $ | 795,435 |
| | $ | 845,142 |
|
| Fee income | 77,381 |
| | 64,383 |
| | 65,675 |
| 14,916 |
| | 24,916 |
| | 77,381 |
|
| Other revenue | 8,080 |
| | 12,513 |
| | 7,820 |
| 1,441 |
| | 7,855 |
| | 8,080 |
|
| Total revenues | 830,580 |
| | 942,018 |
| | 880,969 |
| 908,256 |
| | 828,206 |
| | 930,603 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Net allowance charges | | (33,425 | ) | | (11,898 | ) | | (98,479 | ) |
| | | | | | | |
| Operating expenses: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Compensation and employee services | 258,846 |
| | 268,345 |
| | 234,531 |
| 319,400 |
| | 273,033 |
| | 258,846 |
|
| Legal collection expenses | 132,202 |
| | 129,456 |
| | 139,161 |
| |
| Legal collection fees | | 42,941 |
| | 43,351 |
| | 47,717 |
|
| Legal collection costs | | 104,988 |
| | 76,047 |
| | 84,485 |
|
| Agency fees | 44,922 |
| | 32,188 |
| | 16,399 |
| 33,854 |
| | 35,530 |
| | 44,922 |
|
| Outside fees and services | 63,098 |
| | 65,155 |
| | 55,821 |
| 61,492 |
| | 62,792 |
| | 63,098 |
|
| Communication | 33,771 |
| | 33,113 |
| | 33,085 |
| 43,224 |
| | 33,132 |
| | 33,771 |
|
| Rent and occupancy | 15,710 |
| | 14,714 |
| | 11,509 |
| 16,906 |
| | 14,823 |
| | 15,710 |
|
| Depreciation and amortization | 24,359 |
| | 19,874 |
| | 18,414 |
| 19,322 |
| | 19,763 |
| | 24,359 |
|
| Other operating expenses | 39,466 |
| | 68,829 |
| | 29,981 |
| 47,444 |
| | 44,103 |
| | 39,466 |
|
| Total operating expenses | 612,374 |
| | 631,674 |
| | 538,901 |
| 689,571 |
| | 602,574 |
| | 612,374 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Income from operations | 218,206 |
| | 310,344 |
| | 342,068 |
| 185,260 |
| | 213,734 |
| | 219,750 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Other income and (expense): | | | | | | | | | | |
| Interest expense | (80,864 | ) | | (60,336 | ) | | (35,226 | ) | |
| Impairment of investments | (5,823 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| |
| Foreign exchange gain/(loss) | 2,564 |
| | 7,514 |
| | (5,829 | ) | |
| Gain on sale of subsidiaries | | 26,575 |
| | 48,474 |
| | — |
|
| Interest expense, net | | (121,078 | ) | | (98,041 | ) | | (80,864 | ) |
| Foreign exchange (loss)/gain | | (944 | ) | | (1,104 | ) | | 2,564 |
|
| Other | | (316 | ) | | (2,790 | ) | | (5,823 | ) |
| Income before income taxes | 134,083 |
| | 257,522 |
| | 301,013 |
| 89,497 |
| | 160,273 |
| | 135,627 |
|
| Provision for income taxes | 43,191 |
| | 89,391 |
| | 124,508 |
| |
| Income tax expense/(benefit) | | 13,763 |
| | (10,852 | ) | | 43,577 |
|
| Net income | 90,892 |
| | 168,131 |
| | 176,505 |
| 75,734 |
| | 171,125 |
| | 92,050 |
|
| Adjustment for net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | 5,795 |
| | 205 |
| | — |
| 10,171 |
| | 6,810 |
| | 5,795 |
|
| Net income attributable to PRA Group, Inc. | $ | 85,097 |
| | $ | 167,926 |
| | $ | 176,505 |
| $ | 65,563 |
| | $ | 164,315 |
| | $ | 86,255 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income per common share attributable to PRA Group, Inc.: | | | | | | |
| Net income per share attributable to PRA Group, Inc.: | | | | | | |
| Basic | $ | 1.84 |
| | $ | 3.49 |
| | $ | 3.53 |
| $ | 1.45 |
| | $ | 3.60 |
| | $ | 1.86 |
|
| Diluted | $ | 1.83 |
| | $ | 3.47 |
| | $ | 3.50 |
| $ | 1.44 |
| | $ | 3.59 |
| | $ | 1.86 |
|
| Weighted average number of shares outstanding: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Basic | 46,316 |
| | 48,128 |
| | 49,990 |
| 45,280 |
| | 45,671 |
| | 46,316 |
|
| Diluted | 46,388 |
| | 48,405 |
| | 50,421 |
| 45,413 |
| | 45,823 |
| | 46,388 |
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
PRA Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
For the years ended December 31, 2016, 20152018, 2017 and 20142016
(Amounts in thousands)
| | | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Net income | $ | 90,892 |
| | $ | 168,131 |
| | $ | 176,505 |
| $ | 75,734 |
| | $ | 171,125 |
| | $ | 92,050 |
|
| Other comprehensive (loss): | | | | | | |
| Other comprehensive income/(loss): | | | | | | |
| Change in foreign currency translation | (14,559 | ) | | (119,043 | ) | | (119,982 | ) | (63,544 | ) | | 67,858 |
| | (14,559 | ) |
| Total comprehensive income | 76,333 |
| | 49,088 |
| | 56,523 |
| 12,190 |
| | 238,983 |
| | 77,491 |
|
| Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest: | | | | | | |
| Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | 5,795 |
| | 205 |
| | — |
| |
| Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests: | | | | | | |
| Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | | 10,171 |
| | 6,810 |
| | 5,795 |
|
| Change in foreign currency translation | 8,490 |
| | (6,132 | ) | | — |
| (42 | ) | | (5,478 | ) | | 8,490 |
|
| Comprehensive income/(loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest | 14,285 |
| | (5,927 | ) | | — |
| |
| Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests | | 10,129 |
| | 1,332 |
| | 14,285 |
|
| Comprehensive income attributable to PRA Group, Inc. | $ | 62,048 |
| | $ | 55,015 |
| | $ | 56,523 |
| $ | 2,061 |
| | $ | 237,651 |
| | $ | 63,206 |
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
PRA Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
For the years ended December 31, 2016, 20152018, 2017 and 20142016
(Amounts in thousands)
| | | | Common Stock | | Additional Paid-in Capital | | Retained Earnings | | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss) | | Noncontrolling Interest | | Total Equity | Common Stock | | Additional Paid-in Capital | | Retained Earnings | | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) | | Noncontrolling Interests | | Total Equity |
| | Shares | | Amount | | Shares | | Amount | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Balance at December 31, 2013 | 49,840 |
| | $ | 498 |
| | $ | 135,441 |
| | $ | 729,505 |
| | $ | 4,032 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 869,476 |
| |
| Components of comprehensive income: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 176,505 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 176,505 |
| |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (119,982 | ) | | — |
| | (119,982 | ) | |
| Vesting of nonvested shares | 311 |
| | 4 |
| | (4 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
| Repurchase and cancellation of common stock | (574 | ) | | (6 | ) | | (33,158 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (33,164 | ) | |
| Amortization of share-based compensation | — |
| | — |
| | 14,968 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 14,968 |
| |
| Excess income tax benefit from share-based compensation | — |
| | — |
| | 5,558 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 5,558 |
| |
| Employee stock relinquished for payment of taxes | — |
| | — |
| | (11,146 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (11,146 | ) | |
| Balance at December 31, 2014 | 49,577 |
| | $ | 496 |
| | $ | 111,659 |
| | $ | 906,010 |
| | $ | (115,950 | ) | | $ | — |
| | $ | 902,215 |
| |
| Components of comprehensive income: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 167,926 |
| | — |
| | 205 |
| | 168,131 |
| |
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (112,911 | ) | | (6,132 | ) | | (119,043 | ) | |
| Initial noncontrolling interest related to business acquisition | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 45,181 |
| | 45,181 |
| |
| Vesting of nonvested shares | 279 |
| | 3 |
| | (3 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
| Repurchase and cancellation of common stock | (3,683 | ) | | (37 | ) | | (55,798 | ) | | (109,666 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (165,501 | ) | |
| Amortization of share-based compensation | — |
| | — |
| | 16,325 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 16,325 |
| |
| Excess income tax benefit from share-based compensation | — |
| | — |
| | 4,386 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 4,386 |
| |
| Employee stock relinquished for payment of taxes | — |
| | — |
| | (11,947 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (11,947 | ) | |
| Balance at December 31, 2015 | 46,173 |
| | $ | 462 |
| | $ | 64,622 |
| | $ | 964,270 |
| | $ | (228,861 | ) | | $ | 39,254 |
| | $ | 839,747 |
| 46,173 |
| | $ | 462 |
| | $ | 64,622 |
| | $ | 964,270 |
| | $ | (228,861 | ) | | $ | 39,254 |
| | $ | 839,747 |
|
| Components of comprehensive income: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 85,097 |
| | — |
| | 6,018 |
| | 91,115 |
| — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 86,255 |
| | — |
| | 6,018 |
| | 92,273 |
|
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (23,083 | ) | | 8,524 |
| | (14,559 | ) | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (23,083 | ) | | 8,524 |
| | (14,559 | ) |
| Distributions paid to noncontrolling interest | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (934 | ) | | (934 | ) | |
| Vesting of nonvested shares | 183 |
| | 2 |
| | (2 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| |
| Amortization of share-based compensation | — |
| | — |
| | 6,138 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 6,138 |
| |
| Distributions to noncontrolling interest | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (934 | ) | | (934 | ) |
| Vesting of restricted stock | | 183 |
| | 2 |
| | (2 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Share-based compensation expense | | — |
| | — |
| | 6,138 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 6,138 |
|
| Excess income tax benefit from share-based compensation | — |
| | — |
| | (1,494 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (1,494 | ) | — |
| | — |
| | (1,494 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (1,494 | ) |
| Employee stock relinquished for payment of taxes | — |
| | — |
| | (2,850 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (2,850 | ) | — |
| | — |
| | (2,850 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (2,850 | ) |
| Balance at December 31, 2016 | 46,356 |
| | $ | 464 |
| | $ | 66,414 |
| | $ | 1,049,367 |
| | $ | (251,944 | ) | | $ | 52,862 |
| | $ | 917,163 |
| 46,356 |
| | $ | 464 |
| | $ | 66,414 |
| | $ | 1,050,525 |
| | $ | (251,944 | ) | | $ | 52,862 |
| | $ | 918,321 |
|
| Components of comprehensive income: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 164,315 |
| | — |
| | 6,587 |
| | 170,902 |
|
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 73,337 |
| | (7,202 | ) | | 66,135 |
|
| Distributions to noncontrolling interest | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (2,085 | ) | | (2,085 | ) |
| Vesting of restricted stock | | 145 |
| | 1 |
| | (1 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Repurchase and cancellation of common stock | | (1,312 | ) | | (13 | ) | | (44,896 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (44,909 | ) |
| Share-based compensation expense | | — |
| | — |
| | 8,678 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 8,678 |
|
| Employee stock relinquished for payment of taxes | | — |
| | — |
| | (3,022 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (3,022 | ) |
| Component of convertible debt | | — |
| | — |
| | 44,910 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 44,910 |
|
| Deferred taxes on component of convertible debt | | — |
| | — |
| | (18,213 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (18,213 | ) |
| Balance at December 31, 2017 | | 45,189 |
| | $ | 452 |
| | $ | 53,870 |
| | $ | 1,214,840 |
| | $ | (178,607 | ) | | $ | 50,162 |
| | $ | 1,140,717 |
|
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle - equity securities (1) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (3,930 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | (3,930 | ) |
| Balance at January 1, 2018 | | 45,189 |
| | $ | 452 |
| | $ | 53,870 |
| | $ | 1,210,910 |
| | $ | (178,607 | ) | | $ | 50,162 |
| | $ | 1,136,787 |
|
| Components of comprehensive income: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 65,563 |
| | — |
| | 10,171 |
| | 75,734 |
|
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (63,502 | ) | | (42 | ) | | (63,544 | ) |
| Distributions to noncontrolling interest | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (33,271 | ) | | (33,271 | ) |
| Purchase of noncontrolling interest | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 1,829 |
| | 1,829 |
|
| Vesting of restricted stock | | 115 |
| | 1 |
| | (1 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Share-based compensation expense | | — |
| | — |
| | 8,521 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 8,521 |
|
| Employee stock relinquished for payment of taxes | | — |
| | — |
| | (2,087 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| | — |
| | (2,087 | ) |
| Balance at December 31, 2018 | | 45,304 |
| | $ | 453 |
| | $ | 60,303 |
| | $ | 1,276,473 |
| | $ | (242,109 | ) | | $ | 28,849 |
| | $ | 1,123,969 |
|
(1) Relates to the adoption of ASU 2016-01, "Financial Instruments - Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities" ("ASU 2016-01"). Refer to Note 3 for further detail.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
PRA Group, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
For the years ended December 31, 2016, 20152018, 2017 and 20142016
| | | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Cash flows from operating activities: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Net income | $ | 90,892 |
| | $ | 168,131 |
| | $ | 176,505 |
| $ | 75,734 |
| | $ | 171,125 |
| | $ | 92,050 |
|
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Amortization of share-based compensation | 6,138 |
| | 16,325 |
| | 14,968 |
| |
| Share-based compensation expense | | 8,521 |
| | 8,678 |
| | 6,138 |
|
| Depreciation and amortization | 24,359 |
| | 19,874 |
| | 18,414 |
| 19,322 |
| | 19,763 |
| | 24,359 |
|
| Gain on sale of subsidiaries | | (26,575 | ) | | (48,474 | ) | | — |
|
| Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs | 10,276 |
| | 4,260 |
| | 4,058 |
| 22,057 |
| | 18,152 |
| | 10,276 |
|
| Amortization of debt fair value | — |
| | — |
| | (4,827 | ) | |
| Impairment of investments | 5,823 |
| | — |
| | — |
| — |
| | 1,745 |
| | 5,823 |
|
| Deferred tax (benefit)/expense | (21,700 | ) | | (8,569 | ) | | 52,978 |
| |
| Net foreign currency transaction (gain)/loss | (2,364 | ) | | (7,514 | ) | | 5,829 |
| |
| Deferred tax benefit | | (56,208 | ) | | (130,138 | ) | | (21,314 | ) |
| Net unrealized foreign currency transaction loss/(gain) | | 5,730 |
| | (1,098 | ) | | (2,364 | ) |
| Fair value in earnings for equity securities | | (3,502 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Net allowance charges | | 33,425 |
| | 11,898 |
| | 98,479 |
|
| Other | | — |
| | (4,033 | ) | | — |
|
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Other assets | 1,861 |
| | 2,015 |
| | (1,794 | ) | (2,180 | ) | | (460 | ) | | 1,861 |
|
| Other receivables, net | 10,016 |
| | (18,124 | ) | | 9,435 |
| (4,269 | ) | | (3,461 | ) | | 10,016 |
|
| Accounts payable | (2,087 | ) | | 786 |
| | (20,265 | ) | 1,321 |
| | 2,743 |
| | (2,087 | ) |
| Income taxes payable/receivable, net | (13,663 | ) | | 5,735 |
| | 16,862 |
| |
| Income taxes receivable/(payable), net | | 9,390 |
| | (22,715 | ) | | (13,663 | ) |
| Accrued expenses | (12,574 | ) | | 5,299 |
| | 9,746 |
| (1,334 | ) | | (5,752 | ) | | (9,724 | ) |
| Other liabilities | 6,053 |
| | (1,553 | ) | | (14,007 | ) | (566 | ) | | (2,498 | ) | | 6,053 |
|
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 103,030 |
| | 186,665 |
| | 267,902 |
| 80,866 |
| | 15,475 |
| | 205,903 |
|
| Cash flows from investing activities: | | | | | �� | | | | | |
| Purchases of property and equipment | (14,160 | ) | | (14,454 | ) | | (24,385 | ) | (20,521 | ) | | (22,840 | ) | | (14,160 | ) |
| Acquisition of finance receivables, net of buybacks | (890,803 | ) | | (954,954 | ) | | (682,441 | ) | |
| Acquisition of finance receivables | | (1,105,759 | ) | | (1,086,029 | ) | | (890,803 | ) |
| Collections applied to principal on finance receivables | 746,867 |
| | 674,373 |
| | 571,338 |
| 733,306 |
| | 717,170 |
| | 646,844 |
|
| Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired | (60,241 | ) | | (1,423 | ) | | (851,183 | ) | — |
| | — |
| | (60,241 | ) |
| Cash received upon consolidation of Polish investment fund | | 17,531 |
| | — |
| | — |
|
| Proceeds from sale of subsidiaries, net | | 4,905 |
| | 93,304 |
| | — |
|
| Purchase of investments | (6,052 | ) | | (48,085 | ) | | (69,862 | ) | (42,622 | ) | | (6,688 | ) | | (6,052 | ) |
| Proceeds from sales and maturities of investments | 6,898 |
| | 62,217 |
| | 25,821 |
| 25,909 |
| | 10,123 |
| | 6,898 |
|
| Net cash used in investing activities | (217,491 | ) | | (282,326 | ) | | (1,030,712 | ) | (387,251 | ) | | (294,960 | ) | | (317,514 | ) |
| Cash flows from financing activities: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Tax benefit from share-based compensation | — |
| | 4,386 |
| | 5,558 |
| |
| Proceeds from lines of credit | 985,751 |
| | 790,967 |
| | 543,000 |
| 737,464 |
| | 1,260,161 |
| | 985,751 |
|
| Principal payments on lines of credit | (1,007,234 | ) | | (463,733 | ) | | (134,000 | ) | (403,348 | ) | | (1,549,833 | ) | | (1,007,234 | ) |
| Repurchases of common stock | — |
| | (165,501 | ) | | (33,164 | ) | — |
| | (44,909 | ) | | — |
|
| Payments of line of credit origination costs and fees | (17,539 | ) | | (5,000 | ) | | — |
| |
| Tax withholdings related to share-based payments | | (2,087 | ) | | (3,022 | ) | | (2,850 | ) |
Payments of origination costs and fees
| | (2,260 | ) | | (18,240 | ) | | (17,539 | ) |
| Cash paid for purchase of portion of noncontrolling interest | | (1,664 | ) | | — |
| | — |
|
| Distributions paid to noncontrolling interest | (934 | ) | | — |
| | — |
| (14,486 | ) | | (1,429 | ) | | (934 | ) |
| Proceeds from long-term debt | 297,893 |
| | — |
| | 623,354 |
| — |
| | 310,000 |
| | 297,893 |
|
| Principal payments on notes payable and long-term debt | (193,580 | ) | | (47,374 | ) | | (359,281 | ) | (10,000 | ) | | (15,021 | ) | | (193,580 | ) |
| Net increase in interest-bearing deposits | 32,905 |
| | 22,721 |
| | 2,492 |
| |
| Net (decrease)/increase in interest-bearing deposits | | (8,693 | ) | | 12,991 |
| | 32,905 |
|
| Proceeds from convertible debt | | — |
| | 345,000 |
| | — |
|
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 97,262 |
| | 136,466 |
| | 647,959 |
| 294,926 |
| | 295,698 |
| | 94,412 |
|
| Effect of exchange rate on cash | 40,114 |
| | (9,094 | ) | | (7,492 | ) | (10,362 | ) | | 10,016 |
| | 40,114 |
|
| Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 22,915 |
| | 31,711 |
| | (122,343 | ) | |
| Net (decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents | | (21,821 | ) | | 26,229 |
| | 22,915 |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year | 71,372 |
| | 39,661 |
| | 162,004 |
| 120,516 |
| | 94,287 |
| | 71,372 |
|
| Cash and cash equivalents, end of year | $ | 94,287 |
| | $ | 71,372 |
| | $ | 39,661 |
| $ | 98,695 |
| | $ | 120,516 |
| | $ | 94,287 |
|
| Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash paid for interest | $ | 67,987 |
| | $ | 49,777 |
| | $ | 31,831 |
| $ | 97,475 |
| | $ | 79,825 |
| | $ | 67,987 |
|
| Cash paid for income taxes | 78,754 |
| | 86,255 |
| | 47,947 |
| 73,483 |
| | 144,341 |
| | 78,754 |
|
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1. General and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies:
Nature of operations: Throughout this report,As used herein, the terms "PRA Group," "the Company,the "Company," or similar terms refer to PRA Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries.
