UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM10-K

[X]☒                 ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20162017

OR

[    ]☐        TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                    to                    

Commission File No.: 000-51826

MERCER INTERNATIONAL INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number including area code:(604) 684-1099

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:None

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

[    ]  Yes [X]☒  No  ☐

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.  [    ]☐  Yes [ X ]☒  No

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes  [X]☒  No  [    ]☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files).   Yes   [ X ]☒  No  [    ]☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  [ X ]☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “smaller reporting“emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).  [    ]☐  Yes  [X]☒ No

The aggregate market value of the Registrant’s voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant as of June 30, 2016,2017, the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, based on the closing price of the voting stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on such date, was approximately $516.3$714.2 million.

As of February 9, 2017,14, 2018, the Registrant had 64,694,13865,017,288 shares of common stock, $1.00 par value per share, outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Certain information that will be contained in the definitive proxy statement for the Registrant’s annual meeting to be held in 20172018 is incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDINGFORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report on Form10-K includes “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. They often include words such as “believes”, “expects”, “anticipates”, “estimates”, “intends”, “plans”, “seeks” or words of similar meaning, or future or conditional verbs, such as “will”, “should”, “could”, “may”, “aims”, “intends” or “projects”. A forward-looking statement is neither a prediction nor a guarantee of future events or circumstances, and those future events or circumstances may not occur. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this annual report on Form10-K. These forward-looking statements are all based on currently available operating, financial and competitive information and are subject to various risks and uncertainties. Our actual future results and trends may differ materially depending on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties discussed under Item 1. “Business”, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. Given these risks and uncertainties, you should not rely on forward-looking statements as a prediction of actual results. Any or all of the forward-looking statements contained in this annual report on Form10-K and any other public statement made by us, including by our management, may turn out to be incorrect. We are including this cautionary note to make applicable and take advantage of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 for forward-looking statements. We expressly disclaim any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

In this document,annual report on Form10-K, we rely on and refer to information and statistics regarding our market share and the markets in which we compete. We have obtained some of this market share information and industry data from internal surveys, market research, publicly available information and industry publications. Such reports generally state that the information contained therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but the accuracy or completeness of such information is not guaranteed. Although we believe this information is reliable, we have not independently verified, and cannotnor can we guarantee, the accuracy or completeness of that information,information.

Statements in this annual report on Form10-K concerning the production capacity of our mills are management estimates based primarily on historically achieved levels of production and readers should use cautionassumptions regarding maintenance downtime. Statements concerning electrical generating capacity at our mills are also management estimates based primarily on our expected production (which largely determines the amount of electricity we can generate) and assumptions regarding maintenance downtime, in placing reliance on such information.

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CURRENCY

The following table sets out exchange rates, based on the noon buying rates in New York City for cable transfers in foreign currencies as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, referred to as the “Noon Buying Rate”, for the conversion of dollars to euros and Canadian dollars in effect at the end of the following periods, the average exchange rates during these periods (based on daily Noon Buying Rates) and the range of high and low exchange rates for these periods:

On February 6, 2017,12, 2018, the most recent weekly publication of the daily Noon Buying Rate before the filing of this annual report on Form10-K reported that the Noon Buying Rate as of February 3, 20179, 2018 for the conversion of dollars to euros and Canadian dollars was $1.0792$1.2226 per euro and $0.7691$0.7937 per Canadian dollar.

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PART I

In this document, please note the following:

Due to rounding, numbers presented throughout this report may not add up precisely to totals we provide and percentages may not precisely reflect the absolute figures.

Mercer

General

Mercer Inc. is a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Washington. Its common stock is quoted and listed for trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market (MERC) and the Toronto Stock Exchange (MERC.U).

We are one of the world’s largest producers of “market” NBSK pulp, which is pulp that is sold on the open market. Our size provides us increased presence, better industry information in our markets and close customer relationships with many large pulp consumers. We operate two modern and highly efficient mills in Eastern Germany and one mill in Western Canada and have our headquarters in Vancouver, Canada. We are the sole NBSK pulp producer, and the only significant market pulp producer in Germany, which is the largest pulp import market in Europe. We are able to supply the growing pulp demand in China both through our Canadian mill’s ready access to the Port of Vancouver and through our Stendal mill’s existing logistics arrangements. In addition, as a result of the significant investments we have made inco-generation equipment, all of our mills generate and sell a significant amount of surplus “green” energy to regional utilities. We also produce and sell “tall oil”, aby-product of our production process, which is used as both a chemical additive and as a “green”green energy source.

On April 12, 2017, through our wholly owned subsidiary, Mercer Timber Products GmbH, referred to as “MTP”, we acquired substantially all of the assets of one of Germany’s largest sawmills and abio-mass power plant, referred to as the “Friesau Facility”.

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Since acquiring the Friesau Facility, we have two reportable operating segments, being Pulp and Wood Products.

We currently employ approximately 1,486 people. Our three NBSK pulp mills have consolidated annual production capacity of approximately 1.5 million ADMTs of NBSK pulp, 550 million board feet of lumber and are capable of generating 305318 MW of electricity. Key operating details for each of our mills are as follows:

•

Stendal mill. Our Stendal mill is astate-of-the-art, single-line, single line, ISO 9001, 14001 and 50001 certified NBSK pulp mill that has an annual production capacity of approximately 660,000 ADMTs and 148 MW of electrical generation. The Stendal mill is onegenerated and exported 508,733 MWh of the largest NBSK millselectricity in Europe.2017, resulting in approximately $48.3 million in revenues. The Stendal mill is located near the town of Stendal, Germany, approximately 130 kilometers west of Berlin.

We currently employ approximately 1,840 people.

Pulp Segment

Our pulp mills are some of the newest and most modern and newest NBSK pulp mills in Europe and North America. We believe the relative age, production capacity and electrical generation capacity of our mills provide us with certain manufacturing cost and other advantages over many of our competitors. We believe our competitors’ older mills do not have the equipment or capacity to produce or sell surplus power or chemicals in a meaningful amount. In addition, since our mills are relatively new, they benefit from lower maintenance capital requirements and higher efficiency relative to many of our competitors’ mills.

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The following table sets out our pulp production and pulp revenues for the periods indicated:

Our modern pulp mills generate electricity, which is surplus to their operating requirements, providing our mills with a stable revenue source unrelated to pulp prices. Additionally, our German pulp mills generate tall oil from black liquor, which is sold to third parties for use in numerous applications includingbio-fuels. Since our energy and chemical production areby-products of our pulp production process, there are minimal incremental costs and our surplus energy and chemical sales are highly profitable. All of our mills generate and sell surplus energy to regional utilities. Our German mills benefit from special tariffs under Germany’sRenewable Energy Sources Act, referred to as the “Renewable Energy Act”, which provides for premium pricing on “green”green energy. Our Celgar mill is party to a fixed electricity purchase agreement with the regional public utility provider for the sale of surplus power through 2020.

The following table sets out the amount of surplus energy we produced and sold and revenues from the sale of surplussuchsurplus energy and chemicals in our pulp segment for the periods indicated:

Our strategic pulp mill locations position us well to serve customers in Europe, Asia and North America. We primarily work directly with customers to capitalize on our geographic diversity, coordinate sales and enhance customer relationships. We believe our ability to deliver high qualityhigh-quality pulp on a timely basis and our customer service make us a preferred supplier for many customers.

Wood Products Segment

We entered into the wood products business with the acquisition of the Friesau Facility. As a result, we manufacture, sell and distribute lumber, electricity and other wood residuals. The Friesau Facility can produce lumber for European, U.S. and other lumber export markets.

FiberDuring the two years prior to our acquisition of the Friesau Facility, it was being operated on a restricted basis and well below its production capacity. Since our acquisition, we have been ramping up the mill’s lumber production and capitalizing on synergies. In the Friesau Facility’s fiber region, major sawlog contracts are generally awarded on a yearly basis. As a result, we initially expected our ramp up to materially increase at the start of 2018 when new contracts are awarded.

However, due to the successful procurement of wood, the mill’s ramp up proceeded faster than we initially budgeted and began generating positive operating income in the second quarter of 2017. The ramp up of production steadily improved our operating efficiency and costs. In the third quarter of 2017, we

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commenced lumber sales into the U.S. market which accounted for approximately 31% of our lumber sales volumes in the fourth quarter of 2017 while substantially all the rest were to Europe. Depending on market conditions, we intend, over time, to have a diverse geographic mix for our lumber sales, primarily focused on the European, U.S. and Japanese markets.

Our acquisition of the Friesau Facility has allowed us to expand into the German lumber business and further grow ourbio-mass energy profile. It has also created operating synergies relating to the sharing of wood andbio-mass fuel resources and the optimization of staffing and services with our Rosenthal mill.

The European and U.S. lumber markets are very different. In the European market, lumber is generally customized in terms of dimensions and finishing, whereas the U.S. market is driven primarily by demand from new housing starts and dimensions and finishing are generally standardized.

Additionally, lumber production and sales in Europe are commonly measured in cubic meters, whereas in the U.S. they are measured in thousand board feet or Mfbm.

For the purposes of this annual report on Form10-K, we have converted our lumber metrics from cubic meters to Mfbm using a conversion ratio of 1.6 cubic meters of lumber equaling one Mfbm, which is the largestratio commonly used in the industry.

The following table sets out our lumber production cost in manufacturing NBSK pulp. Although fiberand revenues from April 12, 2017, being the date we acquired the Friesau Facility, to December 31, 2017:

The Friesau Facility generates electricity for minimal incremental costs, all ofwhich is cyclical in bothsold,providing a stable revenue source unrelated to lumber prices. The Friesau Facility’s modernbio-mass fueled cogeneration power plant has an annual production capacity of approximately 13 MW of electricity. The plant sells electricity pursuant to a long-term fixed price green power tariff that runs to 2029. From its acquisition date of April 12, 2017 to December 31, 2017, the Friesau Facility produced and supply, there is a significant amountsold 73,698 MWh of high-quality fiber within a close radiussurplus energy for revenues of each of our mills. This fiber supply, combined with our purchasing power and our ability to switch between whole logs chipped at our mills and sawmill residual chips, enables us to enter into contracts and arrangements which have generally provided us with sufficient fiber supply.$8.9 million.

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Corporate Structure, History and Development of Business

The following simplified chart sets out our principal operating subsidiaries, their jurisdictions of organization, their principal activities and their annual pulp productionand lumberproduction and electrical generation capacity:

We acquired our Rosenthal mill in 1994. In 1999, we completed a major capital project to convert it to the production of kraft pulp, increase production and improve efficiencies at a cost of approximately $385.7 million, of which approximately $100.8 million was financed through government grants. Subsequent capital investments and efficiency improvements have reduced emissions and energy costs, increased the mill’s annual production capacity and enabled the production of tall oil.

In September 2004, we completed construction of the Stendal mill at a cost of approximately $1.1 billion, which was financed through a combination of government grants of approximately $332.0 million,low-cost, long-term project debt, which was largely severally guaranteed by governments in Germany, and equity. Subsequent capital investments and efficiency improvements have increased the mill’s annual production capacity and its generation of “green”green energy. We initially had a 63.6% interest in Stendal which increased over time through acquisitions and/or further investments until September 2014, when we acquired all of the economic interest in Stendal.

In February 2005, we acquired the Celgar mill for $210.0 million plus defined working capital. Since its acquisition, we have effected several capital projects and other initiatives at the Celgar mill to increase its annual production capacity and its generation of “green”green energy.

In April 2017, we acquired the Friesau Facility for $61.6 million in cash.

Corporate Strategy

Our corporate strategy is to expand our asset and earnings base through organic growth and acquisitions, primarily in Europe and North America. We pursue organic growth through active management and targeted capital expenditures to generate a high return by improving efficiency, reducing

costs and increasing production of pulp, andlumber, energy andby-products such as chemicals. We are also leveraging our fiber and process expertise to develop innovative new products based on other derivatives of the kraft pulping process. We seek to acquire interests in companies and assets primarily in the pulp industryforest

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products business and related wood and wood extractive businesses where we can leverage our experience and expertise in adding value through a focused management approach. Key elements of our strategy include:

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The Pulp Industry

General

Pulp is used in the production of paper, tissues and paper-related products. Pulp is generally classified according to fiber type, the process used in its production and the degree to which it is bleached. Kraft pulp, a type of chemical pulp, is produced through a sulphate chemical process in which lignin, the component of wood which binds individual fibers, is dissolved in a chemical reaction. Chemically prepared pulp allows the wood’s fiber to retain its length and flexibility, resulting in stronger paper products. Kraft pulp can be bleached to increase its brightness. Softwood kraft pulp is noted for its strength, brightness and absorption properties and is used to produce a variety of products, including lightweight publication grades of paper, tissues and other paper-related products.

There are two main types of bleached kraft pulp, being softwood kraft made from coniferous trees and hardwood kraft made from deciduous trees. Softwood species generally have long, flexible fibers which add strength to paper while fibers from species of hardwood contain shorter fibers which lend bulk and opacity.

We produce and sell NBSK pulp, which is a bleached kraft pulp manufactured using northern softwood and is considered a premium grade because of its strength. It generally obtains the highest price relative to other kraft pulps. Southern bleached softwood kraft pulp is kraft pulp manufactured using southern softwood and does not possess the strength found in NBSK pulp. NBSK pulp is the sole pulp product of our mills.

Most paper users of market kraft pulp use a mix of softwood and hardwood grades to optimize production and product qualities. In 2016,2017, market kraft pulp consumption was approximately 54%55% hardwood bleached kraft and 42% softwood bleached kraft, with the remainder comprised of unbleached pulp. Over the last several years, production of hardwood pulp, based on fast growing plantation fiber primarily from Asia and South America, has increased much more rapidly than that of softwood grades, based on fiber that has longer growth cycles. Hardwood kraft generally has a cost advantage over softwood kraft as a result of lower fiber costs, higher wood yields and, for newer hardwood mills, economies of scale. As a result of this growth in supply and lower costs, kraft pulp customers have substituted some of the pulp content in their products to hardwood pulp.

Counteracting customers’ ability to substitute lower priced hardwood pulp for NBSK pulp is the requirement for strength and formation characteristics in finished goods. Paper and tissue makers focus on larger paper machines with higher speeds and lower basis weights for certain papers which require the strength characteristics of softwood pulp. Additionally, where paper products are lightweight or specialized, like direct mail, magazine paper or premium tissue, or where strength or absorbency are important, softwood kraft forms a significant proportion of the fiber used. As a result, we believe that the ability of kraft pulp users to further substitute hardwood for softwood pulp is limited by such requirements.

