UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20172019

OR

For the transition period from                to                

Commission file no:001-36409

CITY OFFICE REIT, INC.

1075 West Georgia666 Burrard Street

Suite 20103210

Vancouver, BC

V6E 3C9V6C 2X8

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (604)806-3366

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ☐☒    No  ☒☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 ofRegulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 ofRegulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of thisForm 10-K or any amendment to thisForm 10-K.    ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, anon-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” inRule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.    ☒☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined inRule 12b-2 of the Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of June 30, 2017,2019, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held bynon-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $374.5$465.7 million, based on the closing sales price of $12.70$11.99 per share as reported on the New York Stock Exchange.

As of February 23, 2018,24, 2020, the registrant had 36,118,16354,591,047 shares of common stock outstanding.

Documents incorporated by reference: Portions of the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement for the 20182020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (to be filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after the end of the registrant’s fiscal year end) are incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form10-K in response to Part II, Item 5 and Part III, Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14.

CITY OFFICE REIT, INC.

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM10-K

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 20172019

Table of contents

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form10-K contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the federal securities laws. These forward-looking statements are included throughout this Annual Report on Form10-K, including in the sections entitled “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Business” and “Certain Relationships and Related Person Transactions,” and relate to matters such as our industry, business strategy, goals and expectations concerning our market position, future operations, margins, profitability, capital expenditures, financial condition, liquidity, capital resources, cash flows, results of operations and other financial and operating information. We have used the words “approximately,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “budget,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “future,” “intend,” “may,” “outlook,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will” and similar terms and phrases to identify forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form10-K. All of our forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those that we are expecting, including:

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The forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form10-K are based on historical performance and management’s current plans, estimates and expectations in light of information currently available to us and are subject to uncertainty and changes in circumstances. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting us will be those that we have anticipated. Actual results may differ materially from these expectations due to the factors, risks and uncertainties described above, changes in global, regional or local political, economic, business, competitive, market, regulatory and other factors described in “Risk Factors,” many of which are beyond our control. We believe that these factors include those described in “Risk Factors.” Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove to be incorrect, our actual results may vary in material respects from what we may have expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. We caution that you should not place undue reliance on any of our forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement made by us in this Annual Report on Form10-K speaks only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form10-K. Factors or events that could cause our actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as may be required by applicable securities laws.

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PART I

Overview

We are an internally-managed corporation organized in the state of Maryland on November 26, 2013 focused on acquiring, owning and operating high-quality office properties located primarily in metropolitan areas“18-hour cities” in the Southern and Western United States. Our target markets possess a number of attractive demographic and employment characteristics that we believe will lead to capital appreciation and growth in rental income at our properties. Our senior management team has extensive industry relationships and a proven track record in executing this strategy, which we believe provides a competitive advantage to our stockholders. We have elected, and intend to continue to qualify, to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

We believe that our target markets offer the opportunity for attractive risk-adjusted returns due to the following characteristics: favorable economic growth trends, growing populations with above average employment growth forecasts, a large number of government offices, large international, national and regional employers across diversified industries,low-cost centers for business operations, proximity to large universities and increasing office occupancy rates. We also believe that new construction of office properties has been limited in many of our markets since 2008 because rental rates in these markets generally have not supported significant new development. Within our target markets, we focus primarily on Class A and B properties with a purchase price between $25 million and $100 million and expected capitalization rates generally between seven and eight percent.million. We believe that we have a competitive advantage in acquiring these properties in our target markets because of our local relationships, prior transaction experience and reduced competition from large institutional investors generally have focused on larger properties in gateway markets such as Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco and Washington, D.C., while local real estate operators in our markets typically do not benefit from the same access to capital as public REITs.typical transaction size.

Our senior management team has extensive experience in real estate markets and is made up of James Farrar, our chief executive officer,Chief Executive Officer, Gregory Tylee, our presidentPresident and chief operating officer,Chief Operating Officer, and Anthony Maretic, our chief financial officer,Chief Financial Officer, each with over 20 years of experience. We internally asset manage our properties but use local firms for property management and leasing in our markets to benefit from their local market knowledge, efficient operations and existing infrastructure.

At December 31, 2017,2019, we owned 4865 office buildings with a total of approximately 5.25.8 million square feet of net rentable area (“NRA”) in the metropolitan areas of Boise, Dallas, Denver, Orlando, Phoenix, Portland, San Diego, Seattle and Tampa. We believe that our properties are high quality assets that provide excellent access to transportation options, are located near affluent neighborhoods, contain extensive amenities and are well-maintained. We also believe that our properties have a stable and diverse tenant base, including federal and state governmental agencies and national and regional businesses. As of December 31, 2017,2019, our portfolio was approximately 87.7% leased and approximately 49.6% of the base rental revenue from our properties was derived from tenants in these markets that are federal or state government agencies or investment grade tenants or their subsidiaries.91.9% occupied. Our properties also have a stable, long-term tenancy profile and our occupied and committed leases have staggered expirations and a weighted average remaining lease term to maturity of 4.74.4 years at December 31, 2017.2019. The majority of our leases are full service gross leases pursuant to which our tenants reimburse us for operating expenses, property taxes and insurance in excess of a base amount. This structure helps insulate us from increases in certain operating expenses and provides a more predictable cash flow. Our leases typically include rent escalation provisions designed to provide annual growth in our rental income.

For further information on our target markets and the composition of our tenant base, see “Item 2—Properties.”

As of December 31, 2017,2019, we had 1720 full-time employees. We believe that our relations with our employees are satisfactory.

Business Objectives and Growth Strategies

Our principal business objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns to our investors over the long-term through a combination of dividends and capital appreciation. We believe the following strategies will help

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us achieve our business objective and continue to distinguish us from other owners and operators of office properties in our markets:

Acquire PropertiesDrive Cash Flow Increases through Rent Growth:Our leases typically provide for contractual increases in Our Target Markets:base rental rates. These rental escalations are expected to result in predictable increases in rental revenues for us over time. We will continue to seek to expand our portfolio through acquisitions of office properties primarily locatedinclude contractual rent escalators in our target markets. We believe that current economic conditions and relatively low levels of competition from institutional buyers have created attractive investment opportunities for the acquisition of office propertiesfuture leases to further facilitate predictable growth in our target markets as comparedrental income. In circumstances wherein-place rental rates are below market rental rates, we will aim to gateway markets. We also use our management team’s market-specific knowledge as well as the expertise of our local real estate operators and our investment partners to identify acquisitions that we believe offercapture increases in cash flow stability and value enhancement.by increasing rents to market.

Leverage Strong Relationships of Our Management Team:Our senior management team has extensive relationships within our markets, including with real estate owners, developers, operators and brokers. We have strong relationships with our local third-party real estate operators, which typically manage or lease a large number of properties in the submarkets and markets where our properties are located, providing economies of scale and local market insight. In addition, our management team has strong lending relationships with various banks and insurance companies.

Seek Contractual Rent Escalations:Acquire Properties in Our leases typically provide for contractual increases in base rental rates. These rental escalations are expected to result in predictable increases in rental revenues for us over time. Target Markets:We will continue to seek to include contractual rent escalatorsexpand our portfolio through acquisitions of office properties primarily located in future leasesour target18-hour cities. We believe that current economic conditions and relatively low levels of competition from institutional buyers in our typical transaction size have created attractive investment opportunities for the acquisition of office propertiesin our target markets. We also use our management team’s market-specific knowledge as well as the expertise of our local real estate operators and our investment partners to further facilitate predictable growth in rental income.identify acquisitions that we believe offer cash flow stability and value enhancement.

Lease Currently Vacant Space:As of December 31, 2017, the weighted average in place occupancy rate of2019, our propertiesportfolio was approximately 87.7%, and approximately 88.5% when excluding assets under contract for sale,91.9% occupied, and we believe that there is potential to generate additional rental income by leasing space in these properties that is currently unoccupied. We believe that our properties compete for tenants with other landlords that are capital constrainedhave been successful in enhancing the appeal of vacant spaces by completing improvements to vacancies, creating or improving building amenities and may not be able to enhance their buildings’ appeal through capital investments or offer tenants attractive tenant improvement packages.renovating common areas.

Implement Improvements and Cost-Saving Initiatives:We actively pursue cost reduction initiatives, such as eliminating redundant or unnecessary expenses and engaging property tax appeal specialists to lower property tax costs, and make an ongoing effort to increase expense recoveries from tenants on new and renewed leases.

20172019 Highlights

Competition

We compete with other REITs (both public and private), public and private real estate companies, private real estate investors and lenders, both domestic and foreign, in acquiring properties. We also face competition in leasing or subleasing available properties to prospective tenants.

We believe that our management’s experience and relationships in, and local knowledge of, the markets in which we operate put us at a competitive advantage when seeking acquisitions. However, some of our competitors have greater resources than we do, or may have a more flexible capital structure when seeking to finance acquisitions. We also face competition in leasing or subleasing available properties to prospective tenants. Some real estate operators may be willing to enter into leases at lower contractual rental rates. However, we believe that our intensive management services are attractive to tenants and serve as a competitive advantage.

Segment and Geographic Financial Information

During 2017,2019, we had one reportable segment, our office properties segment. For information about our office property revenues and long-lived assets and other financial information, see “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations.”

Environmental Matters

A wide variety of environmental and occupational health and safety laws and regulations affect our properties. These complex laws, and their enforcement, involve a myriad of regulations, many of which involve strict liability on the part of the potential offender. Some of these laws may directly impact us. Under various local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, an owner of real property, such as us, may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances at, under or disposed of in connection with such property, as well as other potential costs relating to hazardous or toxic substances (including government fines and damages for injuries to persons and adjacent property). The cost of any required remediation, removal, fines or personal or property damages and the owner’s liability therefore could exceed or impair the value of the property, and/or the assets of the owner. In addition, the presence of such substances, or the failure to properly dispose of or remediate such substances, may adversely affect the owner’s ability to sell or rent such property or to borrow using such property as collateral which, in turn, could reduce our revenues.

We believe that our properties are in compliance in all material respects with all federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations regarding hazardous or toxic substances and other environmental matters. We have not been notified by any governmental authority of any materialnon-compliance, liability or claim relating to hazardous or toxic substances or other environmental matter in connection with any of our properties.

Availability of Reports Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission

A copy of this Annual Report on Form10-K, as well as our quarterly reports on Form10-Q, current reports on Form8-K and any amendments to such reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), are available, free of charge, on our Internet website (www.cityofficereit.com). All of these reports are made available on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Our Governance Guidelines and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and the charters of the Audit, Compensation, Investment, and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees of our Board of Directors are also available on our website at www.cityofficereit.com, and are available in print to any stockholder upon written request to City Office REIT, Inc., c/o Investor Relations, Suite 2010, 1075 West Georgia3210-666 Burrard Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6E 3C9.V6C 2X8. The Company may, from time to time, amend these charters and policies, and such amended charters and policies will be posted on the Company’s website. Our telephone number is +1 (604)806-3366. The information on or accessible through our website is not, and shall not be deemed to be, a part of this report or incorporated into any other filing we make with the SEC.

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Risks Relating to Our Business and Our Properties

There are inherent risks associated with real estate investments and with the real estate industry, each of which could have an adverse impact on our financial performance and the value of our properties.

Real estate investments are subject to various risks and fluctuations and cycles in value and demand, many of which are beyond our control. Our financial performance and the value of our properties can be affected by many of these factors, including the following:

In addition, because the yields available from equity investments in real estate depend in large part on the amount of rental income earned, as well as property operating expenses and other costs incurred, a period of economic slowdown or recession, or declining demand for real estate, or the public perception that any of these

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events may occur, could result in a general decline in rents or an increased incidence of defaults among our existing leases, and, consequently, our properties, including any held by joint ventures, may fail to generate revenues sufficient to meet operating, debt service and other expenses. As a result, we may have to borrow amounts to cover fixed costs, and our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, per share market price of our common stock and ability to satisfy our principal and interest obligations and to make distributions to our stockholders may be adversely affected.

Significant competition may decrease or prevent increases in our properties’ occupancy and rental rates and may reduce our investment opportunities.

We compete with numerous owners, operators and developers of office properties, many of which own properties similar to ours in the same submarkets in which our properties are located. Furthermore, undeveloped land in many of the markets in which we operate is generally more readily available and less expensive than in gateway markets, which are commonly defined as New York, Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., Boston, Chicago and San Francisco. If our competitors offer space from existing or new buildings at rental rates below current market rates, or below the rental rates that we currently charge our tenants, we may lose existing or potential tenants and we may be pressured to reduce our rental rates below those that we currently charge or to offer more substantial rent abatements, tenant improvements, early termination rights or below-market renewal options in order to retain or attract tenants when our tenants’ leases expire. Our competitors may have substantially greater financial resources than we do and may be able to accept more risk than we can prudently manage. In the future, competition from these entities may reduce the number of suitable investment opportunities offered to us or increase the bargaining power of property owners seeking to sell. As a result, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and market price of our common stock could be adversely affected.

We are dependent on our key personnel and the loss of such key personnel could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders.

