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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
_______________________
FORM 10-K
_______________________
FORM
10-K
(Mark One)
☒
xANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20212022
or
☐
oTRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from
___________ to ____________
to
Commission File Number:
001-40291
_______________________
COMPASS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
_______________________
Delaware
30-0751604
(State or other jurisdiction
of
incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)
90 Fifth Avenue, 3rd Floor
New York,
,
New York
10011
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
(Zip Code)
(212)
913-9058
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class
Trading
Symbol
Name of each exchange
on which registered
Class A Common Stock, $0.00001 par value per share
COMP
The New York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
_______________________
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
☐
x Yes o No
Yes
☒
  No
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. ☐o Yes ☒x No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒  
x Yes o No
Yes
    ☐  No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation
S-T
(§ (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒  
xYes
    ☐o No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a
non-accelerated
filer, or a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” andfiler,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company"in Rule
12b-2
of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filerx☐Accelerated filer☐o
Non-accelerated
filer		o☒Smaller reporting company☐o
Emerging growth company☐o
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐
x
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule
12b-2
of the Exchange Act). ☐o Yes
☒
x No
As of June 30, 2022, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by its
non-affiliates,
computed by reference to the price at which the common stock was last sold, was $3,116,948,335.$972,326,956.
The registrant had 412,087,109455,674,556 shares of common stock outstanding as of February
22, 2023.
, 2022.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
The portions of the registrant’s proxy statement to be filed in connection with the registrant’s 20222023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders that are responsive to the disclosure required by Part III of Form
10-K
are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form
10-K.

Compass, Inc.
Annual Report on Form
10-K
For the Year Ended December 31, 20212022
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Business
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As used in this annual report,Annual Report, the terms “Compass,” “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Compass, Inc. and its subsidiaries taken as a whole, unless otherwise noted or unless the context indicates otherwise.
Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the federal Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. All statements contained in this Annual Report, other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future operating results and financial position, our business strategy and plans, market growth, and our objectives for future operations, and potential impacts of the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic, or expectations regarding actions we may take in response to the pandemic, are forward-looking statements. Words such as “believes,” “may,” “will,” “estimates,” “potential,” “continues,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “expects,” “could,” “would,” “projects,” “plans,” “targets,” and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report include, but are not limited to, statements about:
our future financial performance, including our expectations regarding our revenue, rate of growth, operating expenses including changes in sales and marketing, research and development, and general and administrative expenses (including any components of the foregoing), and our ability to achieve and sustain future profitability and attach rate of adjacent services;
any changes in macroeconomic conditions and in U.S. residential real estate, title insurance, escrow services and residential mortgage origination services market conditions, including changes in prevailing interest rates or monetary policies;
the impact of the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic in the markets in which we operate;
our business plan and our ability to effectively manage our expenses or grow our revenue;
anticipated trends, growth rates, and challenges in our business and in the markets in which we operate;
our ability to drive ongoing usage of our platform by agents;
our market opportunity;
our ability to expand into new domestic and international markets;
our ability to successfully develop and market our adjacent services, including with respect to any joint ventures or acquisitions;
our expectations regarding anticipated benefits from our mortgage business and our mortgage joint venture with Guaranteed Rate;
our ability to attract and retain agents and expand their businesses;
beliefs and objectives for future operations;
the timing and market acceptance of our products and services for our agents and their clients;
the effects of seasonal and cyclical trends on our results of operations;
our expectations concerning relationships with third parties;
our ability to maintain, protect, and enhance our intellectual property;
the effects of increased competition in our markets and our ability to compete effectively;
our ability to stay in compliance with laws and regulations that currently apply or become applicable to our business both in the United States and, if and as applicable, internationally; and
economic and industry trends, growth forecasts, or trend analysis.
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We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections as of the date of this filing about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives and financial needs. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report and are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including, those describedbut not limited to, the important factors discussed in Part II,I, Item 1A,1A. “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report. ReadersReport, which are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made in this Annual Report and in other documents we file from time to time with the SEC that disclose risks and uncertainties that may affect our business.summarized below. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risksrisk factors and uncertainties may emerge from time to time. Ittime, and it is not possible for usmanagement to predict all risks,risk factors and uncertainties nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the future events and circumstances discussed in this Annual Report may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.
You should not rely upon forward-looking statementscompletely read this Annual Report and the documents that we reference herein and have filed with the SEC as predictions ofexhibits to this Annual Report with the understanding that our actual future events. Theresults, performance, and events and circumstances reflected in themay be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, performance, or achievements. In addition, theby these cautionary statements. The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report are made as of the date of this filing, and we do not undertake, and expressly disclaim any duty, to update such statements for any reason after the date of this Annual Report or to conform statements to actual results or revised expectations, except as required by law.
Summary Risk Factors
You should read
Our business is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or that may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations, including those described in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in this Annual ReportReport. The principal risks and uncertainties affecting our business include, among others, the following:
•General economic conditions, economic and industry downturns, the health of the U.S. real estate industry, and risks generally incident to the ownership of residential real estate;
•Interest rates and changes in prevailing interest rates;
•Our ability to continuously innovate, improve and expand our platform and our operations, and to offer additional adjacent services;
•Our ability to realize the expected benefits from joint ventures;
•Our ability to manage our continuous rapid growth effectively and to carefully manage our expense structure;
•Use of cash to satisfy tax withholding obligations that arise in connection with settlements of RSU awards;
•Our ability to compete successfully;
•Monetary policies of the federal government and its agencies;
•Decreases in our gross commission income or the percentage of commissions that we collect;
•Fluctuations in our quarterly results and other operating metrics;
•The loss of one or more of our key personnel;
•Our ability to attract and retain highly qualified personnel and to recruit agents;
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•Actions by our agents or employees that could adversely affect our reputation and subject us to liability;
•Our ability to pursue acquisitions that are successful and can be integrated into our existing operations;
•Changes in mortgage underwriting standards;
•Our ability to maintain or establish relationships with third-party service providers;
•The reliability of our fraud detection processes and information security systems;
•The impact of cybersecurity incidents and the documentspotential loss of critical and confidential information;
•Identification of material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, our ability to remediate such material weaknesses, and our ability to develop and maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting;
•Covenants in our debt agreements that we reference hereinmay restrict our borrowing capacity or operating activities;
•Our ability to use net operating losses and have filedother tax attributes;
•Changes in, and our reliance on, accounting standards, assumptions, estimates and business data;
•The dependability of our platform and software;
•Our ability to obtain or maintain adequate insurance coverage;
•Processing, storage, and use of personal information and other data, and compliance with privacy laws and regulations;
•Natural disasters and catastrophic events, including the SECimpact of the COVID-19 pandemic;
•Declining home inventory levels;
•Claims, lawsuits, government investigations, and other proceedings involving Compass;
•Changes in federal or state laws that would require our agents to be classified as exhibitsemployees;
•Compliance with applicable laws and regulations and changes to applicable laws and regulations;
•Our ability to protect our intellectual property rights, and our reliance on the intellectual property rights of third parties;
•The impact of having a multi-class structure of common stock; and
•Other factors set forth under “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report with the understanding that our actual future results, performance, and events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect.
Report.
Note Regarding Industry and Market Data
This Annual Report contains information based on industry publications or reports generated by third-party providers, or other publicly available information, as well as other information based on our internal sources. As noted in this Annual Report, the National Association of Realtors (“NAR”) and various MLS systems are the primary source for third-party industry data and those systems generally statesstate that the information contained therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding this third-party information, weWe have not independently verified any of the data from third-party sources nor have we validated the underlying economic assumptions relied on therein.
On July 21, 2022, NAR restated monthly average (mean) sales prices ("ASP") of existing homes from January 2020 through June 2022 to reflect their change in methodology to better account for outliers of high priced homes, noting that the ASPs are NAR's best estimates and given the outliers, they are less reliable. This resulted in higher monthly ASPs of existing homes than what was reported prior and higher total market Gross Transaction Value than what was reported prior. As a result of the changes in the NAR methodology, our previously reported national market share in 2021 changed from 5.6% to 4.5%. Our national market share in 2022 and 2021 reported in this Annual Report was calculated using ASP data based on the updated NAR methodology.
This Annual Report includes references to our Net Promoter Score, or NPS. NPS is a proxy for measuring agents’ brand loyalty and satisfaction, ranging from
-100
to +100 based on the question: “On a scale of 0 to 10, with 10 being extremely likely, how likely are you to recommend Compass to another agent?” Our NPS is based on agents who respond to the survey question, which is automatically generated via email on a
bi-monthly
cadence, and evenly distributed across our markets. Our NPS is calculated by using the standard methodology of subtracting the percentage of agents who respond that they are not likely to recommend Compass (6 or lower) from the percentage of agents that respond that they are extremely likely to recommend Compass (9 or 10). The NPS gives no weight to agents who decline to answer the survey question. This method is substantially consistent with how businesses across our industry and other industries typically calculate their NPS. We use NPS to evaluate how satisfied agents are with our platform and how effective our platform is at enabling our agents to best serve clients.
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PART I
Item 1. BusinessBusiness.
Our Company
Compass, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in Delaware on October 4, 2012 under the name Urban Compass, Inc. On January 8, 2021, the board of directors of the Company approved a change to the Company’s name from Urban Compass, Inc. to Compass, Inc.
Our Business and Business Model
We are a technology-enabled brokerage that provides an
end-to-end
platform of software, services, and support to empower our residential real estate agents to deliver exceptional service to seller and buyer clients. Real estate agents are themselves business owners, and Compass agents utilize the platform to grow their respective businesses, faster than the industry, save time and reducemanage their business expenses, enhancing their profits over time.businesses more effectively. Our platform includes an integrated suite of cloud-based software for customer relationship management, marketing, client service, brokerage services and other critical functionality,functionalities, all custom-built for the real estate industry and enabling our core brokerage services. The platform also uses proprietary data, analytics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning to deliver high valuehigh-value recommendations and outcomes for Compass agents and their clients.
Our business model is directly aligned with the success of our agents. We attract agents to our brokerage and partner with them as independent contractors whothat affiliate their real estate licenses with us, operating their businesses on our platform and under our brand. We currently generate substantially all of our revenue from commissions paid to us by agents’our agents' clients onceat the time that a home transaction is completedtransacted on our platform, which agents use to assist home sellers and buyers in listing, marketing, selling and finding homes as well as through the provision of services adjacent to the transaction, such as title, escrow and mortgage. While adjacent services comprise a small portion of our revenue to date, we are well-positioned to capture meaningful revenue from adjacent services as we continue to expand and diversify our offerings within the real estate ecosystem.
Through 2021,2022, Compass agents have represented either sellers or buyers in more than 500,000700,000 Total Transactions, totaling more than $559$780 billion in Gross Transaction Value. With 5.6%
(1)
4.6%1of the U.S. market share in 2021,2022, up from 4.0%4.5% in 2020,2021, Compass remains the largest independent real estate brokerage by Gross Transaction Value. InOf the large cities we serve that have a multiple listing service ("MLS Cities"), our market share in our top three MLS Cities by sales volume our market share was approximately 27%28% as of December 31, 2021.2022. For the ten MLS Cities launched in 2018, our average market share has grown to approximately 11%12% as of December 31, 2021.2022. We believe there remains significant opportunity for us to grow our transactions by continuing to add agents to our platform and for our agents to grow their respective market shares.shares even as we reduce our new agent recruiting incentives to zero. For the definitions of Average Number of Principal Agents, Total Transactions and Gross TransactionsTransaction Value, please refer to the section entitled “Key Business Metrics” included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
Our agent-first strategy and differentiated platform have delivered strong results for Compass agents and their clients in 2021:
2022:
•our principal agents have grown their transaction count 2.7x fastertransact more than the average agent;
agent at 7.5 transactions per average principal agent versus the industry transactions per agent of 6.4;
•our principal agent retention rate continued to exceed 90% in 2021;2022; and
•our agents are strong advocates, giving Compass a Net Promoter Score of 71.3.65.5.


(1) 
We calculate our TTM market share by dividing our Gross Transaction Value, or the total dollar value of transactions closed by agents on our platform, by two times (to account for the sell-side and buy-side of each transaction) the aggregate dollar value of U.S. existing home sales as reported by NAR.
1 We calculate our national market share by dividing our Gross Transaction Value, or the total dollar value of transactions closed by agents on our platform, by two times (to account for the sell-side and buy-side of each transaction) the aggregate dollar value of U.S. existing home sales as reported by the NAR.
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Additionally, higher usage of our platform contributed to enhanced agent economics, productivity and retention. A cohort study of platform usage among our agents
(2)
2found that in 20212022, the top 25% of agent teams who used the platform the most:
•represented 55%63% of all Compass transactions;
•grew their Gross Commission Income 2.6x,6.5x, compared to the bottom 25% of agent teams;
•retained principal agents at an annual rate of 98%99% versus 86%91% for the bottom 25% of agent teams; and
•used the platform consistently – top multi-agent teams spent an average of 4 hours and 18 minutes per day (assuming a five day work week) using the tools while single-agent teams used the platform more than 2 hours and 16 minutes per day.
Residential real estate is one of the largest industries in the world. According to the National Association of Realtors (“NAR”),NAR, in 2021, 6.122022, 5.03 million homes were sold in the U.S., which is 12.8% higher9% lower than the average number of homes sold per year in 2015-2020.2015 to 2021. Housing is the single largest consumer expenditure in the U.S., and homes are often a substantial source of household wealth.
Selling and buying a home is one of the most significant, financial events in an individual’s life and often one of the most complex, time consuming, and consequential.consequential financial events in an individual’s life. Given the unique nature of each property, location, buyer, seller, negotiation, title and financing, a real estate agent’s role as the driver of the majority of the workflow is indispensable. According to NAR’s 20212022 Profile of Home Buyers and Sellers, 90%86% of home sellers and 87%86% of home buyers use a real estate agent or broker - levels that have remained consistent over the last 10 years, with 20112012 levels at 87%88% and 89%, respectively.
When advising the seller, agents typically help price the property, help determine which renovations would be most beneficial for the sale, organize staging and photography, provide the seller with a full-service marketing program, list the property on a variety of portals, advertise it digitally and in print, show the property to prospective buyers, advise on sale negotiations, and prepare for and coordinate the closing of the transaction.
When advising the buyer, agents typically locate specific properties that meet the buyer’s personal and financial parameters, tour properties with the buyer, help evaluate the pros and cons of each property, assist in preparing the bid and negotiating, refer adjacent service providers such as title and escrow agencies, mortgage brokers, real estate lawyers, home inspectors, movers, contractors and painters, and prepare for closing the transaction.
Regardless of whether advising the seller or the buyer, the workflow of real estate agents is complex. Real estate agents are CEOs of their businesses, positioned at the center of a highly-specialized, multi-party workflow which involves complexity generally unseen by the buyer or seller. Agents serve as the liaison betweenamong the client, the counterparty and many other stakeholders related to the transaction. In addition to serving their clients directly, agents recommend, as appropriate, adjacent service providers
from pre-sale to
post-close.
Real estate agents are also at the center of a broad array of industries, including homeresidential construction, real estate brokerage, mortgage lending, title insurance and other adjacent services that drive a massive amount of economic spend – NAR estimates that the medianaverage residential real estate transaction leads to roughly $93,800$503,100 of economic impact. As the CEOs of businesses at the center of a massive ecosystem with a multitude of stakeholders, agents have a unique position of influence and enable a large market opportunity.
We believe the best agents are dynamic business owners, responsible for every function from attracting and retaining clients to managing financefinances and operations. We believe these entrepreneurs are needlessly constrained by a plethora of disconnected technology solutions, manual processes and antiquated systems. The real estate industry has lagged in technological innovation, and what innovation has occurred has not addressed agents’ core challenges. The vast majority of technology products built for agents require them to manually transport data among various tools. These inefficiencies not only frustrate agents, but also limit their ability to effectively serve clients.
(2) 
The data in this analysis represents teams accounting for approximately 75% of total company transactions in 2021. The remaining quarter of transactions were excluded from the analysis because data was incomplete or unavailable, in part due to teams who came to us via acquisitions. When measuring gross commission income growth, the analysis required that teams had been with Compass for at least 24 months in order to have a complete data set.
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We believe that real estate agents are an underserved group of business owners, and by providing them with a
seamless, end-to-end platform,
we can unlock enormous untapped economic potential.
2 The data in this analysis represents agent teams accounting for approximately 85% of total company transactions in 2022. The remaining 15% of transactions were excluded from the analysis because data was incomplete or unavailable, in part due to agent teams who came to us via acquisitions within 24 months prior to December 31, 2022. When measuring gross commission income growth, the analysis required that agent teams had been with Compass for at least 24 months in order to have a complete data set.
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Our Platform
We have built an integrated software platform that helps agents operate with the sophisticated capabilities of a modern technology company and the personal attention and service of a dedicated advisor. Using proprietary data, analytics, artificial intelligence and machine learning, our platform delivers a broad set of industry-specific capabilities for Compass agents and their clients. Additionally, certain of our Glide tools, which include completion of various real estate forms and offer preparation as well as eSignature and collaboration capabilities, are offered to
non-Compass
agents and their clients.
We are simplifying today’s complex, paper-driven, antiquated workflow to empower real estate agents to deliver an exceptional experience to every buyer and seller. Our platform is tailored to the real estate industry and combines integrated software with, in certain markets, value-added services, such as title and escrow and mortgage origination.
We designdesigned our platform for simplicity and flexibility. Given a significant amount of an agent’s time is spent away from their desk, our powerful iOS and Android mobile apps allow agents to take advantage of the full functionality of our platform, no matter where they are. The efficiencies that agents gain from adoption of our technology give them the opportunity to spend more time with clients.
With beautifully designed, consumer-grade user interfaces and an integrated set of workflows backed by
powerful AI-driven analytics
and insights, Compass provideswe provide our agents with a combination
of ease-of-use and
comprehensive, enterprise-grade software. This type of integrated platform, at scale, is unique in the real estate industry.
Built on Amazon Web Services, the Compass platform uses a cloud native microservices architecture that is engineered for high scalability, reliability, performance and security. Our engineering development uses modern agile practices such as continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD)("CI/CD").
We prioritize security and have detective, preventive, and automated corrective controls for network and web traffic, infrastructure auditing, software analysis, phishing prevention, email security gateway, secure remote gateways, software static code analysis, and secure configuration management, andmanagement. We have also broadened our usage of user access controls, including two-factor authentication and endpoint management.management, to reduce the risk of security incidents.
We continuouslycontinue to innovate and enhance our software platform with the goal of digitizing and automating all real estate workflows that empower agents to acquire and serve their clients. In 2021,2022, we launched 16 major productsa series of new features across our agents’ workflow, including the ability to take a transaction from contract to payment via forms, offers, and over 100 major feature updates to existing products.e-signature functionality.
We have made and plan to continue to make significant investments in research and development to improve and maintain our platform and to support our technology infrastructure. As we look forward, we will continue to scale our technological innovation through the lens of cash flow positivity. See section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Results of Operations – Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 20212022 and 20202021 – Operating Expenses – Research and Development” for more information.
The caliber and pedigree of our technology leadership helps us attract and
retain top-tier software
engineers and artificial intelligencetechnology talent globally. We have a team of over 1,500 highly experienced product and engineering professionals based out of our innovation hubs in New York Seattle, Washington, D.C. and several cities in India,Seattle, as well as other locations throughout the U.S. and internationally.
Our integrated platform supports agents to win more clients and more effectively serve both sellers and buyers.
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Attracting and Retaining Clients
Our platform provides a strong foundation for agents to create and foster client relationships. Our powerful customer relationship management (“CRM”) platform enables agents to develop automated yet customizable “drip campaigns” to stay in touch with their contacts at key moments over time. Through our Marketing Center, agents can market their own personal brands by creating marketing collateral – digital ads, videos, listing presentations, email newsletters, print advertising and signage – as well as execute marketing campaigns, with mere minutes of effort. Our agents designed over atwo million different pieces of marketing content through our platform in 2021.
2022.
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Advising Sellers
Our platform enables agents to sell more homes in less time for a better price. We believe we provide agents with the solutions and data they need to effectively list and market properties and run the sale process more efficiently utilizing our tools. For example, Compass Concierge, which provides home sellers access to interest-free capital to front the cost of home improvement services, is designed to increase the sale value of the home and decrease the time on market. Marketing Center provides agents a powerful suite of tools they can use to easily create tailored marketing materials and execute marketing campaigns for any listing, seamlessly connecting to a multimedia repository containing a listing description, photos and floorplan, across digital, social, email, video and print channels, helping them attract buyers. Our AI-powered comparative market analysis (“CMA”) tool enables agents to optimize pricing strategies for clients, leveraging data on past sales and current listings to suggest representative comparable properties. Agents can also use our platform to conduct virtual tours and livestream open houses through our Open House app to ensure listings receive ample attention.
When advising a seller, our services to the agent extend beyond the sale of the home. In preparing for and closing the transaction, our agents can use our platform to recommend adjacent services to clients such as title, escrow and mortgage services in certain markets and referrals to service providers post-closing.
Advising Buyers
Our platform enables agents to locate desirable properties at attractive prices for buyers. Our agents provide clients with access to comprehensive inventory, including private listings, help them understand local market dynamics, tour properties, prepare and close offers, and better manage the overall home buying process. With Compass Collections, a curated visual workspace, Compass agents and their clients can easily find and organize homes of interest and then tag and discuss specific properties through an integrated chat feature. With near real-time search alerts and notifications, clients can monitor new listings and gain an edge in securing properties of interest. Once properties of interest are identified, our solutions enable agents to conduct virtual
and in-person tours
for clients. Using our CMA, agents can better understand the pricing dynamics of specific markets, neighborhoods and home features, ultimately providing informed advice regarding potential offers. We also provide our agents with access to services associated with closing a home purchase, such as title, escrow and mortgage services in certain markets.
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Our Platform Capabilities
Our platform aims to digitize, integrate and simplify all real estate workflows for Compass agents and their clients. It is built on the premise that integration and ease of use are foundational to enabling Compass agents to more effectively run their businesses and serve their clients. Our platform is a proprietary cloud-native software service with mobile apps that allow agents to manage their business anytime and anywhere. We build beautifully designed consumer-grade user interfaces, automated and simplified workflows for agent-client interactions, and insight-rich dashboards and reports backed by artificial intelligence and integrated data assets.
We empower our agents with capabilities such as:
•Customer Relationship Management
.Management. Given the high percentage of repeat and referral business done by our agents, their future transaction pipeline exists within their sphere of influence. The CompassOur CRM provides agents with an
easy-to-use
interface that is both powerful and automated, enabling agents to cultivate their sphere, nurture and grow relationships and close more sales. Our CRMIt also leverages artificial intelligence to provide recommendations and insights, and integrates with other parts of our platform such as Marketing Center to create engaging content.
•Business Tracker.
Released in January 2021, Business Tracker provides agents with a centralized view of their entire business. It enables agents to organize and manage their active leads, buyers, renters and listings, as well as view potential revenue at each stage of the transaction. Given Business Tracker’s deep integration with other Compass resources, such as Marketing Center, Collections, CMA, Tasks and Listing Insights, agents can serve the needs of every client - from first contact to closing - all from one place. Business Tracker includes multiple powerful capabilities that aim at boosting agent productivity. Two such examples are Team Collaboration, which allows agents to collaborate with any member of their team on any of their transactions, and Checklists, which enable agents to configure a set of tasks that get automatically applied to every transaction and can be assigned to specific members of their team.
•Marketing Content Creation and Management.
With a broad array of integrated features, elegant templates and design capabilities, our Marketing Center allows agents to rapidly create, advertise and
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promote their listings at scale through the channel of their choosing: digital, social, email, video, print or signage. Agents can easily build, book, target and run digital ads all in one place with a simple yet powerful suite of content creation solutions.
•Home Valuation Analysis.
Pricing a home is a complex and nuanced exercise. Powered by AI, our CMA enhances our agents’ market expertise by making recommendations and synthesizing complex data so Compass agents can help their clients build the optimal pricing strategy for their homehomes based on comparable properties.
•AI-Driven
Client Prospecting Recommendations.
Our AI technology recommends specific clients in an agent’s contact database that are more likely to sell their home, based on various data points like neighborhood sales trends, length of ownership, and local market appreciation, and other information.
appreciation.
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•One-Click
Listing Video Creation.
Video Generator allows agents to create short, customized, professional videos with added music and text using existing listing photos in seconds simply by entering an address that can be shared on the listing page or social media.
•Digital Ad Campaigns.
Our agents can use our platform to create paid digital ad campaigns on platforms such as Facebook and Instagram, with videos and engaging ad copy, in a matter of minutes.
•Listing Search and Saved Search Notifications.
Our proprietary search algorithm and database simplifies and enhances the ability for Compass agents to find homes best suited for their clients’ needs. Agents can set up very precise saved search alerts for their clients to notify them of new listings that match their criteria in near real-time in the mobile app and in email.
•Agent-Client Collaborative Home Search
.Search. Compass Collections is a curated visual workspace allowing Compass agents and clients to collaborate in real time, easily organize homes, centralize discussions, and monitor the market by receiving immediate status and price updates.
•Listing Tour Scheduling and Coordination.
With a simple interface, our agents can quickly schedule, coordinate and create routes for home tours, saving agents significant time.
•Virtual Tours.
The
platform’s easy-to-use virtual
tour feature combines home photo and video assets alongside a large multimedia repository to help agents conduct tours online.
•AI-Driven
Renovation Visualization.
Agents often help advise sellers on renovations and other preparations for their home to ensure the best market price. “Compass Lens”Compass Lens helps agents and homeowners visualize improvements to the home to determine what upgrades to make, ultimately to inform how these renovations could affect the selling price based on similar past transactions. Compass Lens is integrated into our listing comparison and preparation products and services, including Compass Concierge and CMA.
•Open House Management.
The Compass platform provides several resources and mobile app functionality to manage open houses and tours across
both in-person and
virtual formats, giving agents the ability to maintain a high level of service and follow up, in addition to growing their sphere of influence.
•Listing Analytics.
Compass Insights personalized dashboard contains all the key data points an agent needs to craft a winning marketing strategy around audience and traffic information, uncover new lead-generation opportunities, and invest accordingly in the positioning of a listing.
•Transaction Management.
There are many burdensome steps involved in the closing of a transaction. We provide agents with transaction closing and post-closing support to reduce the complexity for clients and efficiently advise through a transaction’s lifecycle.
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•Agent Training.
We offer training, including our self-service Compass Academy program and coaching, sales management, listing and transaction coordination, commission processing, and marketing design and consulting so that our agents can achieve their full potential. To nurture our agent talent, our self-service Compass Academy program allows for shared learning from among the highest performing Compass agents.
As Compass agents and their clients use the Compass platform to consolidate their activities for buying, selling, marketing and transacting real estate, they demonstrate high engagement with our platform. As we continue to build everything agents need in a single, integrated platform, we believe more great agents will continue to come to Compass. As more great agents join us, we believe our platform helpswill help them provide great experiences to more of their buyer and seller clients. The ability to create great client experiences drives continued business for agents with repeat and referral clients. This ultimately generates more revenue for the agent, and in turn, for Compass, which enables us to invest more into enhancing the platform. These investments further empower agents to grow their businesses efficiently and effectively.
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Adjacent Services
We complement our technology platform with adjacent services that make our agents more successful and give them more tools to better serve their clients. These additional services support and service the needs of home buyers and sellers at various touch points of the residential real estate purchase process.
We entered into the adjacent services market in 2018. Beginning in 2020, we expanded our title and escrow offerings to provide our agents’ clients with a more integrated, service-oriented solution and, in 2021, we launched OriginPoint, our residential mortgage origination joint venture with Guaranteed Rate, to provide an integrated service-oriented mortgage offering to our agents’ clients. In 2021,2022, we acquired all or majority control of foura title and escrow companiescompany and as of December 31, 2021,2022, our title and escrow services were available for approximately half of our agents’ transactions. Additionally, as of December 31, 2021, OriginPoint wasis fully operational in Illinois15 states and Washington D.C. and licensed in 1118 other states. The synergies between these adjacent services and our brokerage business increase transparency and deliver a more integrated closing process for agents and their clients.
Adjacent services represent a $145$132 billion addressable market in the U.S. alone. In 2022, we plan to rapidly expand our footprint in the two largest adjacent services markets – title and escrow services and mortgage origination. Our prior expansion into adjacent services and our future plans reaffirm our commitment to span the full transaction cycle and create more monetization opportunities for our business. We believe that we are well-positioned to capture meaningful revenue and EBITDA from the title and escrow services and mortgage origination as we continue to expand and diversify our offerings within the real estate ecosystem.
Title and Escrow Services
Our title escrow and settlement servicesescrow businesses provide – through a growing network of escrow and closing agents – full-service title escrow and escrow/settlement (i.e., closing and escrow) services to real estate agents’ clients, real estate companies, and financial institutions relating to the closing of home purchases as well as the refinancing of home loans, all of which are required in order to close a transaction.loans. In many markets, clients typically look to their agents to directrefer them to the highest quality providers of these types of services after the purchase contract is signed. In 2021,2022, our title escrow and settlement servicesescrow businesses were involved in a number of transactions involving our agents and also saw significant business from
non-Compass
brokerages, consumers, and outside sources.
We provide title escrow and settlementescrow/closing services under a multitude of local brands. As of December 31, 2021,2022, we operated five distinct, regional title agencies: Modus Title, LLC, KVS Title, LLC, LegacyTexas Title Co., First Alliance Title, CO, andLLC, CommonGround Abstract, LLC d/b/a SQS Square Settlements and Consumer's Title Company of California, Inc., as well as one standalone escrow business, Chartwell Escrow, Inc. These businesses have a combined presence across nineseven states (Washington, California,(California, Colorado, Florida, Texas, Maryland, Virginia, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania) and Washington, D.C.
In June 2022, Compass planswe announced the wind-down of Modus Technologies, Inc, a wholly owned title and escrow software company, which was part of a broader plan to improve the alignment between our organizational structure and long-term business strategy, drive cost efficiencies and continue to drive toward profitability and positive free cash flow. In 2023, we plan to deepen our presence in our existing markets and further expand our title and escrow services to an additional number of markets.
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Mortgage Joint Venture
In July 2021, we and Guaranteed Rate, which is one of the nation’s largest retail mortgage companies, by and through our respective subsidiaries, formed OriginPoint, a residential mortgage origination company, which commenced operations in Chicago, Illinois in December 2021. OriginPoint is structured as a
non-exclusive
joint venture, where we hold a 49.9% equity interest and certain governance rights related to the joint venture, including representation on the management committee. OriginPoint originates mortgages for Compass agents’ clients, as well as the clients of any other brokerage, among others, in the context of a new purchase or other customers not working with a brokerage in the context of a refinancing in order to make loans available to a broader consumer audience. OriginPoint currently offers a growing product suite including: Conforming/HB Fixed, Conforming/HB ARM, Jumbo Fixed, Jumbo Arm, FHA, and VA loans. OriginPoint has established and maintains its own warehouse lines of credit, and it funds its own mortgage loan transactions from these independent sources. The warehouse lines maintained by OriginPoint are collaterizedcollateralized by the underlying mortgages available for sale and are non-recourse to Compass.
As of February 28,December 31, 2022, OriginPoint has received license approval in 18 states with many other state applications currently pending. By the end of 2022, OriginPoint aims to expand into the majority of our major markets.
33 states.
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Compass Concierge
Compass Concierge is a program in which we provide home sellers access to interest-free capital to front the cost of home improvement services. Home sellers can access funds to prepare their home for sale through Compass’ partnership with an independent third-party lender. In addition, in early 2023, we also initiated pilots with several alternative third-party
service providers to help our agents' clients prepare their homes for listing and sale.
Through December 31, 2021,2022, we had partnered with our agents and sellers on over 24,100 Compass Concierge projects totaling approximately $680$978 million with an average project size of $28,200.approximately $29,400. Compass Concierge homes have accounted for over $31$42 billion in Gross Transaction Value for Compass. The program has successfully unlocked incremental transactions for our agents, delivered higher sale prices and reduced selling times for our agents' seller clients and also helped us attract high-performing agents to our platform.
Human Capital DisclosureManagement
At Compass, we believe that our long-term success is based on attracting, developing and retaining a diverse group of employees who espouse our entrepreneurship principles which define our culture: dream big; move fast; learn from reality; be solutions-driven; obsess about opportunity; collaborate without ego; maximize your strengths; and bounce back with passion. Our employees and agents use our principles to help guide their work experience and align with our mission of helping everyone find their place in the world.
As of December 31, 2021,2022, we had 4,7753,191 employees and our product and engineering team consisted of approximately 1,500 highly experienced product and engineering professionals, including contractors, across our innovation hubs in New York Seattle, Washington, DC and several cities in IndiaSeattle, as well as other locations throughthroughout the USU.S. and internationally. None of our employees are represented by a labor organization or are a party to a collective bargaining arrangement.
We offer market-competitive compensation and benefits to our employees. We strive to offer a comprehensive benefit package and evaluate and supplement our benefits periodically. Our benefits package includes base pay, bonus programs for selected roles, long-term equity grants, no-premium health, dental and vision insurance plans, fertility benefits, life and disability insurance benefits, paid time off (including vacation, a community service day, and paid parental leave), as well as other benefits, such as access to mental health resources, and the ability to participate in a broad-base 401K plan, and reimbursement for gym membership.plan.
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Competition
The residential real estate and technology industries are highly competitive and fragmented. We compete to attract and retain top talent across the agent community, engineers, and employees in all other functions in order to build the best real estate transaction platform in fulfilmentfulfillment of our mission. Our business faces competition nationally and in each of the markets we serve from other technology companies and real estate brokerage firms, including a growing number of Internet-basedinternet-based brokerages and others who operate with a variety of business models. Some of these competitors provide similar services or products to us, including:
•providing software and technological innovation for agents, including marketing and CRM tools;
•brokering transactions for home buyers and sellers;
•providing tools to agents associated with real estate data aggregation; and
•providing adjacent products associated with residential real estate transactions, such as title and escrow and mortgage origination.
Some companies may attempt to piece togetherassemble various aspects of solutions that overlap with our offering, including:
•vertical SaaS technology companies;
•enterprise technology bellwethers;
•real estate financial services; and
•real estate brokerage firms.
We believe we compete favorably based on multiple factors, including the strength and quality of our business, and our ability to retain our agents, our integrated suite of differentiated software and product solutions that empowers agents, our platform functionality and innovative product and service offerings that facilitate real estate transactions for both buyers and sellers, our growing scale, and our premier brand. Our differentiated focus on the agent enables us to deliver a premier brokerage and technology-enabled agent experience at scale.
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Regulation
Regulation of the Brokerage Industry
State Regulation.
Brokerage businesses are primarily regulated at the state level by agencies dedicated to real estate matters or professional services. Real estate brokerage licensing laws vary widely from state to state. Generally, all individuals and entities acting as real estate brokers or salespersons must be licensed in each state (including Washington, D.C.) where they operate. In all states, licensed agents must be affiliated with a broker of record, managing broker, designated broker or similar licensee (a “broker of record”) to engage in licensed real estate brokerage activities. Generally, a brokerage must obtain a corporate real estate broker license, although in some jurisdictions the licenses are personal to individual brokers. The broker of record in all jurisdictions must actively supervise the individual licensees and the brokerage’s activities within the applicable jurisdiction. All licensed market participants, whether individuals or entities, must follow the jurisdiction’s real estate licensing laws and regulations. These laws and regulations generally detail minimum duties, obligations, and standards of conduct, including requirements related to contracts, disclosures, record-keeping, local offices, trust funds, agency representation, advertising, and fair housing. In each of the jurisdictions where our business operates, we have designated a properly licensed broker as the broker of record and, where required, we also hold a corporate real estate broker’s license.
Federal Regulation.
Several federal laws and regulations govern the real estate brokerage business, including federal fair housing laws (“FHA”)Fair Housing Act and the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (“RESPA”). The FHAFair Housing Act prohibits discrimination in the purchase or sale of homes and applies to real estate brokers and agents, among others. The FHAFair Housing Act prohibits expressing any preference or discrimination based on race, religion, sex, handicap,disability, and certain other protected characteristics, and applies broadly to many forms of advertising and communications. RESPA is a federal law intended to provide consumers with improved disclosures of settlement costs and to reduce the costs of settlement services.services (e.g., real estate brokerage services, mortgage loan origination, title insurance, escrow and closing services, etc.) by eliminating referral fees and kickbacks. It applies to real estate brokerage services among other real estate settlement services. See the section entitled “ – Regulation of Settlement Services (RESPA and Related State Law)” below for additional details. We may also be subject to the American with Disabilities Act.
Other Real Estate Industry Rules.
Aside from federal, state and local regulations, we are subject to a variety of rules promulgated by trade organizations including the NAR, state and local associations of REALTORS, and Multiple Listing Services (“MLSs”). Generally, as members of these organizations, we are subject to their policies, bylaws, codes of ethics, and fees and rules, which govern our dealings with other members, the public, and clients as well as the manner in which we use and display the organization’s brand and services. We have a dedicated team that works with a variety of stakeholders, including our brokers of record, to help manage and comply with these rules and policies.
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Regulation of Settlement Services (RESPA and Related State Law)
RESPA is a federal law intended to provide consumers with improved disclosures of settlement costs and reduce the costs of settlement services (e.g., real estate brokerage services, mortgage loan origination, title insurance, escrow and closing services, etc.) by eliminating referral fees and kickbacks. RESPA and other state anti-kickback statutes (state laws limiting or prohibiting cash rebates, gifts and other inducements to referrers of settlement services business and others) serve to regulate the payments which real estate brokers, title companies, mortgage bankers, mortgage brokers and other settlement service providers may receive or make in connection with the sales of residential real property and referral of settlement services business. RESPA and similar state laws generally require timely disclosure to consumers of certain relationships and financial interests with providers of real estate settlement services. Pursuant to The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the “CFPB”) administers RESPA. State authorities also have certain RESPA enforcement rights. RESPA compliance is of significant importance to us and across our affiliated businesses.
Regulation of the Title & Escrow Services Industry
Title insurance and escrowescrow/closing services typically require licensure and are heavily regulated, industries, often through a state’s insurance regulator or other regulatory body. In a number of states, insurance rates are either promulgated by the state directly or are required to be filed with each state by the agent or underwriter. Some states also promulgate the split of title insurance premiums between the agent and underwriter. As part of the licensing process, states may also require title agencies, escrow companies and title underwriters to meetmandate certain minimum financial requirements for net worth and working capital. In some states, such as Texas, no person may acquire control, directly or indirectly, of a title company unless the person has provided required information to, and the acquisition is approved or not disapproved by, the relevant regulator. Other states have “controlled business” statutes which generally require that a title agent seek or obtain business from unaffiliated brokerages.
Regulation of the Mortgage Industry
The mortgage industry is a heavily regulated industry and private mortgage lenders operating in the U.S. are required to comply with a wide array of federal, state and local laws and regulations that regulate, among other things, the manner in which mortgage companies, including our mortgage joint venture, OriginPoint, can operate itstheir loan origination and servicing businesses, the fees such companies may charge, and the collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer and other processing of personal information.
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OriginPoint is required to be licensed in all relevant jurisdictions in which it operates and to comply with the respective laws and regulations of each such jurisdiction, as well as with applicable judicial and administrative decisions. The comprehensive body of federal, state, and local laws thatto which OriginPoint is subject to is continually evolving and developing, including laws on advertising and privacy described in more detail in the section entitled “ – Cybersecurity and Data Privacy Regulations” below. In addition, OriginPoint must also comply with a number of federal, state and local consumer protection laws including, among others, the Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”), RESPA, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (“ECOA”), the Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”), the FHA,Fair Housing Act, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (“GLBA”), the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, and the Homeowners Protection Act, among others.Act.
Under the Dodd-Frank Act, the CFPB is authorized to engage in rulemaking and examination activity with respect to consumer financial products and services (including mortgage finance) and the authority to enforce compliance with federal consumer financial laws, including TILA and RESPA. The CFPB has issued a myriad of rules, including TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure rules, which impose significant obligations on OriginPoint.
Antitrust and Competition Laws
Our business is subject to antitrust and competition laws in the various jurisdictions where we operate, including the Sherman Antitrust Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Act and related federal and state antitrust and competition laws in the U.S. The penalties for violating antitrust and competition laws can be severe. These laws and regulations generally prohibit competitors from fixing prices, boycotting competitors, dividing markets, or engaging in other conduct that unreasonably restrains competition. We (and independent sales agents affiliated with us) are also required to comply with state and local laws related to dual agency (such as where the same brokerage represents both the buyer and seller of a home) and increased regulation of dual agency representation may restrict or reduce the ability of impacted brokerages to participate in certain real estate transactions. Antitrust litigation has been brought against other brokerages and real estate associations regarding the requirement to offer set buy–side commissions. If these cases are successful, that could affect the amount of buy-side commissions we are required to offer on listings, and how much we are able to earn on transactions where our agents represent the buyer.
Cybersecurity and Data Privacy Regulations
We are subject to a variety of U.S. state laws and regulations relating to our collection, use, and disclosure of data collected from our website and mobile users, and the manner and circumstances under which we or third parties may market and advertise our services to consumers. These laws continue to evolve as various states enact new laws and clarifying regulations, imposing significant and ever-changing privacy and cybersecurity obligations. As a result, we are subject to increased regulatory scrutiny, additional contractual requirements, and an increase in compliance costs. Some examples of the regulations we are required to comply with include without limitation, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), soon to be replaced withamended by the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), as well as the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act ("VCDPA"), both of which will taketook effect January 1, 2023, and other similar state regulations, portions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (“GLBA”),GLBA, namely the Safeguards rule, which governs the disclosure and safeguarding of consumer financial information, and the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”), which restricts certain types of telemarketing calls and the use of auto-dialing systems and prerecorded messages and establishes a national
Do-Not-Call
registry.
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Environmental Regulation
Our technology platform operates in a cloud-based model, which gives us an insignificant physical geographical footprint. While we have hundreds of physical offices, we locate them in population centers and they are no larger than needed to service our agents’ clientsclients' needs. Due to this, we are not materially impacted by any environmental regulations.
Other Real Estate Industry Rules. Aside from federal, state and local regulations, we are subject to a variety of rules promulgated by trade organizations including the NAR, state and local associations of REALTORS, and Multiple Listing Services (“MLSs”). Generally, as members of these organizations, we are subject to their policies, bylaws, codes of ethics, and fees and rules, which govern our dealings with other members, the public, and clients as well as the manner in which we use and display the organization’s brand and services. We have a dedicated team that works with a variety of stakeholders, including our brokers of record, to help manage and comply with these rules and policies.
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Intellectual Property
The protection of our technology and intellectual property is an important aspect of our business. We rely upon a combination of trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights, patents, confidentiality procedures, contractual commitments, licenses, domain names, and other legal rights to establish and protect our intellectual property. We generally enter into confidentiality agreements and invention or work product assignment agreements with our officers, employees, agents, contractors, and business partners to control access to, and clarify ownership of, our proprietary information.
As of December 31, 2021,2022, we had more than 5040 trademark registrations and applications in the United States, including registrations for “Compass” and the Compass logo. We also had 27 trademark registrations and applications in certain foreign jurisdictions. Additionally, we are the registered holder of a number of domain names, including “compass.com.”
As of December 31, 2021, we had one U.S. patent application pending and one patent application pending under the patent cooperation treaty. We continually review our development efforts to assess the existence and patentability of new intellectual property. We intend to continue to evaluate the benefit of patent protection with respect to our technology, and will file additional applications when we believe it will be beneficial.
Available Information
We make available free of charge on our investor relations page on our website, (
www.compass.com,
), filings we make with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, including our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and our Proxy Statements, and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing such materials with, or furnishing them to, the SEC.
The SEC maintains an Interneta website, www.sec.gov, that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information that we file electronically with the SEC.
From time to time, we intend to announce material information to the public also through the investor relations page on our website, press releases, public conference calls, public webcasts, and our Twitter feed (@Compass), our Facebook page, our LinkedIn page, our Instagram account, our YouTube channel, and Robert Reffkin’s Twitter feed (@RobReffkin) and Robert Reffkin’s Instagram account (@robreffkin). We use these mediums, including our website, to communicate with our stockholders and the public about our company, our product candidates and other matters. It is possible that the information that we make available may be deemed to be material information. We therefore encourage investors and others interested in our companyCompany to review the information that we make available on our website. Further, corporate governance information, including our governance guidelines, board committee charters and code of ethics, is also available on our investor relations website under the heading “Governance.”
The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, the website referenced in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is not incorporated by reference into this filing, and the website address is provided only as an inactive textual reference.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors.
A description of the risks and uncertainties associated with our business is set forth below. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, as well as the other information in this Annual Report, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. The occurrence of any of the events or developments described below, or of additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial, could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and growth prospects. In such an event, the market price of our Class A common stock could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment.
Summary of Risk Factors
Our business is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties including those described at length below. These risks include, among others, the following, which we consider our most material risks:
Our success depends on general economic conditions, the health of the U.S. real estate industry, and risks generally incident to the ownership of residential real estate, and our business may be negatively impacted by economic and industry downturns, including seasonal and cyclical trends, and volatility in the residential real estate market;
If we fail to continuously innovate, improve and expand our platform to create value for our agents and their clients, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be negatively impacted;
Our efforts to expand our brokerage and adjacent services businesses and offer additional adjacent services may not be successful;
We may not realize the expected benefits from our mortgage joint venture;
Mortgage originators are reliant on the secondary market so a change in the way the secondary market operates may impact our ability to originate mortgage loans;
We have experienced rapid growth since inception which may not be indicative of our future growth. We expect that, in the future, even if our revenue increases, our rate of growth may decline;
We have incurred net losses on an annual basis since we were founded, anticipate increasing our operating expenses in the future, and may not achieve or sustain profitability;
The extent of the future impact of the ongoing
COVID-19 pandemic
on our business and financial results will depend largely on future developments, which are highly uncertain and difficult to predict;
We operate in highly competitive markets and we may be unable to compete successfully against competitors;
Monetary policies of the federal government and its agencies may have a material impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition;
Any decrease in our gross commission income or the percentage of commissions that we collect may harm our business, results of operations and financial condition;
Our quarterly results and other operating metrics may fluctuate from quarter to quarter, which makes these difficult to predict;
The loss of one or more of our key personnel, or our failure to attract and retain other highly qualified personnel in the future, could harm our business;
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Actions by our agents or employees could adversely affect our reputation and subject us to liability;
If we pursue acquisitions that are not successfully completed or integrated into our existing operations, our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected;
We are periodically subject to claims, lawsuits, government investigations and other proceedings that may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations;
The majority of our agents are independent contractors, and if federal or state law mandates that they be classified as employees, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely impacted;
Our intellectual property rights are valuable, and any inability to protect them could reduce the value of our products, services and brand; and
The multi-class structure of our common stock will have the effect of concentrating voting power with Robert Reffkin, our founder, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, which will limit your ability to influence the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of our board of directors, the adoption of amendments to our restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, and the approval of any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transactions.
Risks Related to Our Business and Operations

Our success depends on general economic conditions, the health of the U.S. real estate industry, and risks generally incident to the ownership of residential real estate, and our business may be negatively impacted by economic and industry downturns, including seasonal and cyclical trends, and volatility in the residential real estate market.