Kraft pulp can be made in different grades, with varying technical specifications, for different end uses. Softwood kraft pulp is valued for its reinforcing role in mechanical printing papers and is sought after by producers of paper for the publishing industry, primarily for magazines and advertising materials. Softwood kraft pulp is also an important ingredient for tissue manufacturing and tissue demand tends to increase with living standards in developing countries. NBSK pulp produced for reinforcement fibers is considered the highest grade of kraft pulp and generally obtains the highest price.

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Markets

We believe that over 130135 million ADMTs of chemical pulp are converted annually into tissues, printing and writing papers, carton boards and other specialty grades of paper and paperboard around the world. We also believe that over one third40% of this pulp is sold on the open market as market pulp, while the remainder is produced for internal purposes by integrated paper and paperboard manufacturers.

The pulp business is highly cyclical in nature and markets are characterized by periods of supply and demand imbalance, which in turn affect prices. Pulp markets are highly competitive and are sensitive to cyclical changes in the global economy, industry capacity and foreign exchange rates, all of which can have a significant influence on selling prices and our operating results. The length and magnitude of industry cycles have varied over time but generally reflect changes in macro-economic conditions and levels of industry capacity. Pulp is a commodity that is generally available from other producers. Because commodity products have few distinguishing qualities from producer to producer, competition is generally based upon price, which is generally determined by supply relative to demand.

Between 20072008 and 2016,2017, worldwide demand for chemical market pulp grew at an average rate of approximately 2% annually, with worldwide demand for bleached softwood kraft market pulp having grown at an average of approximately 1%2% per annum.

The following chart illustrates the global demand for chemical market pulp for the periods indicated:

Estimated Global Chemical Market Pulp Demand

Two keyKey macro-economic trends in worldwide NBSK pulp demand over the last several years have been:include:

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In late 2017, demand for NBSK pulp tightened primarily as a result of steady demand and a reduction in China’s imports of recovered or waste paper which resulted from a major policy shift announced by China in the third quarter of 2017 to reduce and phase out imports of solid waste and scraps, including those within recovered or waste paper. In late 2017, China also announced goals to stop imports of unsorted paper, solid waste and scrap imports over the next two years.

Since 2007,2008, demand for chemical softwood market pulp has grown in the emerging markets of Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America. China in particular has experienced substantial growth and its imports of chemical softwood market pulp grew by approximately 11%12% per annum between 20072008 and 2016.2017. We believe the emerging markets now account for approximately 54% of total world demand for bleached softwood kraft market pulp. China now accounts for approximately 31%32% of global bleached softwood kraft market pulp demand, compared to only 15%17% in 2007.2008. Western Europe currently accounts for approximately 25%24% of global bleached softwood kraft market pulp demand, compared to approximately 35%34% in 2007.2008. The demand in the mature markets of Europe, North America and Japan in 20162017 declined by approximately 2.81.5 million ADMTs from 2007.2008.

The following chart sets forth industry-wide bleached softwood kraft deliveries to China for the periods indicated:

12 Month Rolling Bleached Softwood Kraft Pulp Deliveries to China

Growth in NBSK pulp demand in China and other emerging markets has, to a large extent, been driven by increased demand from tissue and specialty paper producers, as a result of economic growth and rising income levels and living standards in such markets. These factors generally contribute to a greater demand for personal hygiene products in such regions. In China alone, tissue producers have publicly announced plans to increase their annualproduction capacity has increased by approximately 4.7 million ADMTs over the last five years. Additional tissue capacity by approximately 0.6increases of 0.5 million ADMTs during 2017.have been announced for 2018. At this time there can be no assurance as to when and how much of such capacity expansion will be implemented.

This has also led to an overall shift in demand for NBSK pulp, as demand from tissue producers has increased, while demand from printing and writing end uses has decreased. Betweendecreased.Between 2003 and 2015, NBSK pulp demand for tissue production increased by approximately 206%, an approximate 10% compound annual growth rate. From 2003 to 2015, a period very affected by “digital substitution” of traditional paper grades, total NBSK demand grew by 15%.

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The following chart compares NBSK pulp demand by end use in each of 2003 and 2015 (the latest year for which figures are currently available):

NBSK Pulp Demand by End Use

We believe 20162017 NBSK demand by end use was generally consistent with the trend in the chart above.

A measure of demand for kraft pulp is the ratio obtained by dividing the worldwide demand of kraft pulp by the worldwide capacity for the production of kraft pulp, or the “demand/capacity ratio”. An increase in this ratio generally occurs when there is an increase in global and regional levels of economic activity. An increase in this ratio also generally indicates greater demand as consumption increases, which often results in rising kraft pulp prices and a reduction of inventories by producers and buyers. As prices continue to rise, producers continue to run at higher operating rates. However, an adverse change in global and regional levels of economic activity generally negatively affects demand for kraft pulp, often leading buyers to reduce their purchases and rely on existing pulp inventories. As a result, producers run at lower operating rates by taking downtime to limit thebuild-up of their own inventories. The demand/capacity ratio for bleached softwood kraft pulp was approximately 92%93%, 92% and 93%92% in 2017, 2016 2015 and 2014,2015, respectively.

Between 20122013 and 2016,2017, we believe approximately 0.80.5 million ADMTs of pulp capacity was idled or shut down through mill closures or curtailments. Further, in efforts to improve environmental and safety standards, China has publicly stated that it will be reducing existing pulp and paper capacity in the near term by closingclosed “old” mills targeting a removal of 3.4and removed about 15.6 million ADMTs by the end of 2015. At this time, there can be no certainty as to the actual amount and timing of any such closures.ADMTs.

Currently, there have been publicly announced significant increases to expandIn 2017, chemical pulp capacity worldwide. Producers have announced projects to increaseincreased by approximately 2.3 million ADMTs, consisting of increases of 1.1 million ADMTs and 1.2 million ADMTs of softwood and hardwood kraft pulp, respectively. Further bleached hardwood kraft pulp capacity by an aggregate of about 3.2 million ADMTs in 2017 and 2018, primarily in South America and Asia. Further capacity increases of about 0.72.0 million ADMTs have been announced for 2019. This2018. The increase in bleached hardwood kraft pulp is largely targeted at the growing demand for pulp in developing markets, particularly in China, by producers of tissues, specialty papers and packaging. Although not a direct competitor to NBSK pulp, if such additional bleached hardwood kraft pulp supply is not absorbed by such demand growth, as a result of generally lower prices for bleached hardwood

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kraft pulp, this supply increase could

put downward pressure on NBSK pulp prices. However, we believe customers’ ability to further substitute lower priced bleached hardwood kraft pulp for NBSK pulp is limited by the strength characteristic of NBSK pulp which is required by large modern paper machines to run lower basis-weight paper products efficiently.

Producers have also publicly announced modernization and expansion projects for NBSK mills in Europe, including Russia, to be implemented in 2017 and 2018, ranging from small expansions of existing mills to potential “greenfield” mills. We estimate that if all of these projects were completed, they would increase NBSK pulp capacity by about 1.9 million ADMTs per annum. Further capacity increases of about 0.5an additional 1.0 million ADMTs of NBSK pulp have been announced for 2019. We currently believe a number of such projects will be implemented while others are currently subjectcapacity to various conditions including financingcome online in Europe inmid-2018 pursuant to modernization and further development. We believe that, because of fiber constraints, such a significant expansion of NBSK capacity in the region would likely require the closure of older mills.projects. However, at this time, we cannot predict which of the publicly announced expansion projects will be completed or how much additional NBSK pulp production capacity may come online and when. As pulp prices are highly cyclical, there can be no assurance that NBSK pulp prices will not decline in the future as a result of increases to the supply of kraft pulp.

In addition, certain integrated pulp and paper producers have the ability to discontinue paper production by idling their paper machines and selling their NBSK pulp production on the market, if market conditions, prices and trends warrant such actions.

NBSK Pulp Pricing

Kraft pulp is a globally traded commodity and prices are highly cyclical and volatile. Kraft pulp prices are generally quoted in dollars. Pricing is primarily influenced by the balance between supply and demand, as affected by global macro-economic conditions, changes in consumption and capacity, the level of customer and producer inventories and fluctuations in exchange rates. Generally, we and other producers consider global NBSK pulp supply and demand to be evenly balanced when world inventory levels are at about 30 days’ supply.

General macro-economic conditions are closely tied to overall global business activity, which helps determine pulp demand and, in turn, impacts pricing.

As the majority of market NBSK pulp is produced and sold by Canadian and Northern European producers, while the price of NBSK pulp is generally quoted in dollars, pricing is often affected by fluctuations in the currency exchange rates for the dollar versus the euro and the Canadian dollar. As NBSK pulp producers generally incur costs in their local currency, while pulp is quoted in dollars, a dollar strengthening generally benefits producers’ businesses and operating margins. Conversely, a weakening of the dollar versus the local currency of producers generally adversely affects producers’ businesses and operating margins.

As a corollary to changes in exchange rates between the dollar and the euro and Canadian dollar, a stronger dollar generally increases costs to customers of NBSK pulp producers and results in downward pressure on prices. Conversely, a weakening dollar generally supports higher pulp pricing. However, there is invariably a time lag between changes in currency exchange rates and pulp prices. This lag can vary and is not predictable with any certainty.

As Northern Europe has historically been the world’s largest market and NBSK pulp is the premium grade, the European market NBSK price is generally used as a benchmark price by the industry. The average European list prices for NBSK pulp since 20072008 have fluctuated between a low of approximately $575 per ADMT in 2009 and a high of $1,030 per ADMT in 2011.

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The following chart sets out the changes in list prices for NBSK pulp in Europe, as stated in dollars, Canadian dollars and euros for the periods indicated:

NBSK Pulp Price History (European Delivery)

In 2016 and 2015, demand was generally stable. However, the strength of the dollar resulted in lower pulp prices. In 2014, demand from both Europe and China was stable, while supply was slightly under-balanced throughout the year which kept prices relatively high.

The following table sets out list prices for NBSK pulp in the regions indicated at the dates indicated:

A producer’s net sales realizations are list prices, net of customer discounts, rebates and other selling concessions. Over the last three years, these have increased as producers compete for customers and sales. The nature of the pricing structure in Asia is different in that, while quoted list prices tend to be lower than Europe, customer discounts and rebates are much lower, resulting in net sales realizations that are generally similar to other markets.

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The following chart sets forth changes in FOEX PIX Pulp Index prices for NBSK pulp in Europe and global bleached softwood kraft inventory levels between 20032004 and 2016:2017:

Pulp Price and Global Inventory History

Seasonality

We are exposed to fluctuations in quarterly sales volumes and expenses due to seasonal factors. These factors are common in the NBSK pulp industry. We generally have weaker pulp demand in Europe during the summer holiday months and in China in the period relating to its lunar new year. We typically have a seasonalbuild-up in raw material inventories in the early winter months as our mills build up their fiber supply for the winter when there is reduced availability.

Competition

Pulp markets are large and highly competitive. Producers ranging from small independent manufacturers to large integrated companies produce pulp worldwide. Our pulp and customer services compete with similar products manufactured and distributed by others. While many factors influence our competitive position, particularly in weak economic times, a key factor is price. Other factors include service, quality and convenience of location. Some of our competitors are larger than we are in certain markets and have substantially greater financial resources. These resources may afford those competitors more purchasing power, increased financial flexibility, more capital resources for expansion and improvement and enable them to compete more effectively. Our key NBSK pulp competitors are principally located in Northern Europe and Canada and include Canfor Pulp, Stora Enso, Metsä Fibre, Ilim, Södra Cell and Asia Pulp and Paper.

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Pulp Production

Our pulp production capacity and actual production by mill for the periods indicated is set out below:

Softwood kraft pulp is valued for its reinforcing role in mechanical printing papers and is sought after by producers of paper for the publishing industry, primarily for magazines and advertising materials. Softwood kraft pulp is also an important ingredient for tissue manufacturing, and tissue demand tends to increase with living standards in developing countries. NBSK pulp produced for reinforcement fibers is considered the highest grade of kraft pulp and generally obtains the highest price.

The NBSK pulp produced at the Rosenthal mill is a long-fibered softwood pulp produced by a sulphate cooking process and manufactured primarily from wood chips and pulp logs. A number of factors beyond economic supply and demand have an impact on the market for NBSK pulp, including requirements for pulp bleached without any chlorine compounds or without the use of chlorine gas. The Rosenthal mill has the capability of producing both “totally chlorine free” and “elemental chlorine free” pulp. Totally chlorine free pulp is bleached to a high brightness using oxygen, ozone and hydrogen peroxide as bleaching agents, whereas elemental chlorine free pulp is produced by substituting chlorine dioxide for chlorine gas in the bleaching process. This substitution virtually eliminates complex chloro-organic compounds from the mill’s effluent. The Rosenthal mill produces pulp for reinforcement fibers to the specifications of certain of our customers. We believe that a number of our customers consider us their supplier of choice.

The NBSK pulp produced at the Stendal mill is of a slightly different grade than the pulp produced at the Rosenthal mill as the mix of softwood fiber used is slightly different. This results in a complementary product more suitable for different end uses. The Stendal mill is capable of producing both totally chlorine free and elemental chlorine free pulp.

The Celgar mill produces high-quality NBSK pulp that is made from a unique blend of slow growing/long-fiber Western Canadian tree species. It is used in the manufacture of high-quality paper and tissue products. We believe the Celgar mill’s pulp is known for its excellent product characteristics, including tensile strength, wet strength and brightness. The Celgar mill is a long-established supplier to paper and tissue producers in Asia.

Generation and Sales of “Green”Green Energy and Chemicals at ourOur Mills

Our pulp mills are large scalebio-refineries that, in addition to pulp, also produce surplus “carbon neutral” or “green”green energy. As part of the pulp production process our mills generate “green”green energy using carbon-neutralbio-fuels such as black liquor and wood waste. Through the incineration ofbio-fuels in the

recovery and power boilers, our mills produce sufficient steam to cover all of our steam requirements and

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allow us to produce surplus electricity which we sell to third party utilities. As a result, we have benefited from “green”green energy legislation, incentives and commercialization that have developed over the last decade in Europe and Canada. In addition, in recent years we have applied considerable resources to increasing our capacity to produce and sell chemicals, primarily tall oil for use in numerous applications includingbio-fuels.