We are dependent on the efforts of our key officers and employees, including James Farrar, our Chief Executive Officer, Gregory Tylee, our President and Chief Operating Officer, and Anthony Maretic, our Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Treasurer. The loss of Mr. Farrar’s, Mr. Tylee’s and/or Mr. Maretic’s services could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and our ability to pay distributions to our stockholders. Although we have employment agreements with them, we cannot assure you they will remain employed with us.

A decrease in demand for office space may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our portfolio of properties consists entirely of office properties and because we seek to acquire similar properties, a decrease in the demand for office space may have a greater adverse effect on our business and financial condition than if we owned a more diversified real estate portfolio. If parts of our properties are leased within a particular sector, a significant downturn in that sector in which the tenants’ businesses operate would adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, where a government agency is a tenant, which is the case for a number of our properties, austerity measures, the inability of the federal, state or local government to approve a budget, and governmental deficit reduction programs may lead government agencies to stop paying rent, consolidate and reduce their office space, terminate their lease or decrease their workforce, which may reduce demand for office space in the government sector.

Failure by any major tenant to make rental payments to us, because of a deterioration of its financial condition, a termination of its lease, anon-renewal of its lease or otherwise, could seriously harm our results of operations.

As of December 31, 2017,2019, approximately 32.4%27.8% of the base rental revenue of our properties was derived from our ten largest tenants. Our largest tenant is the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, which accounted for approximately 5.8% of base rental revenue of our properties for the year ended December 31, 2017.

At any time, our tenants may experience a downturn in their businesses that may

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significantly weaken their financial condition, whether as a result of general economic conditions or otherwise. As a result, our tenants may fail to make rental payments when due, delay lease commencements, decline to extend or renew leases upon expiration or declare bankruptcy. Any of these actions could result in the termination of the tenants’ leases or the failure to renew a lease and the loss of rental income attributable to the terminated leases. The occurrence of any of the situations described above could seriously harm our results of operations.

We may be unable to secure funds for future tenant or other capital improvements or payment of leasing commissions, which could limit our ability to attract or replace tenants and adversely impact our ability to make cash distributions to our stockholders.

When tenants do not renew their leases or otherwise vacate their space, it is common that, in order to attract replacement tenants, we will be required to expend funds for tenant improvements, payment of leasing commissions and other concessions related to the vacated space. Such tenant improvements may require us to incur substantial capital expenditures. We may not be able to fund capital expenditures solely from cash provided from our operating activities because we must distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains, each year to qualify as a REIT. As a result, our ability to fund tenant and other capital improvements or payment of leasing commissions through retained earnings may be limited. If we have insufficient capital reserves, we will have to obtain financing from other sources. We may also have future financing needs for other capital improvements to refurbish or renovate our properties. If we are unable to secure financing on terms that we believe are acceptable or at all, we may be unable to make tenant and other capital improvements or payment of leasing commissions or we may be required to defer such improvements. If this happens, it may cause one or more of our properties to suffer from a greater risk of obsolescence or a decline in value, as a result of fewer potential tenants being attracted to the property or existing tenants not renewing their leases. If we do not have access to sufficient funding in the future, we may not be able to make necessary capital improvements to our properties, pay leasing commissions or other expenses or pay distributions to our stockholders.

We may be required to make rent or other concessions and significant capital expenditures to improve our properties in order to retain and attract tenants, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.

In order to retain existing tenants and attract new clients, we may be required to offer more substantial rent abatements, tenant improvements and early termination rights or accommodate requests for renovations,build-to-suit remodeling and other improvements or provide additional services to our tenants. As a result, we may have to make significant capital or other expenditures in order to retain tenants whose leases expire and to attract new tenants in sufficient numbers, which could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flow. Additionally, if we need to raise capital to make such expenditures and are unable to do so, or such capital is otherwise unavailable, we may be unable to make the required expenditures. This could result innon-renewals by tenants upon expiration of their leases, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.

We depend on external sources of capital that are outside of our control, which may affect our ability to seize strategic opportunities, satisfy our debt obligations and make distributions to our stockholders.

In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we are generally required under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) to annually distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gain. In addition, as a REIT, we will be subject to income tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, including any net capital gains. Because of these distribution requirements, we may not be able to fund future capital needs (including redevelopment, acquisition, expansion and renovation activities, payments of principal and interest on and the refinancing of our existing debt, tenant improvements

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and leasing costs), from operating cash flow. Consequently, we may rely on third-party sources to fund our capital needs. We may not be able to obtain the necessary financing on favorable terms, in the time period that we desire or at all. Any additional debt we incur will increase our leverage, expose us to the risk of default and may impose operating restrictions on us, and any additional equity we raise could be dilutive to existing stockholders. Our access to third-party sources of capital depends, in part, on:

If we cannot obtain capital from third-party sources, we may not be able to acquire or develop properties when strategic opportunities exist, satisfy our principal and interest obligations or make the cash distributions to our stockholders necessary to maintain our qualification as a REIT.

Covenants in our Amended and Restated theCredit Agreement governing our Unsecured Credit Facility may cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT.

In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we are generally required under the Code to distribute annually at least 90% of our net taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gain. In addition, we will be subject to income tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our net taxable income, including any net capital gains. Under thecredit agreement governing our Amended and RestatedUnsecured Credit Agreement,Facility (the “Credit Agreement”), we are generally prohibited from makingsubject to various financial covenants that may inhibit our ability to make distributions in excess of 100% of Core Funds From Operations, as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement.to our stockholders. If Core Funds From Operations is less than 90% ofwe are unable to make distributions to our net taxable income,stockholders, we will not be able to make sufficient distributions to maintain our REIT status. In addition, if Core Funds From Operations is greater than 90% of our net taxable income but less than 100% of our net taxable income, we will be required to pay income tax at regular corporate rates on any net taxable income we are prohibited from distributing as a result of this covenant. Furthermore, if we fail to distribute at least the sum of 85% of our REIT ordinary income for the year, 95% of our REIT capital gain for the year and any undistributed taxable income from prior years, we will incur a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the excess of such required distribution over the amount we actually distribute.

We have a substantial amount of indebtedness outstanding which may affect our ability to pay distributions, may expose us to interest rate fluctuation risk and may expose us to the risk of default under our debt obligations.

Our total consolidated principal indebtedness, as of December 31, 2017,2019, was approximately $494.5$612.3 million. We do not anticipate that our internally generated cash flows will be adequate to repay our existing indebtedness upon maturity, and, therefore, we expect to repay our indebtedness through refinancings and future offerings of equity and debt securities, either of which we may be unable to secure on favorable terms or at all. Our substantial outstanding indebtedness, and the limitations imposed on us by our debt agreements, could have other significant adverse consequences, including the following:

If any one of these events were to occur, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, market price of our common stock orand preferred stock and ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay distributions to you could be adversely affected. In addition, any foreclosure on our properties could create taxable income without accompanying cash proceeds, which could adversely affect our ability to meet the distribution requirements necessary to maintain our qualification as a REIT.

We could become highly leveraged in the future because our organizational documents contain no limitations on the amount of debt that we may incur.

As of December 31, 2017,2019, our principal indebtedness represented approximately 55.2%49.8% of our total assets. However, our organizational documents contain no limitations on the amount of indebtedness that we or City Office REIT Operating Partnership, L.P. (our “Operating Partnership”) may incur. We could alter the balance between our total outstanding indebtedness and the value of our properties at any time. If we become more highly leveraged, the resulting increase in outstanding debt could adversely affect our ability to make debt service payments, to pay our anticipated distributions and to make the distributions required to maintain our qualification as a REIT. The occurrence of any of the foregoing risks could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, our ability to make distributions to our stockholders and the trading price of our securities.

Lenders may require us to enter into restrictive covenants relating to our operations, which could limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

In providing financing to us, a lender may impose restrictions on us that would affect our ability to incur additional debt, make certain investments, reduce liquidity below certain levels, make distributions to our stockholders and otherwise affect our distribution and operating policies. In general, we expect that our loan agreements will restrict our ability to encumber or otherwise transfer our interest in the respective property without the prior consent of the lender. Such loan documents may contain other negative covenants that may limit our ability to discontinue insurance coverage or impose other limitations. Any such restriction or limitation may limit our ability to make distributions to you. Further, such restrictions could make it difficult for us to satisfy the requirements necessary to maintain our qualification as a REIT.

We may engage in hedging transactions, which can limit our gains and increase exposure to losses.

Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT, we may enter into hedging transactions to protect us from the effects of interest rate fluctuations on floating rate debt. Our hedging transactions may include entering into interest rate swap agreements or interest rate cap or floor agreements, or other interest rate exchange contracts. Hedging activities may not have the desired beneficial impact on our results of operations or financial

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condition. No hedging activity can completely insulate us from the risks associated with changes in interest rates. Moreover, interest rate hedging could fail to protect us or adversely affect us because, among other things:

Hedging involves risk and typically involves costs, including transaction costs, that may reduce our overall returns on our investments. These costs increase as the period covered by the hedging increases and during periods of rising and volatile interest rates. These costs will also limit the amount of cash available for distribution to stockholders. We generally intend to hedge as much of the interest rate risk as we determine is in our best interests given the cost of such hedging transactions. The REIT tax rules may limit our ability to enter into hedging transactions by requiring us to limit our income fromnon-qualifying hedges. If we are unable to hedge effectively because of the REIT tax rules, we will face greater interest rate exposure than may be commercially prudent.

In September 2019, in connection with the increase in authorized borrowings under our Unsecured Credit Facility from $250.0 million to $300.0 million, we entered into the five-year interest rate swap for a notional amount of $50.0 million (the “Interest Rate Swap”). Pursuant to the Interest Rate Swap, the Company will pay a fixed rate of approximately 1.27% of the notional amount annually, payable monthly, and receive floating rate30-day LIBOR payments.

The Interest Rate Swap has been designated and qualifies as a cash flow hedge and has been recognized on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. Gains and losses resulting from changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges are reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified into earnings in the periods during which the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings.

As of December 31, 2019, the Interest Rate Swap was reported as an asset at its fair value of approximately $0.7 million, which is included in other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. For the year ended December 31, 2019 the amount of realized gains reclassified to interest expense due to payments received by the swap counterparty was $0.1 million. Accordingly, the fair value of the Interest Rate Swap has been classified as a Level 2 fair value measurement. See Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements in this report.

Changes in the method pursuant to which the LIBORreference rates are determined and potential phasing out of LIBOR after 2021 may affect our financial results.

The chief executive of the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”), which regulates LIBOR, has recently announced that the FCA intends to stop compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021. It is not possible to predict the effect of these changes, other reforms or the establishment of alternative reference rates in the United Kingdom or elsewhere. Furthermore, in the United States, efforts to identify a set of alternative U.S. dollar reference interest rates include proposals by the Alternative Reference Rates Committee of the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. On August 24, 2017, theThe U.S. Federal Reserve, Board requested public comment onin conjunction with the Alternative Reference Rates Committee, a proposalsteering committee comprised of large U.S. financial

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institutions, is considering replacing U.S. dollar LIBOR with the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), a new index calculated by theshort-term repurchase agreements, backed by Treasury securities. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York began publishing SOFR rates in cooperation with the Office of Financial Research,April 2018. The market transition away from LIBOR and towards SOFR is expected to produce three newbe gradual and complicated. There are significant differences between LIBOR and SOFR, such as LIBOR being an unsecured lending rate and SOFR a secured lending rate, and SOFR is an overnight rate and LIBOR reflects term rates at different maturities. Although there have been some issuances utilizing SOFR, it is unknown whether this alternative reference rates intended to serverate will attain market acceptance as alternatives toa replacement for LIBOR. These alternative rates are based on overnight repurchase agreement transactions secured by U.S. Treasury Securities.and other differences create the potential for basis risk between the two rates. The Federal Reserve Bank said thatimpact of any basis risk between LIBOR and SOFR may negatively affect our operating results. In addition, there is currently no definitive information regarding the publicationfuture utilization of LIBOR or of any particular replacement rate. Any of these alternative methods may result in interest rates is targeted to commence bymid-2018.that are higher than if LIBOR were available in its current form, which could have a material adverse effect on results. As such, the potential effect on us cannot yet be determined.

Any changes announced by the FCA, including the FCA Announcement, other regulators or any other successor governance or oversight body, or future changes adopted by such body, in the method pursuant to which the LIBORreference rates are determined may result in a sudden or prolonged increase or decrease in the reported LIBORreference rates. If that were to occur, the level of interest payments we incur may change. In addition, although certain of our LIBOR based obligations provide for alternative methods of calculating the interest rate payable on certain of our obligations if LIBOR is not reported, which include requesting certain rates from major reference banks in London or New York, or alternatively using LIBOR for the immediately preceding interest period or using the initial interest rate, as applicable, uncertainty as to the extent and manner of future changes may result in interest rates and/or payments that are higher than, lower than or that do not otherwise correlate over time with the interest rates and/or payments that would have been made on our obligations if LIBOR rate was available in its current form.

Economic conditions may adversely affect the real estate market and our income.

Uncertainty over whether the U.S. economy will be adversely affected by inflation or stagflation, volatile energy costs, geopolitical issues, the possibility of any pandemic, the availability and cost of credit, future policy and fiscal decisions of the federal

government, the mortgage market in the United States and the late-cycle real estate market may contribute to increased market volatility or threaten business and consumer confidence. This uncertain operating environment could adversely affect our ability to generate revenues, thereby reducing our operating income and earnings.