PRA Group, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiaries, is a global financial and business services company with operations in the Americas and Europe. The Company's primary business is the purchase, collection and management of portfolios of nonperforming loans. The Company also provides the following fee-based services: vehicle location, skip tracing and collateral recovery for auto lenders, government entities and law enforcement; revenue administration, audit and revenue discovery/recovery services for local government entities;on class action claims recovery servicesrecoveries and purchases;by servicing of consumer bankruptcy accounts in the United States ("U.S.; and, to a lesser extent, contingent collections of nonperforming loans in Europe and South America. As discussed in Note 17, the Company sold its revenue administration, audit and revenue discovery/recovery business in January 2017.
Recent acquisitions: On April 26, 2016, the Company completed its public tender offer to purchase 100% of the shares of DTP S.A . ("DTP"), a Polish-based debt collection company, for approximately $44.9 million. The Company's consolidated income statements and statements of comprehensive income, equity and cash flows include the results of operations of DTP for the period from April 26, 2016 through December 31, 2016.
On August 3, 2015, the Company acquired 55% of the equity interest in RCB Investimentos S.A. ("RCB""). The remaining 45% of the equity interest in RCB is owned by the executive team and previous owners of RCB. RCB is a leading master servicing platform for nonperforming loans in Brazil. The Company's investment for the 55% ownership of RCB was approximately $55.2 million. As part of the investment and call option agreements, the Company has the right to purchase the remaining 45% of RCB at certain multiples of earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA"), beginning on August 3, 2019 and lasting for two years. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 810, "Consolidation," the Company has consolidated all financial statement accounts of RCB in its consolidated balance sheets and its consolidated income statements. The consolidated income statements for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, include the results of operations of RCB from August 3, 2015 through December 31, 2016. The noncontrolling interest amount is included as a separate component of equity and represents the 45% interest not controlled by the Company. In addition, net income attributable to the noncontrolling interest is stated separately in the consolidated income statements for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.
On July 16, 2014, the Company completed the acquisition of Aktiv Kapital AS ("Aktiv"), a Norway-based company specializing in the acquisition and servicing of nonperforming loans throughout Europe and in Canada, for a purchase price of approximately $861.3 million, and assumed approximately $433.7 million of Aktiv's corporate debt, resulting in an acquisition of estimated total enterprise value of $1.3 billion. The Company's consolidated income statements and statements of comprehensive income, equity and cash flows include the results of operations of Aktiv for the period from July 16, 2014 through December 31, 2016.
Basis of presentation: The consolidated financial statements of the Company are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") and include the accounts of all of its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and disclosures. Realized results could differ from those estimates and assumptions.
Reclassification of prior year presentation and correction of immaterial errors: Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for consistency with the current year presentation. In addition, certain prior year amounts have been revised to correct immaterial errors. For additional information on the correction of the immaterial errors see Note 17.
The Company revised the presentation of its consolidated income statements for all reporting periods by reclassifying allowance adjustments to the valuation of its finance receivables as a line item separate from revenues. As a result, the Company no longer includes valuation allowances as part of "Income recognized on finance receivables, net" and reports income recognized on finance receivables gross of valuation allowances. This presentation change had no impact on "Net income per common share attributable to PRA Group, Inc." The Company also revised the presentation in its consolidated statement of cash flows for all reporting periods by reclassifying net allowance charges on its finance receivables from investing activities to operating activities. This presentation change had no other impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Segments: Under the guidance of the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") ASC Topic 280 "Segment Reporting" ("ASC 280"), the Company has determined that it has several operating segments that meet the aggregation criteria of ASC 280, and, therefore, it has one reportable segment, accounts receivable management, based on similarities among the operating units including economic characteristics, the nature of the products and services, the nature of the production processes, the types or class of customer for their products and services, the methods used to distribute their products and services, and the nature of the regulatory environment.
Foreign currency: Assets and liabilities have been translated to the reporting currency using the exchange rates in effect on the consolidated balance sheet dates. Equity accounts are translated at historical rates, except for the change in retained earnings during the year which is the result of the income statement translation process. Revenue and expense accounts are translated using the weighted average exchange rate during the period. The cumulative translation adjustments associated with the net assets of foreign subsidiaries are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss(loss) in the accompanying consolidated statements of stockholders’changes in equity.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Revenues and long-lived assets by geographical location: Revenue for the years ended December 31, 2016, 20152018, 2017 and 2014,2016, and long-lived assets held at December 31, 20162018 and 2015,2017, by geographical location (amounts in thousands) were:
| | | | Years Ended December 31, | | As of December 31, | Years Ended December 31, | | As of December 31, |
| | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | | 2016 | | 2015 | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 | | 2018 | | 2017 |
| | Revenues | | Long-Lived Assets | Revenues | | Long-Lived Assets |
| United States | $ | 584,816 |
| | $ | 722,393 |
| | $ | 766,262 |
| | $ | 29,598 |
| | $ | 36,075 |
| $ | 619,172 |
| | $ | 560,278 |
| | $ | 673,881 |
| | $ | 48,581 |
| | $ | 41,850 |
|
| Outside the United States | 245,764 |
| | 219,625 |
| | 114,707 |
| | 9,146 |
| | 9,319 |
| |
| United Kingdom | | 99,817 |
| | 81,322 |
| | 78,930 |
| | 1,543 |
| | 2,445 |
|
Others (1) | | 189,267 |
| | 186,606 |
| | 177,792 |
| | 4,012 |
| | 5,016 |
|
| Total | $ | 830,580 |
| | $ | 942,018 |
| | $ | 880,969 |
| | $ | 38,744 |
| | $ | 45,394 |
| $ | 908,256 |
| | $ | 828,206 |
| | $ | 930,603 |
| | $ | 54,136 |
| | $ | 49,311 |
|
(1)None of the countries included in "Others" comprise greater than 10% of the Company's consolidated revenues or long-lived assets.
Revenues are attributed to countries based on the location of the related operations. Long-lived assets consist of net property and equipment. The Company reports revenues earned from its debtnonperforming loan purchasing and collection activities, fee-based
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
services and its fee-based services.investments. It is impracticable for the Company to report further breakdowns of revenues from external customers by product or service.
Cash and cash equivalents: The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Included in cash and cash equivalents are funds held on the behalf of others arising from the collection of accounts placed with the Company. The balance of the funds held on behalf of others was $3.8 million and $3.9 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively; there is an offsetting liability that is included in "Other liabilities" on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
Concentrations of credit risk: Financial instruments, which potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash, investments and finance receivables.
Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss): The Company records unrealized gains and losses on certain available-for-sale investments and foreign currency translation adjustments in other comprehensive income. Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale investments are reclassified to earnings as the gains or losses are realized upon sale of the securities. Translation gains or losses on foreign currency translation adjustments are reclassified to earnings upon the substantial sale or liquidation of investments in foreign operations. For the Company’s financial derivative instruments that are designated as hedging instruments, the change in fair value of the derivative is recorded in other comprehensive income.
Investments:
Investments: Debt Securities.The Company accounts for its investments in debt securities under the guidance of ASC Topic 320-10,320, "Investments-Debt and Equity Securities" ("ASC 320-10"320"). The Company determines the appropriate classification of its investments in debt and equity securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such determinations at each balance sheet date. Debt securities are classified as held to maturity when the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold the securities to maturity. Debt securities for which the Company does not have the intent or ability to hold to maturity are classified as available for sale. Held-to-maturity securities are statedcarried at amortized cost. Available for sale securities are carried at fair market value, with the unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, included in the determination of comprehensive income and reported in stockholders' equity. If the fair value of the investment falls below its carrying amount and the decline is deemed to be other than temporary, the investment is written down, with a corresponding charge to earnings.
Equity Securities. The Company accounts for its investments in equity securities in accordance with ASC Topic 321, “Investments-Equity Securities” (“ASC 321”), which requires that investments in equity securities be measured at fair value with changes in unrealized gains and losses reported in earnings. The Company's investment in equity securities have historically been carried at cost. In the first quarter of 2018, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-01, which requires that investments in equity securities be measured at fair value with changes in unrealized gains and losses reported in earnings. See Note 3 for additional information.
Equity Method Investments.Equity method investments that are not consolidated, but over which the Company exercises significant influence, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Whether or not the Company exercises significant influence with respect to an investee company depends on an evaluation of several factors including, among others, representation on the investee company’s board of directors and ownership level, which is generally a 20% to 50% interest in the voting securities of the investee company. Under the equity method of accounting, an investee company’s accounts are not reflected within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and income statements; however, the Company’s share of the earnings or losses of the investee company is reflected in the caption ‘‘Other revenue’’ in the consolidated income statements. The Company’s carrying value in an equity method investee company is reflected in the caption ‘‘Investments’’ in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
When the Company’s carrying value in an equity method investee company is reduced to zero, no further losses are recorded in the Company’s consolidated financial statements unless the Company guaranteed obligations of the investee company or has committed additional funding. When the investee company subsequently reports income, the Company will not record its share of such income until it equals the amount of its share of losses not previously recognized.
Finance receivables and income recognition: The Company accounts for its investment in finance receivables under the guidance of ASC Topic 310-30, "Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality" ("ASC 310-30"). The Company acquires portfolios of accounts that have experienced deterioration of credit quality between origination and the Company's acquisition of the accounts. The amount paid for a portfolio reflects the Company's determination that it is probable the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to an account's contractual terms. At acquisition, the Company reviews the accounts to determine whether there is evidence of deterioration of credit quality since origination, and if it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the loan's contractual terms. If both conditions exist, the Company then determines whether each such account is to be accounted for individually or whether such accounts will be assembled into pools based on common risk characteristics. The Company considers expected prepayments and estimates the amount and timing of undiscounted expected principal, interest and other cash flows (expected at acquisition) for each acquired portfolio based
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
on the Company's proprietary models, and the Company subsequently aggregates portfolios of accounts into quarterly pools. The Company determines the excess of the pool's scheduled contractual principal and contractual interest payments over all cash flows expected at acquisition as an amount that should not be accreted (nonaccretable difference). The remaining amount, representing the excess of the pool's cash flows expected to be collected over the amount paid, is accreted into income recognized on finance receivables over the remaining estimated life of the pool (accretable yield). ASC 310-30 requires that the excess of the contractual cash flows over expected cash flows, based on the Company's estimates derived from proprietary collection models, not be recognized as an adjustment of revenue or expense or on the balance sheet.
Each pool is recorded at cost and is accounted for as a single unit for the recognition of income, payments applied to principal and loss provision. Once a pool is established for a calendar quarter, individual receivable accounts are not added to the pool
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(unless (unless replaced by the seller) or removed from the pool (unless sold or returned to the seller). The yield is estimated and periodically recalculated based on the timing and amount of anticipated cash flows. Income on finance receivables is accrued quarterly based on each pool's effective yield. Significant increases in expected future cash flows may be recognized prospectively, through an upward adjustment of the yield, over a pool's remaining life. Under ASC 310-30, rather than lowering the estimated yield if the collection estimates are below previous expectations, the carrying value of a pool would be written down to maintain the then current yield and is shown as a reduction in revenuean allowance charge in the consolidated income statements with a corresponding valuation allowance offsetting finance receivables net, on the consolidated balance sheets. Cash flows greater than the interest accrual will reduce the carrying value of the pool. This reduction in carrying value is defined as payments applied to principal (also referred to as principal amortization). Likewise, cash flows that are less than the interest accrual will accrete the carrying balance. Generally, the Company does not record accretion in the first six to twelve months of the estimated life of the pool; accordingly, the Company utilizes either the cost recovery method or cash method when necessary to prevent accretion as permitted by ASC 310-30. Under the cash method, revenue is recognized as it would be under the interest method up to the amount of cash collections. Under the cost recovery method, no revenue is recognized until the Company has fully collected the cost of the pool, or until such time that the Company considers the collections to be probable and estimable and begins to recognize income based on the interest method as described above. The Company also uses the cost recovery method when collections on a particular pool of accounts cannot be reasonably estimated.
A pool can become fully amortized (zero carrying balance on the balance sheet) while still generating cash collections. In this case, all subsequent cash collections are recognized as revenue when received.
The Company records a valuation allowance when significant decreases in expected cash flows are identified or there are changes in the timing of expected cash flows that would otherwise require a reduction in the stated yield on a pool of accounts. Factors that may contribute to the recording of valuation allowances include both external and internal factors. External factors that may have an impact on the collectability, and subsequently on the overall profitability of purchased pools of nonperforming loans, would include:include new laws or regulations relating to collections, new interpretations of existing laws or regulations, and the overall condition of the economy. Internal factors that may have an impact on the collectability, and subsequently the overall profitability of purchased pools of nonperforming loans, would include:include necessary revisions to initial and post-acquisition scoring and modeling estimates, non-optimal operational activities (which relate to the collection and movement of accounts on both the collection floor of the Company and external channels), and decreases in productivity related to turnover and tenure of the Company's collection staff.
The Company capitalizes certain fees paid to third parties related to the direct acquisition of a portfolio of accounts. These fees are added to the acquisition cost of the portfolio and accordingly are amortized over the life of the portfolio using the interest method.
The agreements to purchase the aforementioned receivables include general representations and warranties from the sellers covering account holder death or bankruptcy and accounts settled or disputed prior to sale. The representation and warranty period permitting the return of these accounts from the Company to the seller is typically 90 to 180 days. Any funds received from the seller of finance receivables as a return of purchase price are referred to as buybacks. Buyback funds are applied against the finance receivable balance received and are not included in the Company's cash collections from operations. In some cases, the seller will replace the returned accounts with new accounts in lieu of returning the purchase price. In that case, the old account is removed from the pool and the new account is added.
Fee income recognition: The Company utilizes the provisions of ASC Topic 605-45, "Principal Agent Considerations"13A1 of Staff Accounting Bulletin ("ASC 605-45"SAB"), No. 104, “Revenue Recognition” ("Topic 13A1") to account for fee income revenue from certain of its fee-for-service subsidiaries. ASC 605-45class action claims recovery services. Topic 13A1 requires an analysis to be completed to determine if certain revenues should be reported grosspersuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred or reported net of their related operating expense. This analysis includes an assessment of who retains credit risk, controls vendor selection, establishes pricingservices have been rendered, the seller’s price to the buyer is fixed or determinable, and remains the primary obligor on the transaction. Each of these factors was consideredcollectability is reasonably assured.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to determine the correct method of recognizing revenue from these fee-based subsidiaries.Consolidated Financial Statements
Property and equipment: Property and equipment, including improvements that significantly add to the productive capacity or extend useful life, are recorded at cost. Maintenance and repairs are expensed currently.as incurred. Property and equipment are depreciated over their useful lives using the straight-line method of depreciation. Software and computer equipment are amortized or depreciated over three to five years. Furniture and fixtures are depreciated over five to ten years. Equipment is depreciated over five to seven years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the lesser of the useful life, which ranges from three to ten years, or the remaining term of the lease. Building improvements are depreciated straight-line over ten to thirty-nine years. When property is sold or retired, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheet and any gain or loss is included in the income statement.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Business combinations: The Company accounts for business combinations under the acquisition method. The cost of an acquired company is assigned to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and the liabilities assumed on the basis of their fair values at the date of acquisition. The determination of fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires management to make estimates and use valuation techniques when market values are not readily available. Any excess of purchase price over the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired is allocated to goodwill. Transaction costs associated with business combinations are expensed as incurred.
Goodwill and intangible assets: Goodwill, in accordance with ASC Topic 350, "Intangibles-Goodwill and Other" ("ASC 350"), is not amortized but rather is reviewed for impairment annually or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist. The Company performs its annual assessment as of October 1. The Company may first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. If management concludes that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, management conducts a two-step quantitative goodwill impairment test. The first step of the impairment test involves comparing the fair value of the applicable reporting unit with its carrying value. The Company estimates the fair values of its reporting units using a combination of the income approach, which uses present value techniques, and the market approach, which uses market multiples from comparable transactions where the acquisition target has similar operating and investment characteristics to the reporting unit. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds the reporting unit's fair value, management performs the second step of the goodwill impairment test. The second step of the goodwill impairment test involves comparing the implied fair value of the affected reporting unit's goodwill with the carrying value of that goodwill. The amount by which the carrying value of the goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, if any, is recognized as an impairment loss. See Note 5 for additional information.
Convertible senior notes: The Company accounts for its 3.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020 (the "2020 Notes") and its 3.50% Convertible Notes due 2023 (the "2023 Notes" and, together with the 2020 Notes, the "Notes") in accordance with ASC 470-20, "Debt with Conversion and Other Options" ("ASC 470-20"). ASC 470-20 requires that, for convertible debt instruments that must be settled fully or partially in cash upon conversion, issuers must separately account for the liability and equity components in a manner that will reflect the entity's nonconvertible debt borrowing rate when interest cost is recognized in subsequent periods. The excess of the principal amount of the liability component over its carrying amount is amortized to interest expense over the expected life of a similar liability that does not have an associated equity component, using the effective interest method. The equity component is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification under ASC 815-40, "Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in an Entity's Own Equity." Transaction costs incurred with third parties are allocated to the liability and equity components in proportion to the allocation of proceeds and accounted for as debt issuance costs and equity issuance costs, respectively.
For diluted earnings per share purposes, based upon the Company's intent and ability to settle conversions of the Notes through a combination of cash and shares, only the conversion spread is included in the diluted earnings per share calculation, if dilutive. Under such method, the settlement of the conversion spread has a dilutive effect when the average share price of the Company's common stock during any quarter exceeds $65.72.$65.72 for the 2020 Notes or $46.24 for the 2023 Notes, neither of which occurred during the respective periods from when the Notes were issued through December 31, 2018.
Income taxes: The Company follows the guidance of ASC Topic 740 "Income Taxes" ("ASC 740") as it relates to the provision for income taxes and uncertainty in income taxes. Accordingly, the Company records a tax provision for the anticipated tax consequences of the reported results of operations. The provision for income taxes is estimated using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities, and for operating losses and tax credit carry-forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the currently enacted tax rates that apply to taxable income in effect for the years in which those tax assets are expected to be realized or settled.
The evaluation of a tax position in accordance with the guidance is a two-step process. The first step is recognition: the enterprise determines whether it is more-likely-than-not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. In evaluating whether a tax position
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
has met the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the enterprise should presume that the position will be examined by the appropriate taxing authority that would have full knowledge of all relevant information. The second step is measurement: a tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is measured to determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the financial statements. The tax position is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Tax positions that previously failed to meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold should be recognized in the first subsequent financial reporting period in which that threshold is met. Previously recognized tax positions that no longer meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold should be derecognized in the first subsequent financial reporting period in which that threshold is no longer met. The Company records interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense when positions are not met.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
In the event that all or part of the deferred tax assets are determined not to be realizable in the future, a valuation allowance would be established and charged to earnings in the period such determination is made. If the Company subsequently realizes deferred tax assets that were previously determined to be unrealizable, the respective valuation allowance would be reversed, resulting in a positive adjustment to earnings.
The estimate of income tax expense involves significant judgment in evaluating the impact of uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws. Resolution of these uncertainties in a manner inconsistent with our expectations could have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position.
For domestic income tax purposes, the Company recognizes revenue usingutilized the cost recovery method with respect to the Company's nonperforming loan purchasing business. The Company believes cost recovery to be an acceptable methodof accounting for purchasers of nonperforming loans.its finance receivable income through December 31, 2016. Under the cost recovery method, collections on finance receivables are applied first to principal to reduce the finance receivables balance to zero before anytaxable income is recognized. Beginning with the 2017 tax year, the Company utilizes a new tax accounting method to recognize net finance receivables income. Under the new method, a portion of the annual collections amortize principal and the remaining portion is taxable income. The deferred tax liability related to the difference in timing between the new method and the cost recovery method will be incorporated evenly into the Company’s tax filings over four years. For additional information, see Note 12.