Our success is impacted, directly and indirectly, by a number of factors related to general economic conditions, the health of the U.S. real estate industry, and risks generally incident to the ownership of residential real estate, many of which are beyond our control. Our business could be harmed by a number of factors that could impact thecontrol, including: adverse changes in local, regional, or national economic conditions, of the U.S. real estate industry, including:
a periodincluding periods of slow economic growth or recessionary conditions;
volatility in the residential real estate industry;
seasonal and cyclical
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trends in the residential real estate industry; changes in real estate market conditions; insufficient or excessive home inventory levels by market or price points;
levels; increasing mortgage rates and down payment requirements or constraints on the availability of mortgage financing;
a low levellevels of consumer confidence in the economy or the residential real estate market due to macroeconomic events domestically or internationally;
market; weak credit markets;
instability of financial institutions;
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legislative or regulatory changes (including changes in regulatory interpretations or regulatory practices) that would adversely impact the residential real estate market as well as federal and/or state income tax changes and other tax reform affecting real estate and/or real estate transactions;
insufficient or excessive regional home inventory levels;
changes; high levels of foreclosure activity, including but not limited to the release of homes already held for sale by financial institutions;
adverse changes in local, regional, or national economic conditions;
activity; the inability or unwillingness of consumers to enter into sale transactions due to first-time homebuyer concerns about investing in a home
and move-up buyers
having limited or negative equity in their existing homes;
transactions; a decrease in the affordability of homes including the impact of rising mortgage rates, home price appreciation and wage stagnation or wage increases that do not keep pace with inflation;
and decreasing home ownership rates, declining demand for real estate and changing social attitudes toward home ownership; and
ownership.

natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes and other events (including pandemics and epidemics) that disrupt local or regional real estate markets.
As our revenue is primarily driven by sales commissions and transaction fees, any slowdown or decrease in the total number of residential real estate sale transactions executed by our agents for any of the above reasons could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, any of the above factors could have an adverse impact ondecrease in the number of transactions our title and escrow business closes and the number of mortgages OriginPoint originates, could further impactingimpact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is impacted by interest rates, and changes in prevailing interest rates may have an adverse effect on our financial results.

The financial performance of our brokerage business may be adversely affected by changes in prevailing interest rates, which may be impacted by a number of factors. We believe that low mortgage rates were a significant factor in the trend in increased homeowner equity and growth in home prices and sales. Historically record low mortgage interest rates available to potential homebuyers until recently have been affected by the policies of the Federal Reserve Board, which began increasing its primary policy interest rate in March 2022, as well as reducing the size of its balance sheet and such initiatives are expected to continue. Consequently, mortgage interest rates have significantly increased at a rapid pace, and may continue to increase. In 2022, the cost of financing for homebuyers increased, which resulted in higher monthly payment costs that make homes less affordable to buyers. In addition, higher mortgage rates caused reductions to home inventory as sellers considering a move faced higher rates on their new home mortgage. Both these trends caused a reduction in transaction volume.

The financial performance of our mortgage joint venture business may also be adversely affected by changes in prevailing interest rates. As interest rates fall, refinancing generally becomes a larger portion of the residential real estatemortgage loan market. Likewise, as interest rates rise, refinancing generally becomes a smaller portion of the mortgage loan market historically has been seasonal, with greaterand demand frommay also decrease for purchase mortgages as home buyersownership becomes more expensive. As stated above, in 2022, mortgage interest rates significantly and rapidly increased as the springresult of actions taken by the Federal Reserve Board to increase interest rates. In turn, reduced demand for both refinancing and summer,purchase mortgages and typically weaker demandthe resulting increase in late fallcompetition among loan originators negatively impacted revenue volume and winter, resulting in fluctuations in the quantity, speed and pricegross profit margin for our mortgage joint venture, OriginPoint. A continuation of transactions on our platform. Our financial results and working capital requirements reflect these seasonal variations.
trends could perpetuate these negative business outcomes.

If we fail to continuously innovate, improve and expand our platform to create value for our agents and their our agents’clients, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be negatively impacted.

Our success depends on our ability to continuously innovate and improve our platform to provide value to our agents and theirour agents’ clients, including developing our CRM, Business Tracker, Marketing Center, listing, search, CMA, and other platform features for agents. As a result, we have invested significant resources, and plan to continue to invest, significantthough to a lesser degree, additional resources, in research and development to improve and maintain our platform and support our technology infrastructure. Our investments in our platform allowinfrastructure, which allows us to provide an expanded suite of technology offerings whichthat we believe separate us from our competitors. In 2021,However, as a result of our belief that we madeare in a position to reduce our go-forward investment in technology given the advancement of our technology platform, we announced workforce reductions in September 2022 and January 2023, which included significant investmentsreductions in headcount on our platform as we launched a number of new productsproduct and services. However, thereengineering team. There can be no guarantee that in the future we can continue to launch new products and services in a timely manner, or at all. Evenall, and even if we do, launch new products and services, they might not be utilized by our agents at the rate we expect, or at all.expect. While we believe these investments help our agents succeed, there can be no guarantee that we will retain our agents across the markets we serve, nor that our investments will lead to increased utilization of our platform or that increased utilization of our platform will drive increased productivity for our agents.

Additionally, at times, we expand our technology offerings by acquiring
value-add
real estate technology companies. For example, in 2021, we acquired Glide, a real estate technology company, that enabled us to provide digital real estate forms,
e-signatures
and related products to our agents. While we think these strategic acquisitions expand our capabilities into critical components of the transaction, our agents may not value these additions and may not utilize them at the rate we expect.

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Our continued growth depends on our ability to attract highly-qualified agents in each of the markets we serve and, once they are on our platform, to retain them and to help them expand their businesses by utilizing our platform and technology offerings. If we fail to identify and invest in our platform and expand our technology offerings via acquisitions in the way that creates value for our agents and theirour agents’ clients, we may fail to attract new agents, retain current agents or increase agents’ productivity through utilization of our platform, which may negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our efforts to expand our operations, including our brokerage and adjacent services businesses, and to offer additional adjacent services may not be successful.

We have grown our brokerage business rapidly since our inception. We plan to continue our expansion of the brokerage business; however, there is no guarantee that we will be successful or will expand at the rate that we anticipate. For additional risks related to our rapid growth, see risk factor entitled “ – We have experienced rapid growth since inception which may not be indicative of our future growth. We expect that, in the future, even if our revenue increases, our rate of growth may decline.”
In addition, in 2018, we entered into the adjacent services market and have expanded our adjacent services offerings to include title and escrow and mortgage origination services in certain markets. We think that the synergies between these adjacent services and our brokerage business increase transparency and deliver a more integrated closing process for our agents’ clients and thus, provides additional value to our agents. However, currently, our adjacent services are available only in certain markets and utilization rates remain low. For example, our title and escrow services were utilized on a
mid-single
digit percentage of our Total Transactions in the fourth quarter of 2021. If we are unable to convince our agents to recommend our adjacent services to their clients because of our agents’
pre-existing
relationships with third party adjacent service providers then our revenues from adjacent services will not grow as quickly as we expect. Further,unsuccessful in order for us to be successful in the adjacent services market, we will need to continue to expandexpanding these services ininto other markets, and encourage our agents to utilize the services in the new markets. If we are not successful, these services may not result in additional value to our agents andthen we may not realize the expected benefits (including anticipated revenue), which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, whileSimilarly, if our agents do not recommend our adjacent services to our agents’ clients, then our revenues from adjacent services will not grow as quickly as we expect.While we plan to continue to expand our brokerage and adjacent services businesses to other offerings, there is no guarantee that we will do so or be successful.successful, and even if we do, the expansions might be at a slower pace than we anticipate.

We may not realize the expected benefits from our mortgage joint venture.

We and Guaranteed Rate, which is one of the nation’s largest retail mortgage companies, by and through our respective subsidiaries, formed OriginPoint, a mortgage origination company. OriginPoint is structured as
a non-exclusive joint
venture, where we hold a 49.9% equity interest and certain governance rights related to the joint venture, including representation on the management committee.
We may not realize the expected benefits (including anticipated revenue) from this new joint venture. TheOriginPoint, our mortgage industry is inherently cyclical in nature and volatile and, as discussed in this Annual Report, is subject to many of the same factors that affect our real estate brokerage and title and escrow services, including regulatory changes, changes in mortgage underwriting standards, increases in mortgage interest rates, other changes in market conditions, consumer trends, high levels of competition and decreases in operating margins. Any one of these factors could adversely affect the mortgage industry and our new joint venture, in a material way.
The benefits of OriginPointwhich will depend, in part, on the successful partnership between us and Guaranteed Rate and the
successful day-to-day operation
of the business by OriginPoint’s management. Guaranteed Rate acts in a capacity as a service provider, providing certainThe services to support
OriginPoint’s day-to-day operations.
OriginPoint’s management may make decisions which adversely impact the joint venture. Additionally, the joint venture
is non-exclusive and
Guaranteed Rate may decide to focus on and pursue opportunities outside of the joint venture. As a result, the services
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which Guaranteed Rate will beis engaged to provide to OriginPoint may deteriorate necessitatingand cause OriginPoint to make alternative arrangements. In addition, OriginPoint orFurther, in the event of a disagreement with Guaranteed Rate, we may not be able to resolve such disagreement in our favor, which could face operational or liquidity risks, such as litigation or regulatory investigations. Even though we holdhave a minority ownershipmaterial adverse effect on our interest in or the business of the joint venture,venture. In addition, improper actions by OriginPoint or Guaranteed Rate may lead to direct claims against us based on theories of vicarious liability, negligence, joint operations and joint employer liability, which, if determined adversely, could increase costs, negatively impact our reputation and subject us to liability for their actions. Additionally, in the event that we haveAlso, because OriginPoint is a disagreement with Guaranteed Rate with respectmortgage origination company, it is subject to a particular issue or as to the management or conductmany of the business, we may not be able to resolve such disagreementsame factors that affect our real estate brokerage and title and escrow services, including: regulatory changes; changes in our favor. Any such disagreement could have a material adverse effect on ourmortgage underwriting standards; increases in mortgage interest rates; changes in or the business of the joint venturereal estate market conditions; changes in consumer trends; competition; decreases in operating margins; and may consume management time and other resources to negotiate and resolve.changes in economic conditions. Any of the foregoing could have an adverse impact on OriginPoint’s results of operations and financial condition, andwhich could result in us not being able to realize the expected benefits from the new joint venture.

We have experienced rapid growth since inception, which may not be indicative of our future growth. Additionally, if we fail to manage our continuous rapid growth effectively, we may be unable to execute our business plan, which could have an adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

We have experienced rapid growth since our founding in 2012. We expect that, in the future, even if our revenue increases, our rate of growth may decline. In any event, we may not be able to grow as fast or at all, if we do not, among other things:
attract and retain high-performing agents in markets we currently serve;
expand tointo new domestic markets;
improve our software and develop additional functionality;
develop a broader set of solutions;
and execute opportunistic mergers and acquisitions; and
acquisitions.

expand internationally.
To preserve our market position, we may expand organically or acquire brokerages in new markets more quickly than we would if we did not operate in such a highly competitive industry. Expanding into new marketsindustry, which can be challenging as some new markets have very distinctive characteristics, some of which may be unanticipated or unknown to us. These differences may result in greater recruitment and transaction costs that may result in those markets being less profitable for us than those that we currently operate in, and may slow the rate of our revenue growth.

Additionally, to support our continuous rapid growth, we must continue to improve our management resources and our operational and financial controls and systems, and these improvementswhich may increase our expenses more than anticipated and result in a more complex business. OurWe may also make decisions, such as more conservatively managing our expense structure, that could have a negative effect on our near-term growth rates, if we believe those decisions will improve our operating results or
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profitability in the near- or long-term. These decisions may not be consistent with the expectations of investors and may not produce the benefits that we expect, in which case our business could be materially and adversely affected. Accordingly, our continuous success will depend on our ability to plan for and manage our rapid growth effectively. If we fail to do so, we may be unable to execute our business plan, which could have an adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

From time to time, we may make decisions, such as more conservatively managingWe must carefully manage our expense structure thatand a failure to do so could have a negativematerial adverse effect on our near-term growthbusiness.

The real estate market has experienced an increase in interest rates if we believe those decisions will improve our operating results or profitabilityfollowed by a material decrease in the near- or long-term. These decisions may not be consistent with the expectations of investors and may not produce the benefits that we expect, in which case our business could be materially and adversely affected.
We have incurred net losses on an annual basis since we were founded and we may incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons. As a result,real estate transactions. We must conservatively manage our cash and expenses in light of these and other negative changes in market conditions. To date, we may not achievehave done so through reductions in force, changes to our spending approval processes, adjustments to our sales incentives and if achieved, may not sustain profitability.
We incurred net losses of $494.1 million, $270.2 millionsales teams, and $388.0 million for 2021, 2020otherwise by pivoting our focus from growth to profitability and 2019, respectively. We had an accumulated deficit of $1.6 billion as of December 31, 2021. Wecash flow. Although we expect to continue to make future investments in developingthe development and expandingexpansion of our business, including investingwe may also in technology, recruitmentthe future undertake further initiatives to restructure our operations to improve operational efficiency. Gaining additional efficiencies may become increasingly difficult over time. In addition, there are one-time restructuring costs and training, expandingnegative impacts on sales growth and company operations relating to restructurings. We may be unable to successfully implement our adjacent servicescost savings strategies as much as is necessary given market conditions. Moreover, since we were founded, we have incurred net losses and pursuing strategic acquisitions and joint ventures. These investments may not result in increased revenue or growth in our businesshave had an accumulated deficit, and may continue to result in net losses for our business. Additionally, we may incur significant losses in the futuredo so, for a number of reasons, including:
declines in U.S. residential real estate transaction volumes;
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our changes in general economic conditions; changes in real estate market conditions; expansion into new markets for which we typically incur more significant losses immediately following entry;
increased competition in the U.S. residential real estate industry;
competition; increased costs to attract and retain agents;
increasedagents, to hire additional personnel to support our overall growth, for research and development, costs to continue to advance the capabilities of our platform;
and for sales and marketing; changes in our fee structure or rates;
our failure to realize anticipated efficiencies through inefficiencies in our technology and business model;
failure to execute our growth strategies;
increased sales and marketing costs;
hiring additional personnel to support our overall growth; and
unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications and delays,delays. Any or all of the foregoing may cause a material adverse effect on our business. Further, there can be no assurance that our strategic initiatives and other unknown factors.
Accordingly, we may not be able to achieve and, if achieved, may not sustain profitability. Moreover, as we continue to invest in our business, we expect expenses to continue to increase in the near term. If we fail to manage our expenses or grow our revenue sufficiently to keep pace with our investments, our business may be harmed.
Because we expect to incur significant costs and expenses to grow our business, and we may incur expenses prior to generating incremental revenue with respect thereto, we may find that thesecost savings efforts are more expensive than we currently anticipate or that these efforts may notwill result in an increase in revenue to offset these expenses, which would further increase our losses.
sustained levels of profitability and positive cash flows that we intend or at all.

We anticipate usinguse cash to satisfy tax withholding obligations that will arise in connection with the monthly net settlements of RSU awards granted to our employees, which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and liquidity. Additionally, if we choose to implement
a “sell-to-cover” settlement
method in the future, additional shares will be issued and sold in the market at settlement to cover tax withholding obligations, which would result in dilution to our stockholders.

Prior to December 2020, we granted RSU awards to our employees that vest based upon the satisfaction of both a service-based condition and a liquidity event-based condition. The service-based vesting condition for these awards is generally satisfied over four years. The liquidity event-based vesting condition is satisfied on the occurrence of a qualifying event and was satisfied upon the completion of our IPO in April of 2021. Starting in December 2020, weWe grant RSUrestricted stock unit (“RSU”) awards to our employees that vest based on the satisfaction of a service-based condition only, which is generally satisfied over four years. Under U.S. federal, state and local tax laws,regulations, tax withholding obligations for RSUs arise in connection with their settlement on the settlement date.settlement. Our current settlement practice is to net settle vested RSUs, meaning that we withhold a certainthe equivalent number of RSUs that would otherwise be issued as shares of our Class A common stock that would otherwise be issued with respectin lieu of the amount required to the settling RSU awards and satisfy tax withholding obligations on behalf of our employees by remitting the appropriate taxes to the relevant tax authorities. We refer to this as “net settlement.”

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During the year ended December 31, 2021, we net settled all RSUs granted to our employees that had vested as of December 31, 2021 (the “2021 net settlements”). In connection with the 2021 net settlements, we issued an aggregate of 7.1 million shares of Class A common stock to our employeesWe currently, and withheld an aggregate of 4.9 million shares of our Class A common stock to satisfy $62.4 million of tax withholding obligations on behalf of our employees. We plan to continue to, net settle vested RSUs granted to our employees on a monthly basis. Accordingly, we will continue to fund tax withholding obligations on behalfbasis, which, depending upon the market value of our employees and offset such funding by withholding shares of our Class A common stock which we would otherwise be obligated to deliver to them. The future monthly net settlementsunderlying the RSUs, may result in a significant use of our cash and may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and liquidity.

In the future, we may also choose to implement
a “sell-to-cover” settlement
method to satisfy tax withholding obligations for our employees, under which shares of our Class A common stock with a market value equivalent to the tax withholding amountamounts would be automatically sold on behalf ofby the employees holding RSU awardsRSUs upon settlement to satisfy their tax withholding obligations, and the cash proceeds from such sales will be remitted by us to the relevant tax authorities. Such sales would not result in our use of additional cash to satisfy the tax withholding obligations for RSU awards,RSUs, but would result in greater dilution to our stockholders.stockholders and increase costs to our employees with RSU awards than the net settlement model described above.

Additionally, we also grant RSU awardsRSUs to our agents. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we settled all RSUs granted toindependent directors and our agents, that had vested as of December 31, 2021 and issued an aggregate of 3.8 million shares of our Class A common stock to them. Because our agentsbut because they are eitherindependent non-employee directors or independent contractors, we do not have tax withholding obligations and accordingly,with respect to the settlement of their vested RSUs.Accordingly, we did not, and will not in the future, use any of our cash to pay their tax withholding obligations. However, issuance of shares of Class A common stock at settlement has resulted, and will result in the future, in dilution to our stockholders. We plan to continue to settle vested RSUs granted to our agents on the monthly basis.
The extent of the future impact of the ongoing
COVID-19 pandemic
onhas affected our business and financial results will depend largely on future developments, which are highly uncertain and difficultmay continue to predict.affect our business.
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The extent of the future impact of the ongoing
COVID-19 pandemic
on our business and financial results will depend largely on future developments, including emergence of new variants of the
COVID-19
virus, the severity and transmission rates of the new variants, the duration and extent of the spread of the virus (including new variants), the timing, availability and effectiveness of vaccines (including booster shots) and vaccination rates, the prevalence of local, regional and national restrictions and regulatory orders in response to the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic and the extent and effectiveness of containment actions taken, all of which are highly uncertain and difficult to predict. Additionally, the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic has had, and continues to have, a significant impact around the world, including the U.S., and it is difficult to assess or predict its future impact on the U.S. and global economy. As a result, a number of macroeconomic factors related to the
ongoing COVID-19 pandemic,
including but not limited to the increase in unemployment rates and stagnant or declining wages, loss of consumer confidence in the economy and recessionary conditions, lower yields on individuals’ investment portfolios or volatility and declines in the stock market, lower rental prices in certain markets reducing demand to purchase homes, more stringent mortgage financing conditions, including increased down payment requirements and volatility in the mortgage interest rates, inflation rate and pressures, had, and could have in the future, an adverse impact on consumer spending, including on residential real estate transactions, and resulted, and may in the future result, in changes to home purchasing, selling, renting and financing trends.
For example, in the second quarter of 2020,
the COVID-19 pandemic
significantly and adversely affected residential real estate transaction volume. During that time, in addition to general macroeconomic instability, many governmental authorities put in place limitations
on in-person activities
related to the sale of residential real estate, such as prohibitions or restrictions
on in-home showings,
inspections and appraisals, and availability or hours of local real property documentation searches and new recordings. While these measures were largely lifted later in 2020 and the overall residential real estate transaction volume for 2020 was not adversely impacted over the longer term, there is no guarantee that in the future, the outcomes will be similar.
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Our success depends on a high volume of residential real estate transactions throughout the markets in which we operate. This transaction volume affects all of the ways that we generate revenue, including generation of commissions from transactions executed by our agents, the number of transactions our title and escrow business closes, and the number of mortgages OriginPoint originates. If theThe ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic has had, and may continue to have, an adverse impact on the volume of residential real estate transactions, which has affected, and may continue to affect, our business and financial results. The extent of the future impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on our business and financial results will depend largely on future developments, including the emergence of new variants of the COVID-19 virus, the severity and transmission rates of new variants, the duration and extent of the spread of the virus the timing, availability and effectiveness of vaccines and vaccination rates, the prevalence of local, regional and national restrictions and regulatory orders in future periods could be materiallyresponse to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and adversely impacted.
the extent and effectiveness of containment actions taken, all of which are highly uncertain and difficult to predict. In addition, manya number of our employeesmacroeconomic factors relating to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic have had, and could continue to work remotely, whichhave, an adverse impact on consumer spending and may adversely affect our efficiency and morale. As we continue to evaluate our return to work approach, it will likely vary across geographies depending on local health rules and regulations. Any future part- or full-time
re-opening
could expose our employees to health risks and could result in additional costschanges to us. Further, certain employees may not agree withhome purchasing, selling, renting and financing trends, including: increased unemployment rates and stagnant or declining wages; loss of consumer confidence in the economy and recessionary conditions; lower yields on individuals’ investment portfolios; volatility and declines in the stock market; lower rental prices; reduced demand to purchase homes; more stringent mortgage financing conditions; volatility in the mortgage interest rates; and inflation rate and pressures. In addition, COVID-19’s impact on our returnresidential real estate transaction volume depends largely on the existence and prevalence of limitations on in-person activities related to work approachthe sale of residential real estate, such as prohibitions or restrictions on in-home showings, inspections and as a result may seek employment elsewhere.appraisals, and availability or hours of local real property documentation searches and new recordings.

We operate in highly competitive markets and we may be unable to compete successfully against competitors.

We operate in a competitive and fragmented industry, and we expect competition to continue to increase. We believe that our ability to compete depends upon many factors, both within and beyond our control, including the following:
including: our ability to attract and retain agents;
the timing and market acceptance of our products and services for our agents and their clients, including new products and services offered by us or our competitors;
the attractiveness of our adjacent services for agents as well as theirand our agents’ clients;
our ability to attract top engineering talent to further develop and improve our technology to support our business model; and
our brand strength relative to our competitors.

Our business model depends on our ability to continue to attract agents and theirour agents’ clients to our platform, and to enhance their engagement in a cost-effective manner. We face competition on a national levelnationally and in each of our markets from traditional real estate brokerage firms, some of which operate nationally and others that are limited to a specific region or regions. We also face competitionregions, from real estate technology companies, including a growing number of Internet-based brokerages and others who operate with a variety of business models.
Newmodels, and from new entrants, particularly smaller companies offering point solutions, continue to joinsolutions. Some of our market categories. However, our existing and potential competitors include real estate technology companies and real estate brokerages that operate, or could develop, national and/or local businesses offering similar services, including real estate brokerage, title insurance and escrow services and mortgage origination services, to home buyers or sellers. Several of these real estate technology companies which may enter our market categories could have significant competitive advantages, including better name recognition, greater resources, lower cost of funds and additional access to additional capital, more product and more types ofservice offerings, than we currently do. These companies may also haveand higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments thanassessments. If we do. In addition, these competitors could devote greaterare not able to continue to attract agents and our agents’ clients to our platform, our business, results of operations and financial technical and other resources than we have available to develop, grow or improve their businesses.
condition will be harmed.

Because a material portion of our business is concentrated in certain geographic areas
and high-end markets,
any adverse economic, real estate or business conditions in these geographic areas and/or
impacting high-end markets
could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

A material portion of our real estate brokerage offices and agents are concentrated in certain geographic areas, such as Southern California, Northern California and
the tri-state area. Local
and regional real estate and economic conditions could differ materially from prevailing conditions in other parts of the U.S. While overall the U.S. real estate market could be performing well, a downturn in a geographic area where we have a material presence could result in a decline in our gross commission income and could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

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Additionally, a material portion of our real estate transactions take place
in high-end markets. Any
downturn
in high-end markets
could result in a decline in our gross commission income and could have a material adverse effect on our operating results. Further, if there is a downturn
in high-end markets,
our agents may shift to transactions involving middle and lower range market prices, which, absent an increase in the number of transactions, could result in a decline in our gross commission income.

Monetary policies of the federal government and its agencies may have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

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The U.S. real estate market is significantly affected by the monetary policies of the federal government and its agencies. We areagencies, and is particularly affected by the policies of the Federal Reserve Board. These policies regulateBoard, which regulates the supply of money and credit in the U.S. and impactimpacts the real estate market through theirits effect on interest rates.
Increases in mortgage rates adversely impact housing affordability and we have in the past been and could in the future be negatively impacted by a rising interest rate environment. Changes in prevailing interest rates or U.S. monetary policies that affect interest rates may have an adverse impact on our business.
For example, a rise inAccordingly, our business may be negatively impacted by any rising interest rate environment. As mortgage rates could result in decreasedrise, the number of home sale transaction volume iftransactions may decrease as potential home sellers choose to stay with their lower mortgage rate rather than sell their existing home and pay a higher mortgage rate with the purchase of a newanother home, or, similarly, ifwhich may have an adverse impact on our mortgage origination business. In addition, this decline in volume could increase competition for the remaining loan volume, which may significantly reduce revenues and profit margins and may require us to increase sales and marketing expenditures to build out the business. Similarly, in higher interest rate environments, potential home buyers may choose to rent rather than pay higher mortgage rates. Additionally, during late 2021 and early 2022 interest rates rose 60 basis points for the average nonconforming mortgage and, as a result, the number of purchase and refinance mortgages is expected to fall 35% during 2022, according to the Mortgage Bankers Association. If mortgage rates continue to rise, the growth of our mortgage origination business would be adversely impacted. This volume decline would be felt across the mortgage industry, with varying impact on our competitors depending on their origination strategy and channel mix, but the increased competition for the remaining loan volume could have the effect of significantly reduced revenues and profit margins or could require us to increase sales and marketing expenditures as we seek to build out the business.
Changes in the Federal Reserve Board’s policies, the interest rate environment and the mortgage market are beyond our control and are difficult to predict and, as such, could have ana material adverse impacteffect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Any decrease in our gross commission income or the percentage of commissions that we collect may harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our business model depends upon our agents’ success in generating gross commission income, which we collect and from which we pay them net commissions. Real estate commission rates vary somewhat by market, and although historical rates have been relatively consistent over time across markets, there can be no assurance that prevailing market practice will not change in a given market or across the industry, in the future.industry. Customary commission rates could change due to market forces locally or industry-wide as well asand due to regulatory or legal changes in such markets, including as a result of litigation or enforcement actions. In addition, in July of 2021, the Justice Department announced that it was withdrawing from the nation- wide antitrust settlement with the National Association of Realtors, (“NAR”) that was entered into in November 2020 to allow for a broader investigation of NAR’s rules and conduct, and there additionally have been recent statements and actions by the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) and the executive branch focused on increasing competition. We cannot predict the outcome of theany new investigationinvestigations or the executive branch focus on this issue,enforcement actions, but itany such actions may result in industry-wide regulatory action, the result ofregulations, which maycan cause commission rates to decrease over time. If any suchdecrease. Any decrease in commission rates were to occur,may adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely impacted.

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In addition, therewe collect fees from our agents for use of our platform, including our technology suite. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain the percentage of commission income thator fees we collect from our agents for their use of our platform.. If industry conditions change, such that other platforms offer similar technologies to ours at a lower price or for free, we may be forced to reduce the percentage of commissions that we collect from our agents, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely impacted.

Our quarterly results and other operating metrics may fluctuate from quarter to quarter, which makes these metrics difficult to predict.

Our results of operations have fluctuated in the past and are likely to fluctuate significantly
from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year in
the future for a variety of reasons, many of which are outside of our control and difficult to predict. As a result, you should not rely upon our historical results of operations as indicators of future performance. Numerous factorsFactors that can influence our results of operations, including:
include: changes in real estate market conditions;our ability to attract and retain agents;
our ability to continuously innovate, improve, and expand our platform;
changes in interest rates or mortgage underwriting standards;
the actions of our competitors;
costs and expenses related to the strategic acquisitions, partnerships, and joint ventures;
increases in and timing of operating expenses that we may incur to grow and expand our operations and to remain competitive;
changes in the legislative or regulatory environment, including with respect to real estate commission rates and disclosures;
environment; system failures or outages, oroutages; actual or perceived breaches of security or privacy, and the costs associated with preventing, responding to, or remediating any such outages or breaches;
adverse judgments, settlements, or other litigation-related costs and the fees associated with investigating and defending claims;
the overall tax rate for our business andbusiness; the impact of any changes in tax laws or judicial or regulatory interpretations of tax laws, which are recorded in the period such laws are enacted or interpretations are issued and may significantly affect the effective tax rate of that period;
the application of new or changing financial accounting standards or practices; and
changes in regional or national business or macroeconomic conditions, including as a result of the ongoing
COVID-19 pandemic,
which may impact the other factors described above.
conditions.

In addition,Because our results of operations are tied to certain key business metrics
and non-GAAP financial
measures that have fluctuated in the past and are likely to fluctuate in the future. As a result of such variability,future, our historical performance, including from recent quarters or years, may not be a meaningful indicator of future performance
and period-to-period comparisons
also may not be meaningful. As such, reliance should not be placed upon our historical results of operations as indicators of future performance.

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The loss of one or more of our key personnel, or our failure to attract and retain other highly qualified personnel, in the future, could harm our business.

Our success depends upon the continued service of our senior management team, including in particular, Robert Reffkin, our founder, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. Our success also depends on our ability to manage effective transitions when management team members pursue other opportunities. In addition, our business depends on our ability to continue to
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attract, motivate, and retain a large number of skilled employees across our company. Furthermore, much of our key technology and processes are custom-made for our business by our personnel. The loss of key engineering, product development, operations, marketing, sales and support, finance and legal personnel could also adversely affect our ability to build on the efforts theysuch individuals have undertaken and to execute our business plan, and we may not be able to find adequate replacements. In addition, we currently do not have “key person” insurance on any of our employees.

We face intense competition for qualified individuals from numerous software and other technology companies. To attract and retain key personnel, we incur significant costs, including salaries and benefits and equity incentives. Even so, these measures may not be enough to attract and retain the personnel we require to operate our business effectively.

Actions by our agents or employees could adversely affect our reputation and subject us to liability.

Our success depends on the performance of our agents and employees. Although our agents are independent contractors, if they were to provide lower quality services to theirour agents’ clients, in a given market or overall, our image and reputation could be adversely affected. In addition, if our agents make fraudulent claims about properties they show, if their transactions lead to allegations of errors or omissions, if they violate certain regulations, including employment laws applicable to the management of their own employees, or if they engage in self-dealing or do not disclose conflicts of interest to theirour agents’ clients, we could also be subject to litigation and regulatory claims which, if adversely determined, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, if an agent were to recommend that a client use an escrow service in which the agent had an ownership interest but failed to disclose that interest to the client and to us, we could see our reputation tarnished and be held liable for the agent’s failure to disclose that interest under the Real Estate Settlement Proceeding Act. Similarly, we are subject to risks of loss or reputational harm in the event that any of our employees violate applicable laws, as such laws may harm our agents’ businesses or impact clients.
laws.

We may be subject to claimslosses relating to the operations of our title and escrow businesses and incur losses resulting fromas a result of errors, omissions, fraud, defalcation, or other misconduct.

Our title companies issue title insurance policies on behalf of title insurance underwriters. These policies provide coverage for real property to lenders and buyers. The title underwriter is typically liable for the payment of claims under title policies, but we may be subject to liability and losses if we are negligent. OurSome of our title companies and our escrow company also provide escrow and closing services. These services facilitate the transfer of ownership of real property. We may be subject to liability and losses arising from the provision of these services. For example, we may be subject to liability and losses if we improperly handle consumer or other third-party funds.

We carry errors and omissions insurance for errors made by our title and escrow companies, but insurance carriers may dispute coverage for various reasons, there can be no assurance that all claims will be covered, and losses could potentially exceed our coverage. Fraud, defalcation, and misconduct by employees and others are also risks inherent in our title and escrow business. While we have insurance to protect us against some of these types of losses as well, we cannot be certain that our insurance coverage will be adequate. To the extent that any loss or theft of funds related to our title and escrow companies substantially exceeds our insurance coverage, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.

If we pursue acquisitions that are not successfully completed or integrated into our existing operations, our business, financial condition, or results of operations may be adversely affected.

We continueFrom time to time, we evaluate a wide array of potential strategic opportunities, including acquisitions and “acqui-hires” of businesses in new geographies. We sometimes engage in acquisitions of brokerage businesses to provide us with greater access to a given market. At times, we may also look to acquisitions to provide us with additional technology to further enhance our platform and accelerate our ability to offer new products or to expand our adjacent services offerings. For example, in 2021, in addition to acquiring a number of smaller brokerage companies, we acquired all or majority control of four title and escrow businesses to cover additional markets served by our agents. We also acquired Glide, a real estate technology company, that
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enabled us to provide digital real estate forms,
e-signatures
and related products to our agents, as well as
non-Compass
agents. These strategic acquisitions could be material to our financial condition and results of operations, but there can be no guarantee that they will result in the intended benefits to our business, and we may not successfully evaluate or utilize the acquired agents, businesses, products, or technology, or accurately forecast the financial impact of a strategic acquisition. We may discover liabilities or deficiencies associated with the companies or assets we acquire that were not identified in advance or for which we are not adequately indemnified by sellers, which may result in significant unanticipated costs. The effectiveness of our due diligence review and our ability to evaluate the results of such due diligence are dependent upon the accuracy and completeness of statements and disclosures made or actions taken by the companies we acquire or their representatives, as well as the limited amount of time in which acquisitions are executed. In addition, integrating an acquired company, business, or technology is risky and may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures, particularly in new markets or with respect to new adjacent services. In June 2022, we announced the wind-down of Modus Technologies, Inc, a wholly-owned title and escrow software company, which was part of a broader plan to improve the alignment between the Company’s organizational structure and its long-term business strategy, drive cost efficiencies and continue to drive toward profitability and positive free cash flow.Moreover, the integration of acquisitions requires significant time and resources, and we may not manage these processes successfully. We continue to make investments of resources to support our acquisitions, which we expect will result in significant ongoing operating expenses and may divert resources and management attention from other areas of our business.

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Our failure to successfully integrate the companies we acquire and address risks or other problems encountered in connection with our past or future strategic acquisitions could cause us to fail to realize the anticipated benefits of such strategic acquisitions, incur unanticipated liabilities, and harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. StrategicIn addition, strategic acquisitions may require us to issue additional equity securities, spend a substantial portion of our available cash, or incur debt or liabilities, amortize expenses related to intangible assets, or incur write-offs of goodwill, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations and dilute the economic and voting rights ofcould result in dilution to our then-current stockholders.

A change in mortgage underwriting standards could reduce the ability of homebuyers to access the credit markets on reasonable terms, or at all.

During the past several years, many lenders have significantly tightened their underwriting standards and many alternative mortgage products have become less available in the marketplace. In addition, certain lenders added new criteria or approvals necessary to underwrite mortgages in response to
the COVID-19 pandemic.
Underwriting standards could be changed or tightened as a result of changes in regulations, including regulationsthose enacted to increase guarantee fees of federally-insured mortgages. More stringent mortgage underwriting standards could adversely affect the ability and willingness of prospective buyers to finance home purchases or to sell their existing homes in order to purchase new homes. Thishomes, which may result indecrease the decreased number of real estate transactions that our agents execute and that our title and escrow businesses close, and inmay decrease the decreased number of mortgages that OriginPoint originates, alloriginates. Any of whichthese impacts would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Potential reform of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac or certain federal agencies or a reduction in U.S. government support for the housing market could have an adverse impact on the operations of our mortgage origination business.
Numerous pieces of legislation seeking various types of changes for government sponsored entities have been introduced in Congress to reform the U.S. housing finance market including among other things, changes designed to reduce government support for housing finance and the winding down of the federal conservatorship of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac over a period of years. Legislation, if enacted, or additional regulation which curtails Fannie Mae’s and/or Freddie Mac’s activities and/or results in the wind down of the federal conservatorship of these entities could increase mortgage costs and could result in more stringent underwriting guidelines imposed by lenders or cause other disruptions in the mortgage industry. Changes in other legislation, policies or guidelines such as the Fair Housing Act, USDA guidelines or Government Sponsored Enterprises (“GSE”) may impact the way we service and originate GSE and U.S. government agency loans. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on the housing market in general and the operations of our mortgage origination business.
We may not be able to maintain or establish relationships with multiple listing services and third-party listing services,providers, which could limit the information we are able to provide to our agents and theirour agents’ clients.

Our ability to attract agents to our platform and to appeal to theirour agents’ clients depends upon providing a robust number of listings. To provide these listings in our services, in addition to the information provided by our agents, we maintain relationships with multiple listing services and other third-party listing providers. Certain of our agreements with real estate listing providers are short-term agreements that may be terminated with limited notice. The loss of some of our existing relationships with listing providers, whether due to termination of agreements or otherwise,these parties, changes to our rights to use listing data, or an inability to continue to add new listing providers may cause our listing data to omit information important to our agents or theirour agents’ clients. Any loss or changes to our rights to use listing data or add listings, or any similar loss of rights in the markets we serve,these events could negatively impact our reputation and agent and client confidence in the listing data we provide and reduce our ability to attract and retain agents, which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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Cybersecurity incidents could disrupt business operations and result in the loss of critical and confidential information or litigation or claims arising from such incidents, any of which may adversely impact our reputation and business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We face growing risks and costs related to cybersecurity threats to our operations and our data and(including agent and client data, including but not limited to:
data) including: the failure or significant disruption of our operations from various causes, includingsuch as human error, computer malware, ransomware, insecure software and systems,
zero-day
vulnerabilities, threats to or disruption of third-party vendorsservice providers who provide critical services, or other events related to our critical information technologies and systems;
the increasing level and sophistication of cybersecurity attacks, includingsuch as distributed denial of service attacks, data theft, fraud or malicious acts on the part of trusted insiders, social engineering (including phishing attempts)attempts or the creation of copycat websites), or other unlawful tactics aimed at compromising the systems and data of our agents and theirour agents’ clients (including through systems not directly controlled by us, such as those maintained by our agents and third-party service providers); and
the reputational and financial risks associated with a loss of data or material data breach (including unauthorized access to our proprietary business information or personal information of our agents and theirour agents’ clients), the transmission of computer malware, or the diversion of sale transaction closing funds.

Global cybersecurity threats can range from uncoordinated individual attempts to gain unauthorized access to information technology systems via viruses, ransomware, and other malicious software, to phishing or to advanced and targeted attempts to breach systems launched by individuals, organizations, or sponsored nation state actors. These attacks may be directed at our business, our employees, agents, and clients and third-party service providers.providers, and our agents’ clients. An attack, threat, or breach of one system can impact one or more other systems.

In the ordinary course of our business, we and our third-party service providers, our employees, agents, and agent’s clients may collect, store, and transmit sensitive data, including our proprietary business information and intellectual property and that of our agents and theirour agents’ clients as well as personal information, sensitive financial information, and other confidential information of our employees and agents and our agents’ clients.information. Our agents’ use of our platform to access and store data presents us with uncertainties and risks,
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as they may accidentally or deliberately cause private information to be transmitted through unsecure channels, which may lead to breaches or other leaks of such information.

Additionally, we increasingly rely on third-party service providers that provide data processing, data storage, providers, and critical infrastructure services, including cloud solution providers. The secure processing, maintenance, and transmission of this information are critical to our operations and, with respect to information collected and stored by our third-party service providers, we are reliant upon their security procedures, controls, and adherence to our agreements. A breach or attack affecting one of our third-party service providers or partners could adversely impact our business, our client’s business, and our reputation even if we do not control the service that is attacked.

Moreover, the real estate industry is actively targeted by cybersecurity threat actors whichwho attempt to conduct electronic fraudulent activity (such as business email compromise), security breaches, and similar attacks directed at participants in real estate services transactions. In common with others in our industry, we manage and hold confidential personal information including potentially sensitive personal information belonging to employees and agents or their clients or other individuals with whom agents transact, in the operation of our platform. Accordingly, we have been and continue to be subject to a range of cyber-attacks, such as email-basedthe creation of Compass or agent copycat websites, and email and text-based phishing attacks on our agents. Historically, these attacks have not been material either individually or in the aggregate.agents and our agents’ clients. We have enhanced our security measures and continue to invest in orderthese measures to mitigate the risk of new and similar attacks in the future. However, there can be no assurance that our enhanced security measures, which are also partially dependent upon the security practices of our agents, theirour agents’ clients, and participants will timely detect or prevent other cyber-attacks in the future. Cyber-attacks could give rise to the loss of significant
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amounts of agents’ data and other sensitive information. In addition, cyber-attacks could give rise to the disablement ofinformation and possibly disable our information technology systems which are used to service our agents. Such threats to our business may be wholly or partially beyond our control as our employees and agents and our agents’ clients and other third-party service providers may
use e-mail, computers,
smartphones, and other devices and systems that are outside of our security control environment. In addition, real estate transactions involve the transmission of funds by the buyers and sellers of real estate and consumers or other service providers selected by the consumer that may be the subject of direct cyber-attacks that result in the fraudulent diversion of funds, notwithstanding efforts we have taken to educate consumers with respect to these risks.

In addition, cybersecurity threat actors have attempted, and may attempt in the future, to conduct fraudulent activity by engaging with our agents or our agents’ clients, including in our title insurance and escrow business. We make a large number of wire transfers in connection with loan and real estate closings and process sensitive personal data in connection with these transactions. Although we have sophisticated fraud detection processes and have taken other measures to continuously improve controls to identify fraudulent activity on our mobile app, website, and internal systems, we may not be able to detect and prevent all such activity. Persistent or pervasive fraudulent activity may cause our agents or our agents’ clients to lose trust in us and decrease or terminate their usage of our platform, which could materially harm our operations, business, results, and financial condition. The increasing prevalence and sophistication of cyber-attacks as well as the evolution of cyber-attacks and other efforts to breach or disrupt our systems or those of our employees, agents, agents’ clients, and third-party service providers, has led and will likely continue to lead to increased costs to us with respect to identifying, protecting, detecting, containing, responding, recovering, mitigating, insuring against, and remediating these risks, as well as any related attempted or actual fraud.

Moreover, we are required to comply with growing regulations at the local, state and federal level in the U.S., and in other countries where we have operations, that regulate cybersecurity, privacy and related matters, some of which impose steep fines and penalties for noncompliance. Any further expansion domestically or internationally will necessarily subject us to additional, and possibly more stringent, regulations and penalty structures.
While we our employees, our agents, and agents’ clients have experienced and expect to continue to experience these types of threats and incidents, none of them to date hashave been material to our business. Although we employ measures to identify, protect, detect, address, contain, and mitigate these threats, (including access controls, data encryption, penetration testing, vulnerability assessments, and maintenance of backup and protective systems), and conduct diligence on the security measures employed by key third-party service providers, cybersecurity incidents, depending on their nature and scope, could potentially result in harm to confidentiality, integrity, and availability of critical systems, data, and confidential or proprietary information (our own or that of third parties, including personal information and financial information) and the disruption of business operations.

The potential consequences of a material cybersecurity incident include regulatory violations of applicable U.S. and to a lesser degree, international privacy and other laws,law, reputational damage, loss of market value, litigation with third parties (which could result in our exposure to material civil or criminal liability), diminution in the value of the products and services we provide to our agents and theirour agents’ clients, and increased cybersecurity protection and remediation costs (that may include liability for stolen assets or information), any of which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our competitiveness and business, financial condition, and results of operations. We cannot be certain that our insurance coverage will be adequate for data security liabilities actually incurred, will cover any indemnification claims against us relating to any incident, will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all, or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible
or co-insurance requirements,
could adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We could be subject to losses if banks do not honor our escrow and trust deposits.
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We act as escrow agents for certain clients of our agents.agents’ clients. As an escrow agent, we receive money from our agents’ clients to hold until certain conditions are satisfied. Upon the satisfaction of those conditions, (in most cases as confirmed by such clients, lenders, their respective agents or other third parties), we release the money to the appropriate party. We deposit this money with various depository banks and while these deposits are not assets of our business, (and therefore excluded from our consolidated balance sheet), we remain contingently liable for the disposition of these deposits. These escrow and trust deposits totaled $172.1 million and $46.1 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. A significant amount of these deposits held by depository banks may be in excess of the federal deposit insurance limit. If any of our depository banks were to become unable to honor any portion of our deposits, our agents’ clients could seek to hold us responsible for such amounts and, if theour agents’ clients prevailed in their claims, we could be subject to significant losses.

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A significant adoption by consumers of alternatives to full-service agents could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

A significant change in consumer sales that eliminates or minimizes the role of the agent in the real estate transaction process could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. These options may include direct-buyer companies (also called iBuyers) that purchase directly from the seller at below-market rates in exchange for speed and convenience and then resell themthe properties shortly thereafter at market prices, and discounters who reduce the role of the agent in order to offer sellers a low commission or a flat fee while giving rebates to buyers. Consumer preferences regarding buying or selling houses and financing their home purchase will determine if these models reduce or replace the long-standing preference for full-service agents.

We plan to expand into international markets, which will expose us to significant risks.

A component of our future growth strategy involves the further expansion of our operations and establishment of an agent base internationally. We are continuing to adapt and develop strategies to address international markets, but there is no guarantee that such efforts will have the desired effect. For example, we may need to establish relationships with new partners or acquire businesses in order to expand into certain countries, and if we fail to identify, establish, and maintain such relationships or successfully identify and acquire businesses, we may be unable to execute on our expansion plans. Although we maintain engineering and relatedlimited operations in India, none of our agents are located outside of the U.S. and we currently do not engage in
any non-U.S. real
property transactions, except for de-minimis transactions through partnerships with
local non-U.S. brokerages.
We expect that our international activities will grow in the future as we pursue opportunities in international markets, which may require significant dedication of management attention and will require significant upfront investment.

Our current and future international business and operations involve a variety of risks, including the need to adapt and localize our platform for specific countries; unexpected changes in trade relations, regulations, or laws; new, evolving, and more stringent regulations relating to privacy and data security and the unauthorized use of, or access to, commercial and personal information, particularly in Europe and Canada; difficulties in managing a business in new markets with diverse cultures, languages, customs, legal systems, alternative dispute systems, and regulatory systems; increased travel, real estate, infrastructure, and legal compliance costs associated with international operations; and regulations, adverse tax burdens, and foreign exchange controls that could make it difficult to repatriate earnings and cash.

If we invest substantial time and resources to establish international operations and are unable to do so successfully or in a timely manner, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely impacted.

Our management team is required to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy of our financial reports.
reports, which could adversely affect our business.

We are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal control. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal control. Our independent registered public accounting firm will beis required to deliver an attestation report on the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting. An adverse report may be issued in the event our independent registered public accounting firm is not satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented, designed, or operating.

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When evaluating our internal control over financial reporting, we may identify material weaknesses during the year that we may not be able to remediate in time to meet the applicable deadline imposed upon us for compliance with the requirements of Section 404. by year-end.For example, in connection with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements for 20202021 and prior years, we identified material weaknesses in our internal controlscontrol over financial reporting. Those material weaknesses have not yet been fully remediated and the same weaknesses remained at the time of the preparation of our financial statements for 2021.2022. For additional information, see risk factor entitled “ –We“We have identified material weaknesses in our internal controlscontrol over financial reporting and if our remediation of such material weaknesses is
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not effective, or if we fail to develop and maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal controls over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable laws and regulations could be impaired.” If we identify any material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the future, or are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, or assert that our internal control over financial reporting is ineffective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to expressexpresses an opinion as to the effectiveness ofthat our internal control over financial reporting is ineffective, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could cause the price of our Class A common stock to decline, and we could failbecome subject to meetinvestigations by the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional management attention and which could adversely affect our reporting obligations or be required to restate our financial statements for prior periods.
business.