In addition, local real estate conditions such as an oversupply of properties or a reduction in demand for properties, competition from other similar properties, our ability to provide or arrange for adequate maintenance, insurance and management and advisory services, increased operating costs (including real estate taxes), the attractiveness, location of the property, changes in market rental rates and region-specific legislation or political initiatives may adversely affect a property’s income and value. A rise in energy costs could result in higher operating costs, which may affect our results of operations. In addition, local conditions in the markets in which we own or intend to own properties may significantly affect occupancy or rental rates at such properties. Events that could prevent us from raising or maintaining rents or cause us to reduce rents include layoffs, plant closings, relocations of significant local employers and other events reducing local employment rates, an oversupply of—or a lack of demand for—office space, a decline in household formation, the inability or unwillingness of tenants to pay rent increases, and geopolitical developments having a disproportionate effect on the markets in which we operate.

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Our joint venture investments could be adversely affected by the capital markets, our lack of sole decision-making authority, our reliance on joint venture partners’ financial condition and any disputes that may arise between us and our joint venture partners.

We have in the pastco-invested, and may in the futureco-invest, with third parties through partnerships, joint ventures or other structures, acquiringnon-controlling interests in, or sharing responsibility for managing the affairs of, a property, partnership,co-tenancy or other entity. Investments in joint ventures may, under certain circumstances, involve risks not present when a third party is not involved, including potential deadlocks in making major decisions, restrictions on our ability to exit the joint venture, reliance on our joint venture partners and the possibility that joint venture partners might become bankrupt or fail to fund their share of required capital contributions, thus exposing us to liabilities in excess of our share of the investment or take action that could jeopardize our REIT status. The funding of our capital contributions may be dependent on proceeds from asset sales, credit facility advances and/or sales of equity securities. Joint venture partners may have business interests or goals that are inconsistent with our business interests or goals and may be in a position to take actions contrary to our policies or objectives. We may in specific circumstances be liable for the actions of our joint venture partners. In addition, any disputes that may arise between us and joint venture partners may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses.

We may incur significant costs complying with various federal, state and local laws, regulations and covenants that are applicable to our properties, which could have an adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and market price of our common stock.

The properties in our portfolio are subject to various covenants and federal, state and local laws and regulatory requirements, including permitting and licensing requirements. Local regulations, including municipal or local ordinances, zoning restrictions and restrictive covenants imposed by community developers may restrict our use of our properties and may require us to obtain approval or waivers from local officials or restrict our use of our properties and may require us to obtain approval from local officials of community standards organizations at any time with respect to our properties, including prior to acquiring a property or when undertaking renovations of any of our existing properties. Among other things, these restrictions may relate to fire and safety, seismic or hazardous material abatement requirements. There can be no assurance that existing or future laws and regulatory policies, including federal laws or executive actions affecting the markets in which we operate, will not adversely affect us or the timing or cost of any future acquisitions or renovations, or that additional regulations will not be adopted that could increase such delays or result in additional costs. Our growth strategy may be affected by our ability to obtain permits, licenses and zoning relief. Our failure to obtain such permits, licenses and zoning relief or to comply with applicable laws could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and per share market price of our common stock or preferred stock.

We could incur significant costs related to government regulation and private litigation over environmental matters involving the presence, discharge or threat of discharge of hazardous or toxic substances, which could adversely affect our operations, the value of our properties and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

Our properties may be subject to environmental liabilities. Under various federal, state and local laws, a current or previous owner, operator or tenant of real estate can face liability for environmental contamination created by the presence, discharge or threat of discharge of hazardous or toxic substances. Liabilities can include the cost to investigate, clean up and monitor the actual or threatened contamination and damages caused by the contamination or threatened contamination.

The liability under such laws may be strict, joint and several, meaning that we may be liable regardless of whether we knew of, or were responsible for, the presence of the contaminants, and the government entity or private party may seek recovery of the entire amount from us even if there are other responsible parties.

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Liabilities associated with environmental conditions may be significant and can sometimes exceed the value of the affected property. The presence of hazardous substances on a property may adversely affect our ability to sell or rent that property or to borrow using that property as collateral.

Environmental laws also:

Existing conditions at some of our properties may expose us to liability related to environmental matters.

Independent environmental consultants have conducted Phase I or similar environmental site assessments on all of our properties. Site assessments are intended to discover and evaluate information regarding the environmental condition of the surveyed property and surrounding properties. These assessments do not generally include subsurface investigations or mold or asbestos surveys. None of the recent site assessments revealed any past or present environmental liability that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows or results of operations. However, the assessments may have failed to reveal all environmental conditions, liabilities or compliance concerns. Material environmental conditions, liabilities or compliance concerns may have arisen after the review was completed or may arise in the future; and future laws, ordinances or regulations may impose material additional environmental liability.

Costs of future environmental compliance could negatively affect our ability to make distributions to our stockholders, and remedial measures required to address such conditions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows or results of operations.

Our properties may contain asbestos or develop harmful mold, which could lead to liability for adverse health effects and costs of remediating the problem, which could adversely affect the value of the affected property and our ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

We are required by federal regulations with respect to our properties to identify and warn, via signs and labels, of potential hazards posed by workplace exposure to installed asbestos-containing materials (“ACMs”) and potential ACMs. We may be subject to an increased risk of personal injury lawsuits by workers and others exposed to ACMs and potential ACMs at our properties as a result of these regulations. The regulations may affect the value of any of our properties containing ACMs and potential ACMs. Federal, state and local laws and

regulations also govern the removal, encapsulation, disturbance, handling and disposal of ACMs and potential ACMs when such materials are in poor condition or in the event of construction, remodeling, renovation or demolition of a property.

When excessive moisture accumulates in buildings or on building materials, mold growth may occur, particularly if the moisture problem remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. Some molds may produce airborne toxins or irritants. Concern about indoor exposure to mold has been increasing because exposure to mold may cause a variety of adverse health effects and symptoms, including allergic or other reactions.

The presence of ACMs or significant mold at any of our properties could require us to undertake a costly remediation program to contain or remove the ACMs or mold from the affected property. In addition, the presence of ACMs or significant mold could expose us to claims of liability to our tenants, their or our employees, and others if property damage or health concerns arise.

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Potential losses, including from adverse weather conditions, natural disasters and title claims, may not be covered by insurance.

Certain of our properties are located in states where natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes and earthquakes are more common than in other states. Given recent extreme weather events across parts of the United States, including devastating hurricanes in Florida and wildfires in California, it is also possible that our other properties could incur significant damage due to other natural disasters. While we carry insurance to cover a substantial portion of the cost of such events, such as droughts or flooding, our insurance includes deductible amounts and certain items may not be covered by insurance. Future natural disasters may significantly affect our operations and properties and, more specifically, may cause us to experience reduced rental revenue (including from increased vacancy), incurclean-up costs or otherwise incur costs in connection with such events. Any of these events may have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition, results of operations and ability to make distributions to our stockholders.

Furthermore, we do not carry insurance for certain losses, including, but not limited to, losses caused by certain environmental conditions, such as mold or asbestos, riots, civil unrest or war. In addition, our title insurance policies may not insure for the current aggregate market value of our portfolio, and we do not intend to increase our title insurance coverage as the market value of our portfolio increases. As a result, we may not have sufficient coverage against all losses that we may experience, including from adverse title claims.

If we experience a loss that is uninsured or exceeds policy limits, we could incur significant costs and lose the capital invested in the damaged properties as well as the anticipated future cash flows from those properties. In addition, if the damaged properties are subject to recourse indebtedness, we would continue to be liable for the indebtedness, even if these properties were irreparably damaged.

Moreover, we carry several different lines of insurance, placed with several large insurance carriers. If any one of these large insurance carriers were to become insolvent, we would be forced to replace the existing insurance coverage with another suitable carrier and any outstanding claims would be at risk for collection. In such an event, we cannot be certain that we would be able to replace the coverage at similar or otherwise favorable terms. Replacing insurance coverage at unfavorable rates and the potential of uncollectible claims due to carrier insolvency could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows.

Climate change may adversely affect our business.

To the extent that climate change does occur, we may experience extreme weather and changes in precipitation and temperature, all of which may result in physical damage or a decrease in demand for our properties located in the areas affected by these conditions. Should the impact of climate change be material in nature or occur for lengthy periods of time, our financial condition or results of operations would be adversely affected. In addition,

changes in federal and state legislation and regulation on climate change could result in increased capital expenditures to improve the energy efficiency of our existing properties in order to comply with such regulations.

We may be limited in our ability to diversify our investments making us more vulnerable economically than if our investments were diversified.

Our ability to diversify our portfolio may be limited both as to the number of investments owned and the geographic regions in which our investments are located. While we seek to diversify our portfolio by geographic location, we focus on our specified target markets that we believe offer the opportunity for attractive returns and, accordingly, our actual investments may result in concentrations in a limited number of geographic regions. As a result, there is an increased likelihood that the performance of any single property, or the economic performance of a particular region in which our properties are located, could materially affect our operating results.

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We may acquire properties withlock-out provisions, or agree to such provisions in connection with obtaining financing, which may prohibit us from selling or refinancing a property during thelock-out period.

We may acquire properties in exchange for common units and agree to restrictions on sales or refinancing, called“lock-out” provisions, which are intended to preserve favorable tax treatment for the owners of such properties who sell them to us. In addition, we may agree tolock-out provisions in connection with obtaining financing for the acquisition of properties.Lock-out provisions could materially restrict us from selling, otherwise disposing of or refinancing properties. These restrictions could affect our ability to turn our investments into cash and thus affect cash available for distributions to our stockholders.Lock-out provisions could impair our ability to take actions during thelock-out period that would otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders and, therefore, could adversely impact the market value of our common stock. In particular,lock-out provisions could preclude us from participating in major transactions that could result in a disposition of our assets or a change in control even though that disposition or change in control might be in the best interests of our stockholders.

Illiquidity of real estate investments could significantly impede our ability to respond to adverse changes in the performance of our properties and harm our financial condition.

The real estate investments made, and to be made, by us are relatively difficult to sell quickly. As a result, our ability to promptly sell one or more properties in our portfolio in response to changing economic, financial and investment conditions is limited. Return of capital and realization of gains, if any, from an investment generally will occur upon disposition or refinancing of the underlying property. We may be unable to realize our investment objectives by sale, other disposition or refinancing at attractive prices within any given period of time or may otherwise be unable to complete any exit strategy. In particular, our ability to dispose of one or more properties is subject to weakness in or even the lack of an established market for a property, changes in the financial condition or prospects of prospective purchasers, changes in national or international economic conditions and changes in laws, regulations or fiscal policies of jurisdictions in which the property is located.

In addition, the Code imposes restrictions on a REIT’s ability to dispose of properties that are not applicable to other types of real estate companies. In particular, the tax laws applicable to REITs effectively require that we hold our properties for investment, rather than primarily for sale in the ordinary course of business, which may cause us to forego or defer sales of properties that otherwise would be in our best interest. Therefore, we may not be able to adjust our portfolio in response to economic or other conditions promptly or on favorable terms, which may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flow and per share market price of our common stock or preferred stock.

If we sell properties by providing financing to purchasers, we will bear the risk of default by the purchaser.

If we decide to sell any of our properties, we intend to use commercially reasonable efforts to sell them for cash. However, in some instances we may sell our properties by providing financing to purchasers. If we provide

financing to purchasers, we will bear the risk of default by the purchasers which would reduce the value of our assets, impair our ability to make distributions to our stockholders and reduce the price of our common stock.

We may be unable to collect balances due on our leases from any tenants in bankruptcy, which could adversely affect our cash flow and the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

The bankruptcy or insolvency of one or more of our tenants may adversely affect the income produced by our properties. We cannot assure you that any tenant that files for bankruptcy protection will continue to pay us rent. If a tenant files for bankruptcy, any or all of the tenant’s or a guarantor of a tenant’s lease obligations could be subject to a bankruptcy proceeding pursuant to Chapter 11 or Chapter 7 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. Such a

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bankruptcy filing would impose an automatic stay barring all efforts by us to collectpre-bankruptcy rents from these entities or their properties, unless we receive an order from the bankruptcy court lifting the automatic stay to permit us to pursue collections. A tenant or lease guarantor bankruptcy could delay our efforts to collect past due balances under the relevant leases and could ultimately preclude collection of these sums. If a lease is rejected by a tenant in bankruptcy, we would only have a general unsecured claim for damages. This claim could be paid only in the event funds were available and then only in the same percentage as that realized on other unsecured claims. Our claim would be capped at the rent reserved under the lease, without acceleration, for the greater of one year or 15% of the remaining term of the lease, but not greater than three years, plus rent already due but unpaid. Therefore, if a lease is rejected, it is possible that we would not receive payment from the tenant or that we would receive substantially less than the full value of any unsecured claims we hold, which would result in a reduction in our rental income, cash flow and the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

We may face additional risks and costs associated with owning properties occupied by government tenants, which could negatively impact our cash flows and results of operations.