Advertising costs: Advertising costs are expensed when incurred.
Operating leases: General abatements or prepaid leasing costs are recognized on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease. Future minimum lease payments (including the impact of rent escalations) are expensed on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease. Material leasehold improvements are capitalized and amortized over the remaining life of the lease.
Share-based compensation: The Company accounts for share-based compensation in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 718 "Compensation-Stock Compensation" ("ASC 718"). ASC 718 requires that compensation expense associated with share equity awards be recognized in the income statement. Based on historical experience, theThe Company estimates a forfeiture rate for most equity share grants.grants based on historical experience. Time-based equity share awards generally vest between threeone and fivethree years from the grant date and are expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. Equity share awards that contain a performance metric, are expensed over the requisite service period, generally three years, in accordance with the performance level achieved at each reporting period. See Note 9 for additional information.
Derivatives: In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to risk from adverse fluctuations in foreign exchange and interest rates. The Company manages these risks through a program that includes the use of derivative financial instruments, primarily swaps and forwards. Counterparties to these contracts are major financial institutions. The Company is exposed to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by these counterparties. The Company does not use derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
The Company's objective in managing exposure to market risk is to limit the impact on earnings and cash flow. The extent to which the Company uses derivative financial instruments is dependent on its access to these contracts in the financial markets and its success using other methods, such as netting exposures in the same currencies to mitigate foreign exchange risk.
The Company follows the guidance of ASC Topic 815 "Derivatives and Hedging" ("ASC 815") to account for its derivatives. All of the Company's outstanding derivative financial instruments are recognized in the balance sheet at their fair values. The effect on earnings from recognizing the fair values of these derivative financial instruments depends on their intended use, their hedge designation, and their effectiveness in offsetting changes in the fair values of the exposures they are hedging. Changes in the fair values of instruments designated to reduce or eliminate adverse fluctuations in the fair values of recognized assets and liabilities and unrecognized firm commitments are reported currently in earnings along with changes in the fair values of the hedged items. Changes in the effective portions of the fair values of instruments used to reduce or eliminate adverse fluctuations in cash flows of anticipated or forecasted transactions are reported in equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income are reclassified to earnings when the related hedged items affect earnings
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
or the anticipated transactions are no longer probable. Changes in the fair values of derivative instruments that are not designated as hedges or do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment are reported currently in earnings. The Company realizes gains and losses from derivative instruments in the same financial statement line item as the hedged item/forecasted transaction. Changes in unrealized gains and losses for derivatives not designated in a hedge accounting relationship are recorded directly in earnings each period and are also recorded in the same financial statement line item as the hedged item/forecasted transaction. Cash flows from the settlement of derivatives, including both economic hedges and those designated in hedge accounting relationships, appear in the consolidated statements of cash flows in the same categories as the cash flows of the hedged item.
For derivative financial instruments accounted for as hedging instruments, the Company formally designates and documents, at inception, the financial instrument as a hedge of a specific underlying exposure, the risk management objective, and the manner in which effectiveness of the hedge will be assessed. The Company formally assesses, both at inception and at each reporting period thereafter, whether the derivative financial instruments used in hedging transactions are effective in offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows of the related underlying exposures. Any ineffective portion of the change in fair value of the instruments is recognized immediately in earnings.
The Company discontinues the use of hedge accounting prospectively when (1) the derivative instrument is no longer effective in offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows of the underlying hedged item; (2) the derivative instrument expires, is sold, terminated, or exercised; or (3) designating the derivative instrument as a hedge is no longer appropriate.
Use of estimates: The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Significant estimates have been made by management with respect to the timing and amount of future cash collections of the Company's finance receivables portfolios. Actual results could differ from these estimates making it reasonably possible that a change in these estimates could occur within one year.
Commitments and contingencies: We areThe Company is subject to various claims and contingencies related to lawsuits, certain taxes, and commitments under contractual and other obligations. We recognizeThe Company recognizes liabilities for contingencies and commitments when a loss is probable and estimable. We expenseThe Company expenses related legal costs as incurred. For additional information, see Note 14.13.
Estimated fair value of financial instruments: The Company applies the provisionprovisions of ASC Topic 820 "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures" ("ASC 820"). ASC 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC 820 also requires the consideration of differing levels of inputs in the determination of fair values. Disclosure of the estimated fair values of financial instruments often requires the use of estimates. See Note 8 for additional information.
Reclassification of prior year presentation: Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for consistency with the current year presentation.
Recent accounting pronouncements:
Recently Issued Accounting Standards Adopted:
In May 2014, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU")ASU 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" ("ASU 2014-09") that updates the principles for recognizing revenue. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The guidance specifically excludes revenue received for servicing finance receivables. ASU 2014-09 also amends the required disclosures of the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. ASU 2014-09 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2017, and can be adopted either retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented or as a cumulative-effect adjustment as of the date of adoption, with early application not permitted. The Company believesdetermined that the revenue it classifies as Fee Incomegenerated by its subsidiary Claims Compensation Bureau, LLC ("CCB") is within the scope of this standard. The Company's fee income consistsCompany adopted ASU 2014-09 in the first quarter of revenue generated2018 which had no material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In January 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-01, as amended by ASU 2018-03, "Financial Instruments - Overall: Technical Corrections and Improvements", issued in February 2018, which revises the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities. ASU 2016-01 requires that equity investments, except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting, be measured at fair value and changes in fair value be recognized in net income. However, for equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values and do not qualify for the existing practical expedient to estimate fair value using the Net Asset Value ("NAV") per share (or its Claims Compensation Bureau, LLC ("CCB"), PRA Location Services, LLC ("PLS"), and PRA Government Services, LLC ("PGS") subsidiaries. Based onequivalent) of the investment, the guidance provides a new measurement alternative. Entities may
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Company's evaluation,choose to measure those investments at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the Company does not believe the new standard will impact the accounting for its CCB and PLS revenue. The Company sold its PGS business in January 2017.
In June 2014, FASB issued ASU 2014-12, "Accounting for Share-Based Payments When the Terms of an Award Provide Thatidentical or a Performance Target Could Be Achieved after the Requisite Service Period" ("ASU 2014-12"). ASU 2014-12 requires that a performance target that affects vesting and that could be achieved after the requisite service period be treated as a performance condition. As such, the performance target should not be reflected in estimating the grant-date fair valuesimilar investment of the award. ASU 2014-12 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, with early adoption permitted.same issuer. The Company adopted ASU 2014-122016-01 in the first quarter of 20162018, which had no material impactresulted in a cumulative effect adjustment of $3.9 million, net of tax, to retained earnings for the unrealized loss on its Consolidated Financial Statements.equity investments.
In August 2014, FASB issued ASU 2014-15, "Disclosure of Uncertainties About an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern" ("ASU 2014-15"). ASU 2014-15 requires management to perform interim and annual assessments of an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year of the date the financial statements are issued and provides guidance on determining when and how to disclose going concern uncertainties in the financial statements. Certain disclosures will be required if conditions give rise to substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. ASU 2014-15 applies to all entities and is effective for annual and interim reporting periods ending after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2014-15 during the fourth quarter of 2016 which did not have an impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.
In February 2015, FASB issued ASU 2015-02, "Consolidation (Topic 810), Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis" ("ASU 2015-02"). The amendments under the new guidance modify the evaluation of whether limited partnerships and similar legal entities are variable interest entities ("VIEs") or voting interest entities and eliminate the presumption that a general partner should consolidate a limited partnership. ASU 2015-02 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. The Company adopted ASU 2015-02 in the first quarter of 2016 which had no material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.
In April 2015, FASB issued ASU 2015-03, "Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs" ("ASU 2015-03"). ASU 2015-03 requires an entity to present debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs are not affected by the amendments in this update. For public business entities, this update is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within those fiscal years. An entity should apply the new guidance on a retrospective basis. The Company adopted ASU 2015-03 in the first quarter of 2016. Upon adoption, the Company reclassified its debt issuance costs from "Other assets" to "Borrowings" in its Consolidated Balance Sheets, which did not have a material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.
In April 2015, FASB issued ASU 2015-05, "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer's Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement" ("ASU 2015-05"). ASU 2015-05 provides explicit guidance to help companies evaluate the accounting for fees paid by a customer in a cloud computing arrangement. The new guidance clarifies that if a cloud computing arrangement includes a software license, the customer should account for the license consistent with its accounting for other software licenses. If the arrangement does not include a software license, the customer should account for the arrangement as a service contract. For public business entities, this update is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company prospectively adopted ASU 2015-05 in the first quarter of 2016, which had no material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.
In JanuaryOctober 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-01, "Financial Instruments2016-16, "Income Taxes - Overall: Recognition and MeasurementIntra-Entity Transfers of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities"Other Than Inventory" ("ASU 2016-01"2016-16"), which provides new guidance onrequires entities to recognize the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosureincome tax consequences of financial assets and liabilities.an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. EarlyThe new standard must be adopted using a modified retrospective transition method which is a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first effective reporting period. The Company adopted ASU 2016-16 in the first quarter of 2018 which had no material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In January 2017, FASB issued ASU-2017-01, "Business Combinations - Clarifying the Definition of a Business (Topic 805)" ("ASU 2017-01"). ASU 2017-01 clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist companies with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The new guidance is expected to reduce the number of transactions that need to be further evaluated as businesses. The guidance applies to transactions that occur on or after an entity’s adoption date, the earliest of which is January 1, 2017. The Company adopted ASU 2017-01 in the first quarter of 2018 which had no material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In May 2017, FASB issued ASU 2017-09, "Compensation–Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting" ("ASU 2017-09"). ASU 2017-09 clarifies when a change to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award must be accounted for as a modification. The new guidance requires modification accounting if the fair value, vesting condition or the classification of the award is not the same immediately before and after a change to the terms and conditions of the award. The new guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2017-09 in the first quarter of 2018 which had no material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In August 2017, FASB issued ASU 2017-12, "Derivatives and Hedging - Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities" ("ASU 2017-12"). ASU 2017-12 modifies the presentation and disclosure of hedging results. Further, it provides partial relief on the timing of certain aspects of hedge documentation and eliminates the requirement to recognize hedge ineffectiveness separately in income. The amendments in ASU 2017-12 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and for interim periods therein. The Company adopted ASU 2017-12 in the second quarter of 2018 which had no material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software" ("ASU 2018-15") which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and early adoption is permitted, only for certain provisions.including adoption in any interim period. The Company is currentlyadopted ASU 2018-15 in the processthird quarter of evaluating the2018 which had no material impact of adoption of the ASU on its Consolidated Financial Statements.consolidated financial statements.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted:
In February 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases (Topic 842) Section A - Leases: Amendments to the FASB Account Standards Codification" ("ASU 2016-02"). ASU 2016-02 requires that a lessee should recognize a both a liability to makefor future lease payments and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term on the balance sheet. It is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years,years. In July 2018, FASB issued ASU 2018-10, "Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases" and ASU 2018-11, "Leases (Topic 842) Targeted Improvements" which among other things, allows for a transition method which eliminates the requirement to restate the earliest prior period presented in an entity's financial statements. Entities that elect this transition option still adopt the new lease standard using athe modified retrospective approach and earlytransition method required by the standard, but they recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption is permitted.rather than in the earliest period presented. Entities that elect the alternative transition method will also be required to apply the legacy guidance in ASC Topic 840, "Leases", including its disclosure requirements, in the comparative periods presented in the year they adopt the new leases standard. The Company is currentlyexpects to adopt the standard in the processfirst quarter of evaluating2019 using this alternative transition method. The Company will elect to apply the impacttransition package of adoptionpractical expedients permitted within the new standard, which among other things, allows it to carryforward the historical lease classification. In addition, the Company will elect the hindsight practical expedient to determine the reasonably certain lease term for existing leases. While the Company is continuing to assess all potential impacts of the ASU on its Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company currently disclosesstandard, it expects total assets and liabilities to increase by approximately $48.4$72.0 million in operating lease obligations in its lease commitments footnote (Note 4) and will evaluate those contracts as well as other existing arrangements to determine if they qualify for lease accounting undera result of adopting the new standard. The Company does not plan to adopt the standard early.estimate could
In March 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-06, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), Contingent Put and Call Options in Debt Instruments" ("ASU 2016-06"). Topic 815 requires that embedded derivatives be separated from the host contract and accounted
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
for separately as derivatives if certain criteria are met, includingchange due to operational changes in the "clearlylease portfolio, which could include lease volume, lease commencement dates, and closely related" criterion. ASU 2016-06 clarifies the requirements for assessing whether contingent call (put) options that can accelerate the payment of principal on debt instruments are clearlyrenewal option and closely related to their debt hosts. An entity performing the assessment under the amendments is required to assess the embedded call (put) options solely in accordance with the four-step decision sequence. The amendments in ASU 2016-06 apply to all entities that are issuers of or investors in debt instruments (or hybrid financial instruments that are determined to have a debt host) with embedded call (put) options. For public entities, this update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years.lease termination expectations. The Company is currently indoes not believe the process of evaluating the impact of adoption of the ASUstandard will have any other material effect on its Consolidated Financial Statements.
In March 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-09, "Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting" ("ASU 2016-09"). The guidance eliminates additional paid in capital ("APIC") pools and requires companies to recognize all excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies in the income statement when the awards vest or are settled. It also addresses the presentation of excess tax benefits and employee taxes paid on the statement of cash flows. Further, the new guidance eliminates the requirement to estimate forfeitures during the vesting period. Instead, companies can elect to account for actual forfeitures as they occur and record any previously unrecognized compensation expense for estimated forfeitures up to the period of adoption as a retrospective adjustment to beginning retained earnings. ASU 2016-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years and early adoption is permitted. The Company will adopt ASU 2016-09 in the first quarter of 2017 and does not expect the adoption will have a material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.consolidated financial statements.
In June 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326)" ("ASU 2016-13"). ASU 2016-13, which requires the measurement of expected credit losses for financial instruments held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The main objective of this ASU 2016-13 is to provide financial statement users with more decision-useful information about the expected credit losses and recoveries on financial instruments and other commitments to extend creditmeasured at amortized cost held by a reporting entity at each reporting date. Under this model, an entity would recognize an allowance equal to its current estimate of all contractual cash flows that the entity does not expect to collect. The expected credit losses, and subsequent adjustments to such losses, will be recorded through an allowance account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial asset, with the net carrying value of the financial asset presented on the consolidated balance sheet at the amount expected to be collected. Revenue is recognized over the life of the portfolio at the initial effective interest rate. Subsequent changes in cash flow forecasts, on a present value basis, are adjusted through revenue. ASU 2016-13 supersedes ASC 310-30, which the Company currently follows to account for income recognized on its finance receivables. Financial assets accounted for under ASC 310-30 should use a prospective transition approach where upon adoption, the amortized cost basis should be adjusted to reflect the addition of the allowance for credit losses. ASU 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years and allows for early adoption as of the beginning of an interim or annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2018. ThisThe Company expects ASU supersedes ASC Topic 310-30, which2016-13, including the Company currently followseffect of ongoing developments and amendments to account for revenue on its finance receivables. This ASU couldthe guidance, will have a significant impact on how the Companyit measures and records revenueincome recognized on its finance receivables.receivables and its balance sheet presentation. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the impact of adoption of the ASU on its Consolidated Financial Statements.consolidated financial statements including accounting policy and operational implementation issues.
In August 2016, FASB issued ASU 2016-15, "Statement of Cash Flows - Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (Topic 230)" ("ASU 2016-15"). ASU 2016-15 reduces diversity in practice of how certain transactions are classified in the statement of cash flows. The new guidance clarifies the classification of cash activity related to debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs, settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, proceeds from the settlement of corporate and bank-owned life insurance policies, distributions received from equity-method investments, and beneficial interests in securitization transactions. The guidance also describes a predominance principle in which cash flows with aspects of more than one class that cannot be separated should be classified based on the activity that is likely to be the predominant source or use of cash flow. ASU 2016-15 is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period, but requires all elements of the amendments to be adopted at once rather than individually. The new standard must be adopted using a retrospective transition method. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2016-15 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In January 2017, FASB issued ASU 2017-04, "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment" ("ASU 2017-04"). ASU 2017-04 eliminates Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. Instead, an entity should perform its annual or interim goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. An entity still has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is currentlynecessary. ASU 2017-04 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed after January 1, 2017. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of adoption of the ASU 2017-04 on its Consolidated Financial Statements.consolidated financial statements.
In October 2016,February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, "Income Taxes - Intra-Entity Transfers2018-02, "Reclassification of AssetsCertain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Than Inventory"Comprehensive Income" ("ASU 2016-16"2018-02"), which requires entities to recognize. Under existing GAAP, the effects of changes in tax rates and laws on deferred tax balances are recorded as a component of income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an assetexpense in the period in which the law was enacted. When deferred tax balances related to items originally recorded in accumulated other than inventory whencomprehensive income are adjusted, certain tax effects become stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income. The amendments in ASU 2018-02 allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded income tax effects resulting from the transfer occurs.2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act"). The standardamendments in this ASU also require certain disclosures about stranded income tax effects. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption in any period is permitted. The Company’s provisional adjustments recorded during the year ended December 31, 2017 includingto account for the impact of the Tax Act did not result in stranded tax effects. The Company does not anticipate the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement” ("ASU 2018-13"). ASU 2018-13 eliminates, adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements as part of its disclosure framework project. The standard is effective for all entities for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of a fiscal year. The new standard must be adopted using a modified retrospective transition method which is a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first effective reporting period.permitted. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the impact of adoption of the ASU 2018-13 on its Consolidated Financial Statements
In January 2017, FASB issued "Business Combinations - Clarifying the Definition of a Business (Topic 805)" ("ASU 2017-01"). ASU 2017-01 clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist companies with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The new guidance is expected to reduce the number of transactions that need to be further evaluated as businesses. The guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted for certain types of transactions. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the impact of adoption of the ASU on its Consolidated Financial Statements.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
consolidated financial statements.
The Company does not expect that any other recently issued accounting pronouncements will have a material effect on its Consolidated Financial Statements.consolidated financial statements.
2. Finance Receivables, net:
Changes in finance receivables, net, for the years ended December 31, 20162018 and 2015,2017, were as follows (amounts in thousands):
| | | | 2016 | | 2015 | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Balance at beginning of year | $ | 2,202,113 |
| | $ | 2,001,790 |
| $ | 2,776,199 |
| | $ | 2,309,513 |
|
Acquisitions of finance receivables (1) | 938,273 |
| | 954,954 |
| 1,105,423 |
| | 1,084,418 |
|
| Cash collections applied to principal | (746,867 | ) | | (674,373 | ) | |
Addition relating to consolidation of Polish investment fund (See Note 3)
| | 34,871 |
| | — |
|
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | (85,550 | ) | | (80,258 | ) | (64,985 | ) | | 111,336 |
|
| Cash collections | | (1,625,205 | ) | | (1,512,605 | ) |
| Income recognized on finance receivables | | 891,899 |
| | 795,435 |
|
| Net allowance charges | | (33,425 | ) | | (11,898 | ) |
| Balance at end of year | $ | 2,307,969 |
| | $ | 2,202,113 |
| $ | 3,084,777 |
| | $ | 2,776,199 |
|
(1) Acquisitions of finance receivables are portfolio purchases that are net of buybacks and include certain capitalized acquisition related costs. They also includesThe buybacks and capitalized acquisition costs are netted against the acquisition dateof finance receivablereceivables when paid and may relate to portfolios that are acquiredpurchased in connection with certain business acquisitions.prior periods.