In addition, our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors and fraud. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected.

If there are material weaknesses or failures in our ability to meet any of the requirements related to the maintenance and reporting of our internal control, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and that could cause the price of our Class A common stock to decline. In addition, we could become subject to investigations by the applicable stock exchange, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional management attention and which could adversely affect our business.
We have identified material weaknesses in our internal controlscontrol over financial reporting and if our remediation of such material weaknesses is not effective, or if we fail to develop and maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal controlscontrol over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable laws and regulations could be impaired.

In connection withDuring the preparation of our consolidated financial statements for 20202021 and prior years, we identified material weaknesses in our internal controlscontrol over financial reporting. Those material weaknesses have not yet been fully remediated and the same weaknesses remained at the time of the preparation of our financial statements for 2021. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal controls over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.2022. We did not design or maintain an effective control environment as we lacked sufficient oversight of activities related to our internal controlscontrol over financial reporting due to a lack of an appropriate level of experience and training commensurate with public company requirements.
This material weakness resulted in our identification of the following additional material weaknesses:
We (1) we did not maintain formal accounting policies and procedures and did not design, document, and maintain controls related to substantially all of our business processes to achieve complete, accurate, and timely financial accounting, reporting, and disclosures, including controls over account reconciliations, segregation of duties, and the preparation and review of journal entries; and
We (2) we did not design and maintain effective controls over information technology, or IT, general controls for information systems and applications that are relevant to the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. Specifically, we did not design and maintain (i) program change management controls to ensure that IT program and data changes affecting financial IT applications and underlying accounting records are identified, tested, authorized, and implemented appropriately that are relevant to the preparation of our financial statements, (ii) user access controls to ensure appropriate segregation of duties and that adequately restrict user and privileged access to financial
applications, programs, and data to appropriate personnel, (iii) computer operations controls to ensure that critical batch jobs are monitored and data backups are authorized and monitored, and (iv) testing and approval of controls for program development to ensure that new software development is aligned with business and IT requirements. These IT deficiencies, when aggregated, could impact effective segregation of duties as well as the effectiveness of IT-dependent controls that could result in misstatements potentially impacting all financial statement accounts and disclosures that would not be prevented or detected. Accordingly, our management has determined these deficiencies in the aggregate constitute a material weakness.

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applications, programs, and data to appropriate personnel, (iii) computer operations controls to ensure that critical batch jobs are monitored and data backups are authorized and monitored, and (iv) testing and approval of controls for program development to ensure that new software development is aligned with business and IT requirements. These IT deficiencies, when aggregated, could impact effective segregation of duties as well as the effectiveness
of IT-dependent controls
that could result in misstatements potentially impacting all financial statement accounts and disclosures that would not be prevented or detected. Accordingly, our management has determined these deficiencies in the aggregate constitute a material weakness.
None of the control deficiencies described above resulted in a material misstatement to our annual consolidated financial statements. However, each of the material weaknesses described above could result in a misstatement of one or more account balances or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected, and, accordingly, we determined that these control deficiencies constitute material weaknesses.

To address our material weaknesses, we have added, and intend to continue to add as necessary, personnel with public company experience and engaged an external advisor to assist with evaluating and documenting the design and operating effectiveness of our internal controlscontrol over financial reporting and assisting with the remediation of deficiencies, including implementing new controls and processes. We intend to continue to take steps to remediate the material weaknesses described above through hiring additional personnel with public company experience, and further evolvingevolve our accounting and business processes related to internal controlscontrol over financial reporting. We will not be able to fully remediate these material weaknesses until these steps have been completed and have been operating effectively for a sufficient period of time.

Furthermore, we cannot assure youguarantee that the measures we have taken to date, and actions we may take in the future, will be sufficient to remediate the control deficiencies that led to our material weaknesses in our internal controlscontrol over financial reporting or that they will prevent or avoid potential future material weaknesses. Our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business. Further weaknesses in our disclosure controls and internal controlscontrol over financial reporting may be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement could harm our
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operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our annual or interim financial statements.

Neither our management nor our independent registered public accounting firm has performed an evaluation of our internal controls over financial reporting in accordance with the SEC rules because no such evaluation has been required. Our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal controlscontrol over financial reporting untilfor the first time in connection with the filing of our secondthis Annual Report,
on Form 10-K following
our IPO. At such time, and as a result of the material weaknesses described above, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue afirm's report states that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our internal controlscontrol over financial reporting is documented, designed, or operating. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting that we will eventually be required to include in our periodic reports that are filed with the SEC. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the trading price of our Class A common stock. In addition, if we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on the New York Stock Exchange.currently effective.

Covenants in our debt agreements may restrict our borrowing capacity or operating activities and adversely affect our financial condition.

Our Revolving Credit and Security Agreement with Barclays Bank PLC or the Concierge Facility,(the “Concierge Facility”) and our Revolving Credit and Guaranty Agreement with Barclays Bank PLC or the Revolving(the “Revolving Credit Facility,Facility”) contain, and any future agreement relating to additional indebtedness which we may enter into may contain,
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various financial covenants. The Concierge Facility, which is secured by, and can be used to borrow against, eligible receivables and cash related to a part of our Compass Concierge program,Program, and our Revolving Credit Facility, which is secured by substantially all the assets of us and our subsidiary guarantors, contains customary representations, warranties, affirmative covenants, such as financial statement reporting requirements, negative covenants, and financial covenants applicable to us and our restricted subsidiaries. The negative covenants include restrictions that, among other things, restrict our and our subsidiaries’ ability to incur liens and indebtedness, make certain investments, declare dividends, dispose of, transfer or sell assets, make stock repurchases and consummate certain other matters, all subject to certain exceptions. In certain cases, we may be required to repay all of the relevant debt immediately; the occurrence of such an event may have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our ability to use our net operating losses or NOLs, and other tax attributes may be limited.

As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately $1.2 billion of federal and $1.2 billion of state NOLs available to offset future taxable income. Certain of our federal NOLsnet operating losses (“NOLs”) will begin to expire in 2032 and certain of our state NOLs will begin to expire in 2029.2026. The realization of these net operating losses depends on our future taxable income and there is a risk that these NOL carryforwards could expire unused, which could materially affect our operating results. In addition, under Sections 382 and 383 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended or the Code,(the “Code”), a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50% change by value in its equity ownership over a three-year period is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize
its pre-change NOLs
and other tax attributes, such as research tax credits to offset future taxable income. We have not performed an analysis to determine whether our past issuances of stock and other changes in our stock ownership may have resulted in one or more ownership changes. If it is determined that we have in the past experienced an ownership change, or if we undergo one or more ownership changes as a result of our IPO or future transactions in our stock, then our ability to utilize NOLs and
other pre-change tax
attributes could be limited by Sections 382 and 383 of the Code. Future changes in our stock ownership many of which are outside of our control, could result in an ownership change under Sections 382 or 383 of the Code. Furthermore, our ability to utilize NOLs of companies that we may acquire in the future may be subject to limitations. For these reasons, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of the NOLs, even if we were to achieve profitability.

We rely on assumptions, estimates, and business data to calculate our key performance indicators and other business metrics, and real or perceived inaccuracies in these metrics may harm our reputation and negatively affect our business.

Certain of our performance metrics are calculated using third partythird-party applications or internal company data that have not been independently verified. While these numbers are based on what we believe to be reasonable calculations for the applicable period of measurement, there are inherent challenges in measuring such information. In addition, our measure of certain metrics may differ from estimates published by third parties or from similarly-titled metrics of our competitors due to differences in methodology and as a result our results may not be comparable to our competitors.

Estimates of market opportunity may prove to be inaccurate.

Market opportunity estimates are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may not prove to be accurate. The variables that go into the calculation of our market opportunity are subject to change over time, and there is no guarantee that our market opportunity estimates will reflect actual revenue that we will generate from our platform in the future. Any expansion in our markets depends on a number of factors, including the cost, performance, and perceived value associated with our platform and the products and services of our competitors.

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Changes in accounting standards, subjective assumptions and estimates used by management related to complex accounting matters could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, or GAAP,U.S. (“GAAP”) and related accounting pronouncements, implementation guidance, and interpretations, with regard to a wide range of matters, such as revenue recognition, lease accounting, stock-based compensation, asset impairments, valuation reserves, income taxes, and the fair value and associated useful lives of acquired long-lived assets, intangible assets, and goodwill, are highly complex and involve many subjective assumptions, estimates, and judgments made by management. Changes in these rules or their interpretations or changes in underlying assumptions, estimates, or judgments made by management could significantly change our reported results and adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our platform is highly complex and our software may contain undetected errors.

Our platform is highly complex and the software and code underlying our platform is interconnected and may contain undetected errors, bugs, or vulnerabilities, some of which may only be discovered after the code or software has been released. We regularly release or update software code, regularly and this practicewhich may result in the more frequent introduction of errors, bugs, or vulnerabilities into the software underlying our platform, which can impactpotentially impacting the agentagent’s and their clientclient’s experience on our platform. Additionally, due to the interoperative nature of the software and the systems underlying our platform, modifications to certain parts of our code, including changes to our mobile app,application, website, systems, or third partythird-party application programming interfaces on which our platform rely, could have an unintended impact on other sections of our software or system, which may result in errors, bugs, or vulnerabilities to our platform. Any errors, bugs, or vulnerabilities discovered in our code after release could result in damage to our reputation, loss of our agents or theirour agents’ clients, loss of revenue or liability for damages, any of which could adversely affect our growth prospects and our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Furthermore, our development and testing processes may not detect errors, bugs, or vulnerabilities in our technology offerings prior to their implementation as they may not be identified or detected at the time of implementation. Any inefficiencies, errors, bugs, system misconfiguration, technical problems, or vulnerabilities arising in our technology offerings after their release could reduce the quality of our products, system performance, or interfere with our agents’ access to and use of our technology and offerings.

Our management team has limited experience in operating a public company.
Our management team has limited experience managing a publicly traded company, interacting with public company investors, and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. Our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage our transition to being a public company subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors. These new obligations and constituents will require significant attention from our senior management and could divert their attention away from
the day-to-day management
of our business, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our company culture has contributed to our success, and if we cannot maintain this culture as we grow, our business could be harmed.

We believe that our company culture, which promotes innovation and entrepreneurship, has been critical to our success. We are guided by our principles including dreaming big, moving fast, learning from reality, and being solutions-driven. However, as we grow, we may face challenges that may affect our ability to sustain our culture, including:
failure to identify, attract, reward, and retain people in leadership positions in our organization who share and further our culture, values, and mission;
the increasing size and geographic diversity of our workforce;
shelter-in-place
orders in certain jurisdictions where we operate that may result in many of our employees working remotely;
the inability to achieve adherence to our internal policies and core values;
the continued challenges of a rapidly-evolving industry;
the increasing need to develop expertise in new areas of business that affect us;
negative perception of our treatment of employees or our response to employee sentiment related to political or social causes or actions of management; and
the integration of new personnel and businesses from acquisitions.

In addition, many of our employees continue to work remotely, which may adversely affect our efficiency and morale. Our return to office initiative varies across geographies and certain employees may not agree with our approach and as a result may seek employment elsewhere. Additionally, our return to office approach could expose our employees to health risks and could result in additional costs to us.

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In addition, we have at times undertaken workforce reductions to better align our operations with our strategic priorities, to manage our cost structure, or in connection with acquisitions. For example, in response to the early effects of
the COVID-19 pandemic
on themacroeconomic conditions impacting our industry, including our business, we took certain cost-saving measures, including reductionsuch as reductions of our workforce in June and salary reductions.September 2022 and January 2023. Although we have increased our workforcetook deliberate actions to
above pre-pandemic levels
provide impacted employees with equitable separation packages and the salary reductions have been reversed and we have made our employees whole through additional equity awards,transition services, there can be no assurance that these actions will not adversely affect employee morale, our culture, and our ability to attract and retain employees. If we are not able to maintain our culture, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our ability to recruit agents depends on the strength of our reputation, and adverse media coverage could harm our business.

We believe that we have developed a strong reputation for helping agents succeed on the basis of our rapid growth in recent years, the technological sophistication of our platform, and our ability to offer a wide range of high-quality services. General awareness and the perceived quality and differentiation of our platform are important aspects of our efforts to
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attract and retain agents. In addition, our actions and growth are frequently reported on in national and regional trade publications and other media, and media coverage of our business can be critical, and may not be fair or accurate. Our reputation may be harmed due to adverse media coverage related to our actions, the actions of our agents, or other unforeseeable events, which may cause our ability to attract and retain agents to suffer. If we are unable to maintain or enhance agent awareness of our business, or if our reputation is damaged in a given market or nationally, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be harmed.

Some of our potential losses may not be covered by insurance. We may not be able to obtain or maintain adequate insurance coverage.

We maintain insurance to cover costs and losses from certain risk exposures in the ordinary course of our operations, but our insurance does not cover all of the costs and losses from all events. We are responsible for certain retentions and deductibles that vary by policy, and we may suffer losses that exceed our insurance coverage limits by a material amount. We may also incur costs or suffer losses arising from events against which we have no insurance coverage. In addition, large-scale market trends or the occurrence of adverse events in our business may raise our cost of procuring insurance or limit the amount or type of insurance we are able to secure. We may not be able to maintain our current coverage, or obtain new coverage in the future, on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Incurring uninsured or underinsured costs or losses could harm our business.

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We process, store, and use personal information and other data, which subjects us to governmental regulation and other legal obligations related to data privacy, and violation of these privacy obligations could result in a claim for damages, regulatory action, loss of business, and/or unfavorable publicity.

We receive,collect, store, share, and process personal information and other employee, agent, agents’ client and consumer information. There are numerous federal and state laws, as well as regulations and industry guidelines, regarding privacy and the storing, use, processing, sharing, and disclosure and protection of personal information, which are continually evolving, subject to differing interpretations, and may be inconsistent between state and federal governments and across countries or conflict with other rules. Additionally, laws, regulations, and standards covering marketing and advertising activities conducted by telephone, email, mobile devices, and the internet, may be applicable to our business, such as the TCPA (as implemented by the Telemarketing Sales Rule),
the CAN-SPAM Act,
and similar state consumer protection laws. We seek to comply with industry standards, applicable laws, and legal obligations concerning data security protection, and are subject to the terms of our own privacy policies and privacy-related obligations to third parties. We strive to comply with all applicable laws, policies, legal obligations and industry codes of conduct relating to privacy and data security protection to the extent possible. However, it is possible that these obligations may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another, and may conflict with other rules or regulations, making enforcement, and thus compliance requirements, ambiguous, uncertain, and potentially inconsistent. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policies, terms of service, privacy-related obligations to agents, our agents’ clients or other third parties, or our privacy-related legal obligations, or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized access to or unintended release of personally identifiable information or other agent or client data, may result in governmental enforcement actions, litigation, or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others. Any of these events could cause us to incur significant costs in investigating and defending such claims and, if found liable, pay significant fines or damages. Further, these proceedings and any subsequent adverse outcomes may cause our agents and our agents’ clients to lose trust in us, which could have a materially adverse effect on our reputation and business.

Any significant change to applicable laws, regulations or industry practices regarding the use or disclosure of personal information, or regarding the manner in which the express or implied consent of agents and theirour agents’ clients for the use and disclosure of personal information is obtained, could require us to modify our platform and its features, possibly in a material manner and subject to increased compliance costs, which may limit our ability to innovate, improve and expand our platform and its features that make use of the personal information that our agents and theirour agents’ clients voluntarily share. For example, California recently

Numerous states have enacted, legislation,or are in the CCPA, that became operative on January 1, 2020process of enacting, state level data privacy laws and became enforceableregulations aimed at creating and enhancing individual privacy rights by governing the California Attorney General on July 1, 2020, along with related regulationscollection, use, sharing, disclosure, selling, and retention of state residents’ personal information. The continued proliferation of privacy laws in the jurisdictions in which came into force on August 14, 2020. The CCPA gives California residents expanded rights relatedwe operate is likely to their personal information, including the right to access and delete their personal information, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used and shared and increases the privacy and security obligations of businesses handling personal data. The CCPA is enforceable by the California Attorney General and there is also a private right of action relating to certain data security incidents. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, which could result in statutory penaltiesa disparate array of up to $2,500 per violation,privacy rules with unaligned or up to $7,500 per violation if the violation is intentional. We cannot yet fully predict the impact of the CCPA or subsequent guidance on our business or operations, but itconflicting provisions, accountability requirements, individual rights, and enforcement powers, which may require us to further modify our data processing practices and policies, and may subject us to incur substantialincreased regulatory scrutiny and business costs, and expenses in an effortlead to comply. Decreased availability and increased costs of information could adversely affect our ability to meetunintended confusion among our agents’ requirements and could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
agent’s clients.
Additionally, the CPRA, which will take effect on January 1, 2023 and replace CCPA, imposes additional data protection obligations on companies doing business in California, including additional consumer rights processes
and opt-outs for
certain uses of sensitive data and sharing of personal data as well as an expanded definition of “sale” to include sharing of personal information, and data minimization and data retention requirements. The CPRA also establishes a new enforcement agency, the California Privacy Protection Agency, which may take a more active role in enforcement. Other states have and are likely to continue to implement their own privacy statutes in the near term. The effects of the CCPA, CPRA and other similar state regulations are potentially significant and may require us to modify our data collection or processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs and expenses in an effort to comply and increase our potential exposure to regulatory enforcement and/or litigation. Any of the foregoing could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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Our agents operate as independent contractors and are responsible for their own data privacy compliance. Additionally, we provide training and our platform provides tools and security controls to assist our agents with their data privacy
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compliance to the extent they store relevant data on our platform. However, if an agent on our platform were to be subject to a claim for breach of data privacy laws, we could be found liable for their claims due to our relationship, which canmay require us to take more costly data security and compliance measures or to develop more complex systems.

Our fraud detection processes and information security systems may not successfully detect all fraudulent activity by third parties aimed at our employees or agents, which could adversely affect our reputation and business results.

Third-party cybersecurity threat actors have attempted in the past, and may attempt in the future, to conduct fraudulent activity by engaging with our agents or theirour agents’ clients, including inusing copycat websites, or illegitimate money transfer requests. These threats may also affect our title insurance and escrow business. We make a large number of wire transfers in connection with loan and real estate closings and process sensitive personal data in connection with these transactions. Although we have sophisticated fraud detection processes and have taken other measures to continuously improve controls to identify fraudulent activity on our mobile app, website and internal systems, we may not be able to detect andor prevent all such activity. Persistent or pervasive fraudulent activity may cause our agents or theirour agents’ clients to lose trust in us and decrease or terminate their usage of our platform,services, which could materially harm our operations, business, results, and financial condition.

We utilize a number of third-party service providers to deliver web and mobile content and any disruption or delays in service from these third-party providers could adversely impact the delivery of our platform.

WeOur brand, reputation and ability to attract customers and real estate partners and deliver quality products and services depend on the reliable performance of our network infrastructure and content delivery processes. To deliver mobile app and web content, we utilize a number of third-party service providers to support essential functions of our business, including Amazon Web Services, who we primarily rely on Amazon Web Services in the U.S. to host our cloud computing and storage needs. We do not own, control, or operate our cloud computing physical infrastructure or their data center providers. Our systems and operations are vulnerable to damage or interruption from fire, flood, power loss, telecommunications failure, terrorist attacks, acts of war, electronic and
physical break-ins, system
vulnerabilities, earthquakes and similar events at the sites of such providers. The occurrence of any of the foregoing events could result in damage to systems and hardware or could cause them to fail completely, and our insurance may not cover such events or may be insufficient to compensate us for losses that may occur.

A failure of theseour third-party cloud service providers systems at one or multiple sites could result in reduced capabilities or a total failure of our systems, which could cause our mobile app or website to be inaccessible, impairing our agents’ ability to use our platform. Problems facedTheir failure to perform as expected or as required by contract could result in significant disruptions and costs to our operations. In light of our reliance on Amazon Web Services and other third-party cloud service providers, with their telecommunications network providers with which they contract orcoupled with the systems by which they allocate capacity among their customers, including us,complexity of obtaining replacement services, any disruption of or interference with our use of these third-party services could adversely affect the experience ofimpact our agents. Our third-party cloud service providers could decide to close their facilities without adequate notice resulting in loss of serviceoperations and negative effects in our systems. Any financial difficulties, such as bankruptcy reorganization, faced by our
third-party web-hosting providers
or any of the service providers with whom they contract may have negative effects on our business, the nature and extent of which are difficult to predict. If our
third-party web-hosting providers
are unable to keep up with our growing needs for capacity, our agents and their clients and our business could be harmed. In addition, if distribution channels for our mobile app experience disruptions, such disruptions could adversely affect the ability of agents and their clients to access or update our mobile app, which could harm our business.

We do not carry business interruption insurance sufficient to compensate us for the potentially significant losses, including the potential harm to the future growth of our business, which may result from interruptions in our service as a result of system failures. Any errors, defects, disruptions or other performance problems with our services could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Third parties with whom we do business may be unable to honor their obligations to us or their actions may put us at risk.
We rely on third parties for various aspects of our business, including technology collaborations, advertising partners and development services agreements. Although we require these parties to sign our data security addendum, their actions may put our business, reputation and brand at risk. In many cases, third parties may be given access to sensitive and proprietary information or personal data in order to provide services and support to our teams or agents, and they may misappropriate and engage in unauthorized use of our information, technology or agents’ or their clients’ data. In addition, the failure of these third parties to provide adequate services and technologies, or the failure of the third parties to adequately maintain or update their services and technologies, could result in a disruption to our business operations. Further, disruptions in the mobile application industry, financial markets, economic downturns, poor business decisions, or reputational harm may adversely affect our partners and may increase their propensity to engage in fraud or otherwise illegal activity which could harm our business reputation, and they may not be able to continue honoring their obligations to us, or we may cease our arrangements with them. Alternative arrangements and services may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all and we may experience business interruptions upon a transition to an alternative partner or vendor. If we lose one or more business relationships, or experience a degradation of services, our business could be harmed and our financial results could be adversely affected.
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Investors’ expectations of our performance relating to environmental, social, and governance factors may impose additional costs and expose us to new risks.

There is an increasing focus from certain investors, employees, and other stakeholders concerning corporate responsibility, specifically related to environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) factors. Some investors may use these factors to guide their investment strategies and, in some cases, may choose not to invest in us if they believe our policies relating to corporate responsibility are inadequate. Third-party providers of corporate responsibility ratings and reports on companies have increased to meet growing investor demand for measurement of corporate responsibility performance. The criteria by which companies’ corporate responsibility practices are assessed may change, which could result in greater expectations of us and cause us to undertake costly initiatives to satisfy such new criteria. If we elect not to or are unable to satisfy such new criteria, investors may conclude that our policies with respect to corporate responsibility are inadequate. We may face reputational damage in the event that our corporate responsibility procedures or standards do not meet the standards set by various constituencies.

Furthermore, if our competitors’ corporate responsibility performance is perceived to be greater than ours, potential or current investors may elect to invest with our competitors instead. In addition, in the event that we communicate certain initiatives and goals regarding environmental, social and governanceESG matters, we could fail, or be perceived to fail, in our achievement of such initiatives or goals, or we could be criticized for the scope of such initiatives or goals. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors,
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employees and other stakeholders or our initiatives are not executed as planned, our reputation and financial results could be materially and adversely affected.

CatastrophicNatural disasters and catastrophic events may disrupt real estate markets and harm our business.

Natural disasters or other catastrophic events, such as fires, hurricanes, earthquakes, windstorms, tornados, floods, power loss, telecommunications failure, cyber-attacks, war, civil unrest, terrorist attacks, or pandemics or epidemics may cause damage or disruption to our operations, real estate commerce, and the global economy, and thus, could harm our business. For example,
business, results of operations and financial condition. In particular, the COVID-19 pandemic
and the reactions of governments, markets, and the general public to
the COVID-19 pandemic,
has resulted in and may continue to have caused a number of consequences for our business and results of operations, the ultimate magnitude of which is difficult to predict.operations. Additionally, properties located in the markets in which we operate, including New York, Northern California, Southern California and South Florida, are more susceptible to certain natural hazards (such as fires, hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, or hail) than properties in other parts of the country.
In the event of a major fire, hurricane, earthquake, windstorm, tornado, flood A natural disaster or other catastrophic event such as pandemic, flood, power loss, telecommunications failure, cyber-attack, war, or terrorist attack, we may be unable to continuein any of these cities could disrupt our operations and may endure reputational harm, delays in developinghave a negative impact on our platform and solutions, breaches of data security and loss of critical data, all of which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Closures of local recording offices or other governmental offices in charge of real property records, including tax or lien-related records, would adversely affect our ability to conduct operations in the affected geographies. Any of these delays will likely result in extended hold times, increased costs, and value impairment. Also, the insurance we maintain would likely not be adequate to cover our losses resulting from disasters or other business interruptions.
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business. As we grow our business, the need for business continuity planning and disaster recovery plans will increase in significance. If we are unable to develop adequate plans to ensure that our business functions continue to operate during and after a disaster, and successfully execute on those plans in the event of a disaster or emergency, our business and reputation would be harmed.

Declining home inventory levels may result in insufficient supply, which could negatively impact home sale transaction growth.

Home inventory levels have been declining in certain markets and price points in recent years, which has caused more homeowners to retain their homes for longer periods of time, driving a negative impact on the volume of home sale transactions closed by our brokers and agents. This decline has been caused by pressures outside our control, including slow or accelerated new housing construction, macroeconomic conditions, and real estate industry models that purchase homes for long-term rental or corporate use. The continuing decline in home inventory levels could have a material adverse effect on our business and profitability.

Risks Related to Our Legal and Regulatory Environment

We are periodically subject to claims, lawsuits, government investigations, and other proceedings that may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may be subject to claims, lawsuits, arbitration proceedings, government investigations, and other legal and regulatory proceedings in the ordinary course of business, including those involving labor and employment, anti-discrimination, commercial disputes, competition, professional liability, and consumer complaints, personal injury, wrongful death, intellectual property disputes, compliance with regulatory requirements, antitrust and anti-competition claims (including claims related to the NAR or MLS rules regarding buyer-broker commissions), securities laws, and other matters, and we may become subject to additional types of claims, lawsuits, government investigations and legal or regulatory proceedings if the regulatory landscape changes or as our business grows and as we deploy new offerings, including proceedings related to our acquisitions, securities issuances or business practices.
We may also be subject to disputes between us and our employees and agents, which are primarily governed by mandatory arbitration provisions.

The results of any such claims, lawsuits, arbitration proceedings, government investigations or other legal or regulatory proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty. Any claims against us or investigations involving us, whether meritorious or not, could be time-consuming, result in significant defense and compliance costs, be harmful to our reputation, require significant management attention and divert significant resources. Determining reserves for our pending litigation is a complex and fact-intensive process that requires significant subjective judgment and speculation. It is possible that a resolution of one or more such proceedings could result in substantial damages, settlement costs, fines and penalties that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. These proceedingsoperations, or could also result incause harm to our reputation and brand, sanctions, consent decrees, injunctions or other orders requiring a change in our business practices. Any of these consequences could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, under certain circumstances, we have contractual and other legal obligations to indemnify and to incur legal expenses on behalf of our business and commercial partners and current and former directors, officers and employees.

For example, in 2021, we settled a lawsuit involving plaintiff Avi Dorfman, who sought compensation for certain servicesIn addition, litigation, claims, and other contributions allegedly provided in our formation, and recorded an expense of $21.3 million in connection with the settlement within General and administrative expenseregulatory proceedings against companies unrelated to us in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
In addition, since 2016residential real estate or technology industry, or in other industries, may impact us when the rulings in those cases cover practices common to the broader industry. Examples may include claims associated with RESPA compliance, broker fiduciary duties, and sales agent classification. To the extent these claims against unrelated companies are successful and we have included mandatory arbitration provisions in our agreements with each ofor our agents cannot distinguish our or their practices (or our industry’s practices), we could face significant liability and since 2018 we have added mandatory arbitration provisions in our agreements with our employees. The provisions are intended to cover all disputes between us and our employees and agents, if permitted by law. These provisions are intended to streamline the litigation process for all parties involved, as arbitration can in some cases be faster and less costly than litigating disputes in state or federal court. However, arbitration may become more costly for us or the volume of arbitration may increase and become burdensome, and the use of arbitration provisions may subject us to certain risks to our reputation and brand, as these provisions have been the subject of increasing public scrutiny. In addition, these mandatory arbitration provisions are intended to cover claims related to our agent equity program, if permitted by law, though it is currently unclear whether such provisions are enforceable with respect to claims arising under the U.S. federal securities laws. In order to minimize these risks to our reputation and brand, we may limit our use of arbitration provisions orcould be required to do so in a legal
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modify certain business practices or regulatory proceeding,relationships, either of which could increase our litigation costsmaterially and exposure.
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Further, with the potential for conflicting rules regarding the scope and enforceability of arbitration on
a state-by-state basis,
as well as between state and federal law, there is a risk that some or all of our arbitration provisions could be subject to challenge or may need to be revised to exempt certain categories of protection. If our arbitration agreements were found to be unenforceable, in whole or in part, or specific claims are required to be exempted from arbitration, we could experience an increase in our costs to litigate disputes and the time involved in resolving such disputes, and we could face increased exposure to potentially costly lawsuits, each of which could adversely affectimpact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We classify our agents as independent contractors, and if federal or state law mandates that they be classified as employees, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be adversely impacted.

We recruit agents asengage independent contractors andthat are subject to federal regulations and applicable state laws and guidelines regarding independent contractor classifications. These regulations, laws and guidelines are subject to judicial and agency interpretation. Moreover, such regulations, laws, guidelines and interpretations continue to evolve. California changed its classification laws effective January 1, 2020 (with a specific carveout for real estate agents). Additionally, federal and the United States Congressother state governments have introduced and certain states have introducedmay continue to introduce proposed changes to existing classification law; additionally, the Biden administration may make additional changes to applicable laws. If our business is found to have misclassified employees as independent contractors, we could face penalties and have additional exposure under laws regarding employee classification, federal and state tax, workers’ compensation, unemployment benefits, compensation, overtime, minimum wage, meal and rest periods, and discrimination laws. Further, if legal standards for classification of our agents as independent contractors change or appear to be changing, it may be necessary to modify the compensation structure for our agents, including by paying additional compensation and benefits or reimbursing expenses. We face claims from time to time alleging misclassification of status and it could be determined that the independent contractor classification is inapplicable to some or any of our agents. We could also incur substantial costs, penalties and damages due to any such future challenges by current or former professionals to our classification or compensation practices, including with respect to their status as exempt
or non-exempt employees.
Any of these outcomes could result in substantial costs to us, could significantly impair our financial condition and our ability to conduct our business as currently contemplated, and could damage our reputation, and impair our ability to attract agents.

In addition, we work with international staffing organizations that hire contractors in various jurisdictions who are subject to various local laws, including labor and employment laws, that differ from those in the United States. We may be subject to claims as a result of the staffing agencies’ practices, which are outside our control or direction. We may also be subject to claims that these contractors are employees of Compass.

We are subject to a variety of federal and state laws, many of which are unsettled and still developing, and certain of our businesses are highly regulated. Any failure to comply with such regulations or any changes in such regulations could adversely affect our business.

Our real estate brokerage business, our title and escrow business, our mortgage joint venture, OriginPoint, and the businesses of our agents must comply with laws such as RESPA, the Fair Housing Act, the Dodd-Frank Act, the Exchange Act, and a varietyfederal advertising and other laws, as well as some comparable state statutes; rules of similar state regulations. trade organizations such as NAR and local MLSs.

RESPA and comparable state statutes prohibit providing or receiving payments, or other things of value, for the referral of business to adjacentsettlement service providers in connection with the closing of certain real estate transactions such as those involving federally-backed mortgages (under RESPA) or any residential sale (under certain state regulations).transactions. Such laws may to some extent impose limitations on arrangements involving our real estate brokerage, escrow services, title agency and mortgage origination services. RESPA and related regulations do, however, contain a number of provisions that allow for payments or fee splits between providers if certain requirements are met, including fee splits between title underwriters and agents, brokers and agents, and market-based fees for the provision of goods or services and marketing arrangements. In addition, RESPA allows for referrals to affiliated entities, when specific requirements have been met. We rely on these provisions in conducting our business activities and believe our arrangements comply with RESPA. However, RESPA compliance may become a greater challenge under certain administrations for most industry participants offering title and escrow services and mortgage origination services, including brokerages, because of expansive interpretations of RESPA or similar state statutes by certain courts and regulators. Permissible activities under state statutes similar to RESPA may be interpreted more narrowly and enforcement proceedings of those statutes by state regulatory authorities may also be aggressively pursued. RESPA also has been invoked by plaintiffs in private litigation for various purposes and some state authorities have also asserted enforcement rights.
The mortgage industry is a highly regulated industry so if any applicable local, state or federal laws change it may impact our business.
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In addition, title and escrow services are highly regulated. Ourour title agency services business is also is subject to regulation by insurance and other regulatory authorities in each state in which we provide title insurance. For example, the State of Washington Office of Insurance Commissioner ordered our Modus Title subsidiary’s insurance producer license revoked as of April 1, 2021. Even though the order was rescinded as of June 9, 2021 and the license revocation was stayed throughout the appeal process, our title agency services business could be subject to similar types of actions in the future, which may not be resolved in our favor.
We are also, to a lesser extent, subject to various other rules and regulations such as “controlled business” statutes which impose limitations on affiliations between providers of title and escrow services on the one hand, and real estate brokers, mortgage lenders and other real estate service providers on the other hand, or similar laws or regulations that would limit or restrict transactions among affiliates in a manner that would limit or restrict collaboration among our businesses.

For certain licenses, we are required to designate a broker of record as qualified individuals and/or persons who control and supervise the operations of applicable licensed entities. Certain licensed entities also are subject to routine examination and monitoring by state licensing authorities. We cannot assure youprovide assurances that we, or our licensed personnel, are and will remain at all times, in full compliance with state and federal real estate, title insurance and escrow, and consumer protection laws and regulations, and we may be subject to litigation, government investigations and enforcement actions, fines or other penalties in the event of
any non-compliance.

As a result of findings from examinations, we also may be required to take a number of corrective actions, including modifying business practices and making refunds of fees or money earned. In addition, adverse findings in one state may
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be relied on by another state to conduct investigations and impose remedies. If we apply for new licenses, we will become subject to additional licensing requirements, which we may not be in compliance with at all times. If in the future a state agency were to determine that we are required to obtain additional licenses in that state in order to operate our business, or if we lose or do not renew an existing license or are otherwise found to be in violation of a law or regulation, we may be subject to fines or legal penalties, lawsuits, enforcement actions, void contracts or our business operations in that state may be suspended or prohibited. Our business reputation with consumers and third parties also could be damaged.

Compliance with, and monitoring of, thesethe foregoing laws and regulations is complicated and costly and may inhibit our ability to innovate or grow.
Our failure to comply with any of the foregoingthese laws and regulations may subject us to fines, penalties, injunctions and/or potential criminal violations. Any changes to these laws or regulations or any new laws or regulations may make it more difficult for us to operate our business and may have a material adverse effect on our operations.

We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, and similar laws,
and non-compliance with
such laws can subject us to criminal or civil liability and harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or the FCPA, U.S. domestic bribery laws, and other anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws in the countries in which we conduct business. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws have been enforced aggressively in recent years and are interpreted broadly to generally prohibit companies, their employees, and their third-party intermediaries from authorizing, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to recipients in the public or private sector. If we engage in international sales and business with partners and third-party intermediaries to market our products, we may be required to obtain additional permits, licenses, and other regulatory approvals. In addition, we or our third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities. If we engage in international sales and business with the public sector, we can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party intermediaries, our employees, agents, representatives, contractors, and partners, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities.

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While we have policies and procedures to address compliance with such laws, there is a risk that our employees and agents will take actions in violation of our policies and applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible. If we further expand internationally, our risks under these laws may increase. Any such noncompliance with anti-corruption, anti-bribery, or anti-money laundering laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, enforcement actions, fines, damages, other civil or criminal penalties or injunctions, and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may be subject to governmental export and import controls that could impair our ability to compete in international markets or subject us to liability if we violate the controls.

If we expand our brokerage business to international markets, our platform may become subject to U.S. export controls, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations. Obtaining the necessary export license or other authorization for a particular sale may be time-consuming and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities. Furthermore, our activities are subject to U.S. economic sanctions laws and regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control that prohibit the sale or supply of most products and services to embargoed jurisdictions or sanctioned parties. Violations of U.S. sanctions or export control regulations can result in significant fines or penalties and possible incarceration for responsible agents, employees and managers.

Also, various countries, in addition to the U.S., regulate the import and export of certain encryption and other technology, including import and export licensing requirements, and have enacted laws that could limit our ability to operate our platform in those countries. Changes in our platform or future changes in export and import regulations may impede the introduction of our platform in international markets, prevent our agents with international clients from using our platform globally or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our platform to certain countries, governments, or persons altogether, and may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Internet law is evolving, and unfavorable changes to, or failure by us to comply with, these laws and regulations could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are subject to regulations and laws specifically governing the Internet. The scope and interpretation of the laws that are or may be applicable to our business are often uncertain, subject to change and may be conflicting. If we incur costs or liability as a result of unfavorable changes to these regulations or laws or our failure to comply therewith, the business, financial condition and results of operations of our business could be adversely affected. Any costs incurred to prevent or mitigate this potential liability could also harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Adverse decisions in litigation against companies unrelated to us could impact our business practices and those of our agents in a manner that adversely impacts our financial condition and results of operations.29
Litigation, claims and regulatory proceedings against other participants in the residential real estate or technology industry may impact us when the rulings in those cases cover practices common to the broader industry. Examples may include claims associated with RESPA compliance, broker fiduciary duties, and sales agent classification. Similarly, we may be impacted by litigation and other claims against companies in other industries. To the extent plaintiffs are successful in these types of litigation matters, and we or our agents cannot distinguish our or their practices (or our industry’s practices), we and our agents could face significant liability and could be required to modify certain business practices or relationships, either of which could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Our intellectual property rights are valuable, and any inability to protect them could reduce the value of our products, services, and brand.

Our trade secrets, trademarks, copyrights and other intellectual property rights are important assets, and litigation to defend intellectual property can be expensive and lengthy. Various factors outside of our control alsomay pose a threat to our intellectual property rights, as well as to our platform and technology offerings. For example, we may fail to obtain effective intellectual property protection or effective intellectual property protection may not be available in every country in which our products and services are available. Also, the efforts we have taken to protect our intellectual property rights may not be sufficient or effective,effective; and any of our intellectual property rights may be challenged, which could result in them being narrowed in scope or declared invalid or unenforceable. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, there can be no assurance our intellectual property rights will be sufficient to protect against others offering products or services that are substantially similar to ours and compete with our business or that unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our technology and use information that we consider proprietary.

In addition to registered intellectual property rights such as trademark registrations, we rely
on non-registered proprietary
information and technology, such as trade secrets, confidential
information, know-how, and
technical information. In order toTo protect our proprietary information and technology, we rely in part on agreements with our employees, investors, independent contractors, vendors and other third parties that place restrictions on the use and disclosure of this intellectual property. These agreements may be breached, or this intellectual property, including trade secrets, may otherwise be disclosed or become known to our competitors, which could cause us to lose any competitive advantage resulting from this intellectual property. To the extent that our employees, independent contractors, vendors or other third parties with whom we do business use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or
resulting know-how
and inventions. The loss of trade secret protection could make it easier for third parties to compete with our products and services by copying functionality. In addition, any changes in, or unexpected interpretations of, intellectual property laws may compromise our ability to enforce our trade secret and intellectual property rights. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain protection of our trade secrets or other proprietary information could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and competitive position.

We may pursue registration of trademarks and domain names in the U.S. and in certain jurisdictions outside of the U.S. Effective protection of trademarks and domain names is expensive and difficult to maintain, both in terms of application and registration costs as well as the costs of defending and enforcing those rights. We may be required to protect our rights in an increasing number of countries, a process that is expensive and may not be successful or which we may not pursue in every country in which our products and services are distributed or made available. Foreign countries have different laws and regulations regarding protection of intellectual property, and the protection available in other jurisdictions may not be as effective as that provided in the U.S.

We may be unable to obtain trademark protection for our platform, technology offerings and brands, and our existing trademark registrations and applications, and any trademarks that may be used in the future, may not provide us with competitive advantages or distinguish our platform and technology offerings from those of our competitors. In addition, our trademarks may be contested, circumvented, or found to be unenforceable, weak or invalid, and we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing or otherwise violating them. To counter infringement or unauthorized use of our trademarks, we may deem it necessary to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time consuming. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. An adverse outcome in such litigation or proceedings may expose us to a loss of our competitive position, expose us to significant liabilities, or require us to seek licenses that may not be available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all.
Litigation or proceedings before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or other governmental authorities and administrative bodies in the U.S. and abroad may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights and to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. Efforts to enforce or protect proprietary rights may be ineffective and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources, which could harm our business and results of operations.

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Our platform, its features, and technology offerings may infringe the intellectual property rights of others, which may cause us to incur unexpected costs or prevent us from providing our products and services.

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We cannot guarantee that our internally developed or acquired systems, technologies and content do not and will not infringe the intellectual property rights of others. In addition, we userely on products, content, software, technology, and other intellectual property rightsthat we license from third parties for use in our platform, its features, and technology offerings. These third parties may be subject to infringement claims, the results of which could severely limit our ability to develop our services containing their intellectual property and our business could be disrupted or otherwise harmed. We cannot guarantee that these licenses will continue to be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, if at all, and we may be subject to claims of infringement or misappropriation if we have failed to obtain appropriate intellectual property licenses from such parties, or such parties do not possess the necessary intellectual property rights to the products or services they license to our business. If we are unable to obtain necessary licenses from third parties, we may be forced to acquire or develop alternate technology, which may require significant time and effort and may be of lower quality or performance standards and/or may be prohibited by contract from developing competing products. We have in the pastbeen, and may in the future be, subject to claims that we have infringed the copyrights, trademarks, or other intellectual property rights of a third party. Any intellectual property-related infringement or misappropriation claims, whether or not meritorious, could result in costly litigation and divert management resources and attention. Should we be found liable for infringement or misappropriation, we may be required to redesign some of our systems and technologies, enter into licensing agreements, if available on acceptable terms or at all, pay substantial damages, limit or curtail our offerings and technologies, or take other action, which could harm our business and results of operations. Moreover, we may need to redesign some of our systems and technologies to avoid future infringement liability. Any of the foregoing could prevent us from competing effectively and could expose our business to significant liabilities.

We rely on licenses to use the intellectual property rights of third parties which are incorporated into our platform, its features and technology offerings. Failure to renew or expand existing licenses may require us to modify, limit or discontinue certain offerings, which could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We rely on products, technologies and intellectual property that we license from third parties for use in our platform, its features and technology offerings. We cannot assure that these third- party licenses, or support for such licensed products and technologies, will continue to be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. In the event that we cannot renew and/or expand existing licenses, we may be required to discontinue or limit our use of the products and technologies that include or incorporate the licensed intellectual property.
We cannot be certain that our licensors are not infringing the intellectual property rights of others or that our suppliers and licensors have sufficient rights to the technology in all jurisdictions in which we may operate. Some of our license agreements may be terminated by our licensors for convenience. If we are unable to obtain or maintain rights to any of this technology because of intellectual property infringement claims brought by third parties against our suppliers and licensors or against us, or if we are unable to continue to obtain the technology or enter into new agreements on commercially reasonable terms, our ability to develop our services containing that technology could be severely limited and our business could be disrupted or otherwise harmed. Additionally, if we are unable to obtain necessary technology from third parties, we may be forced to acquire or develop alternate technology, which may require significant time and effort and may be of lower quality or performance standards and/or may be prohibited by contract from developing competing products. This would limit and delay our ability to provide new or competitive offerings and increase our costs. If alternate technology cannot be obtained or developed, we may not be able to offer certain functionality as part of our offerings, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Some of our products and services contain open source software, which may pose particular risks to our proprietary software, products, and services in a manner that could have a negative effect on our business.

We use open source software in our products and services and anticipate using open source software in the future. Some open source software licenses require those who distribute open source software as part of their own software product to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to such software product or to make available any derivative works of the open source code on unfavorable terms or at no cost, and we may be subject to such terms. The terms of certain open source licenses to which our business is subject have not been interpreted by U.S. or foreign courts, and there is a risk that open source software licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to provide or distribute our products or services. Additionally, we could face claims from third parties alleging ownership
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of, or demanding release of, the open source software or derivative works that we developed using such software, which could include our proprietary source code, or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open source license. These claims could result in litigation and could require us to make our software source code freely available, purchase a costly license, or cease offering the implicated products or services unless and until it
we can re-engineer such
source code in a manner that avoids infringement.
This re-engineering process
could require us to expend significant additional research and development resources, and we may not be able to complete
the re-engineering process
successfully. In addition, to risks related to license requirements, use of certain open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of software. Any of these risks could be difficult to eliminate or manage, and, if not addressed, could have a negative effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Class A Common Stock

The multi-class structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting power with Robert Reffkin, our founder, Chairman, and Chief Executive Officer, and his financial planning vehicles and affiliated trusts, which will limit your ability to influence the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of our board of directors, the adoption of amendments to our restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, and the approval of any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transactions.
trusts.

As of February 14, 2022,22, 2023, Robert Reffkin, our founder, Chairman, and Chief Executive Officer, together with his financial planning vehicles and affiliated trusts (for purposes of this risk factor discussion, “Mr. Reffkin”) (and including his shares of Class A common stock subject to outstanding Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”)RSUs for which the service condition has been satisfied or would be satisfied within 60 days of February 14, 2022)22, 2023), held 9,023,1318,749,266 shares of Class A common stock and all of the issued and outstanding shares of Class C common stock. Additionally, our founderMr. Reffkin holds two performance-based RSU awards and one time-based RSU award, which vest monthly. Pursuant to the exchange agreement, our founderMr. Reffkin has a right to require us to exchange any shares of Class A common stock that he receives upon settlement of his vested RSUs for shares of Class C common stock, which he has elected in connection with the 20212022 net settlement and future monthly net settlements.

As of February 14, 2022, our founder, together with his financial planning vehicles and affiliated trusts,22, 2023, Mr. Reffkin held approximately 48.9%47.3% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock, which voting power may increase over time as our founder’shis RSU awards vest and settle and resulting shares of Class A common stock get exchanged for shares of Class C common stock. If all such awards had been vested, settled and exchanged for shares of Class C common stock as of February 14, 2022, our founder, together with his financial planning vehicles and affiliated trusts,22, 2023, Mr. Reffkin would have held approximately 67%64% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. As a result, our founderMr. Reffkin is able to determine and may significantly influence any action requiring the approval of our stockholders, including the election of our board of directors, the adoption of amendments to our restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, and the approval of any merger, consolidation,
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sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transaction. Our founder may have interests that differ from yours and may vote in a way with which you disagree and which may be adverse to your interests. This concentrated control may have the effect of delaying, preventing, or deterring a change in control of our company, could deprive our stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their capital stock as part of a sale of our company, and might ultimately affect the market price of our Class A common stock.