As of December 31, 2017,2019, we owned eightseven properties in which some or all of the tenants are federal government agencies. We may continue to pursue the acquisition of office properties in which substantial space is leased to governmental agencies. As such, lease agreements with these federal government agencies contain certain provisions required by federal law, which require, among other things, that the contractor (which is the lessor or the owner of the property), agree to comply with certain rules and regulations, including, but not limited to, rules and regulations related to anti-kickback procedures, examination of records, audits and records, equal opportunity provisions, prohibition against segregated facilities, certain executive orders, subcontractor cost or pricing data, certain provisions intending to assist small businesses and contractual rights of termination by the tenants. We may be subject to requirements of the Employment Standards Administration’s Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs and requirements to prepare affirmative action plans pursuant to the applicable executive order may be determined to be applicable to us.

In addition, some of our leases with government tenants may be subject to statutory or contractual rights of termination by the tenants, which will allow them to vacate the leased premises before the stated terms of the leases expire with little or no liability. For fiscal policy reasons, security concerns or other reasons, some or all of our government tenants may decide to vacate our properties. If a significant number of such vacancies occur, our rental income may materially decline, our cash flow and results of operations could be adversely affected and our ability to pay regular distributions to you may be jeopardized.

Our government tenants are also subject to discretionary funding from the federal government. Federal government programs are subject to annual congressional budget authorization and appropriation processes. For many programs, Congress appropriates funds on a fiscal year basis even though the program performance period may extend over several years. Laws and plans adopted by the federal government relating to, along with pressures on and uncertainty surrounding the federal budget, potential changes in priorities and spending levels, sequestration, the appropriations process, use of continuing resolutions (with restrictions, e.g., on new starts) and the permissible federal debt limit, could adversely affect the funding for our government tenants. The budget environment and uncertainty surrounding the appropriations processes remain significant long-term risks as budget cuts could adversely affect the viability of our government tenants.

Some of the leases at our properties contain “early termination” provisions which, if triggered, may allow tenants to terminate their leases without further payment to us, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and the value of the applicable property.

Certain tenants have a right to terminate their leases upon payment of a penalty, but others are not required to pay any penalty associated with an early termination. Most of our tenants that are federal or state governmental agencies, which account for approximately 18.8%12.0% of the base rental revenue from our properties as

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of December 31, 2017,2019, may, under certain circumstances, vacate the leased premises before the stated terms of the leases expire with little or no liability to us. There can be no assurance that tenants will continue their activities and continue occupancy of the premises. Any cessation of occupancy by tenants may have an adverse effect on our operations.

The federal government’s “green lease” policies may adversely affect us.

In recent years, the federal government has instituted “green lease” policies which allow a government tenant to require leadership in energy and environmental design for commercial interiors, or LEED^®-CI, certification in selecting new premises or renewing leases at existing premises. In addition, the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 allows the General Services Administration to prefer buildings for lease that have received an “Energy Star” label. Obtaining such certifications and labels may be costly and time consuming, but our failure to do so may result in our competitive disadvantage in acquiring new or retaining existing government tenants.

We may be unable to complete acquisitions and, even if acquisitions are completed, we may fail to successfully operate acquired properties.

Our business plan includes, among other things, growth through identifying suitable acquisition opportunities, consummating acquisitions and leasing such properties. We will evaluate the market of available properties and may acquire properties when we believe strategic opportunities exist. Our ability to acquire properties on favorable terms and successfully develop or operate them is subject to, among others, the following risks:

Acquired properties may be located in new markets where we may face risks associated with investing in an unfamiliar market.

We may acquire properties in markets that are new to us. When we acquire properties located in new markets, we may face risks associated with a lack of market knowledge or understanding of the local economy, forging new business relationships in the area and unfamiliarity with local government and permitting procedures. We work to mitigate such risks through extensive diligence and research and associations with experienced service providers. However, there can be no guarantee that all such risks will be eliminated.

Adverse market and economic conditions could cause us to recognize impairment charges or otherwise impact our performance.

We intend to review the carrying value of our properties when circumstances, such as adverse market conditions, indicate a potential impairment may exist. We intend to base our review on an estimate of the future cash flows (excluding interest charges) expected to result from the property’s use and eventual disposition on an undiscounted basis. We intend to consider factors such as future operating income, trends and prospects, as well as the effects of leasing demand, competition and other factors. If our evaluation indicates that we may be unable to recover the carrying value of a real estate investment, an impairment loss will be recorded to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the property.

Impairment losses would have a direct impact on our operating results because recording an impairment loss results in an immediate negative adjustment to our operating results. The evaluation of anticipated cash flows is highly subjective and is based in part on assumptions regarding future occupancy, rental rates and capital requirements that could differ materially from actual results in future periods. If the real estate market deteriorates, we may reevaluate the assumptions used in our impairment analysis. Impairment charges could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and ability to pay distributions on, and the per share market price of, our common stock or preferred stock.

Litigation may result in unfavorable outcomes.

Like many real estate operators, we may be involved in lawsuits involving premises liability claims and alleged violations of landlord-tenant laws, which may give rise to class action litigation or governmental investigations. Any material litigation not covered by insurance, such as a class action, could result in us incurring substantial costs and harm our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and ability to pay distributions to you.

We may invest in properties with other entities, and our lack of sole decision-making authority or reliance on a joint-venturer’s financial condition could make these joint venture investments risky and expose us to losses or impact our ability to maintain our qualification as a REIT.

We mayco-invest in the future with third parties through partnerships, joint ventures or other entities. We may acquirenon-controlling interests or share responsibility for managing the affairs of a property, partnership, joint venture or other entity. In such events, we would not be in a position to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding the property or entity. Investments in entities may, under certain circumstances, involve risks not present were a third party not involved. These risks include the possibility that partners or joint-venturers:

Such investments may also have the potential risk of impasses on decisions, such as a sale or refinancing of the property, because neither we nor the partner or joint-venturer would have full control over the partnership or joint venture. Disputes between us and partners or joint-venturers may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses and prevent our officers and directors from focusing their time and effort on our business or result in costs to terminate the relationship. Actions of partners or joint-venturers may cause losses to our investments and adversely affect our ability to maintain our qualification as a REIT. In addition, we may in certain circumstances be liable for the actions of our third-party partners or joint-venturers if:

Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act and similar laws may require us to make significant unanticipated expenditures.

All of our properties and any future properties that we acquire are and will be required to comply with the ADA. The ADA requires that all public accommodations must meet federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. For those projects receiving federal funds, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (the “RA”) also has requirements regarding disabled access. Although we believe that our properties are substantially in compliance with the present requirements, we may incur unanticipated expenses to comply with the ADA, the RA and other applicable legislation in connection with the ongoing operation or redevelopment of our properties. These and other federal, state and local laws may require modifications to our properties, or affect renovations of our properties.Non-compliance with these laws could result in the imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants and also could result in an order to correct anynon-complying feature, which could result in substantial capital expenditures.

Our property taxes could increase due to property tax rate changes or reassessment, which may adversely impact our cash flows.

Even as a REIT, we will be required to pay some state and local taxes on our properties. The real property taxes on our properties may increase as property tax rates change or as our properties are assessed or reassessed by taxing authorities. Therefore, the amount of property taxes that we pay in the future may increase substantially. In addition, the real property taxes on Cherry Creek are reduced due to having a government user as its largest tenant and loss of such tenant would increase the amount of property taxes. If the property taxes that we pay increase, our cash flow could be impacted, and our ability to pay expected distributions to our stockholders may be adversely affected.

It may be difficult to enforce civil liabilities against members of our board of directors or our executive officers.

Most of the members of our board of directors and our executive officers reside in Canada and substantially all of the assets of such persons are located in Canada. As a result, it may be difficult for you to effect service of

process within the United States or in any other jurisdiction outside of Canada upon these persons or to enforce against them in any jurisdiction outside of Canada judgments predicated upon the laws of any such jurisdiction, including any judgment predicated upon the federal and state securities laws of the United States.

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Our commitmentcommitments to Second City Real Estate II Corporation and its affiliates (“Second City”) following our internalization transactions, Clarity Real Estate III GP, Limited Partnership (“Clarity RE”), Clarity Real Estate Ventures GP, Limited Partnership (together with Clarity RE, “Clarity”), and their respective affiliates may give rise to various conflicts of interest.

We are subject to conflicts of interest arising out of our relationship with Second City.City and Clarity. As a result of the internalization of our former external advisor on February  1, 2016, we agreed to allow our management to continue to provide services to Second City under the terms of anadministrative services agreement.agreement. In addition, the terms of the administrative services agreement and theemployment agreements we have entered into with each of our executive officers permit, under certain circumstances and subject to the oversight of our Board of Directors, our executive officers to advise or oversee new or additional funds in the future. On July 31, 2019, we, through an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary, entered into a separate administrative services agreement with Clarity to provide administrative services to Clarity similar to those provided to Second City. These arrangements with Second City and Clarity may create potential conflicts of interests, including competition for the time and services of personnel that work for us and our affiliates.

Our business could be adversely impacted if there are deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting.

The design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting may not prevent all errors, misstatements or misrepresentations. While management will continue to review the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, there can be no guarantee that our internal control over financial reporting will be effective in accomplishing all control objectives all of the time. Deficiencies, including any material weakness, in our internal control over financial reporting that may occur in the future could result in misstatements of our results of operations, restatements of our financial statements, or otherwise adversely impact our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, the quoted trading price of our securities, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders.

Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT

Our failure to maintain our qualification as a REIT would result in significant adverse tax consequences to us and would adversely affect our business and the value of our stock.

We have elected and intend to continue to operate in a manner that will allow us to qualify to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2014. Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex tax rules, for which there are only limited judicial and administrative interpretations. The fact that we hold substantially all of our assets through our Operating Partnership further complicates the application of the REIT requirements. Even a seemingly minor technical or inadvertent mistake could jeopardize our REIT status. Our REIT status depends upon various factual matters and circumstances that may not be entirely within our control. For example, in order to qualify as a REIT, at least 95% of our gross income in any year must be derived from qualifying sources, such as rents from real property, and we must satisfy a number of requirements regarding the composition of our assets. Also, we must make distributions to stockholders aggregating annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains. In addition, new legislation, regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions, each of which could have retroactive effect, may make it more difficult or impossible for us to maintain our qualificationasqualification as a REIT, or could reduce the desirability of an investment in a REIT relative to other investments. We have not requested and do not plan to request a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) that we qualify as a REIT, and the statements in this annual report are not binding on the IRS or any court. Accordingly, we cannot be certain that we will be successful in maintaining our qualification as a REIT.

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If we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT in any taxable year, we will face serious adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences that would substantially reduce the funds available to distribute to you. If we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT:

In addition, if we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we will not be required to make distributions to stockholders. As a result of all these factors, our failure to maintain our qualification as a REIT could impair our ability to expand our business and raise capital and would adversely affect the value of our capital stock.

Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may be subject to some U.S. federal, state and local income, property and excise taxes on our income or property and, in certain cases, a 100% penalty tax, in the event we sell property that we hold primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. In addition, our taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”) are subject to tax as regular corporations in the jurisdictions in which they operate.

To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we may be forced to borrow funds during unfavorable market conditions to make distributions to our stockholders.

To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we generally must distribute to our stockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income each year, determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding any net capital gain, and we will be subject to regular corporate income taxes to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income each year. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which distributions paid by us in any calendar year are less than the sum of 85% of our ordinary income, 95% of our capital gain net income and 100% of our undistributed income from prior years. To maintain our qualification as a REIT and avoid the payment of income and excise taxes, we may need to borrow funds to meet the REIT distribution requirements. These borrowing needs could result from:

We may need to borrow funds at times when the then-prevailing market conditions are not favorable for borrowing. These borrowings could increase our costs or reduce our equity and adversely affect the value of our common stock.

Dividends payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends.

The maximum U.S. federal income tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income payable to certainnon-corporate U.S. stockholders, including individuals, trusts and estates, is 20%. Dividends payable by REITs, however, generally are not eligible for the reduced qualified dividend rates. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026, under the recently enacted law informally known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”),non-corporate taxpayers may deduct up to 20% of certain pass-through business

income, including “qualified REIT dividends” (generally, dividends received by a REIT shareholder that are not designated as capital gain dividends or qualified dividend income), subject to certain limitations, resulting in an

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effective maximum U.S. federal income tax rate of 29.6% on such income. Although the reduced U.S. federal income tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income does not adversely affect the taxation of REITs or dividends payable by REITs, the more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate qualified dividends and the reduced corporate tax rate (currently 21%) could cause investors who are individuals, trusts and estates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks ofnon-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the shares of REITs, including the market price of our capital stock.

The tax imposed on REITs engaging in “prohibited transactions” may limit our ability to engage in transactions which would be treated as sales for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

A REIT’s net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% penalty tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, held in inventory primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. Although we do not intend to hold any properties that would be characterized as inventory held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our business, such characterization is a factual determination and no guarantee can be given that the IRS would agree with our characterization of our properties or that we will always be able to make use of the available safe harbors.

We may face risks in connection with like-kind exchanges pursuant to section 1031 of the Code (“Section 1031 Exchanges”).