During the year ended December 31, 2016,2018, the Company purchased finance receivable portfolios with a face value of $10.5$9.2 billion for $0.9$1.1 billion. During the year ended December 31, 2015,2017, the Company purchased finance receivable portfolios with a face value of $6.9$7.5 billion for $1.0$1.1 billion. At December 31, 2016,2018, the estimated remaining collections ("ERC") on the receivables purchased during the years ended December 31, 20162018 and 20152017 were $1.4$1.9 billion and $1.2 billion, respectively. At December 31, 20162018 and 2015, the total2017, ERC was $5.05$6.1 billion and $5.01$5.7 billion, respectively.
At the time of acquisition and each quarter thereafter, the life of each pool is estimated based on projected amounts and timing of future cash collections using the proprietary models of the Company. Based upon current projections, estimated cash collections expected to be applied to principal are estimated to be as follows for the yearstwelve-month periods ending December 31, (amounts in thousands):
| | | 2017 | $ | 633,565 |
| |
| 2018 | 541,874 |
| |
| 2019 | 419,322 |
| $ | 816,918 |
|
| 2020 | 308,356 |
| 717,243 |
|
| 2021 | 211,759 |
| 566,986 |
|
| 2022 | 93,723 |
| 404,114 |
|
| 2023 | 46,230 |
| 228,229 |
|
| 2024 | | 136,441 |
|
| 2025 | | 70,304 |
|
| 2026 | | 49,797 |
|
| 2027 | | 38,124 |
|
| 2028 | | 27,767 |
|
| Thereafter | 53,140 |
| 28,854 |
|
| Total ERC expected to be applied to principal | $ | 2,307,969 |
| $ | 3,084,777 |
|
At December 31, 20162018 and 2015,2017, the Company had aggregate net finance receivables balances in pools accounted for under the cost recovery method of $105.5$48.0 million and $21.0$166.6 million, respectively.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Accretable yield represents the amount of income recognized on finance receivables the Company can expect to generaterecognize over the remaining life of its existing portfolios based on estimated future cash flows as of the balance sheet date. Additions represent the original expected accretable yield, on portfolios purchased during the period, to be earned by the Company based on its proprietary buyinganalytical models. Net reclassifications from nonaccretable difference to accretable yield primarily result from the increase in the Company's estimate of future cash flows. When applicable, net reclassifications to nonaccretable difference from accretable yield result from the decrease in the Company's estimates of future cash flows and allowance charges that together exceed the increase in the Company's estimate of future cash flows.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Changes in accretable yield for the years ended December 31, 20162018 and 20152017 were as follows (amounts in thousands): |
| | | | | | | |
| | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Balance at beginning of year | $ | 2,927,866 |
| | $ | 2,738,462 |
|
| Income recognized on finance receivables | (891,899 | ) | | (795,435 | ) |
| Net allowance charges | 33,425 |
| | 11,898 |
|
Additions from portfolio purchases (1) | 876,112 |
| | 702,914 |
|
| Reclassifications from nonaccretable difference | 194,992 |
| | 149,512 |
|
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | (82,051 | ) | | 120,515 |
|
| Balance at end of year | $ | 3,058,445 |
| | $ | 2,927,866 |
|
|
| | | | | | | |
| | 2016 | | 2015 |
| Balance at beginning of year | $ | 2,727,204 |
| | $ | 2,513,185 |
|
| Income recognized on finance receivables, net | (745,119 | ) | | (865,122 | ) |
| Additions from portfolio purchases | 720,638 |
| | 756,628 |
|
| Reclassifications from nonaccretable difference | 41,056 |
| | 502,665 |
|
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | (3,773 | ) | | (180,152 | ) |
| Balance at end of year | $ | 2,740,006 |
| | $ | 2,727,204 |
|
The following is a summary of activity within the Company's valuation allowance account, all of which relates to loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality, for the years ended December 31, 2016, 20152018, 2017 and 20142016 (amounts in thousands):
| | | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Beginning balance | $ | 114,861 |
| | $ | 86,166 |
| | $ | 91,101 |
| $ | 225,555 |
| | $ | 211,465 |
| | $ | 114,861 |
|
| Allowance charges | 100,202 |
| | 31,974 |
| | 8,010 |
| 48,856 |
| | 13,826 |
| | 100,202 |
|
| Reversal of previous recorded allowance charges | (1,723 | ) | | (2,605 | ) | | (12,945 | ) | (15,431 | ) | | (1,928 | ) | | (1,723 | ) |
| Net allowance charges/(reversals) | 98,479 |
| | 29,369 |
| | (4,935 | ) | |
| Net allowance charges | | 33,425 |
| | 11,898 |
| | 98,479 |
|
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | (1,875 | ) | | (674 | ) | | — |
| (1,832 | ) | | 2,192 |
| | (1,875 | ) |
| Ending balance | $ | 211,465 |
| | $ | 114,861 |
| | $ | 86,166 |
| $ | 257,148 |
| | $ | 225,555 |
| | $ | 211,465 |
|
3. Investments:
Investments consisted of the following at December 31, 20162018 and 20152017 (amounts in thousands):
| | | | 2016 | | 2015 | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Debt securities | | | | |
| Available-for-sale | | | | $ | 5,077 |
| | $ | 5,429 |
|
| Securitized assets | $ | — |
| | $ | 4,649 |
| |
| Government bonds and fixed income funds | 2,138 |
| | 3,405 |
| |
| Held-to-maturity | | | | — |
| | 57,204 |
|
| Securitized assets | 51,407 |
| | 50,247 |
| |
| Other investments | | | | |
| Equity securities | | | | |
| Private equity funds | 14,998 |
| | 15,498 |
| 7,973 |
| | 14,248 |
|
| Mutual funds | | 21,753 |
| | 1,409 |
|
| Equity method investments | | 10,370 |
| | — |
|
| Total investments | $ | 68,543 |
| | $ | 73,799 |
| $ | 45,173 |
| | $ | 78,290 |
|
Debt Securities
Available-for-Sale
InvestmentsGovernment bonds:The Company's investments in government bonds are classified as available-for-sale and are stated at fair value. Fair value is determined using quoted market prices. Unrealized gains and losses are included in comprehensive income and reported in equity.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Held-to-Maturity
Investment in securitized assets: The Company holds a majority interest in a closed-end Polish investment fund. The fund was formed in December 2014 to acquire portfolios of nonperforming consumer loans in Poland. The Company's investment consists ofprovides a 100% interest of the Series B certificates and a 20% interest of the Series C certificates. Each certificate comes with one vote and is governed by a co-investment agreement. Series C certificates, which share equally in the residual profit of the fund, are accounted for as debt securities classified as available-for-sale and are stated at fair value. There was no revenue recorded in 2016 or 2015 from the Series C investment. During 2016, the net portfolio collections on the Company's investments in the closed-end Polish investment fund significantly underperformed expectations.As a result, in 2016 the Company recorded an other-than-temporary impairment charge of $5.8 million.
Government bonds and fixed income funds: The Company's investments in government bonds and fixed income funds are classified as available-for-sale and are stated at fair value. Fair value is estimated using the quoted price of the investment. Unrealized gains and losses are included in other comprehensive income and reported in equity.
Held-to-Maturity
Investments in securitized assets: The Company holds a majority interest in a closed-end Polish investment fund. The Company's 100% interest in the Fund's Series B certificates, which provide anon-guaranteed preferred return based on the expected net income of the portfolios, areportfolios. Effective July 1, 2018, the Company became a servicer of the fund. In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 810, “Consolidation”, the Company determined that it had effective control of the fund. Accordingly, beginning July 1, 2018 the Company consolidated the fund at the carrying value of the investment, $50.6 million, of which $34.9 million was recorded as finance receivables, net, $17.5 million was recorded as cash and cash equivalents and $1.8 million was recorded as other liabilities on its consolidated balance sheets. No gain or loss was recognized upon consolidation.
Prior to July 2018, the investment was accounted for as a beneficial interest in securitized financial assets and stated at amortized cost. The Company
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
has determined it has the ability and intent to hold these certificates until maturity, which occurs when the fund terminates or liquidates its assets. The preferred return is not a guaranteed return. Income iswas recognized under FASB ASC Topic 325-40, "Beneficial Interest in Securitized Financial Assets" ("ASC 325-40"). Income isRevenues recognized on this investment were recorded in the Other Revenue line item in the Company's consolidated income statements.
Prior to April 1, 2017, income was recognized using the effective yield method. The Company adjusts the yield for changes in estimated cash flows prospectively through earnings.
The underlying securities havehad both known principal repayment terms as well as unknown principal repayments due to potential borrower pre-payments. Accordingly, it iswas difficult to accurately predict the final maturity date of these investments. Revenuesthis investment. Effective April 1, 2017, the Company determined that it could no longer reasonably forecast the timing of future cash flows and accordingly began using the cost recovery method to recognize income. No investment revenues were recognized on these investments during 2018. Effective with the July 1, 2018 consolidation, the finance receivables are recordedsubject to the Company's finance receivables revenue recognition policy and income is recognized accordingly. During 2017, revenues recognized on these investments were $1.3 million. The unrealized loss on these investments in 2017 was caused by a change in the Other Revenue line item intiming of the income statement and were $6.1 million forestimated cash flows. As total expected cash flows on these investments exceeded the year endedcarrying amount, the Company did not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2016 compared to $6.4 million for the year ended2017.
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investments in debt securities at December 31, 2015.2018 and 2017 were as follows (amounts in thousands):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2018 |
| | Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized Gains | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Aggregate Fair Value |
| Available-for-sale | | | | | | | |
| Government bonds | $ | 5,160 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 83 |
| | $ | 5,077 |
|
| | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2017 |
| | Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized Gains | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Aggregate Fair Value |
| Available-for-sale | | | | | | | |
| Government bonds | $ | 5,452 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 23 |
| | $ | 5,429 |
|
| Held-to-maturity | | | | | | | |
| Securitized assets | 57,204 |
| | — |
| | 14,249 |
| | 42,955 |
|
Equity Securities
Investments in private equity funds: Investments in private equity funds represent limited partnerships in which the Company has less than a 3% interestinterest. In the first quarter of 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2016-01, which requires that investments in equity securities be measured at fair value with changes in unrealized gains and losses reported in earnings. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-01, the investments are carried at cost. Distributionsthe fair value reported by the Fund manager. The Company recorded a cumulative effect adjustment of $3.9 million, net of tax, to beginning retained earnings for the unrealized loss on the investment. Prior to 2018, the investments were carried at cost with income recognized in Other Revenue in the consolidated income statements when distributions, up to reported income, were received from the partnershipspartnerships. The aggregate carrying amount of cost-method investments for which cost exceeded fair value but for which an impairment loss was not recognized was $14.2 million at December 31, 2017.
Mutual funds: The Company invests certain excess funds held in Brazil in a Brazilian real denominated mutual fund that invests principally in Brazilian fixed income securities that hedge their currency exposure back into the U.S. dollar. The investments are includedcarried at fair value based on quoted market prices.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Unrealized gains and losses: Unrealized gains on equity securities were $3.5 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018.
Equity Method Investments
Effective December 20, 2018, the Company has a 11.7% interest in other revenue. Distributions receivedRCB Investimentos S.A. ("RCB"), a servicing platform for nonperforming loans in excess ofBrazil, which is accounted for on the Company'sequity method because the Company exercises significant influence over RCB’s operating and financial activities. Therefore, the Company’s investment in RCB is adjusted for the Company’s proportionate share of accumulatedRCB’s earnings are applied as a reduction of the cost of the investment. Distributions received from investments carried at cost were $2.7 million and $7.8 millionor losses. Refer to Note 16 for 2016 and 2015, respectively.
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of available-for sale and held-to-maturity investments at December 31, 2016 and 2015 were as follows (amounts in thousands):
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2016 |
| | Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized Gains | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Aggregate Fair Value |
| Available-for-sale | | | | | | | |
| Government bonds and fixed income funds | $ | 2,161 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 23 |
| | $ | 2,138 |
|
| Held-to-maturity | | | | | | | |
| Securitized assets | 51,407 |
| | 4,147 |
| | — |
| | 55,554 |
|
| | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2015 |
| | Amortized Cost | | Gross Unrealized Gains | | Gross Unrealized Losses | | Aggregate Fair Value |
| Available-for-sale | | | | | | | |
| Securitized assets | $ | 5,855 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 1,206 |
| | $ | 4,649 |
|
| Government bonds and fixed income funds | 3,405 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 3,405 |
|
| Held-to-maturity | | | | | | | |
| Securitized assets | 50,247 |
| | 5,366 |
| | — |
| | 55,613 |
|
4. Operating Leases:
The Company leases office space and equipment under operating leases. Rental expense was $12.3$13.6 million, $11.3$11.8 million and $8.7$12.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
Future minimum lease payments for operating leases at December 31, 2016,2018, are as follows for the years ending December 31, (amounts in thousands):
| | | 2017 | $ | 10,965 |
| |
| 2018 | 9,086 |
| |
| 2019 | 7,428 |
| $ | 11,470 |
|
| 2020 | 5,868 |
| 11,451 |
|
| 2021 | 4,282 |
| 10,809 |
|
| 2022 | | 7,287 |
|
| 2023 | | 6,189 |
|
| Thereafter | 10,789 |
| 7,866 |
|
| Total future minimum lease payments | $ | 48,418 |
| $ | 55,072 |
|
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net:
In connection with the Company's previous business acquisitions, the Company acquired certain tangible and intangible assets. Intangible assets resulting from these acquisitions include client and customer relationships, non-compete agreements, trademarks and technology. The Company performs an annual review of goodwill as of October 1 or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist. The Company performed an annual review of goodwill as of October 1, 2016,2018 and concluded that no goodwill impairment was necessary.
The following table represents the changes in goodwill for the years ended December 31, 20162018 and 20152017 (amounts in thousands):
| | | | 2016 | | 2015 | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Balance at beginning of period: | | | | | | |
| Goodwill | $ | 501,553 |
| | $ | 533,842 |
| $ | 526,513 |
| | $ | 506,308 |
|
| Accumulated impairment loss | (6,397 | ) | | (6,397 | ) | — |
| | (6,397 | ) |
| | 495,156 |
| | 527,445 |
| 526,513 |
| | 499,911 |
|
| Changes: | | | | | | |
| Acquisitions | 28,792 |
| | 38,489 |
| |
| Sale of subsidiary | | (36,053 | ) | | — |
|
| Foreign currency translation adjustment | 5,646 |
| | (70,778 | ) | (26,344 | ) | | 26,602 |
|
| Reclassifications to assets held for sale | (29,683 | ) | | — |
| |
| Net change in goodwill | 4,755 |
| | (32,289 | ) | (62,397 | ) | | 26,602 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Balance at end of period: | | | | |
| Goodwill | 506,308 |
| | 501,553 |
| 464,116 |
| | 526,513 |
|
| Accumulated impairment loss | (6,397 | ) | | (6,397 | ) | — |
| | — |
|
| $ | 499,911 |
| | $ | 495,156 |
| |
| Balance at end of period: | | $ | 464,116 |
| | $ | 526,513 |
|
The $28.8$36.1 million addition todecrease in goodwill due to business acquisitionsduring the year ended December 31, 2018, is a result of the sale of a portion of RCB's servicing platform in 2016December of 2018. For additional information, see Note 16. The change in accumulated impairment loss during the year ended December 31, 2017 was mainly attributablerelated to the acquisitionJune 2017 sale of DTP during the second quarter of 2016 and the acquisition of Recovery Management Systems CorporationPRA Location Services, LLC ("RMSC"PLS") in the first quarter of 2016. The goodwill recognized from the DTP acquisition is not expected to be deductible for U.S. income tax purposes while, the goodwill recognized from the RMSC acquisition is expectedof which was fully impaired during 2013.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to be deductible for U.S. income tax purposes.Consolidated Financial Statements
The $38.5 million addition to goodwill due to business acquisitions in 2015 was mainly attributable to the acquisition of RCB. The acquired goodwill is not deductible for U.S. income tax purposes.
Intangible assets, excluding goodwill, consisted of the following at December 31, 20162018 and 20152017 (amounts in thousands):
| | | | 2016 | | 2015 | 2018 | | 2017 |
| | Gross
Amount | | Accumulated
Amortization | | Gross
Amount | | Accumulated
Amortization | Gross
Amount | | Accumulated
Amortization | | Gross
Amount | | Accumulated
Amortization |
| Client and customer relationships | $ | 35,936 |
| | $ | 13,455 |
| | $ | 47,674 |
| | $ | 28,064 |
| $ | 11,806 |
| | $ | 6,993 |
| | $ | 30,397 |
| | $ | 10,752 |
|
| Non-compete agreements | 1,412 |
| | 667 |
| | 858 |
| | 119 |
| — |
| | — |
| | 1,388 |
| | 1,118 |
|
| Trademarks | 3,315 |
| | 988 |
| | 4,367 |
| | 2,038 |
| 400 |
| | 345 |
| | 3,285 |
| | 1,479 |
|
| Technology | 3,102 |
| | 720 |
| | 1,211 |
| | 101 |
| 1,548 |
| | 894 |
| | 3,240 |
| | 1,389 |
|
| Total | $ | 43,765 |
| | $ | 15,830 |
| | $ | 54,110 |
| | $ | 30,322 |
| $ | 13,754 |
| | $ | 8,232 |
| | $ | 38,310 |
| | $ | 14,738 |
|
The Company amortizes the intangible assets over the estimated useful lives. Total amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 2015 and 2014 was $6.2$4.3 million, $3.7$4.3 million and $4.8$6.2 million, respectively. The Company reviews these intangible assets for possible impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable and the carrying amount exceeds its fair value.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The future amortization of these intangible assets is estimated to be as follows as of December 31, 2016 for the following years ending December 31, (amounts in thousands):
| | | 2017 | $ | 4,793 |
| |
| 2018 | 4,390 |
| |
| 2019 | 4,143 |
| $ | 1,371 |
|
| 2020 | 3,635 |
| 1,150 |
|
| 2021 | 2,666 |
| 828 |
|
| 2022 | | 739 |
|
| 2023 | | 697 |
|
| Thereafter | 8,308 |
| 737 |
|
| Total | $ | 27,935 |
| $ | 5,522 |
|
6. Borrowings:
The Company's borrowings consisted of the following as of the dates indicated (amounts in thousands):
| | | | December 31,
2016 | | December 31,
2015 | December 31,
2018 | | December 31,
2017 |
| North American revolving credit | $ | 695,088 |
| | $ | 541,799 |
| |
| Revolving credit facilities | | $ | 1,160,161 |
| | $ | 849,815 |
|
| Term loans | 430,764 |
| | 170,000 |
| 740,551 |
| | 764,830 |
|
| Note payable | — |
| | 169,938 |
| |
| European revolving credit | 401,780 |
| | 576,433 |
| |
| Convertible senior notes | 287,500 |
| | 287,500 |
| 632,500 |
| | 632,500 |
|
| | | 2,533,212 |
| | 2,247,145 |
|
| Less: Debt discount and issuance costs | (31,031 | ) | | (28,541 | ) | (59,556 | ) | | (76,963 | ) |
| Total | $ | 1,784,101 |
| | $ | 1,717,129 |
| $ | 2,473,656 |
| | $ | 2,170,182 |
|
The following principal payments are due on the Company's borrowings at December 31, 20162018 for the years ending December 31, (amounts in thousands):
| | | 2017 | $ | 217,285 |
| |
| 2018 | 10,000 |
| |
| 2019 | 10,000 |
| $ | 10,000 |
|
| 2020 | 895,303 |
| 297,500 |
|
| 2021 | 682,544 |
| 877,433 |
|
| 2022 | | 1,003,279 |
|
| 2023 | | 345,000 |
|
| Thereafter | — |
| — |
|
| Total | $ | 1,815,132 |
| $ | 2,533,212 |
|
The Company believes it was in compliance with the covenants of its financing arrangements as of December 31, 2016 and 2015.2018.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
North American Revolving Credit and Term Loan
On December 19, 2012,May 5, 2017, the Company entered into aamended and restated its existing credit facilityagreement (as amended, and modified from time to time, the “North American Credit Agreement”) with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, Bank of America, National Association, acting through its Canada branch, as the Canadian administrative agent, and a syndicate of lenders named therein (such agreement as later amended or modified,therein. In the "Northfourth quarter of 2018, the Company entered into a First Amendment (the "First Amendment") to the North American Credit Agreement").Agreement which, among other things, increased the domestic revolving credit facility by $363.0 million and expanded the accordion feature to allow the Company to increase the original principal amount of the commitments under the North American Credit Agreement by an additional $500.0 million, subject to certain terms and conditions. The total credit facility under the North American Credit Agreement includes an aggregate principal amount of $948.0 million$1.6 billion (subject to compliance with a borrowing base and applicable debt covenants), which consists of (i) a fully-funded $150.0$435.0 million term loan, (ii) a $748$1,068.0 million domestic revolving credit facility and (iii) a $50$50.0 million Canadian revolving credit facility. The facility includes an optional increaseaccordion feature for up to $500.0 million in additional commitments for a $125.0 million accordion feature (at the option of the lenders)lender) and also provides for up to $20$25.0 million of letters of credit and a $25.0 million swingline loan sublimit that would reduce amounts available for borrowing. The term and revolving loans accrue interest, at the option of the Company, at either the base rate or the Eurodollar rate (as defined in the North American Credit Agreement) for the applicable term plus 2.50% per annum in the case of the Eurodollar rate loans and 1.50% in the case of the base rate loans. The base rate is the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Rate (as defined in the North American Credit Agreement) plus 0.50%, (b) Bank of America's prime rate or (c) the one-month Eurodollar rate plus 1.00%. Of the $948.0 million total principal amount of the credit facility, $216.3 million matures on December 19, 2017, and the remainder matures on the earlier of December 21, 2020 or 91 days priorCanadian Prime Rate Loans bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the maturityCanadian Prime Rate plus 1.50%. The revolving credit facilities also bear an unused line fee of 0.375% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears. The loans under the Notes.North American Credit Agreement mature May 5, 2022. As of December 31, 2016,2018, the unused portion of the North American Credit Agreement was $102.9$519.7 million. Considering borrowing base restrictions as of December 31, 2016,2018, the amount available to be drawn was $78.0$290.3 million.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The North American Credit Agreement is secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of the Company's domestic and CanadianNorth American assets. The North American Credit Agreement as amended and modified, contains restrictive covenants and events of default including the following:
borrowings under each of the domestic revolving loan facility and the Canadian revolving loan facility are subject to separate borrowing base calculations and may not exceed 35% of the ERC of all domestic or Canadian, as applicable, core eligible asset pools, plus 55% of the ERC of domestic or Canadian, as applicable, insolvency eligible asset pools, plus 75% of domestic or Canadian, as applicable, eligible accounts receivable;
the consolidated total leverage ratio (as defined incannot exceed 2.75 to 1.0 as of the Credit Agreement)end of any fiscal quarter;
the consolidated senior secured leverage ratio cannot exceed 2.25 to 1.0 as of the end of any fiscal quarter;
subject to no default or event of default, cash dividends and distributions during any fiscal year cannot exceed $20$20.0 million;
subject to no default or event of default, stock repurchases during any fiscal year cannot exceed $100$100.0 million plus 50% of the prior year's consolidated net income;
permitted acquisitions (as defined in the Credit Agreement) during any fiscal year cannot exceed $250 million;$250.0 million (with a $50.0 million per year sublimit for permitted acquisitions by non-loan parties);
indebtedness in the form of senior, unsecured convertible notes or other unsecured financings cannot exceed $500$750.0 million in the aggregate (without respect to the Company's 3.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020)2020 Notes);
the Company must maintain positive consolidated income from operations (as defined in the North American Credit Agreement) during any fiscal quarter; and
restrictions on changes in control.