Future transfers by the holders of Class C common stock will generally result in those shares automatically converting into shares of Class A common stock, subject to limited exceptions, such as certain transfers effected for estate planning or other transfers by our founder.Mr. Reffkin. In addition, each share of Class C common stock will convert automatically into one share of Class A common stock upon the earlier of (i) the date fixed by our board of directors that is no less than 61 days and no more than 180 days following the first date on which the number of shares of our Class C common stock held by our founder, his permitted entities and permitted transferees is less than 50% of the number of shares of Class C common stock held by our founder, permitted transferees and permitted entities as of the date of the effectiveness of our IPO registration statement; (ii) the date fixed by our board of directors that is no less than 61 days and no more than 180 days following the first date that both (A) our founder is no longer providing services to us as an officer, employee
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or consultant and (B) our founder is no longer a member of our board of directors as a result of a voluntary resignation by our founder or as a result of a written request or agreement by our founder not to be renominated as a member of our board of directors at a meeting of our stockholders; (iii) the date fixed by our board of directors that is no less than 61 days and no more than 180 days following the date on which our founder is terminated for cause (as defined in our restated certificate of incorporation); (iv) the date that is 12 months after the death or disability (as defined in our restated certificate of incorporation) of our founder; (v) two days prior to the date specified in writing upon which our shares of capital stock will be included on the S&P 500 index following written notice and confirmation from Standard & Poor’s of such specified date and; (vi) the date specified by the affirmative vote of the holders of our Class C common stock not representing less than
two-thirds (2/3)
of the voting power of the outstanding shares of our Class C common stock, voting separately as a single class; or (vii) seven years from the date of the effectiveness of our IPO registration statement.certain conditions. However, until one of thesethose certain triggering events occurs, voting power will be concentrated with our founder and his financial planning vehicles and affiliated trusts.Mr. Reffkin.

We cannot predict the effect our multi-class structure may have on the market price of our Class A common stock.

We cannot predict whether our multi-class structure will result in a lower or more volatile market price of our Class A common stock, in adverse publicity, or other adverse consequences. For example, certain index providers have announced restrictions on including companies with multi-class share structures in certain of their indices. In July 2017, FTSE Russell announced that it plans to require new constituents of its indices to have greater than 5% of the company’s voting rights in the hands of public stockholders, and S&P Dow Jones announced that it will no longer admit companies with multi-class share structures to certain of its indices. Affected indices include the Russell 2000 and the S&P 500, S&P MidCap 400, and S&P SmallCap 600, which together make up the S&P Composite 1500. Also in 2017, MSCI, a leading stock index provider, opened public consultations on their treatment
of no-vote and
multi-class structures and temporarily barred new multi-class listings from certain of its indices and in October 2018, MSCI announced its decision to include equity securities “with unequal voting structures” in its indices and to launch a new index that specifically includes voting rights in its eligibility criteria. However, pursuantPursuant to our restated certificate of incorporation, each share of our Class C common stock will convert into one share of our Class A common stock two days prior to the date specified in writing upon which our shares of capital stock will be included on the S&P 500 index following written notice and confirmation from Standard & Poor’s of such specified date and inclusion. Under suchcertain index providers’ announced policies that restrict the inclusion of companies with multi-class share structures in certain of their indices, the multi-class structure of our common stock would make us ineligible for inclusion in certain indices and may discourage such indices from selecting us for inclusion, notwithstanding this automatic termination provision. As a result, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, and other investment vehicles that attempt to track those indices would not invest in our Class A common stock. It is unclear what effect, if any, these policies will have on the valuations of publicly-traded companies excluded from such indices, but it is possible that they may depress valuations, as compared to similar companies that are included. Given the sustained flow of investment funds into passive strategies that seek to track certain indices, exclusion from certain stock indices would likely preclude investment by many of these funds and could make our Class A common stock less attractive to other investors. As a result, the market price of our Class A common stock could be adversely affected.

The trading price of the shares of our Class A common stock is likely to be volatile, and purchasers of our Class A common stock could incur substantial losses.
volatile.

Technology and real estate stocks historically have experienced high levels of volatility. TheAccordingly, the trading price of our Class A common stock may fluctuate substantially. These fluctuations could cause yousubstantially, due to incur substantial losses, including allfactors including: loss of your investmentinvestor confidence in, our Class A common stock. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our Class A common stock include the following:
or significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of, technology companies in general and of companies in the real estate technology industry in particular;
changes in mortgage interest rates;
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variations in the housing market, including seasonal trends and fluctuations;
announcements of new solutions, commercial relationships, acquisitions, or other events by us or our competitors;
price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;
market; changes in how agents perceive the benefits of our platform and future offerings;
the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements, and filings with the SEC;
SEC, or those of other companies in the industries in which we compete; fluctuations in the trading volume of our shares or the size of our public float;
sales of large blocks of our common stock;
actual sales, or the anticipated changessale, of a substantial amount of our Class A common stock, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers, or principal stockholders; fluctuations in our results of operations or financial projections;
changes in actual or future expectations of investors or securities analysts;
litigation involving us, our industry, or both;
governmental or regulatory actions or audits;
regulatory developments applicable to our business, including those related to privacy in the U.S. or globally;
business; real estate market conditions; general economic conditions and trends;
major catastrophic events in our markets;events; and
departures of key employees.

In addition, if the market for technology or real estate stocks, or the stock market, in general, experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading price of our Class A common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, financial condition or results of operations. The trading price of our Class A common stock might also decline in reaction to events that affect other companies in the real estate or technology industries even if these events do not directly affect us. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been brought against that company.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our Class A common stock will,may, to some extent, depend on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover us should downgrade our shares, change their opinion of our business prospects, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our share price may decline. If one or more of these analysts who cover us ceases coverage of our company or fails to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.
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We may need to raise additional capital to continue to grow our business and we may not be able to raise additional capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

Growing and operating our business, including by continuously innovating, improving, and expanding our platform, expanding our adjacent services and expanding into new markets, may require significant cash
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outlays, liquidity reserves, and capital expenditures. If cash on hand, cash generated from operations, and cash equivalents and investment balances are not sufficient to meet our cash and liquidity needs, we may need to seek additional capital and we may not be able to raise the necessary cash on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Financing arrangements we pursue or assume may require us to grant certain rights, take certain actions, or agree to certain restrictions that could negatively impact our business. If additional capital is not available to us on terms acceptable to us or at all, we may need to modify our business plans, which would harm our ability to grow our operations.

Sales of substantial amounts of our Class A common stock in the public markets, or the perception that they might occur, could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to fluctuate or make it more difficult for you to sell your Class A common stock at a time and price that you deem appropriate.
All of the shares of Class A common stock sold in our IPO are freely tradable without restrictions or further registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (the “Securities Act”), except for any shares held by our affiliates as defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act (including shares purchased by our affiliates in the IPO). All shares of Class A common stock issued prior to our IPO were subject to
the lock-up agreement
or
market stand-off agreements
until September 27, 2021 when
our lock-up period
had expired. Upon expiration of
the lock-up and
market stand-off agreements,
a higher number of sales of our Class A common stock than usual took place in the public market and the market price of our Class A common stock fluctuated. On February 28, 2022, we plan to settle approximately 13,624,457 million shares of Class A common stock based on the same number of fully vested restricted stock units we granted to our agents who had deferred a portion of their commission income into our Agent Equity Program during calendar year 2021. Those shares are freely tradeable and sales of those shares, to generate cash to cover estimated taxes on those RSU grants or otherwise, could occur. Future sales of a substantial amounts of our Class A common stock, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers or principal stockholders, or the perception that such sales might occur in the future, could cause the market price of our Class A common stock to fluctuate or make it more difficult for you to sell your Class A common stock at a time and price that you deem appropriate.
Provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may have the effect of delaying or preventing a merger, acquisition, or other change in control of our company that the stockholders may consider favorable. favorable, including provisions that: classify the board of directors into three classes with staggered three-year terms; permit the board of directors to establish the number of directors and to fill any vacancies and newly-created directorships; require super-majority voting to amend some provisions in our charter documents; authorize the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that our board of directors could use to implement a stockholder rights plan; allow only our chief executive officer, chairperson of our board of directors, or a majority of our board of directors are authorized to call a special meeting of stockholders; prohibit cumulative voting;permit the removal of directors only “for cause” and only with the approval of the holders of at least two-thirds of the voting power of the then outstanding capital stock; prohibit stockholder action by written consent, requiring all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders; expressly authorize the board of directors to make, alter, or repeal our bylaws; and establish advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at annual stockholder meetings.

In addition, because our board of directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors. Among other things, our restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws include provisions that:
provide that our board of directors is classified into three classes of directors with staggered three-year terms;
permit the board of directors to establish the number of directors and fill any vacancies and newly-created directorships;
require super-majority voting to amend some provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws;
authorize the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that our board of directors could use to implement a stockholder rights plan;
provide that only our chief executive officer, chairperson of our board of directors or a majority of our board of directors are authorized to call a special meeting of stockholders;
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eliminate the ability of our stockholders to call special meetings of stockholders;
prohibit cumulative voting;
provide that directors may only be removed “for cause” and only with the approval of the holders of at least
two-thirds
of the voting power of the then outstanding capital stock;
prohibit stockholder action by written consent, which requires all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;
provide that the board of directors is expressly authorized to make, alter, or repeal our bylaws; and
establish advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at annual stockholder meetings.
management. Moreover, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law or DGCL,(“DGCL") may discourage, delay, or prevent a change in control of our company. Section 203 imposescompany by imposing certain restrictions on mergers, business combinations, and other transactions between us and holders of 15% or more of our common stock.

Our restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain exclusive forum provisions for certain claims, which may limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, to the fullest extent permitted by law, will be the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty, any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the DGCL, our restated certificate of incorporation, or our amended and restated bylaws, or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine.

Moreover, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all claims brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. OurIn addition, our restated certificate of incorporation provides that the federal district courts of the U.S. will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, or Federal Forum Provision. Our decision to adopt a Federal Forum Provision followed a decision by the Supreme Court of the State of Delaware holding that such provisions are facially valid under Delaware law. While there can be no assurance that federal or state courts will follow the holding of the Delaware Supreme Court or determine that the Federal Forum Provision should be enforced in a particular case, application of the Federal Forum Provision means that suits brought by our stockholders to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act must be brought in federal court and cannot be brought in state court. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all claims brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder, and the Federal Forum Provision will apply, to the fullest extent permitted by law, to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act. Accordingly, actions by our stockholders to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder must be brought in federal court, to the fullest extent permitted by law.
Our stockholders However, there can be no assurance that federal or state courts will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the regulations promulgated thereunder. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to our exclusive forum provisions, including the Federal Forum Provision. These provisions may limit a stockholders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of their choosing for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our restated certificate of incorporation or restated bylaws to be inapplicableapplicable or unenforceableenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
every case.

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Because weWe do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our Class A common stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gains.
future.

We have never declared or paid any dividends on our Class A common stock. We currently intend to retain any earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors. In addition, the termsdirectors, and will depend on our
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financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in future agreements and financing instruments, business prospects and such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.
Item 2. Properties.
We are headquartered in New York, New York, where we occupy approximately 100,000 square feet of office space pursuant to a lease that is expected to expire in May 2025 subject to the terms thereof. We also lease operating and sales offices throughout the United States and innovation hubs in India and the United States, the largest of which is located in Hyderabad, India.
internationally.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
The information relating to legal proceedings contained in Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report is incorporated herein by this reference.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
None.
None.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Market Information for Common Stock
Our common stock has traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “COMP” since April 1, 2021. Prior to that, there was no public market for our common stock.
Stockholders
As of February 21, 2022,22, 2023, there were 156140 holders of record of our common stock. The actual number of stockholders is greater than this number of holders of record, holders, and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners, but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. This number of holders of record also does not include stockholders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.
Dividend Policy
We have never declared or paid, and do not anticipate declaring or paying in the foreseeable future, any cash dividends on our capital stock. Any future determination as to the declaration and payment of dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws and will depend on then existing conditions, including our financial condition, operating results, contractual restrictions, capital requirements, business prospects, and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant.
Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
See the section titled “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” included in Part III, Item 12 of this Annual Report for information regarding securities authorized for issuance.
Stock Performance Graph
The stock performance graph set forth below shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the CommissionSEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C under, or to the liabilities of Section 18 of, the Exchange Act and will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent the Company specifically incorporates it by reference into such a filing.
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The following graph compares the performance of our common stock to the Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) 500 Index and Peer Group Index by assuming $100 was invested in each investment option as of April 1, 2021, which represents the day our common stock began trading on the NYSE.
comp-20221231_g1.jpg
Year4/1/2112/31/2112/31/22
COMP$100 $45.11 $11.56 
S&P 500 Index(1)
$100 $118.57 $95.51 
Peer Group Index (2)
$100 $67.17 $23.05 
____________
(1)S&P 500 Index is a capitalization-weighted index of domestic equities of the largest companies traded on the NYSE and NASDAQ.
49
Table(2)Peer Group Index consists of ContentsZillow Group, Inc. (ZG), Redfin Corp (RDFN), Opendoor Technologies Inc. (OPEN), EXP World Holdings, Inc. (EXPI) and Anywhere Real Estate Inc. (HOUS).
Year
  
4/1/21
   
12/31/21
 
COMP
  $100   $45.11 
S&P 500 Index
(1)
  $100   $118.57 
Peer Group Index
(2)
  $100   $67.17 
(1)
S&P 500 Index is a capitalization-weighted index of domestic equities of the largest companies traded on the NYSE and NASDAQ.
(2)
Peer Group Index consists of Zillow Group, Inc. (ZG), Redfin Corp (RDFN), Opendoor Technologies Inc. (OPEN), EXP World Holdings, Inc. (EXPI) and Realogy Holdings Corp. (RLGY).
Sales of Unregistered Securities
From JanuaryOctober 1, 20212022 through December 31, 2021,2022, we offered, sold and issued the following unregistered securities, which share numbers have been adjusted, as appropriate, for the ten-for-one forward stock splitsecurities:

(1) an aggregate of our common stock that occurred in March, 2021 (including, by incorporation by reference, the unregistered securities issuances disclosed in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended March 31, 2021, June 30, 2021 and September 30, 2021):
From October 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021, pursuant to an Equity Exchange Right Agreement, 2,110,747240,592 shares of Class A common stock held by the Company’sCompany's founder and Chief Executive Officer, Robert Reffkin, were exchanged for an equivalent number of shares of Class C common stock.
stock pursuant to the Equity Exchange Right Agreement; and

(2) an aggregate of 698,088 shares of Class A common stock were issued on November 4, 2022 in connection with our previously disclosed acquisition of the Randall Family of Companies, as consideration for an earnout payable to the former owners.

The offer, sale and issuance of the securities described above was deemed to bewere exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance upon Section 3(a)(9) and Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act (or Regulation D or Regulation S promulgated thereunder) as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering. The recipients of the securities in each of these transactions represented their intentions to acquire the securities for investment only and not with athe view to or for sale in connection with any distribution thereof, and appropriate legends were placed upon the stock certificates issued in these transactions.
Use36
During April 2021, we completed our IPO, in which we sold 26,296,438 shares of our Class A common stock at a public offering price of $18.00 per share. We received aggregate proceeds of $438.7 million from the IPO, net of the underwriting discount and offering costs of approximately $11.0 million. We have used a portion of the net proceeds and intend to use the remainder of the net proceeds, from our IPO for working capital and other general corporate purposes, which may include research and development, sales and marketing activities, general and administrative matters, and capital expenditures. We may also use a portion of the proceeds for the acquisition of, or investment in, technologies, solutions, or businesses that complement our business.
The representatives of the underwriters of our IPO were Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC and Barclays Capital Inc. No payments were made by us to directors, officers, or persons owning ten percent or more of our common stock or to their associates, or to our affiliates, other than payments in the ordinary course of business to officers for salaries and
to non-employee directors
pursuant to our director compensation policy.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
None.
Item 6. Reserved.
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Table of Contents
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsOperations.
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report. In addition to historical consolidated financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the section entitled “Special Note“Note Regarding Forward—Looking Statements”. You should review the disclosure under the section entitled “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report for a discussion of important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.
OVERVIEW
Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations, or MD&A, is provided as a supplement to the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report and is intended to provide an understanding of our results of operations, financial condition and changes in our results of operations and financial condition. Our MD&A is organized as follows:
•Introduction.
This section provides a general description of our company and its business, recent developments affecting our company, operational highlights and discussions of how seasonal factors and macroeconomic conditions may impact our results.
•Results of Operations.
This section provides our analysis and outlook for the significant line items on our statements of operations, as well as other information that we deem meaningful to understand our results of operations on a consolidated basis for the year ended December 31, 20212022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020.2021. An analysis of the significant line items on our statements of operations, as well as other information that we deem meaningful to understand our results of operations on a consolidated basis for the year ended December 31, 20202021 compared to the year ended December 31, 20192020 is included in our Form 10-K for the IPO Registration Statement, for our IPO, dated as of Marchyear ended December 31, 2021 and filed with the SEC on April 1, 2021 pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
2021.
•Key Business Metrics and
Non-GAAP
Financial Measures.
This section provides a discussion of key business metrics
and Non-GAAPnon-GAAP financial
measures we use to evaluate our business and measure our performance, in addition to the measures presented in our consolidated financial statements.
•Liquidity and Capital Resources.
This section provides an analysis of our liquidity and cash flows, as well as a discussion of our commitments that existed as of December 31, 2021.
2022.
•Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies.
This section discusses those accounting policies that are considered important to the evaluation and reporting of our financial condition and results of operations, and whose application requires us to exercise subjective and often complex judgments in making estimates and assumptions.
•Recent Accounting Pronouncements.
This section provides a summary of the most recent authoritative accounting standards and guidance that have either been recently adopted by our company or may be adopted in the future.
INTRODUCTION
We are a technology-enabled brokerage that provides
an end-to-end platform
of software, services and support to empower our residential real estate agents to deliver exceptional service to seller and buyer clients. Real estate agents are themselves business owners, and Compass agents utilize the platform to grow their respective businesses, faster than the industry, save time and reducemanage their business expenses, enhancing their profits over time.more effectively. Our platform includes an integrated suite of cloud-based software for customer relationship management, marketing, client service and other critical functionality, all custom-built for the real estate industry and enabling our core brokerage services. The platform also uses proprietary data, analytics, artificial intelligence and machine learning to deliver high value recommendations and outcomes for Compass agents and their clients.
Our business model is directly aligned with the success of our agents. We attract agents to our brokerage and partner with them as independent contractors who affiliate their real estate licenses with us, operating their businesses on our platform
37
and under our brand. We currently generate substantially all of our revenue from commissions paid by clients at the time that a home is transacted, which agents use to assist home sellers and buyers in listing, marketing, selling and finding homes as well as through the provision of services adjacent to the transaction, such as title, escrow and mortgage origination services. While adjacent services comprise a small portion of our revenue to date, we are well-positioned to capture meaningful revenue from adjacent services as we continue to expand and diversify our offerings within the real estate ecosystem.
On April 6, 2021, we completed our IPO and our Class A common stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange on April 1, 2021 under the symbol “COMP”. In connection with the IPO, we issued and sold 26,296,43826.3 million shares of our Class A common stock at a public offering price of $18.00 per share. We received aggregate proceeds of $438.7 million from the IPO, net of the underwriting discount and offering costs of approximately $11.0 million.
Recent Developments
In July 2021, we and Guaranteed Rate, Inc., or Guaranteed Rate, formed OriginPoint, LLC, or OriginPoint,Throughout 2022, a new mortgage origination company. OriginPoint originates mortgages for Compassnumber of macroeconomic conditions contributed to the slowdown in the U.S. residential real estate brokerage clients,market, impacting our business and financial results during the year ended December 31, 2022, as described in more detail in the section entitled “—Results of Operations”. These conditions include, but are not limited to, the conflict in Ukraine, volatility in the U.S. equity markets, rising inflation, rapidly rising mortgage interest rates and the Federal Reserve Board increasing the federal funds rate by an aggregate of 4.50% through January 2023 with possible further increases. These conditions have contributed towards slowed consumer demand and declining home affordability and began to have an impact on price appreciation. Any further slowdown or additional challenging conditions in the U.S. residential real estate market could have a significant impact on our business and financial results in the first quarter of 2023 and beyond. While we continue to assess the effects of the current slowdown on our business and financial results, the ultimate impact will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and difficult to predict, as well as the clientsactions that we have taken, or will take, to minimize any current and future impact.
Update Related to Restructuring Activities
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we enacted certain workforce reductions, wound down Modus Technologies, Inc. (“Modus”) and terminated certain of anyour operating leases. The workforce reductions are part of a broader plan to take meaningful actions to improve the alignment between our organizational structure and our long-term business strategy, drive cost efficiencies enabled by our technology and other brokeragecompetitive advantages and continue to drive toward profitability and positive free cash flow. In addition to the aforementioned workforce reductions, restructuring actions have included and are expected to include, but not be limited to, a reduction in U.S. hiring and backfills resulting from attrition; a reduction in spend through third party vendors; eliminating the use of incentives when recruiting new agents and reducing incentives for existing agents; a planned pause in M&A activity and new market expansion; and a review of occupancy costs with a view to consolidating offices and reducing related costs.
As a result of restructuring actions taken during the year ended December 31, 2022, we incurred restructuring costs of $49.1 million, resulting from severance and other termination benefits for employees whose roles are being eliminated, lease terminations costs as a result of the accelerated amortization of various right-of-use assets and other restructuring costs, including those costs related to the wind-down of Modus. These costs have been presented within the Restructuring costs line in the contextconsolidated statements of a new purchaseoperations. We incurred additional non-cash charges of approximately $7.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 associated with the discontinued use of certain intangible assets associated with Modus and charges pertaining to the write-down of fixed assets for certain real estate leases that have been exited, or other customers not working with a brokeragepartially exited. These costs have been included within the Depreciation and amortization line in the contextconsolidated statements of operations.
During January 2023, we implemented a refinancing, in orderfurther workforce reduction as part of our ongoing cost reduction initiatives to make loans availablemanage the business during the current macroeconomic environment. As a result of this reduction, we expect to a broad consumer audience. OriginPoint is a joint ventureincur pre-tax cash charges of approximately $10 million to $12 million for severance and is owned 49.9% by us and 50.1% by Guaranteed Rate. OriginPoint began originating mortgages in December 2021. OriginPoint has established and maintains its own warehouse lines of credit, and it funds its own mortgage loan transactions from these independent sources. The warehouse lines maintained by OriginPointother termination benefits for employees whose roles were or are collaterized bybeing eliminated during the underlying mortgages available for sale and are non-recourse to Compass.
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three months ending March 31, 2023.
Table of Contents
Operational Highlights for the year ended December 31, 20212022
We continue to attract and retain the most talented agents to our platform, which is critical to our long-term success. We grow our revenue by attracting high-performing agents looking to grow their business and increasing the productivity of our agents. We also continue to invest in our proprietary, integrated platform, designed for real estate agents, to enable
38
them to grow their business and save them time and money. This value proposition allows us to recruit more agents, help them grow their business and retain them on our platform at industry leading retention rates.
We had over 26,00028,000 agents on our platform as of December 31, 2021.2022. A subset of our agents are considered principal agents, which we define as either agents who are leaders of their respective agent teams or individual agents operating independently on our platform.
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 2020 and 2019,2020, the Average Number of Principal Agents
(1)
3was 13,073, 11,058 8,686 and 6,787,8,686, respectively. The principal agent additions came in both new and existing markets.
During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 2020 and 2019,2020, our agents closed 211,538, 225,272 144,784 and 87,158144,784 Total Transactions
(1)
3, respectively. Our growthThe decline was primarily driven by the macroeconomic conditions that contributed to the slowdown in Total Transactions was due to a combination of new agents joining the platform, enhanced productivityU.S. residential real estate market. See the section entitled “—Recent Developments” for existing agents already on the platform and a robust housing market.
more details surrounding these macroeconomic conditions.
Our Gross Transaction Value
(1)
3for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, and 2019, was $230.3 billion, $254.2 billion and $151.7 billion, and $97.5 billion, respectively. This growth reflects strong transaction volume, higher productivity per principal agent and higher Average Transaction Values. AverageGross Transaction Value is calculatedprimarily driven by dividing Gross Transaction Valuehome values in the markets we serve and by Total Transactions.
changes in the number of our agents in those markets, as well as seasonality and the aforementioned macroeconomic conditions.
We believe there remains a meaningful opportunity to grow our business by continuing to expand our geographic coverage. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we launched 25 new markets, bringing total markets served to 69 at the end of the year. We now operate real estate brokerage services in 28 states. For the year ended December 31, 2021,2022, our Gross Transaction Value represented 5.6%4.6% of residential real estate transacted in the United States, compared to 4.0%4.5% for the year ended December 31, 2020.2021. We calculate our market share by dividing our Gross Transaction Value, or the total dollar value of transactions closed by agents on our platform, by two times (to account for the sell-side
and buy-side of
each transaction) the aggregate dollar value of U.S. existing home sales as reported by the National Association of Realtors. FasterShould we elect to resume expansion into new markets in the future, faster data integration and ingestion, more efficient agent onboarding, and the ability to customize our solutions to local market requirements will allow us to enter new markets more quickly and effectively over time. We have a dedicated expansion team responsible for launching new markets that partners closely with our enterprise sales team to rapidly identify talented agents in each new market. As we move forward, theThe priority with which we enter new markets will be based on the addressable size of each market, agent feedback, and local market dynamics.dynamics and the improvement of macroeconomic conditions. Expansion within existing markets is particularly cost efficient as we are able to leverage existing infrastructure, personnel and our agent network.
Seasonality and Cyclicality
The residential real estate market is seasonal, which directly impacts our agents’ businesses. While individual markets may vary, transaction volume is typically highest in spring and summer, and then declines gradually in late fall and winter. We experience the most significant financial effect from this seasonality in the first and fourth quarters of each year, when our revenue is typically lower relative to the second and third quarters. The effect of this seasonality on our revenue has a larger effect on our results of operations as many of our operating expenses (excluding commissions) are somewhat fixed in nature and do not vary directly in line with our revenue. We believe that this seasonality has affected and will continue to affect our quarterly results; however, to date its effect may have been masked by our rapid growth.
(1) 
For the definitions of Average Number of Principal Agents, Total Transactions and Gross Transaction Value please refer to the section entitled “Key Business Metrics” included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
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Tablegrowth during the year ended December 31, 2021 and the impact of Contentschanges in macroeconomic conditions experienced during the year ended December 31, 2022.
The broader residential real estate industry is cyclical, and individual markets can have their own dynamics that diverge from broad market conditions. The real estate industry can be impacted by the strength or weakness of the economy, changes in interest rates or mortgage lending standards, or extreme economic or political conditions. Our revenue growth rate tends to increase as the real estate industry performs well and to decrease when the real estate industry performs poorly.
Impact3 For the definitions of
the COVID-19 Pandemic
on Our Business
In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak Average Number of the COVID-19 a global pandemic, which remains ongoing as new variants of the virus continuePrincipal Agents, Total Transactions and Gross Transaction Value please refer to emerge. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has had, and continues to have, a significant impact around the world, including in the U.S. and had an adverse impact on the residential real estate during its early days. In 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we took a number of measures, including, but not limited to, adoption of remote working for our employees and a virtual model for our agents, various platform enhancements and certain cost-saving measures such as a reduction of our workforce by 15%, temporary salary reductions, termination of certain lease obligations and reduction of certain discretionary expenses to mitigate potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and financial results. Some of these measures, such as remote work, remain in effect currently. While we did not see adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and financial results in the year ended December 31, 2021, the extent of the future impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on our business and financial results will depend largely on future developments, including the emergence of new variants of the COVID-19 virus, the severity and transmission rates of the new variants, the duration and extent of the spread of the virus (including new variants), the timing, availability and effectiveness of vaccines (including booster shots) and vaccination rates, and the prevalence of local, regional and national restrictions and regulatory orders in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, all of which are highly uncertain and difficult to predicted. See the section entitled “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our“—Key Business and Operations—The extentMetrics” included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
39
Components of Our Results of Operations
Revenue
We generate substantially all our revenue by assisting home sellers and buyers in listing, marketing, selling and finding homes. We hold the real estate brokerage license that is necessary under relevant state laws and regulations to provide brokerage services and therefore we control those services that are necessary to legally transfer real estate between home sellers and buyers. We are the principal in the transaction and recognize as revenue the gross amount of the commission we expect to receive in exchange for those services. Revenue is recognized upon the transfer of control of promised services to the home sellers or home buyers. Accordingly, real estate commissions are recorded as revenue at the point in time real estate transactions are closed (i.e., sale or purchase of a home).
Commissions paid to agents are recognized concurrently with associated revenue and are presented within the Commissions and other related expense line on our consolidated statement of operations.
We also recognize revenue from other adjacent services related to the home transaction such as title and escrow services. While revenue from these services washas been immaterial through 2021,2022, we expect revenue from these services to grow over time as we expand existing and add new adjacent services to our platform.
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Table of Contents
Operating Expenses
Commissions and other related expense
Commissions and other related expense primarily consists of commissions paid to our agents, who are independent contractors, upon the closing of a real estate transaction as well as stock-based compensation expense related to our Agent Equity Program and fees paid to external brokerages for client referrals, which are recognized and paid upon the closing of a real estate transaction.
We also charge our agents resource fees. These fees are either transaction based, where amounts are collected at the closing of a real estate transaction, or in the form of periodic fixed fees. These fees are recognized as a reduction to commissions and other related expense.
We expect our commissions and other related expense to increase in absolute dollars over the long term as our revenue continues to grow. Our commissions and other related expense as a percentage of revenue is expected to fluctuate
from period-to-period based
on the mix of the commission arrangements we have with our agents, the resource fees we collect and the increaseany changes in adjacent services revenue. Beginning at the time of our IPO, we began to incur additional commissions and other related expense for stock-based compensation expense associated with our RSUs granted in connection with the agent equity programAgent Equity Program as described in the section titled “—Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies—Stock-Based Compensation.”
Sales and marketing
Sales and marketing expense consists primarily of marketing and advertising expenses, compensation and other personnel-related costs for employees supporting sales, marketing, expansion and related functions, occupancy-related costs for our regional offices, agent acquisition incentives and costs related to administering the Compass Concierge Program, including associated bad debt expenses. Advertising expense primarily includes the cost of marketing activities such as print advertising, online advertising and promotional items, which are expensed as incurred. Compensation and other personnel-related costs include salaries, benefits, bonuses and stock-based compensation expense.
We plan to continue to invest in sales and marketing to attract and retain agents and increase brand awareness with home sellers and buyers. We expect that sales and marketing expense will increase on an absolute dollar basis to the extent that we continue to experience increased adoption of our platform. We expect sales and marketing expense to vary
from period-to-period as
a percentage of revenue for the foreseeable future and decrease as a percentage of revenue over the long term.revenue. Beginning at the time of our IPO, we began to incur additional sales and marketing expense for stock-based compensation expense associated with our RSUs as described in the section titled “—Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies—Stock-Based Compensation.”
Operations and support
Operations and support expense consists primarily of compensation and other personnel-related costs for employees supporting agents, third-party consulting and professional services costs, fair value adjustments to contingent consideration for our acquisitions and other acquisition related expenses.
We plan to continue to invest in operations and support to ensure success for our agents. We expect that operations and support expense will increase on an absolute dollar basis to the extent we continue to see growth on our platform. We expect operations and support expense to vary
from period-to-period as
a percentage of revenue for the foreseeable future and decrease as a percentage of revenue over the long term as a result of continued investments to improve the operational efficiency of our operations and support organization.revenue. Beginning at the time of our IPO, we began to incur additional operations and support expense for stock-based compensation expense associated with our RSUs as described in the section titled “—Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies—Stock-Based Compensation.”
40
Research and development
Research and development expense consists primarily of compensation and other personnel-related costs for employees in the product, engineering and technology functions, website hosting expenses, software licenses and equipment, third-party consulting costs, data licenses and other related expenses.
We plan to continue to invest in research and development to maintain our platform and to support our technology infrastructure. We expect that our research and development expense will increase on an absolute dollar basis, vary
from period-to-period as
a percentage of revenue for the foreseeable future and decrease as a percentage of revenue over the long-term as we continue to invest in the research and development activities relating to ongoing improvements to and maintenance of our platform for agents, including the hiring of engineering, product development and design employees to support these efforts.revenue. Beginning at the time of our IPO, we began to incur additional research and development expense for stock-based compensation expense associated with our RSUs as described in the section titled “—Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies—Stock-Based Compensation.”
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Table of Contents
General and administrative
General and administrative expense consists primarily of compensation and other personnel-related costs for our executive management and administrative employees, including finance and accounting, legal, human resources and communications, the occupancy costs for our New York headquarters and other offices supporting our administrative functions, professional services fees for legal and finance, insurance expenses and talent acquisition expenses.
We expect that general and administrative expense will increase on an absolute dollar basis and vary
from period-to-period as
a percentage of revenue for the foreseeable future as we focus on processes, systems and controls to enable our internal support functions to scale with the growth offor our business. We expect to incur additional expenses as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to companies listed on a national securities exchange, expenses related to compliance and reporting obligations pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC and higher expenses for directors’ and officers’ insurance, investor relations and professional services. We expect that general and administrative expense as a percentage of revenue will decrease over the long term. Beginning at the time of our IPO, we began to incur additional general and administrative expense for stock-based compensation expense associated with our RSUs as described in the section titled “—Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies—Stock-Based Compensation.”
Restructuring Costs
Restructuring costs consists primarily of severance and other termination benefits for employees whose roles are being eliminated, lease terminations costs as a result of the accelerated amortization of various right-of-use assets and other restructuring costs, including those costs related to the wind-down of Modus. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we have reclassified certain expenses previously classified in other operating expense amounts to the Restructuring costs line item in order to conform to the current period financial statement presentation.
Depreciation and amortization
Depreciation and amortization expense consists primarily of depreciation and amortization of our property and equipment, capitalized software and acquired intangible assets.
We expect depreciation and amortization expense will increase on an absolute dollar basis and vary
from period-to-period as
a percentage of revenue for the foreseeable future as we continue to invest in our platform to develop new functionalities, purchase technology through acquisitions and develop our technology infrastructure. We will also continue to invest in property and equipment, including leases, to support our overall growth.future.
Investment Income, net
Investment income, net consists primarily of interest, dividends and realized gains and losses earned on our cash and cash equivalents.
Interest Expense
Interest expense consists primarily of expense related to the interest expenses, including committmentcommitment fees for available borrowing capacities, and amortization of debt issuance costs associated with our Concierge Facility and Revolving Credit Facility.
Benefit from Income Taxes
Benefit from income taxes consists of a partial reduction in the valuation allowance related to the carryover tax basis in deferred tax liabilities from acquisitions. The benefit from income taxes is reduced by current taxes in India that are not offset with future alternative minimum tax credits. We maintain a full valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets
41
for U.S. income tax purposes because we have concluded that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
Equity in Loss of Unconsolidated Entity
Equity in loss of unconsolidated entity includes the results of our share of losslosses from our OriginPoint joint venture.
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Table of Contents
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data for the period indicated:
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
(in millions, except percentages)
Revenue$6,018.0 100.0 %$6,421.0 100.0 %$3,720.8 100.0 %
Operating expenses:
Commissions and other related expense (1)
4,936.1 82.0 5,310.5 82.7 3,056.9 82.2 
Sales and marketing (1)
575.1 9.6 510.4 7.9 402.1 10.8 
Operations and support(1)
392.4 6.5 374.9 5.8 222.2 6.0 
Research and development (1)
360.3 6.0 365.3 5.7 145.6 3.9 
General and administrative (1)
208.1 3.5 288.5 4.5 105.8 2.8 
Restructuring costs49.1 0.8 — — 10.3 0.3 
Depreciation and amortization86.3 1.4 64.4 1.0 51.2 1.4 
Total operating expenses6,607.4 109.8 6,914.0 107.7 3,994.1 107.3 
Loss from operations(589.4)(9.8)(493.0)(7.7)(273.3)(7.3)
Investment income, net2.8 — 0.1 — 2.0 0.1 
Interest expense(3.6)(0.1)(2.4)— (0.6)— 
Loss before income taxes and equity in loss of unconsolidated entity(590.2)(9.8)(495.3)(7.7)(271.9)(7.3)
Benefit from income taxes0.9 — 2.5 — 1.7 — 
Equity in loss of unconsolidated entity(12.2)(0.2)(1.3)— — — 
Net loss(601.5)(10.0)(494.1)(7.7)(270.2)(7.3)
Net (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests— — — — — — 
Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc.$(601.5)(10.0 %)$(494.1)(7.7 %)$(270.2)(7.3 %)
(1)Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Commissions and other related expense$59.0 $128.7 $5.7 
Sales and marketing42.0 38.4 16.0 
Operations and support15.6 16.9 3.5 
Research and development57.5 92.7 1.4 
General and administrative60.4 109.6 16.6 
Total stock-based compensation expense$234.5 $386.3 $43.2 
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Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2021
  
2020
  
2019
 
                 
   
(in millions, except percentages)
 
Revenue
  $6,421.0   100.0%  $3,720.8   100.0%  $2,386.0   100.0% 
Operating expenses:
       
Commissions and other related expense
(1)
   5,310.5   82.7   3,056.9   82.2   1,935.6   81.1 
Sales and marketing
(1)
   510.4   7.9   407.9   11.0   382.8   16.0 
Operations and support
(1)
   374.9   5.8   225.1   6.0   204.8   8.6 
Research and development
(1)
   365.3   5.7   146.3   3.9   131.3   5.5 
General and administrative
(1)
   288.5   4.5   106.7   2.9   92.4   3.9 
Depreciation and amortization
   64.4   1.0   51.2   1.4   40.9   1.7 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
Total operating expenses
   6,914.0   107.7   3,994.1   107.3   2,787.8   116.8 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
Loss from operations
   (493.0)   (7.7)   (273.3)   (7.3)   (401.8)   (16.8) 
Investment income, net
   0.1   0.0   2.0   0.1   12.9   0.5 
Interest expense
   (2.4)   (0.0)   (0.6)   (0.0)   —     —   
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
Loss before income taxes and equity in loss
   (495.3)   (7.7)   (271.9)   (7.3)   (388.9)   (16.3) 
Benefit from income taxes
   2.5   0.0   1.7   0.0   0.9   0.0 
Equity in loss of unconsolidated entity
   (1.3)   (0.0)   —     —     —     —   
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
Net loss
  $(494.1)   (7.7)%  $(270.2)   (7.3)%  $(388.0)   (16.3)% 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
(1)
Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows:
   
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2021
   
2020
   
2019
 
Commissions and other related expense
  $128.7   $5.7   $16.1 
Sales and marketing
   38.4    16.0    11.1 
Operations and support
   16.9    3.5    2.4 
Research and development
   92.7    1.4    2.8 
General and administrative
   109.6    16.6    5.0 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total stock-based compensation expense
  $ 386.3   $43.2   $ 37.4 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Stock-based compensation for the year ended December 31, 2021 includes the following amounts related to
the one-time acceleration
of stock-based compensation expense in connection with the IPO:
IPO Related
Expense
Commissions and other related expense$41.7 
Sales and marketing1.8 
Operations and support3.1 
Research and development46.9 
General and administrative55.0 
Total stock-based compensation expense$148.5 
   
IPO Related
Expense
 
Commissions and other related expense
  $41.7 
Sales and marketing
   1.8 
Operations and support
   3.1 
Research and development
   46.9 
General and administrative
   55.0 
  
 
 
 
Total stock-based compensation expense
  $ 148.5 
  
 
 
 
Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 20212022 and 20202021
Revenue
Year Ended December 31,
20222021$ Change% Change
(in millions, except percentages)
Revenue$6,018.0 $6,421.0 $(403.0)(6.3 %)
   
Year Ended December 31,
         
   
2021
   
2020
   
$ Change
   
% Change
 
                 
   
(in millions, except percentages)
 
Revenue
  $ 6,421.0   $ 3,720.8   $ 2,700.2    72.6% 
Revenue increaseddecreased by $2,700.2$403.0 million, or 72.6%6.3%, for 20212022 compared to 2020.2021. The increasedecrease was primarily driven by the macroeconomic conditions that contributed to the current slowdown in the U.S. residential real estate market, a lower volume of transactions and a decline in Average Transaction Value, partially offset by an increase in the number of agents that joined our platform during 20202021 and 2021, a higher volume of transactions from both new and existing agents, continued geographic expansion both within our existing and new markets, as well as from a modest increase in Average Transaction Value.2022. The Average Number of Principal Agents for 20212022 was 11,05813,073 compared to 8,68611,058 for 2020.2021. Total Transactions for 2021 grew2022 declined to 225,272, an increase211,538, a decrease of 55.6%6.1% from 2020.2021.
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Operating Expenses
Commissions and other related expense
  
Year Ended December 31,
       
  
2021
 
2020
 
$ Change
   
% Change
 Year Ended December 31,
            20222021$ Change% Change
  
(in millions, except percentages)
 (in millions, except percentages)
Commissions and other related expense
  $ 5,310.5  $ 3,056.9  $ 2,253.6    73.7% Commissions and other related expense$4,936.1 $5,310.5 $(374.4)(7.1 %)
Percentage of revenue
   82.7%   82.2%    Percentage of revenue82.0 %82.7 %
Commissions and other related expense increaseddecreased by $2,253.6$374.4 million, or 73.7%7.1%, for 20212022 compared to 2020.2021. Included in Commissions and other related expense
were non-cash expenses
related to stock-based compensation of $59.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and $128.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decline in stock-based compensation expense in 2022 as compared to 2021 was primarily related to a one-time acceleration of stock-based compensation expense of $41.7 million incurred on March 31, 2021 in connection with our IPO and $5.7a decline in year over year agent participation in the Agent Equity Program. The RSUs outstanding prior to the IPO contained a liquidity-event based vesting condition, in addition to a time-based vesting condition. The liquidity-event based vesting condition did not allow for the recognition of stock based-compensation expense until this condition was satisfied at the time of the IPO. Commissions and other related expense excluding such non-cash stock-based compensation expense was $4,877.1 million, or 81.0% of revenue for 2022 and $5,181.8 million, or 80.7% for 2021. The decrease in absolute dollars of commissions and other related expense, excluding the non-cash stock-based compensation, was primarily driven by our lower revenue. The unfavorable 30 basis points increase in commissions and other related expense, excluding the non-cash stock-based compensation expense, expressed as a percentage of revenue in the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily due to the change in mix of the commission arrangements we have with our agents and changes in geographic mix.
43
Sales and marketing
Year Ended December 31,
20222021$ Change% Change
(in millions, except percentages)
Sales and marketing$575.1 $510.4 $64.7 12.7 %
Percentage of revenue9.6 %7.9 %
Sales and marketing expense increased by $64.7 million, or 12.7%, for 2022 compared to 2021. Included in Sales and marketing expense were non-cash expenses related to stock-based compensation of $42.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.2022 and $38.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in stock-based compensation expense in 2021for 2022 as compared to 20202021 was due to expense for awards related to increased headcount partially offset by a one-time acceleration of stock-based compensation expense of $1.8 million incurred on March 31, 2021 in connection with our IPO. The RSUs outstanding prior to the IPO contained a liquidity-event based vesting condition, in addition to a time-based vesting condition. The liquidity-event based vesting condition did not allow for the recognition of stock based-compensation expense until this condition was satisfied at the time of the IPO and we continue to recognize additional stock-based compensation expense subsequent to the IPO. Sales and marketing expense excluding such non-cash stock-based compensation expense was $533.1 million, or 8.9% of revenue for 2022 and $472.0 million, or 7.4% for 2021, respectively. The increase in sales and marketing expense in absolute dollars and on a percentage of revenue, excluding the non-cash stock-based compensation expense, was primarily due to an increase in agent marketing and advertising, an increase in agent recruiting costs and increased occupancy costs.
Operations and support
Year Ended December 31,
20222021$ Change% Change
(in millions, except percentages)
Operations and support$392.4 $374.9 $17.5 4.7 %
Percentage of revenue6.5 %5.8 %
Operations and support expense increased by $17.5 million, or 4.7%, for 2022 compared to 2021. Included in Operations and support expense were non-cash expenses related to stock-based compensation of $15.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and $16.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in stock-based compensation expense for 2022 as compared to 2021 was almost entirely the result of the required accounting treatment for our RSUs which differed before and after the March 31, 2021 effective date of our IPO. The RSUs outstanding prior to the IPO contained a liquidity-event based vesting condition, in addition to a time-based vesting condition. The liquidity-event based vesting condition did not allow for the recognition of stock based-compensation expense until this condition was satisfied at the time of the IPO. We recognized
a one-time
acceleration of stock-based compensation expense of $41.7$3.1 million in connection with our IPO when this liquidity-event based vesting condition was satisfied and recognized additional stock-based compensation expense subsequent to the IPO over the periods that the time-based vesting conditions are satisfied. Accordingly,Operations and support expense excluding such non-cash stock-based compensation expense for the periods before and after the IPO are not comparable. Commissions and other related expense excluding
such non-cash stock-based
compensation expense was $5,181.8$376.8 million, or 80.7%6.3% of revenue for 20212022 and $3,051.2$358.0 million, or 82.0%5.6% for 2020.2021. The increase in absolute dollars and on a percentage of commissions and other related expense,revenue basis, excluding
the such non-cash
stock-based compensation expense, was primarily driven by our higher revenue. The favorable 130 basis points decreasean increase in commissionscompensation and other relatedpersonnel-related costs due to higher headcount prior to the aforementioned workforce reductions.
44
Research and development
Year Ended December 31,
20222021$ Change% Change
(in millions, except percentages)
Research and development$360.3 $365.3 $(5.0)(1.4 %)
Percentage of revenue6.0 %5.7 %
Research and development expense excluding
the non-cash
stock-based compensation expense, expressed as a percentage of revenue in the year ended December 31, 2021, respectively, asdecreased by $5.0 million, or 1.4%, for 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily due to the change in mix of the commission arrangements we have with our agents and changes in geographic mix.
Sales and marketing
   
Year Ended
December 31,
        
   
2021
  
2020
  
$ Change
   
% Change
 
               
   
(in millions, except percentages)
 
Sales and marketing
  $ 510.4  $ 407.9  $ 102.5    25.1% 
Percentage of revenue
   7.9%   11.0%    
Sales and marketing expense increased by $102.5 million, or 25.1%, for 2021 compared to 2020.2021. Included in SalesResearch and marketingdevelopment expense
were non-cash
expenses related to stock-based compensation of $38.4$57.5 million for the year ended December 31, 20212022 and $16.0$92.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, respectively.2021. The increasedecrease in stock-based compensation expense for 20212022 as compared to 20202021 was almost entirely the result of the required accounting treatment for our RSUs which differed before and after the March 31, 2021 effective date of our IPO. The RSUs outstanding prior to the IPO contained a liquidity-event based vesting condition, in addition to a time-based vesting condition. The liquidity-event based vesting condition did not allow for the recognition of stock based-compensation expense until this condition was satisfied at the time of the IPO. We recognized
a one-time acceleration
of stock-based compensation expense of $1.8$46.9 million in connection with our IPO when this liquidity-event based vesting condition was satisfied and recognized additional stock-based compensation expense subsequent to the IPO over the periods that the time-based vesting conditions are satisfied. Accordingly,Research and development expense excluding such non-cash stock-based compensation expense for the periods before and after the IPO are not comparable. Sales and marketing expense excluding
such non-cash stock-based
compensation expense was $472.0$302.8 million, or 7.4%5.0% of revenue for 20212022 and $391.9$272.6 million, or 10.5%4.2% for 2020, respectively.2021. The increase in salesabsolute dollars and marketing expense, excluding
the non-cash stock-based
compensation expense was partially due to an increase in employee and agent headcount and increased agent marketing and advertising. The decrease in sales and marketing expense excluding
the non-cash stock-based
compensation expense, expressed ason a percentage of revenue duringbasis, excluding such non-cash stock-based compensation expense, was primarily driven by an increase in compensation and other personnel-related costs due to higher headcount prior to the yearaforementioned workforce reductions and additional software costs for our technology infrastructure and platform.
General and administrative
Year Ended December 31,
20222021$ Change% Change
(in millions, except percentages)
General and administrative$208.1 $288.5 $(80.4)(27.9 %)
Percentage of revenue3.5 %4.5 %
General and administrative expense decreased by $80.4 million, or 27.9%, for 2022 compared to 2021. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, as compared toGeneral and administrative expense includes charges of $10.5 million in connection with the year ended December 31, 2020,Realogy Holdings Corp. matter and $21.3 million in connection with the Avi Dorfman and RentJolt, Inc. matter, respectively was primarily due to(collectively, the economies of scale as we were able to grow revenue more quickly than the costs of our sales"Litigation Matters"). Also included in General and marketing efforts.
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Operations and support
   