From time to time, we dispose of properties in transactions that are intended to qualify as Section 1031 Exchanges. It is possible that the qualification of a transaction as a Section 1031 Exchange could be successfully challenged and determined to be currently taxable or that we may be unable to identify and complete the acquisition of a suitable replacement property to effect a Section 1031 Exchange. In such case, our taxable income and earnings and profits would increase. This could increase the dividend income to our stockholders by reducing any return of capital they received. In some circumstances, we may be required to pay additional dividends or, in lieu of that, corporate income tax, possibly including interest and penalties. As a result, we may be required to borrow funds in order to pay additional dividends or taxes and the payment of such taxes could cause us to have less cash available to distribute to our stockholders. In addition, if a Section 1031 Exchange were later to be determined to be taxable, we may be required to amend our tax returns for the applicable year in question, including any information reports we sent our stockholders, and we may be required to make a special dividend payment to our shareholders if we are unable to mitigate the taxable gains realized. Moreover, for exchanges completed after December 31, 2017, unless the property was disposed of or received in the exchange on or before such date, section 1031 of the Code permits exchanges of real property only. It is possible that additional legislation could be enacted that could further modify or repeal the laws with respect to Section 1031 Exchanges, which could make it more difficult or not possible for us to dispose of properties on a tax deferred basis.

To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we may be forced to forego otherwise attractive opportunities.

To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts that we distribute to our stockholders and the ownership of our stock. We may be required to make distributions to stockholders at times when it would be more advantageous to reinvest cash in our business or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to operate solely on the basis of maximizing profits.

In particular, we must ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and qualified real estate assets. The remainder of our investment in securities (other than government securities, securities of any qualified REIT subsidiary or TRS of ours and securities that are qualified real estate assets) generally may not include more than 10% of the

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outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets (other than government securities, securities of any qualified REIT subsidiary or TRS of ours and securities that are qualified real estate assets) may consist of the securities of any one issuer. No more than 20% (25% for taxable years beginning prior to January 1, 2018) of the value of our total assets can be represented by securities of one or more TRSs, and no more than 25% of our assets can be represented by debt of “publicly offered” REITs (i.e., REITs that are required to file annual and periodic reports with the SEC under the Exchange Act) that is not secured by real property or interests in real property. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must remedy the failure within 30 days or qualify for certain limited statutory relief provisions to avoid losing status as a REIT. As a result, we may be required to liquidate otherwise attractive investments. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to our stockholders.

We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes that could increase our tax liability, reduce our operating flexibility and reduce the market price of our shares of capital stock.

At any time, the U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs may be amended or the administrative and judicial interpretations of those laws may be changed. We cannot predict when or if any new U.S. federal income tax law, regulation, or administrative and judicial interpretation, or any amendment to any existing U.S. federal

income tax law, regulation or administrative or judicial interpretation, will be adopted, promulgated or become effective, and any such law, regulation, or interpretation may be effective retroactively. The TCJA significantly changed the U.S. federal income tax laws applicable to businesses and their owners, including REITs and their stockholders. Technical corrections or other amendments to the TCJA or administrative guidance interpreting the TCJA may be forthcoming at any time. We cannot predict the long-term effect of the TCJAany recent changes or any future changes on REITs and their stockholders. We and our stockholders could be adversely affected by any change in, or any new, U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative and judicial interpretation.

Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure

Conflicts of interest exist or could arise in the future between the interests of our stockholders and the interests of holders of units in our Operating Partnership, which may impede business decisions that could benefit our stockholders.

Conflicts of interest exist or could arise in the future as a result of the relationships between us, on the one hand, and our Operating Partnership or any partner thereof, on the other. Our directors and officers have duties to our Company under applicable Maryland law in connection with their management of our Company. At the same time, we, as the general partner of our Operating Partnership, have fiduciary duties and obligations to our Operating Partnership and its limited partners under Maryland law and thepartnership agreement of our Operating Partnership in connection with the management of our Operating Partnership. Our fiduciary duties and obligations as general partner to our Operating Partnership and its partners may come into conflict with the duties of our directors and officers to our Company.

Additionally, the partnership agreement provides that we and our officers, directors and employees, will not be liable or accountable to our Operating Partnership for losses sustained, liabilities incurred or benefits not derived if we, or such officer, director or employee acted in good faith. The partnership agreement also provides that we will not be liable to our Operating Partnership or any partner for monetary damages for losses sustained, liabilities incurred or benefits not derived by our Operating Partnership or any limited partner, except for liability for our intentional harm or gross negligence. Moreover, the partnership agreement provides that our Operating Partnership is required to indemnify us and our officers, directors, employees, agents and designees from and against any and all claims that relate to the operations of our Operating Partnership, except (1) if the act or omission of the person was material to the matter giving rise to the action and either was committed in bad faith or was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty, (2) for any transaction for which the indemnified party received an improper personal benefit, in money, property or services or otherwise in violation or breach of any provision of the partnership agreement or (3) in the case of a criminal proceeding, if the indemnified person had

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reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful. We are not aware of any reported decision of a Maryland appellate court that has interpreted provisions similar to the provisions of the partnership agreement of our Operating Partnership that modify and reduce our fiduciary duties or obligations as the general partner or reduce or eliminate our liability for money damages to our Operating Partnership and its partners, and we have not obtained an opinion of counsel as to the enforceability of the provisions set forth in the partnership agreement that purport to modify or reduce the fiduciary duties that would be in effect were it not for the partnership agreement.

The consideration that we pay for the properties and assets we own may exceed their aggregate fair market value.

The amount of consideration that we pay for properties is based on management’s estimate of fair market value, including an analysis of market sales comparables, market capitalization rates for other properties and assets and general market conditions for such properties and assets. In certain instances, management’s estimate of fair market value may exceed the fair market value of these properties and assets.

We are a holding company with no direct operations and, as such, we rely on funds received from our Operating Partnership to pay liabilities, and the interests of our stockholders are structurally subordinated to all liabilities and obligations of our Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries.

We are a holding company and conduct substantially all of our operations through our Operating Partnership. We do not have, apart from an interest in our Operating Partnership, any independent operations. As a result, we rely on distributions from our Operating Partnership to pay any dividends that we may declare on shares of our capital stock. We also rely on distributions from our Operating Partnership to meet any of our obligations, including any tax liability on taxable income allocated to us from our Operating Partnership. In addition, because we are a holding company, your claims as stockholders are structurally subordinated to all existing and future liabilities and obligations (whether or not for borrowed money) of our Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries. Therefore, in the event of our bankruptcy, liquidation or reorganization, our assets and those of our Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries will be available to satisfy the claims of our stockholders only after all of our Operating Partnership’s and its subsidiaries’ liabilities and obligations have been paid in full.

We may have assumed unknown liabilities in connection with our acquisition of properties and any properties we may acquire in the future may expose us to unknown liabilities.

We may have acquired entities and assets that may be subject to existing liabilities, some of which may be unknown or unquantifiable. These assumed liabilities might include liabilities for cleanup or remediation of undisclosed environmental conditions, claims by tenants, vendors, tax liabilities and accrued but unpaid liabilities incurred in the ordinary course of business or other potential claims or liabilities. While in some instances we may have the right to seek reimbursement against an insurer, any recourse against third parties, including the contributors of our assets, for these liabilities are limited. There can be no assurance that we are entitled to any such reimbursements or that ultimately we will be able to recover in respect of such rights for any of these historical liabilities.

In addition, there can be no assurance that our current title insurance policies will adequately protect us against any losses resulting from such title defects or adverse developments.

We may acquire properties subject to liabilities and without any recourse, or with only limited recourse, against the prior owners or other third parties with respect to unknown liabilities. As a result, if a liability were asserted against us based upon ownership of those properties, we might have to pay substantial sums to settle or contest it, which could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flow. Unknown liabilities with respect to acquired properties might include:

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We may be unable to renew expiring leases orre-lease vacant space on a timely basis or on attractive terms, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flow.

At December 31, 2017,2019, approximately 12.6%8.1%, 10.0%15.3% and 8.9%14.4% of our annualized base rent is scheduled to expire in 2018, 20192020, 2021, and 2020,2022, respectively, excludingmonth-to-month leases. Current tenants may not renew their leases upon the expiration of their terms and may attempt to terminate their leases prior to the expiration of their current terms. Ifnon-renewals or terminations occur, we may not be able to locate qualified replacement tenants and, as a result, we could lose a significant source of revenue while remaining responsible for the payment of our financial obligations. Moreover, the terms of a renewal or new lease, including the amount of rent, may be less favorable to us

than the current lease terms, or we may be forced to provide tenant improvements at our expense or provide other concessions or additional services to maintain or attract tenants. Any of these factors could cause a decline in lease revenue or an increase in operating expenses, which would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flow.

Our business and operations would suffer in the event of system failures.

Despite system redundancy and the implementation of security measures for our IT networks and related systems, our systems are vulnerable to damages from any number of sources, including computer viruses, energy blackouts, natural disasters, terrorism, war, and telecommunication failures. We rely on our IT networks and related systems, including the Internet, to process, transmit and store electronic information and to manage or support a variety of our business processes, including financial transactions and keeping of records, which may include personal identifying information of tenants and lease data. We rely on commercially available systems, software, tools and monitoring to provide security for processing, transmitting and storing confidential tenant information, such as individually identifiable information relating to financial accounts. Any failure to maintain proper function, security and availability of our IT networks and related systems could interrupt our operations, damage our reputation, subject us to liability claims or regulatory penalties and could have a material adverse effect on our operations. As such, any of the foregoing events could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We face risks associated with security breaches through cyber attacks, cyber intrusions or otherwise, as well as other significant disruptions of our information technology (IT) networks and related systems.

We face risks associated with security breaches, whether through cyber attacks or cyber intrusions over the Internet, malware, computer viruses, attachments toe-mails, persons inside our organization or persons with access to systems inside our organization, and other significant disruptions of our IT networks and related systems. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber attack or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Our IT networks and related systems are essential to the operation of our business and our ability to performday-to-day operations (including managing our building systems), and, in some cases, may be critical to the operations of certain of our tenants. There can be no assurance that our efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of IT networks and related systems will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. A security breach or other significant disruption involving our IT networks and related systems could, among other things:

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These events could have an adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, the quoted trading price of our securities, and our ability to satisfy our debt service obligations and to pay dividends and distributions to our security holders.

We face risks associated with our tenants being designated “Prohibited Persons” by the Office of Foreign Assets Control.

Pursuant to Executive Order 13224 and other laws, the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, or OFAC, maintains a list of persons designated as terrorists or who are otherwise blocked or banned, or Prohibited Persons. OFAC regulations and other laws prohibit conducting business or engaging in transactions with Prohibited Persons. Certain of our loan and other agreements may require us to comply with these OFAC requirements. If a tenant or other party with whom we contract is placed on the OFAC list, we may be required by the OFAC requirements to terminate the lease or other agreement. Any such termination could result in a loss of revenue or a damage claim by the other party that the termination was wrongful.

Tax protection agreements may limit our ability to sell or otherwise dispose of certain properties and may require our Operating Partnership to maintain certain debt levels that otherwise would not be required to operate our business.

In connection with contributions of properties to our Operating Partnership, our Operating Partnership has entered and may in the future enter into tax protection agreements under which it agrees to minimize the tax consequences to the contributing partners resulting from the sale or other disposition of the contributed properties. Tax protection agreements may make it economically prohibitive to sell any properties that are subject to such agreements even though it may otherwise be in our stockholders’ best interests to do so. In addition, we may be required to maintain a minimum level of indebtedness throughout the term of any tax protection agreement regardless of whether such debt levels are otherwise required to operate our business. Nevertheless, we have entered and may in the future enter into tax protection agreements to assist contributors of properties to our Operating Partnership in deferring the recognition of taxable gain as a result of and after any such contribution.

Our charter, our amended and restated bylaws and Maryland law contain provisions that may delay, defer or prevent a change of control transaction and may prevent our stockholders from receiving a premium for their shares.

Our charter contains ownership limits that may delay, defer or prevent a change of control transaction.

Our charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our directors to take such actions as are necessary and desirable to qualify as a REIT. Unless exempted by our board of directors, our charter provides that no person may own more than 9.8% of the value of our outstanding shares of capital stock or more than 9.8% in value or

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number (whichever is more restrictive) of the outstanding shares of our common stock. Our board of directors may not grant such an exemption to any proposed transferee whose ownership in excess of 9.8% of the foregoing ownership limits would result in the termination of our status as a REIT. These restrictions on transferability and ownership will not apply if our board of directors determines that it is no longer in our best interests to attempt to qualify as a REIT. The ownership limit may delay or impede a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.

We could authorize and issue stock without stockholder approval that may delay, defer or prevent a change of control transaction.

Our charter authorizes us to issue additional authorized but unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock. In addition, our board of directors may classify or reclassify any unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and may set the preferences, rights and other terms of the classified or reclassified shares. Our board of directors may also, without stockholder approval, amend our charter to increase the authorized number of shares of our common stock or our preferred stock that we may issue. Our board of directors could establish a class or series of common stock or preferred stock that could, depending on the terms of such class or series, delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.

Certain provisions of Maryland law could delay, defer or prevent a change of control transaction.