The revolving credit facility also bears an unused line fee of 0.375% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears.
Information on the outstanding balances and weighted average interest rates by type of borrowing under the credit facility as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 isthe dates indicated are as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2016 | | 2015 |
| | Amount Outstanding | | Weighted Average Interest Rate | | Amount Outstanding | | Weighted Average Interest Rate |
| Term loan | $ | 150,000 |
| | 3.27 | % | | $ | 170,000 |
| | 2.92 | % |
| Revolving facility | $ | 695,088 |
| | 3.28 | % | | $ | 541,799 |
| | 2.89 | % |
Note Payable
In conjunction with the closing of the Aktiv business acquisition on July 16, 2014, the Company entered into a $169.9 million promissory note with an affiliate of the seller. The promissory note bore interest at the three-month London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") plus 3.75%. On July 18, 2016, the Company paid the entire outstanding principal balance due of $169.9 million plus accrued interest. |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | December 31, 2018 | | December 31, 2017 |
| | Amount Outstanding | | Weighted Average Interest Rate | | Amount Outstanding | | Weighted Average Interest Rate |
| Term loan | $ | 435,000 |
| | 5.02 | % | | $ | 445,000 |
| | 4.07 | % |
| Revolving credit facility | 598,279 |
| | 4.97 |
| | 373,206 |
| | 4.05 |
|
European Revolving Credit Facility and Term Loan
On October 23, 2014, European subsidiaries of the Company ("PRA Europe") entered into a credit agreement with DNB Bank ASA for a Multicurrency Revolving Credit Facility (such agreement as later amended or modified, "the Europeanthe "European Credit Agreement"). In the first quarter of 2018, the Company entered into the Fourth Amendment and Restatement Agreement (the "Fourth Amendment") to its European Credit Agreement which, among other things, expanded the scope of loan portfolios that constitute Approved Loan Portfolios (as defined in the Fourth Amendment). Additional changes to the European Credit Agreement
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
resulting from the Fourth Amendment included: the reduction of all applicable margins for the interest payable under the multicurrency revolving credit facility by 15 basis points; the reduction of all applicable margins for the interest payable under the term loan facility by 50 basis points, subject to the lenders’ right to increase the applicable margin by up to 50 basis points if one or more of the lenders elects to syndicate and/or transfer its commitment under the term loan in accordance with the terms of the Fourth Amendment; the reduction of the maximum permitted amount of interest bearing deposits in AK Nordic AB from SEK 1.5 billion to SEK 1.2 billion (approximately $134.3 million at December, 31, 2018); and revisions to the definitions of ERC and loan-to-value ratio ("LTV Ratio"). In the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company reduced the amount of its revolving credit facility by $100.0 million to $800.0 million as allowed under the European Credit Agreement.
Under the terms of the European Revolving Credit Agreement, the credit facility includes an aggregate amount of $1.2approximately $1.1 billion (subject to the borrowing base), of which approximately $300267.0 million EUR (approximately $305.6 million at December 31, 2018) is a term loan, accrues interest at the Interbank Offered Rate ("IBOR") plus 2.80%-3.90%2.65% - 3.75% under the revolving facility and 4.25%-4.50%3.75% or 4.00% under the term loan facility (as determined by the loan-to-value ratio ("LTV Ratio")Ratio) as defined in the European Credit Agreement), bears an unused line fee, currently 1.26%1.21% per annum, of 35% of the margin, is payable monthly in arrears, and matures on February 19, 2021. The European Credit Agreement also includes an Overdraft Facilityoverdraft facility in the aggregate amount of $40$40.0 million (subject to the borrowing base), which accrues interest (per currency) at the daily rates as published by the facility agent, bears a facility line fee of 0.125% per annum,quarter, payable quarterly in arrears, and also matures February 19, 2021. As of December 31, 2016,2018, the unused portion of the European Credit Agreement (including the Overdraft Facility)overdraft facility) was $538.2$278.1 million. Considering borrowing base restrictions and other covenants as of December 31, 2016,2018, the amount available to be drawn under the European Credit Agreement (including the Overdraft Facility)overdraft facility) was $126.0$166.0 million.
The European Credit Agreement is secured by the shares of most of the Company's European subsidiaries and by all intercompany loan receivablesloans receivable in Europe. The European Credit Agreement contains restrictive covenants and events of default including the following:
the LTV Ratio (as defined in the European Credit Agreement) cannot exceed 75%;
the GIBD Ratio (as definedgross interest-bearing debt ratio in the European Credit Agreement)Europe cannot exceed 3.53.25 to 1.0 as of the end of any fiscal quarter until March 31, 2017 and 3.25 to 1.0 thereafter;quarter;
interest bearing deposits in AK Nordic AB cannot exceed SEK 1,500,000,000;1.2 billion; and
PRA Europe's cash collections must exceed 95% of PRA Europe's ERC for the same set of portfolios,meet certain thresholds, measured on a quarterly basis.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Information on theThe outstanding balances and weighted average interest rates by type of borrowing under the credit facilityEuropean Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 isthe dates indicated are as follows (dollar amounts in thousands):
| | | | 2016 | | 2015 | December 31, 2018 | | December 31, 2017 |
| | Amount Outstanding | | Weighted Average Interest Rate | | Amount Outstanding | | Weighted Average Interest Rate | Amount Outstanding | | Weighted Average Interest Rate | | Amount Outstanding | | Weighted Average Interest Rate |
| Term loan | $ | 280,764 |
| | 4.25 | % | | $ | — |
| | — | % | $ | 305,551 |
| | 3.75 | % | | $ | 319,830 |
| | 4.25 | % |
| Revolving facility | $ | 401,780 |
| | 4.06 | % | | $ | 576,433 |
| | 3.64 | % | |
| Revolving credit facility | | 561,882 |
| | 4.10 |
| | 476,609 |
| | 5.01 |
|
Convertible Senior Notes due 2020
On August 13, 2013, the Company completed the private offering of $287.5 million in aggregate principal amount of the Notes.its 3.00% Convertible Senior Notes due 2020 (the "2020 Notes"). The 2020 Notes were issued pursuant to an Indenture, dated August 13, 2013 (the "Indenture""2013 Indenture"), between the Company and Wells FargoRegions Bank, National Association, as successor trustee. The 2013 Indenture contains customary terms and covenants, including certain events of default after which the 2020 Notes may be due and payable immediately. The 2020 Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company. Interest on the 2020 Notes is payable semi-annually, in arrears, on February 1 and August 1 of each year, beginning on February 1, 2014. Prior to February 1, 2020, the 2020 Notes will be convertible only upon the occurrence of specified events. On or after February 1, 2020, the 2020 Notes will be convertible at any time. The Company does not have the right to redeem the 2020 Notes prior to maturity. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, none2018, the Company does not believe that any of the conditions allowing holders of the 2020 Notes to convert their Notesnotes had occurred.
The conversion rate for the 2020 Notes is initially 15.2172 shares per $1,000 principal amount of 2020 Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $65.72 per share of the Company's common stock and is subject to adjustment in certain circumstances pursuant to the 2013 Indenture. Upon conversion, holders of the 2020 Notes will receive cash, shares of the Company's common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Company's common stock, at the Company's election. The Company's intent is to settle conversions through combination settlement (i.e., the 2020 Notes would be convertedinto cash up to the aggregate principal amount and shares of the Company's common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Company's common stock, at the Company's election, for the remainder). As a result, and in accordance with authoritative
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
guidance related to derivatives and hedging and earnings per share, only the conversion spread is included in the diluted earnings per share calculation, if dilutive. Under such method, the settlement of the conversion spread has a dilutive effect when the average share price of the Company's common stock during any quarter exceeds $65.72.
The Company determined that the fair value of the 2020 Notes at the date of issuance was approximately $255.3 million and designated the residual value of approximately $32.2 million as the equity component. Additionally, the Company allocated approximately $7.3 million of the $8.2 million original Notes issuance cost as debt issuance cost and the remaining $0.9 million as equity issuance cost.
Convertible Senior Notes due 2023
On May 26, 2017, the Company completed the private offering of $345.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its 3.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2023 (the "2023 Notes" and, together with the 2020 Notes, the "Notes"). The 2023 Notes were issued pursuant to an Indenture, dated May 26, 2017 (the "2017 Indenture"), between the Company and Regions Bank, as trustee. The 2017 Indenture contains customary terms and covenants, including certain events of default after which the 2023 Notes may be due and payable immediately. The 2023 Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company. Interest on the 2023 Notes is payable semi-annually, in arrears, on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on December 1, 2017. Prior to March 1, 2023, the 2023 Notes will be convertible only upon the occurrence of specified events. On or after March 1, 2023, the 2023 Notes will be convertible at any time. The Company has the right, at its election, to redeem all or any part of the outstanding 2023 Notes at any time on or after June 1, 2021 for cash, but only if the last reported sale price (as defined in the 2017 Indenture) exceeds 130% of the conversion price on each of at least 20 trading days during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on and including the trading day immediately before the date the Company sends the related redemption notice. As of December 31, 2018, the Company does not believe that any of the conditions allowing holders of the 2023 Notes to convert their notes had occurred.
The conversion rate for the 2023 Notes is initially 15.217221.6275 shares per $1,000 principal amount of 2023 Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $65.72$46.24 per share of the Company's common stock and is subject to adjustment in certain circumstances pursuant to the 2017 Indenture. Upon conversion, holders of the 2023 Notes will receive cash, shares of the Company's common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Company's common stock, at the Company's election. The Company's current intent is to settle conversions through combination settlement (i.e., the 2023 Notes would be converted into cash up to the aggregate principal amount and shares of the Company's common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Company's common stock, at the Company's election, for the remainder). As a result, and in accordance with authoritative guidance related to derivatives and hedging and earnings per share, only the conversion spread is included in the diluted earnings per share calculation, if dilutive. Under such method, the settlement of the conversion spread has a dilutive effect when the average share price of the Company's common stock during any quarter exceeds $65.72.$46.24.
The Company determined that the fair value of the 2023 Notes at the date of issuance was approximately $298.8 million and designated the residual value of approximately $46.2 million as the equity component. Additionally, the Company allocated approximately $8.3 million of the $9.6 million issuance cost as debt issuance cost and the remaining $1.3 million as equity issuance cost.
The balances of the liability and equity components of the Notes outstanding were as follows as of the dates indicated (amounts in thousands):
| | | | December 31,
2016 | | December 31,
2015 | December 31,
2018 | | December 31,
2017 |
| Liability component - principal amount | $ | 287,500 |
| | $ | 287,500 |
| $ | 632,500 |
| | $ | 632,500 |
|
| Unamortized debt discount | (17,930 | ) | | (22,402 | ) | (43,812 | ) | | (55,537 | ) |
| Liability component - net carrying amount | $ | 269,570 |
| | $ | 265,098 |
| $ | 588,688 |
| | $ | 576,963 |
|
| Equity component | $ | 31,306 |
| | $ | 31,306 |
| $ | 76,216 |
| | $ | 76,216 |
|
The debt discount is being amortized into interest expense over the remaining life of the 2020 Notes and the 2023 Notes using the effective interest rate, which is 4.92%. and 6.20%, respectively.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Interest expense related to the Notes was as follows for the years ended December 31, 20162018, 2017 and 20152016 (amounts in thousands):
| | | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Interest expense - stated coupon rate | $ | 8,625 |
| | $ | 8,625 |
| | $ | 8,625 |
| $ | 20,700 |
| | $ | 15,870 |
| | $ | 8,625 |
|
| Interest expense - amortization of debt discount | 4,472 |
| | 4,260 |
| | 4,058 |
| 11,725 |
| | 8,583 |
| | 4,472 |
|
| Total interest expense - convertible senior notes | $ | 13,097 |
| | $ | 12,885 |
| | $ | 12,683 |
| $ | 32,425 |
| | $ | 24,453 |
| | $ | 13,097 |
|
Interest Expense, Net
The Company incurs interest expense on its borrowings, interest-bearing deposits, and interest rate derivative agreements. The Company earns interest income on certain of its cash and cash equivalents and its interest rate derivative agreements. Interest expense, net, was as follows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 (amounts in thousands):
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Interest expense | $ | 124,208 |
| | $ | 103,653 |
| | $ | 85,911 |
|
| Interest (income) | (3,130 | ) | | (5,612 | ) | | (5,047 | ) |
| Interest expense, net | $ | 121,078 |
| | $ | 98,041 |
| | $ | 80,864 |
|
7. Property and Equipment, net:
Property and equipment, at cost, consisted of the following as of December 31, 20162018 and 20152017 (amounts in thousands):
| | | | 2016 | | 2015 | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Software | $ | 53,793 |
| | $ | 62,198 |
| $ | 64,670 |
| | $ | 51,065 |
|
| Computer equipment | 19,594 |
| | 21,109 |
| 22,153 |
| | 19,260 |
|
| Furniture and fixtures | 13,607 |
| | 11,888 |
| 16,061 |
| | 15,560 |
|
| Equipment | 12,065 |
| | 12,874 |
| 12,390 |
| | 9,643 |
|
| Leasehold improvements | 13,644 |
| | 15,112 |
| 16,556 |
| | 14,778 |
|
| Building and improvements | 7,323 |
| | 7,235 |
| 7,431 |
| | 7,409 |
|
| Land | 1,296 |
| | 1,296 |
| 1,296 |
| | 1,296 |
|
| Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (82,578 | ) | | (86,318 | ) | (92,877 | ) | | (80,967 | ) |
| Assets in process | | 6,456 |
| | 11,267 |
|
| Property and equipment, net | $ | 38,744 |
| | $ | 45,394 |
| $ | 54,136 |
| | $ | 49,311 |
|
Depreciation and amortization expense relating to property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 2015 and 2014 was $18.2$15.1 million, $16.2$15.4 million and $13.6$18.2 million, respectively.
8. Fair Value:
As defined by ASC 820, fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC 820 also requires the consideration of differing levels of inputs in the determination of fair values.
Those levels of input are summarized as follows:
Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.
Level 2: Observable inputs other than Level 1 quoted prices, such as quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.
Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The level in the fair value hierarchy within which a fair value measurement in its entirety falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.
Financial Instruments Not Required To Be Carried at Fair Value
In accordance with the disclosure requirements of ASC Topic 825, "Financial Instruments" ("ASC 825"), the table below summarizes fair value estimates for the Company's financial instruments that are not required to be carried at fair value. The total of the fair value calculations presented does not represent, and should not be construed to represent, the underlying value of the Company.
The carrying amounts in the table are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 20162018 and December 31, 20152017 (amounts in thousands):
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
| | | | December 31, 2016 | | December 31, 2015 | December 31, 2018 | | December 31, 2017 |
| | Carrying
Amount | | Estimated
Fair Value | | Carrying
Amount | | Estimated
Fair Value | Carrying
Amount | | Estimated
Fair Value | | Carrying
Amount | | Estimated
Fair Value |
| Financial assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 94,287 |
| | $ | 94,287 |
| | $ | 71,372 |
| | $ | 71,372 |
| $ | 98,695 |
| | $ | 98,695 |
| | $ | 120,516 |
| | $ | 120,516 |
|
| Held-to-maturity investments | 51,407 |
| | 55,554 |
| | 50,247 |
| | 55,613 |
| — |
| | — |
| | 57,204 |
| | 42,955 |
|
| Other investments | 14,998 |
| | 12,573 |
| | 15,498 |
| | 16,803 |
| |
| Finance receivables, net | 2,307,969 |
| | 2,708,582 |
| | 2,202,113 |
| | 2,704,432 |
| 3,084,777 |
| | 3,410,475 |
| | 2,776,199 |
| | 3,060,907 |
|
| Financial liabilities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Interest-bearing deposits | 76,113 |
| | 76,113 |
| | 46,991 |
| | 46,991 |
| 82,666 |
| | 82,666 |
| | 98,580 |
| | 98,580 |
|
| Revolving lines of credit | 1,096,868 |
| | 1,096,868 |
| | 1,118,232 |
| | 1,118,232 |
| 1,160,161 |
| | 1,160,161 |
| | 849,815 |
| | 849,815 |
|
| Term loans | 430,764 |
| | 430,764 |
| | 170,000 |
| | 170,000 |
| 740,551 |
| | 740,551 |
| | 764,830 |
| | 764,830 |
|
| Note payable | — |
| | — |
| | 169,938 |
| | 169,938 |
| |
| Convertible senior notes | 269,570 |
| | 270,825 |
| | 265,098 |
| | 241,126 |
| 588,688 |
| | 557,122 |
| | 576,963 |
| | 620,079 |
|
Disclosure of the estimated fair values of financial instruments often requires the use of estimates. The carrying amount and estimates of the fair value of the Company's debt obligations outlined above do not include any related debt issuance costs associated with the debt obligations. The Company uses the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value of financial instruments:
Cash and cash equivalents: The carrying amount approximates fair value and quoted prices for identical assets can be found in active markets. Accordingly, the Company estimates the fair value of cash and cash equivalents using Level 1 inputs.