Year Ended
December 31,
        
   
2021
  
2020
  
$ Change
   
% Change
 
               
   
(in millions, except percentages)
 
Operations and support
  $ 374.9  $ 225.1  $ 149.8    66.5% 
Percentage of revenue
   5.8%   6.0%    
Operations and supportadministrative expense increased by $149.8 million, or 66.5%, for 2021 compared to 2020. Included in Operations and support expense
were non-cash
expenses related to stock-based compensation of $16.9$60.4 million for the year ended December 31, 20212022 and $3.5$109.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, respectively.2021. The increasedecrease in stock-based compensation expense for 20212022 as compared to 20202021 was almost entirely the result of the required accounting treatment for our RSUs which differed before and after the March 31, 2021 effective date of our IPO. The RSUs outstanding prior to the IPO contained a liquidity-event based vesting condition, in addition to a time-based vesting condition. The liquidity-event based vesting condition did not allow for the recognition of stock based-compensation expense until this condition was satisfied at the time of the IPO. We recognized
a one-time acceleration
of stock-based compensation expense of $3.1 million in connection with our IPO when this liquidity-event based vesting condition was satisfied and recognized additional stock-based compensation expense subsequent to the IPO over the periods that the time-based vesting conditions are satisfied. Accordingly, stock-based compensation expense for the periods before and after the IPO are not comparable. Operations and support expense excluding
such non-cash stock-based
compensation expense was $358.0 million, or 5.6% of revenue for 2021 and $221.6 million, or 6.0% for 2020, respectively. The increase in absolute dollars, excluding
such non-cash stock-based
compensation expense, was primarily driven by an increase in compensation and other personnel-related costs due to increased headcount and costs associated with the various acquisitions completed during 2020 and 2021. The decrease in operations and support expense excluding
the non-cash stock-based
compensation expense, expressed as a percentage of revenue during the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, respectively, was primarily due to the economies of scale as we were able to grow revenue more quickly than the costs to support our agents on our platform.
Research and development
   
Year Ended
December 31,
        
   
2021
  
2020
  
$ Change
   
% Change
 
               
   
(in millions, except percentages)
 
Research and development
  $ 365.3  $ 146.3  $ 219.0    149.7% 
Percentage of revenue
   5.7%   3.9%    
Research and development expense increased by $219.0 million, or 149.7%, for 2021 compared 2020. Included in Research and development expense
were non-cash expenses
related to stock-based compensation of $92.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 and $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, respectively. The increase in stock-based compensation expense for 2021 as compared to 2020 was almost entirely the result of the required accounting treatment for our RSUs which differed before and after the March 31, 2021 effective date of our IPO. The RSUs outstanding prior to the IPO contained a liquidity-event based vesting condition, in addition to a time-based vesting condition. The liquidity-event based vesting condition did not allow for the recognition of stock based-compensation expense until this condition was satisfied at the time of the IPO. We recognized
a one-time acceleration
of stock-based compensation expense of $46.9 million in connection with our IPO when this liquidity-event based vesting condition was satisfied and recognized additional stock-based compensation expense subsequent to the IPO over the periods that the time-based vesting conditions are satisfied. Accordingly, stock-based compensation expense for the periods before and after the IPO are not comparable. Research and development expense excluding
such non-cash stock-based
compensation expense was $272.6 million, or 4.2% of revenue for 2021 and $144.9 million, or 3.9% for 2020, respectively. The increase in absolute dollars and on a percentage of revenue basis, excluding
such non-cash stock-based
compensation expense was primarily driven by an increase in compensation and other personnel-related costs due to increased headcount and additional software costs for our technology infrastructure and platform.
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General and administrative
   
Year Ended
December 31,
        
   
2021
  
2020
  
$ Change
   
% Change
 
               
   
(in millions, except percentages)
 
General and administrative
  $ 288.5  $ 106.7  $ 181.8    170.4% 
Percentage of revenue
   4.5%   2.9%    
General and administrative expense increased by $181.8 million, or 170.4%, for 2021 compared 2020. During the year ended December 31, 2021, General and administrative expense includes a charge of $21.3 million in connection with the settlement of the Avi Dorfman and RentJolt, Inc. matter (the “Litigation Matter”). Also included in General and administrative expense
were non-cash expenses
related to stock-based compensation of $109.6 million for 2021 and $16.6 million for 2020. The increase in stock-based compensation expense for 2021 as compared to 2020 was almost entirely the result of the required accounting treatment for our RSUs which differed before and after the March 31, 2021 effective date of our IPO. The RSUs outstanding prior to the IPO contained a liquidity-event based vesting condition, in addition to a time-based vesting condition. The liquidity-event based vesting condition did not allow for the recognition of stock based-compensation expense until this condition was satisfied at the time of the IPO. We recognized
a one-time acceleration
of stock-based compensation expense of $55.0 million in connection with our IPO when this liquidity-event based vesting condition was satisfied and recognized additional stock-based compensation expense subsequent to the IPO over the periods that the time-based vesting conditions are satisfied. Accordingly, stock-based compensation expense for the periods before and after the IPO are not comparable. General and administrative expense excluding such
non-cash stock-based
compensation expense and the Litigation MatterMatters was $137.2 million, or 2.3% of revenue for 2022 and $157.6 million, or 2.5% of revenue for 20212021. The decrease in absolute dollars and $90.1on a percentage of revenue basis, excluding such non-cash stock-based compensation expense and the Litigation Matters, was primarily due to our cost reduction initiatives taken during the year ended December 31, 2022.
45
Restructuring costs
Year Ended December 31,
20222021$ Change% Change
(in millions, except percentages)
Restructuring costs$49.1 $— $49.1 100.0 %
Percentage of revenue0.8 %— %
Restructuring costs primarily consisted of costs associated with workforce reduction actions and the wind-down of Modus. See Note 17 - "Restructuring Activities" in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report, for information.
Depreciation and amortization
Year Ended December 31,
20222021$ Change% Change
(in millions, except percentages)
Depreciation and amortization$86.3 $64.4 $21.9 34.0 %
Percentage of revenue1.4 %1.0 %
Depreciation and amortization expense increased by $21.9 million, or 2.4% of revenue34.0%, for 2020. The2022 compared to 2021.The increase in absolute dollars and on a percentage of revenue basis excluding
such non-cash stock-based
compensation expense was primarily driven by an increase in compensation and other personnel-related costs due to increased headcount and increased administrative expenses resulting from our public company requirements following our IPO.
Depreciation and amortization
   
Year Ended
December 31,
        
   
2021
  
2020
  
$ Change
   
% Change
 
               
   
(in millions, except percentages)
 
Depreciation and amortization
  $ 64.4  $ 51.2  $ 13.2    25.8% 
Percentage of revenue
   1.0%   1.4%    
Depreciation and amortization expense increased by $13.2 million, or 25.8%, for 2021 compared 2020.
The increase was primarily driven by an increase in the amortization of intangible assets related to the impact of acquisitions completed during the yearsyear ended December 31, 2021 as well as the acceleration of $7.1 million of amortization in connection the discontinued use of certain intangible assets associated with Modus and 2020. Depreciation and amortization expense as a percentagecharges pertaining to the write-down of revenue decreased in 2021 as compared to 2020, primarily due to capital expenditures growing at a slower rate relative to our revenue growth.fixed assets for certain real estate leases that have been exited, or partially exited.
Investment income, net
Year Ended December 31,
20222021$ Change% Change
(in millions, except percentages)
Investment income, net$2.8 $0.1 $2.7 2700.0 %
   
Year Ended
December 31,
        
   
2021
   
2020
   
$ Change
  
% Change
 
                
   
(in millions, except percentages)
 
Investment income, net
  $ 0.1   $ 2.0   $  (1.9)   (95.0)% 
During the year ended December 31, 2022, interest income was $2.8 million and during year ended December 31, 2021, interest income was $0.1 million and during year ended December 31, 2020, interest income was $2.0 million. Investment income, net was not meaningfulincreased during the year ended December 31, 20212022 as a result of lowerincreased average interest rates on our short-term interest-bearing investments.
Interest expense
Year Ended December 31,
20222021$ Change% Change
(in millions, except percentages)
Interest expense$3.6 $2.4 $1.2 50.0 %
   
Year Ended
December 31,
         
   
2021
   
2020
   
$ Change
   
% Change
 
                 
   
(in millions, except percentages)
 
Interest expense
  $ (2.4)   $ (0.6)   $ (1.8)    300.0% 
Interest expense increased by $1.8$1.2 million, or 300%50.0%, for 20212022 compared 2020.to 2021. The increase was driven by the interest expense incurred on both our Concierge Facility and Revolving Credit Facility, including the commitment fees related to the available borrowing capacities on such facilities and the amortization of the issuance costs of such facilities. The Concierge Facility did not exist until July 2020 and the Revolving Credit Facility did not exist in the year ago period.
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Benefit from income taxes
Year Ended December 31,
20222021$ Change% Change
(in millions, except percentages)
Benefit from income taxes$0.9 $2.5 $(1.6)(64.0 %)

   
Year Ended
December 31,
         
   
2021
   
2020
   
$ Change
   
% Change
 
                 
   
(in millions, except percentages)
 
Benefit from income taxes
  $2.5   $1.7   $0.8    47.1% 
Benefit from income taxes increaseddecreased by $0.8$1.6 million, or 47.1%64.0%, for 20212022 compared to 2020.2021. The increasedecrease resulted from a partial reduction in the valuation allowancecurrent year acquisition related to the carryoveractivities and an increase in current taxes in India that are not offset with future alternative minimum tax basis in deferred tax liabilities from acquisitions.credits.
Equity in loss of unconsolidated entity
Year Ended December 31,
20222021$ Change% Change
(in millions, except percentages)
Equity in loss of unconsolidated entity$12.2 $1.3 $10.9 838.5 %
   
Year Ended
December 31,
        
   
2021
   
2020
   
$ Change
  
% Change
 
                
   
(in millions, except percentages)
 
Equity in loss of unconsolidated entity
  $(1.3)   $—     $  (1.3)   100.0% 
During the year ended December 31, 2022, equity in loss of unconsolidated entity was $12.2 million and during the year ended December 31, 2021, equity in lossesloss of unconsolidated entity was $1.3 million from our 49.9% ownership in OriginPoint, amortgage joint venture we formed with Guaranteed Rate, Inc., which was formed in July 2021.
K
EY BUSINESS METRICS AND
NON-GAAP
FINANCIAL MEASURES
In addition to the measures presented in our consolidated financial statements, we use the following key business metrics
and non-GAAP financial
measures to evaluate our business, measure our performance, develop financial forecasts and make strategic decisions.
  
Year Ended December 31,
 Year Ended December 31,
  
2021
 
2020
 
2019
 202220212020
Total Transactions
   225,272   144,784   87,158 Total Transactions211,538 225,272 144,784 
Gross Transaction Value (in billions)
  $254.2  $151.7  $97.5 Gross Transaction Value (in billions)$230.3 $254.2 $151.7 
Average Number of Principal Agents
   11,058   8,686   6,787 Average Number of Principal Agents13,073 11,058 8,686 
Net loss (in millions)
  $(494.1)  $(270.2)  $(388.0) 
Net loss margin
   (7.7)%   (7.3)%   (16.3)% 
Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc. (in millions)Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc. (in millions)$(601.5)$(494.1)$(270.2)
Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc. marginNet loss attributable to Compass, Inc. margin(10.0)%(7.7)%(7.3)%
Adjusted EBITDA
(1)
(in millions)
  $1.6  $(155.5)  $(324.6) 
Adjusted EBITDA(1) (in millions)
$(210.0)$1.6 $(155.5)
Adjusted EBITDA margin
(1)
   0.0%   (4.2)%   (13.6)% 
Adjusted EBITDA margin(1)
(3.5)%0.0 %(4.2)%
(1)Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are non-GAAP financial measures. For more information regarding our use of these measures and a reconciliation of Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc. to Adjusted EBITDA, see the section titled “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below.
(1)
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are
non-GAAP
financial measures. For more information regarding our use of these measures and a reconciliation of Net loss to Adjusted EBITDA, see the section titled
“—Non-GAAP
Financial Measures” below.
Key Business Metrics
Total Transactions
Total Transactions is a key measure of the scale of our platform, which drives our financial performance. We define Total Transactions as the sum of all transactions closed on our platform in which our agent represented the buyer or seller in the purchase or sale of a home. We include a single transaction twice when one or more of our agents represent both the buyer and seller in any given transaction. We exclude transactions related to rentals in this metric.
Total Transactions have increased over time as we recruited new agents in existing markets, expanded into new markets,
retained top-performing
agents and as existing agents increased their productivity on our platform.
Our Total Transactions for the year ended December 31, 20212022 were 225,272, an increase211,538, a decrease of 55.6%6.1% from the year ended December 31, 2020. These increases were due to a combination of agent additions, enhanced productivity from the platform and a robust housing market. Robust housing demand2021. The decline was primarily driven by a number of factors including: (i) favorable economicthe macroeconomic conditions supportedthat contributed to the slowdown in the U.S. residential real estate market partially offset by historically low mortgage rates, (ii) higher mobility rates as consumers reassess the requirements of their homes, have more flexibility on location, and accelerate the purchase of second homes and (iii) positive demographic trends as millennials are entering the housing market in larger numbers and household formations increase.
agent additions.
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Gross Transaction Value
Gross Transaction Value is a key measure of the scale of our platform and success of our agents, which ultimately impacts revenue. Gross Transaction Value is the sum of all closing sale prices for homes transacted by agents on our platform. We include the value of a single transaction twice when our agents serve both the home buyer and home seller in the transaction. This metric excludes rental transactions.We exclude transactions related to rentals in this metric.
Gross Transaction Value is primarily driven by home values in the markets we serve and by changes in the number of our agents in those markets, as well as seasonality and macroeconomic factors.
Our Gross Transaction Value for the year ended December 31, 20212022 was $254.2$230.3 billion, an increasea decrease of 67.6%9.4% from the year ended December 31, 2020. We have experienced consistent and significant growth2021. The macroeconomic conditions that contributed to the slowdown in the number of agents on our platform and the markets we serve, resultingU.S. residential real estate market resulted in strong period-over-period growth ratesdeclines in both Total Transactions and associated Gross Transaction Value.
Average Number of Principal Agents
The Average Number of Principal Agents represents the number of agents who are leaders of their respective agent teams or individual agents operating independently on our platform during a given period. The Average Number of Principal Agents is an indicator of the potential future growth of our business, as well as the size and strength of our platform. This figure is calculated by taking the average of the number of principal agents at the end of each month included in the period. We use the Average Number of Principal Agents, in combination with our other key metrics such as Total Transactions and Gross Transaction Value, as a measure of agent productivity.
Our Average Number of Principal Agents for the year ended December 31, 20212022 was 11,058,13,073, representing an increase of 27.3%18.2% from the year ago period. For the year ended December 31, 2021,2022, our Average Number of Principal Agents was 48.0%46.3% of our average number of total agents. Our principal agents generate revenue across a diverse set of real estate markets in the United States.
Non-GAAP Financial
Measures
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin
Adjusted EBITDA is
a non-GAAP financial
measure that represents our Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc. adjusted for depreciation and amortization, investment income, net, interest expense, stock-based compensation expense, benefit from income taxes and other items. During the periods presented, other items included (i) restructuring charges associated with lease termination and severance costs, (ii) acquisition-related expenses related to adjustments to the fair value of contingent consideration and acquisition consideration treated as compensation expense over underlying retention periods and (iii) a litigation chargecharges in connection with the settlement of the Litigation Matter.Matters. Adjusted EBITDA margin is calculated by dividing Adjusted EBITDA by revenue.
We use Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin in conjunction with GAAP measures as part of our overall assessment of our performance, including the preparation of our annual operating budget and quarterly forecasts, to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies and to communicate with our board of directors concerning our financial performance. We believe Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are also helpful to investors, analysts and other interested parties because they can assist in providing a more consistent and comparable overview of our operations across our historical financial periods. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin have limitations as analytical tools, therefore you should not consider them in isolation or as substitutes for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Because of these limitations, you should consider Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin alongside other financial performance measures, including Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc. and our other GAAP results. In evaluating Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin, you should be aware that in the future we may incur expenses that are the same as or similar to some of the adjustments reflected in this presentation. Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin should not be construed to imply that our future results will be unaffected by the types of items excluded from the calculation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are not presented in accordance with GAAP and the use of these terms varies from others in our industry.
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The following table provides a reconciliation of Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc. to Adjusted EBITDA (in millions)millions, except percentages):
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc.$(601.5)$(494.1)$(270.2)
Adjusted to exclude the following:
Depreciation and amortization86.3 64.4 51.2 
Investment income, net(2.8)(0.1)(2.0)
Interest expense3.6 2.4 0.6 
Stock-based compensation234.5 386.3 43.2 
Benefit from income taxes(0.9)(2.5)(1.7)
Restructuring costs49.1 — 10.3 
Acquisition-related expenses(1)
11.2 23.9 13.1 
Litigation charges(2)
10.5 21.3 — 
Adjusted EBITDA$(210.0)$1.6 $(155.5)
Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc. margin(10.0)%(7.7)%(7.3)%
Adjusted EBITDA margin(3.5)%0.0 %(4.2)%
   
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2021
  
2020
  
2019
 
Net loss
  $(494.1)  $(270.2)  $(388.0) 
Adjusted to exclude the following:
    
Depreciation and amortization
   64.4   51.2   40.9 
Investment income, net
   (0.1)   (2.0)   (12.9) 
Interest expense
   2.4   0.6   —   
Stock-based compensation
   386.3   43.2   37.4 
Benefit from income taxes
   (2.5)   (1.7)   (0.9) 
Restructuring charges
(1)
   —     10.3   1.7 
Acquisition-related expenses
(2)
   23.9   13.1   (2.8) 
Litigation charge
(3)
   21.3   —     —   
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Adjusted EBITDA
  $1.6  $(155.5)  $(324.6) 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net loss margin
   (7.7)%   (7.3)%   (16.3)% 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Adjusted EBITDA margin
   0.0%   (4.2)%   (13.6)% 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
(1)Includes adjustments related to the change in fair value of contingent consideration and adjustments related to acquisition consideration treated as compensation expense over the underlying retention periods. See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for more information.
(2)Represents a charge of $10.5 million incurred during the year ended December 31, 2022 in connection with the Realogy Holdings Corp. matter and a $21.3 million expense incurred during the year ended December 31, 2021 in connection with the settlement of the Avi Dorfman and RentJolt, Inc. matter. See Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for more information.
(1)
Includes lease termination and severance costs. See Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for more information.
(2)
Includes adjustments related to the change in fair value of contingent consideration and adjustments related to acquisition consideration treated as compensation expense over the underlying retention periods. See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for more information.
(3)
Represents a charge of $21.3 million in connection with the settlement of the Litigation Matter. See Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for more information.
Adjusted EBITDA was incomea loss of $1.6$210.0 million compared to a lossincome of $(155.5)$1.6 million during the years ended December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, respectively. The favorable increasedecrease in Adjusted EBITDA during the year ended December 31, 20212022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 20202021 was primarily due to the growth in operating expenses as a significant increasepercentage of revenue resulting from investments in our revenue which was driven by our growth initiatives resulting in an increase in the number of agents that joined our platform during 2020sales and 2021, including continued geographic expansion into new marketsmarketing, operations and support and research and development and a higher volume of transactionsslow down in revenue resulting from both new and existing agents. Additionally, while expenses increasedthe current macroeconomic conditions impacting the U.S. residential real estate market as compared todescribed in more detail under the year ended December 31, 2020, the rate of increase was less than the increase in our revenue which contributed to the favorable increases in Adjusted EBITDA.section entitled “—Recent Developments”.
The following tables provide supplemental information to the Reconciliation of Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc. to Adjusted EBITDA presented above. These tables identify how each of the Operating expenses related financial statement line items contained within the accompanying consolidated statements of operations elsewhere in this Annual Report are impacted by the items excluded from Adjusted EBITDA (in millions):
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Commissions and other related expenseSales and marketingOperations and supportResearch and developmentGeneral and administrative
GAAP Basis$4,936.1 $575.1 $392.4 $360.3 $208.1 
Adjusted to exclude the following:
Stock-based compensation(59.0)(42.0)(15.6)(57.5)(60.4)
Acquisition-related expenses— — (11.2)— — 
Litigation charge— — — — (10.5)
Non-GAAP Basis$4,877.1 $533.1 $365.6 $302.8 $137.2 
   
Year Ended December 31, 2021
 
   
Commissions and
other related
expense
  
Sales and
marketing
  
Operations
and support
  
Research and
development
  
General and
administrative
 
GAAP Basis
  $5,310.5  $510.4  $374.9  $365.3  $288.5 
Adjusted to exclude the following:
      
Stock-based compensation
   (128.7)   (38.4)   (16.9)   (92.7)   (109.6) 
Acquisition-related expenses
   —     —     (23.9)   —     —   
Litigation charge
   —     —     —     —     (21.3) 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Non-GAAP
Basis
  $5,181.8  $472.0  $334.1  $272.6  $157.6 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
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Year Ended December 31, 2021
Commissions and other related expenseSales and marketingOperations and supportResearch and developmentGeneral and administrative
GAAP Basis$5,310.5 $510.4 $374.9 $365.3 $288.5 
Adjusted to exclude the following:
Stock-based compensation(128.7)(38.4)(16.9)(92.7)(109.6)
Acquisition-related expenses— — (23.9)— — 
Litigation charge— — — — (21.3)
Non-GAAP Basis$5,181.8 $472.0 $334.1 $272.6 $157.6 
  
Year Ended December 31, 2020
 Year Ended December 31, 2020
  
Commissions and
other related
expense
 
Sales and
marketing
 
Operations
and support
 
Research and
development
 
General and
administrative
 Commissions and other related expenseSales and marketingOperations and supportResearch and developmentGeneral and administrative
GAAP Basis
  $3,056.9  $407.9  $225.1  $146.3  $106.7 GAAP Basis$3,056.9 $402.1 $222.2 $145.6 $105.8 
Adjusted to exclude the following:
      Adjusted to exclude the following:
Stock-based compensation
   (5.7)   (16.0)   (3.5)   (1.4)   (16.6) Stock-based compensation(5.7)(16.0)(3.5)(1.4)(16.6)
Restructuring charges
   —     (5.8)   (2.9)   (0.7)   (0.9) 
Acquisition-related expenses
   —     —     (13.1)   —     —   Acquisition-related expenses— — (13.1)— — 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
Non-GAAP
Basis
  $3,051.2  $386.1  $205.6  $144.2  $89.2 Non-GAAP Basis$3,051.2 $386.1 $205.6 $144.2 $89.2 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
   
Year Ended December 31, 2019
 
   
Commissions and
other related
expense
  
Sales and
marketing
  
Operations
and support
  
Research and
development
  
General and
administrative
 
GAAP Basis
  $1,935.6  $382.8  $204.8  $131.3  $92.4 
Adjusted to exclude the following:
      
Stock-based compensation
   (16.1)   (11.1)   (2.4)   (2.8)   (5.0) 
Restructuring charges
   —     (1.7)   —     —     —   
Acquisition-related expenses
   —     —     2.8   —     —   
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Non-GAAP
Basis
  $1,919.5  $370.0  $205.2  $128.5  $87.4 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Since inception, we have generated negative cash flows from operations and have primarily financed our operations from net proceeds from the sale of convertible preferred stock and common stock. As of December 31, 2021,2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $618.3$361.9 million and an accumulated deficit of $1.6$2.2 billion.
During April 2021, we received aggregate proceeds of $438.7 million from our IPO, net of offering costs of approximately $11.0 million.
We expect that operating losses and negative cash flows from operations may continue in certain periods in the foreseeable future as we continue to investa result of the current slowdown in the expansion of our business, including adjacent services and other new revenue streams, research and development and sales and marketing activities.U.S. residential real estate market as described in more detail under the section entitled “—Recent Developments”. We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, the Concierge Facility (which, as defined below, may be used to support our Compass Concierge Program) and the Revolving Credit Facility will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditures needs for at least the next 12 months.months and beyond.
Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to, growth in the number of our agents and the associated costs to attract, support and retain them, our decision to resume expansion into new geographic markets, continued investment in adjacent services and other new revenue streams, future acquisitions, and the timing of investments in technology and personnel to support the overall growth in our business.business and the extent and duration of the current and any future slowdown in the U.S. residential real estate market. To the extent that current and anticipated future sources of liquidity are insufficient to fund our future business activities and requirements, we may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing. The sale of additional equity would result in additional dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of debt financing would result in debt service obligations and the instruments governing such debt could provide for operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. There can be no assurances that we will be able to raise additional capital. In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we may not be able to negotiate terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
In addition See the sections entitled “Risk Factors—Risks Related to the foregoing, based on our current assessment, we do not currently anticipate any material impact on our long-term liquidity dueOwnership of Our Class A Common Stock—We may need to the ongoing
COVID-19 pandemic.
However, we willraise additional capital to continue to assess the effect of the pandemicgrow our business and we may not be able to raise additional capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all” and “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Operations—Covenants in our business. The extentdebt agreements may restrict our borrowing capacity or operating activities and duration of the ongoing
COVID-19 pandemic
over the longer term and the extent to which it will impact the global economy, U.S. residential market andadversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows remain uncertain and dependent on future developments that are highly uncertain and difficult to predict. Such developments include, but are not limited to, the emergence of new variants, severity and transmission rate of the virus, the duration and extent of the spread of the virus (including new variants), the timing, availability, and effectiveness of vaccines (including booster shots) and the vaccination rates, the prevalence of local, regional and national restrictions and regulatory orders in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the extent and effectiveness of containment actions taken, as well as the impact of these and other factors on residential real estate values, real estate transaction behavior in general, and on our business in particular. While the potential economic impact brought by the ongoing
COVID-19 pandemiccondition”.
may be difficult to assess or predict, the ultimate impact of the pandemic could result in significant disruption of global financial markets, reducing our ability to access capital in the future. In addition, a recession or long-term market correction resulting from the ongoing
COVID-19 pandemic
could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Concierge Facility
In July 2020, our subsidiary, Compass Concierge SPV I, LLC, or Concierge SPV, entered into a Revolving Credit and Security Agreement, or the Concierge Facility, with Barclays Bank PLC, as administrative agent, and the several lenders party thereto. The Concierge Facility provides for a $75.0 million revolving credit facility and is solely used to finance, in
50
part, our Compass Concierge Program. The Concierge Facility is secured primarily by the assets of the Concierge SPV, which primarily consists of the purchased receivablesReceivables and cash of the Compass Concierge Program. The Concierge Facility is also guaranteed by us. Prior to July 29, 2021, borrowings under the Concierge Facility accrued interest at rates equal to the adjusted London interbank offered rate, or LIBOR, plus the applicable margin of 3.00%, as adjusted, or an alternate rate of interest upon the occurrence of certain changes in LIBOR. Additionally, prior to July 29, 2021,On August 5, 2022, we were required to pay an annual commitment fee of 0.50% on a quarterly basis based on the unused portion of the Concierge Facility irrespective of our utilization rate. On July 29, 2021, wefurther amended and restated the Concierge Facility (the “A“Second A&R Concierge Facility”), extending to among other things extend the revolving period for another twelve months, lowering theto August 4, 2023. The interest rate to LIBOR plus a margin of 1.85%, which may be adjusted, and lowering the annual commitment fee to 0.35% ifon the Concierge Facility is utilized greater than 50% (the annual commitment fee remained the same, at 0.50%, if the Concierge Facility is utilized less than 50%).was 7.59% as of December 31, 2022. Pursuant to the Second A&R Concierge Facility, the principal amount, if any, is payable in full in January 2023,February 2024, unless earlier terminated or extended. As of December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, there were $16.2$31.9 million and $8.4$16.2 million, respectively, in borrowings outstanding under the Concierge Facility. The interest rate on the Concierge Facility was 3.23% as of December 31, 2021.
We have the option to repay our borrowings under the Second A&R Concierge Facility without premium or penalty prior to maturity. The Second A&R Concierge Facility contains customary affirmative covenants, such as financial statement reporting requirements, as well as customary covenants related to the Concierge SPV, including affirmative covenants that restrict its ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness, sell certain receivables, declare dividends or make certain distributions, and undergo a merger or consolidation or certain other transactions. Additionally, in the event that we and our consolidated subsidiaries fail to comply with certain financial covenants that require us to meet certain liquidity-based measures, the commitments under the Second A&R Concierge Facility will automatically be reduced to zero and we will be required to repay any outstanding loans under the Second A&R Concierge Facility. As of December 31, 2021,2022, we were in compliance with the covenants under the Second A&R Concierge Facility.
Revolving Credit and Guaranty Agreement
In March 2021, we entered into a Revolving Credit and Guaranty Agreement, or the Revolving Credit Facility, with several lenders and issuing banks and Barclays Bank PLC, as administrative agent and as collateral agent.agent, and certain other lenders. The Revolving Credit Facility provides for a $350.0 million revolving credit facility, which may be increased by the greater of $250.0 million and 18.5% of our consolidated total assets, plus such additional amount so long as our total net leverage ratio does not exceed 4.50:1.00 on a pro forma basis as of the most recent test period, subject to the terms and conditions of the Revolving Credit Facility. The Revolving Credit Facility also includes a letter of credit sublimit which is the lesser of (i) $125.0 million and (ii) the aggregate unused amount of the revolving commitments then in effect under the Revolving Credit Facility. Our obligations under the Revolving Credit Facility are guaranteed by certain of our subsidiaries and are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of our assets and subsidiary guarantors.
Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest, at our option, at either (i) a floating rate per annum equal to the base rate plus a margin of 0.50% or (ii) a floating rate per annum equal to the rate at which dollar deposits are offered in the London interbank market plus a margin of 1.50%. In the Revolving Credit Facility, theThe base rate is defined asequal to the highest of (a) the prime rate as quoted by The Wall Street Journal, (b) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, (c) the rate at which dollar deposits are offered in the London interbank market for
a one-month interest
period plus 1.00%, and (d) 1.00%. During an event of default under the Revolving Credit Facility the applicable interest rates are increased by 2.0% per annum. We are also obligated to pay other customary fees for a credit facility of this size and type, including a commitment fee on a quarterly basis based on amounts committed but unused under the Revolving Credit Facility of 0.175% per annum, and fees associated with letters of credit.credit and administrative and arrangement fees. The principal amount, if any, is payable in full inon March 4, 2026, unless earlier terminated or extended.
We have the option to repay our borrowings, and to permanently reduce the loan commitments in whole or in part, under the Revolving Credit Facility without premium or penalty prior to maturity. As of December 31, 2021,2022, we had no$150.0 million in outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility and outstanding letters of credit under the Revolving Credit Facility totaled approximately $30.3$33.0 million. The interest rate on the borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility was 5.86% as of December 31, 2022.
The Revolving Credit Facility contains customary representations, warranties, financial covenants applicable to us and our restricted subsidiaries, affirmative covenants, such as financial statement reporting requirements, and negative covenantcovenants which restrict its ability, among other things, to incur liens and indebtedness, make certain investments, declare dividends, dispose of, transfer or sell assets, make stock repurchases and consummate certain other matters, all subject to certain exceptions. The financial covenants require that we maintain certain liquidity-based measuresliquidity of at least $150.0 million as of the last day of each fiscal quarter and each date of a credit extension and (ii) consolidated total revenue requirements.as of the last day of each fiscal quarter be equal to or greater than the specified amount corresponding to such period. The minimum required consolidated revenue threshold for the trailing four fiscal quarters is $2,418.0 million during 2022, $3,799.0 million during 2023 and $4,668.0 million thereafter. As of December 31, 2021,2022, we were in compliance with the financial covenants under the Revolving Credit Facility.
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The Revolving Credit Facility includes customary events of default that include, among other things, nonpayment of principal, interest or fees, inaccuracy of representations and warranties, violation of certain covenants, cross default to
51
certain other indebtedness, bankruptcy and insolvency events, material judgments, change of control and certain material ERISA events. The occurrence of an event of default could result in the acceleration of the obligations under the Revolving Credit Facility.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated:
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
(in millions)
Net cash used in operating activities$(291.7)$(28.6)$(58.1)
Net cash used in investing activities(100.1)(192.5)(13.4)
Net cash provided by financing activities135.4 399.3 19.9 
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents$(256.4)$178.2 $(51.6)
   
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2021
   
2020
   
2019
 
             
   
(in millions)
 
Net cash used in operating activities
  $(28.6)   $(58.1)   $(377.0) 
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities
   (192.5)    (13.4)    389.9 
Net cash provided by financing activities
   399.3    19.9    350.2 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
  $178.2   $(51.6)   $363.1 
  
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Operating Activities
For 2022, net cash used in operating activities was $291.7 million. The outflow was primarily due to a $601.5 million net loss adjusted for $339.0 million of non-cash charges and cash outflow due to changes in assets and liabilities of $29.2 million. The non-cash charges are primarily related to $234.5 million of stock-based compensation expense, $86.3 million of depreciation and amortization expense, $12.2 million of equity in loss of unconsolidated entity and $7.3 million of bad debt expense. The changes in assets and liabilities resulted in a cash outflow primarily due to a $36.5 million decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities, a $15.9 million decrease in Commissions payable, a $11.7 million increase in Compass Concierge receivables and a decrease of $4.8 million in accounts payable due to timing of payments. The cash outflow from operations was partially offset by a decrease of $17.6 million in other currents assets, a decrease of $9.8 million in other non-current assets, a decrease of $6.5 million in accounts receivable due to timing of receipts and a $5.8 million inflow from net operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities.
For 2021, net cash used in operating activities was $28.6 million. The outflow was primarily due to a $494.1 million net loss adjusted for $457.3 million of
non-cash
charges and cash inflow due to changes in assets and liabilities of $8.2 million. The
non-cash
charges are primarily related to $386.3 million of stock-based compensation expense, $64.4 million of depreciation and amortization expense and $8.9 million of bad debt expense. The changes in assets and liabilities resulted in a cash inflow primarily due to a $43.3 million increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities, a $9.4 million decrease in Compass Concierge receivables and a decrease of $8.5 million in accounts receivable due to timing of receipts. The cash inflow provided by operations was partially offset by an increase of $40.0 million in other currents assets and an increase of $11.8 million in other
non-current
assets.
For 2020, net cash used in operating activities was $58.1 million. The outflow was primarily due to a $270.2 million loss from operations adjusted for $119.6 million of
non-cash
charges and cash inflow due to changes in assets and liabilities of $92.5 million. The
non-cash
charges are primarily related to $51.2 million of depreciation and amortization expense, $43.2 million of stock-based compensation expense and $16.0 million of bad debt expense. The changes in assets and liabilities resulted in a cash inflow primarily due to a net increase of $34.6 million operating lease liabilities as compared to operating lease assets, a $29.1 million increase in commissions payable as a result of increased revenue and the timing of commissions payments, a $20.5 million increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities, a $19.4 million decrease in Other current assets, and a $16.6 million decrease in Compass Concierge Receivables. The cash inflow provided by operations was partially offset by an increase of $16.3 million in accounts receivable due to growth in revenue and timing of receipts.
For 2019,Investing Activities
During 2022, net cash used in operatingby investing activities was $377.0 million. The outflow was primarily due to a $388.0$100.1 million loss from operations adjusted for $75.2 millionconsisting of
non-cash
charges and cash outflow due to changes in assets and liabilities of $64.2 million. The
non-cash
charges are primarily related to $40.9 million of depreciation and amortization expense, $37.4 million of stock-based compensation expense, $9.9 million due to changes related to contingent consideration and $6.8 million of bad debt expense. The changes in assets and liabilities increased cash outflow primarily due to a $84.8 million increase in Compass Concierge Receivables due to the growth of the program which was launched in October 2018, an increase of $45.0 $70.1 million in other current assets primarily related to increases in prepaid incentives for agents and an increase of $18.2capital expenditures, $15.0 million in accounts receivable due to growthpayments for acquisitions, net of cash acquired, and $15.0 million for investment in revenue and timing of receipts. These increasesan unconsolidated entity. The investment in cash usedan unconsolidated entity represents our investment in operations were partially offset by a $24.9 million increaseour mortgage joint venture with Guaranteed Rate, Inc. that we formed in accrued expenses and other liabilities, primarily attributable to an increase of $21.5 million in accrued expense due to the timing of invoices and payments and accrued personnel and compensation costs due to increased employee headcount, a $21.8 million net increase due to increases in operating lease liabilities as compared to operating lease
right-of-use2021.
assets and a $21.6 million increase in commissions payable as a result of increased revenue and the timing of commissions payments.
Investing Activities
During 2021, net cash used by investing activities was $192.5 million consisting of $137.4 million in payments for acquisitions, net of cash acquired, $50.1 million in capital expenditures and $5.0 million for investment in an
52
unconsolidated entity. The investment in an unconsolidated entity represents our investment in OriginPoint, theour joint venture that we formed with Guaranteed Rate in 2021.
During 2020, net cash used by investing activities was $13.4 million consisting of $43.3 million in capital expenditures and $25.6 million in payments for acquisitions, net of cash acquired, partially offset by $55.5 million in proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities.
Financing Activities
During 2019,2022, net cash provided by investingfinancing activities was $389.9$135.4 million, primarily consisting of $572.9$150.0 million in proceeds from salesdrawdowns on the Revolving Credit Facility, $15.7 million in net proceeds from drawdowns and maturitiesrepayments on the Concierge Facility and $9.0 million in proceeds from the exercise of marketable securities,stock options, partially offset by $70.7 million for purchases of marketable securities, $74.1$23.5 million in capital expenditurestaxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards and $38.2$17.5 million in payments for acquisitions, netincluding payments of cash acquired.contingent consideration.
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Financing Activities
During 2021, net cash provided by financing activities was $399.3 million, primarily consisting of $439.6 million in net proceeds from the issuance of common stock upon initial public offering, $26.9 million in proceeds from the exercise and early exercise of stock options and $7.8 million in proceeds from drawdowns on the Concierge Facility, partially offset by $62.4 million in taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards, $10.7 million in payments of contingent consideration related to acquisitions and $1.9 million in paid deferred debt issuance costs for credit facilities.
During 2020, net cash provided by financing activities was $19.9 million, primarily consisting of $15.9 million in proceeds from the exercise and early exercise of stock options and $11.4 million in proceeds from drawdowns on the Concierge Facility, partially offset by $3.2 million in payments of contingent consideration related to acquisitions, $3.0 million in repayments of drawdowns on the Concierge Facility and $1.3 million in paid deferred debt issuance costs for the Concierge Facility.
During 2019, net cash provided by financing activities was $350.2 million, primarily consisting of $343.3 million in net proceeds from the issuance of Series G convertible preferred stock and $7.6 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
The following table summarizes our contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2021:
2022:
  
Payments Due by Period
 Payments Due by Period
  
Total
   
Less than
1 Year
   
1-3 Years
   
3-5 Years
   
More
than 5
Years
 TotalLess than
1 Year		1-3 Years3-5 YearsMore
than 5
Years
  
(in millions)
 (in millions)
Operating lease obligations
(1)
  $655.3   $103.8   $206.5   $157.2   $187.8 
Operating lease obligations(1)
$677.7 $118.9 $217.0 $163.1 $178.7 
Other acquisition related compensation
   60.5    34.4    24.0    2.1    —   Other acquisition related compensation21.9 14.3 7.6 — — 
Estimated undiscounted contingent consideration payments
   24.4    15.0    9.3    0.1    —   Estimated undiscounted contingent consideration payments14.0 10.0 3.1 0.9 — 
Acquisition related payablesAcquisition related payables13.5 13.3 0.2 — — 
Purchase obligations
   76.9    35.4    35.7    5.8    —   Purchase obligations74.6 30.4 31.0 13.2 — 
  
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
 
Total
  $817.1   $188.6   $275.5   $165.2   $187.8 Total$801.7 $186.9 $258.9 $177.2 $178.7 
  
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
 
(1)
As of December, 2021, the Company has additional operating leases for real estate that have not yet commenced of $82.0 million payable through 2032, which have been excluded from above.
__________
(1)As of December 31, 2022, the Company has additional operating leases for real estate that have not yet commenced of $11.2 million payable through 2033, which have been excluded from above.
Our Concierge Facility which matures in JanuaryAugust 4, 2023 unless earlier terminated or extended and can be repaid at any time. As of December 31, 2021,2022, there were $16.2$31.9 million in borrowings outstanding under the Concierge Facility. We are required to pay an annual commitment fee of 0.50% on a quarterly basis based on the unused portion of the Concierge Facility. In addition, interest on the used portion of the Concierge Facility is 3.0%2.35% plus an interest rate based on LIBOR multiplied by the Statutory Reserve Rate.Term SOFR plus a credit adjustment spread of 0.11448%. The effective interest rate was 3.23%7.59% as of December 31, 2021.2022. For additional information, see the section titled “Liquidity“—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Concierge Facility.”
As of December 31, 2021,2022, we had no$150.0 million outstanding borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility and outstanding letters of credit totaled approximately $30.3$33.0 million. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest, at our option, at either (i) a floating rate per annum equal to the base rate plus a margin of 0.50% or (ii) a floating
53
rate per annum equal to the rate at which dollar deposits are offered in the London interbank market plus a margin of 1.50%. During an event of default under the Revolving Credit Facility the applicable interest rates are increased by 2.0% per annum. We are also obligated to pay other customary fees for a credit facility of this size and type, including a commitment fee on a quarterly basis based on amounts committed but unused under the Revolving Credit Facility of 0.175% per annum and fees associated with letters of credit. The principal amount, if any, is payable in full in March 2026, unless earlier terminated or extended. The interest rate on the borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility was 5.86% as of December 31, 2022. For additional information, see the section titled “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Revolving Credit and Guaranty Agreement.”
We have irrevocable letters of credit with various financial institutions, primarily related to security deposits for leased facilities. As of December 31, 2021,2022, we were contingently liable for $54.5$48.0 million, under these letters of credit. As of December 31, 2021, $30.32022, $33.0 million and $24.2$15.0 million of these letters of credit are collateralized by our Revolving Credit Facility and cash and cash equivalents, respectively.
Off-Balance
Sheet Arrangements
We administer escrow and trust deposits which represent undistributed amounts for the settlement of real estate transactions. We are contingently liable for these escrow and trust deposits totaled $172.1$136.7 million and $46.1$172.1 million as of December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, respectively. We did not have any other
off-balance
sheet arrangements as of or during the periods presented.
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Table of Contents
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES AND POLICIES
Our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Actual results may differ from these estimates. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and our actual results,therefore, if material, our future financial statements will be affected.
There are many uncertainties regarding the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and we are closely monitoring the impact of the pandemic on all aspects of our business, including how it has impacted and may continue to impact our operations and our customers for an indefinite period of time. The extent and duration of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic over the longer term and the extent to which it will impact the global economy, U.S. residential market and our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows remain uncertain and depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and difficult to predict. Such developments include, but are not limited to, the emergence of new variants, severity and transmission rate of the virus, the duration and extent of the spread of the virus (including new variants), the timing, availability, and effectiveness of vaccines (including booster shots) and the vaccination rates, the prevalence of local, regional and national restrictions and regulatory orders in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the extent and effectiveness of containment actions taken, as well as the impact of these and other factors on residential real estate values, real estate transaction behavior in general, and on our business in particular. We will continue to assess impacts of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and will adjust our operations as necessary.
A thorough understanding of our critical accounting policies is essential when reviewing our consolidated financial statements. We believe that the critical accounting policies listed below are the most difficult management decisions as they involve the use of significant estimates and assumptions as described above.
See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for more information.
Revenue Recognition
We generate revenue by assisting home sellers and buyers in listing, marketing, selling and finding homes. We hold the real estate brokerage license that is necessary under relevant state laws and regulations to provide brokerage services and therefore controls those services that are necessary to legally transfer real estate between home sellers and buyers.
Although our agents are independent contractors, they cannot execute a real estate transaction without a brokerage license, which the Company possesses. We have the only contractual relationship for the sale or exchange of real estate with its clients. Accordingly, we are the principal in our transactions with home buyers and sellers. As principal, we recognize revenue in the gross amount of consideration to which we expect to receive in exchange for those services.
We concluded that our brokerage revenue contains a single performance obligation that is satisfied upon the closing of a real estate services transaction, at which point the entire transaction price is earned. Revenue is recognized upon the closing of a real estate transaction (i.e. purchase or sale of a home) since we are not entitled to any commission until the performance obligation is satisfied and are not owed any commission for unsuccessful transactions, even if services have been provided. We operate exclusively in the United States and generate substantially all of our revenue from commissions from home sellers and buyers. In addition to commission revenue, we generate revenue through adjacent services related to the home transaction such as title and escrow services which comprised an immaterial amount of the consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 2020 and 2019.2020.
Our management evaluated and determined that no disaggregation of revenue is necessary or appropriate.
54
As we generally bill for our services at the time of revenue recognition, we do not have material deferred revenue or contract asset balances. In addition, we do not capitalize commissions paid to agents as incremental contract costs as there are no future benefits associated with the expenses.
Stock-Based Compensation
We measure compensation expense for all stock-based awards based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant. Compensation expense is generally recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the service period based on the vesting requirements. We recognize forfeitures as they occur.
For stock options, which we issue to employees, and affiliated agents and in certain cases in connection with business combinations, we generally estimate the fair value using the Black- ScholesBlack-Scholes option pricing model, which requires the input of subjective assumptions, including (1) the fair value of common stock, (2) the expected stock price volatility, (3) the expected term of the award, (4) the risk-free interest rate and (5) expected dividends.
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Table of Contents
We also issue RSUs to employees, affiliated agents and affiliated agents.in certain cases in connection with business combinations. In addition to the issuance of RSUs to agents as equity compensation for the provision of services, we offer RSUs to affiliated agents through our Agent Equity Program. The Agent Equity Program offers affiliated agents the ability to elect to have a portion of their commissions earned during a calendar year to be paid in the form of RSUs. RSUs issued in connection with the Agent Equity Program are granted at the beginning of the year following the calendar year in which the commissions were earned and are subject to the terms and conditions of the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan and the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, as applicable. We discontinued the Agent Equity Program following the issuance of RSUs in January 2023 related to the 2022 program year.
Our RSUs granted prior to December 2020 generally vest based upon the satisfaction of both a service-based condition and a liquidity event-based condition. The service-based vesting condition for these awards is generally satisfied over four years, except for the RSUs associated with the 2020 Agent Equity Program which vested immediately on the date of issuance. The liquidity event-based vesting condition is satisfied on the occurrence of a qualifying event, generally defined as a change in control or the effective date of the registration statement for our IPO. The fair value of these RSUs iswas measured based on the fair value of our common stock on the grant date and will begin to bewas recognized as expense when both the required service-based vesting condition and the liquidity event-based vesting condition has beenwere achieved using the accelerated attribution method. The liquidity event-based vesting requirement was met on March 31, 2021, the effective date of our registration statement.
Beginning inIn December 2020, we began issuing RSUs that vest upon the satisfaction of only a service-based vesting condition that is generally rangingranges from fourone to five years. The fair value of these RSUs is measured based on the fair value of our common stock on the grant date and will be recognized as expense on a straight-line basis as the required service-based vesting condition is satisfied. Any vested RSUs that require only a service-based vesting condition will convert to common stock following vesting and their prescribed delayed settlement periods.
For RSUs to be granted in connection with the 2021 and 2022 Agent Equity Program,Programs, we determinedetermined the value of the stock-based compensation expense at the time the underlying commission is earned and beginbegan to recognize the associated expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods beginning on the closing date of the underlying real estate commission transactions. The stock-based compensation expense iswas recorded as a liability and will be reclassified to additional
paid-in
capital at the end of the vesting period when the underlying RSUs are issued. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized stock-based compensation expense and an associated liability of $84.8 million in connection with RSUs earned as a part of the 2021 Agent Equity Program. The associated liability is recorded within Accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet.
On a limited basis, we have issued stock options and RSUs that contain service, performance and market-based vesting conditions that include stock price targets to be met after the listing of our stock on a public exchange. Such awards are valued using a Monte Carlo simulation and the underlying expense will be recognized as the associated vesting conditions are met.
Common Stock Valuations
Prior to our IPO, given the absence of a public trading market for our common stock, and in accordance with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Accounting and Valuation Guide, Valuation of Privately-Held Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation, our board of directors, and from June 2020 onward, the compensation committee of our board of directors, exercised its reasonable judgment and considered numerous objective and subjective factors to determine the best estimate of fair value of our common stock, including:
independent third-party valuations of our common stock;
the prices of the recent convertible preferred stock sales by us to investors in
arm’s-length
transactions;
the price of sales of our common stock and preferred stock in recent secondary sales by existing stockholders to investors;
our capital resources and financial condition;
the preferences held by our convertible preferred stock classes relative to those of our common stock;
the likelihood and timing of achieving a liquidity event, such as an initial public offering or sale of the Company, given prevailing market conditions;
our historical operating and financial performance as well as our estimates of future financial performance;
valuations of comparable companies;
the hiring of key personnel;
the status of our agent recruitment, development, and sales efforts;
the relative lack of marketability of our common stock;
industry information such as market growth and volume and macro-economic events; and
additional objective and subjective factors relating to our business.
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Table of Contents
Prior to our IPO, in valuing our common stock, our board of directors, and from June 2020 onward, the compensation committee of our board of directors, determined the fair value of our common stock using an options- based allocation method that values the claim each security class has on the overall value of the enterprise, taking into account certain preferences and rights, in addition to giving consideration to recent secondary sales of our common stock. The aggregate equity value was determined based on the recent convertible preferred stock sales by us to investors. Additionally, beginning in late 2020 as the likelihood of an initial public offering became more imminent, the determination of the fair value of our common stock included estimates related to the valuation of our common stock in the scenario of an initial public offering, including assumptions related to the likelihood and timing of such an event.
Following our IPO, it is not necessary to determine the fair value of our Class A common stock, as our shares are traded in the public market.
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
For a description of our recently adopted accounting pronouncements and accounting pronouncements issued but not yet adopted, see Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report.
55
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position because of adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily a result of exposure resulting from potential changes in interest rates or inflation.
Interest Rate Risk
Our cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 20212022 consisted of $618.3 million in cash and cash equivalents.$361.9 million. Certain of our cash and cash equivalents are interest-earning instruments that carry a degree of interest rate risk. The goals of our investment policy are liquidity and capital preservation. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate exposure. We believe that we do not have any material exposure to changes in the fair value of these assets as a result of changes in interest rates due to the short- termshort-term nature of our cash and cash equivalents.
We are also subjectedsubject to interest rate exposure on LIBOR-based interest rates on our Concierge Facility and Revolving Credit Facility. Interest rate risk is highly sensitive due to many factors, including U.S. monetary and tax policies, U.S. and international economic factors and other factors beyond our control. Our Concierge Facility bears interest equal to the adjusted LIBOR rateTerm SOFR plus a credit adjustment spread of 0.11448%, plus a margin of 1.85% or an alternate rate of interest upon the occurrence of certain changes in LIBOR.2.35%. As of December 31, 2021,2022, we had a total outstanding balance of $16.2$31.9 million under these debt facilities.the Concierge Facility. Our Revolving Credit Facility bears interest equal to a base rate plus a margin of 1.50%. As of December 31, 2022, we had a total outstanding balance of $150.0 million under the Revolving Credit Facility. Based on the amounts outstanding,
a 100-basis point
increase or decrease in market interest rates over a twelve-month period would not result in a material change to our interest expense.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
As our operations in India have been limited, and we do not maintain a significant balance of foreign currency, we do not currently face significant risk with respect to foreign currency exchange rates.
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56
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary DataData.
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements
Page
71
58
72
60
73
61
74
62
Consolidated Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 2020 and 2019
2020
75
63
76
64
77
65
70
57
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Compass, Inc.