Our Friesau Facility also generates and sells green energy produced from itsbio-mass cogeneration power plant.

Our surplus energy and chemical sales provide our millsus with a stable revenue source unrelated to pulp or lumber prices. Since our energy and chemical production areby-products of our pulp production process,processes, there are minimal incremental costs and our surplus energy and chemical sales are highly profitable. We believe that this revenue source gives our mills a competitive advantage over other older mills which do not have the equipment or capacity to produce and/or sell surplus power and/or chemicals in a meaningful amount.

The following table sets out our electricity generation and surplus electricity sales for the five years ended December 31, 2016:2017:

Electricity Generation and Exports

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The following chart sets forth our consolidated revenues from electricity and chemical sales for the five years ended December 31, 2016:2017:

Energy and Chemical Revenue

German Pulp Mills and Friesau Facility

Our German pulp mills and the Friesau Facility participate in a program established pursuant to the Renewable Energy Act, which requires that public electric utilities give priority to electricity produced from renewable energy sources by independent power producers and pay a fixed tariff for such electricity for a period of 20 years. Such tariff expires December 31, 2019 for our Rosenthal mill, and December 31, 2024 for our Stendal mill.mill and in 2029 for the Friesau Facility. Recent amendments to the Renewable Energy Act will extend theirthe initial terms for our pulp mills for a further10-year period, based upon the price received in the last year prior to renewal regressing at a rate of 8% per annum. Such amendments are subject to compliance with EU state aid rules. While we expect them to be effective, we can provide no assurance of the same.

Since 2005, our German mills have received emission allowances under the European Union Carbon Emissions Trading Scheme, referred to as the “EU ETS”. However, our eligibility for special tariffs under the Renewable Energy Act has reduced the amount of emissions allowances granted to our German mills under the EU ETS.

In 2016,2017, energy sales for our RosenthalGerman pulp mills and Stendal mills sold approximately 169,249 MWh and 479,310 MWh of electricity, respectively, for proceeds of $17.1 million and $45.0 million, respectively.the Friesau Facility were as follows:

In 2016,2017, our Rosenthal and Stendal mills generated $1.5$2.3 million and $10.6$11.2 million, respectively, from the sale of tall oil, aby-product of our production process. In 2014, our Rosenthal mill completed a capital project which allowed it to process and sell tall oil.

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Celgar Mill

The Celgar mill has an electricity sales agreement with the British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority, referred to as “B.C. Hydro”, for the sale of power generated, pursuant to which the mill agreed to supply a minimum of approximately 238,000 MWh of surplus electrical energy annually to the utility over aten-year term. The agreement expires in 2020.

In 2016,2017, our Celgar mill sold approximately 137,286147,294 MWh of renewable electricity for proceeds of approximately $9.4$12.4 million.

In 2012,2015, we initiatedcompleted a hearing relating to our claim against the Government of Canada under the North American Free Trade Agreement, referred to as “NAFTA”, relating toregarding our investment in Celgar and unfair and discriminatory treatment regarding its ability to purchase and sell energy. See Item 3. “Legal Proceedings”.

Cash Production Costs

Consolidated cash production costs per ADMT for our pulp mills are set out in the following table for the periods indicated:

Production Costs

Our major costs of pulp production are fiber, labor, chemicals and energy. Fiber, comprised of wood chips and pulp logs, is our most significant operating expense for our pulp segment, representing about 60%56% of our pulp cash production costs in 2016. 2017.

Further, fiber, in the form of sawlogs, represents about 80% of lumber cash production costs.

Given the significance of fiber to our total operating expenses and our limited ability to control its costs compared with our other operating costs, volatility in fiber costs can materially affect our margins and results of operations.

Fiber

Our mills are situated in regions which generally provide a relatively stable supply of fiber. The fiber consumed by our pulp mills consists of wood chips produced by sawmills as aby-product of the sawmilling process and pulp logs. Wood chips are small pieces of wood used to make pulp and are either

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wood residuals from the sawmilling process or pulp logs chipped especially for this purpose. Pulp logs consist of lower quality logs not used in the production of lumber. Wood chipsThe Friesau Facility consumes sawlogs and pulp logswaste wood, which are cyclical in both price and supply.

Generally, the cost of wood chips, and pulp logs and sawlogs is primarily affected by the supply and demand for lumber. Additionally, regional factors such as harvesting levels and weather conditions can also have a material effect on the supply, demand and price for fiber.

In Germany, the price and supply of wood chips has been affected by increasing demand from alternative or renewable energy producers and government initiatives for carbon neutral energy. Declining energy prices, weaker economies or warm winters such as in 2014, 2015 and 2016 tempered the demand for wood chips resulting from initiatives by European governments to promote the use of wood as a carbon neutral energy. Over the long-term, we expect thisnon-traditional demand for fiber is likely to continue to remain strong.

During the past few years, certain customers have endeavored to purchase pulp that is produced using fiber that meets certain recognized wood certification requirements from forest certification agencies like FSC, PEFC andSFI-CSA. If the fiber we purchase does not meet certain wood certifications required by customers, it may make it more difficult or prevent us from selling our pulp to such customers. The chain of custody wood certification process is a voluntary process which allows a company to demonstrate that they use forest resources in accordance with strict principles and standards in the areas of sustainable forest management practices and environmental management. In an effort to procure wood only from sustainably managed sources, we employ an FSC Chain of Custody protocol for controlled wood and PEFC certification, which requires tracking of fiber origins and preparing risk based assessments regarding the region and operator. In the areas where we operate, we are actively engaged in the further development of certification processes. AlthoughHowever, there is competition among private certification systems along with efforts by supporters to further these systems by having customers of forest products to require products to be certified to their preferred system. Such wood certification requirementsstandards continue to evolve and are not consistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction weor how they are interpreted and applied. We currently do not expect certification requirements to have a material adverse impact on our fiber procurement and pulp sales. However, if sufficient marketplace demand requires wood raw materials to be sourced from standards that are inconsistent with those in our fiber supply regions, it could increase our operating costs and available harvest levels.

Offsetting some of the increases in demand for wood fiber have been initiatives to increase harvest levels in Germany, particularly from small private forest owners. We believe that Germany has the highest availability of softwood forests in Europe suitable for harvesting and manufacturing. We believe private ownership of such forests is approximately 48%. Many of these forest ownership stakes are very small and have been harvested at rates much lower than their rate of growth.

In 2017, our per unit pulp fiber costs in Germany were flat compared to 2016, primarily as a result of a balanced wood market in Germany. In 2016, our per unit fiber costs in Germany were 9% lower than in 2015, primarily as a result of a balanced wood market in Germany. In 2015, our per unit fiber costs in Germany decreased by approximately 17% due to the strength of the dollar and as a result of a generally balanced wood market. In 2014, our per unit fiber costs in Germany decreased by approximately 6% due to sawmills running at high rates, a stronger supply of logs and lower demand from pellet producers and board manufacturers.

We believe we are the largest consumer of wood chips and pulp logs in Germany and often provide the best long-term economic outlet for the sale of wood chips in Eastern Germany. We coordinate the wood procurement activities for our German mills to reduce overall personnel and administrative costs, provide greater purchasing power and coordinate buying and trading activities. This coordination and integration of

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fiber flows also allows us to optimize transportation costs, and the species and fiber mix for both mills. In addition, in 2016, we entered into a joint wood purchasing arrangement with another significant wood consumer in Europe, being the Mondi Group.

In 2016,2017, the Rosenthal mill consumed approximately 1.81.9 million cubic meters of fiber. Approximately 66%63% of such consumption was in the form of sawmill wood chips and approximately 34%37% was in the form of pulp logs. The wood chips for the Rosenthal mill are sourced from approximately 3346 sawmills located primarily in the states of Bavaria,Baden-Württemberg and Thüringia and primarily within a 300 kilometer radius of the Rosenthal mill. Within this radius, the Rosenthal mill is the largest consumer of wood chips. Given its location and size, the Rosenthal mill is often the best economic outlet for the sale of wood chips in the area. In 2016,2017, approximately 67%73% of the fiber consumed by the Rosenthal mill was spruce and the remainder was pine. While fiber costs and supply are subject to cyclical changes largely in the sawmill industry, we expect that we will be able to continue to obtain an adequate supply of fiber on reasonably satisfactory terms for the Rosenthal mill due to its location and our long-term relationships with suppliers. We have not historically experienced any significant fiber supply interruptions at the Rosenthal mill.

Wood chips for the Rosenthal mill are normally sourced from sawmills underone-year contracts with quarterly adjustments for market pricing. Substantially all of our chip supply is sourced from suppliers with which we have long-standing relationships. Pulp logs are sourced from the state forest agencies in Thüringia, Saxony and Bavaria and from private and municipal forest owners. In addition, the Rosenthal mill buys relevant volumes from traders and via imports from the Czech Republic and Poland.

In 2016,2017, the Stendal mill consumed approximately 3.33.4 million cubic meters of fiber. Approximately 29%26% of such fiber was in the form of sawmill wood chips and approximately 71%74% was in the form of pulp logs. The core wood supply region for the Stendal mill includes most of the Northern and Western part of Germany primarily within an approximate 300 kilometer radius of the mill. We also purchase wood chips from Southwestern and Southern Germany.Germany as well as the Baltic Sea region. The fiber consumed by the Stendal mill consisted of approximately 53%49% pine, 46%49% spruce and 1%2% other species in 2016.2017. The Stendal mill has sufficient chipping capacity to fully operate solely using pulp logs, if required. We source pulp logs from private forest holders, municipal forest owners and from state forest agencies inSaxony-Anhalt, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Hesse, Brandenburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Rhineland Palatinate and the City of Berlin. The volumes are distributed at optimal costs between the mills. In addition, over the last three years, the Stendal mill also imported fiber from Poland and the Baltic Sea region.

The availability of fiber for the Celgar mill is in large part influenced by the strength of the lumber market. Lumber markets are primarily driven by U.S. housing starts and, to a lesser degree, demand from China.

In 2017, our Celgar mill’s per unit fiber costs were flat compared to 2016, due to a balanced wood market in the Celgar mill’s fiber basket. In 2016, our Celgar mill’s per unit fiber costs were 6% lower than in 2015, due to strong sawmilling activity in the Celgar mill’s fiber basket. In 2015, our Celgar mill’s per unit fiber costs were flat compared to 2014, as the strengthening of the dollar largely offset higher prices in local currency terms. In 2014, our Celgar mill’s per unit fiber costs were 11% lower than in 2013, as a result of strong sawmill activity in the region.

In 2016,2017, the Celgar mill consumed approximately 2.32.5 million cubic meters of fiber. Approximately 78%72% of such fiber was in the form of sawmill wood chips and the remaining 22%28% came from pulp logs processed through its woodroom or chipped by a third party. Celgar’s woodroom is able to process about 40% of the mill’s fiber needs. The source of fiber at the mill is characterized by a mixture of species (pine,

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douglas fir, hemlock, cedar and spruce) and the mill sources fiber from a number of Canadian and U.S. suppliers.

In 2016,2017, the Celgar mill had access to approximately 27 different chip suppliers from Canada and the United States, representing approximately 78% of its total annual fiber requirements. The Celgar mill’s woodroom and third party chippers supplied the remaining 22% of the mill’s fiber requirements in 2016.States. Chips are purchased in Canada and the United States in accordance with chip purchase agreements. Generally, pricing is reviewed and adjusted periodically to reflect market prices. One of the longer-term contracts is aso-called “evergreen” agreement, where the contract remains in effect until one of the parties elects to terminate after providing the stipulated notice. All other contracts are generally for one year with quarterly adjustments or on three-month terms.

To secure the volume of pulp logs required by its woodroom and field chippers, the Celgar mill has entered into pulp log supply agreements, which can range from three-month toone-year terms, with a number of different suppliers, many of whom are also contract chip suppliers to the mill. All of the pulp log agreements can be terminated by either party for any reason, upon seven days’ written notice. The Celgar mill also purchased twonon-renewable licenses at a cost of $1.3 million, which will provide saw logs to sawmills in the area and pulp logs for the Celgar mill to use. The Celgar mill also bids on British Columbia timber sales from time to time. The Celgar mill has also commenced second pass harvesting in certain locales to increase harvesting of pulp logs that have traditionally been left as waste after harvesting operations.

Our Friesau Facility is dependent on the consistent supply of sawlog fiber. Wood fiber is the single largest input cost and accounts for about 80% of its cash costs of producing lumber. Our Friesau Facility is located in an area where there is a significant amount of high quality fiber within economic reach. The wood fiber requirements of the Friesau Facility are met primarily through open market purchases and contract purchases from state forestry agencies and private timberland owners.

Labor

Our labor costs are generally steady, with small overall increases due to inflation in wages and health care costs. Over the last three years, we have been able to largely offset such increases by increasing our efficiencies and production and streamlining operations.

Energy

Our energy is primarily generated from renewable carbon neutral sources, such as black liquor and wood waste. Our mills produce all of our energy requirements and generate excess energy which we sell to third party utilities. In 2016,2017, we generated 1,812,6461,961,975 MWh and sold 785,845895,818 MWh of surplus energy. See also “– Generation and Sales of ‘Green’Green Energy and Chemicals at our Mills”. We utilize fossil fuels, such as natural gas, primarily in our lime kilns and we use a limited amount forstart-up and shut-down operations. Additionally, from time to time, mill process disruptions occur and we consume small quantities of purchased electricity and fossil fuels to maintain operations. As a result, all of our mills are subject to fluctuations in the prices for fossil fuels.

Chemicals

Our pulp mills use certain chemicals which are generally available from several suppliers and sourcing is primarily based upon pricing and location. Our chemical costs have generally declinedremained stable over the last three years through improved efficiencies and capital expenditures and the strength of the dollar.years.

In connection with our focus on the growingbio-energy market, we sell tall oil, aby-product of our pulp production process which is used as both a chemical additive and as a “green”green energy source. In 2016,2017, we generated $12.8$14.2 million from the sale of tall oil and other chemicals.

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Sales, Marketing and Distribution

Our pulp revenues by geographic area are set out in the following table for the periods indicated:

The following charts illustrate the geographic distribution of our pulp revenues as a percentage of our total pulp revenues for the periods indicated:

20162017 Geographically Segmented Pulp Sales		20152016 Geographically Segmented Pulp Sales		20142015 Geographically Segmented Pulp Sales

*Excluding Germany and Italy.