Certain provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law (“MGCL”) may have the effect of inhibiting a third party

from making a proposal to acquire us or of impeding a change of control. In some cases, such an acquisition or change of control could provide you with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price of your shares. These MGCL provisions include:

In the case of the business combination provisions of the MGCL, we opted out by resolution of our board of directors. In the case of the control share provisions of the MGCL, we opted out pursuant to a provision in our amended and restated bylaws. However, our board of directors may by resolution elect to opt in to the business combination provisions of the MGCL. Further, we may opt in to the control share provisions of the MGCL in the future by amending our bylaws, which our board of directors can do without stockholder approval.

Maryland law, and our charter and amended and restated bylaws, also contain other provisions that may delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.

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The ability of our board of directors to revoke our REIT status without stockholder approval may cause adverse consequences to our stockholders.

Our charter provides that our board of directors may revoke or otherwise terminate our REIT election, without the approval of our stockholders, if it determines that it is no longer in our best interest to continue to qualify as a REIT. If we cease to be a REIT, we would become subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income and would no longer be required to distribute most of our taxable income to our stockholders, which may have adverse consequences on our total return to our stockholders.

Our board of directors may amend our investing and financing guidelines without stockholder approval, and, accordingly, you would have limited control over changes in our policies that could increase the risk that we default under our debt obligations or that could harm our business, results of operations and share price.

Although we are not required to maintain any particular leverage ratio, we intend, when appropriate, to employ prudent amounts of leverage and to use debt as a means of providing additional funds for the acquisition of our target assets and the diversification of our portfolio. Our organizational documents do not limit the amount or percentage of debt that we may incur, nor do they limit the types of properties that we may acquire or develop. The amount of leverage we will deploy for particular investments in our target assets will depend upon our management team’s assessment of a variety of factors, which may include the anticipated liquidity and price volatility of the target assets in our investment portfolio, the potential for losses, the availability and cost of

financing the assets, our opinion of the creditworthiness of our financing counterparties, the health of the U.S. economy and commercial mortgage markets, our outlook for the level, slope and volatility of interest rates, the credit quality of our target assets and the collateral underlying our target assets. Our board of directors may alter or eliminate our current guidelines on investing and financing at any time without stockholder approval. Changes in our strategy or in our investing and financing guidelines could expose us to greater credit risk and interest rate risk and could also result in a more leveraged balance sheet. These factors could result in an increase in our debt service and could adversely affect our cash flow and our ability to make expected distributions to you. Higher leverage also increases the risk that we would default on our debt.

Our rights and the rights of our stockholders to take action against our directors and officers are limited.

Maryland law provides that a director or officer generally has no liability in that capacity if he or she performs his or her duties in good faith, in a manner he or she reasonably believes to be in our best interests and with the care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use under similar circumstances. As permitted by the MGCL, our charter limits the liability of our directors and officers to us and our stockholders for money damages, except for liability resulting from:

In addition, our charter authorizes us to obligate our Company, and our amended and restated bylaws require us, to indemnify and pay or reimburse our present and former directors and officers for actions taken by them in those capacities to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law. As a result, we and our stockholders may have more limited rights against our directors and officers than might otherwise exist under common law. Accordingly, in the event that actions taken in good faith by any of our directors or officers impede the performance of our Company, your ability to recover damages from such director or officer will be limited.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

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As of December 31, 2017,2019, we owned 2225 office complexes comprised of 4865 office buildings with a total of approximately 5.25.8 million square feet of NRA in the metropolitan areas of Boise, Dallas, Denver, Orlando, Phoenix, Portland, San Diego, Seattle and Tampa. The following table presents an overview of our portfolio as of December 31, 2017.2019.

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Lease Maturity Profile

The chart below sets out the percentage of NRA of our properties subject to lease expiration during the periods shown without regard to renewal options.

Lease Maturity Schedule⁽¹⁾

The following table sets forth the lease expirations for leases in place in our properties as of December 31, 2017,2019, plus available space, for each of the calendar years ending December 31, 20182020 to December 31, 2027,2029, and thereafter. The information set forth in the table assumes that tenants exercise no renewal options and do not exercise early termination rights. Leases in place have a weighted average term to maturity of 4.74.4 years.

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We and our subsidiaries are, from time to time, parties to litigation arising from the ordinary course of their business. We are not presently subject to any material litigation nor, to our knowledge, is any other litigation threatened against us, other than routine actions for negligence or other claims and administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business, some of which are expected to be covered by liability insurance and all of which collectively are not expected to have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, results of operations or business or financial condition.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not Applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Our common stock has been listed on the NYSE under the symbol “CIO” since April 15, 2014. Prior to that time, there was no public market for our common stock. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high, low and last sale prices of our common stock and the cash dividends per share of our common stock that we declared with respect to the periods indicated.

On February 23, 2018,24, 2020, the closing sale price of our common stock on the NYSE was $10.57.$13.72. American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC is the transfer agent and registrar for our common stock. On February 23, 2018,24, 2020, we had 5155 holders of record of our common stock. This figure does not represent the actual number of beneficial owners of our common stock because shares of our common stock are frequently held in “street name” by securities dealers and others for the benefit of beneficial owners who may vote the shares.

We intend to continue to declare quarterly distributions on our common stock. The actual amount and timing of distributions, however, will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon our financial condition in addition to the requirements of the Code, and no assurance can be given as to the amounts or timing of future distributions. See “Distribution Policy.”

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

The information required by Item 5 is incorporated by reference to our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2020 annual stockholders’ meeting.

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Stock Performance Graph

The following graph sets forth the cumulative stockholder return (assuming reinvestment of dividends) to our stockholders during the period April 21, 2014, the date our common stock began trading on the NYSE, through December 31, 2017,2019, as well as the corresponding returns on an overall stock market index (Russell 2000 Index) and a peer group index (MSCI US REIT Index). The stock performance graph assumes that $100 was invested on April 21, 2014. Historical total stockholder return is not necessarily indicative of future results. The MSCI US REIT Index consists of equity REITs that are included in the MSCI US Investible Market 2500 Index, except for specialty equity REITs that do not generate a majority of their revenue and income from real estate rental and leasing operations. We have included the MSCI US REIT Index because we believe that it is representative of the industry in which we compete and, therefore, is relevant to an assessment of our performance.

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The following selected financial data should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the audited historical consolidated and combined financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on FormForm 10-K.

The following table sets forth summary financial and operating data on a consolidated combined and historical basis for our Company.

We had no business operations prior to completion of our initial public offering, or IPO, which closed on April 21, 2014, and the related formation transactions. As a result, the summary historical consolidated and combined financial and operating data as of December 31, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014 and 2013 have been derived from our audited financial statements subsequent to our IPO and our audited historical financial statements of our accounting predecessor prior to our IPO. In 2016, we adopted ASU2015-3, Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Insurance Costs, and retrospectively reclassified debt issuance costs from deferred financing costs, net, to long term debt.

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City Office REIT, Inc. and Predecessor

(In thousands, except per share data)

		Year Ended December 31,
		2017				2016				2015				2014				2013
Balance Sheet Data (as of end of period):
Real estate properties, net of accumulated depreciation		$	728,067			$	550,324			$	354,880			$	211,828			$	100,126
Total assets			896,489				661,494				440,207				298,605				142,472
Debt			489,509				370,057				341,278				187,039				108,749
Total liabilities			536,657				405,435				366,487				207,370				114,764
Stockholders’ and predecessor equity			359,624				254,202				66,845				80,111				26,624
Operating Partnership unitholders’non-controlling interests			—				108				8,550				11,878				—
Non-controlling interest in properties			208				1,749				(675	)			(745	)			1,084
Total equity			359,832				256,059				73,720				91,235				27,708
Other Data
Cash flows from/(to)
Operating activities		$	36,553			$	19,147			$	14,163			$	7,787			$	1,460
Investing activities			(244,784	)			(216,776	)			(175,471	)			(94,580	)			(75,106	)
Financing activities			206,829				203,194				134,584				114,527				77,667

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis is based on, and should be read in conjunction with, the consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto of the City Office REIT, Inc. for the years ended December 31, 2017, December 31, 20162019 and December 31, 2015.2018.

As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires, references to “we,” “our,” “us,” and “our company” refer to City Office REIT, Inc., a Maryland corporation, together with our consolidated subsidiaries, including City Office REIT Operating Partnership L.P., a Maryland limited partnership of which we are the sole general partner and which we refer to in this section as our Operating Partnership, except where it is clear from the context that the term only means City Office REIT, Inc.

This management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations (this “MD&A”) contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. See “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of the risks, uncertainties and assumptions associated with those statements. Our actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including, but not limited to, those in “Risk Factors” and included in other portions of this document.

You should read the following MD&A in conjunction with the historical consolidated financial statements, and notes thereto, included elsewhere in this Report. We have omitted from this MD&A a detailed discussion of the year-over-year changes from the Company’s fiscal year 2017 as compared to fiscal year 2018, which can be found in the MD&A section in the Company’s annual report on Form10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2019.

Overview

Company

We were formed as a Maryland corporation on November 26, 2013. On April 21, 2014, we completed our initial public offering (“IPO”) of shares of common stock. We contributed the net proceeds of the IPO to our Operating Partnership in exchange for common units in our Operating Partnership. Both we and our Operating Partnership commenced operations upon completion of the IPO and certain related formation transactions.

The Company’s interest in the Operating Partnership entitles the Company to share in distributions from, and allocations of profits and losses of, the Operating Partnership in proportion to the Company’s percentage ownership of common units. As the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership, the Company has the exclusive power under the Operating Partnership’spartnership agreement to manage and conduct the Operating Partnership’s business, subject to limited approval and voting rights of the limited partners.

The Company has elected to be taxed and will continue to operate in a manner that will allow it to qualify as a REIT under the Code. Subject to qualification as a REIT, the Company will be permitted to deduct dividend distributions paid to its stockholders, eliminating the U.S. federal taxation of income represented by such distributions at the Company level. REITs are subject to a number of organizational and operational requirements. If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, the Company will be subject to U.S. federal and state income tax on its taxable income at regular corporate tax rates and any applicable alternative minimum tax.

On February 1, 2016,7, 2019, the Company closedsold the Plaza 25 property in Denver, Colorado for $17.9 million. No gain or loss was recognized on the previously announced management internalization (“sale as the Internalization”). The Company had previously entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (“Stock Purchase Agreement”) with certain stockholdersproperty was carried at fair value less cost to sell on the date of the Company’s former external advisor, City Office Real Estate Management Inc. (the “Former Advisor”), pursuant to which the Company acquired all of the outstanding stock of the Former Advisor. Pursuant to this Stock Purchase Agreement, at closing, the Company issued 297,321 shares of its common stock with a fair market value of $3.5 million to the stockholders of the Former Advisor (the “Sellers”). The Company paid an additional $3.5 million in cash in the first quarter of 2016 representing payments to be made to the Sellers upon reaching certain fully diluted market capitalization thresholds prior to December 31, 2016, which, together with the initial payment, resulted in a total cost of $7.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2016. The amount was recorded as an expense in the accompanying condensed consolidated

statements of operations as it represented the cost of terminating the relationship. In connection with the closing of the Internalization, the Company entered into an amendment to the Advisory Agreement between the Company, the Operating Partnership and the Former Advisor (“Advisory Agreement”) that eliminates the payment of acquisition fees by the Company to the Former Advisor. In addition, each of the Company’s executive officers entered into an employment agreement with the Company and became employees of the Company, and, at the same time, approximately eleven additional former employees of the Former Advisor and its affiliates became employees of the Company.

In connection with the closing of the transactions under the Stock Purchase Agreement, a subsidiary of the Company entered into an Administrative Services Agreement (the “Administrative Services Agreement”) with Second City Capital II Corporation and Second City Real Estate II Corporation. The Administrative Services Agreement has a three year term and pursuant to the agreement, the Company will provide various administrative services and support to the related entities managing the Second City funds. The Company’s subsidiary will receive annual payments for these services under the Administrative Services Agreement as follows: first 12 months—$1.5 million, second 12 months—$1.15 million and third 12 months—$0.625 million, for a total of $3.275 million over the three-year term.36

On January 12, 2017,February 25, 2019, the Company, through a wholly-ownedwholly owned subsidiary of the Operating Partnership, closed on the acquisition of 2525 McKinnon,Canyon Park, a 111,334206,771 square foot tower locatedproperty in Dallas, Texas,Seattle, Washington, for $46.8 million, exclusive of closing costs.$63.0 million.

On JanuaryMay 7, 2019, the Company sold the 10455 Pacific Center building of the Sorrento Mesa property in San Diego, California for $16.5 million, resulting in an aggregate gain of $0.5 million net of disposal-related costs, which has been classified as net gain on sale of real estate property in the consolidated statements of operations.

On June 13, 2017,2019, the Company, through a wholly owned subsidiary of the Operating Partnership, closed on the acquisition of Cascade Station, a 127,508 square foot property in Portland, Oregon, for $32.5 million.

On September 5, 2019, the Company, through a wholly owned subsidiary of the Operating Partnership, closed on the acquisition of 7601 Tech, a 191,368 square foot property in Denver, Colorado, for $48.8 million.