OpinionOpinions on the Financial Statements
and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Compass, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive loss, of convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit), and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021,2022, including the related notes and schedule of valuation and qualifying accounts for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 20212022 appearing under Item 15(a)2 (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 20212022 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis Also in our opinion, the Company did not maintain, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO because material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting existed as of that date as the Company did not (i) design or maintain an effective control environment, as the Company lacked sufficient oversight of activities related to internal control over financial reporting due to a lack of an appropriate level of experience and training commensurate with public company requirements, (ii) maintain formal accounting policies and procedures, and did not design, document and maintain controls related to substantially all of the Company’s business processes to achieve complete, accurate and timely financial accounting, reporting and disclosures, including controls over account reconciliations, segregation of duties and the preparation and review of journal entries, and (iii) design and maintain effective controls over information technology, or IT, general controls for Opinion
Theseinformation systems and applications that are relevant to the preparation of the consolidated financial statements related to (a) program change management, (b) user access controls, (c) computer operations, and (d) testing and approval of controls for program development.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weaknesses referred to above are described in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. We considered these material weaknesses in determining the responsibilitynature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2022 consolidated financial statements, and our opinion regarding the effectiveness of the Company’s management.internal control over financial reporting does not affect our opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

Basis for Opinions

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in management's report referred to above. Our responsibility is to express an opinionopinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.
fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and
58
operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidatedfinancial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Revenue Recognition - Commissions Revenue

As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company generates revenue by assisting home sellers and buyers in listing, marketing, selling and finding homes. The Company holds the real estate brokerage license that is necessary under relevant state laws and regulations to provide brokerage services and therefore controls those services that are necessary to legally transfer real estate between home sellers and buyers. Management concluded that its brokerage revenue contains a single performance obligation that is satisfied upon the closing of a real estate services transaction, at which point the entire transaction price is earned. Revenue is recognized upon the closing of a real estate transaction (i.e., purchase or sale of a home) since the Company is not entitled to any commission until the performance obligation is satisfied and is not owed any commission for unsuccessful transactions, even if services have been provided. The Company operates exclusively in the United States and generated revenue of $6,421$6,018 million for the year ended December 31, 2021,2022, of which a significant portionsubstantially all was related togenerated from commissions from home sellers and buyers.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to revenue recognition - commissions revenue is a critical audit matter are a high degree of auditor effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence related to revenue recognition. As disclosed by management,described above in the “Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting” section, there is a material weaknesses existedweakness related to the Company’s control environment, which impacted this matter.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included, among others, evaluating the recognition of commissions revenue for a selection of revenue transactions by obtaining and inspecting customer contracts and related closing documentation, recalculating the commissions rate, and vouching to cash receipts as applicable.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
New York, New York
March 1, 2023
February 28, 2022
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2014.
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59
Compass, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In millions, except share and pe
r
per share data)
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Assets
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents$361.9 $618.3 
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $9.0 and $7.1, respectively36.6 48.5 
Compass Concierge receivables, net of allowance of $14.7 and $17.3, respectively42.9 32.9 
Other current assets76.5 94.9 
Total current assets517.9 794.6 
Property and equipment, net192.5 157.4 
Operating lease right-of-use assets483.2 484.7 
Intangible assets, net99.3 127.2 
Goodwill198.4 188.3 
Other non-current assets41.8 48.4 
Total assets$1,533.1 $1,800.6 
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable$28.1 $34.6 
Commissions payable48.0 63.9 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities164.9 240.9 
Current lease liabilities94.6 81.5 
Concierge credit facility31.9 16.2 
Revolving credit facility150.0 — 
Total current liabilities517.5 437.1 
Non-current lease liabilities486.5 483.0 
Other non-current liabilities8.4 32.9 
Total liabilities1,012.4 953.0 
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock, $0.00001 par value, 13,850,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2022 and 2021; 438,098,194 and 409,267,751 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively— — 
Additional paid-in capital2,713.6 2,438.8 
Accumulated deficit(2,196.5)(1,595.0)
Total Compass, Inc. stockholders’ equity517.1 843.8 
Non-controlling interest3.6 3.8 
Total stockholders’ equity520.7 847.6 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$1,533.1 $1,800.6 
   
December 31,
2021
  
December 31,
2020
 
Assets
         
Current Assets
         
Cash and cash equivalents
  $618.3  $440.1 
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $7.1 and $8.1, respectively
   48.5   54.8 
Compass Concierge receivables, net of allowance of $17.3 and $17.2, respectively
   32.9   49.5 
Other current assets
   94.9   54.9 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total current assets
   794.6   599.3 
Property and equipment, net
   157.4   141.7 
Operating lease
right-of-use
assets
   484.7   426.6 
Intangible assets, net
   127.2   45.6 
Goodwill
   188.3   119.8 
Other
non-current
assets
   48.4   32.1 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total assets
  $1,800.6  $1,365.1 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Liabilities, Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
         
Current liabilities
         
Accounts payable
  $34.6  $36.6 
Commissions payable
   63.9   62.0 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
   240.9   106.8 
Current lease liabilities
   81.5   68.1 
Concierge credit facility
   16.2   8.4 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total current liabilities
   437.1   281.9 
Non-current
lease liabilities
   483.0   435.9 
Other
non-current
liabilities
   32.9   23.5 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total liabilities
   953.0   741.3 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Commitments and contingencies (Note 1
1
)
 0   0  
Convertible preferred stock, $0.00001 par value, 0 and 246,430,170 shares authorized at December 31, 2021 and
2020, respectively; 0 and 237,047,550 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively
   0      1,486.7 
Stockholders’ equity (deficit)
         
Common stock, $0.00001 par value, 13,850,000,000 and 700,754,910 shares authorized at December 31, 2021 and
2020, respectively; 409,267,751 and 125,221,900 shares issued at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively;
409,267,751 and 122,971,900 shares outstanding at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively
   0      0   
Additional
paid-in
capital
   2,438.8   238.0 
Accumulated deficit
   (1,595.0)
 
  (1,100.9) 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total Compass, Inc. stockholders’ equity (deficit)
   843.8   (862.9) 
Non-controlling
interest
   3.8   0   
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)
   847.6   (862.9) 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total liabilities, convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit)
  $1,800.6  $1,365.1 
   
 
 
  
 
 
 
The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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60
Compass, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(
In millions, except share and per share data
)
)
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Revenue$6,018.0 $6,421.0 $3,720.8 
Operating expenses:
Commissions and other related expense4,936.1 5,310.5 3,056.9 
Sales and marketing575.1 510.4 402.1 
Operations and support392.4 374.9 222.2 
Research and development360.3 365.3 145.6 
General and administrative208.1 288.5 105.8 
Restructuring costs49.1 — 10.3 
Depreciation and amortization86.3 64.4 51.2 
Total operating expenses6,607.4 6,914.0 3,994.1 
Loss from operations(589.4)(493.0)(273.3)
Investment income, net2.8 0.1 2.0 
Interest expense(3.6)(2.4)(0.6)
Loss before income taxes and equity in loss of unconsolidated entity(590.2)(495.3)(271.9)
Benefit from income taxes0.9 2.5 1.7 
Equity in loss of unconsolidated entity(12.2)(1.3)— 
Net loss(601.5)(494.1)(270.2)
Net (income) loss attributable to non-controlling interests— — — 
Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc.$(601.5)$(494.1)$(270.2)
Net loss per share attributable to Compass, Inc., basic and diluted$(1.40)$(1.51)$(2.46)
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to Compass, Inc., basic and diluted428,169,180 326,336,128 109,954,760 

   
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2021
  
2020
  
2019
 
Revenue
  $6,421.0  $3,720.8  $2,386.0 
Operating expenses:
             
Commissions and other related expense
   5,310.5   3,056.9   1,935.6 
Sales and marketing
   510.4   407.9   382.8 
Operations and support
   374.9   225.1   204.8 
Research and development
   365.3   146.3   131.3 
General and administrative
   288.5   106.7   92.4 
Depreciation and amortization
   64.4   51.2   40.9 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total operating expenses
   6,914.0   3,994.1   2,787.8 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Loss from operations
   (493.0)   (273.3)   (401.8) 
Investment income, net
   0.1   2.0   12.9 
Interest expense
   (2.4)   (0.6)   —   
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Loss before income taxes and equity in loss
   (495.3)   (271.9)   (388.9) 
Benefit from income taxes
   2.5   1.7   0.9 
Equity in loss of unconsolidated entity
   (1.3)   —     —   
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net loss
  $(494.1)  $(270.2)  $(388.0) 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted
  $(1.51)  $(2.46)  $(3.64) 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted
   326,336,128   109,954,760   106,529,880 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
7
3

61
Compass, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss
(In millions)
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Net loss$(601.5)$(494.1)$(270.2)
Other comprehensive loss:   
Unrealized loss on investments— — (0.1)
Comprehensive loss$(601.5)$(494.1)$(270.3)
   
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2021
  
2020
  
2019
 
Net loss
  $(494.1)  $(270.2)  $(388.0)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
             
Unrealized (loss) gain on investments
   —     (0.1)   0.4 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Comprehensive loss
  $(494.1)  $(270.3)  $(387.6) 
The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
7
4

62
Compass, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
(In millions, except share amounts)
Convertible
 Preferred Stock		Common StockAdditional Paid-in
Capital		Accumulated Other
Comprehensive
(Loss) Income		Accumulated
Deficit		Total Compass, Inc.
Stockholders’
Equity (Deficit)		Non-controlling
Interest		Total
Stockholders’
Equity (Deficit)
SharesAmountSharesAmount
Balances at December 31, 2019246,365,350 $1,525.7 109,294,060 $— $143.4 $0.1 $(825.1)$(681.6)$— $(681.6)
Cumulative change in accounting principle (ASU 2016-13)— — — — — — (5.6)(5.6)— (5.6)
Net loss— — — — — — (270.2)(270.2)— (270.2)
Unrealized loss on investments— — — — — (0.1)— (0.1)— (0.1)
Issuance of Series G convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs64,820 1.0 — — — — — — — — 
Conversion of Series D convertible preferred stock(9,382,620)(40.0)9,382,620 — 40.0 — — 40.0 — 40.0 
Issuance of shares in connection with acquisitions— — 401,310 — 1.2 — — 1.2 — 1.2 
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options— — 2,710,680 — 9.6 — — 9.6 — 9.6 
Issuance of common stock upon early exercise of stock options— — 1,183,230 — — — — — — — 
Vesting of early exercised stock options— — — — 0.6 — — 0.6 — 0.6 
Stock-based compensation— — — — 43.2 — — 43.2 — 43.2 
Balances at December 31, 2020237,047,550 $1,486.7 122,971,900 $— $238.0 $— $(1,100.9)$(862.9)$— $(862.9)
Net loss— — — — — — (494.1)(494.1)— (494.1)
Acquisition related non-controlling interest— — — — — — — — 3.8 3.8 
Conversion of Series D convertible preferred stock(15,920,450)(67.6)15,920,450 — 67.6 — — 67.6 — 67.6 
Conversion of convertible preferred stock to common stock in connection with the initial public offering(221,127,100)(1,419.1)223,033,725 — 1,419.1 — — 1,419.1 — 1,419.1 
Issuance of common stock in connection with the initial public offering, net of issuance costs— — 26,296,438 — 438.7 — — 438.7 — 438.7 
Issuance of shares in connection with acquisitions— — 855,740 — 10.1 — — 10.1 — 10.1 
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options— — 9,318,012 — 21.3 — — 21.3 — 21.3 
Issuance of common stock upon settlement of RSUs, net of taxes withheld— — 10,871,486 — (62.4)— — (62.4)— (62.4)
Vesting of early exercised stock options— — — — 5.0 — — 5.0 — 5.0 
Stock-based compensation— — — — 301.4 — — 301.4 — 301.4 
Balances at December 31, 2021— $— 409,267,751 $— $2,438.8 $— $(1,595.0)$843.8 $3.8 $847.6 
Net loss— — — — — — (601.5)(601.5)— (601.5)
Other activity related to non-controlling interests— — — — — — — — (0.2)(0.2)
Issuance of shares in connection with acquisitions— — 1,033,340 — 3.6 — — 3.6 — 3.6 
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options— — 4,145,127 — 9.0 — — 9.0 — 9.0 
Issuance of common stock upon settlement of RSUs, net of taxes withheld— — 9,464,159 — (23.5)— — (23.5)— (23.5)
Vesting of early exercised stock options— — — — 5.5 — — 5.5 — 5.5 
Issuance of common stock in connection with the 2021 Agent Equity Program— — 13,608,896 — 100.0 — — 100.0 — 100.0 
Issuance of common stock under the ESPP— — 578,921 — 2.3 — — 2.3 — 2.3 
Stock-based compensation— — — — 177.9 — — 177.9 — 177.9 
Balances at December 31, 2022— $— 438,098,194 $— $2,713.6 $— $(2,196.5)$517.1 $3.6 $520.7 
  
Convertible
Preferred
 
Stock
    
Common Stock
  
Additional Paid-in

Capital
  
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive
(Loss) Income
  
Accumulated
Deficit
  
Total Compass, Inc.
Stockholders’
Equity (Deficit)
  
Non-controlling

Interest
  
Total
Stockholders’
Equity (Deficit)
 
  
Shares
  
Amount
    
Shares
  
Amount
 
Balances at
December 31, 2018
   224,058,550  $1,182.4     104,177,280   $ —     $98.3  $ (0.3)  $(437.1)  $(339.1)  $ —    $(339.1) 
Net loss
   —     —       —      —      —     —     (388.0)   (388.0)   —     (388.0) 
Unrealized gain
on investments
   —     —       —      —      —     0.4   —     0.4   —     0.4 
Issuance of
Series G
convertible
preferred
stock, net of
issuance costs
   22,306,800   343.3     —      —      —     —     —     —     —     —   
Issuance of
shares in
connection
with
acquisitions
   —     —       40,990    —      0.1   —     —     0.1   —     0.1 
Exercise of stock
options
   —     —       5,075,790    —      7.6   —     —     7.6   —     7.6 
Stock-based
compensation
   —     —       —      —      37.4   —     —     37.4   —     37.4 
   
 
 
  
 
 
    
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Balances at
December 31, 2019
   246,365,350  $1,525.7     109,294,060   $—     $143.4  $0.1  $(825.1)  $(681.6)  $—    $(681.6) 
   
 
 
  
 
 
    
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Cumulative
change in
accounting
principle
 
(ASU
2016-13)
   —    $—       —     $—     $—    $—    $(5.6)  $(5.6)  $ —    $(5.6) 
Net loss
   —     —       —      —      —     —     (270.2)   (270.2)   —     (270.2) 
Unrealized
loss

on investments
   —     —       —      —      —     (0.1)   —     (0.1)   —     (0.1) 
Issuance of
Series G
convertible
preferred
stock, net of
issuance costs
   64,820   1.0     —      —      —     —     —     —     —     —   
Conversion of
Series D
convertible
preferred stock
   (9,382,620)   (40.0)     9,382,620    —      40.0   —     —     40.0   —     40.0 
Issuance of
shares in
connection
with
acquisitions
   —     —       401,310    —      1.2   —     —     1.2   —     1.2 
Exercise of stock
options
   —     —       2,710,680    —      9.6   —     —     9.6   —     9.6 
Early exercise of
stock options
   —     —       1,183,230    —      —     —     —     —     —     —   
Vesting of early
exercised stock
options
   —     —       —      —      0.6   —     —     0.6   —     0.6 
Stock-based
compensation
   —     —       —      —      43.2   —     —     43.2   —     43.2 
   
 
 
  
 
 
    
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Balances at
December 31, 2020
   237,047,550  $1,486.7     122,971,900   $ —     $238.0  $0  $(1,100.9)  $(862.9)  $ —    $(862.9) 
   
 
 
  
 
 
    
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net loss
   —    $—       —     $ —     $—    $—    $(494.1)  $(494.1)  $0  $(494.1) 
Acquisition
related
non-controlling
interest
   —     —       —      —      —     —     —     —     3.8   3.8 
Conversion of
Series D
convertible
preferred stock
   (15,920,450)   (67.6)     15,920,450    —      67.6   —     —     67.6   —     67.6 
Conversion of
convertible
preferred stock
to common
stock in
connection
with the initial
public offering
   (221,127,100)   (1,419.1)     223,033,725    —      1,419.1   —     —     1,419.1   —     1,419.1 
Issuance of
common stock
in connection
with the initial
public offering,
net of issuance
costs
   —     —       26,296,438    —      438.7   —     —     438.7   —     438.7 
Issuance of
shares in
connection
with
acquisitions
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
 
 
855,740
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
10.1
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
10.1
 
 
 
—  
 
 
 
10.1
 
Issuance of
common stock
upon exercise
of stock
options
   —     —       9,318,012    —      21.3   —     —     21.3   —     21.3 
Issuance of
common stock
upon
settlement
of RSUs, net
of taxes
withheld
   —     —       10,871,486    —      (62.4)  —     —     (62.4)  —     (62.4)
Vesting of early
exercised stock
options
   —     —       —      —      5.0   —     —     5.0   —     5.0 
Stock-based
compensation
   —     —       —      —      301.4   —     —     301.4   —     301.4 
   
 
 
  
 
 
    
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Balances at
December 31, 2021
   0    $0     409,267,751   $ —     $2,438.8  $0  $ (1,595.0)  $843.8  $3.8  $847.6 
   
 
 
  
 
 
    
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
63
75

Compass, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In millions)
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Operating Activities
Net loss$(601.5)$(494.1)$(270.2)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:   
Depreciation and amortization86.3 64.4 51.2 
Stock-based compensation234.5 386.3 43.2 
Equity in loss of unconsolidated entity12.2 1.3 — 
Change in acquisition related contingent consideration(2.2)(4.7)8.9 
Bad debt expense7.3 8.9 16.0 
Amortization of debt issuance costs0.9 1.1 0.3 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:   
Accounts receivable6.5 8.5 (16.3)
Compass Concierge receivables(11.7)9.4 16.6 
Other current assets17.6 (40.0)19.4 
Other non-current assets9.8 (11.8)(4.9)
Operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities5.8 2.4 34.6 
Accounts payable(4.8)(3.3)(6.5)
Commissions payable(15.9)(0.3)29.1 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities(36.5)43.3 20.5 
Net cash used in operating activities(291.7)(28.6)(58.1)
Investing Activities   
Proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities— — 55.5 
Investment in unconsolidated entity(15.0)(5.0)— 
Capital expenditures(70.1)(50.1)(43.3)
Payments for acquisitions, net of cash acquired(15.0)(137.4)(25.6)
Net cash used in investing activities(100.1)(192.5)(13.4)
Financing Activities   
Proceeds from exercise and early exercise of stock options9.0 26.9 15.9 
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan2.3 — — 
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards(23.5)(62.4)— 
Proceeds from drawdowns on Concierge credit facility59.0 39.5 11.4 
Repayments of drawdowns on Concierge credit facility(43.3)(31.7)(3.0)
Proceeds from drawdowns on Revolving credit facility150.0 — — 
Payments related to acquisitions, including contingent consideration(17.5)(10.7)(3.2)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon initial public offering, net of offering costs— 439.6 — 
Other(0.6)(1.9)(1.2)
Net cash provided by financing activities135.4 399.3 19.9 
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents(256.4)178.2 (51.6)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period618.3 440.1 491.7 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$361.9 $618.3 $440.1 
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:   
Cash paid for interest$2.3 $1.3 $0.2 
Supplemental non-cash information:   
Issuance of common stock for acquisitions$3.6 $10.1 $1.2 
Conversion of convertible preferred stock in connection with initial public offering$— $1,419.1 $— 
Conversion of Series D convertible preferred stock$— $67.6 $40.0 
   
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2021
  
2020
  
2019
 
Operating Activities
             
Net loss
  $(494.1)  $(270.2)  $(388.0) 
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
             
Depreciation and amortization
   64.4   51.2   40.9 
Stock-based compensation
   386.3   43.2   37.4 
Equity in loss of unconsolidated entity
  
 
1.3
   
—
 
 
   
—
 
 
 
Change in acquisition related contingent consideration
   (4.7)   8.9   (9.9) 
Bad debt expense
   8.9   16.0   6.8 
Amortization of debt issuance costs
   1.1   0.3   0   
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
             
Accounts receivable
   8.5   (16.3)   (18.2) 
Compass Concierge receivables
   9.4   16.6   (84.8) 
Other current assets
   (40.0)   19.4   (45.0) 
Other
non-current
assets
   (11.8)   (4.9)   6.3 
Operating lease
right-of-use
assets and operating lease liabilities
   2.4   34.6   21.8 
Accounts payable
   (3.3)   (6.5)   9.2 
Commissions payable
   (0.3)   29.1   21.6 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
   43.3   20.5   24.9 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net cash used in operating activities
   (28.6)   (58.1)   (377.0) 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Investing Activities
             
Purchases of marketable securities
   —     —     (70.7) 
Proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities
   —     55.5   572.9 
Investment in unconsolidated entity
  
(5.0
)
 
  
—
 
 
   
—
 
 
 
Capital expenditures
   (50.1)   (43.3)   (74.1) 
Payments for acquisitions, net of cash acquired
   (137.4)   (25.6)   (38.2) 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities
   (192.5)  (13.4)   389.9 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Financing Activities
             
Proceeds from issuance of convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs
   —     1.0   343.3 
Proceeds from exercise and early exercise of stock options
   26.9   15.9   7.6 
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards   (62.4)   —     —   
Proceeds from drawdowns on Concierge credit facility
   39.5   11.4   0   
Repayments of drawdowns on Concierge credit facility
   (31.7)   (3.0)   0   
Payments of contingent consideration related to acquisitions
   (10.7)   (3.2)   (0.7) 
Payments of debt issuance costs for credit facilities
   (1.9)   
(1.3

)  —   
Payment of deferred offering costs
   —     (0.9)   —   
Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon initial public offering, net of offering costs
   439.6   —     —   
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net cash provided by financing activities
   399.3   19.9   350.2 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
   178.2   (51.6)   363.1 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
   440.1   491.7   128.6 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
  $618.3  $440.1  $491.7 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
             
Cash paid for interest
  $1.3  $0.2  $—   
Supplemental
non-cash
information:
             
Issuance of common stock for acquisitions
  $10.1  $1.2  $0.1 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Conversion of convertible preferred stock in connection with initial public offering
  $1,419.1  $—    $—   
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Conversion of Series D convertible preferred stock
  $67.6  $40.0  $—   
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
76

64
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1.
Business

1. Business
Description of the Business
Compass, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in Delaware on
October 4, 2012
under the name Urban Compass, Inc. On January
8,
,
2021,
, the board of directors approved a change to the Company’s name from Urban Compass, Inc. to Compass, Inc.
The Company provides an
end-to-end
platform that empowers its residential real estate agents to deliver exceptional service to seller and buyer clients. The Company’s platform includes an integrated suite of cloud-based software for customer relationship management, marketing, client service and other critical functionality, all custom-built for the real estate industry which enables the Company’s core brokerage services. The platform also uses proprietary data, analytics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning to deliver high value recommendations and outcomes for Compass agents and their clients.
The Company’s agents are independent contractors who affiliate their real estate licenses with the Company, operating their businesses on the Company’s platform and under the Compass brand. The Company generates revenue from clients through its agents by assisting home sellers and buyers in listing, marketing, selling and finding homes as well as through the provision of services adjacent to the transaction, like title and escrow services, which comprise a smaller portion of the Company’s revenue to date. The Company currently generates substantially all of its revenue from commissions paid by clients at the time that a home is transacted.
Stock Split
In March 2021, the Company’s board of directors and the stockholders of the Company approved a
10-for-one
ten-for-one forward stock split of the Company’s common stock and convertible preferred stock (collectively, the “Capital Stock”), which became effective on March 19, 2021. The authorized number of each class and series of Capital Stock was proportionally increased in accordance with the
ten-for-one
stock split and the par value of each class of Capital Stock was adjusted from $0.0001 to $0.00001 as a result of this forward stock split. All common stock, convertible preferred stock, stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and per share information presented within these consolidated financial statements have been adjusted to reflect this forward stock split on a retroactive basis for all periods presented.
Initial Public Offering
On April 6, 2021, the Company completed its initial public offering (“IPO”) and the Company’s Class A common stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange on April 1, 2021 under the symbol “COMP”. In connection with the IPO, the Company issued and sold 26,296,43826.3 million shares of its common stock at a public offering price of $18.00 per share. The Company received aggregate proceeds of $438.7 million from the IPO, net of the underwriting discount and offering costs of approximately $11.0 million (of which $0.9 million were paid in 2020). Offering costs, including the legal, accounting, printing and other
IPO-related
costs have been recorded in Additional
paid-in
capital against the proceeds from the offering. During April 2021, also in connection with the IPO, all series of the Company’s convertible preferred stock then outstanding were converted into 223,033,725223.0 million shares of common stock and the Company reclassified $1.4 billion of convertible preferred stock to Additional
paid-in-capital.
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
2.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company’s consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses of all controlled subsidiaries. The consolidated statements of operations include the results of entities acquired from the date of each respective acquisition.
Certain operating expense amounts presented in the prior period consolidated statements of operations have been reclassified to the Restructuring costs line item in order to conform to the current period financial statement presentation.
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The change in classification does not affect previously reported Total operating expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.
Consolidation
The Company consolidates an entity if its ownership, direct or indirect, exceeds 50% of the outstanding voting shares of an entity and/or it has the ability to control the financial or operating policies through its voting rights, board representation or other similar rights. For entities where the Company does not have a controlling interest (financial or operating), the investments in such entities are accounted for using the equity method or at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income, as appropriate. The Company applies the equity method of accounting when it has the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of an investee. The Company measures all other investments at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income or in the case that an equity investment does not have readily determinable fair values, at cost minus impairment (if any) plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods covered by the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These judgments, estimates and assumptions are used for, but not limited to (i) valuation of the Company’s common stock and stock awards, (ii) fair value of acquired intangible assets and goodwill, (iii) fair value of contingent consideration arrangements in connection with business combinations, (iv) incremental borrowing rate used for the Company’s operating lease,leases, (v) useful lives of long-lived assets, (vi) impairment of intangible assets and goodwill, (vii) allowance for Compass Concierge receivables and (viii) income taxes and certain deferred tax assets. The Company determines its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes are reasonable under the circumstances. However, actual results could differ from these estimates and these differences may be material.
Liquidity

There are many uncertainties regarding the ongoing coronavirus
(“COVID-19”)
pandemic, andSince inception, the Company is closely monitoringhas primarily generated negative cash flows from operations and has primarily financed operations from net proceeds from the issuance of convertible preferred stock and common stock. In addition, a number of macroeconomic conditions, including rising inflation and rapidly rising mortgage interest rates, have contributed to a slowdown in the U.S. residential real estate market, which has had an adverse impact ofon the pandemic on all aspects of itsCompany’s business including how it has impacted and may continue to adversely impact the Company’s operations and its customers for an indefinite period of time. The extent and duration of the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemic over the longer term and the extent to which it will impact the global economy, U.S. residential market and the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows remain uncertain and depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and difficult to predict. Such developments include, but are not limited to, the emergence of new variants, severity and transmission rate of the virus, the duration and extent of the spread of the virus (including new variants), the timing, availability, and effectiveness of vaccines (including booster shots) and the vaccination rates, the prevalence of local, regional and national restrictions and regulatory orders in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the extent and effectiveness of containment actions taken, as well as the impact of these and other factors on residential real estate values, real estate transaction behavior in general, and on the Company’s business in particular.the future.
The Company has a Revolving Credit Facility, which it can draw upon provided it maintains continued compliance with certain financial and non-financial covenants. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $167.0 million available to be drawn under the Revolving Credit Facility and was in compliance with each of the financial and non-financial covenants. See Note 9 — "Debt" for further details.
During the year ended December 31, 2022 and in January 2023, the Company announced various restructuring actions to improve the alignment between the Company’s organizational structure and its long-term business strategy, drive cost efficiencies enabled by the Company’s technology and other competitive advantages and continue to drive toward profitability and positive free cash flow. The Company will continue to assess the impactsimpact that changing macroeconomic factors and the slowdown of the ongoing
COVID-19
pandemicU.S. Residential real estate market will have on its business and will adjust its operations as necessary.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company held cash and cash equivalents of approximately $361.9 million and $618.3 million, respectively. The Company believes that it will have sufficient liquidity from cash on hand, its Revolving Credit Facility and future operations to sustain its business operations for the next twelve months and beyond.
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Segment
Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which discrete financial information is available that is regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer is the Company’s CODM. The CODM reviews financial information on a consolidated basis for purposes of making operating decisions, allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. As such, the Company has one operating and reportable segment. Substantially all long-lived assets are located in the United States and substantially all revenue is attributed to sellers and buyers based in the United States.
Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders
Compass, Inc.
The Company follows
the two-class method
when computing net loss per common share when shares are issued that meet the definition of participating securities.
The two-class method
determines net loss per common share for each class of common stock and participating securities according to dividends declared or accumulated and participation rights in undistributed earnings.
The two-class method
requires income available to common stockholders for the period to be allocated between common stock and participating securities based upon their respective rights to receive dividends as if all income for the period had been distributed. Prior to conversion in connection with the IPO, the Company’s convertible preferred stock contractually entitled the holders of such shares to participate in dividends but does not contractually require the holders of such shares to participate in the Company’s losses.
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
For periods in which the Company reports net losses, diluted net loss per common share attributable to common stockholdersCompass, Inc. is the same as basic net loss per common share attributable to common stockholders,Compass, Inc., because potentially dilutive common shares are not assumed to have been issued if their effect is anti-dilutive.
Foreign Currency
The Company established its first foreign subsidiary in India in 2020. The functional currency of the entity is U.S. dollars. Transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured to the functional currency at the exchange rate on the transaction date. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured
at period-end using
the period-end exchange
rate. Realized and unrealized gains and losses from foreign exchange were immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all investments with an original maturity date at the time of purchase of three months or less to be cash and cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist primarily of money market funds.funds and U.S. treasury securities. The Company’s accounts, at times, may exceed federally insured limits.
Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses
Accounts receivable is stated as the amount billed, net of an estimated allowance for credit losses (“ACL”). The Company’s ACL is adjusted periodically and is based on management’s consideration of the age and nature of the past due accounts as well as specific payment issues. Changes in the Company’s estimate to the ACL is recorded through bad debt expense and individual accounts are charged against the allowance when all reasonable collection efforts are exhausted. The following table summarizes the activity of the ACL for Accounts receivable (in millions):
   
December 31,
 
   
2021
   
2020
 
Opening balance
  $8.1   $2.7 
Allowances
   1.7    6.9 
Net write-offs and other
   (2.7)    (1.5) 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Closing balance
  $7.1   $8.1 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
December 31,
20222021
Opening balance$7.1 $8.1 
Allowances5.5 1.7 
Net write-offs and other(3.6)(2.7)
Closing balance$9.0 $7.1 
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Prepaid Agent Incentives
Other current assets and
Other non-current assets
in the consolidated balance sheets include prepaid agent incentives that represent cash payments made to certain agents as an incentive to associate their license with the Company. The prepaid agent incentives have a related service period requirement which provides for the repayment of such amounts if the agent disassociates from the Company prior to the completion of the specified service period. The value of these prepaid agent incentives are amortized within Sales and marketing expense in the consolidated statements of operations over the underlying service periods.
Property and Equipment, net
Property and equipment is reported at cost net of any accumulated depreciation and is depreciated using the straight-line method over the useful lives of the related assets. Expenditures for maintenance, repair and renewals of minor items are charged to expense as incurred. Major improvements are capitalized.
The Company capitalizes costs associated with developing software systems that are in the application development stage. Software development costs that are incurred in the preliminary project stage and post-implementation stage are expensed as incurred.

The useful lives of property and equipment are as follows:
Description
Useful Life
Leasehold improvementsLesser of estimated useful life or remaining lease term
Office furniture and equipmentFive years
Computer software and internally-developed softwareThree years
Computer equipmentThree years
Business Combinations
Business combinations are accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. This method requires, among other things, allocation of the fair value of purchase consideration to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair values on the acquisition date. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. When determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, management makes estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets. Management’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. During the measurement period, not to exceed one year from the date of acquisition, the Company may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with a corresponding offset to goodwill if new information is obtained related to facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date. After the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations. Acquisition costs, consisting primarily of third-party legal and consulting fees, are expensed as incurred.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets resulting from the acquisition of entities are accounted for using the acquisition method based on management’s estimate of the fair value of assets received. Intangible assets are finite lived and mainly consist of customer relationships, workforce and acquired technology and are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives. The useful lives were determined by estimating future cash flows generated by the acquired intangible assets. The Company amortizes these intangible assets on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives within the Company’s operating expenses.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets or asset groups (collectively, “asset groups”) may not be recoverable. This includes but is not limited to significant adverse changes in business climate, market conditions, or other events that indicate an asset groups’ carrying
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
amount may not be recoverable. Recoverability of asset groups to be held and used is measured first by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group. If such asset groups were considered to be impaired, an impairment loss would be recognized when the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset.
NaNNo impairment losses for long-lived assets have been recognized in any of the periods presented.
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquired business over the fair value of the assets acquired at the date of acquisition. Goodwill is not subject to amortization but is subject to impairment testing on an annual basis, as of October 1, or whenever events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the reporting unit may be in excess of the reporting unit’s fair value. The Company has one reporting unit and tests goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level. As part of the goodwill impairment test, the Company first performs a qualitative assessment to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary. If, as a result of its qualitative assessment, it
is more-likely-than-not that
the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit is less than its carrying amount,
a two-step impairment
test is required.
If factors indicate that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the Company performs a quantitative assessment and the fair value of the reporting unit is determined by analyzing the expected present value of future cash flows. If the carrying value of the reporting unit continues to exceed its fair value, the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill is calculated and an impairment loss equal to the excess is recorded. The Company has
0t
not recorded any impairments related to goodwill as of December 31, 2021.

2022.
Leases
The Company determines if an arrangement contains a lease at inception based on whether there is an identified asset and whether the Company controls the use of the identified asset throughout the period of use. The Company classifies leases as either financing or operating. The Company does not have any finance
leases. Right-of-use (“ROU”)
assets are recognized at the lease commencement date and represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of future lease payments over the remaining lease term.
Present value of lease payments are discounted based on the more readily determinable of (i) the rate implicit in the lease or (ii) the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Because the Company’s operating leases generally do not provide an implicit rate, the Company estimates its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at lease commencement date for collateralized borrowings with a similar term, an amount equal to the lease payments and in a similar economic environment where the leased asset is located. The collateralized borrowings were based on the Company’s estimated credit rating corroborated with market credit metrics like debt level and interest coverage.
The Company’s operating lease ROU assets are measured based on the corresponding operating lease liability adjusted for (i) payments made to the lessor at or before the commencement date, (ii) initial direct costs incurred and (iii) lease incentives under the lease. Options to renew or terminate the lease are recognized as part of the Company’s ROU assets and lease liabilities when it is reasonably certain the options will be exercised. ROU assets are also assessed for impairments consistent with the Company’s long-lived asset policy.
The Company does not allocate consideration between lease
and non-lease components,
such as maintenance costs, as the Company has elected to not separate lease
and non-lease components
for any leases within its existing classes of assets. Operating lease expense for fixed lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments for real estate taxes, insurance, maintenance and utilities, which are generally based on the Company’s pro rata share of the total property, are not included in the measurement of the ROU assets or lease liabilities and are expensed as incurred.
Operating leases are presented separately as operating
lease right-of-useROU assets
and operating lease liabilities, current
and non-current, in
the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Revenue Recognition
The Company generates revenue by assisting home sellers and buyers in listing, marketing, selling and finding homes. The Company holds the real estate brokerage license that is necessary under relevant state laws and regulations to provide brokerage services and therefore controls those services that are necessary to legally transfer real estate between home sellers and buyers.
Although the Company’s agents are independent contractors, they cannot execute a real estate transaction without a brokerage license, which the Company possesses. The Company has the only contractual relationship for the sale or exchange of real estate with its clients. Accordingly, the Company is the principal in its transactions with home buyers and sellers. As principal, the Company recognizes revenue in the gross amount of consideration to which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those services.

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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company concluded that its brokerage revenue contains a single performance obligation that is satisfied upon the closing of a real estate services transaction, at which point the entire transaction price is earned. Revenue is recognized upon the closing of a real estate transaction (i.e. purchase or sale of a home) since the Company is not entitled to any commission until the performance obligation is satisfied and is not owed any commission for unsuccessful transactions, even if services have been provided. The Company operates exclusively in the United States and generates substantially all of its revenue from commissions from home sellers and buyers. In addition to commission revenue, the Company generates revenue through adjacent services related to the home transaction such as title and escrow services which comprised an immaterial amount of the consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 2020 and 2019.2020.
Management evaluated and determined that no disaggregation of revenue is necessary or appropriate.
As the Company generally bills for its services at the time of revenue recognition, the Company does not have material deferred revenue or contract asset balances. In addition, the Company does not capitalize commissions paid to agents as incremental contract costs as there are no future benefits associated with the expenses.
Commissions and Other Related Expense
Commissions and other related expense primarily consist of commissions paid to the Company’s agents, who are independent contractors to the Company, upon the closing of a real estate transaction (i.e., purchase or sale of a home), as well as stock-based compensation expense related to the Company’s Agent Equity Program (see Note 2 — “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Stock-Based Compensation”) and fees paid to external brokerages for client referrals, which are recognized and paid upon the closing of a real estate transaction.
The Company also charges resource fees to affiliated agents. These fees are either transaction based, where amounts are collected at the closing of a brokerage transaction, or in the form of periodic fixed fees over a defined period of time. Fees charged to affiliated agents are recognized as a reduction to Commissions and other related expense as the reimbursements do not constitute a form of revenue nor do they constitute a reimbursement for a specific, incremental, identifiable cost for the Company.
Sales and Marketing
Sales and marketing expense consists primarily of marketing and advertising expenses, compensation and other personnel-related costs for employees supporting sales, marketing, expansion and related functions, occupancy-related costs for the Company’s regional offices, agent acquisition incentives and costs related to administering the Compass Concierge Program, including associated bad debt expenses. Advertising expense primarily includes the cost of marketing activities such as print advertising, online advertising and promotional items, which are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs were $147.1 million, $118.1 million $101.1 million and $103.9$101.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 202
0
and 2019,2020, respectively.
Compensation costs includes salaries, taxes, benefits, bonuses and stock-based compensation.
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Operations and Support
Operations and support expenses include compensation and other personnel related expenses for employees supporting agents, third-party consulting and professional services costs, fair value adjustments to contingent consideration for the Company’s acquisitions and other related expenses.
Research and Development
Research and development expense consists primarily of compensation and other personnel-related costs for employees in the product, engineering and technology functions, website hosting expenses, software licenses and equipment, third-party consulting costs, data licenses and other related expenses.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expense primarily consists of compensation costs for executive management and administrative employees, including finance and accounting, legal, human resources and communications, the occupancy costs for the Company’s New York headquarters and other offices supporting administrative functions, professional services fees, insurance expenses and talent acquisition expenses.
Restructuring
Costs and liabilities associated with management-approved restructuring activities are recognized when they are incurred. Restructuring charges primarily consist of costs associated with a workforce reduction and operating lease right-of-use asset impairments. One-time employee termination costs are recognized at the time of communication to employees, unless future service is required, in which case the costs are recognized ratably over the future service period. Ongoing employee termination benefits are recognized as a liability when it is probable that a liability exists and the amount is reasonably estimable. Restructuring charges are recognized as an operating expense within the consolidated statements of operations and related liabilities are recorded within Accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company periodically evaluates and, if necessary, adjusts its estimates based on currently available information.

Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expense primarily consists of depreciation and amortization of the Company’s property and equipment, capitalized software and acquired intangible assets.


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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Interest Expense
Interest expense consists primarily of expense related to the interest, commitment fees and amortization of debt issuance costs associated with the Company’s revolving credit facility and concierge credit facility. See Note 9 — “Debt.”
Income Taxes
The Company utilizes the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to settle. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities resulting from a change in tax rates is recognized as income or expense in the period that includes the enactment date. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are classified
as non-current in
accordance with Accounting Standard Update
(“ASU”) No. 2015-17. Valuation
allowances are established against deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that they will not be realized.
The Company recognizes tax benefits from uncertain tax positions only if the Company believes that it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. The Company continuously reviews issues raised in connection with ongoing examinations and open tax years to evaluate the adequacy of its tax liabilities. The Company’s policy is to adjust these reserves when facts and circumstances change, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
which such determination is made and could have a material impact on its financial condition and operating results. The provision for income taxes includes the effects of any reserves that management identifies.

Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or an exit price paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for an asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The accounting standards also establish a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs when measuring fair value. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
Level 1Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 1Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable, unadjusted quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity, requiring the Company to develop its own assumptions.
Level 2Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable, unadjusted quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity, requiring the Company to develop its own assumptions.
The carrying amount of the Company’s financial instruments including Cash and cash equivalents, Accounts receivable, Compass Concierge receivables, Accounts payable and Commissions payable approximate their respective fair values because of their short maturities. As of December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, the carrying amount of the Company’s debt facilities approximates fair value as the stated interest rate approximates market rates currently available to the Company.
See Note 5 — “Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities,” for more information on the fair value of financial assets and liabilities.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company measures compensation expense for all stock-based awards based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant. Compensation expense is generally recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the service period based on the vesting requirements. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur.