The distribution of our pulp sales by end use are set out in the following table for the periods indicated:

In 2017, our wood products segment revenues were: (i) 39% from Germany; (ii) 29% from other European Union countries; (iii) 24% from the United States; and (iv) 8% from other countries.

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Our global sales and marketing group is responsible for conducting all sales and marketing of the pulp produced at our mills and currently has approximately 15 employees. This group largely handles all European and North American sales directly. Sales to Asia are made directly or through commission agents overseen by our sales group. The global sales and marketing group handles sales to approximately 190200 customers. We coordinate and integrate the sales and marketing activities of our German mills to realize on a number of synergies between them. These include reduced overall administrative and personnel costs and coordinated selling, marketing and transportation activities. We also coordinate sales from the Celgar mill with our German mills on a global basis, thereby providing our larger customers with seamless service across all major geographies. In marketing our pulp, we seek to establish long-term relationships by providing a competitively priced, high-quality, consistent product and excellent service. In accordance with customary practice, we maintain long-standing relationships with our customers, pursuant to which we periodically reach agreements on specific volumes and prices.

Our lumber sales are handled by our sales team in Germany and Vancouver. We also sell lumber through commissioned agents in certain markets.

Our pulp and lumber sales are on customary industry terms. At December 31, 2016,2017, we had no material payment delinquencies. In 2017, one customer of our pulp segment through several of its operations accounted for 13% of our revenues. In 2016, two customers through several of their operations accounted for 19% and 10%, respectively, of our pulp sales. In 2015, one customer through several of its operations accounted for 16% of our pulp sales. In 2014, one customer through several of its operations accounted for 13% of our pulp sales. We do not believe our pulp sales are dependent upon the activities of any single customer and the loss of any single customer would not have a material adverse effect on us.

Our sales to tissue and specialty paper product manufacturers were approximately 50% of our pulp sales in 2017, 2016 2015 and 2014.2015. Generally tissue producer customers are not as sensitive to cyclical declines in demand caused by downturns in economic activity. The balance of our sales was to other paper product manufacturers.

Transportation

We transport our NBSK pulp and lumber generally by truck, rail and ocean carriers through third-party carriers. We have a small fleet of trucks in Germany that deliver some of our German mills’ pulp.

Our German pulp mills are currently the only significant market kraft pulp producers in Germany, which is the largest import market for kraft pulp in Europe. We therefore have a competitive transportation cost advantage compared to Canadian and Northern European pulp producers when shipping to customers in Europe. Due to the location of our German mills, we are able to deliver pulp to many of our customers primarily by truck and rail. Most trucks that deliver goods into Eastern Germany generally do not have significant backhaul opportunities as the region is primarily an importer of goods. We are therefore frequently able to obtain relatively low backhaul freight rates for the delivery of our products to many of our customers.

The Celgar mill’s pulp is transported to customers by rail, truck and ocean carrier to ensure timely delivery. The majority of Celgar’s pulp for overseas markets is initially delivered primarily by rail to the Port of Vancouver for shipment overseas by ocean carrier. Based in Western Canada, the Celgar mill is well positioned to service Asian customers. The majority of the Celgar mill’s pulp for domestic markets is shipped by rail directly to the customer or to third party warehouses in the United States. In 2015, we established a logistics and reload center near Trail, British Columbia. The center provides us with additional warehouse space for our Celgar mill and greater transportation flexibility in terms of access to rail and trucking options.

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The Friesau Facility’s lumber is transported to customers by truck, rail and ocean carriers through third-party carriers.

In each of 2017, 2016 2015 and 2014,2015, outbound transportation costs comprised approximately 8%9%, 9%8% and 9%, respectively, of our total consolidated cost of sales. Generally, in recent years, our transportation costs have decreasedbeen stable despite growing overseas shipments due to the positive impact of a stronger dollar, decreases in fuel costs and higher shipping capacity. Wecapacity and we have also taken initiatives to target sales to the most “freight logical” customers.

Capital Expenditures

We have continued to make capital investments designed to increase pulp, “green”green energy and chemical generation,production, reduce costs and improve efficiency and environmental performance at our mills.pulpmills. The improvements made at our mills over the years have increased the competitive position of our facilities.pulp segment. Since its acquisition, we have also made capital investments to optimize sawmill production at the Friesau Facility.

Total capital expenditures at our mills (excluding any related governmental grants) are set out in the following table for the periods indicated:

Capital investments at the Rosenthal mill in 2017 primarily related to the purchase of additional land for raw material storage and a railcar acceptance system for logs. In 2016, they related to a railcar acceptance system for logs and a lime kiln retrofit. Inretrofit and, in 2015, they related to a wastewater reduction project consisting of an evaporation plant upgrade and completion of an automated chip storage project and, in 2014, they related primarily to the automated chip storage project and a tall oil project.

Capital investments at the Stendal mill in 2017 included a project to reduce nitrogen in wastewater and smaller projects and in 2016 they related to a wastewater reduction project consisting of an evaporation plant upgrade and a project to reduce chloride levels in the process water. Inwater and, in 2015, and 2014, they related primarily to the evaporation plant upgrade.

Certain of our capital investment programs in Germany were partially financed through government grants made available by German federal and state governments. Under legislation adopted by the federal and certain state governments of Germany, government grants are provided to qualifying businesses operating in Eastern Germany to finance capital investments. The grants are made to encourage investment and job creation. For example, the government grants received in connection with our main capital project completed at the Stendal mill in 2013 require us to maintain the employment of core employees for five years after completion of the project, among certain other terms. Previously, government grants were available for up to 35% of the cost of qualified investments. These grants at the 35% of cost level required that at least one permanent job be created for each €0.5 million ($0.5 million) of capital investment eligible for such grants and that such jobs be maintained for a period of five years from the completion of the capital investment project. Generally, government grants are not repayable by a recipient

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unless such recipient fails to complete the proposed capital investment or, if applicable, fails to create or maintain the requisite amount of jobs or comply with other applicable terms. In the case of such failure, the government is entitled to revoke the grants and seek repayment unless such failure resulted from material unforeseen market developments beyond the control of the recipient, in which case the government may refrain from reclaiming previous grants. Pursuant to legislation in effect at the time, the Stendal mill recorded approximately $350.0 million of government grants. We believe that we are currently in compliance in all material respects with all of the terms and conditions governing the government grants we have received in Germany. See Item 3. “Legal Proceedings”.

The following table sets out, as at the dates indicated, the effect of government grants on the recorded value of such assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets:

The following table sets forth, as at the dates indicated, the gross amount of all government grants we have received and capitalized in our balance sheet, the associated amortization and the resulting net balance we include in our property, plant and equipment:

Qualifying capital investments at industrial facilities in Germany that reduce effluent discharges offset wastewater fees that would otherwise be required to be paid. For more information about our environmental capital expenditures, see “– Environmental”.

In 2016,2017, capital investments at the Celgar mill included apre-bleach press system upgrade and large maintenance projects. In 2016, they included new wood harvesting equipment, a logistics and reload center and other maintenance projects. Inprojects and, in 2015, they included the logistics and reload center and other maintenance projects and,projects.

Capital investments at the Friesau Facility in 2014, they included2017 primarily related to a new chip screening project, the logistics and reload center and maintenance projects.saw line improvement project.

In January 2014, we commenced the implementation of a new enterprise resource planning, or “ERP”, system to replace our existing business software applications at an estimated cost of $12.0 million. The project was designed to be completed in stages and is expected to be substantially completed in 2017. The ERP system installation will replace a suite of existing legacy systems which, while functional, will begin becoming obsolete in the near future. The ERP solution introduces state-of-the-art, end-to-end business solutions that will provide automation for most aspects of our business.

Excluding costs for projects2018, excluding amounts being financed through government grants, capitalwe expect our totalcapital expenditures including ERP expenditures, in 2017 are expected to be approximately $48.0$85 million to $95 million.

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In our pulp segment, plannedcapital expenditures in 2018 are principally comprised principally of approximately:

In our wood products segment, we currently expect capital expenditures in 2018 at our Friesau Facility, principally comprised of approximately:

In addition, in 2018, our Stendal mill plans to enter into capital leases aggregating approximately $30 million for customized railcars.

Innovation

We are well positioned to capitalize on our expertise with fiber and its processing to expand our product mix and into new markets. Accordingly, we have a number of initiatives focused on developing innovative new products that are based on derivatives of the kraft pulping process.process and wood processing. Currently these derivativesprocesses are focused in two broad categories:on:

We are working on some of these initiatives on our own and some with industry associations and others with joint venture partners. Currently, one of the better-developed of these projects is a cellulose derivative generally referred to in the industry as “cellulose filaments”. Cellulose filaments are the result of

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a new process that unbinds the individual filaments that make up a cellulose fiber. In northern softwoods, there are approximately 1,000 filaments making up a single fiber. The filaments resulting from this patented process are long, ribbon-like structures that have unique strength characteristics similar to other chemical derivatives, such as aramids. We believe that this material may have commercial potential in many applications, including strength enhancers, solution stabilizers and specialty solutions for numerous other industries.products and applications.

We are part ofThrough an industry association, that has made considerable progress inwe are developing a particularproven manufacturing process.process able to supply commercial quantities of cellulose filaments. We, along with other member companies, including certain other NBSK producers, have license rights to further develop and market existing intellectual property registered under patent to our industry association. The association and one of its member companies have constructed a

pilot production facility andThrough joint development arrangements with potential end customers, we have access to its productbeen developing numerous applications and end uses for development purposes.cellulose filaments. While there remains much work to be done, we continue to be encouraged with the results to date and intend to continue to expend resources to develop this technology, both individually and in joint development arrangements with third parties. We currently estimate expenditures totaling approximately $1.0 million in 2017.2018.

We are also researching potential higher use products that may be derived from processing different species of trees.

Such research and development is stillof various end use applications are at an early stage anddifferent levels of development with one such application being tested atpre-commercial stages. However, there has been no commercialization of any products to date. We currently estimate it may take about threetwo years before we can determine if the first product applications in the development pipeline can be commercialized. However, there can be no assurance that such research and development will ever result in commercialization or the production or sales of any products by us at a profit or at all.

We have also worked with suppliers to develop new customized forms of railcars in Germany designed to better handle the transportation of logs and chips to our German mills. These customized cars are larger than existing ones and are designed to reduce transportation and handling costs at our German mills. In 2016, we leased and received about 200 such railcars.

We have also worked with equipment suppliers to develop innovative logging equipment to permit us to effect second pass harvesting in the fiber procurement area for the Celgar mill. Such equipment includes customized processing and chipping equipment and trailers for haulage.

Environmental

Our operations are subject to a wide range of environmental laws and regulations, dealing primarily withwith:

We devote significant management and financial resources to comply with all applicable environmental laws and regulations. In particular, the operation of our plants is subject to permits, authorizations and approvals and we have to comply with certainprescribed emission limits. Compliance with these requirements is monitored by local authorities andnon-compliance may result in administrative orders, fines or closures of thenon-compliant mill. Our total capital expenditures on environmental projects at our mills were approximately $4.6 million in 2017, approximately $2.9 million in 2016 and approximately $19.4 million in 2015 and approximately $6.1 million in 2014.2015. In 2017,2018, capital expenditures for environmental projects, principally comprised of projects to reduce wastewater fees and upgrade the effluent system at our German mills,pulpmills, are expected to be approximately $21.0$19.8 million.

Environmental compliance is a priority for our operations. To ensure compliance with environmental laws and regulations, we regularly monitor emissions at our mills and periodically perform

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environmental audits of operational sites and procedures both with our internal personnel and outside consultants. These audits identify opportunities for improvement and allow us to take proactive measures at the mills as considered appropriate.

We believe we have obtained all required environmental permits, authorizations and approvals for our operations. We believe our operations are currently in material compliance with the requirements of all applicable environmental laws and regulations and our respective operating permits.

Under German state environmental rules relating to effluent discharges, industrial users are required to pay wastewater fees based upon the amount of their effluent discharge. These rules also provide that an industrial user which undertakes environmental capital expenditures and lowers certain effluent discharges to prescribed levels may offset the amount of these expenditures against the wastewater fees that they would otherwise be required to pay. We expect capital investment programs and other environmental initiatives at our German mills will continue to offset the wastewater fees that are payable and we believe they will ensure that our operations continue in substantial compliance with prescribed standards.

Environmental compliance is a priority for our operations. To ensure compliance with environmental laws and regulations, we regularly monitor emissions at our mills and periodically perform environmental audits of operational sites and procedures both with our internal personnel and outside consultants. These audits identify opportunities for improvement and allow us to take proactive measures at the mills as considered appropriate.

The Rosenthal mill has a relatively modern biological wastewater treatment and oxygen bleaching facility. We have significantly reduced our levels of absorbable organic halogen discharge at the Rosenthal mill and we believe the Rosenthal mill’s absorbable organic halogen and chemical oxygen discharges are in compliance with the standards currently mandated by the German government.

Management believes that, as the Stendal mill is a state-of-the-art facility, it will be able to continue to operate in compliance with the applicable environmental requirements.

Management further believes that Celgar will continue to operate in substantial compliance with the requirements of all applicable environmental laws and regulations. However, on September 16, 2016, our Celgar mill had a valve issue at its sewage treatment plant which was promptly notified to environmental authorities and was resolved on the same day. Prior to such resolution, the mill discharged effluent into a river which was toxic to fish. After investigation, our Celgar mill received a written warning from the federal environmental authority under theFisheries Act. While we believe the issue is resolved and completed, we can provide no assurance that a governmental authority will not take any further actions regarding the same, including monetary penalties.

Future regulations or permits may place lower limits on allowable types of emissions, including air, water, waste and hazardous materials, and may increase the financial consequences of maintaining compliance with environmental laws and regulations or conducting remediation. Our ongoing monitoring and policies have enabled us to develop and implement effective measures to maintain emissions in substantial compliance with environmental laws and regulations to date in a cost-effective manner. However, there can be no assurances that this will be the case in the future.

Climate Change

Over the past several years, changing weather patterns and climatic conditions due to natural andman-made causes have added to the unpredictability and frequency of natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, hail storms, wildfires and wind, snow storms and ice storms, which could alsostorms. Such changes and resulting conditions can adversely affect our operations, including variations in the cost and availability of raw materials, such as fiber. However, asfiber, unplanned downtime and operating rates. As there are differing scientific studies relating to the severity, extent and speed at which climate change is occurring, we cannot identify and predict all of the consequences of climate change on our business and operations.

The effects and perceived effects of climate change and social and governmental responses have created both opportunities and negative consequences for our business.