On October 7, 2019, the Company completed a public offering pursuant to which the Company sold 5,750,0006,900,000 shares of its common stock, to the public at a price of $12.40 per share, inclusive of the overallotment option. The Company raised $71.3$95.6 million in gross proceeds, resulting in net proceeds to usthe Company of approximately $68.0$94.1 million after deducting $3.3 million in underwriting discounts and other expenses related to the offering.offering expenses.

On June 16, 2017,December 12, 2019, the Company andsold the Operating Partnership entered into separate equity distribution agreements (the “Sales Agreements”) with eachLogan Tower property in Denver, Colorado for $12.6 million, resulting in an aggregate gain of KeyBanc Capital Markets Inc., Raymond James & Associates, Inc. and BMO Capital Markets Corp. (collectively,$2.9 million net of disposal-related costs, which has been classified as net gain on sale of real estate property in the “Sales Agents”), pursuant to whichconsolidated statements of operations.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company may issue and sell from time to time up to 6,000,000issued 8,000,000 shares of its common stock $0.01 par value per share, and up to 1,000,000 shares ofunder its 6.625% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, $0.01 par value per share (collectively, the “Shares”), through the Sales Agents, acting as agents or principalsat-the-market offering program (the “ATM Program”). In connection with the ATM Program, the Company filed Articles Supplementary pursuant to which the Company increased the authorized number of shares of 6.625% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock to 5,600,000.

On September 29, 2017, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Operating Partnership closed on the acquisition of the San Diego Portfolio comprised of Mission City Corporate Center and the Sorrento Mesa portfolio, an approximately 669,653 square foot portfolio located in San Diego, California, for $174.5 million, exclusive of closing costs.

On October 19, 2017, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Operating Partnership closed on the acquisition of Papago Tech, a 162,748 square foottwo-building complex located in Phoenix, Arizona, for $33.3 million, exclusive of closing costs.

On December 21, 2017, the Company completed a public offering pursuant to which the Company sold 5,750,000 shares of its common stock to the public at a price of $12.60 per share, inclusive of the overallotment option. The Company raised $72.5$106.5 million in aggregate gross proceeds, resulting in aggregate net proceeds to usthe Company of approximately $69.0$104.8 million after deducting $3.5 million in underwriting discountssales commissions and other expenses related to the offering.offering expenses.

Indebtedness

On January 4, 2017,February 25, 2019, the Company closed on a $22.0$41.0 million loan secured by a first mortgage lien on the 5090 N 40th StCanyon Park property in Phoenix, Arizona.Seattle, Washington. The mortgage loan matures in Januaryanticipated repayment date is March 2027. Interest is payable at a fixed rate of 3.92%4.30% per annum.

On February 9, 2017,June 13, 2019, the Company closed onassumed a $35.1$22.5 million loan secured by a first mortgage lien on the SanTanCascade Station property in Phoenix, Arizona.Portland, Oregon. The mortgage loan matures in March 2027.May 2024. Interest is payable at a fixed rate of 4.56%4.55% per annum.

On March 10, 2017,August 30, 2019, the Company closed on a $27.0 million loan secured by a first mortgage lienmodification agreement reducing the interest rate from 4.60% to 3.15% per annum on the 2525 McKinnonGreenwood Blvd property in Dallas, Texas.Orlando, Florida. The modification has the same maturity of December 2025 and loan matures in April 2027. Interest is payable at a fixed rateamount of 4.24% per annum.$22.4 million as the original agreement.

On May 2, 2017, in conjunction with the sale of the 1400 and 1600 buildings at the AmberGlen property in Portland, Oregon, the Company repaid the outstanding debt secured on the property of $24.1 million plus closing costs and subsequently closed on a $20 million loan secured by a first mortgage lien on the remaining buildings. The loan matures in May 2027. Interest is payable at a fixed rate of 3.69% per annum.

On September 1, 2017, the Company exercised its option under its Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Secured Credit Facility”) to utilize the accordion feature to increase the authorized borrowing capacity under the Secured Credit Facility from $100 million to $150 million.

On October 5, 2017,August 30, 2019, the Company closed on a $47 million loan secured by a first mortgage lienmodification agreement reducing the interest rate from 3.85% to 3.10% per annum on the Mission CityFRP Collection property in San Diego, California.Orlando, Florida. The modification has the same maturity of September 2023 and loan was usedamount of $30.9 million as the original agreement.

On August 30, 2019, the Company closed on a loan modification agreement reducing the interest rate from 3.50% to pay down3.10% per annum on the SecuredCarillon property in Tampa, Florida. The modification has the same maturity of October 2023 and loan amount of $17.1 million as the original agreement.

On September 24, 2019, the Company closed on a loan modification agreement reducing the interest rate from 4.00% to 3.15% per annum on the Central Fairwinds property in Orlando, Florida. The modification has the same maturity of June 2024 and loan amount of $18.0 million as the original agreement.

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On September 27, 2019, the Company entered into a five-year $50 million term loan (the “Term Loan”), increasing its authorized borrowings under the Company’s unsecured credit facility (the “Unsecured Credit Facility drawnFacility”) from $250 million to initially acquire$300 million. Borrowings under the property. The loan matures in November 2027.Term Loan bear interest at a rate equal to the LIBOR rate plus a margin between 125 to 215 basis points depending upon the Company’s consolidated leverage ratio. In conjunction with the Term Loan, the Company also entered into a five-year interest rate swap for a notional amount of $50 million (the “Interest Rate Swap”). Pursuant to the Interest is payable atRate Swap, the Company will pay a fixed rate of 3.78% per annum.approximately 1.27% of the notional amount annually, payable monthly, and receive floating rate30-day LIBOR payments.

For additional information regarding these mortgage loans, the Unsecured Credit Facility, the Term Loan and the Secured Credit Facility,Interest Rate Swap, please refer to “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below.

Revenue Base

As of December 31, 2017,2019, we owned 2225 properties comprised of 4865 office buildings with a total of approximately 5.25.8 million square feet of net rentable area (“NRA”). As of December 31, 2017,2019, our properties were approximately 87.7%91.9% leased.

Office Leases

Historically, most leases for our properties were on a full-service gross or net lease basis, and we expect to continue to use such leases in the future. A full-service gross lease generally has a base year expense “stop”, whereby we pay a stated amount of expenses as part of the rent payment while future increases (above the base year stop) in property operating expenses are billed to the tenant based on such tenant’s proportionate square footage in the property. The property operating expenses are reflected in operating expenses; however, only the increased property operating expenses above the base year stop recovered from tenants are reflected as tenant recoveries in our statements of operations. In a triple net lease, the tenant is typically responsible for all property taxes and operating expenses. As such, the base rent payment does not include any operating expenses, but rather all such expenses are billed to or paid by the tenant. The full amount of the expenses for this lease type is reflected in operating expenses, and the reimbursement is reflected in tenant recoveries. All tenants in the Lake Vista Pointe, FRP Ingenuity Drive,2525 McKinnon, Sorrento Mesa and Superior PointeCanyon Park properties have triple net leases. Certain tenants at AmberGlen, FRP Collection,Cherry Creek, Superior Pointe, Florida Research Park, Circle Point, The Quad, Cascade Station and 2525 McKinnonDenver Tech have leases on a triple net basis. We are also a lessor for a fee simple ground lease at the AmberGlen property. All of our remaining leases are full-service gross leases.

Factors That May Influence Our Operating Results and Financial Condition

Business and Strategy

We focus on owning and acquiring office properties in our target markets. Our target markets generally possess what we believe are favorable economic growth trends, growing populations with above-average

employment growth forecasts, a large number of government offices, large international, national and regional employers across diversified industries, are generallylow-cost centers for business operations, and exhibit favorable occupancy trends. We utilize our management’s market-specific knowledge and relationships as well as the expertise of local real estate operators and our investment partners to identify acquisition opportunities that we believe will offer cash flow stability and long-term value appreciation. Our target markets are attractive, among other reasons, because we believe that ownership is often concentrated among local real estate operators that typically do not benefit from the same access to capital as public REITs and there is a relatively low level of participation of large institutional investors. We believe that these factors result in attractive pricing levels and risk-adjusted returns.

Rental Revenue and Tenant Recoveries

The amount of net rental revenue generated by our properties will depend principally on our ability to maintain the occupancy rates of currently leased space and to lease currently available space and space that becomes available from lease terminations. The amount of rental revenue generated also depends on our ability

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to maintain or increase rental rates at our properties. We believe that the average rental rates for our portfolio of properties are generallyin-line or slightly below the current average quoted market rates. Negative trends in one or more of these factors could adversely affect our rental revenue in future periods. Future economic downturns or regional downturns affecting our markets or submarkets or downturns in our tenants’ industries that impair our ability to renew orre-let space and the ability of our tenants to fulfill their lease commitments, as in the case of tenant bankruptcies, could adversely affect our ability to maintain or increase rental rates at our properties. In addition, growth in rental revenue will also partially depend on our ability to acquire additional properties that meet our investment criteria.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses generally consist of utilities, property and ad valorem taxes, insurance and site maintenance costs. Increases in these expenses over tenants’ base years (until the base year is reset at expiration) are generally passed along to tenants in our full-service gross leased properties and are generally paid in full by tenants in our net leased properties.

Conditions in Our Markets

Positive or negative changes in economic or other conditions in the markets we operate in, including state budgetary shortfalls, employment rates, natural hazards and other factors, may impact our overall performance. While we generally expect a trend of positive economic growth and increasing interest rates to continue, there is no way for us to predict whether these trends will continue, especially in light of the potential changes in tax policy, fiscal policy and monetary policy.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Preparation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) and include the financial position and results of operations of the Company, the Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated on consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The Company has made a number of significant estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses

to prepare these consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP. Significant estimates made include the recoverability of accounts receivable, allocation of property purchase price to tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, the determination of impairment of long-lived assets and the useful lives of long-lived assets. These estimates and assumptions are based on our best estimates and judgment. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment. The current economic environment has increased the degree of uncertainty inherent in these estimates and assumptions. Management adjusts such estimates when facts and circumstances dictate. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Business Combinations

The fair value of the real estate acquired, which includes the impact of fair value adjustments for assumed mortgage debt related to property acquisitions, is allocated to the acquired tangible assets, consisting of land, building and improvements and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of above-market and below-market leases, other value ofin-place leases and value of tenant relationships, based in each

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case on their fair values. For acquisitions that do not meet the business combination accounting criteria, these are accounted for as asset acquisitions. The Company allocates the cost of the acquisition, which includes any associated acquisition costs to individual assets and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value basis. Also,non-controlling interests acquired are recorded at estimated fair market value.

The fair value of the tangible assets of an acquired property (which includes land, building and improvements and fixtures and equipment) is determined by valuing the property as if it were vacant. The“as-if-vacant” value is then allocated to land and building and improvements based on our determination of relative fair values of these assets. Factors considered by us in performing these analyses include an estimate of carrying costs during the expectedlease-up periods considering current market conditions and costs to execute similar leases. In estimating carrying costs, we include real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses and estimates of lost rental revenue during the expectedlease-up periods based on current market demand. We also estimate costs to execute similar leases including leasing commissions.

The fair value of above-market and below-market lease values are recorded based on the difference between the current in place lease rent and our estimate of current market rents. Below-market lease intangibles are recorded as part lease intangibles liability and amortized into rental revenue over thenon-cancelable periods and bargain renewal periods of the respective leases. Above-market leases are recorded as part of intangible assets and amortized as a direct charge against rental revenue over thenon-cancelable portion of the respective leases.

The fair value of acquired in place leases are recorded based on the costs we estimate we would have incurred to lease the property to the occupancy level of the property at the date of acquisition. Such estimates include the fair value of leasing commissions and legal costs that would be incurred to lease the property to this occupancy level. Additionally, we evaluate the time period over such occupancy level would be achieved and include an estimate of the net operating costs incurred during thelease-up period.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize lease revenue on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Certain leases allow for the tenant to terminate the lease, but the tenant must make a termination payment as stipulated in the lease. If the termination payment is in such an amount that continuation of the lease appears, at the time of lease inception, to be reasonably assured, then we recognize revenue over the term of the lease. We have determined that for these leases, the termination payment is in such an amount that continuation of the lease appears, at the time of inception, to be reasonably assured. We recognize lease termination fees as other revenue in the period received and write off unamortized lease-related intangible and other lease-related account balances, provided there are no further obligations by us under the lease. Otherwise, such fees and balances are recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining obligation period with the termination payments being recorded as a component of rent receivable-deferred or deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheets.

If we fund tenant improvements and the improvements are deemed to be owned by us, revenue recognition will commence when the improvements are substantially completed and possession or control of the space is turned over to the tenant. If we determine that the tenant allowances are lease incentives, we commence revenue recognition when possession or control of the space is turned over to the tenant for tenant work to begin. The lease incentive is recorded as a deferred expense and amortized as a reduction of revenue on a straight-line basis over the respective lease term.

Recoveries from tenants for real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses are recognized as revenues in the period that the applicable costs are incurred. We recognize differences between estimated recoveries and the final billed amounts in the subsequent year. Final billings to tenants for real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses did not vary significantly as compared to the estimated receivable balances.

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Leases

We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating and financingright-of-use assets and lease liabilities are included within other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.Right-of-use assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease.Right-of-use assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments.Right-of-use assets include any prepaid lease payments and exclude any lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease if it is reasonably certain we will exercise that option. For lease agreements with lease andnon-lease components, we account for the components as a single combined lease component.