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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
For stock options, which the Company issues to employees, and affiliated agents and in certain cases in connection with business combinations, the Company generally estimates the fair value using the Black- ScholesBlack-Scholes option pricing model, which requires the input of subjective assumptions, including (1) the fair value of common stock, (2) the expected stock price volatility, (3) the expected term of the award, (4) the risk-free interest rate and (5) expected dividends.
The Company also issues RSUs to employees, affiliated agents and affiliated agents.in certain cases in connection with business combinations. In addition to the issuance of RSUs to agents as equity compensation for the provision of services, the Company offers RSUs to affiliated agents through its Agent Equity Program. The Agent Equity Program offers affiliated agents the ability to elect to have a portion of their commissions earned during a calendar year to be paid in the form of RSUs. RSUs issued in connection with the Agent Equity Program are granted at the beginning of the year following the calendar year in which the commissions were earned and are subject to the terms and conditions of the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan and the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, as applicable. The Company has discontinued the Agent Equity Program following the issuance of RSUs in January 2023 related to the 2022 program year.
The Company’s RSUs granted prior to December 2020 generally vest based upon the satisfaction of both a service-based condition and a liquidity event-based condition. The service-based vesting condition for these awards is generally satisfied over four years,
except for the RSUs associated with the 2020 Agent Equity Program which vested immediately on the date of issuance. The liquidity event-based vesting condition is satisfied on the occurrence of a qualifying event, generally defined as a change in control or the effective date of the registration statement for the Company’s IPO. The fair value of these RSUs iswas measured based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date and will begin to bewas recognized as expense when both the required service-based vesting condition and the liquidity event-based vesting condition has beenwere achieved using the accelerated attribution method. The liquidity event-based vesting requirement was met on March 31, 2021, the effective date of the Company’s registration statement, see Note 1—“
Business—Initial Public Offering.”
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Beginning inIn December 2020, the Company began issuing RSUs that vest upon the satisfaction of only a service-based vesting condition that is generally rangingranges from fourone to five years. The fair value of these RSUs is measured based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date and will be recognized as expense on a straight-line basis as the required service-based vesting condition is satisfied. Any vested RSUs that require only a service-based vesting condition will convert to common stock following vesting and their prescribed delayed settlement periods.
For RSUs to be granted in connection with the 2021 and 2022 Agent Equity Program,Programs, the Company determinesdetermined the value of the stock-based compensation expense at the time the underlying commission is earned and beginsbegan to recognize the associated expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods beginning on the closing date of the underlying real estate commission transactions. The stock-based compensation expense iswas recorded as a liability and will be reclassified to additional
paid-in
capital at the end of the vesting period when the underlying RSUs are issued.
On a limited basis, the Company has issued stock options and RSUs that contain service, performance and market-based vesting conditions that include stock price targets to be met after the listing of the Company’s stock on a public exchange. Such awards are valued using a Monte Carlo simulation and the underlying expense will be recognized as the associated vesting conditions are met.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In June 2016, the FASB issued
ASU 2016-13,
Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326)
, which modifies the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments. This standard requires the use of an expected loss impairment model for instruments measured at amortized cost based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. This guidance is effective for public companies with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2020 on a modified retrospective basis,
which
resulted in a $5.6 million increase in the Company’s overall allowance for credit losses related to the Company’s Compass Concierge receivables, with a corresponding increase to the Company’s accumulated deficit.
In August 2018, the FASB issued
ASU 2018-13,
 Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework — Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement
. The guidance eliminates, amends and adds certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The new standard is effective for all public entities for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2020, and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU
No. 2018-15,
 Intangibles — Goodwill and Other —
Internal-Use
 Software (Subtopic
 350-40):
 Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force)
. The guidance on the accounting for implementation, setup and other upfront costs (collectively referred to as implementation costs) applies to entities that are a customer in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract. The amendments align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement
that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or
obtain internal-use software
(and hosting arrangements that include
an internal-use software
license). The new standard is effective for public companies with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within that fiscal year and should be applied either retrospectively or prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption and early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted this standard prospectively as of January 1, 2020, and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU
No. 2019-08,
 Compensation — Stock Compensation (Topic 718) and Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Codification Improvements — Share-Based Consideration Payable to a Customer
. The ASU simplifies and increases comparability of accounting for nonemployee stock-based payments, specifically those made to customers. Under the new guidance, such awards will be accounted for as a reduction of the transaction price in revenue, but should be measured and classified following the stock compensation guidance in ASC 718,
 Compensation — Stock Compensation
. The new standard is effective for public companies with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years and can be applied retrospectively or on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings upon adoption. The Company adopted this standard on a modified retrospective basis as of January 1, 2020, and the adoption did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU
No. 2019-12,
Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes
. The ASU is part of the FASB’s simplification initiative; and it is expected to reduce cost and complexity related to accounting for income taxes by eliminating certain exceptions to the guidance in ASC 740,
Income Taxes
 related to the approach for intra-period tax allocation, the methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period and the recognition of deferred tax liabilities for outside basis differences. The new guidance also simplifies aspects of the accounting for franchise taxes and enacted changes in tax laws or rates and clarifies the accounting for transactions that result in
a step-up in
the tax basis of goodwill. The new standard will become effective for public companies with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2021 and the adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
New Accounting Pronouncements
In March 2020, the FASB
issued ASU 2020-04,
Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting
. An update was also issued expanding the scope of this guidance. The guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts or other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The guidance was issued on March 12, 2020 and may be applied prospectively through December 31, 2022. On December 21, 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) - Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848, which deferred the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. The Company is evaluating applicable contracts and transactions to determine whether to elect the optional guidance. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU
2021-08,
Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers.
The guidance amends ASC 805 to require acquiring entities to apply Topic 606 to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in a business combination. The amendment is effective for public companies with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those
73
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
fiscal years. The amendment should be applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) - Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures, which requires enhanced disclosure of certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty while eliminating certain current recognition and measurement accounting guidance. This ASU also requires the disclosure of current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of this standard is currently being evaluated and is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
3.
Business Combinations and Asset Acquisitions
3. Business Combinations and Asset Acquisitions
Assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations are recognized at their acquisition date fair values. Determination of the fair values of assets and liabilities acquired requires estimates and the use of valuation techniques when market values are not readily available. The results of operations of businesses acquired by the Company have been included in the consolidated statements of operations since their respective dates of acquisition. Goodwill generated from all business
combinations
completed was primarily attributable to expected synergies from future growth and potential monetization opportunities.
20212022 Acquisitions
During the year ended December 31, 2021,2022, the Company completed several business acquisitions including the acquisition of 100% of the ownership interests in KVS Title, LLC, a title insurance and escrow settlement services company Glide Labs, Inc.,and acquired the assets of a real estate technology company, Randall Family of Companies, a group of Southern Coastal New England residential real-estate brokerage entities,
three
additional small real estate brokerages and three additional small title insurance and escrow settlement services companies.brokerage. The purpose of these acquisitions was to expand the Company’s title and escrow offerings to grow the Company’s transaction management tools included in its
end-to-end
real estate platform, and to expand its existing brokerage business in key domestic markets.
 The Company has accounted for these acquisitions as business combinations.
Total Consideration of Business Combinations
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
During 2021, the Company completed 2
asset acquisitions of smaller residential real estate brokerages in connection with ongoing agent recruitment efforts in key domestic markets. The total consideration for these two acquisitions completed during the year ended December 31, 2022 comprised
$13.2 $12.1 million inof cash, net of cash acquired,
,
$5.8 
$0.8 million in the Company’s Class A common stock of the Company and up to
$3.4
$3.6 million of additional cash that may be paid contingent on certain earnings-based targets being met. Duringmet through 2029. Future cash payments were recorded as Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and Other non-current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.
The fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed primarily resulted in the recognition of: customer relationships of $8.1 million; trademark intangible assets of $1.1 million; $1.0 million of other current and non-current assets; and $2.5 million of current and non-current liabilities. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the acquired net assets was recorded as goodwill of $8.8 million. Acquired intangible assets are being amortized over their estimated useful lives of approximately 3 to 5 years.
None of the goodwill recorded during the year ended December 31, 2021,2022 is deductible for tax purposes. The amount of tax-deductible goodwill may increase in the future to approximately $2.6 million dependent on the payment of certain holdbacks and acquisition-related compensation arrangements. These amounts are not expected to have an impact on the income tax provision while the Company recorded net assetsmaintains a full valuation allowance on its U.S. deferred tax assets.
As of
$23.9 
December 31, 2022, an aggregate of $1.2 million primarily comprised of customer relationships. Suchthe cash to be paid after closing for certain acquisitions remained unpaid. These amounts are also included inpresented within Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and Other non-current liabilities on the tables below.
Total Consideration of Business Combinationsconsolidated balance sheet and Asset Acquisitions
The following table summarizesare expected to be paid during the aggregate fair value of the components of the purchase consideration, as of the respective dates of each of the business combinationsyears ended December 31, 2023 and asset acquisitions (in millions):December 31, 2024.
Cash paid at closing
  $ 148.6 
Class A common stock issued
   5.8 
Cash to be paid after closing
   21.8 
Contingent consideration 
   5.6 
Non-controlling interest
  
3.8
 
  
$
185.6
 
The following table summarizes the preliminary allocations of the purchase price for the business combinations and asset acquisitions (in millions):
Cash and cash equivalents
  $11.2 
Other current assets
   4.1 
Property and equipment
   2.5 
Goodwill
(1)
   68.5 
Operating lease
right-of-use
assets
   12.8 
In
t
angible assets
(2)
     
Acquired Technology
   5.5 
Customer
relationships
   90.7 
Trademarks
   11.3 
   
 
 
 
Total assets
  $
 
206.6 
   
 
 
 
Total liabilities
  $(21.0) 
   
 
 
 
Net assets
  $185.6 
   
 
 
 
(1)
Approximately $22.9 million of the goodwill is deductible for tax purposes. The amount of
tax-deductible
goodwill may increase in the future to approximately $52.1
million dependent on the payment of certain holdbacks and acquisition related compensation arrangements. These amounts are not expected to have an impact on the income tax provision while the Company maintains a full valuation allowance on its domestic deferred tax assets.
(2)
The identified intangible assets have a useful life
of 2-9 years.
The Company has recorded the preliminary purchase price allocation as of the acquisition dates and expects to finalize its analysis within the measurement period (up to one year from the acquisition date) of the respective transaction. Any adjustments during the measurement period would have a corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the consolidated statements of operations.
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Pro forma revenue and earnings for 2022 acquisitions have not been presented because they are not material to the Company’s consolidated revenue and results of operations, either individually or in the aggregate.
2021 Acquisitions
During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company completed several business acquisitions including the acquisition of 100% of the ownership interests in KVS Title, LLC, a title insurance and escrow settlement services company, Glide Labs, Inc., a real estate technology company, Randall Family of Companies, a group of Southern Coastal New England residential real-estate brokerage entities, three additional small real estate brokerages and three additional small title insurance and escrow settlement services companies. The purpose of these acquisitions was to expand the Company’s title and escrow offerings, to grow the Company’s transaction management tools included in its end-to-end real estate platform, and to expand its existing brokerage business in key domestic markets.
During 2021, the Company completed two asset acquisitions of smaller residential real estate brokerages in connection with ongoing agent recruitment efforts in key domestic markets. The consideration for these two acquisitions comprised $13.2 million in cash, net of cash acquired, $5.8 million in the Company’s Class A common stock and up to $3.4 million of additional cash that may be paid contingent on certain earnings-based targets being met. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded net assets of $23.9 million primarily comprised of customer relationships. Such amounts are also included in the tables below.
Total Consideration of Business Combinations and Asset Acquisitions
The following table summarizes the aggregate fair value of the components of the purchase consideration, as of the respective dates of each of the business combinations and asset acquisitions (in millions):
Cash paid at closing$148.6 
Class A common stock issued5.8 
Cash to be paid after closing (1)
21.8 
Contingent consideration5.6 
Non-controlling interest3.8 
$185.6 
(1)As of December 31, 2022, an aggregate of $12.3 million of the cash to be paid after closing for certain acquisitions remained unpaid. These amounts are presented within Accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet and are expected to be paid during the year ended December 31, 2023.
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following table summarizes the allocations of the purchase price for the business combinations and asset acquisitions (in millions):
Cash and cash equivalents$11.2 
Other current assets4.1 
Property and equipment2.5 
Goodwill (1)
68.5 
Operating lease right-of-use assets12.8 
Intangible assets (2)
Acquired Technology5.5 
Customer relationships90.7 
Trademarks11.3 
Total assets$206.6 
Total liabilities$(21.0)
Net assets$185.6 
(1)Approximately $43.8 million of the goodwill is deductible for tax purposes. The amount of tax-deductible goodwill may increase in the future to approximately $64.7 million dependent on the payment of certain holdbacks and acquisition related compensation arrangements. These amounts are not expected to have an impact on the income tax provision while the Company maintains a full valuation allowance on its domestic deferred tax assets.
(2)The identified intangible assets have a useful life of 2-9 years.
Pro forma revenue and earnings for 2021 acquisitions have not been presented because they do not have a material impact to the Company’s consolidated revenue and results of operations, either individually or in the aggregate.
2020 Acquisitions
Modus Technologies, Inc.
On October
 9, 2020, the Company completed the acquisition of 100% of the outstanding shares of Modus Technologies, Inc. ("Modus"), a title and escrow company that provides an internally developed title and escrow technology platform to agents, home sellers and buyers. The purpose of the acquisition was to expand its title and escrow service offerings and technology capabilities.
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The consideration for the purchase of Modus Technologies, Inc. included a contingent consideration arrangement, payable over three years and based on the attainment of transaction-based targets as defined by the purchase agreement. The maximum amount of contingent consideration that could be earned
was
$70.0 $70.0 million, payable in a combination of $50.0 million in cash and $20.0 million in the Company’s Class A common stock. The Company recorded the contingent consideration liability at its fair value of $20.0
million
and will continuerecorded all fair value adjustments to adjust the contingent consideration liability at each reporting date, to its then fair value, with any changes recorded through Operations and support in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. See “Note 5 — Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities” for further discussion of inputs used to determine the fair value of contingent consideration. A portion of this contingent consideration is subjectedwas subject to forfeiture dependent on certain employees providing future service to the Company and will bewas accounted for as compensation expense over the required service periods. See “Other Acquisition Related Compensation” below. As of December 31, 2021,2022, the remaining unpaid contingent consideration is $11.0$4.7 million and will be paid primarily in 20222023 and 2023.2024.
Other
During 2020, the Company completed several asset acquisitions. These transactions included the acquisition of smaller residential real estate brokerages in connection with ongoing agent recruitment efforts in key domestic markets. The consideration for these acquisitions was paid entirely in cash.
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following table summarizes the aggregate fair value of the components of the purchase consideration, as of the respective dates of each of the acquisitions (in millions):
ModusOther
Cash paid at closing$27.7 $0.9 
Cash to be paid after closing2.0 — 
Contingent consideration (payable in the form of cash and Class A common stock)20.0 — 
$49.7 $0.9 
   
Modus
Technologies,
Inc.
   
Other
 
Cash paid at closing
  $27.7   $0.9 
Cash to be paid after closing
   2.0    0   
Contingent consideration (payable in the form of cash and Class A common stock)
   20.0    0   
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   $49.7   $0.9 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
The following table summarizes the allocations of the purchase price (in millions):

ModusOther
Cash and cash equivalents$3.0 $— 
Other current assets0.1 — 
Property and equipment0.5 — 
Goodwill (1)
38.4 — 
Operating lease right-of-use assets4.1 — 
Intangible assets (2):
Acquired technology6.3 — 
Customer relationships1.3 0.9 
Trademarks1.7 — 
Total assets$55.4 $0.9 
Total liabilities$(5.7)$— 
Net assets$49.7 $0.9 
   
Modus
Technologies,
Inc.
   
Other
 
Cash and cash equivalents
  $3.0   $0   
Other current assets
   0.1    0   
Property and equipment
   0.5    0   
Goodwill 
(1)
   38.4    0   
Operating
lease right-of-use assets
   4.1    0   
Intangible assets 
(2)
:
          
Acquired technology
   6.3    0   
Customer
relationships
   1.3    0.9 
Trademarks
   1.7    0  
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total assets
  $55.4   $0.9 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total liabilities
  $(5.7)  $0   
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Net assets
  $49.7   $0.9 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
(1)
(1)The goodwill
is non-tax deductible.
(2)
The identified intangible assets have a useful life
of 3-6 years.
Pro forma revenue and earnings for 2020 acquisitions have not been presented because they do not have a material impact to the Company’s consolidated revenue and results of operations, either individually or in aggregate.
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
2019 Acquisitions
Contactually, Inc.
In February 2019, the Company completed the acquisition of 100% of the outstanding shares of Contactually, Inc. (“Contactually”), a technology company that provides an internally developed cloud-based Customer Relationship Management (“CRM”) platform tailored to the real estate industry. The Company acquired Contactually primarily for its CRM expertise and engineering employees to assist in the development of the Company’s own proprietary CRM software platform.
Other
During 2019, the Company completed the acquisition of several residential real estate brokerages in connection with ongoing agent recruitment efforts in key domestic markets. The consideration for these acquisitions includes contingent consideration arrangements, payable over a period of up to 6 years and are based on the attainment of profitability targets as defined by the purchase agreements. The maximum amount that can be earned is $13.1 million, payable in cash. The Company recorded the contingent consideration at its fair value of $7.4 million and will continue to adjust the contingent consideration liabilities at each reporting date to its then fair value, with any changes recorded to Operations and support in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
The following table summarizes the aggregate fair value of the components of the purchase consideration, as of the respective dates of each of the acquisitions (in millions):
   
Contactually,
Inc.
   
Other
 
Cash paid at closing
  $24.5   $14.6 
Elimination
of pre-existing relationships
   1.6    0    
Contingent consideration (payable in the form of cash)
   0       7.4 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   $26.1   $22.0 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase price (in millions):
   
Contactually,
Inc.
   
Other
 
Cash and cash equivalents  $1.0   $2.8 
Other current assets   1.0    0.4 
Property and equipment   0      6.7 
Goodwill 
(1)
   21.3    6.2 
Operating
lease right-of-use assets
   1.8    33.7 
Intangible assets 
(2)
:
          
Acquired technology   5.7    0   
Customer relationships   0      6.5 
Trademarks   0      0.6 
Other non-current assets
   0.3    1.1 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total assets  $31.1   $58.0 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total liabilities  $(5.0)
 
  $(36.0) 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Net assets  $26.1   $22.0 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
(1)
The goodwill
is non-tax deductible.
(2)
The identified intangible assets have a useful life
of 2-9 years.
Pro forma revenue and earnings for 2019 acquisitions have not been presented because they do not have a material impact to the Company’s consolidated revenue and results of operations, either individually or in aggregate.
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Contingent Consideration
Contingent consideration represents obligations of the Company to transfer cash and common stock to the sellers of certain acquired businesses in the event that certain targets and milestones are met. Approximately $11.0$4.7 million of the obligations as of December 31, 20212022 are fixed in value. As of December 31, 2021,2022, the undiscounted maximum payment under these arrangements was $24.4$14.0 million. Changes in contingent consideration measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Opening balance$24.4 $39.8 $16.4 
Acquisitions3.6 5.6 20.0 
Fair value (gains) losses included in net loss(2.2)(4.7)8.9 
Payments(11.8)(16.3)(5.5)
Closing balance$14.0 $24.4 $39.8 

  
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2021
   
2020
   
2019
 
Opening balance
  $39.8   $
 
16.4   $
 
19.6 
Acquisitions
   5.6    20.0    7.4 
Fair value (gains) losses included in net loss
   (4.7)    8.9    (9.9) 
Payments
   (16.3)    (5.5)    (0.7) 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Closing balance
  $24.4   $39.8   $16.4 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Other Acquisition Related Compensation
In connection with the Company’s acquisitions, a portion of the cash
and equity
consideration amounts paid or to be paid to the selling shareholders are subject to clawback and forfeiture dependent on certain employees and agents providing continued service to the Company. Accordingly, this consideration is accounted for as compensation for future services and the Company recognizes the expenses over the underlying retention periods. As of December 31, 2021,2022, the Company expects to pay an additional $60.5$21.9 million in future cash consideration to sellers in connection with these arrangements. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 2020 and 2019,2020, the Company recognized $13.4 million, $28.6 million,
$
4.2 million and $7.1$4.2 million, respectively, in compensation expense within Operations and support in the accompanying consolidated statement
s
statements of operations related to these arrangements.
Similarly, the Company granted 277,776, 221,3900.9 million, 0.3 million and 21,0800.2 million shares of common stock to sellers in accordance with arrangements where receipt of the shares were contingent on certain employees and agents providing continued service to the Company in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, and 2019.respectively. Accordingly, these share-based payments will be accounted for as stock-based compensation expense over the underlying retention periods. For the years ended December 31, 20212022 and 2019,2021, the Company recognized $2.0 million and $1.1 million, and $0.6 millionrespectively, in stock-based compensation expense within Operations and support in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations related to these arrangements. There was 0no stock-based compensation expense related to these compensation arrangements recognized during the year ended December 31, 2020.

4. Joint Venture
In July 2021, the Company and Guaranteed Rate, Inc. (“Guaranteed Rate”) formed a joint venture, OriginPoint, LLC (“OriginPoint”), a new mortgage origination company. OriginPoint was formed for the purpose of conducting a mortgage origination and lending business and providing related services for the Company’s real estate brokerage clients, as well as the clients of any other brokerage in the context of a new purchase or other customers not working with a brokerage in the context of a refinancing, in order to make loans available to a broad consumer audience. OriginPoint will originate, process, underwrite, close and/or fund mortgage loans for sale, transfer and assignment to investors and eligible wholesale lenders, including affiliates, or effect any other secondary market transactions related to such mortgage loans. OriginPoint began originating mortgages in December 2021.
OriginPoint is owned 49.9% by the Company and 50.1% by Guaranteed Rate. The Company and Guaranteed Rate each contributed capital of $5.0 million when OriginPoint was formed in July 2021 and have not2021. The Company has contributed any$15.0 million of additional capital throughduring the year ended December 31, 2021.2022. The Company is accounting for OriginPoint as an equity method investment and will record its equity earnings or losses related to OriginPoint within Equity in loss of unconsolidated
entity
in the statementconsolidated statements of operations.
The Company’s investment in OriginPoint had a balance of $
3.7
$6.5 million at December 31, 20212022 and is included within
Other
non-current
assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. The Company recorded equity losses of $
1.3
$12.2 million and $1.3 million during the yearyears ended December 31, 2021. NaN2022 and 2021, respectively. No dividends were received by the Company during the yearyears ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
OriginPoint has established and maintains its own warehouse lines of credit, and it funds its own mortgage loan transactions from these independent sources. The warehouse lines maintained by OriginPoint are collaterizedcollateralized by the underlying mortgages available for sale and are non-recourse to Compass.
5. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities
The Company’s cash and cash equivalents of
$618.3 $361.9 million and $440.1$618.3 million as of December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, respectively, are held in cash, and money market funds and U.S. treasury securities which are classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted prices in active markets. These are the Company’s only Level 1 financial instruments. The Company does not hold any Level 2 financial instruments. The
Company’s
contingent consideration liabilities of $24.4$14.0 million and $39.8$24.4 million as of December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, respectively, are the Company’s only
Level
3 financial instruments.
78
8
9
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

There were
 no transfers of financial instruments between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 during the periods presented.
Level 3 Financial Liabilities
The Company’s Level 3 financial liabilities relate to contingent consideration for acquisitions. Contingent consideration represents obligations of the Company to transfer cash and common stock to the sellers of certain acquired entities in the event that certain targets and milestones are met. As of December 31, 2021, the undiscounted maximum payment under these arrangements was $24.4 million which is expected to be paid over a period of up to 4 years. The primary method the Company used to estimate the fair value of the contingent consideration was a Monte Carlo simulation, which is based on significant inputs, such as forecasted future results of the acquired businesses, which are not observable in the market, discount rates and earnings volatility measures. The changes in the fair value of Level 3 financial liabilities are included within Operations and support in the accompanying consolidated statement
s
of operations (seeSee Note 3 — “Business Combinations and Asset Acquisitions”).
The following tables present quantitative information regarding the significant unobservable inputs utilized by the Company to measure its Level 3 liabilities, consisting of different for changes in contingent consideration agreements, at fair value on a recurring basis:
   
Year Ended December 31,
   
2021
 
2020
 
2019
Discount rate
  0.0% - 2.0% 0.0% - 2.0% 0.0% - 4.0%
Weighted average discount rate
  0.5% 1.3% 3.3%
Earnings volatility
  0.0% - 15.0% 0.0% - 18.0% 0.0% - 45.0%
Weighted average earnings volatility
  3.3% 6.9% 12.0%
during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. The following tables present the balances of contingent consideration as presented in the consolidated balance sheets (in millions):
December 31,
20222021
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities$10.0 $12.9 
Other non-current liabilities4.0 11.5 
Total contingent consideration$14.0 $24.4 
   
December 31,
 
   
2021
   
2020
 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
  $ 12.9   $ 19.1 
Other
non-current
liabilities
   11.5    20.7 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total contingent consideration
  $24.4   $39.8 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
There were no transfers of financial instruments between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 during the periods presented.
6. Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in millions):
December 31,
20222021
Leasehold improvements$192.3 $158.2 
Office furniture and equipment37.1 31.9 
Computer software and internally-developed software37.9 28.1 
Computer equipment32.3 24.2 
299.6 242.4 
Less: accumulated depreciation(107.1)(85.0)
Property and equipment, net$192.5 $157.4 
   
December 31,
 
   
2021
   
2020
 
Leasehold improvements
  $ 158.2   $ 144.1 
Office furniture and equipment
   31.9    29.0 
Computer software and internally-developed software
   28.1    23.8 
Computer equipment
   24.2    22.0 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
    242.4    218.9 
Less: accumulated depreciation
   (85.0)    (77.2) 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Property and equipment, net
  $157.4   $141.7 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
The Company recorded depreciation expense related to property and equipment of $48.2 million, $38.5 million $34.4 million and $24.3$34.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 2020 and 2019,2020, respectively which includes $6.0
$9.4 million, $4.8$6.0 million and $4.0$4.8 million, respectively, related to capitalized internally–developed software.
The Company capitalized internally-developed software costs of $15.7
$17.0 million and $5.2$15.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and 2020, respectively.
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
7. Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Net
The following table summarizes the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill (in millions):
Amount
Balance at December 31, 2020$119.8 
Acquisitions68.5 
Balance at December 31, 2021$188.3 
Acquisitions8.8 
Measurement period adjustments1.3 
Balance at December 31, 2022$198.4 
79

   
Amount
 
Balance at December 31, 2019
  $81.4 
Acquisitions
   38.4 
   
 
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2020
  $ 119.8 
Acquisitions
   68.5 
   
 
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2021
  $188.3 
   
 
 
 
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following table
summarizes the carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of intangible assets (in millions, except weighted-average remaining useful life):
December 31, 2022
Useful LifeGross Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net ValueWeighted
Average
Remaining
Useful Life
(Years)
Finite-lived intangible assets:
Customer relationships2-9 years$155.2 $(68.6)$86.6 3.4
Acquired technology5 years5.5 (1.8)3.7 3.3
Trademarks2-9 years13.0 (4.3)8.7 4.9
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
Domain name0.3 — 0.3 n/a
Total$174.0 $(74.7)$99.3 
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Useful Life
   
Gross Carrying
Amount
   
Accumulated
Amorization
  
Net Value
   
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Useful Life
(Years)
 
Finite-lived intangible assets:
                        
Customer
relationships
   2-9 years   $ 150.4   $ (42.9)  $ 107.5    4.3 
Acquired technology
   2-5
 
years		    17.5    (9.0)   8.5    3.2 
Trademarks
   2-9
 
years		    13.6    (2.7)   10.9    5.4 
Indefinite-lived intangible assets
:
 
                   
Domain name
        0.3    —     0.3    n/a 
        
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
      
Total
       $181.8   $ (54.6)  $127.2      
        
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
      
December 31, 2021
Useful LifeGross Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net ValueWeighted
Average
Remaining
Useful Life
(Years)
Finite-lived intangible assets:
Customer relationships2-9 years$150.4 $(42.9)$107.5 4.3
Acquired technology2-5 years17.5 (9.0)8.5 3.2
Trademarks2-9 years13.6 (2.7)10.9 5.4
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
Domain name0.3 — 0.3 n/a
Total$181.8 $(54.6)$127.2  

   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Useful Life
   
Gross Carrying
Amount
   
Accumulated
Amorization
  
Net Value
   
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Useful Life
(Years)
 
Finite-lived intangible assets:
                        
Customer
relationships
   3-9 years   $ 59.7   $ (22.4)  $ 37.3    4.4 
Workforce
   2 years    9.7    (9.7)   —      —   
Acquired technology
   
2-3
years		    12.0    (5.7)   6.3    2.6 
Trademarks
   
2-3
years		    2.3    (0.6)   1.7    2.7 
Indefinite-lived intangible assets
:
 
                   
Domain name
        0.3    —     0.3    n/a 
        
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
      
Total
       $84.0   $ (38.4)  $45.6      
        
 
 
   
 
 
  
 
 
      
Amortization
expense was $
25.9 
$38.1 million, $
16.8 
$25.9 million and $
16.6 
$16.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, and 2019, respectively.
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Table of Contents
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Estimated future amortization expense for finite-lived intangible assets as of December 31, 20212022 is as follows (in millions):
2023$31.6 
202429.1 
202522.7 
202610.2 
20273.9 
Thereafter1.5 
Total$99.0 
80
2022
  $32.7 
2023
   31.2 
2024
   26.8 
2025
   21.2 
2026
   9.8 
Thereafter
   5.2 
   
 
 
 
Total
  $126.9 
   
 
 
 
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
8. Other Current Assets and Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
Other current assets consisted of the following (in millions):
December 31,
20222021
Prepaid agent incentives$48.4 $52.7 
Other28.1 42.2 
Other current assets$76.5 $94.9 
   
December 31,
 
   
2021
   
2020
 
Prepaid
 
Agent Incentives
  $52.7   $29.2 
Other
   42.2    25.7 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Other current assets
  $94.9   $54.9 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in millions):
December 31,
20222021
Agent equity program$41.7 $84.8 
Accrued compensation50.4 67.4 
Other72.8 88.7 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities$164.9 $240.9 
   
December 31,
 
   
2021
   
2020
 
Agent equity program
  $84.8   $0   
Accrued compensation
   67.4    46.5 
Accrued other acquisition related compensation, current
   23.6    1.3 
Contingent consideration, current
   12.9    19.1 
Other
   52.2    39.9 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities
  $240.9   $106.8 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
9. Debt
Concierge Credit Facility
In July 2020, the Company entered into a Revolving Credit and Security Agreement (the “Concierge Facility”) with Barclays Bank PLC, as administrative agent, and the several lenders party thereto. The Concierge Facility provides for a $75.0 million revolving credit facility and is solely used to finance, in part, the Company’s Compass Concierge Program. The Concierge Facility is secured primarily by the Concierge Receivables and cash of the Compass Concierge Program. Prior to July 29, 2021 borrowings under the Concierge Facility accrued interest at rates equal to the adjusted London interbank offered rate (“LIBOR”) plus a margin of 3.00% as adjusted, or an alternate rate of interest upon the occurrence of certain changes in LIBOR. Additionally, prior to July 29, 2021, the Company was required to pay an annual commitment fee of 0.50% on a quarterly basis based on the unused portion of the Concierge Facility irrespective of the Company’s utilization rate. On July 29, 2021, the Company amended and restated the Concierge Facility (the “A&R Concierge Facility”), extendingto among other things, extend the revolving period for another twelve months, loweringto July 28, 2022, lower the interest rate to LIBOR plus a margin of 1.85%, which may be adjusted, and loweringlower the annual commitment fee to 0.35% if the A&R Concierge Facility is utilized greater than 50% (the annual commitment fee remained the same, at 0.50%, if the Concierge Facility is utilized less than 50%). On August 5, 2022, the Company further amended and restated the Concierge Facility (the “Second A&R Concierge Facility”) to among other things extend the revolving period to August 4, 2023, replace the LIBOR benchmark with Term SOFR plus a credit adjustment spread of 0.11448% and make certain other technical adjustments. The applicable margin on the Second A&R Concierge Facility increased from 1.85% to 2.35%. The annual commitment fee as described in the preceding sentences remained the same. The interest rate on the Concierge Facility was 7.59% as of December 31, 2022. Pursuant to the Second A&R Concierge Facility, the principal amount, if any, is payable in full in January 2023,February 2024, unless earlier terminated or extended. The interest rate on the Concierge Facility was 3.23% as of December 31, 2021.
The Company has the option to repay the borrowings under the Second A&R Concierge Facility without premium or penalty prior to maturity. The Second A&R Concierge Facility contains customary affirmative covenants, such as financial statement reporting requirements, as well as covenants that restrict its ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness, sell certain receivables, declare dividends or make certain distributions, and undergo a merger or consolidation or certain other transactions. Additionally, in the event that the Company fails to comply with certain financial covenants that require the Company to meet certain liquidity-based measures, the commitments under the Second A&R Concierge Facility will automatically be reduced to zero and the Company will be required to repay any outstanding loans under the Second A&R Concierge Facility. As of December 31, 2021,2022, the Company was in compliance with the covenants under the Second A&R Concierge Facility.
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Table of Contents
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The Company incurred debt issuance costs of $0.5 million and
$
1.3
million during the year
s
ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, in connection with the Concierge Facility, which are included in Other current assets and Other
non-current
assets, net of accumulated amortization, in the consolidated balance sheets. The unamortized debt issuance costs will be amortized within Interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations over the remaining term on a straight-line basis.
Revolving Credit Facility
In March
2021,
, the Company entered into a Revolving Credit and Guaranty Agreement (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) with several lenders and issuing banks and Barclays Bank PLC, as administrative agent and as collateral agent.agent, and certain other lenders. The Revolving Credit Facility provides for a $
350.0
$350.0 million revolving credit facility, which may be increased by the greater of $
250.0
 million and
18.5
% of the Company’s consolidated total assets, plus such additional amount so long as the Company’s total net leverage ratio does not exceed
4.50
:
1.00
on a pro forma basis as of the most recent test period, subject to the terms and conditions of the Revolving Credit
81
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Facility. The Revolving Credit Facility also includes a letter of credit sublimit which is the lesser of (i) $
125.0
$125.0 million and (ii) the aggregate unused amount of the revolving commitments then in effect under the Revolving Credit Facility. The Company’s obligations under the Revolving Credit Facility are guaranteed by certain of the Company’s subsidiaries and are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of the Company’s assets of the Company and the Company’s subsidiary guarantors.
Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest, at the Company’s option, at either (i) a floating rate per annum equal to the base rate plus a margin of 0.50% or (ii) a floating rate per annum equal to the rate at which dollar deposits are offered in the London interbank market plus a margin of 1.50%. In the Revolving Credit Facility, theThe base rate is defined asequal to the highest of (a) the prime rate as quoted by The Wall Street Journal, (b) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, (c) the rate at which dollar deposits are offered in the London interbank market for a
one-month
interest period plus 1.00% and (d) 1.00%. During an event of default under the Revolving Credit Facility, the applicable interest rates are increased by 2.0% per annum. The interest rate on the borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility was 5.86% as of December 31, 2022.
The Company is also obligated to pay other customary fees for a credit facility of this size and type, including a commitment fee on a quarterly basis based on amounts committed but unused under the Revolving Credit Facility of 0.175% per annum, and fees associated with letters of credit.credit and administrative and arrangement fees. The principal amount, if any, is payable in full in March 2026, unless earlier terminated or extended.
The Company has the option to repay the Company’s borrowings, and to permanently reduce the loan commitments in whole or in part, under the Revolving Credit Facility without premium or penalty prior to maturity. As of December 31, 2021,2022, there were 0$150.0 million in borrowings outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility and outstanding letters of credit under the Revolving Credit Facility totaled approximately $30.3$33.0 million.
The Revolving Credit Facility contains customary representations, warranties, financial covenants applicable
to
the Company and to the Company’s restricted subsidiaries, affirmative covenants, such as financial statement reporting requirements, and negative covenantcovenants which restrict itstheir ability, among other things, to incur liens and indebtedness, make certain investments, declare dividends, dispose of, transfer or sell assets, make stock repurchases and consummate certain other matters, all subject to certain exceptions. The financial covenants require that (i) the Company maintain certain liquidity-based measuresmaintains liquidity of at least $150.0 million as of the last day of each fiscal quarter and each date of a credit extension and (ii) the Company’s consolidated total revenue requirements.as of the last day of each fiscal quarter be equal to or greater than the specified amount corresponding to such period. The minimum required consolidated revenue threshold for the trailing four fiscal quarters is $2,418.0 million during 2022, $3,799.0 million during 2023 and $4,668.0 million thereafter. As of December 31, 2021,2022, the Company was in compliance with the financial covenants under the Revolving Credit Facility.

The Revolving Credit Facility includes customary events of default that include, among other things, nonpayment of principal, interest or fees, inaccuracy of representations and warranties, violation of certain covenants, cross default to certain other indebtedness, bankruptcy and insolvency events, material judgments, change of control and certain material ERISA events. The occurrence of an event of default could result in the acceleration of the obligations under the Revolving Credit Facility.
The Company incurred debt issuance costs of $1.4 million in connection with the Revolving Credit Facility, which are included in Other current assets and Other
non-current
assets in the consolidated balance sheet. The unamortized debt issuance costs will be amortized within Interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations over the remaining term on a straight-line basis.
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Table of Contents
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
10. Leases
The components of lease costs for operating leases for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 2020 and 20192020 was as follows (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Operating lease costs$113.7 $102.3 $93.1 
Short-term lease costs7.3 7.2 5.7 
Sublease income(3.7)(3.2)(3.4)
Variable lease costs35.4 29.0 26.4 
Total$152.7 $135.3 $121.8 
82
   
Year Ended 
December 31,
 
   
2021
   
2020
   
2019
 
Operating lease costs
  $102.3   $93.1   $80.6 
Short-term lease costs
   7.2    5.7    16.6 
Sublease income
   (3.2)    (3.4)    (2.2) 
Variable lease costs
   29.0    26.4    25.7 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total

  $135.3   $121.8   $120.7 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The Company has a small population of subleases whereby it acts as a lessor and has recognized sublease income as noted in the table above. The impact of this portfolio is not material to the consolidated financial statements.
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 2020 and 2019,2020, the Company recognized lease costs, net of sublease income, of $141.5 million, $124.3 million $110.2 million and $109.1$110.2 million, respectively, in Sales and marketing
expenses
and
$11.0 $11.2 million, $11.6$11.0 million and $11.6 million, respectively, in General and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement
s
statements of operations.
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows (in millions):

Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows used in operating leases$118.8 $106.3 $92.0 
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash leasing activities:
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities$94.7 $137.1 $66.3 
   
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2021
   
2020
   
2019
 
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities:
      
Operating cash flows used in operating leases
  
$

106.3

   
$

92.0
   
$

53.3
 
Supplemental disclosure of
non-cash
leasing activities:
               
ROU assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities   137.1    66.3    193.5 
The following table represents the weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate for the Company’s operating leases:
December 31,
20222021
Weighted average remaining lease term (years)6.56.7
Weighted average discount rate4.6 %4.2 %
   
December 31,
 
   
2021
  
2020
 
Weighted average remaining lease term (years)
   6.7   7.3 
Weighted average discount rate
   4.2%   4.7% 
Future undiscounted lease payments for the Company’s operating lease liabilities are as follows as of December 31, 20212022 (in millions):
2023$118.9 
2024116.2 
2025100.8 
202688.7 
202774.4 
Thereafter178.7 
Total future lease payments677.7 
Less: imputed interest(96.6)
Present value of lease liabilities$581.1 
2022
  $103.8 
2023
   108.2 
2024
   98.3 
2025
   84.4 
2026
   72.8 
Thereafter
   187.8 
   
 
 
 
Total future lease payments
   655.3 
Less: imputed interest
   90.8 
   
 
 
 
Present value of lease liabilities
  $564.5 
   
 
 
 
As of December 31, 2021,2022, the Company had additional operating leases that have not yet commenced with future undiscounted lease payments of approximately $82.0 million.

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4
$11.2 million payable through 2033, which have been excluded from above.
Table of Contents
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
11. Commitments and Contingencies
Legal Proceedings
From time to time, the Company may be involved in disputes or regulatory inquiries that arise in the ordinary course of business. When the Company determines that a loss is both probable and reasonably estimable, a liability is recorded and disclosed if the amount is material to the Company’s business taken as a whole. When a material loss contingency is only reasonably possible, the Company does not record a liability, but instead discloses the nature and the amount of the claim
83
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
and an estimate of the loss or range of loss, if such an estimate can reasonably be made. Legal costs related to the defense of loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.
Claims or regulatory actions against the Company, whether meritorious or not, could have an adverse impact on the Company due to legal costs, diversion of management resources and other elements. Except as identified with respect to the matters below, the Company does not believe that the outcome of any individual existing legal or regulatory proceeding to which it is a party will have a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial condition or overall business in each case, taken as a whole.
Avi Dorfman v. Robert Reffkin and Urban Compass, Inc.
In July 2014, Avi Dorfman (“Dorfman”) and RentJolt, Inc. (“RentJolt”) (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) filed suit against the Company and Robert Reffkin (“Defendants”), seeking compensation for certain services, trade secrets and other contributions allegedly provided in the formation of the Company. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the matter was settled and the Company recognized an expense of
$21.3
million within General and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Realogy Holdings Corp., et al v. Urban Compass, Inc. and Compass Inc.
In July 2019, Realogy Holdings Corp., NRT New York LLC (“Corcoran”) and many of its related entities (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) filed a complaint against the Company in the New York Supreme Court. The complaint alleges various violations of New York and California state law related to claims of unfair competition and seeks unspecified damages. The Company filed a Motion to Dismiss incompetition. On September 2019. In September 2019, Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint, removing one claim and adding a claim for defamation. In November 2019,28, 2022, the Company moved to compel arbitration related to claims asserted by Corcoran and moved to dismiss all ofPlaintiffs executed a confidential agreement that resolved the counts. In June 2020,matter. During the Court denied the motion to dismiss and denied the motion to compel arbitration as moot, granting Plaintiffs leave to amend the complaint as to claims asserted by Corcoran without prejudice to Defendants’ ability to move to compel or dismiss the Second Amended Complaint.
On July 3, 2020, Plaintiffs filed their Second Amended Complaint. On December 18, 2020, the Court denied the Company’s motion to compel arbitration on Plaintiffs’ second amended complaint without prejudice. Defendants’ Answer to the Second Amended Complaint and Counterclaims were filed on January 28, 2021. Additionally,three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company filed its appealrecognized an expense of $10.5 million within General and administrative expense in the lower Court’s denialaccompanying consolidated statements of operations in connection with this matter and the Company’s motion to dismiss and motion to compel arbitration on February 1, 2021. On June 1, 2021,amount was subsequently paid during the First Department affirmed the lower Court’s denial of the Company’s motion to compel arbitration. Discovery is proceeding, with an end date set for October 3,three months ended December 31, 2022. The Company is unable to predict the outcome of this action or to reasonably estimate the possible loss or range of loss, if any, arising from the claims asserted therein.

Letter of Credit Agreements
The Company has irrevocable letters of credit with various financial institutions, primarily related to security deposits for leased facilities. As of December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, the Company was contingently liable for $54.5$48.0 million and $50.7$54.5 million, respectively, under these letters of credit. As of December 31, 2022, $33.0 million and $15.0 million of these letters of credit were collateralized by the Company’s Revolving Credit Facility and cash and cash equivalents, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, $30.3 million and $24.2 million of these letters of credit were collateralized by the Company’s Revolving Credit Facility and cash and cash equivalents, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, all letters of credit were collateralized by the Company’s cash and cash equivalents.
Escrow and Trust Deposits
As a service to its home buyers and home seller clients, the Company administers escrow and trust deposits which represent undistributed amounts for
the settlement of real estate transactions. The escrow and trust deposits totaled $136.7 million and $172.1 million and $46.1 million, respectively
,
as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and 2020.respectively. These deposits are not assets of the Company and therefore are excluded from the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. However, the Company remains contingently liable for the disposition of these deposits.
12. Preferred Stock and Common Stock
Convertible Preferred Stock
In 2019, the Company issued 22,306,800 shares of Series G convertible preferred stock for proceeds of $343.3 million, net of $0.8 million issuance costs.
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5
Table of Contents
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
In 2020, the Company amended its certificate of incorporation and changed the authorized shares of Series G convertible preferred stock to 22,371,62022.4 million and issued an additional 64,8200.1 million shares of Series G convertible preferred stock for proceeds of $1.0 million.
In 2020, 9,382,6209.4 million shares of Series D convertible preferred stock were converted into an equal number of shares of Class A common stock at the election of the holder resulting in the reclassification of $40.0 million in carrying value from Convertible preferred stock to Common stock and
Additional paid-in capital.
84
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The Company’s convertible preferred stock authorized, issued and outstanding, the aggregate liquidation preferences, including dividends that would be due if and when declared by the board of directors
we
re
were as follows as of December 31, 2020 (in millions, except share and per share amounts):
December 31, 2020
Series of Convertible
Preferred Stock		Year IssuedShares
Authorized		Shares
Issued and
Outstanding		Issuance Price/
Liquidation Price
(Per Share)		Aggregate
Liquidation
Value		Carrying Value
(Net of
Issuance Costs)
Series A201354,811,930 54,811,930 $1.0000 $54.8 $54.7 
Series B2014-201518,133,240 18,133,240 2.0766 37.7 37.5 
Series C2015-201613,580,260 13,580,260 4.0500 55.0 54.8 
Series D2016-201725,303,070 15,920,450 4.2632 67.9 67.6 
Series E2017-201878,543,890 78,543,890 6.7478 530.0 529.0 
Series F201833,686,160 33,686,160 11.8570 399.4 398.8 
Series G2019-202022,371,620 22,371,620 15.4269 345.1 344.3 
246,430,170 237,047,550 $1,489.9 $1,486.7 
   
December 31, 2020
 
Series of Convertible
Preferred Stock
  
Year Issued
   
Shares
Authorized
   
Shares
Issued and
Outstanding
   
Issuance Price/
Liquidation Price
(Per Share)
   
Aggregate
Liquidation
Value
   
Carrying Value
(Net of
Issuance Costs)
 
Series A
   2013    54,811,930    54,811,930   $1.0000   $54.8   $54.7 
Series B
   2014-2015    18,133,240    18,133,240    2.0766    37.7    37.5 
Series C
   2015-2016    13,580,260    13,580,260    4.0500    55.0    54.8 
Series D
   2016-2017    25,303,070    15,920,450    4.2632    67.9    67.6 
Series E
   2017-2018    78,543,890    78,543,890    6.7478    530.0    529.0 
Series F
   2018    33,686,160    33,686,160    11.8570    399.4    398.8 
Series G
   2019-2020    22,371,620    22,371,620    15.4269    345.1    344.3 
        
 
 
   
 
 
        
 
 
   
 
 
 
         246,430,170    237,047,550        $1,489.9   $1,486.7 
        
 
 
   
 
 
        
 
 
   
 
 
 
In March 2021, the holders of 15,920,45015.9 million shares of the Company’s Series D convertible preferred stock elected to convert such shares into an equal number of shares of Class A common stock.
During April 2021, in connection with the IPO, all series of the Company’s convertible preferred stock then outstanding were converted into 223,033,725223.0 million shares of Class A common stock and the Company reclassified $1.4 billion of Convertible preferred stock to Additional
paid-in-capital.
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had no convertible preferred stock outstanding.
Undesignated Preferred Stock

In April 2021, the Company adopted a restated certificate of incorporation which provides for authorized undesignated preferred stock to 25,000,000.25.0 million shares of undesignated preferred stock with a $0.00001 par value per share. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, there are 0no shares of the Company’s preferred stock issued and outstanding.
Common Stock
In February 2021, the Company approved the establishment of Class C common stock and an agreement with the Company’s CEO to exchange his Class A common stock for Class C common stock. On March 31, 2021, in connection with the effectiveness of the registration statement for the Company’s IPO, 15,244,49015.2 million shares of Class A common stock held by the Company’s founder and
CEO were automatically exchanged for an equivalent

number of shares of Class C common stock. In addition, any Class A common stock issued to the Company’s CEO from RSU awards granted prior to February 2021 are able to be exchanged for Class C common stock. Each share of Class C common stock is entitled to twenty votes per share and will be convertible at any time into one share of Class A common stock and will automatically convert into Class A common stock under certain “sunset” provisions. Other than certain permitted transfers for estate planning purposes, upon a transfer of Class C common stock, the Class C common stock will convert into Class A common stock.
In April 2021, the Company adopted a restated certificate of incorporation and changed its authorized capital stock to consist of 12,500,000,00012,500.0 million shares of Class A common stock, 1,250,000,0001,250.0 million shares of Class B common stock and 100,000,000100.0 million shares of Class C common stock. Each class has par value of $0.00001.

On July 1, 2021, the board of directors of the Company approved the conversion of all outstanding shares of the Company’s Class B common stock into the same number of shares of the Company’s Class A common stock effective on that date.
85
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
As of December 31, 2020, the Company had 2,250,0002.3 million shares of Class A common stock issued and held as treasury stock which were subsequently retired on July 1, 2021.