The focus on climate change has generated a substantial increase in demand and in legislative requirements for “carbon neutral” or “green” energy in both Europe and, increasingly, in North America.green energy. Pulp mills consume wood residuals, being wood chips and pulp logs, as the base raw material for their production process. Wood chips are residuals left over from lumber production and pulp logs are generally lower quality logs left over from logging that are unsuitable for the production of lumber. Sawmills consume sawlogs and residuals like wood chips that are generally sold to other industrial consumers like pulp and pellet producers.

As part of their production process, our pulp mills take wood residuals and process them through a digester where cellulose is separated from the wood to be used in pulp production and the remaining residuals, called “black liquor”, are used for “green”green energy production. As a result of their use of wood residuals and because our mills generate combined heat and power in a process known as cogeneration, they are efficient producers of energy. Our Friesau Facility utilizes residual bark and shavings from consumed logs to produce energy. This energy is carbon neutral and produced from a renewable source. Our relatively modern mills generate a substantial amount of energy that is surplus to their operational requirements.

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These factors, along with governmental initiatives in respect of renewable or “green”green energy legislation, have provided business opportunities for us to enhance our generation and sales of “green”green energy to regional utilities.

We are constantly exploring other initiatives to enhance our generation and sales of surplus “green”green energy and chemicalby-products. Other potential opportunities that may result from climate change include:

At this time, we cannot predict which, if any, of these potential opportunities will be realized by us or their economic effect on our business.

While all of the specific consequences to our business from climate change are not predictable, the most visible adverse consequence to date is that the focus on renewable energy has created greater demand and competition for wood residuals or fiber from renewable energy producers like the pellet industry in Germany.

In Germany, the price and supply of wood residuals have been affected by an increasing demand from alternative or renewable energy producers and governmental initiatives for carbon neutral energy. Declining energy prices, weaker economies or warm winters such as in 2016, 2015 and 2014 temper the demand for wood chips resulting from initiatives by European governments to promote the use of wood as a carbon neutral energy. Over the long term, thisnon-traditional demand for fiber is expected to remain strong in Europe. Additionally, the growing interest and focus in British Columbia for renewable “green”green energy is also expected to createhas created additional competition for such fiber in that region over time.fiber. Such additional demand for wood residuals may increase the competition and prices for wood residuals over time.

GovernmentalIn response to climate change risks, there have been governmental initiatives and legislation on the international, national, state and local levels. Such governmental action or legislation may alsocan have an important effect on the demand and prices for wood residuals.fiber. As governments pursue “green”green energy initiatives, they risk creating incentives and demand for wood residuals from renewable energy producers that “cannibalizes” or adversely affects traditional users, such as lumber and pulp and paper producers. We are continually engaged in dialogue with governments to educate and try to ensure potential initiatives recognize the traditional and continuing role of our mills in the overall usage of forestry resources and the economies of local communities.

Other potential negative consequences from climate change that over time may affect our business include:

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Human Resources

We currently employ approximately 1,4861,840 people. We have approximately 1,0251,390 employees working in our German operations, including our wood procurement, transportation and sales subsidiaries. In Canada, we have approximately 461450 employees, of which 21approximately 25 are employed at our Vancouver, British Columbia, office.

Rosenthal employs approximately 439380 people, the majority of whom are bound by a collective agreement. In July 2015, the third quarter of 2017, we entered into a new collective agreement with employees at our Rosenthal mill revised its collective agreementwhich expires in February 2019 and provides for a two-year period until June 2017. The agreement provided for an initial 2.4% annual wage increase on July 1, 2017 and a subsequentfurther 1.2% increase of 2.4% in September 2016.on August 1, 2018.

Stendal employs approximately 579475 people, the majority of which are bound by a collective agreement. In 2011, Stendal entered into a seven-year collective agreement effective July 2011 and expiring in 2018. Since, priorIn 2017, Stendal restructured its wood procurement and logistics activities to entering into thisa new subsidiary, Mercer Holz GmbH, referred to as “Mercer Holz”, which employs approximately 170 people and is not party to a collective agreement, Stendal’s employees had relatively lower wages compared to their peers at other German pulp mills, this agreement provided for an approximately 5.5% wage increase in 2012 and a further 2.5% minimum annual wage increase from 2013 to 2015, with no wage increases from 2016 to the agreement’s expiry in 2018.agreement.

Celgar employs approximately 440430 people, the majority of which are bound by a collective agreement. In October 2017, Celgar entered into a five-yearnew four-year collective agreement with its hourly workers in 2012, which expires in April 2017.2021. The agreement provided for lump sum payments of C$3,750 for all active employees in 2012 and 2013 andannual wage increases of 2.0%, 2.5% and 3.0% in each of 2014, 20152017, 2018, 2019 and 2016, respectively.2020.

The Friesau Facility employs approximately 360 people, the majority of which are bound by a collective agreement which, with a notice period, became cancellable by either party at the end of 2017. It is continuing to operate under the collective agreement and, while we currently expect the Friesau Facility to renew its collective agreement or enter into a new agreement, there can be no assurance that we will be able to renew or enter into a new agreement on satisfactory terms.

We consider the relationships with our employees to be good. Although no assurances can be provided, we have not had any significant work stoppages at any of our operations and we would therefore expect to enter into new labor agreements with our workers when the current labor agreements expire without any significant work stoppages.

Our directors and senior managers have extensive experience in the pulp, lumber and forestry industries, along with experienced managers at all of our mills. Our management has a proven track record of implementing new initiatives and capital projects in order to reduce costs throughout our operations as well as identifying and harnessing new revenue opportunities.

Wood Products Industry

General

With approximately 3.7 billion cubic meters, Germany has the largest timber reserves in Europe. The principal trees are spruce, pine, beech and oak. Approximately 70 to 80 million cubic meters are harvested annually. Many of the German forest areas have been certified according to PEFC or FSC standards. Modern solid wood products include sawn and planed lumber which are used in different areas.

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Demand for softwood lumber is cyclical and influenced by transportation costs, exchange rates, government tariffs and competitiveness of substitute products, as well as factors that affect consumer confidence and drive demand for residential construction, such as interest rates, disposable income, unemployment rates, perceived job security and other indicators of general economic conditions. Demand can vary from region to region within a country and seasonal factors that determine optimal building conditions can also affect demand.

Lumber Products and Markets

Our Friesau Facility’s sawmill, which was built in 1992 and has two high-volume Linck sawlines, has the ability to produce both rough and planed products. The sawmill principally manufactures finished saw wood lumber milled from spruce and pine, including European metric and specialty lumber, U.S. dimensional lumber andJ-grade lumber, in various sizes and grades.

The process for manufacturing lumber results in a significant percentage of each sawlog ending up asby-products or residuals such as wood chips, trim blocks, sawdust shavings and bark.By-products are typically sold to a wide variety of customers. In addition, we utilize a significant portion of the chips from the Friesau Facility at our Rosenthal pulp mill.

The main markets for our lumber products are in Europe, the United States and the Far East.

Our Friesau Facility fosters a diverse customer base in each of its key markets. Customers include national and regional distributors, large construction firms, secondary manufacturers, retail yards and home centers.

Competition

The markets for our lumber products are highly competitive on a global basis and producers compete generally on price, quality and service. Factors influencing our competitive position include, among others, the availability, quality and cost of raw materials, including fiber, energy and labor and the efficiency and productivity of the Friesau mill in relation to its competitors. The Friesau Facility competes in international markets subject to currency fluctuations and global business conditions.

Our Friesau Facility competes against many producers, a number of whom own and operate more mills than we do and some of our competitors have greater financial resources or lower production costs than us.

Description of Certain Indebtedness

The following summarizes certain material provisions of: (i)of our 2019, 2022senior notes and 2024 Senior Notes; (ii) our Stendal Revolving Credit Facility; (iii) our credit facilities related to our Rosenthal mill; and (iv) the Celgar Working Capital Facility.revolving working capital facilities. The summaries are not complete and are qualified by reference to the applicable documents and the applicable amendments to such documents on file with the SEC and incorporated by reference herein.

2019, 2022 and 2024 Senior Notes

In November 2014, we issued $250.0 million in aggregate principal amountWe currently have outstanding the following issues of 7.000% Senior Notes due 2019,senior notes, collectively referred to as the “2019 Senior“Senior Notes”, and $400.0:

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The 20242026 Senior Notes were issued on February 3,in December 2017 and our outstanding 2019the net proceeds, along with cash on hand, were used on January 5, 2018 to redeem $300.0 million of 2022 Senior Notes will be redeemed on March 1, 2017, subject to our deposit with the paying agent of sufficient funds to pay theat a redemption price being $1,035.00of $1,058.13 per $1,000.00$1,000 of principal amount redeemed plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including the redemption date.interest.

The 2019 Senior Notes were to mature on December 1, 2019 and interest on the 2019 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on each June 1 and December 1. The 2022 Senior Notes mature on December 1, 2022 and interest on the 2022 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on each June 1 and December 1. Interest is payable to holders of record of the 2022 Senior Notes on the immediately preceding May 15 and November 15 and is computed on the basis of a360-day year consisting of twelve30-day months. Commencing December 1, 2017, the 2022 Senior Notes became redeemable at our option at a price equal to 105.813% of the principal amount redeemed and declining ratably on December 1 of each year thereafter to 100.000% on or after December 1, 2020.

The 2024 Senior Notes mature on February 1, 2024 and interest on the 2024 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on each February 1 and August 1. Interest is payable to holders of record of the 2024 Senior Notes on the immediately preceding January 15 and July 15 and is computed on the basis of a360-day year consisting of twelve30-day months.

Commencing December 1, 2017, the 2022 Senior Notes will become redeemable at our option at a price equal to 105.813% of the principal amount redeemed and declining ratably on December 1 of each year thereafter to 100.000% on or after December 1, 2020. Commencing February 1, 2020, the 2024 Senior Notes will become redeemable at our option at a price equal to 103.250% of the principal amount redeemed and declining ratably on DecemberFebruary 1 of each year thereafter to 100.000% on or after February 1, 2022.

The 2026 Senior Notes mature on January 15, 2026 and interest on the 2026 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on each January 15 and July 15. Commencing July 15, 2018, interest is payable to holders of record of the 2026 Senior Notes on the immediately preceding January 1 and July 1 and is computed on the basis of a360-day year consisting of twelve30-day months. Commencing January 15, 2021, the 2026 Senior Notes will become redeemable at our option at a price equal to 102.750% of the principal amount redeemed and declining ratably on January 15 of each year thereafter to 100.000% on or after January 15, 2023.

The indentures governing the 2019, 2022 and 2024 Senior Notes contain covenants limiting, among other things, our ability and the ability of our restricted subsidiaries to: incur additional indebtedness or issue preferred stock; pay dividends or make other distributions to our shareholders; purchase or redeem capital stock or subordinated indebtedness; make investments; create liens; incur restrictions on the ability of our restricted subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other payments to us; sell assets; consolidate or merge with or into other companies or transfer all or substantially all of our assets; and engage in transactions with affiliates. As of December 31, 2016,2017, all of our subsidiaries were restricted subsidiaries.

The 2019, 2022 and 2024 Senior Notes are unsecured and are not guaranteed by any of our operating subsidiaries, all of which are located outside the United States. Our obligations under the 2019, 2022 and 2024 Senior Notes rank: effectively junior in right of payment to all of our existing and future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the assets securing such indebtedness, and all indebtedness and liabilities of our subsidiaries; equal in right of payment with all of our existing and future unsecured senior indebtedness; and senior in right of payment to any of our future subordinated indebtedness.

As at December 31, 2016, $227.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 2019 Senior Notes and $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 2022 Senior Notes were outstanding. Upon completion of the redemption of the 2019 Senior Notes and as a result of the issuance of the 2024 Notes, $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 2022 Senior Notes and $225.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 2024 Senior Notes will be outstanding.

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Stendal Revolving Credit Facility

Our Stendal mill’smill has a €75.0 million revolving credit facility, referred to as the “Stendal Revolving Credit Facility”, with a syndicate of four banks as original lenders matures in October 2019.lenders. The principal terms of the Stendal Revolving Credit Facility are as follows:include:

As at December 31, 2016,2017, the total amount of funds available under the Stendal Revolving Credit Facility was €75.0 million.

Rosenthal Credit Facilities

Our Rosenthal mill hasIn connection with the following credit facilities:

As at December 31, 2016, €3.12017, approximately €21.0 million ($25.2 million) of this facility was drawn and approximately €9.0 million ($10.8 million) of this facility was supporting bank guarantees leaving approximately €21.9€40.0 million available under this facility; and($47.9 million) available.

As at December 31, 2016,2017, the total amount of funds available under the Celgar Working Capital Facility was C$38.3 million ($30.5 million).

Mercer Holz

In 2018, our subsidiary, Mercer Holz, entered into a new €25.0 million revolving borrowing base credit facility agreement with a German bank, referred to as the “Holz Facility”. The principal terms of the Holz Facility include:

Internet Availability and Additional Information

We make available free of charge, on or through our website at www.mercerint.com, annual reports on Form10-K, quarterly reports on Form10-Q and current reports on Form8-K, and all amendments to these reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we file these materials with, or furnish these materials to, the SEC. The public may read and copy any material we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference

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Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. The public may also obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an internet site at www.sec.gov that also contains our current and periodic reports, including our proxy and information statements.

All websites referred to herein are inactive textual references only, meaning that the information contained on such websites is not incorporated by reference herein and you should not consider information contained on such websites as part of this document unless expressly specified.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

The statements in this “Risk Factors” section describe material risks to our business and should be considered carefully. You should review carefully the risk factors listed below, as well as those factors listed in other documents we file with the SEC. In addition, these statements constitute our cautionary statements under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Our disclosure and analysis in this annual report on Form10-K and in our annual report to shareholders contain some forward-looking statements that set forth anticipated results based on management’s current plans and assumptions.

There are a number of important factors, many of which are beyond our control that could cause actual conditions, events or results to differ significantly from those described in the forward-looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

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From time to time, we also provide forward-looking statements in other materials we release as well as oral forward-looking statements. Such statements give our current expectations or forecasts of future events; they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts.

Statements in the future tense, and all statements accompanied by terms such as “may”, “will”, “believe”, “project”, “expect”, “estimate”, “assume”, “intend”, “design”, “anticipate”, “plan”, “should” and variations thereof and similar terms are intended to be forward-looking statements as defined by federal securities law. You can find examples of these statements throughout this annual report on Form10-K, including in the description of business in Item 1. “Business” and Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. While these forward-looking statements reflect our best estimates when made, the following risk factors could cause actual results to differ materially from estimates or projections.