Impairment of Real Estate Properties

Long-lived assets currently in use are reviewed periodically for possible impairment and will be written down to fair value if considered impaired. Long-lived assets to be disposed of are written down to the lower of cost or fair value less the estimated cost to sell. We review our real estate properties for impairment when there is an event or a change in circumstances that indicates that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. We measure and record impairment losses and reduce the carrying value of properties when indicators of impairment are present and the expected undiscounted cash flows related to those properties are less than their carrying amounts. In cases in which we do not expect to recover our carrying costs on properties held for use, we reduce our carrying costs to fair value. We do not believe that the values of our properties are impaired as of December 31, 2017.

Variable Interest Entities

The Company consolidates variable interest entities (“VIE”) if the Company determines that it is the primary beneficiary of the entity. When evaluating the accounting for a VIE, the Company considers the purpose for which the VIE was created, the importance of each of the activities in which it is engaged and our decision-making role, if any, in those activities that significantly determine the entity’s economic performance relative to other economic interest holders. The Company determines the rights, if any, to receive benefits or the obligation to absorb losses that could potentially be significant to the VIE by considering the economic interest in the entity, regardless of form, which may include debt, equity, management and servicing fees, or other contractual arrangements. The Company considers other relevant factors including each entity’s capital structure, contractual rights to earnings (losses), subordination of the Company’s interests relative to those of other investors, contingent payments, and other contractual arrangements that may be economically significant.

Recently Issued or Adopted Accounting Standards

Adopted in the Current Year

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, established Topic 842, Leases, by issuing Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”)No. 2016-02, which requires lessors to classify leases as a sales-type, direct financing, or operating lease and requires lessees to recognize leaseson-balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements. Topic 842 was subsequently amended by ASUNo. 2018-01, Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842; ASUNo. 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases; and ASUNo. 2018-11, Targeted Improvements.

Effective January of 2017,1, 2019, the FASB issued ASU2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business. The new standard provides an initial screening test to determine when a set of assets and activities is not a business. The screen requires that when substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired or disposed of is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, the set is not a business. This standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those periods with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted FASB ASU2016-02, Leases (ASC 842) and elected the guidance on the issuanceeffective date effective January 1, 2017. The Company expects that most of its real estate acquisitions will be considered asset acquisitions under the new guidance and the transaction costs will be capitalized to the investment basis which is then subject to a purchase price allocation based on relative fair value.

To Be Adopted in Future Years

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which creates a new Topic Accounting Standards Codification (ASC 606). The standard is principle-based and provides a five-step

model to determine when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle is that a company should recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASC 606 is effectivemethod for the first interim period within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company will adopt this standard effective January 1, 2018 and will utilize the modified retrospective approach method of transition. The Company has evaluatedelected the impact of this new guidance and has determined thatfollowing practical expedients:

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Lessor Accounting

The accounting for lessors under the related lease componentsnew standard remained relatively unchanged with a few targeted updates impacting the Company, which included: (i) narrower definition of initial direct costs that requires certain costs to be expensed rather than capitalized, and (ii) provisions for uncollectible rents to be recorded as a singlereduction in revenue rather than as bad debt expense.

Lessee Accounting

The new standard requires lessees to recognize aright-of-use asset and lease component if (i)liability on the timing and pattern of revenue recognitionbalance sheet for thenon-lease components and related lease componentsall leases with a term longer than 12 months. Leases are the same, and (ii) the combined single lease component would be classified as anfinance or operating lease. The Company is inat inception, with classification affecting the processpattern and recording of evaluating whether it will elect to apply the practical expedient. If the Company elects to apply the practical expedient we expect expense reimbursement that qualify asnon-lease components will be presented under a single lease component. If the Company does not elect to apply the practical expedient we expect that certain non-lease components of expense reimbursement may be subject to ASC 606.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which provides clarified guidance on the presentation and classification of certain cash receipts and cash paymentsexpenses in the statement of cash flows. This standard is effectiveoperations. Upon transition, the Company recognizedright-of use assets and lease liabilities principally for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017,its ground and interim periods within those years. The Company will adopt this standard effective January 1, 2018 and will update the classification of debt prepayment costs, contingent consideration payments and proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims and policies.office leases.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash. The new standard requires that the statement of cash flows explain the changes during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those years. The Company will adopt this standard effective January 1, 2018 and will present the change in restricted cash with cash and cash equivalents to reconcile amounts on the balance sheet to the statement of cash flows.

JOBS Act

In April 2012, the JOBS Act was enacted. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an emerging grown company (“EGC”) can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(b) of the Securities Act, for complying with new or revised financial accounting standards. An EGC can therefore delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. However, we have determined to opt out of such extended transition period and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised financial accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required fornon-EGCs.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Year Ended December 31, 20172019 to Year Ended December 31, 20162018

Revenue

Total Revenue.Rental and Other Revenues. Revenue includes net rental income, including parking, signage and other income, as well as the recovery of operating costs and property taxes from tenants. TotalRental and other revenues increased $34.0$26.8 million, or 47%21%, to $106.5$156.3 million for the year ended December 31, 20172019 compared to $72.5$129.5 million infor the corresponding period in 2016. $1.8 million ofyear ended December 31, 2018. Of this increase, $1.5 million was attributedattributable to the acquisition of Carillon PointPima Center in June 2016, $2.8April 2018, $4.5 million fromattributable to the acquisition of FRP CollectionCircle Point in July 2016, $9.42018, $3.1 million fromattributable to the acquisition of Park TowerThe Quad in November 2016, $4.3July 2018, $4.5 million fromattributable to the acquisition of 5090 N 40th StGreenwood Blvd in November 2016, $7.4December 2018, $4.7 million fromattributable to the acquisition of SanTanCamelback Square in December 2016, $5.12018, $4.9 million fromattributable to the acquisition of 2525 McKinnonCanyon Park in January 2017, $2.3February 2019, $2.0 million fromattributable to the acquisition of Mission CityCascade Station in September 2017, $3.4June 2019 and $1.5 million fromattributable to the acquisition of Sorrento Mesa7601 Tech, part of our Denver Tech property, in September 2017,2019. Revenue from Central Fairwinds, Park Tower, Mission City and Florida Research Park (comprised of “FRP Collection” and “FRP Ingenuity Drive”) also increased by $0.4 million, $0.9 million, $1.0 million and $0.7 million, fromrespectively, as a result of increased average occupancy over the acquisition of Papago Tech in October 2017. Further contributing to the increase,prior year. Partially offsetting these increases, Washington Group Plaza increaseddecreased overall revenue by $1.6 million due to the downtime in the prior year associated with tenant improvement work for new tenants at the property replacing a tenant who departed on December 31, 2015. Offsetting these increases, Corporate Parkway decreased by $1.3$1.7 million due to the sale of the property in June 2016 and AmberGlen decreased by $0.6 million due to the sale of two of the buildings in May 2017.March 2018, Plaza 25 190 Office Center and DTC Crossroads decreased $1.9 million, $0.7 million, and $0.7 million respectively, as a result of lower occupancy. The remaining properties’ revenues were relatively unchanged, increased a combined total of $0.4 million in comparison to the prior year.

Rental Income. Rental income includes net rental income and income from a ground lease. Total rental income increased $28.7 million, or 45%, to $92.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $63.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in rentalincome wasprimarily due to the acquisitions described above. The acquisitions of Carillon Point, FRP Collection, Park Tower, 5090 N 40th St, SanTan, 2525 McKinnon, Mission City, Sorrento Mesa and Papago Tech contributed an additional $1.7 million, $2.0 million, $8.1 million, $4.0 million, $7.1 million, $3.4 million, $2.0 million, $3.0 million and $0.7 million in rental income, respectively,to the 2017 period rental income. Washington Group Plaza also increasedoverall revenue by $1.4 million due to the increased occupancy described above.Corporate Parkway decreased by $1.3$2.4 million due to the sale of the property in June 2016February 2019 and AmberGlenLogan Tower decreased overall revenue by $0.7$0.2 million due to the sale of 2 of the buildingsproperty in May 2017. Plaza 25, 190 Office Center and DTC CrossroadsDecember 2019. Revenue from Cherry Creek decreased $1.6by $0.5 million $0.7 million and $0.6 million as result of lower occupancy.

Expense Reimbursement. Total expense reimbursement increased $4.1 million, or 56%, to $11.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $7.1 million for the same period in 2016, primarily due to the acquisitions of the FRP Collection, Park Tower, 5090 N 40th St, SanTan, 2525 McKinnon, Mission City, Sorrento Mesa and Papago Tech properties described above.

Other. Other revenue includes parking, signage and other miscellaneous income. Total other revenues increased $1.4 million, or 83%, to $3.0 million compared to $1.6 million for the same period in 2016. The increase was attributed to the acquisitions of Carillon Point, FRP Collection, Park Tower, 5090 N 40^th St, SanTan and 2525 McKinnona property tax refund received during the year ended December 31, 2017.which correspondingly decreased the expense reimbursement. Revenue from 7595 Tech (formerly “DTC Crossroads”), part of our Denver Tech property, decreased $0.9 million as a result of decreased occupancy over the prior year and Sorrento Mesa also decreased by $1.5 million as a result of the termination fee payment received in the prior year. The remaining properties’ revenues were modestly higher in comparison to the prior year primarily as a result of modestmark-to-market increases in rents upon renewal. Other Revenues benefited from aone-time payment of $2.6 million received as consideration for the assignment of a purchase contract. The assignment fee originated through our administrative services relationship. Upon adoption of Topic 842, prior year amounts disclosed in rental income, expense reimbursement, and other have been combined into a single line to conform to current period presentation.

Operating Expenses

Total Operating Expenses. Total operating expenses consist of property operating expenses, as well as acquisition costs, base management fees, external advisor acquisition costs, general and administrative expenses and depreciation and amortization. Total operating expenses increased by $18.5$13.6 million,

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or 26%12%, to $91.3$127.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2017,2019, from $72.8$113.9 million for the same period in 2016,year ended December 31, 2018, primarily due to the property acquisitions described above offset by the external advisor acquisition costs of $7.0 million which occurred on February 1, 2016.above. Total operating expenses increased by $1.4$1.7 million, $3.2$4.1 million, $7.9$2.1 million,

$3.1 $2.9 million, $6.0 million, $3.5 million, $2.2$4.2 million, $2.4 million, $1.5 million and $0.5$1.3 million, respectively, from the acquisitions of CarillonPima Center, Circle Point, FRP Collection,The Quad, Greenwood Blvd, Camelback Square, Canyon Park, Cascade Station and 7601 Tech properties. Park Tower 5090 N 40th St, SanTan, 2525 McKinnon, Mission City,operating expenses also increased by $0.8 million due to the higher occupancy at that property. Washington Group Plaza operating expenses decreased by $0.8 million due to its sale in March 2018 and Plaza 25 operating expenses decreased by $6.4 million due to its sale in February 2019. Sorrento Mesa and Papago Tech properties. These increases were offsetdecreased by the sales of Corporate Parkway which saw a decrease in operating expenses by $1.1$3.0 million due to the sale of the 10455 Pacific Center building of the Sorrento Mesa property in June 2016May 2019. General and Amberglenadministrative expenses increased by approximately $2.7 million, of which saw a decrease in operating$1.1 million was the result ofone-time expenses of $0.7 million related to the sale of AmberGlen 1400 and 1600 buildings in May 2017. Plaza 25 operating expenses decreased by $1.2 million due to a 14.8% reduction in occupancy, and Washington Group Plaza operating expenses decreased by $2.2 million due to a reduction in depreciation and amortization expensesaccruals incurred as a result of the classification of held for sale.assignment fee income earned during the year ended December 31, 2019 and the balance related to higher payroll costs. The remaining property operating expenses were relatively unchangedmodestly higher in comparison to the prior year.prior-year period primarily due to higher occupancy at our properties.

Property Operating Expenses. Property operating expenses are comprised mainly of building common area and maintenance expenses, insurance, property taxes, property management fees, as well as certain expenses that are not recoverable from tenants, the majority of which are related to costs necessary to maintain the appearance and marketability of vacant space. In the normal course of business, property expenses fluctuate and are impacted by various factors including, but not limited to, occupancy levels, weather, utility costs, repairs, maintenance andre-leasing costs. Property operating expenses increased $14.6by $7.4 million, or 52%15%, to $42.9$57.3 million for the year ended December 31, 20172019, from $28.3 million for the same period in 2016. The increase in property operating expenses was primarily due to the acquisitions described above. The acquisitions of the Carillon Point, FRP Collection, Park Tower, 5090 N 40th St, SanTan, 2525 McKinnon, Mission City, Sorrento Mesa and Papago Tech properties contributed an additional $0.7 million, $1.3 million, $4.7 million, $1.5 million, $2.5 million, $1.8 million, $1.0 million, $0.5 million and $0.2 million in additional property operating expenses, respectively. Washington Group Plaza also increased property operating expenses by $0.7 million due to higher occupancy over prior year, offset by Amberglen whose operating expenses decreased by $0.5 million as a result of the sale of two buildings in May 2017.