Held-to-maturity investments: Fair value of the Company's investment in Series Bthe certificates of a closed-end Polish investment fund is estimated using proprietary pricing models that the Company utilizes to make portfolio purchase decisions. Accordingly, the Company estimates the fair value of its held-to-maturity investments using Level 3 inputs as there is little observable market data available and management is required to use significant judgment in its estimates.
Other investments: This class of investments consists of private equity funds that invest primarily in loans and securities including single-family residential debt; corporate debt products; and financially-oriented, real-estate-rich and other operating companies in the Americas, Western Europe, and Japan. These investments are subject to certain restrictions regarding transfers and withdrawals. The investments can never be redeemed with the funds. Instead, the nature of the investments in this class is that distributions are received through the liquidation of the underlying assets of the fund. The fair value of the Company's interest is calculated by the fund managers; accordingly, the Company estimates the fair value of these investments using Level 3 inputs. The investments are expected to be returned through distributions as a result of liquidations of the funds' underlying assets over 1 to 4 years.
Finance receivables, net: The Company computedestimates the estimated fair value of these receivables using proprietary pricing models that the Company utilizes to make portfolio purchase decisions. Accordingly, the Company's fair value estimates use Level 3 inputs as there is little observable market data available and management is required to use significant judgment in its estimates.
Interest-bearing deposits: The carrying amount approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of the deposits and the observable quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets. Accordingly, the Company uses Level 2 inputs for its fair value estimates.
Revolving lines of credit: The carrying amount approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of the interest rate periods and the observable quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets. Accordingly, the Company uses Level 2 inputs for its fair value estimates.
Term loans: The carrying amount approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of the interest rate periods and the observable quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets. Accordingly, the Company uses Level 2 inputs for its fair value estimates.
Note payable:Convertible senior notes: The carrying amount approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of the loan terms and the observable quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets. Accordingly, the Company uses Level 2 inputs for its fair value estimates.
Convertible Senior Notes: The Notes are carried at historical cost, adjusted for the debt discount. The fair value estimates for thesethe Notes incorporatesincorporate quoted market prices which were obtained from secondary market broker quotes which were derived
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
from a variety of inputs including client orders, information from their pricing vendors, modeling software, and actual trading prices when they occur. Accordingly, the Company uses Level 2 inputs for
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
its fair value estimates. Furthermore, in the table above, carrying amount represents the portion of the Notes classified as debt, while estimated fair value pertains to the face amount of the Notes.
Financial Instruments Required To Be Carried At Fair Value
The carrying amounts in the following table are measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 20162018 and 20152017 (amounts in thousands):
| | | | Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2016 | Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2018 |
| | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total |
| Assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Available-for-sale investments | $ | 2,138 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 2,138 |
| | | | | | | |
| Liabilities: | | | | | | | | |
| Interest rate swap contracts (recorded in accrued expenses) | — |
| | 2,825 |
| | — |
| | 2,825 |
| |
| Government bonds | | $ | 5,077 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 5,077 |
|
| Fair value through net income investments | | | | | | | |
|
| Mutual funds | | 21,753 |
| | — |
| | — |
| | 21,753 |
|
| Derivative contracts (recorded in other assets) | | — |
| | 3,334 |
| | — |
| | 3,334 |
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2015 | Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2017 |
| | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total | Level 1 | | Level 2 | | Level 3 | | Total |
| Assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Available-for-sale investments | $ | 3,405 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 4,649 |
| | $ | 8,054 |
| | | | | | | |
| Government bonds | | $ | 5,429 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 5,429 |
|
| Liabilities: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Interest rate swap contracts (recorded in accrued expenses) | — |
| | 1,602 |
| | — |
| | 1,602 |
| |
| Derivative contracts (recorded in accrued expenses) | | — |
| | 1,108 |
| | — |
| | 1,108 |
|
Available-for-sale investments
Available-for-sale investments:Government bonds: Fair value of the Company's investment in government bonds and fixed income funds is estimated using quoted market prices. Accordingly, the Company uses Level 1 inputs.
Fair value as of December 31, 2015through net income investments
Mutual funds: Fair value of the Company's investment in Series C certificates of a closed-end Polish investment fundmutual funds is estimated using proprietary pricing models that the Company utilizes to make portfolio purchase decisions.quoted market prices. Accordingly, the Company estimates the fair value of these available-for-sale investments usinguses Level 3 inputs as there is little observable market data available and management is required to use significant judgment in its estimates. At December 31, 2016 and 2015 unrealized losses in other comprehensive income were $0.0 million and $1.2 million respectively.1 inputs.
Interest rate swapDerivative contracts: The estimated fair value of the interest rate swapderivative contracts is determined by using industry standard valuation models. These models project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based observable inputs, including interest rate curves and other factors. Accordingly, the Company uses Level 2 inputs for its fair value estimates.
Investments measured using net asset value
Private equity funds: This class of investments consists of private equity funds that invest primarily in loans and securities including single-family residential debt; corporate debt products; and financially-oriented, real-estate-rich and other operating companies in the Americas, Western Europe, and Japan. These investments are subject to certain restrictions regarding transfers and withdrawals. The investments cannot be redeemed with the funds. Instead, distributions are received through the liquidation of the underlying assets of the fund. The investments are expected to be returned through distributions as a result of liquidations of the funds' underlying assets over 1 to 6 years. The fair value of these private equity funds following the application of the NAV practical expedient was $8.0 million and $8.8 million as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
9. Share-Based Compensation:
The Company has an Omnibus Incentive Plan (the "Plan") that is intended to assist the Company in attracting and retaining selected individuals to serve as employees and directors, who are expected to contribute to the Company's success and to achieve long-term objectives that will benefit stockholders of the Company. The Plan enables the Company to award shares of the Company's common stock to select employees and directors, as described in the Plan, not to exceed 5,400,000 shares as authorized by the Plan.
Total share-based compensation expense was $6.1$8.5 million, $16.3$8.7 million and $15.0$6.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, 2015respectively. With the adoption of ASU 2016-09 in the first quarter of 2017, the Company recognizes all excess tax benefits and 2014, respectively. Taxtax deficiencies in the income statement when the awards vest or are settled. Prior to 2017, tax benefits resulting from tax deductions in excess of share-based compensation expense (windfall tax benefits) recognized under the provisions of ASC 718 arewere credited to additional paid-in capital. Realized tax shortfalls, if any, arewere first offset against the cumulative balance of windfall tax benefits, if any, and then charged directly to income tax expense. The total tax benefit realized from share-based compensation was approximately $2.7$1.7 million, $8.9$3.2 million and $10.8$2.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 20152018, 2017 and 2014,2016, respectively.
Nonvested Shares
As of December 31, 2016,2018, total future compensation costsexpense related to nonvested awardsgrants of nonvested sharesshare grants to employees and directors (not including nonvested shares granted under the Long-Term Incentive Program ("LTI")) program), is estimated to be $5.2$7.7 million with a weighted average remaining life for all nonvested shares of 1.41.6 years. Grants made to key employees and directors of the Company were assumed to have no forfeiture rates associated with them due to the historically low turnover among this group. With the exception of the
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
awards grants made pursuant to the LTI program and a few employee and director grants, the nonvested shares vest ratably generally over threeone to fivethree years and are expensed over their vesting period.
The following summarizes all nonvested share transactions,activity, excluding those related to the LTI program, from December 31, 20132015 through December 31, 20162018 (amounts in thousands, except per share amounts):
| | | | Nonvested Shares
Outstanding | | Weighted-Average
Price at Grant Date | Nonvested Shares
Outstanding | | Weighted-Average
Price at Grant Date |
| December 31, 2013 | 226 |
| | $ | 29.58 |
| |
| Granted | 272 |
| | 56.69 |
| |
| Vested | (155 | ) | | 37.34 |
| |
| Canceled | (4 | ) | | 50.41 |
| |
| December 31, 2014 | 339 |
| | 47.34 |
| |
| Granted | 100 |
| | 53.29 |
| |
| Vested | (151 | ) | | 42.15 |
| |
| Canceled | (4 | ) | | 47.49 |
| |
| December 31, 2015 | 284 |
| | 52.20 |
| 284 |
| | $ | 52.20 |
|
| Granted | 196 |
| | 28.43 |
| 196 |
| | 28.43 |
|
| Vested | (117 | ) | | 48.78 |
| (117 | ) | | 48.78 |
|
| Canceled | (60 | ) | | 51.71 |
| (60 | ) | | 51.71 |
|
| December 31, 2016 | 303 |
| | $ | 38.19 |
| 303 |
| | 38.19 |
|
| Granted | | 195 |
| | 33.70 |
|
| Vested | | (173 | ) | | 37.49 |
|
| Canceled | | (27 | ) | | 43.05 |
|
| December 31, 2017 | | 298 |
| | 35.25 |
|
| Granted | | 254 |
| | 36.39 |
|
| Vested | | (151 | ) | | 35.13 |
|
| Canceled | | (22 | ) | | 35.02 |
|
| December 31, 2018 | | 379 |
| | $ | 34.85 |
|
The total grant date fair value of shares vested, excluding those granted under the LTI program, during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, 2015 and 2014, was $5.7$5.3 million, $6.4$6.5 million and $5.8$5.7 million, respectively.
Long-Term Incentive Program
Pursuant to the Plan, the Compensation Committee may grant time-vested and performance basedperformance-based nonvested shares. All shares granted under the LTI program were granted to key employees of the Company.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following table summarizes all LTI share transactionsactivity from December 31, 20132015 through December 31, 20162018 (amounts in thousands, except per share amounts):
| | | | Nonvested LTI Shares
Outstanding | | Weighted-Average
Price at Grant Date | Nonvested LTI Shares
Outstanding | | Weighted-Average
Price at Grant Date |
| December 31, 2013 | 434 |
| | $ | 25.79 |
| |
| Granted at target level | 111 |
| | 49.60 |
| |
| Adjustments for actual performance | 222 |
| | 22.32 |
| |
| Vested | (279 | ) | | 24.21 |
| |
| December 31, 2014 | 488 |
| | 30.52 |
| |
| Granted at target level | 132 |
| | 52.47 |
| |
| Adjustments for actual performance | 122 |
| | 34.59 |
| |
| Vested | (252 | ) | | 20.21 |
| |
| Canceled | (7 | ) | | 40.05 |
| |
| December 31, 2015 | 483 |
| | 42.80 |
| 483 |
| | $ | 42.80 |
|
| Granted at target level | 240 |
| | 28.98 |
| 240 |
| | 28.98 |
|
| Adjustments for actual performance | (67 | ) | | 34.59 |
| (67 | ) | | 34.59 |
|
| Vested | (176 | ) | | 34.59 |
| (176 | ) | | 34.59 |
|
| Canceled | (55 | ) | | 43.68 |
| (55 | ) | | 43.68 |
|
| December 31, 2016 | 425 |
| | $ | 39.57 |
| 425 |
| | 39.57 |
|
| Granted at target level | | 192 |
| | 33.50 |
|
| Adjustments for actual performance | | 5 |
| | 60.00 |
|
| Vested | | (51 | ) | | 40.80 |
|
| Canceled | | (99 | ) | | 20.91 |
|
| December 31, 2017 | | 472 |
| | 41.06 |
|
| Granted at target level | | 121 |
| | 39.40 |
|
| Adjustments for actual performance | | (74 | ) | | 52.47 |
|
| Vested | | (19 | ) | | 52.47 |
|
| Canceled | | (46 | ) | | 32.31 |
|
| December 31, 2018 | | 454 |
| | $ | 33.27 |
|
The total grant date fair value of LTI shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, 2015was $1.0 million, $2.1 million and 2014, was $6.1 million, $5.1 million and $6.8 million, respectively.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
At December 31, 2016,2018, total future compensation costs,expense, assuming the current estimated performance levels are achieved, related to nonvested share awardsshares granted under the LTI program areis estimated to be approximately $2.8 million. The Company assumed a 15.0% forfeiture rate for these grants and the remaining shares have a weighted average remaining life of 1.1 years1.0 year at December 31, 2016.2018.
10. Earnings per Share:
Basic earnings per share ("EPS") are computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders of PRA Group, Inc. by weighted average shares of the Company's common stockshares outstanding. Diluted EPS are computed using the same components as basic EPS with the denominator adjusted for the dilutive effect of the conversion spread of the Notes and nonvested share awards, if dilutive. ForThere has been no dilutive effect of the Notes only the conversion spread is included in the diluted earnings per share calculation, if dilutive. Under such method, the settlement of the conversion spread has a dilutive effect when the average share price of the Company's common stock during any quarter exceeds $65.72, which did not occur during the period from which the Notes were issued on August 13, 2013since issuance through December 31, 2016.2018. Share-based awards that are contingent upon the attainment of performance goals are not included in the computation of diluted EPS untilif the performance goals have been attained.effect is dilutive. The dilutive effect of nonvested shares is computed using the treasury stock method, which assumes any proceeds that could be obtained upon the vesting of nonvested shares would be used to purchase common shares at the average market price for the period. The assumed proceeds include the windfall tax benefit that would be received upon assumed exercise.
The following table provides a reconciliation between the computation of basic EPS and diluted EPS for the years ended December 31, 2016, 20152018, 2017 and 20142016 (amounts in thousands, except per share amounts):
| | | | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| | Net income attributable to PRA Group, Inc. | | Weighted average common shares | | EPS | | Net income attributable to PRA Group, Inc. | | Weighted average common shares | | EPS | | Net income attributable to PRA Group, Inc. | | Weighted average common shares | | EPS | Net Income Attributable to PRA Group, Inc. | | Weighted Average Common Shares | | EPS | | Net Income Attributable to PRA Group, Inc. | | Weighted Average Common Shares | | EPS | | Net Income Attributable to PRA Group, Inc. | | Weighted Average Common Shares | | EPS |
| Basic EPS | $ | 85,097 |
| | 46,316 |
| | $ | 1.84 |
| | $ | 167,926 |
| | 48,128 |
| | $ | 3.49 |
| | $ | 176,505 |
| | 49,990 |
| | $ | 3.53 |
| $ | 65,563 |
| | 45,280 |
| | $ | 1.45 |
| | $ | 164,315 |
| | 45,671 |
| | $ | 3.60 |
| | $ | 86,255 |
| | 46,316 |
| | $ | 1.86 |
|
| Dilutive effect of nonvested share awards | | | 72 |
| | (0.01 | ) | | | | 277 |
| | (0.02 | ) | | | | 431 |
| | (0.03 | ) | | | 133 |
| | (0.01 | ) | | | | 152 |
| | (0.01 | ) | | | | 72 |
| | — |
|
| Diluted EPS | $ | 85,097 |
| | 46,388 |
| | $ | 1.83 |
| | $ | 167,926 |
| | 48,405 |
| | $ | 3.47 |
| | $ | 176,505 |
| | 50,421 |
| | $ | 3.50 |
| $ | 65,563 |
| | 45,413 |
| | $ | 1.44 |
| | $ | 164,315 |
| | 45,823 |
| | $ | 3.59 |
| | $ | 86,255 |
| | 46,388 |
| | $ | 1.86 |
|
There were no antidilutive options outstanding as of December 31, 2016, 20152018, 2017 and 2014.2016.
11. Derivatives:
The Company's activities are subject to various financial risks including market risk, currency and interest rate risk, credit risk, liquidity risk and cash flow risk. The Company's overall financial risk management program focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to minimize potential adverse effects on the Company's financial performance. The Company may periodically enter into derivative financial instruments, typically interest rate swap agreements, to reduce its exposure to fluctuations in interest rates on variable-rate debt and their impact on earnings and cash flows. The Company does not utilize derivative financial instruments with a level of complexity or with a risk greater than the exposure to be managed nor does it enter into or hold derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. The Company periodically reviews the creditworthiness of the swap counterparty to assess the counterparty's ability to honor its obligation. Counterparty default would expose the Company to fluctuations in variable interest rates. Based on the guidance of ASC Topic 815 "Derivatives and Hedging" ("ASC 815"), the Company records derivative financial instruments at fair value in accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheets.
The financing of portfolio investments is generally drawn in the same currencies as the underlying expected future cash flow from the portfolios. The interest rate risk related to the loans is reduced through the use of a combination of interest rate swaps in the euro, Great British pound, Norwegian kroner, Swedish kroner, and Polish zloty. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, approximately 57% and 42%, respectively, of the net borrowings of PRA Europe was hedged, reducing the related interest rate risk.
The Company's financial derivative instruments are not designated as hedging instruments under ASC 815 and therefore the gain or loss on such hedge and the change in fair value of the derivative is recorded as "interest expense" in the Company's consolidated financial statements. During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Company recorded $2.8 million, $4.9 million and $1.8 million respectively, in interest expense related to its interest rate swaps in its consolidated income statements.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
11. Derivatives:
The following table sets forthsummarizes the fair value amounts of the derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments asrecorded in the Company’s consolidated statements of December 31, 2016 and 2015 (amounts infinancial condition (in thousands):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2016 | | 2015 |
| | Asset Derivatives | | Liability Derivatives | | Asset Derivatives | | Liability Derivatives |
| Interest rate swap contracts | $ | — |
| | $ | 2,825 |
| | $ | — |
| | $ | 1,602 |
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | December 31, 2018 | | December 31, 2017 |
| | | Balance Sheet Location | | Fair Value | | Balance Sheet Location | | Fair Value |
| Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: | | | | | | | | |
| Interest rate swaps | | Other assets | | $ | 19 |
| | | | $ | — |
|
| Interest rate cap contracts | | Other assets | | 25 |
| | | | — |
|
| Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: | | | | | | | | |
| Foreign currency exchange contracts | | Other assets | | 2,555 |
| | | | — |
|
| Interest rate swaps | | Other assets | | 735 |
| | Accrued expenses | | 1,108 |
|
As of December 31, 2018, the total notional amount of the interest rate derivative contracts that are designated as cash flow hedging instruments was $260.8 million. As of December 31, 2018, the total notional amount of the interest rate derivative contracts that are not designated as cash flow hedging instruments was $169.7 million. During the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company entered into foreign currency forward agreements with aggregate notional amounts of 413.0 million Swedish kroner, 638.9 million Norwegian kroner, and 22.0 million European Union euro to economically hedge the foreign currency exposure related to certain of the Company’s short-term borrowings denominated in currencies other than the functional entity's local currency, and other foreign exchanges exposures. These foreign currency forwards were not designated in hedge accounting relationships, and, accordingly, the mark-to-market fair value adjustments and resulting gains were recorded in the the Foreign Exchange (Loss)/Gain line item in the Company's consolidated income statements.
12. Stockholders' Equity:
On December 10, 2014, the Company's board of directors authorized a share repurchase program to purchase up to $100.0 million of the Company's outstanding shares of common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company purchased 1,610,182 shares of its common stock under the plan at an average price of $53.10 per share, which represented the remaining shares allowed under the plan.
On October 22, 2015, the Company's board of directors authorized a new share repurchase program to purchase up to $125.0 million of the Company's outstanding shares of common stock. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company purchased 2,072,721 shares of its common stock under the new plan at an average price of $38.60 per share. No shares were purchased during the year ended December 31, 2016. At December 31, 2016, the maximum remaining purchase price for share repurchases under the plan was approximately $45.0 million.