We intend that all forward-looking statements we make will be subject to safe harbor protection of the federal securities laws pursuant to Section 27A of theSecurities Act of 1933, as amended and Section 21E of theSecurities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

You should consider the limitations on, and risks associated with, forward-looking statements and not unduly rely on the accuracy of predictions contained in such forward-looking statements. As noted above, these forward-looking statements speak only as of the date when they are made. We do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events, circumstances, changes in expectations, or the occurrence of unanticipated events after the date of those statements. Moreover, in the future, we may make forward-looking statements that involve the risk factors and other matters described in this document as well as other risk factors subsequently identified.

Our business is highly cyclical in nature.

The pulp business isand lumber businesses are highly cyclical in nature and markets are characterized by periods of supply and demand imbalance, which in turn can materially affect prices. Pulp and lumber

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markets are sensitive to cyclical changes in the global economy, industry capacity and foreign exchange rates, all of which can have a significant influence on selling prices and our operating results. The length and magnitude of industry cycles have varied over time but generally reflect changes in macro-economic conditions and levels of industry capacity. Pulp is a commodityand lumber are commodities that isare generally available from other producers. Because commodity products have few distinguishing qualities from producer to producer, competition is generally based upon price, which is generally determined by supply relative to demand.

Industry capacity can fluctuate as changing industry conditions can influence producers to idle production capacity or permanently close mills. In addition, to avoid substantial cash costs in idling or closing a mill, some producers will choose to operate at a loss, sometimes even a cash loss, which can prolong weak pricing environments due to oversupply. Oversupply of our products can also result from producers introducing new capacity in response to favorable pricing trends. Certain integrated pulp and paper producers have the ability to discontinue paper production by idling their paper machines and selling their NBSK pulp production on the market, if market conditions, prices and trends warrant such actions.

Currently, there have been publicly announced significant increases to expand chemical pulp capacity worldwide. Producers have announced projects to increase hardwood kraft pulp capacity by an aggregate of about 3.22.0 million ADMTs in 2017 and 2018, primarily in South America and Asia. Further capacity increases of about 0.7 million ADMTs have been announced for 2019.2018. This increase in bleached hardwood kraft pulp is largely targeted at the growing demand for pulp in developing markets, particularly in China, by producers of tissues, specialty papers and packaging. If such additional bleached hardwood kraft pulp supply is not absorbed by such demand growth, as a result of generally lower prices for bleached hardwood kraft pulp, this supply increase could put downward pressure on NBSK pulp prices.

Producers have also publicly announced increases toan additional 1.0 million ADMTs of NBSK pulp capacity to come online in 2017 and 2018 of an estimated 1.9 million ADMTs, along with another 0.6 million ADMTs of southern softwood and fluff pulp capacity. Further net capacity increases of NBSK and southern and fluff pulp capacity of about 0.3 million ADMTs have been announced for 2019.Europe inmid-2018. At this time, we cannot predict how much of the publicly announced capacity will come on line and when. If such new capacity, particularly for NBSK pulp, is not absorbed in the market or offset by curtailments or closures of older, high-cost NBSK pulp mills, the increase could put downward pressure on NBSK pulp prices and materially adversely affect our results of operations, margin, and profitability.

Demand for each of pulp and lumber has historically been determined primarily by general global macro-economic conditions and has been closely tied to overall business activity. NBSK pulp prices have been and are likely to continue to be volatile and can fluctuate widely over time. Between 20072008 and 2016,2017, European list prices for NBSK pulp have fluctuated between a low of approximately $575 per ADMT in 2009 to a high of $1,030 per ADMT in 2011.late 2017.

Our mills and operations voluntarily subject themselves to third-party certification as to compliance with internationally recognized, sustainable management standards because end use paper and lumber customers have shown an increased interest in understanding the origin of products they purchase. Demand for our products could be adversely affected if we, or our suppliers, are unable to achieve compliance, or are perceived by the public as failing to comply, with these standards or if our customers require compliance with alternate standards for which our operations are not certified.

A producer’s actual sales price realizations are list prices net of customer discounts, rebates and other selling concessions. Over the last three years, these have increased for pulp sales as pulp producers compete for customers and sales. Our pulp sales price realizations may also be affected by NBSK price movements between the order and shipment dates.

Accordingly, prices for pulp and lumber are driven by many factors outside our control, and we have little influence over the timing and extent of price changes, which are often volatile. Because market

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conditions beyond our control determine the priceprices for pulp and lumber, prices may fall below our cash production costs, requiring us to either incur short-term losses on product sales or cease production at one or more of our mills.

Therefore, our profitability depends on managing our cost structure, particularly raw materials which represent a significant component of our operating costs and can fluctuate based upon factors beyond our control. If the prices of our products decline, or if prices for our raw materials increase, or both, our results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

A weakening of the global economy, including capital and credit markets, could adversely affect our business and financial results and have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and capital resources.

As demand for pulpour products has principally historically been determined by general global macro-economic activities, demand and prices for our productproducts have historically decreased substantially during economic slowdowns. A significant economic downturn may affect our sales and profitability. Further, our suppliers and customers may also be adversely affected by an economic downturn. Additionally, restricted credit and capital availability restrains our customers’ ability or willingness to purchase our products resulting in lower revenues. Depending on their severity and duration, the effects and consequences of a global economic downturn could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and capital resources, including our ability to raise capital, if needed, and otherwise negatively impact our business and financial results.

Our level of indebtedness could negatively impact our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

As of December 31, 2016,2017, as adjusted for the redemption, on January 5, 2018, of $300.0 million of 2022 Senior Notes, we had an aggregate principal amount of $627.0have approximately $663.0 million of indebtedness outstanding. We may also incur additional indebtedness in the future. Our high debt levels may have important consequences for us, including, but not limited to the following:

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The indentures that govern our 2019, 2022 and 2024 Senior Notes andNotesand our bank credit facilities contain restrictive covenants which impose operating and other restrictions on us and our subsidiaries. These restrictions will affect, and in many respects will limit or prohibit, our ability to, among other things, incur or guarantee additional indebtedness, pay dividends or make distributions on capital stock or redeem or repurchase capital stock, make investments or acquisitions, create liens and enter into mergers, consolidations or transactions with affiliates. The terms of our indebtedness also restrict our ability to sell certain assets, apply the proceeds of such sales and reinvest in our business.

Certain of the agreements governing our indebtedness have covenants that require us to maintain prescribed financial ratios and tests. Failure to comply with such covenants could result in events of default and could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, results of operations and financial condition.

Our ability to repay or refinance our indebtedness will depend on our future financial and operating performance. Our performance, in turn, will be subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions, as well as financial, business, legislative, regulatory, industry and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. Our ability to meet our future debt service and other obligations may depend in significant part on the extent to which we can successfully implement our business strategy. We cannot assure you that we will be able to implement our strategy fully or that the anticipated results of our strategy will be realized. Over the next several years, we will require financing to refinance maturing debt obligations (unless extended), and such refinancing may not be available on favorable terms or at all.

Cyclical fluctuations in the price and supply of our raw materials, particularly fiber, could adversely affect our business.

Our main raw material is fiber in the form of wood chips, and pulp logs and sawlogs. Fiber represented approximately 60%56% of our pulp cash production costs and approximately 80% of our lumber cash production costs in 2016.2017. Fiber is a commodity and both prices and supply are cyclical. Fiber pricing is subject to regional market influences and our costs of fiber may increase in a region as a result of local market shifts. The cost of wood chips, and pulp logs and sawlogs is primarily affected by the supply and demand for lumber. Demand for these raw materials is generally determined by the volume of pulp and paper products and wood products produced globally and regionally. Governmental regulations related to the environment, forest stewardship and “green”green or renewable energy can also affect the supply of fiber. In Germany, governmental initiatives to increase the supply of renewable energy have led to more renewable energy projects in Europe, including Germany. Demand for wood residuals from such energy producers, combined with lower harvesting rates, has generally put upward pressure on prices for wood residuals, such as wood chips, in Germany and its neighboring countries. This has resulted in higher fiber costs for our German pulp mills and such trend could continue to put further upward pressure on wood chip prices. Wood chip supply in Germany was stable during the course of 2015 and 2016last three years due to stable sawmill production and lower demand from pellet producers and board manufacturers; however, there is no assurance that wood chip supply will continue to be stable or that supply will not be reduced or that fiber costs will not increase in the future.

Similarly, North American sawmill activity declined significantly during the recession, reducing the supply of chips and availability of pulp logs to our Celgar mill. Additionally, North American energy producers are exploring the viability of renewable energy initiatives and governmental initiatives in this field are increasing, all of which could lead to higher demand for sawmill residual fiber, including chips. A recovery in U.S. housing starts, which commenced in the latter part of 2012 and has continued through 2016,2017, resulted in increased sawmill activity. This increased the supply of wood chips for the Celgar mill and reduced its need for pulp logs, which are generally a higher cost for the mill than wood chips. Sawmill activity was stable in Canada during 20152016 and 2016;2017; however, there is no assurance that sawmill activity will continue to remain stable or that fiber prices will not increase in the future.

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The 2006 Softwood Lumber Agreement, which governed softwood lumber exports from Canada to the United States, expired in 2015, and aone-year post-expiration period during which the United States agreed not to impose trade sanctions expired in October 2016. In DecemberNovember 2016, a petition was filed by a coalition of U.S. lumber producers to the U.S. Department of Commerce initiated investigations, which could result inand the U.S. International Trade Commission requesting an investigation into alleged subsidies provided to Canadian lumber producers. In December 2017, the U.S. International Trade Commission published its final injury determination. In late 2017, the U.S. Department of Commerce announced its final countervailing and anti-dumping duty rates, which set out a countervailing duty of 14.19% and an anti-dumping rate of 6.04% for “all other” Canadian lumber producers. The U.S. Department of Commerce also concluded that critical circumstances did not exist for countervailing duties, onbut did exist for anti-dumping duties. The Canadian softwood lumber exportsforest products industry and Canadian Federal and Provincial governments have denied the U.S. Department of Commerce’s allegations. Canada has announced an appeal of the duties to the United States commencing in the secondNAFTA appeal panel and third quarters of 2017, respectively. Canada may appeal any such duties to the World Trade Organization. It is uncertain when or if the United States and Canada may settle a new agreement and what terms or restrictions it may contain. Any duties or other restrictions imposed on Canadian softwood lumber exports by the United States could negatively impact Canadian sawmill production in our Celgar mill’s supply area and result in reduced availability and increased costs for wood chips for the mill. While we believe this may be partially offset by increased wood chip supply from U.S. sawmills and pulp log availability, we cannot currently predict the overall effect on our Celgar mill’s overall fiber costs.

Availability of fiber may be further limited by adverse responses to and prevention of wildfires, weather, insect infestation, disease, ice storms, wind storms, flooding and other natural causes. In addition, the quantity, quality and price of fiber we receive could be affected byman-made causes such as those resulting from industrial disputes, material curtailments or shut-down of operations by suppliers, government orders and legislation (including new taxes or tariffs). Any or a combination of these can affect fiber prices in a region.

The cyclical nature of pricing for fiber represents a potential risk to our profit margins if pulp and lumber producers are unable to pass along price increases to their customers or we cannot offset such costs through higher prices for our surplus energy.

We do not own any timberlands or have any material long-term governmental timber concessions and we currently have few long-term fiber contracts at our German operations. Fiber is available from a number of suppliers and we have not historically experienced material supply interruptions or substantial sustained price increases. However, our requirements have increased and may continue to do so as we expand capacity through capital projects or other efficiency measures at our mills. As a result, we may not be able to purchase sufficient quantities of these raw materials to meet our production requirements at prices acceptable to us during times of tight supply. An insufficient supply of fiber or reduction in the quality of fiber we receive would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.

In addition to the supply of fiber, we are, to a lesser extent, dependent on the supply of certain chemicals and other inputs used in our production facilities. Any disruption in the supply of these chemicals or other inputs could affect our ability to meet customer demand in a timely manner and could harm our reputation. Any material increase in the cost of these chemicals or other inputs could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

We face intense competition in our markets.

We sell our pulp and lumber globally, with a large percentage sold in Europe, Asia and North America. The markets for pulp and lumber are highly competitive. A number of other global companies

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compete in each of these markets and no company holds a dominant position. Our pulp isand lumber are considered a commoditycommodities because many companies produce similar and largely standardized products. As a result, the primary basis for competition in our markets has been price. Many of our competitors have greater resources and lower leverage than we do and may be able to adapt more quickly to industry or market changes or devote greater resources to the sale of products than we can. There can be no assurance that we will continue to be competitive in the future. Prices for our products are affected by many factors outside of our control and we have no influence over the timing and extent of price changes, which are often volatile. Our ability to maintain satisfactory

margins depends, in large part, on managing our costs, particularly raw material and energy costs which represent significant components of our operating costs and can fluctuate based upon factors beyond our control.

The globalGlobal pulp market hasand lumber markets have historically been characterized by considerable swings in prices which have and will result in variability in our earnings.

We are exposed to currency exchange rate fluctuations.

We have manufacturing operations in Germany and Canada. Most of the operating costs and expenses of our German mills are incurred in euros and those of our Celgar mill in Canadian dollars. However, the majority of our sales are in products quoted in dollars. Our results of operations and financial condition are reported in dollars. As a result, our costs generally benefit from a strengthening dollar but are adversely affected by a decrease in the value of the dollar relative to the euro and to the Canadian dollar. Such declines in the dollar relative to the euro and the Canadian dollar reduce our operating margins and the cash flow available to fund our operations and to service our debt. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Further, while a strengthening dollar generally lowers our costs and expenses, it increases the cost of NBSK pulp to our customers and generally puts downward pressure on pulp prices and reduces our European lumber, energy and chemical sales revenues as they are sold in euros and Canadian dollars.

Although we report in dollars, we hold certain assets and liabilities, including our mills, in euros and Canadian dollars. We translate foreign denominated assets and liabilities into dollars at the rate of exchange on the balance sheet date. Equity accounts are translated using historical exchange rates. Unrealized gains or losses from these translations are recorded in our other comprehensive income (loss) and do not affect our net earnings, operating income or Operating EBITDA.

Certain intercompany dollar advances between Mercer Inc. and its foreign subsidiaries are held in euros and Canadian dollars and certain foreign subsidiaries hold some cash and other balances in dollars. When such advances and cash and other balances are translated by thethese subsidiaries into dollarsthe applicable local currency at the end of each reporting period, the gains or losses thereon are reflected in net earnings.

We are subject to extensive environmental regulation and we could incur substantial costs as a result of compliance with, violations of or liabilities under applicable environmental laws and regulations.

Our operations are subject to numerous environmental laws and regulations as well as permits, guidelines and policies relating to the protection of the environment. These laws, regulations, permits, guidelines and policies govern, among other things:

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In addition, as a result of our operations, we may be subject to remediation,clean-up or other administrative orders or amendments to our operating permits, and we may be involved from time to time in administrative and judicial proceedings or inquiries. Future orders, proceedings or inquiries could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Environmental laws and land use laws and regulations are constantly changing. New regulations or the increased enforcement of existing laws could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. In addition, compliance with regulatory requirements is expensive, at times requiring the replacement, enhancement or modification of equipment, facilities or operations. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our profitability by offsetting any increased costs of complying with future regulatory requirements.

We are subject to liability for environmental damage at the facilities that we own or operate, including damage to neighboring landowners, residents or employees, particularly as a result of the contamination of soil, groundwater or surface water and especially drinking water. The costs of such liabilities can be substantial. Our potential liability may include damages resulting from conditions existing before we purchased or operated these facilities. We may also be subject to liability for any offsite environmental contamination caused by pollutants or hazardous substances that we or our predecessors arranged to transport, treat or dispose of at other locations. In addition, we may be held legally responsible for liabilities as a successor owner of businesses that we acquire or have acquired. Except for Stendal, our facilities have been operating for decades and we have not done invasive testing to determine whether or to what extent any such environmental contamination exists. As a result, these businesses may have liabilities for conditions that we discover or that become apparent, including liabilities arising fromnon-compliance with environmental laws by prior owners. Because of the limited availability of insurance coverage for environmental liability, any substantial liability for environmental damage could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We have incurred, and we expect to continue to incur, significant capital, operating and other expenditures as a result of complying with applicable environmental laws and regulations.

Further, enactment of new environmental laws or regulations, changes in existing laws or regulations or the interpretation of these laws and regulations might require significant capital expenditures. We may be unable to generate sufficient funds or access other sources of capital to fund unforeseen environmental liabilities or expenditures.

Our business is subject to risks associated with climate change and social and government responses thereto.

Our operations and those of our suppliers are subject to climate change variations which can impact the productivity of forests, the abundance of species, harvest levels and lumber. Further, over the last few years, changing weather patterns and climate conditions due to natural andman-made causes have added to the frequency and unpredictability of natural disasters like earthquakes, storms, wildfires and wind, snow

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and ice storms. One or a combination of these factors could adversely affect our fiber supply which is our largest cash production cost. There are differing scientific studies and opinions relating to the severity, extent and speed at which climate change is or may be occurring around the world. As a result, we are currently unable to identify and predict all of the specific consequences of climate change on our business and operations.

Further, governmental initiatives in response to climate change also have an impact on operations. There continue to be numerous international, country-level and regional initiatives to address global and country specific climate issues.

In Germany, government and social focus on and demand for “carbon neutral” or “green”green energy has created greater demand and competition for the wood residuals or fiber that is consumed by our pulp mills as part of their production process.processes. This has helped drive up the cost of fiber for German mills. In

addition, further or new governmental initiatives or legislation may also increase both the demand and prices for wood residuals. As governments pursue “green”green energy initiatives, they may implement financial, tax, pricing or other legislated incentives for renewable energy producers that “cannibalize” or materially adversely affect fiber supplies for existing traditional users, such as lumber and pulp and paper producers.

Such additional demand for wood residuals and/or governmental initiatives may materially increase the competition and prices for wood residuals over time. This could increase our fiber costs and/or restrict our ability to acquire fiber at competitive prices or at all during times of shortages. If our fiber costs increase and we cannot pass on these costs to our customers or offset them through higher prices for our sales of surplus energy, it will negatively affect our operating margins, results of operations and financial position. If we cannot obtain the fiber required to operate our mills, we may have to curtail and/or shut down production. This could have a material adverse effect on operations, financial results and financial position.

Other potential risks to our business from climate change include:

The occurrence of any or a combination of these events could have a material adverse effect on our operations and/or financial results.

Our operations require substantial capital and we may be unable to maintain adequate capital resources to provide for such capital requirements.

Our business is capital intensive and requires that we regularly incur capital expenditures to maintain our equipment, improve efficiencies and, as a result of changes to environmental regulations that require capital expenditures, bring our operations into compliance with such regulations. In addition, we may approve projects in the future that will require significant capital expenditures. Increased capital

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expenditures could have a material adverse effect on our cash flow and our ability to satisfy our debt obligations. If our available cash resources and cash generated from operations are not sufficient to fund our operating needs and capital expenditures, we would have to obtain additional funds from borrowings or other available sources or reduce or delay our capital expenditures. Our indebtedness could adversely affect our financial health, limit our operations or impair our ability to raise additional capital. If this occurs, we may not be able to obtain additional funds on favorable terms or at all. If we cannot maintain or upgrade our equipment as may be required from time to time, we may become unable to manufacture products that compete effectively. An inability to make required capital expenditures in a timely fashion could have a material adverse effect on our growth, business, financial condition or results of operations.

FutureOur acquisition of the Friesau Facility and other future acquisitions may result in additional risks and uncertainties in our business.

In order to grow our business, we may seek to acquire additional assets or companies.companies, including our recently completed acquisition of the Friesau Facility. Our ability to pursue selective and accretive acquisitions will be dependent on management’s ability to identify, acquire and develop suitable acquisition targets in both new and existing markets. In pursuing acquisition and investment opportunities, we face competition from other companies having similar growth strategies, many of which may have substantially greater resources than us. Competition for these acquisitions or investment targets could result in increased acquisition or investment prices, higher risks and a diminished pool of businesses or assets available for acquisition.

Acquisitions also frequently result in recording of goodwill and other intangible assets, which are subject to potential impairments in the future that could have a material adverse effect on our operating results. Furthermore, the costs of integrating acquired businesses (including restructuring charges associated with the acquisitions, as well as other acquisition costs, such as accounting fees, legal fees and investment banking fees) could significantly impact our operating results.

Although we perform diligence on the businesses we purchase, in light of the circumstances of each transaction, an unavoidable level of risk remains regarding the actual condition of these businesses. We may not be able to ascertain the value or understand the potential liabilities of the acquired businesses and their operations until we assume operating control of the assets and operations of these businesses.

Furthermore, anyour recently completed acquisition of the Friesau Facility and other future acquisitions of businesses or facilities could entail a number of risks, including:

In addition, geographic and other expansions, acquisitions or joint ventures may require significant managerial attention, which may be diverted from our other operations. If we are unsuccessful in overcoming these risks, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Fluctuations in prices and demand for lumber could adversely affect our business.

The financial performance of the Friesau Facility depends on the demand for and selling price of lumber, which is subject to significant fluctuations. The markets for lumber are highly volatile and are

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affected by economic conditions in Europe, Asia and the United States, the strength of housing markets in such regions, the growing importance of the Asian market, changes in industry production capacity, changes in inventory levels and other factors beyond our control. Additionally, interest rates have a significant impact on residential construction and renovation activity, which in turn influence the demand for and price of lumber.

Adverse housing market conditions may increase the credit risk from customers of our Friesau Facility.

Our Friesau Facility generally extends credit to customers who are generally susceptible to the same economic business risks that we are. Unfavorable housing market conditions could result in financial failures of one or more of such customers. If such customers’ financial position becomes impaired, our ability to fully collect receivables from such customers could be impaired and negatively affect our operating results, cash flow and liquidity.

Our Friesau Facility’s lumber products are vulnerable to declines in demand due to competing technologies or materials.

Our lumber products may compete with alternative products. For example, plastic, wood/plastic or composite materials may be used by builders as alternatives to the lumber products produced by our Friesau Facility. Changes in the prices for oil, chemicals and other products can change the competitive position of our Friesau Facility’s lumber products relative to available alternatives and could increase substitution of those products for our Friesau Facility’s products. If use of these alternative products grows, demand for and pricing of our Friesau Facility’s products could be adversely affected.

Changes in credit ratings issued by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations could adversely affect our cost of financing and have an adverse effect on the market price of our securities.

Credit rating agencies rate our debt securities on factors that include our operating results, actions that we take, their view of the general outlook for our industry and their view of the general outlook for the economy. Actions taken by the rating agencies can include maintaining, upgrading or downgrading the current rating or placing the company on a watch list for possible future downgrading. Downgrading the credit rating of our debt securities or placing us on a watch list for possible future downgrading could limit our access to the credit markets, increase our cost of financing and have an adverse effect on the market price of our securities, including the 2019, 2022 and 2024our Senior Notes.

We rely on government grants and participate in German statutory energy programs.

We currently benefit from a subsidized capital expenditure program as a result of German federal and state government grants. Should either the German federal or state governments be prohibited from honoring legislative grants, or should we be required to repay any such legislative grants, this may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.

Since 2005, our German mills have received emission allowances under the EU ETS. Since our German mills receive stipulated special tariffs under the Renewable Energy Act, the amount of emissions allowances granted to our German mills under the EU ETS has been reduced and, as a result, from time to time, we purchase emission allowances in order to meet statutory requirements. Additionally, such emission allowances are subject to statutory amendment or change in the future.

In 2014, in response to an investigation by the European Commission into whether portions of the Renewable Energy Act constituted unpermitted state aid, the German government amended the Renewable

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Energy Act. After such amendment, our German mills continued to sell “green”green energy into the market at stipulated prices or “tariffs” and were exempted, as “existing installations”, from certain surcharges on the consumption of energy that they generate, or “auto-generation”. The German government further amended the Renewable Energy Act effective January 1, 2017, so that funding for renewable energy is to be allocated through an auction system, primarily to create a competitive bidding process for new installations of wind, solar and biomass energy. Our Friesau Facility’s tariff expires in 2029. However, the amendments provide that existing pulp mills, including our German pulp mills, are ineligible for such auction process and instead will have their tariffs renewed upon expiry of their initial20-year terms for a further10-year period, based upon the price received in the last year prior to renewal regressing at a rate of 8% per annum. Our Rosenthal mill’s initial20-year tariff expires on December 31, 2019 and our Stendal mill’s initial20-year tariff expires on December 31, 2024. Such10-year extensions for such pulp mills have been notified by the German government to the European Commission for review for compliance with applicable state aid rules. While we currently expect they will become effective, we can provide no assurance that they will be permitted under EU rules. As a result, we cannot currently predict the effect of promulgated amendments to the Renewable Energy Act on our German mills’ sale or consumption of energy.

Our costs of energy for our pulp operations in Germany could increase in the event that the auto-generation surcharge exemption is removed or reduced in the future. Additionally, if the stipulated tariffs for energy sold by our German mills are reduced in the future, our energy sales in Germany may not be as profitable. Any of the foregoing situations or any combination of them could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We are subject to risks related to our employees.

The majority of our employees are unionized and we have collective agreements in place with our employees at all of our mills. Although we have not experienced any material work stoppages in the past, there can be no assurance that we will be able to negotiate acceptable collective agreements or other satisfactory arrangements with our employees upon the expiration of our collective agreements, including our collective agreement with hourly workers at the Celgar mill which expires in April 2017.agreements. This could result in a strike or work stoppage by the affected workers. The registration or renewal of the collective agreements or the outcome of our wage negotiations could result in higher wages or benefits paid to union members. Additionally, changing demographics may make it more difficult for us to recruit skilled employees in the future. Accordingly, we could experience a significant disruption of our operations or higher ongoing labor costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. In addition, whenever we seek to reduce workforce at any of our mills, the affected mill’s labor force could seek to hinder or delay such actions, we could incur material severance or other costs and our operations could be disrupted.

We are dependent on key personnel.

Our future success depends, to a large extent, on the efforts and abilities of our executive and senior mill operating officers. Such officers are industry professionals many of whom have operated through multiple business cycles. Our officers play an integral role in, among other things:

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The loss of one or more of our officers could make us less competitive in these areas, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We do not maintain any key person life insurance for any of our executive or senior mill operating officers.

We may experience material disruptions to our production.

A material disruption at one of our manufacturing facilities could prevent us from meeting customer demand, reduce our pulp, lumber and energy sales and/or negatively impact our results of operations. Any of our mills could cease operations unexpectedly due to a number of events, including:

Any such downtime or facility damage could prevent us from meeting customer demand for our products and/or require us to make unplanned capital expenditures. If any of our facilities were to incur significant downtime, our ability to meet our production capacity targets and satisfy customer requirements would be impaired and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

If our long-lived assets become impaired, we may be required to recordnon-cash impairment charges that could have a material impact on our results of operations.

We review the carrying value of long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Should the markets for our products deteriorate or should we decide to invest capital differently or should other cash flow assumptions change, it is possible that we will be required to recordnon-cash impairment charges in the future that could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We may incur losses as a result of unforeseen or catastrophic events, including the emergence of a pandemic, terrorist attacks or natural disasters.

The occurrence of unforeseen or catastrophic events, including the emergence of a pandemic or other widespread health emergency (or concerns over the possibility of such an emergency), terrorist attacks

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or natural disasters, could create economic and financial disruptions and could lead to operational difficulties (including travel limitations) that could impair our ability to manage or operate our business and adversely affect our results of operations.

Our insurance coverage may not be adequate.

We have obtained insurance coverage that we believe would ordinarily be maintained by an operator of facilities similar to our mills. Our insurance is subject to various limits and exclusions. Damage or destruction to our facilities could result in claims that are excluded by, or exceed the limits of, our insurance coverage. Additionally, the weak global and financial markets have also reduced the availability and extent of credit insurance for our customers. If we cannot obtain adequate credit insurance for our customers, we may be forced to amend or curtail our planned operations which could negatively impact our sales revenues, results of operations and financial position.

We rely on third parties for transportation services.

Our business primarily relies upon third parties for the transportation of pulp and lumber to our customers, as well as for the delivery of our raw materials to our mills. Our pulp, lumber and raw materials are principally transported by truck, barge, rail andsea-going vessels, all of which are highly regulated. Increases in transportation rates can also materially adversely affect our results of operations.