13. Income Taxes:
The income tax expense/(benefit) recognized for the years ended December 31, 2016, 20152018, 2017 and 20142016 is comprised of the following (amounts in thousands):
| | | | Federal | | State | | Foreign | | Total | Federal | | State | | Foreign | | Total |
| For the year ended December 31, 2018: | | | | | | | | |
| Current tax expense | | $ | 23,444 |
| | $ | 9,026 |
| | $ | 37,501 |
| | $ | 69,971 |
|
| Deferred tax (benefit) | | (19,527 | ) | | (15,268 | ) | | (21,413 | ) | | (56,208 | ) |
| Total income tax expense/(benefit) | | $ | 3,917 |
| | $ | (6,242 | ) | | $ | 16,088 |
| | $ | 13,763 |
|
| For the year ended December 31, 2017: | | | | | | | | |
| Current tax expense | | $ | 77,656 |
| | $ | 16,543 |
| | $ | 25,087 |
| | $ | 119,286 |
|
| Deferred tax (benefit) | | (112,118 | ) | | (2,051 | ) | | (15,969 | ) | | (130,138 | ) |
| Total income tax (benefit)/expense | | $ | (34,462 | ) | | $ | 14,492 |
| | $ | 9,118 |
| | $ | (10,852 | ) |
| For the year ended December 31, 2016: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Current tax expense | $ | 38,986 |
| | $ | 5,037 |
| | $ | 20,868 |
| | $ | 64,891 |
| $ | 38,986 |
| | $ | 5,037 |
| | $ | 20,868 |
| | $ | 64,891 |
|
| Deferred tax expense/(benefit) | (7,350 | ) | | 575 |
| | (14,925 | ) | | (21,700 | ) | |
| Deferred tax (benefit)/expense | | (7,350 | ) | | 575 |
| | (14,539 | ) | | (21,314 | ) |
| Total income tax expense | $ | 31,636 |
| | $ | 5,612 |
| | $ | 5,943 |
| | $ | 43,191 |
| $ | 31,636 |
| | $ | 5,612 |
| | $ | 6,329 |
| | $ | 43,577 |
|
| For the year ended December 31, 2015: | | | | | | | | |
| Current tax expense | $ | 62,869 |
| | $ | 9,399 |
| | $ | 25,692 |
| | $ | 97,960 |
| |
| Deferred tax expense/(benefit) | 2,887 |
| | (600 | ) | | (10,856 | ) | | (8,569 | ) | |
| Total income tax expense | $ | 65,756 |
| | $ | 8,799 |
| | $ | 14,836 |
| | $ | 89,391 |
| |
| For the year ended December 31, 2014: | | | | | | | | |
| Current tax expense | $ | 57,336 |
| | $ | 8,823 |
| | $ | 5,342 |
| | $ | 71,501 |
| |
| Deferred tax expense | 30,319 |
| | 4,717 |
| | 17,971 |
| | 53,007 |
| |
| Total income tax expense | $ | 87,655 |
| | $ | 13,540 |
| | $ | 23,313 |
| | $ | 124,508 |
| |
On December 22, 2017, the United States government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Company’s accounting for the following elements of the Tax Act is complete. The Company has recorded amounts as follows through 2018:
Revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities: The Tax Act reduced the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017. In addition, the Tax Act made certain changes to the depreciation rules and implemented new limits on the deductibility of certain executive compensation. The Company has evaluated these changes and has recorded a decrease to net deferred tax liabilities of $74.5 million with a corresponding increase to deferred tax benefit.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Transition Tax on unrepatriated foreign earnings ("Transition Tax"): The Transition Tax on unrepatriated foreign earnings is a tax on previously untaxed accumulated and current earnings and profits (“E&P”) of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries, and the Company has recorded no Transition Tax expense.
Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income ("GILTI"): The Tax Act creates a new requirement that certain income, such as GILTI, earned by foreign subsidiaries must be included currently in the gross income of the U.S. shareholder. Under U.S. GAAP, the Company made an accounting policy election to treat taxes due on future inclusions in U.S. taxable income related to GILTI as a current-period expense when incurred.
Indefinite reinvestment assertion did not change due to the Transition Tax.
A reconciliation of the Company's expected tax expense at the statutory federal tax rate to actual tax expenseexpense/(benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 20152018, 2017 and 20142016 is as follows (amounts in thousands):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2016 | | 2015 | | 2014 |
| Income tax expense at statutory federal rates | $ | 46,929 |
| | $ | 90,133 |
| | $ | 105,355 |
|
| State tax expense, net of federal tax benefit | 3,696 |
| | 5,719 |
| | 8,565 |
|
| Foreign taxable translation | (67 | ) | | (708 | ) | | 8,199 |
|
| Foreign rate difference | (7,772 | ) | | (8,787 | ) | | 90 |
|
| Penalties | 163 |
| | 2,819 |
| | — |
|
| Acquisition expenses | 31 |
| | 234 |
| | 2,169 |
|
| Other | 211 |
| | (19 | ) | | 130 |
|
| Total income tax expense | $ | 43,191 |
| | $ | 89,391 |
| | $ | 124,508 |
|
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2016 |
| Income tax expense at statutory federal rates | $ | 18,794 |
| | $ | 56,095 |
| | $ | 47,469 |
|
| State tax (benefit)/expense, net of federal tax benefit | (5,098 | ) | | 9,072 |
| | 3,696 |
|
| Foreign rate difference | 206 |
| | (4,953 | ) | | (7,993 | ) |
| Federal rate change | (719 | ) | | (73,779 | ) | | — |
|
| Other | 580 |
| | 2,713 |
| | 405 |
|
| Total income tax expense/(benefit) | $ | 13,763 |
| | $ | (10,852 | ) | | $ | 43,577 |
|
The Company recognized a net deferred tax liability of $229.9$53.5 million and $248.4$114.7 million as of December 31, 20162018 and 2015,2017, respectively. The components of the net deferred tax liability are as follows (amounts in thousands):
| | | | 2016 | | 2015 | 2018 | | 2017 |
| Deferred tax assets: | | | | | | |
| Employee compensation | $ | 9,120 |
| | $ | 13,845 |
| $ | 4,670 |
| | $ | 5,190 |
|
| Net operating loss carryforward | 48,298 |
| | 39,080 |
| 24,210 |
| | 42,332 |
|
| Accrued liabilities | 5,136 |
| | 8,429 |
| 1,850 |
| | 2,750 |
|
| Interest | 10,596 |
| | 10,664 |
| 10,559 |
| | 11,027 |
|
| Finance receivable revenue recognition - international | 8,274 |
| | — |
| 37,005 |
| | 26,765 |
|
| Other | 6,154 |
| | 3,843 |
| 2,721 |
| | 9,165 |
|
| Total deferred tax asset | 87,578 |
| | 75,861 |
| 81,015 |
| | 97,229 |
|
| Deferred tax liabilities: | | | | | | |
| Depreciation expense | 7,610 |
| | 5,276 |
| 5,556 |
| | 15,417 |
|
| Intangible assets and goodwill | 10,625 |
| | 7,039 |
| 5,435 |
| | 8,856 |
|
| Convertible debt | 6,955 |
| | 8,653 |
| 10,998 |
| | 14,645 |
|
| Finance receivable revenue recognition - international | — |
| | 2,063 |
| |
| Finance receivable revenue recognition - IRS settlement | | 74,296 |
| | 117,026 |
|
| Finance receivable revenue recognition - domestic | 239,337 |
| | 251,733 |
| 23,744 |
| | 16,957 |
|
| Other | 893 |
| | 4,204 |
| |
| Total deferred tax liability | 265,420 |
| | 278,968 |
| 120,029 |
| | 172,901 |
|
| Net deferred tax liability before valuation allowance | 177,842 |
| | 203,107 |
| 39,014 |
| | 75,672 |
|
| Valuation allowance | 52,021 |
| | 45,323 |
| 14,512 |
| | 39,054 |
|
| Net deferred tax liability | $ | 229,863 |
| | $ | 248,430 |
| $ | 53,526 |
| | $ | 114,726 |
|
A valuation allowance for deferred tax assets is recognized and charged to earnings in the period such determination is made, if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will not be realized. If the Company subsequently realized deferred tax assets that were previously determined to be unrealizable, the respective valuation allowance would be reversed, resulting in a positive adjustment to earnings in the period such determination is made. The determination for a valuation allowance is made on a jurisdiction by jurisdiction basis. At December 31, 20162018 and 2015,2017, the valuation allowance, relating mainly to net operating losses, capital losses and deferred interest expense in Norway, Brazil, UK and Luxembourg, was $52.0$14.5 million and $45.3$39.1 million, respectively. The Company believes it is more likely than not that the results of future operations will generate sufficient taxable income to realize the net deferred tax assets.
For tax purposes,PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
On May 10, 2017, the Company utilizesreached a settlement with the cost recovery method of accounting. Under the cost recovery method, collections on finance receivables are applied first to principal to reduce the finance receivables to zero before taxable income is recognized. The Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") examinedin regards to the Company's 2005 through 2012 tax returns and has assertedIRS assertion that tax revenue recognition using the cost recovery method doesdid not clearly reflect taxable income. In accordance with the settlement, the Company changed its tax accounting method used to recognize finance receivables revenue effective with tax year 2017. Under the new method, a portion of the annual collections amortizes principal and the remaining portion is taxable income. The Company believes it has sufficient support fordeferred tax liability related to the technical merits of its position,difference in timing between the new method and believes cost recovery to be an acceptable tax revenue recognition method for the Company's industry. The Company has received Notices of Deficiency for tax years ended December 31, 2005 through 2012. The proposed deficiencies relate to the cost recovery method ofwill be incorporated evenly into the Company’s tax accounting. In response to the notices, thefilings over four years effective with tax year 2017. The Company filed petitions in the U.S. Tax Court (the "Tax Court") challenging the deficiencies. On July 10, 2015 and July 21, 2015, the IRS filed Motions for Summary Judgment for tax years 2008 through 2012 and 2005 through 2007, respectively. On November 12, 2015 the Tax Court denied the IRS's Motions for Summary Judgment and set this matter for trial to begin on September 19, 2016. On July 5, 2016, the Tax Court granted the IRS’s Motion for Continuance filed on June 28, 2016. On July 14, 2016, the Tax Court set the trial to begin on May 15, 2017.
If the Company is unsuccessful in the Tax Court and any potential appeals, it may bewas not required to pay the related deferred taxes, and possiblyany interest and penalties. At December 31, 2016 and 2015 deferred tax liabilities related to this item were $239.3 million and $251.7 million, respectively. Any adverse determination on this matter could resultor penalties in the Company amending state tax returns for prior years, increasing its taxable income in those states. The Company files tax returns in multiple state jurisdictions; therefore, any underpayment of state tax will accrue interest in accordanceconnection with the respective state statute. At December 31, 2016 and 2015 the Company's estimate of the potential federal and state interest was $112.0 million and $91.0 million, respectively.settlement.
ASC 740 requires the recognition of interest if the tax law would require interest to be paid on the underpayment of taxes, and recognition of penalties if a tax position does not meet the minimum statutory threshold to avoid payment of penalties. The
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Company believes it has sufficient support for the technical merits of its positionpositions and that it is more likely than not this positionthese positions will be sustained. Accordingly, the Company has not accrued for interest or penalties on any of its tax positions, including the cost recovery matter.positions.
At December 31, 2016,2018, the tax years subject to examination by the major federal, state and international taxing jurisdictions are 2003, 20052013 and subsequent years. The 2003 tax year remains open to examination because of a net operating loss that originated in that year but was not fully utilized until the 2005 tax year. The examination periods for the 2005 through 2012 tax years are suspended until a decision of the Tax Court becomes final.
As of December 31, 2016,2018, the cumulative unremitted earnings of the Company's foreign subsidiaries are approximately $3.2$21.2 million. The Company intends for predominantly all foreign earnings to be indefinitely reinvested in its foreign operations and, therefore, the recording of deferred tax liabilities for such unremitted earnings is not required. It is impracticable to determine the total amount of unrecognized deferred taxes with respect to these indefinitely reinvested earnings.
The Company's foreign subsidiaries had $3.7$71.0 million and $1.7$50.8 million of net operating loss carryforwards net of valuation allowances as of December 31, 20162018 and 2015,2017, respectively. Most of the net operating losses do not expire under local law and the remaining jurisdictions allow for a 7 to 20 year carryforward period.
14.13. Commitments and Contingencies:
Employment Agreements:
The Company has entered into employment agreements most of which expire on December 31, 2017, with all of its U.S. executive officers and with several members of its U.S. senior management group. Such agreements provide for base salary payments as well as potential discretionary bonuses whichthat are based on the attainment of specifica combination of financial and management goals. As of December 31, 2016,2018, estimated future compensation under these agreements was approximately $12.9$16.1 million. The agreements also contain confidentiality and non-compete provisions. Outside the United States,U.S., employment agreements are in place with employees pursuant to local country regulations. Generally, these agreements do not have expiration dates and therefore it is impractical to estimate the amount of future compensation under these agreements. Accordingly, the future compensation under thesethe non-U.S. agreements is not included in the $12.9$16.1 million total above.
Leases:
The Company is party to various operating leases with respect to its facilities and equipment. The future minimum lease payments at December 31, 20162018 totaled approximately $48.4$55.1 million.
Forward Flow Agreements:
The Company is party to several forward flow agreements that allow for the purchase of nonperforming loans at pre-established prices. The maximum remaining amount to be purchased under forward flow agreements at December 31, 20162018 was approximately $302.6$303.7 million.
Finance Receivables:
Certain agreements for the purchase of finance receivables portfolios contain provisions that may, in limited circumstances, require the Company to refund a portion or all of the collections subsequently received by the Company on particular accounts. The potential refunds as of the balance sheet date are not considered to be significant.
Litigation and Regulatory Matters:
The Company is from time to time subject to routine legal claims, proceedings and regulatory matters, most of which are incidental to the ordinary course of its business. The Company initiates lawsuits against customers and is occasionally countersued by them in such actions. Also, customers, either individually, as members of a class action, or through a governmental entity on behalf of customers, may initiate litigation against the Company in which they allege that the Company has violated a state or
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
federal law in the process of collecting on an account. From time to time, other types of lawsuits are brought against the Company. Additionally, the Company receives subpoenas and other requests or demands for information from regulators or governmental authorities who are investigating the Company's debt collection activities. The Company evaluates and responds appropriately to such requests.
The Company accrues for potential liability arising from legal proceedings and regulatory matters when it is probable that such liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. This determination along with the estimate of the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of the amount accrued, is based upon currently available information for those proceedings in which the Company is involved, taking into account the Company's best estimate of such
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
losses for those cases for which such estimates can be made. The Company's estimate involves significant judgment, given the varying stages of the proceedings (including the fact that many of them are currently in preliminary stages), the number of unresolved issues in many of the proceedings (including issues regarding class certification and the scope of many of the claims), and the related uncertainty of the potential outcomes of these proceedings. In making determinations of the likely outcome of pending litigation, the Company considers many factors, including, but not limited to, the nature of the claims, the Company's experience with similar types of claims, the jurisdiction in which the matter is filed, input from outside legal counsel, the likelihood of resolving the matter through alternative mechanisms, the matter's current status and the damages sought or demands made. Accordingly, the Company's estimate will change from time to time, and actual losses could be more than the current estimate. For certain matters, the Company does not believe that an estimate can currently be made.
The Company believes that the estimate of the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses in excess of the amount accrued for its legal proceedings outstanding at December 31, 2016, excluding2018, where the potential interest associated with the IRS matter described below, isrange of loss can be estimated, was not material.
In certain legal proceedings, the Company may have recourse to insurance or third-party contractual indemnities to cover all or portions of its litigation expenses, judgments, or settlements. Loss estimates and accruals for potential liability related to legal proceedings are typically exclusive of potential recoveries, if any, under the Company's insurance policies or third-party indemnities. TheDuring the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company has not recorded any$4.0 million in potential recoveries under the Company's insurance policies or third-party indemnities as ofwhich is included in other receivables, net at December 31, 2016.2017. In the third quarter of 2018, the Company received the aforementioned recoveries.
The matters described below fall outside of the normal parameters of the Company's routine legal proceedings.
Telephone Consumer Protection Act LitigationMulti-State Investigation
On November 17, 2015, the Company received civil investigative demands from multiple state Attorney General offices ("AGOs") broadly relating to its debt collection practices in the U.S. The Company has been named as defendant in a numberfully cooperated with the investigations and discussed potential resolution of putative class action cases, each alleging thatthe investigations with the AGOs. In these discussions, the AGOs have taken positions with which the Company violateddisagrees, including positions related to penalties, restitution and/or the Telephone Consumer Protection Act ("TCPA")adoption of new practices and controls in the conduct of the Company's business. If the Company is unable to resolve its differences with the AGOs, it is possible that one or more individual state AGOs may file claims against the Company. The range of loss, if any, cannot be estimated at this time.
Iris Pounds v. Portfolio Recovery Associates, LLC
On November 21, 2016, Iris Pounds filed suit against the Company in Durham County, North Carolina alleging violations of the North Carolina Prohibited Practices by calling consumers' cellular telephones without their prior express consent.Collection Agencies Act. The purported class consists of all individuals against whom the Company had obtained a judgment by default in North Carolina on or after October 1, 2009. On December 21, 2011,9, 2016, the U.S. Judicial Panel on Multi-District Litigation entered an order transferring these matters into one consolidated proceeding inCompany removed the U.S.matter to the United States District Court for the SouthernMiddle District of CaliforniaNorth Carolina (the "Court""District Court"). and filed a motion to dismiss. On November 14, 2012,March 28, 2018, the putative class plaintiffs filed their amended consolidated complaint inDistrict Court entered an order remanding the matter now styled as In re Portfolio Recovery Associates, LLC Telephone Consumer Protection Act Litigation, case No. 11-md-02295 (the "MDL action"). Followingto the ruling of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission on June 10, 2015 on various petitions concerning the TCPA, the Court lifted the stay of these matters that had been in place since May 20, 2014. In January 2016, the parties reached a settlement agreement in principle ("the Settlement Agreement") underNorth Carolina state court which the parties agreedFourth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed on May 17, 2018. On January 11, 2019, the Company filed motions to seek court approvaldismiss and to compel arbitration with the North Carolina state court. The Company is seeking review of that decision before the United States Supreme Court. The range of loss, if any, cannot be estimated at this time due to the uncertainty surrounding liability, class certification and the proposed settlement. As required by the Settlement Agreement, which remains subject to final court approval, the parties sought preliminary Court approvalinterpretation of the Settlement Agreement, and the Company paid $18 million to resolve the MDL action during the second quarter of 2016. The Company had fully accrued for the settlement amount as of December 31, 2015.
Internal Revenue Service Audit
The IRS examined the Company's 2005 through 2012 tax returns and has asserted that tax revenue recognition using the cost recovery method does not clearly reflect taxable income. The Company believes it has sufficient support for the technical merits of its position, and believes cost recovery to be an acceptable tax revenue recognition method for the Company's industry. The Company has received Notices of Deficiency for tax years ended December 31, 2005 through 2012. The proposed deficiencies relate to the cost recovery method of tax accounting for finance receivables. In response to the notices, the Company filed petitions in the Tax Court challenging the deficiencies. On July 10, 2015 and July 21, 2015, the IRS filed Motions for Summary Judgment for tax years 2008 through 2012 and 2005 through 2007, respectively. On November 12, 2015, the Tax Court denied the IRS's Motions for Summary Judgment and set this matter for trial to begin on September 19, 2016. On July 5, 2016, the Tax Court granted the IRS’s Motion for Continuance filed on June 28, 2016. On July 14, 2016, the Tax Court set the trial to begin on May 15, 2017. If the Company is unsuccessful in the Tax Court and any potential appeals, it may ultimately be required to pay the related deferred taxes, and possibly interest and penalties. Deferred tax liabilities related to this item were $239.3 million at December 31, 2016. Any adverse determination on this matter could result in the Company amending state tax returns for prior years, increasing its taxable income in those states. The Company files tax returns in multiple state jurisdictions; therefore, any underpayment of state tax will accrue interest in accordance with the respective state statute. The Company's estimate of the potential federal and state interest was $112.0 million as of December 31, 2016, which has not been accrued.