Further, if our transportation providers fail to deliver our pulp or lumber in a timely manner, it could negatively impact our customer relationships and we may be unable to manufacture pulp or lumber in response to customer orders or sell our pulpthem at full value. Also, if any of our transportation providers were to cease operations, we may be unable to replace them at a reasonable cost. The occurrence of any of the foregoing events could materially adversely affect our results of operations.

Our new ERP system may cost more than expected, be delayed, fail to perform as planned and interrupt operational transactions during and following the implementation, which could adversely affect our operations and results of operations.

In January 2014, we commenced the implementation of a new ERP solution to replace our existing business software applications at a total estimated cost of $12.0 million. The project was designed to be completed in stages and is expected to be substantially completed in 2017. Such projects are inherently complex, resource intensive and lengthy. As a result, we could experience unplanned or unforeseen issues that could adversely affect the project, our business and/or our results of operations, including:

We periodically use derivatives to manage certain risks which has caused significant fluctuations in our operating results.

In 2002, Stendal entered into the Stendal Interest Rate Swap Contractcertainvariable-to-fixed interest rate swaps to fix interest payments under its indebtedness until 2017, which prevented Stendal from benefiting from the general decline in interest rates that ensued. Because we effectively fixed the rate on Stendal’s indebtedness under such contract, the value of our derivative position moves inversely to interest rates. The Stendal Interest Rate Swap Contract remainsinterest rate swap contract expired and was closed in place after we refinanced Stendal’s indebtedness in 2014.October 2017.

We also periodically use other derivatives related to currency exchange rates, pulpcommodity prices and energy prices.

We record unrealized gains or losses on our derivative instruments when they are marked to market at the end of each reporting period and realized gains or losses on them when they are settled. These unrealized and realized gains and losses can materially impact our operating results for any reporting period.

If any of the variety of instruments and strategies we utilize is not effective, we may incur losses which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. The purpose of our derivative activity may also be considered speculative in nature; we do not use these instruments with respect to anypre-set percentage of revenues or other formula, but either to augment our potential gains or reduce our potential losses depending on our perception of future economic events and developments.

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Failures or security breaches of our information technology systems could disrupt our operations and negatively impact our business.

We use information technologies to securely manage our operations and various business functions. We rely on various technologies to process, store and report on our business and to communicate electronically between our facilities, personnel, customers and suppliers. We also use information technologies to process financial information and results of operations for internal reporting purposes and to comply with regulatory, legal and tax requirements. Despite our security design and controls, and those of our third party providers, our information technology systems may be vulnerable to a variety of interruptions, including during the process of upgrading or replacing software, databases or components thereof, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, telecommunications failures, computer viruses, cyber-attacks, hackers, unauthorized access attempts and other security issues or may be breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. Any such interruption or breach could result in operational disruptions or the misappropriation of sensitive data that could subject us to civil and criminal penalties, litigation or have a negative impact on our reputation. There can be no assurance that such disruptions or misappropriations and the resulting repercussions will not negatively impact our cash flows and materially affect our results of operations or financial condition.

The price of our common stock may be volatile.

The market price of our common stock may be influenced by many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including those described above and the following:

In addition, there has been significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of securities of companies operating in the forest products industry that often has been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. Some companies that have had volatile market prices for their securities have had securities litigation brought against them. If litigation of this type is brought against us, it could result in substantial costs and would divert management’s attention and resources.

A small number of our shareholders could significantly influence our business.

There are a few significant shareholders of our common stock who own a substantial percentage of the outstanding shares of our common stock. These few significant shareholders, either individually or acting together, may be able to exercise significant influence over matters requiring shareholder approval,

including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or

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other sale of the company or our assets. This concentration of ownership may make it more difficult for other shareholders to effect substantial changes in the company, may have the effect of delaying, preventing or expediting, as the case may be, a change in control of the company and may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Further, the possibility that one or more of these significant shareholders may sell all or a large portion of their common stock in a short period of time could adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. Also, the interests of these few shareholders may not be in the best interests of all shareholders.

Our international sales and operations are subject to applicable laws relating to trade, export controls and foreign corrupt practices, the violation of which could adversely affect our operations.

As a result of our international sales and operations, we are subject to trade and economic sanctions and other restrictions imposed by the United States, Canada and other governments or organizations, including prohibitions in the United States against foreign competitors’ (including our operating subsidiaries) receipt of certain unlawful foreign governmental benefits. We are also subject to the U.S.Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the CanadianCorruption of Foreign Public Officials Act and other anti-bribery laws that generally bar bribes or unreasonable gifts to foreign governments or officials. Changes in trade sanctions laws could restrict our business practices, including cessation of business activities in sanctioned countries or with sanctioned entities, and may result in modifications to compliance programs. Violations of these laws or regulations could result in sanctions including fines, loss of authorizations needed to conduct our international business, the imposition of tariffs or duties and other penalties, which could adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition.

We are exposed to interest rate fluctuations.

Interest on borrowings under our revolving credit facilities are at “floating” rates. As a result, increases in interest rates will increase our costs of borrowing and reduce our operating margins.

ITEM 1B.

UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

We own the Rosenthal, Stendal and Celgar pulp mills, andthe Friesau Facilityand the underlying properties.

Rosenthal mill.Mill.The Rosenthal mill is situated on a 230 acre site in the town of Blankenstein in the state of Thüringia, approximately 300 kilometers south of Berlin. The Saale river flows through the site of the mill. In late 1999, we completed a major capital project which converted the Rosenthal mill to the production of kraft pulp. It is a single line mill with a current annual production capacity of approximately 360,000 ADMTs of kraft pulp. The mill is self-sufficient in steam and electrical power. Some excess electrical power which is constantly generated is sold to the regional power grid. The facilities at the mill include:

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Stendal Mill.The Stendal mill is situated on a 200 acre site owned by Stendal that is part of a larger 1,250 acre industrial park near the town of Stendal in the state ofSaxony-Anhalt, approximately 300 kilometers north of the Rosenthal mill and 130 kilometers west of Berlin. The mill is adjacent to the Elbe river and has access to harbor facilities for water transportation. The mill is a single line mill with a current annual design production capacity of approximately 660,000 ADMTs of kraft pulp. The Stendal mill is self-sufficient in steam and electrical power. Some excess electrical power which is constantly being generated is sold to the regional power grid. The facilities at the mill include:

Celgar Mill. The Celgar mill is situated on a 400 acre site near the city of Castlegar, British Columbia. The mill is located on the south bank of the Columbia River, approximately 600 kilometers east of the port city of Vancouver, British Columbia, and approximately 32 kilometers north of theCanada-U.S. border. The city of Seattle, Washington is approximately 650 kilometers southwest of Castlegar. The Celgar mill is a single line mill with a current annual production capacity of approximately 520,000 ADMTs of kraft pulp. Internal power generating capacity resulting from the completion of the Celgar Energy Project in 2010 enables the Celgar mill to be self-sufficient in electrical power and to sell surplus electricity. The facilities at the Celgar mill include:

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Friesau Facility. The Friesau mill is situated on a 61.6 acre site in the town of Saalburg-Ebersdorf, Germany, approximately 300 km south of Berlin and only 16 kilometers from the Rosenthal mill. It is a two line sawmill with an annual production capacity of approximately 550 MMfbm of lumber on a continuously operating basis. The mill also sells electrical power generation to the regional power grid at fixed green power tariffs. The mill is self-sufficient in thermal power. The facilities at the Friesau mill include:

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The Manufacturing Process.Process

The following diagram provides a simplified description of the kraft pulp manufacturing process at our pulp mills:

In order to transform wood chips into kraft pulp, wood chips undergo a multi-step process involving the following principal stages: chip screening, digesting, pulp washing, screening, bleaching and drying.

In the initial processing stage, wood chips are screened to remove oversized chips and sawdust and are conveyed to a pressurized digester where they are heated and cooked with chemicals. This occurs in a continuous process at the Celgar and Rosenthal mills and in a batch process at the Stendal mill. This process softens and eventually dissolves the phenolic material called lignin that binds the fibers to each other in the wood.

Cooked pulp flows out of the digester and is washed and screened to remove most of the residual spent chemicals and partially cooked wood chips. The pulp then undergoes a series of bleaching stages where the brightness of the pulp is gradually increased. Finally, the bleached pulp is sent to the pulp machine where it is dried to achieve a dryness level of approximately 90%. The pulp is then ready to be baled for shipment to customers.

A significant feature of kraft pulping technology is the recovery system, whereby chemicals used in the cooking process are captured and extracted forre-use, which reduces chemical costs and improves environmental performance. During the cooking stage, dissolved organic wood materials and used

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chemicals, collectively known as black liquor, are extracted from the digester. After undergoing an evaporation process, black liquor is burned in a recovery boiler. The chemical compounds of the black liquor are collected from the recovery boiler and are reconstituted into cooking chemicals used in the digesting stage through additional processing in the recausticizing plant.

The heat produced by the recovery boiler is used to generate high-pressure steam. Additional steam is generated by a power boiler through the combustion of biomass consisting of bark and other wood residuals from sawmills and our woodrooms and residue generated by the effluent treatment system. Additionally, during times of upset, we may use natural gas to generate steam. The high pressure steam produced by the recovery and power boilers is used to power a turbine generator to generate electricity, low pressure steam coming off the turbine is then used to provide heat for the digesting and pulp drying processes.

Our Friesau Facility principally manufactures finished sawn lumber milled from spruce and pine, including European metric and specialty lumber, U.S. dimensional lumber andJ-grade lumber, in various sizes and grades. The process for manufacturing lumber results in a significant percentage of each sawlog ending up asby-products or residuals such as wood chips, trim blocks, sawdust shavings and bark, which are typically sold to a wide variety of customers. In addition, we utilize a significant portion of the chips from the Friesau Facility at our Rosenthal pulp mill.

Other Properties. In addition, we own a logistics and reload center near Trail, British Columbia and lease offices in Vancouver, British Columbia, Berlin, Arneburg and Hamburg, Germany and Seattle, Washington.

The €5.0 million Rosenthal working capital facility is secured by certain land at the Rosenthal mill. The working capital loan facilities established for our three mills and Mercer Holz are secured by first charges against thetheir respective inventories and receivables of the respective mills.receivables.

In January 2012, we initiated a claim against the Government of Canada for breaches by it of its obligations under NAFTA. Our NAFTA claim relates to our investment in the Celgar mill and arises from the treatment of the Celgar mill’s energy generation assets and operations by the Province of British Columbia, primarily through the actions of B.C. Hydro, a provincially owned and controlled enterprise, and the British Columbia Utilities Commission, a provincial government regulatory agency. Our NAFTA claim is against the Government of Canada, rather than the Province of British Columbia as, under NAFTA, the Canadian government is responsible for the actions of its provinces. Our NAFTA claim alleges that our Celgar mill has received unfair and discriminatory treatment regarding the mill’s ability to purchase and sell energy compared to other pulp mills and entities that generate and sell electricity within the Province of British Columbia. Under our NAFTA claim, we are seeking approximately C$250.0 million in damages consisting of past losses accruing since 2008 and the net present value of projected losses that would result from the ongoing application of discriminatory Provincial policies should the status quo remain unchanged. Our NAFTA claim was heard by a tribunal appointed pursuant thereto in 2015. We currently expect to receive a decision from the tribunal some time in 2017.2018.

As a result of the inherent uncertainty of litigation, there can be no assurance whether we will be successful in such NAFTA claim and we cannot quantify the amount we may recover, if any, under such proceedings if we were successful.

We are also subject to routine litigation incidental to our business. We do not believe that the outcome of such litigation will have a material adverse effect on our business or financial condition.

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Not applicable.

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PART II

(a)        Market Information.Our shares are quoted for trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “MERC” and listed in dollars on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol “MERC.U”. The following table sets forth the high and low sale prices of our shares on the NASDAQ Global Select Market for each quarter in thetwo-year period ended December 31, 2016:2017:

(b)        Shareholder Information.As at February 9, 2017,14, 2018, there were approximately 217205 holders of record of our shares and a total of 64,694,13865,017,288 shares were outstanding.

(c)    Dividend Information.On February 8, 2017,14, 2018, our board of directors approved a quarterly dividend of $0.115$0.125 per share to be paid to holders of our common stock on April 4, 20172018 to shareholders of record on March 28, 2017.2018.

In 2016,2017, our board of directors approved fourthree quarterly dividend payments of $0.115 per share each and a fourth quarterly dividend payment of $0.125 per share, the first being paid on April 5, 2016,4, 2017, the second being paid on July 7, 2016,6, 2017, the third being paid on October 4, 20162017 and the fourth being paid on January 4, 2017.2018.

The further declaration and payment of dividends is at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon various factors, including our earnings, financial condition, restrictions imposed by our credit facilities and the terms of any other indebtedness that may be outstanding, cash requirements, future prospects and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. The indentures governing our 2019, 2022 and 2024 Senior Notes and our credit facilities limit our ability to pay dividends or make other distributions on capital stock. See Item 1. “Business – Description of Certain Indebtedness”.

(d)        Equity Compensation Plans.The following table sets forth information as at December 31, 20162017 with respect to the shares of our common stock that may be issued under our existing equity compensation plans.

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(e)Performance Graph.The following graph shows a five-year comparison of cumulative total shareholder return, calculated on an assumed dividend reinvested basis, for our common stock, the NASDAQ Stock Market Index, referred to as the “NASDAQ Index”, and Standard Industrial Classification, or “SIC”, Code Index (SIC Code 2611- pulp mills), referred to as the “Industry Index”. The graph assumes $100 was invested in each of our common stock, the NASDAQ Index and the Industry Index on December 31, 2011.2012. Data points on the graph are annual.

Comparison of Cumulative Total ReturnCOMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN

ASSUMES $100 INVESTED DEC. 31, 2012

ASSUMES DIVIDENDS REINVESTED

FISCAL YEAR ENDING DEC. 31, 2017

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The following table sets forth selected historical financial and operating data as at and for the years indicated. Our consolidated financial statements as at and for the year ended December 31, 2012 were reported using the euro. Effective October 1, 2013, we changed our reporting currency to the dollar. With the change in reporting currency, all comparative financial information has been recast from euros to dollars to reflect our consolidated financial statements as if they had been historically reported in dollars, consistent with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 830. Certain balance sheet items for 2015, 2014, 2013 and 2012 have been reclassified as a result of our adoption of Accounting Standards Update 2015-03,Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs, and Accounting Standards Update 2015-17,Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes.

The following selected financial data are qualified in their entirety by, and should be read in conjunction with, our consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in this annual report and Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”.