Portfolio Recovery Associates, LLC v. Guadalupe Mejia
On May 11, 2015, an unfavorable jury verdict was delivered against the Company in a matter pending in Jackson County, Missouri. The jury awarded Guadalupe Mejia $251,000 in compensatory damages and $82,009,549 in punitive damages for her counter-claim against the Company, alleging malicious prosecution and impermissible collection practices. The Company believed
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
that the verdict and magnitude of the award were erroneous and appealed the award. In February 2017, the parties reached a settlement in principle to resolve the matter. The Company had fully accrued for the settlement amount as of December 31, 2016.statutory damages.
15.14. Retirement Plans:
The Company sponsors defined contribution plans bothprimarily in the United StatesU.S. and Europe. The U.S. plan is organized as a 401(k) plan under which all employees over eighteen years of age are eligible to make voluntary contributions to the plan up to 100% of their compensation, subject to IRS limitations, after completing six months of service, as defined in the plan. The Company makes matching contributions of up to 4% of an employee's salary. For the defined contribution plans in Europe, the Company pays contributions to publicly or privately administered pension insurance plans on a mandatory, contractual or voluntary basis. Total compensation expense related to the Company's contributions was $3.8$6.3 million, $4.3$5.2 million and $2.8$5.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
PRA Group, Inc.
16.Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
15. Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest:
With the acquisition of DTP S.A. in 2016, the Company acquired a 20% owned Polish securitization fund (the "Fund"). Under ASC 810-10, the Company has determined that it has control over this Fund and as such has fully consolidated the financial statementsoperations of the Fund. The redeemablenoncontrolling shareholders have the right to redeem their ownership interests at the current net asset value subject to certain conditions. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company owned 37.5% and 21.7% of the Fund, respectively. Redeemable noncontrolling interest amount is separately statedpresented in temporary equity on the consolidated balance sheets, and represents the 80% interest not owned by the Company. In addition, netCompany and is stated at the greater of the original invested capital or redemption amount. Net income attributable to the redeemable noncontrolling interest is stated separately in the Company's consolidated income statements for 2016. Thestatements. Additionally, the Company has guaranteed the noncontrolling shareholders a 5.1% per annum return on their investment. Accordingly, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded a guaranty expense of $0.7 million and $1.0 million, respectively.
16. Sales of Subsidiaries:
On December 20, 2018, the Company sold 79% of its interest in its Brazilian subsidiary RCB's servicing platform for $40.0 million. The Company recognized a pre-tax gain of $26.6 million, which includes a gain of $5.4 million on its 11.7% retained interest. The Company received 25% of the Fund have the right, at certain times, to require the Company to redeem their ownership interest in those entities at a multiple of EBITDA. The noncontrolling interests subject to these arrangements are included in temporary equity as redeemable noncontrolling interests, and are adjusted to their estimated redemption amounts each reporting period with a corresponding adjustment to additional paid-in capital. Future reductionsproceeds in the carrying amounts are subject to a "floor" amount that is equal tofourth quarter of 2018 and the remaining 75% in the first quarter of 2019. The fair value of the redeemable noncontrolling interests atretained interest was estimated based on the time they were originally recorded.transaction price. The recorded value of the redeemable noncontrolling interests cannot go below the floor level. These adjustments do not affect the calculation of earnings per share.
17. Assets and Liabilities HeldCompany accounts for Sale:its remaining interest in RCB as an equity method investment.
As part of the Company’s strategy to focus on businesses with greater global growth potential,its primary business, the purchase, collection and management of portfolios of nonperforming loans, the Company decided in the fourth quarter of 2016 to sellsold its government services businesses: PRA Government Services, LLC; MuniServices, LLC; and PRA Professional Services, LLC. The assets and liabilitiesLLC in the first quarter of the businesses that will be sold were reflected as assets and liabilities held for sale and consist of the following at December 31, 2016 (amounts in thousands):
|
| | | |
| | December 31, 2016 |
| Other receivables, net | $ | 8,133 |
|
| Property and equipment, net | 3,227 |
|
| Goodwill | 29,683 |
|
| Intangible assets, net | 1,776 |
|
| Other assets | 424 |
|
| Assets held for sale | $ | 43,243 |
|
| | |
| Accrued expenses | $ | 4,220 |
|
| Liabilities held for sale | $ | 4,220 |
|
On January 24, 2017, the Company completed the sale of its government services businesses for $91.5 million in cash plus additional consideration for certain balance sheet items. The impact of the transaction will be includedpre-tax gain on sale was approximately $46.8 million and was recorded in the financial results for the first quarter of 2017. The
During the second quarter of 2017, the Company sold its vehicle location, skip tracing and collateral recovery business, PLS, for $4.5 million which resulted in a pre-tax gain on sale beforeof approximately $1.6 million.
17. Correction of Immaterial Errors:
The Company’s audited consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of income, taxes is expectedcomprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, and the related notes, have been corrected for immaterial errors regarding the accounting for secured loans.
Corrections
In 2018, the Company identified and corrected immaterial errors related to the measurement of income on its beneficial rights to certain Austrian portfolios of nonperforming loans. The beneficial rights are accounted for as secured loans. Income recognized on these arrangements should be approximately $47.0 million.recorded in accordance with ASC Topic 310-20, "Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs", whereby changes in cash flow estimates should be recognized as retrospective adjustments to yield. Previously, the Company recognized income on the secured loans in accordance with ASC 310-30, which recognizes changes in cash flow estimates as prospective changes to yield.
The Company evaluated the materiality of the errors described in the previous paragraph from a qualitative and quantitative perspective. Based on such evaluation, the Company concluded that they are not material to any individual prior period, nor did they have a material effect on the trend of financial results, taking into account the requirements of SAB No. 108, "Considering the Effect of Prior Year Misstatements when Quantifying Misstatements in Current Year Financial Statements" ("SAB 108"). Accordingly, the Company corrected these errors in every affected period in the 2018, 2017 and 2016 consolidated financial statements.
PRA Group, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The impact of the immaterial error corrections described above are presented on an as previously reported basis, and detailed below as corrections, and on an as corrected basis in the following summarized financial data for 2018, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands, except per share data):
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 2018 (1) |
| | | Uncorrected | | Correction | | As Reported |
| Income recognized on finance receivables | | $ | 890,719 |
| | $ | 1,180 |
| | $ | 891,899 |
|
| Income tax expense | | 13,468 |
| | 295 |
| | 13,763 |
|
| Net income | | 74,849 |
| | 885 |
| | 75,734 |
|
| Net income attributable to PRA Group, Inc. | | $ | 64,678 |
| | $ | 885 |
| | $ | 65,563 |
|
| Net income per share attributable to PRA Group, Inc.: | | | | | | |
| Basic | | $ | 1.43 |
| | $ | 0.02 |
| | $ | 1.45 |
|
| Diluted | | $ | 1.42 |
| | $ | 0.02 |
| | $ | 1.44 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Finance receivables, net | | $ | 3,079,319 |
| | 5,458 |
| | $ | 3,084,777 |
|
| Net deferred tax asset | | 62,818 |
| | (1,365 | ) | | 61,453 |
|
| Net cash provided by operating activities | | 79,686 |
| | 1,180 |
| | 80,866 |
|
| Net cash used in investing activities | | 386,071 |
| | 1,180 |
| | 387,251 |
|
| (1) Included for comparability purposes only. The Company has not previously reported its fourth quarter 2018 results. |
| | | 2017 |
| | | As Previously Reported | | Correction | | As Corrected |
| Income recognized on finance receivables | | $ | 792,701 |
| | $ | 2,734 |
| | $ | 795,435 |
|
| Income tax (benefit)/expense | | (11,536 | ) | | 684 |
| | (10,852 | ) |
| Net income | | 169,075 |
| | 2,050 |
| | 171,125 |
|
| Net income attributable to PRA Group, Inc. | | $ | 162,265 |
| | $ | 2,050 |
| | $ | 164,315 |
|
| Net income per share attributable to PRA Group, Inc.: | | | | | | |
| Basic | | $ | 3.55 |
| | $ | 0.05 |
| | $ | 3.60 |
|
| Diluted | | $ | 3.54 |
| | $ | 0.05 |
| | $ | 3.59 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Finance receivables, net | | $ | 2,771,921 |
| | $ | 4,278 |
| | $ | 2,776,199 |
|
| Net deferred tax asset | | 57,529 |
| | (1,070 | ) | | 56,459 |
|
Net cash provided by operating activities (2) | | 12,741 |
| | 2,734 |
| | 15,475 |
|
Net cash used in investing activities (2) | | 292,226 |
| | 2,734 |
| | 294,960 |
|
| | | 2016 |
| | | As Previously Reported | | Correction | | As Corrected |
| Income recognized on finance receivables | | $ | 843,598 |
| | $ | 1,544 |
| | $ | 845,142 |
|
| Income tax expense | | 43,191 |
| | 386 |
| | 43,577 |
|
| Net income | | 90,892 |
| | 1,158 |
| | 92,050 |
|
| Net income attributable to PRA Group, Inc. | | $ | 85,097 |
| | $ | 1,158 |
| | $ | 86,255 |
|
| Net income per share attributable to PRA Group, Inc.: | | | | | | |
| Basic | | $ | 1.84 |
| | $ | 0.02 |
| | $ | 1.86 |
|
| Diluted | | $ | 1.83 |
| | $ | 0.03 |
| | $ | 1.86 |
|
| | | | | | | |
| Finance receivables, net | | $ | 2,307,969 |
| | $ | 1,544 |
| | $ | 2,309,513 |
|
| Net deferred tax asset | | 28,482 |
| | (386 | ) | | 28,096 |
|
Net cash provided by operating activities (2) | | 204,359 |
| | 1,544 |
| | 205,903 |
|
Net cash used in investing activities (2) | | 315,970 |
| | 1,544 |
| | 317,514 |
|
(2) The "As Previously Reported" totals have been adjusted for a reclassification. For additional information on the reclassification see Note 1.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. We conducted an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report.Form 10-K. Based on this evaluation, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2016,2018, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2016 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the company’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) of the Treadway Commission. Based on its assessment under this framework, management has determined that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2016.2018. Our independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, has issued an audit report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016,2018, which is included herein.
Scope of Management’s Report onChanges in Internal Control over Financial ReportingReporting.. During the second quarter of 2016, we completed the DTP acquisition. As permitted, due to the recent date of the acquisition, DTP is excluded from the scope of management’s assessment of There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting. As of December 31, 2016, DTP represents approximately 2.2% of total assets and 0.6% of total revenue reflected in our Consolidated Financial Statements as of and forreporting that occurred during the yearquarter ended December 31, 2016.2018 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors and Stockholders
PRA Group, Inc.:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited PRA Group, Inc.'s and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016,2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control –- Integrated Framework(2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). PRA Group, Inc.'sCommission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated March 12, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management'sManagement’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting (Item 9A). Our responsibility is to express an opinion on PRA Group, Inc.'sthe Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company'scompany’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company'scompany’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company'scompany’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, PRA Group, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework(2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
PRA Group, Inc. acquired 100% of the shares of DTP S.A. (DTP) during 2016, and management excluded from its assessment of the effectiveness of PRA Group, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, DTP’s internal control over financial reporting associated with approximately 2.2% of total assets and 0.6% of total revenues reflected in the consolidated financial statements of PRA Group, Inc. and subsidiaries as of and for the year ended December 31, 2016. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of PRA Group, Inc. also excluded an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of DTP.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of PRA Group, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated income statements, and statements of comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, and our report dated February 28, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Norfolk, Virginia
February 28, 2017March 12, 2019
Item 9B. Other Information.
None.
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
The information required by Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference to the sections labeled "Executive Officers, of the Registrant," "Security Ownership of ManagementCertain Beneficial Owners and Directors,Management," "Board of Directors,"Our Board and Its Committees," "Corporate Governance," "Committees of the Board of Directors" and "Report of the Audit Committee" in our definitive Proxy Statement for use in connection with the Company's 20172019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the "Proxy Statement").
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
The information required by Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference to the sections labeled "Compensation Discussion and Analysis" and "Compensation Committee Report" in the Proxy Statement.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management And Related Stockholder Matters.
The information required by Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference to the section labeled "Security Ownership of ManagementCertain Beneficial Owners and Directors"Management" in the Proxy Statement.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
The information required by Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference to the sections labeled "Policies for Approval of Related Party Transactions" and "Director Independence" in the Proxy Statement.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
The information required by Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference to the section labeled "Fees Paid to KPMG LLP"KPMG" in the Proxy Statement.
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
The following financial statements are included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K:
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10.2* | Employment Agreement, dated December 19, 2014, by and between Kevin P. Stevenson and PRA Group, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50058) filed on January 5, 2015). |
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10.3* | Employment Agreement, dated December 19, 2014, by and between Michael J. Petit and PRA Group, Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50058) filed on January 5, 2015). |
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10.4* | Separation and Release Agreement, dated December 29, 2016, by and between Michael J. Petit and PRA Group, Inc. (filed herewith). |
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| (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50058) filed on June 22, 2016). |
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10.9 | |
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| Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of December 19, 2012 byMay 5, 2017 among PRA Group, Inc. as a borrower and among Portfolio Recovery Associates,a guarantor, PRA Group Canada, Inc., Portfolio Recovery Associates, LLC,as a borrower, the domestic subsidiaries of PRA Holding I, LLC,Group, Inc., as the guarantors, the Canadian subsidiaries of PRA Location Services, LLC, PRA Government Services, LLC, PRA Receivables Management, LLC, PRA Holding II, LLC, PRA Holding III, LLC, MuniServices, LLC, PRA Professional Services, LLC, PRA Financial Services, LLC,Group Canada, Inc. party thereto from time to time, as Canadian guarantors, the lenders party thereto, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swinglineAgent, swing line lender and an l/c issuer, Wells Fargo Bank of America, N.A., acting through its Canada branch, as Canadian administrative agent, Capital One, N.A., Fifth Third Bank and SunTrustSuntrust Bank, as co-syndication agents, KeyBank, National Association,DNB Capital LLC, ING Capital, the Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi Ufj, Ltd. and Regions Bank, as documentation agent,co-senior managing agents, and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated, Wells Fargo Securities, LLC,Capital One, N.A., Fifth Third Bank and SunTrustSuntrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc., as joint lead arrangers and joint book managers,bookrunners (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50058) filed on August 9, 2017). |
| First Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of October 4, 2018, among PRA Group, Inc., PRA Group Canada Inc., the Guarantors, the Lenders party thereto, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and the lenders named therein.Bank of America, N.A., acting through its Canada branch, as Canadian Administrative Agent (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50058) filed on December 20, 2012)October 9, 2018). |
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10.10 | First Amendment to Credit Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50058) filed on August 6, 2013). |
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10.11 | Second Amendment to Credit Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50058) filed on March 20, 2014). |
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10.12 | Third Amendment to Credit Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50058) filed on June 6, 2014). |
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10.13 | Fourth Amendment to Credit Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50058) filed on June 3, 2015). |
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10.14 | Fifth Amendment to Credit Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50058) filed on August 10, 2015). |
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10.15 | Loan Modification Agreement and Seventh Amendment to the Credit Agreement dated as of December 19, 2012. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-50058) filed on March 30, 2016).
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10.20 | Lender CommitmentFourth Amendment and Restatement Agreement to the Term and Multicurrency Revolving Credit Facility Agreement, dated as of August 21, 2013January 23, 2018, by and among Portfolio Recovery Associates, Inc.PRA Group Europe Holding S.à r.l., PRA Group Europe Holding S.à r.l., Luxembourg, Zug Branch and DNB Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent. (IncorporatedASA (Incorpored by reference to Exhibit 10.210.1 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50058) filed on November 8, 2013)May 10, 2018). |
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10.21 | Lender Joiner Agreement dated as of August 21, 2013, by and among Portfolio Recovery Associates, Inc., Bank of Hampton Roads, Heritage Bank, Union First Market and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-50058) filed on November 8, 2013). |
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| 101.INS | XBRL Instance Document |
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| 101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |
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| 101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |
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| 101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |
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| 101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |
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| 101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |
* Denotes management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement in which directors or executive officers are eligible to participate.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.
None.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
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| | | | | | |
| | | | | PRA Group, Inc. |
| | | | | (Registrant) |
| | | | | | |
February 28, 2017March 12, 2019 | | | | By: | /s/ Steven D. FredricksonKevin P. Stevenson |
| | | | | | Steven D. FredricksonKevin P. Stevenson |
| | | | | | Chairman of the Board of DirectorsPresident and Chief Executive Officer |
| | | | | | (Principal Executive Officer) |
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February 28, 2017March 12, 2019 | | | | By: | /s/ Peter M. Graham |
| | | | | | Peter M. Graham |
| | | | | | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |
| | | | | | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that each of the undersigned whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Steven D. FredricksonKevin P. Stevenson and Peter M. Graham, his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact, with full power of substitution and resubstitution for him and on his behalf, and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities to execute and sign any and all amendments or post-effective amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact or any of them or their or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof and the registrant hereby confers like authority on its behalf.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
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February 28, 2017March 12, 2019 | | | | By: | /s/ Steven D. FredricksonKevin P. Stevenson |
| | | | | | Steven D. FredricksonKevin P. Stevenson |
| | | | | | Chairman of the Board of DirectorsPresident and Chief Executive Officer |
| | | | | | (Principal Executive Officer) |
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| | | | | | |
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February 28, 2017March 12, 2019 | | | | By: | /s/ Peter M. Graham |
| | | | | | Peter M. Graham |
| | | | | | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |
| | | | | | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) |
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February 28, 2017March 12, 2019 | | | | By: | /s/ Kevin P. Stevenson |
| | | | | | Kevin P. Stevenson |
| | | | | | Director |
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February 28, 2017March 12, 2019 | | | | By: | /s/ Steven D. Fredrickson |
| | | | | Steven D. Fredrickson |
| | | | | Director |
| | | | | |
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| March 12, 2019 | | | | By: | /s/ Vikram A. Atal |
| | | | | | Vikram A. Atal |
| | | | | | Director |
| | | | | | |
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February 28, 2017March 12, 2019 | | | | By: | /s/ Danielle M. Brown |
| | | | | Danielle M. Brown |
| | | | | Director |
| | | | | |
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| March 12, 2019 | | | | By: | /s/ Marjorie M. Connelly |
| | | | | Marjorie M. Connelly |
| | | | | Director |
| | | | | |
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| March 12, 2019 | | | | By: | /s/ John H. Fain |
| | | | | | John H. Fain |
| | | | | | Director |
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February 28, 2017March 12, 2019 | | | | By: | /s/ Penelope W. Kyle |
| | | | | | Penelope W. Kyle |
| | | | | | Director |
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February 28, 2017March 12, 2019 | | | | By: | /s/ James A. Nussle |
| | | | | | James A. Nussle |
| | | | | | Director |
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February 28, 2017March 12, 2019 | | | | By: | /s/ Geir Olsen |
| | | | | | Geir Olsen |
| | | | | | Director |
| | | | | | |
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February 28, 2017 | | | | By: | /s/ David N. Roberts |
| | | | | David N. Roberts |
| | | | | Director |
| | | | | |
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February 28, 2017March 12, 2019 | | | | By: | /s/ Scott M. Tabakin |
| | | | | | Scott M. Tabakin |
| | | | | | Director |
| | | | | | |
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February 28, 2017 | | | | By: | /s/ James M. Voss |
| | | | | James M. Voss |
| | | | | Director |
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February 28, 2017March 12, 2019 | | | | By: | /s/ Lance L. Weaver |
| | | | | | Lance L. Weaver |
| | | | | | Director |