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6
Table of Contents
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The followings tables reflect the authorized, issued and outstanding shares for each of the common share classes as of December 31, 20212022 and 2020:
2021:
December 31, 2022
Shares
Authorized		Shares
Issued		Shares
Outstanding
Class A common stock12,500,000,000 419,842,991 419,842,991 
Class B common stock1,250,000,000 — — 
Class C common stock100,000,000 18,255,203 18,255,203 
Total13,850,000,000 438,098,194 438,098,194 
December 31, 2021
Shares
Authorized		Shares
Issued		Shares
Outstanding
Class A common stock12,500,000,000391,912,514391,912,514
Class B common stock1,250,000,000— — 
Class C common stock100,000,00017,355,23717,355,237
Total13,850,000,000409,267,751409,267,751
   
December 31, 2021
 
   
Shares
Authorized
   
Shares

Issued
   
Shares
Outstanding
 
Class A common stock
   12,500,000,000    391,912,514    391,912,514 
Class B common stock
   1,250,000,000    —      —   
Class C common stock
   100,000,000    17,355,237    17,355,237 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
   13,850,000,000    409,267,751    409,267,751 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Shares
Authorized
   
Shares

Issued
   
Shares
Outstanding
 
Class A common stock
   530,136,050    118,549,390    116,299,390 
Class B common stock
   170,618,860    6,672,510    6,672,510 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
   700,754,910    125,221,900    122,971,900 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
The rights of common stock are as follows:
Voting
Holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share. Holders of Class B common stock are not entitled to vote. Holders of Class C common stock are entitled to twenty votes per share.
Dividends
When and if declared by the Company’s board of directors, holders of Class A and Class B common stock are entitled in proportion to the number of shares of common stock that would be held by each such holder if all shares of convertible preferred stock were converted to common stock. No dividends have been declared since inception.
Liquidation
The liquidation rights of the holders of Class A and Class B common stock are subject to and qualified by the rights and preferences of the holders of convertible preferred stock.
Conversion
Each share of Class A common stock may be converted to one share of Class B common stock at the option of the holder. Each share of Class B common stock may be converted to one share of Class A common stock only upon the following events:
•the Company’s sale of its common stock pursuant to an effective registration statement;
•any transfer of such share to a holder of convertible preferred stock; and
•the approval of such conversion by the board of directors; such conversion shall be deemed to have been made immediately prior to the closing date of the public offering.
86
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Each share of Class C common stock is convertible at any time of the option of the holder into one share of Class A common stock. Each share of Class C common stock will automatically convert into a share of Class A common stock upon sale or transfer, except for certain permitted transfers.


9
7

Table of Contents
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

13. Stock-Based Compensation
2012 Stock Incentive Plan
In October 2012, the Company adopted the 2012 Stock Incentive
Plan
(as amended, the (the “2012 Plan”). Under the 2012 Plan, employees
and non-employees can
could be granted stock options, on common stock, RSUs and other stock-based awards, including awards earned in connection with the Agent Equity Program. Generally, these awards arewere based on stock agreements
with
a maximum ten-year
contractional
termsterm for stock options and up to a
ten-year
contractual terms maximum seven-year term for RSUs, subject to board approval
.approval.
2021 Equity Incentive Plan
In February 2021, the Company’s board of directors and stockholders adopted and approved the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”), with an initial pool of
 29,666,480
29.7 million shares of common stock available for granting stock-based awards plus any reserved shares of common stock not issued or subject to outstanding awards granted under the Company’s 2012 Plan. In addition, on January 1
st
of each year beginning in 2022 and continuing through 2031, the aggregate number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the 2021 Plan shall be increased automatically by the number of shares equal to five percent
(5%)
5% of the total number of outstanding shares of common stock and outstanding shares of preferred stock of the Company’s outstanding (on an as converted to common stock basis) on the immediately preceding December 31
st
, although the Company’s board of directors or one of its committees may reduce the amount of such increase in any particular year. The 2021 Plan became effective on March 30, 2021 and as of that date, the Company ceased granting new awards under the 2012 Plan and all remaining shares available under the 2012 Plan were transferred to the 2021 Plan. As of December 31, 2021,2022, there were
 26,196,697
34.6 million shares available for future grants under the 2021 Plan, inclusive of those shares transferred from the 2012 Plan. Effective January 1, 20222023, the shares available for future grants were increased by an additional 20,457,79521.9 million shares as a result of the annual increase provision described above.
2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
In February 2021, the Company’s board of directors and stockholders adopted and approved the 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”). The ESPP authorizes the issuance of
7,416,620
shares of common stock to, which authorized purchase rights granted to the Company’s employees or to employees of its designated affiliates. In addition, on January 1st1st of each year beginning in 2022 and continuing through 2031, the aggregate number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the ESPP shall be increased automatically by the number of shares equal to one percent
 (1%)
1% of the total number of outstanding shares of common stock and outstanding shares of preferred stock (on an as converted to common stock basis) on the immediately preceding December 31st,31st, although the Company’s board of directors or one of its committees may reduce the amount of the increase in any particular year. No more than
 150,000,000
150.0 million shares of common stock may be issued over the term of the ESPP, subject to certain exceptions set forth in the ESPP. EffectiveThe ESPP initially authorized the issuance of 7.4 million shares of common stock and effective January 1, 2022, the authorized shares available for issuance under the ESPP were increased by an additional
3,918,007
3.9 million shares as a
result of the annual increase provision described
above. As
of December 31, 2022, 10.7 million shares of Class A common stock remain available for grant under the ESPP. Effective January 1, 2023, the authorized shares increased by 4.2 million shares as a result of the annual increase provision described above.
The ESPP permits employees to purchase shares of the Company’s Class A common stock through payroll deductions accumulated during six-month offering periods up to a maximum value of $12,500 per offering period. The offering periods begin each February and August, or such other period determined by the Compensation Committee. On each purchase date, eligible employees may purchase the shares at a price per share equal to 85% of this filing, 0the lesser of (1) the fair market value of the Company’s Class A common stock on the first trading day of the offering period, or (2) the fair market value of the Company’s Class A common stock on the purchase date, as defined in the ESPP. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company issued 0.6 million shares have been
issued
of Class A common stock under the ESPP.
The Company recognized $2.1 million of stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP during the year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, $1.3 million has been withheld on behalf of employees for a future purchase under the ESPP.
87
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Stock Options
Stock options vest over a prescribed service period generally lasting
four years
.years. Upon the exercise of any stock options, the Company issues shares to the award holder from the pool of authorized but unissued common stock.
The fair value of each stock option award is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the exception of certain stock options that have market-based vesting conditions which are valued using a Monte Carlo simulation. The inputs used below are subjective and require significant judgement to determine.

Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Expected term (in years)6.26.37.0
Risk-free interest rate3.0 %0.9 %0.8 %
Expected volatility50.5 %49.3 %45.1 %
Dividend rate— %— %— %
Fair value of common stock (range for the period)$2.33 - $8.25$8.80 - $18.00$6.65 - $23.44
Weighted average grant date fair value of options granted$2.31 $8.68 $5.67 
   
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2021
  
2020
  
2019
 
Expected term (in years)
   6.3   7.0   5.9 
Risk-free interest rate
   0.9%   0.8%   2.3% 
Expected volatility
   49.3%   45.1%   45.0% 
Dividend rate
   0—%   0—%   0—% 
Fair value of common stock (range for the period)
 
$
8.80 - $18.00
  
$
6.65 - $23.44
  
$
5.16 - $6.44
 
Weighted average grant date fair value of options granted
  $
8.68
  $5.67  $2.62 
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Table of Contents
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Each of these inputs is subjective and generally requires significant judgment.
Expected Term
— The expected term represents the period that the stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. The Company uses the simplified method to calculate the expected term due to insufficient historical experience, which assumes a ratable rate of exercise over the contractual term.
Risk-Free Interest Rate
— The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the date of grant
for zero-coupon U.S.
Treasury constant maturity notes with terms approximately equal to the stock-based awards’ expected term.
Expected Volatility
— As a result of the lack of historical and implied volatility data of the Company’s common stock prior to the IPO, the expected stock price volatility has been estimated based on the historical volatilities of a specified group of companies in its industry for a period equal to the expected life of the option. The Company selected companies with comparable characteristics to it, including enterprise value, risk profiles, and position within the industry and with historical share price information sufficient to meet the expected term of the stock options. The historical volatility data has been computed using the daily closing prices for the selected companies.
Dividend Rate
— The expected dividend rate is zero as the Company has not declared or paid any cash dividends and does not anticipate to do so in the foreseeable future.
Fair Value of Common Stock
— Prior to the IPO, the fair value of the shares of common stock underlying stock options and RSUs were historically determined by the board of directors as there was no public market for the common stock. The board of directors determined the fair value of the Company’s common stock by considering a number of objective and subjective factors including: the valuation of comparable companies, sales of convertible preferred stock to unrelated third parties, the Company’s operating and financial performance, secondary transactions involving the Company’s common stock, the lack of liquidity of common stock and general and industry specific economic outlook, amongst other factors.
88
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
A summary of stock option activity under the
20
12
2012 Plan and the 2021 Plan, including 1,061,2501.1 million stock options that were granted outside of the
20
12
2012 Plan in 2019, is
presented below (in millions, except share and per share amounts):
Number of SharesWeighted
 Average
 Exercise
 Price		Weighted
 Average
 Remaining
 Contract Term
(in years)
Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1)
Balance as of December 31, 202154,525,539 $5.30 7.1$221.3 
Granted367,555 4.73 
Exercised(4,145,127)2.14 
Forfeited(4,053,730)6.95 
Balance as of December 31, 202246,694,237 $5.44 5.9$8.5 
Exercisable and vested at December 31, 202236,739,913 $4.70 5.4$8.5 
(1)The aggregate intrinsic values have been calculated using the Company’s closing stock prices of $2.33 and $9.09 as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
   
Number of Shares
   
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
   
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contract Term

(in years)
   
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
 
Balance as of December 31, 2020
   62,827,150  $4.55    7.8   $1,208.0 
Granted
   3,375,940   13.89           
Exercised
   (9,318,462)  2.89           
Forfeited
   (2,359,089)  6.87           
   
 
 
                
Balance as of December 31, 2021
   54,525,539  $5.30    
7.1
   $221.3 
   
 
 
               
Excercisable and vested at December 31, 2021   34,618,347  $4.02    
6.3
   $176.6 
   
 
 
                
During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 2020 and 2019,2020, the intrinsic value of options exercised was $20.3 million, $124.1 million and $9.8 million, and $19.1 million, respectively.
Stock-based compensation recognized during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 2020 and 20192020 associated with stock options was $35.2 million, $46.5 million $31.9 million and $35.4$31.9 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2021,2022, unrecognized compensation costs totaled $113.1$62.6 million and are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.32.6 years.
In June 2020
, the Company granted 1,620,540 stock options with service, performance and market-based vesting conditions to an executive employee. These conditions include stock price targets to be met after the listing of the Company’s stock on a public exchange.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, total compensation costs of $1.5 million related to these options was recognized.
As of December 31
, 2021
, total compensation costs of $3.5 
million related to these options has not yet been recognized.
 The remaining
expense
is
expected to be satisfied over a period of 3.9 years.
Early Exercise of Stock Options
A majority of the stock options granted under the 2012 Plan provideoriginally provided option holders the right to elect to exercise unvested options in exchange for restricted common stock. Shares received from such early exercises are subject to repurchase in the event of the optionee’s termination of service until the stock options are fully vested at the lesser of the original issuance price or the fair value of the Company’s common stock.
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9
Table of Contents
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
During the year ended December 31, 2021, 918,590 stock options were early exercised for total proceeds of $5.6 million. As of December 31, 2021, 1,068,3002022, 0.1 million shares of common stock received by holders from an early exercise were subject to repurchase. The cash proceeds received for unvested shares of common stock recorded within Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and Other
non-current
liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet was $3.2$0.5 million and $3.0$0.1 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2021.2022. Amounts recorded are transferred into Common stock and Additional
paid-in
capital within the consolidated balance sheets as the shares vest. During the year ended December 31, 2022, no stock options were early exercised.
Restricted Stock Units
A summary of RSU activity under the 2012 Plan and the 2021 Plan is presented below:
Number of SharesWeighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Balance as of December 31, 202154,517,930 $10.29 
Granted40,362,895 6.16 
Vested and converted to common stock (1)
(27,935,099)9.11 
Forfeited(19,755,889)11.13 
Balance as of December 31, 202247,189,837 $7.10 
89
   
Number of Shares
   
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
 
Balance as of December 31, 2020
   32,556,160   $6.75 
Granted
   41,969,138    13.30 
Vested and converted to common stock
   (15,779,232)    10.21 
Forfeited
   (4,228,136)    13.20 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Balance as of December 31, 2021
   54,517,930   $10.29 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
During the year ended December 31, 2021
,
the fair valueTable of restricted stock units that vested and convertedContents
Compass, Inc.
Notes to common stock was $203.5 million
.
Consolidated Financial Statements
There were no units vested and converted to common stock during(1)During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. During 2021,2022, the Company net settled all RSUs through which it issued an aggregate of
10,871,486
27.9 million shares of Class A common stock and withheld an aggregate of
4,907,746
4.9 million shares of Class A common stockstock to satisfy $62.4$23.5 million of tax withholding obligations on behalf of the Company’s employees.
As of December 31, 2021,
2022, all
unvested RSUs had total compensation costs of $479.4$243.4 million not yet recognized and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.22.5 years.
Included in the table above are 17.2 million RSUs that only vest upon the satisfaction of both (i) a service-based vesting condition and (ii) the achievement of performance-based vesting conditions that remain outstanding as of December 31, 2022. The performance-based vesting conditions provide that 12.5% of the shares subject to the RSUs will vest subject to the achievement of a market price per share of $23.14 of the Company's Class A common stock. An additional 12.5% of the shares subject to the RSUs will vest upon the achievement of a market price per share of the Company's Class A common stock at each of 200%, 250%, 300%, 350%, 400%, 450% and 500% of $23.14.
Agent Equity Program
In connection with the 2021 Agent Equity Program, the Company recognized a total of $100.0 million in stock-based compensation expense of which $84.8 million was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021 and $15.2 million was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022. In February 2022, the Company granted 13.6 million RSUs, which immediately vested and converted to Class A common stock in connection with the 2021 Agent Equity Program. Prior to the issuance of the underlying RSUs, the stock-based compensation expense associated with these awards was recorded as a liability and $100.0 million was ultimately reclassified to Additional paid-in capital at the end of the vesting period when the underlying RSUs were granted.
For the year ended December 31, 2021,2022, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense and an associated liability of $84.8$41.7 million in connection with RSUs earned as a part of the 20212022 Agent Equity Program. The associated liability is recorded within Accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. In February 2022,January 2023, the Company issued 13,624,457granted 14.1 million RSUs to affiliated agents in connection with the 20212022 Agent Equity Program.
During These RSUs immediately vested and converted to Class A common stock. Following the
years
ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, issuance of these RSUs, the Company granted 8,611,810 and 8,611,810 RSUs, respectively, to an executive employee. These
awards
include service, performance and market-based vesting conditions. These conditions include stock price targets to be met afterdiscontinued the listing of the Company’s stock on a public exchange.Agent Equity Program.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, total compensation costs of $25.0 million related to these awards was recognized.
As of December 31, 2021,
total
compensation costs related to these RSUs of $75.2 million
has
not yet been recognized.
The remaining
expense
is expected to be
satisfied
over a period of 3.3 years. These awards were valued using a Monte Carlo simulation.
Other Stock-Based Awards
In July 2018, the Company issued 1,680,340 shares of Class A common stock with a grant date fair value of $2.66 per share to an executive employee. These shares are subject to a four-year vesting period in which the employee must continue to provide services to the Company. The fair value of these shares was measured based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date and will be recognized as expense over the service period of the award. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $1.2 million, $1.1 million and $1.1 million, respectively, related to this award.
For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, the Company recorded approximately $2.2 million, $8.0 million and $0.6 million, respectively, in compensation expense for stock-based awards outside the
20
12
Plan. For the year ended December 31, 2020, $8.0 million of these expensesstock-based compensation expense related to compensation expenses incurred in connection with the sale of shares to investors by certain Company employees
and non-employee service
providers in excess of the fair value of the shares sold. There were 0no expenses incurred in connection with the sale of shares to investors by certain Company employees and
non-employee
service providers in excess of the fair value of shares for the
years
ended December 31,
2022 and 2021.
2021 and
2019.
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Table of Contents
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Stock-Based Compensation
Expense
Total stock-based compensation expense included in the consolidated statement of operations is as follows (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Commissions and other related expense$59.0 $128.7 $5.7 
Sales and marketing42.0 38.4 16.0 
Operations and support15.6 16.9 3.5 
Research and development57.5 92.7 1.4 
General and administrative60.4 109.6 16.6 
Total stock-based compensation expense$234.5 $386.3 $43.2 
   
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2021
   
2020
   
2019
 
Commissions and other related expense
  $128.7   $5.7   $16.1 
Sales and marketing
   38.4    16.0    11.1 
Operations and support
   16.9    3.5    2.4 
Research and development
   92.7    1.4    2.8 
General and administrative
   109.6    16.6    5.0 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total stock-based compensation expense
  $
 
386.3   $
 
43.2   $
 
37.4 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
The increase in stock-based compensation expense in 2022 and 2021 as compared to 2020 and 2019 was almost entirely the result of the required accounting treatment for RSUs which differed before and after the March 31, 2021 effective date of the
90
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Company’s IPO. The RSUs outstanding prior to the IPO contained a liquidity-event based vesting condition, in addition to a time-based vesting condition. The liquidity-event based vesting condition did not allow for the recognition of stock based-compensation expense until this condition was satisfied at the time of the IPO. The Company recognized
a one-time
acceleration of stock-based compensation expense of $148.5 million in connection with the IPO when this liquidity-event based vesting condition was satisfied on March 31, 2021 and recognized additional stock-based compensation expense subsequent to the IPO over the periods that the time-based vesting conditions are satisfied.
Stock-based compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2021 includes the following amounts
related to a
one-time
acceleration of stock-based compensation expense in connection with the IPO (in millions):
IPO Related
Expense
Commissions and other related expense$41.7 
Sales and marketing1.8 
Operations and support3.1 
Research and development46.9 
General and administrative55.0 
Total stock-based compensation expense$148.5 
   
IPO Related
Expense
 
Commissions and other related expense
  $41.7 
Sales and marketing
   1.8 
Operations and support
   3.1 
Research and development
   46.9 
General and administrative
   55.0 
   
 
 
 
Total stock-based compensation expense
  $148.5 
   
 
 
 
The Company has not recognized any tax benefits from stock-based compensation as a result of the full valuation allowance maintained on its deferred tax assets.
14. Income Taxes
The Company’s loss before income taxes consisted of (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
United States$(610.4)$(496.5)$(272.4)
International8.0 (0.1)0.5 
Total$(602.4)$(496.6)$(271.9)
   
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2021
   
2020
   
2019
 
United States
  $
 (496.5
)   $(272.4)   $(388.9) 
International
   
(0.1
)    0.5    —   
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
  $
(496.6
)   $
 
(271.9)   $
 
(388.9) 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
For the year ended December 31,
, 2021, 2022, the loss before
income
taxes of $496.6$602.4 million includes $1.3 
$12.2 million of losses from the Company’s equity investment in OriginPoint. The OriginPoint business operates in the United States.
10
1
Table of Contents
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The components of the Company’s income tax benefit (provision) consisted of (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Current:
Federal$— $— $0.8 
State— — — 
Foreign(3.1)(1.2)(0.2)
Total current(3.1)(1.2)0.6 
Deferred:   
Federal0.9 2.1 0.3 
State0.3 0.4 0.6 
Foreign2.8 1.2 0.2 
Total deferred4.0 3.7 1.1 
Total benefit from income taxes$0.9 $2.5 $1.7 
91

   
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2021
   
2020
   
2019
 
Current:
               
Federal
  $
 —  
   $0.8   $—   
State
   
—  
    —      —   
Foreign
   
(1.2
)    (0.2)    —   
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total current
   
(1.2
)    0.6    —   
Deferred:
               
Federal
   
2.1
    0.3    1.0 
State
   
0.4
    0.6    (0.1) 
Foreign
   
1.2
    0.2    —   
Total deferred
   
3.7
    1.1    0.9 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total benefit from income taxes
  $
2.5
   $1.7   $
 
0.9 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The Company had an income tax benefit for
the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, and 2019,
resulting
from a partial reduction in the valuation allowance related to the carryover tax basis in deferred tax liabilities from acquisitions and current taxes in India
that is
fullyare partially offset with future AMTalternative minimum tax credits.
The effective income tax rate differed from the statutory federal income tax
rate as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Tax at federal statutory rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
State taxes, net of federal effect7.0 %8.8 %4.0 %
Change in valuation allowance(25.0)%(34.2)%(23.4)%
Stock-based compensation(2.4)%7.9 %0.0 %
Non-deductible executive compensation(0.6)%(2.8)%0.0 %
Non-deductible expenses(0.4)%0.1 %(2.1)%
Other0.6 %(0.3)%1.1 %
Benefit from income taxes0.2 %0.5 %0.6 %
   
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2021
  
2020
  
2019
 
Tax at federal statutory rate
   21.0%   21.0%   21.0% 
State taxes, net of federal effect
   8.8%   4.0%   7.7% 
Change in valuation allowance
   (34.2)
%
  (23.4)%   (28.6)% 
Stock-based compensation   7.9%   0.0%   0.8% 
Non-deductible executive compensation   (2.8)%   0.0%   0.0% 
Non-deductible
expenses
   0.1%   (2.1)%   (0.6)%
Other
   (0.3)
%
  1.1%   (0.1)% 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
Benefit from
income taxes
   0.5%   0.6%   0.2% 
   
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
The components of net deferred taxes arising from temporary differences were as follows (in millions):
December 31,
20222021
Deferred tax assets:
Nondeductible accruals$15.0 $15.0 
Stock-based compensation55.0 66.7 
Lease liabilities161.2 157.9 
Net operating loss carryforward395.6 331.1 
Allowance for credit losses9.2 7.2 
Accrued compensation35.4 32.5 
Capitalized research & development costs83.6 — 
Intangible assets6.7 — 
Other5.4 3.4 
Total deferred tax assets$767.1 $613.8 
Deferred tax liabilities:  
Operating lease right-of-use assets$(132.2)$(132.8)
Intangible assets— (1.7)
Property and equipment(37.5)(29.5)
Total deferred tax liabilities(169.7)(164.0)
Less: valuation allowance(594.2)(448.4)
Net deferred tax assets$3.2 $1.4 
   
December 31,
 
   
2021
   
2020
 
Deferred tax assets:
          
Nondeductible accruals
  $
15.0
 
  $7.8 
Stock-based compensation
   
66.7
 
   20.0 
Lease liabilities
   
157.9
 
   144.6 
Net operating loss carryforward
   
331.1
 
   240.4 
Allowance for credit losses
   
7.2
 
   7.3 
Accrued compensation
   
32.5
 
   18.6 
Other
   
3.4
 
   1.4 
   
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total deferred tax assets
   
613.8
 
   440.1 
   
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
Deferred tax liabilities:
          
Operating lease
right-of-use
assets
   
(132.8
) 
   (119.9) 
Intangible assets
   
(1.7
) 
   (6.1) 
Property and equipment
   
(29.5
) 
   (26.4) 
   
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
Total deferred tax liabilities
   
(164.0
) 
   (152.4) 
   
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
Less: valuation allowance
   (4
48
.4
)

   (287.5) 
   
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
Net deferred tax assets
  $1.4
 
  $0.2 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
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Table of Contents
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The Company is subject to income taxes in the United States and India. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of (a) temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes and (b) operating losses and tax credit carryforwards.
As of December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, the Company’s deferred tax assets were primarily the result of U.S. federal and state net operating losses, operating lease obligations, capitalized research and development costs, stock-based compensation and compensation and other expense related accruals. A full valuation allowance was maintained against its U.S. gross deferred tax asset balances as of December 31, 20212022 and 2020.2021. As of each reporting date, the Company considers new
92
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
evidence, both positive and negative, that could impact the Company’s view with regard to future realization of deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, the Company continued to maintain that the realization of its deferred tax assets has not achieved
a more-likely-than-not threshold
primarily due to the evidence that the Company continued to maintain three-year
cumulative pre-tax book
losses. As of December 31, 2021,2022, the valuation allowance was in the amount of approximately
$448.4 $594.2 million, an increase of $160.9$145.8 million from December 31,
2020,2021, which includes the impact of acquisition activity.
As of December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, the Company had approximately $1.4 billion and $1.2
billion
and $882.5 million of gross federal net operating losses, respectively. Of those amounts, $151.7$152.0 million will begin to expire in 2032 and
$1 $1.2 billion
have an unlimited carryforward with utilization limited at 80% of taxable income. Such amounts may be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, as a result of various ownership change rules.
As of December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, the Company had approximately $1.6 billion and $1.2
billion
and $870.7 million of gross state net operating losses, respectively, that will begin to expire in 2029.2026.
The Company had
 0uncertain no material uncertain tax positions as of
December 31, 2022, 2021 2020 and 2019
.2020. The Company does not anticipate a significantmaterial increase or decrease in the uncertain tax positions in the next twelve months after the reporting period. It is the Company’s policy to record interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as a component of the provision for income taxes. NaNamountsNo material amounts of interest or penalties were recognized in the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 2020 and 2019.2020.
The Company has obtained an income tax holiday for one of the three locations it operates in India,
,
which expires in 2024. This2024.This incentive is conditional on meeting certain direct investment thresholds. If the Company fails to satisfy the conditions, the Company may be required to refund previously realized benefits. The Company does not expect these amounts to be material to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
The number of years with open tax audits varies depending upon the tax jurisdiction. The Company is generally no longer subject to
U.S. federal
examination by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) for years before 201
5
.2015. The IRS and state taxing authorities can subject the Company to audit dating back to 2012 when the Company begins to utilize its net operating loss carryforwards.
15. Compass Concierge Receivables and Allowance for Credit Losses
In 2018, the Company launched the Compass Concierge Program for home sellers who have engaged Compass as their exclusive listing agent. The initial program iswas based on a services model (“Concierge Classic”) provided by Compass Concierge, LLC (“Compass Concierge”), which includesincluded items such as consultation on suggested cosmetic updates or modifications to a specific property or guidance on securing licensed contractors or vendors to
perform non-structural property
improvements. The Concierge Classic program providesprovided for the payment of
the up-front costs
of specified home improvement services provided by unrelated vendors. During 2022, the Company substantially ceased providing new payments under the Concierge Classic program.
In 2019, the Compass Concierge Program was expanded to include a loan program underwritten by an independent third-party lender (the “Lender”) through a commercial arrangement with Compass Concierge (“Concierge Capital”). Under the Concierge Capital program, the Lender originates and services unsecured consumer loans to home sellers following its independent underwriting process pursuant to program-level criteria provided by the Company. Pursuant to the Company’s agreement with the Lender, the consumer loans are unsecured, interest-free and have no associated fees except for late fees that the Lender may charge in its sole discretion. The Company has no right or obligation with respect to any individual consumer loan originated by the Lender. Under the agreement, the Company has repayment rights against the Lender in connection with a corporate loan.
Payment to Compass Conciergethe Company for these services under the Concierge Classic modelprogram or repayment of the loan funds under the Concierge Capital modelprogram is due upon the earlier of a successful home sale, the termination of the listing agreement or one year from the date in which costs were originally funded. Compass Concierge receivables (“Concierge Receivables”) are stated at the amount advanced to the home sellers, net of an estimated ACL in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.sheets. For the years ended December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, the Company did not recognize any revenue or earn any fees
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
from the Compass Concierge Program. The Company incurs service fees payable to the Lender and incurs bad debt expense in connection with the Compass Concierge Program.

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Table of Contents
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The Company manages its credit risk by establishing a comprehensive credit policy for the approval of new loans, while monitoring and reviewing the performance of its existing Concierge Receivables. Factors considered include but not limited to:
•No negative liens or judgements on the property;
•Seller’s available equity on the property;
•Loan to listing price ratio;
•FICO score (only for Concierge Capital program); and
•Macroeconomic conditions.
Credit Quality
The Company monitors credit quality by evaluating various attributes and utilizes such information in its evaluation of the appropriateness of the ACL. Based on the Company’s experience, the key credit quality indicator is whether the underlying properties associated with the Concierge Receivables will be sold or not. Concierge Receivables associated with properties that are eventually sold have a lower credit risk than those that are associated with properties that are not sold. As of December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, the amount of outstanding Concierge Receivables related to unsold properties was approximately 96%98% and 93%96%, respectively. For Concierge Receivables where repayments have not been triggered (i.e., earlier of (i) sale of the property, (ii) termination of a listing agreement or (iii) 12 months from the date costs were originally funded), the Company establishes an estimate as to the percentage of underlying properties that will be sold based on historical data. This estimate is updated as of the end of each reporting period.
Allowance for Credit Losses
The Company maintains an ACL for the expected credit losses over the contractual life of the Concierge Receivables. The amount of ACL is based on ongoing, quarterly assessments performed by management. Historical loss experience is generally the starting point when the Company estimates the expected credit losses. The Company then considers whether (i) current conditions such as the impact
of COVID-19 and
related economic uncertainty surrounding the pandemic,conditions, (ii) future economic conditions and (iii) any potential changes in the Compass Concierge Program that are reasonable and supportable would impact its ACL. The following table summarizes the activity of the ACL for Concierge Receivables as of December 31, 20212022 and 20202021 (in millions):
December 31,
20222021
Opening balance$17.3 $17.2 
Allowances1.8 7.2 
Net write-offs and other(4.4)(7.1)
Closing balance$14.7 $17.3 
   
December 31,
 
   
2021
   
2020
 
Opening balance
  $17.2   $4.7 
Adoption of ASU
2016-03
   0      5.6 
Allowances
   7.2    9.1 
Net write-offs and other
   (7.1)    (2.2) 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Closing balance
  $17.3   $17.2 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Aging Status
The Company generally considers Concierge Receivables to be past due after being outstanding for over 30 days after the initial billing. Changes in the Company’s estimate to the ACL is recorded through bad debt expense as Sales and marketing expense in the consolidated statements of operations and individual accounts are charged against the allowance when all
94
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
reasonable collection efforts are exhausted. The following tables present the aging analysis of Concierge Receivables as of December 31, 20212022 and 20202021 (in millions):
December 31,
20222021
Current$50.6 $41.0 
31-90 days1.8 0.9 
Over 90 days5.2 8.3 
Total$57.6 $50.2 
   
31-90 days
   
Over 90 days
   
Total Past Due
   
Current
   
Total
 
December 31, 2021
  $0.9   $8.3   $9.2   $41.0   $50.2 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
December 31, 2020
  $5.5   $10.8   $16.3   $50.4   $66.7 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
16. Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common StockholdersCompass, Inc.
The Company computes net loss per share under the
two-class
method required for multiple classes of common stock and participating securities (convertible preferred stock). The rights, including the liquidation and dividend rights, of the Class A common stock, Class B common stock and Class C common stock are substantially identical, other than voting rights. Accordingly, the net loss per share attributable to common stockholders will be the same for Class A common stock, Class B common stock and Class C common stock on an individual or combined basis.
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4
Table of Contents
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholdersCompass, Inc. (in millions, except share and per share amounts):
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Numerator:
Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc.$(601.5)$(494.1)$(270.2)
Denominator:   
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to Compass, Inc., basic and diluted428,169,180 326,336,128 109,954,760 
Net loss per share attributable to Compass, Inc., basic and diluted$(1.40)$(1.51)$(2.46)
   
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2021
   
2020
   
2019
 
Numerator:
               
Net loss attributable to common stockholders
  $(494.1)   $(270.2)   $(388.0) 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Denominator:
               
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted   326,336,128    109,954,760    106,529,880 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted
  $(1.51)   $(2.46)   $(3.64) 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
The following participating securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholdersCompass, Inc. for the periods presented because including them would have been anti-dilutive (on
an as-converted basis):
Year Ended December 31,
202220212020
Convertible preferred stock— — 238,954,050 
Outstanding stock options46,694,237 54,525,539 62,827,150 
Outstanding RSUs47,189,837 54,517,930 32,556,160 
Shares subject to the Employee Stock Purchase Plan583,749 — — 
Unvested early exercised options91,770 1,068,300 1,075,710 
Unvested common stock138,892 391,092 640,320 
Total94,698,485 110,502,861 336,053,390 

   
Year Ended December 31,
 
   
2021
   
2020
   
2019
 
Convertible preferred stock
   —      238,954,050    248,271,850 
Outstanding stock options
   54,525,539    62,827,150    43,776,850 
Outstanding RSUs
   54,517,930    32,556,160    5,297,200 
Unvested early exercised options
   1,068,300    1,075,710    —   
Unvested common stock
   391,092    640,320    1,097,880 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
   110,502,861    336,053,390    298,443,780 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
1
7
.17. Restructuring Activities
and COVID-19 Update
2020 Restructuring Activities
Beginning in March 2020, the onset of the
COVID-19
pandemic resulted in a negative impact on the Company’s business in the second quarter of 2020 due to
shelter-in-place
and
stay-at-home
restrictions (in certain of the Company’s markets) which prohibited or reduced
in-person
residential real estate showings and the related impact on customer demand and
95
Compass, Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
housing inventory, as well as deteriorating economic conditions, such as increased unemployment rates. In light of the uncertain and rapidly evolving situation relating to
the COVID-19
pandemic, the Company took a range of measures to address the uncertainties related to the
COVID-19
pandemic including, but not limited to, reducing the size of its workforce, terminating certain lease obligations and reducing certain discretionary expenses during the first half of 2020 (the "2020 Restructuring"). During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company incurred restructuring costs of $10.3 million in connection with the 2020 Restructuring resulting from $6.0 million for severance related personnel costs and $4.3 million for lease termination costs. These costs have been presented within the Restructuring costs line in the consolidated statements of operations and were primarily paid during 2020.
2022 Restructuring Activities
During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company enacted certain workforce reductions, wound down Modus and terminated certain of its operating leases. The workforce reductions were part of a broader plan by the Company to take meaningful actions to improve the alignment between the Company’s organizational structure and its long-term business strategy, drive cost efficiencies enabled by the Company’s technology and other competitive advantages and continue to drive toward profitability and positive free cash flow. In addition to the aforementioned workforce reductions, restructuring actions have included and are expected to include, but not be limited to, a reduction in U.S. hiring and backfills resulting from attrition; a reduction in spend through third party vendors; eliminating the use of incentives when recruiting new agents and reducing incentives for existing agents; a planned pause in M&A activity and new market expansion; and a review of occupancy costs with a view to consolidating offices and reducing related costs.
As a result of these cost-saving measures,restructuring actions taken during the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company reduced its workforce by approximately 15%. Althoughincurred restructuring costs of $49.1 million, resulting from severance and other termination benefits for employees whose roles are being eliminated, lease terminations costs as a result of the demandaccelerated amortization of various right-of-use assets and other restructuring costs, including those costs related to the wind-down of Modus. These costs have been presented within the Restructuring costs line in the Company’s services had recovered startingconsolidated statements of operations. The Company incurred additional non-cash charges of approximately $7.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 associated with the discontinued use of certain intangible assets associated with Modus and charges pertaining to the write-down of fixed assets for certain real estate leases that have been exited, or partially exited. These costs have been included within the Depreciation and amortization line in the second halfconsolidated statements of 2020, the duration of the pandemic and any impacts on consumer behavior are unknown, and the amount of that demand which will persist after the reversal of the
stay-at-home
orders is unknown. Additionally, the pandemic’s impacts on the overall economy and credit markets could significantly impact the Company’s estimates of fair value, which could affect the carrying amount of certain assets and liabilities. As of December 31, 2021, the impacts of
the pandemic have not significantly impacted the carrying amount of the Company’s assets and liabilities.
operations.
The expenses resulting from these cost-saving measures were included in the consolidated statementstatements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020,2022, as follows (in millions):
Year Ended December 31, 2022
Restructuring costsDepreciation and amortizationTotal
Severance related personnel costs$40.6 $— $40.6 
Lease termination costs7.7 — 7.7 
Accelerated amortization of intangible assets— 4.6 4.6 
Accelerated depreciation— 2.5 2.5 
Other restructuring activities0.8 — 0.8 
Total$49.1 $7.1 $56.2 
   
December 31, 2020
 
   
Severance
   
Lease
Termination
   
Total
 
Sales and marketing
  $1.5   $4.3   $5.8 
Operations and support
   2.9    —      2.9 
Research and development
   0.7    —      0.7 
General and administrative
   0.9    —      0.9 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Total
  $6.0   $4.3   $10.3 
   
 
 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company incurred $1.7 million in facility-related costs associated with the early termination of certain of the Company’s office leases in Sales and marketing in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations. 
The Company did not recognize any restructuring expenses during the year ended December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020,2022, the Company did 0tnot have any material remaining liabilities related to restructuring costs.
2023 Restructuring Activities
During January 2023, the Company implemented a further workforce reduction as part of the Company’s ongoing cost reduction initiatives to manage the business during the current macroeconomic environment. As a result of this reduction, the Company expects to incur pre-tax cash charges of approximately $10 million to $12 million for severance and other termination benefits for employees whose roles were or are being eliminated during the three months ending March 31, 2023.
10
5
96
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.
We maintainOur disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the commission’sSEC’s rules and forms.
Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 20212022 due to the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting described below. In light of this fact, our management has performed additional analyses, reconciliations, and other post-closing procedures and has concluded that, notwithstanding the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, the consolidated financial statements for the periods covered by and included in this Annual Report fairly present, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in conformity with GAAP.
Previously Reported Material Weaknesses
As disclosed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this AnnualManagement's Report on Form 10-K, we previously identified material weaknesses in ourInternal Control over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Thesereporting as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP and includes those policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect transactions and the dispositions of assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with appropriate authorizations of management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on its financial statements.
Management, under the supervision of and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in "Internal Control—Integrated Framework" (2013). Based on this assessment, management determined that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 was not effective due to the material weaknesses primarily relate to our failure todescribed below. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
•We did not design or maintain and documentan effective control environment as we lacked sufficient oversight of activities related to our internal control over financial reporting due to a lack of an appropriate level of experience and training in internal control over financial reporting commensurate with public company requirements;requirements. This material weakness resulted in our identification of the following additional material weaknesses;
•We did not maintain formal accounting policies and procedures, and did not design, document and maintain controls related to substantially all of our business processes to achieve complete, accurate and timely financial accounting, reporting and disclosures, including controls over account reconciliations, segregation of duties and the preparation and review of journal entries; and
•We did not design and maintain effective controls over information technology, or IT, general controls for information systems and applications that are relevant to the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. We have concluded that these material weaknesses arose because, as a private company,Specifically, we did not havedesign and maintain (i) program change management controls to ensure
97
that IT program and data changes affecting financial IT applications and underlying accounting records are identified, tested, authorized and implemented appropriately that are relevant to the necessary business processes, systems, personnel, and related internal controls necessary to satisfy the accounting and financial reporting requirements of a public company.
Accordingly, we have determined that these control deficiencies constituted material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency or combination of deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatementpreparation of our consolidated financial statements, (ii) user access controls to ensure appropriate segregation of duties and that adequately restrict user and privileged access to financial applications, programs, and data to appropriate personnel, (iii) computer operations controls to ensure that critical batch jobs are monitored and data backups are authorized and monitored, and (iv) testing and approval of controls for program development to ensure that new software development is aligned with business and IT requirements. These IT deficiencies, when aggregated, could impact effective segregation of duties as well as the effectiveness of IT-dependent controls that could result in misstatements potentially impacting all financial statement accounts and disclosures that would not be prevented or detected ondetected. Accordingly, our management has determined these deficiencies in the aggregate constitute a timely basis. These deficienciesmaterial weakness.
None of the material weaknesses described above resulted in a material misstatement to our annual or interim consolidated financial statements. However, each of the material weaknesses described above could result in additional misstatementsa misstatement of one or more account balances or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to ourthe annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would be material and would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.detected.
Remediation Plans
WeTo date, we have commencedimplemented certain measures to remediateaddress the identified material weaknesses. These measures include adding personnel as well as improving the control environmentour internal controls around financial systems and processes. We intend to continue to take steps to remediate the material weaknesses described above and further evolve our accountinginternal controls and processes. We will not be able to remediate these material weaknesses until these steps have been completed and have been operating effectively for a sufficient period of time. The following remedial actions were taken through the year ended December 31, 2021:
•hired a Vice President of Internal Audit to oversee our internal controls program and work with management in its design and implementation of internal control over financial reporting;
•developed detailed action plans to address control deficiencies identified across business processes and financial systems impacting our financial reporting; and
•engaged a global accounting advisory firm to assist with the documentation, evaluation, remediation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting.
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The following are remedial actions that management is undertakingwere taken during the year ended December 31, 2022:
evaluate•evaluated our internal control over financial reporting with respect to design, implementation, and operating effectiveness;
•added key resources to the Internal Audit team, including an IT expert;
formalize•formalized our accounting policies, including training relevant personnel, related to, but not limited to, account reconciliations and manual journal entries; and
formalize•formalized IT procedures for key financial systems, including training relevant personnel, related to segregation of duties, user access, batch jobs, data backups, change management, and program development.
The following are the remaining remedial actions that management plans to undertake during 2023:
•continue to enhance our IT general control resources, including the hiring of a new Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO");
•ensure that the IT general controls specific to all key systems supporting financial reporting, including user access reviews, are being consistently operated and evidenced such that persuasive evidence is obtained that our IT general controls are effective and sustainable;
•ensure that controls over key reports and data derived from systems supporting financial reporting are consistently evidenced;
•ensure controls are fully in place to address segregation of duties risks that could present a reasonable possibility of material misstatements; and
98
•ensure that sufficient evidence of operating effectiveness is consistently demonstrated and maintained for key business process controls.

While we believe that these efforts will improve our internal control over financial reporting, the implementation of our remediation is ongoing and will require testing of the design and operating effectiveness of internal controls over a sustained period of financial reporting cycles.
We believe we are makinghave made substantial progress toward achieving the effectiveness of oureffective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and disclosure controls.procedures. The actions that we are taking are subject to ongoing senior management review, as well as audit committee oversight. We will not be able to conclude whether the steps we are taking will remediate the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting until we have completed our remediation efforts and subsequent evaluation of their effectiveness. We may also conclude that additional measures may be required to remediate the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Report onChanges in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
The Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include a report of management’s assessment regardingThere have been no changes in internal control over financial reporting dueduring the quarter ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to a transition period established bymaterially affect, the rules of the SEC for newly public companies.Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitation on the Effectiveness of Internal Control over Financial Reporting and Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
Item 9B. Other Information.
None.
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.
Not Applicable.
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99
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
Information required by this item will be contained in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange CommissionSEC on Schedule 14A in connection with our 20222023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, or the Proxy Statement, which will be filed no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2021,2022, and is incorporated herein by reference.
We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our officers, directors and employees which is available on our website at investors.compass.com. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is intended to qualify as a “code of ethics” within the meaning of Section 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and Item 406 of Regulation
S-K.
In addition, we intend to promptly disclose on our website at www.compass.com (1) the nature of any amendment to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our directors or our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller or persons performing similar functions and (2) the nature of any waiver, including an implicit waiver, from a provision of our code of ethics that is granted to a director one of these specified officers, the name of such person who is granted the waiver and the date of the waiver on our website in the future.
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
The information required by this item regarding executive compensation will be incorporated by reference to the information set forth in our Proxy Statement.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
The information required by this item regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and our equity compensation plans will be incorporated by reference to the information set forth in our Proxy Statement.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
The information required by this item regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and our equity compensation plans will be incorporated by reference to the information set forth in our Proxy Statement.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
The information required by this item regarding principal accountant fees and services will be incorporated by reference to the information set forth in our Proxy Statement.
108
100
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
(a)The following documents are filed as part of this report:
(a)
The following documents are filed as part of this report:
1.Financial Statements
Information in response to this Item is included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form
10-K.
Report.
2.Financial Statement Schedules
Schedule II. Valuation and Qualifying Accounts.
Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020
Balance
at
Beginning
of Year		Charged
to Costs
and
Expenses		Write-
offs		OtherBalance
at End of
Year
(in millions)
December 31, 2022
Accounts receivable allowance for credit loss$7.1 $5.5 $(3.6)$— $9.0 
Compass Concierge receivable allowance for credit loss17.3 1.8 (4.4)— 14.7 
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets448.4 — — 145.8 (b)594.2 
December 31, 2021
Accounts receivable allowance for credit loss8.1 1.7 (2.7)— 7.1 
Compass Concierge receivable allowance for credit loss17.2 7.2 (7.1)— 17.3 
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets287.5 — — 160.9 (b)448.4 
December 31, 2020
Accounts receivable allowance for credit loss2.7 6.9 (1.5)— 8.1 
Compass Concierge receivable allowance for credit loss4.7 9.1 (2.2)5.6 (a)17.2 
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets223.1 — — 64.4 (b)287.5 
   
Years Ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019
 
   
Balance
at
Beginning
of Year
   
Charged
to Costs
and
Expenses
   
Write-
offs
  
Other
  
Balance
at End of
Year
 
   
(in millions)
 
December 31, 2021
        
Accounts receivable allowance for credit loss
  $8.1   $1.7   $(2.7)  $—    $7.1 
Compass Concierge receivable allowance for credit loss
   17.2    7.2    (7.1)   —     17.3 
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets
   287.5    —      —     160.9(b)   448.4 
December 31, 2020
        
Accounts receivable allowance for credit loss
   2.7    6.9    (1.5)   —     8.1 
Compass Concierge receivable allowance for credit loss
   4.7    9.1    (2.2)   5.6(a)   17.2 
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets
   223.1    —      —     64.4(b)   287.5 
December 31, 2019
        
Accounts receivable allowance for credit loss
   2.2    2.1    (1.6)   —     2.7 
Compass Concierge receivable allowance for credit loss
   —      4.7    —     —     4.7 
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets
   108.9    —      —     114.2(b)   223.1 
(a) The Company adopted
ASU 2016-13,
Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326)
as of January 1, 2020 on a modified retrospective basis which resulted in a $5.6 million increase in the Company’s overall allowance for credit losses related to the Company’s Compass Concierge receivables, with a corresponding increase to the Company’s accumulated deficit.
(b) For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 2020 and 2019,2020, the increase in valuation allowance relates to U.S. deferred tax assets for which the Company continues to maintain that the realization of these assets has not achieved a more-likely-than-not threshold. This is primarily due to the evidence that the Company continued to maintain three-year cumulative pre-tax book losses.
101
Table of Contents
3.Exhibits
Exhibit Index
Exhibit
Number		Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit DescriptionFormFile No.ExhibitFiling DateFiled
Herewith
3.110-Q001-402913.15/13/21
3.210-Q001-402913.25/13/21
4.110-K001-402914.12/28/22
4.2S-1/A333-2537444.13/23/21
10.1+S-1333-25374410.13/1/21
10.2+S-1333-25374410.23/1/21
10.3+S-1/A333-25374410.33/23/21
10.4+S-1/A333-25374410.43/23/21
10.5+S-1333-25374410.53/1/21
10.6+S-1/A333-25374410.63/23/21
10.7+S-1/A333-25374410.93/23/21
10.8+S-1/A333-25374410.103/23/21
10.9+S-1/A333-25374410.113/23/21
10.10S-1333-25374410.123/1/21
10.11S-1/A333-25374410.143/23/21
10.12+S-1333-25374410.143/1/21
10.13+S-1333-25374410.153/1/21
10.14+10-Q001-4029110.28/10/21
10.15+10-Q001-4029110.38/10/21
10.16+8-K001-4029110.13/17/22
10.17+10-Q001-4029110.15/13/22
10.18+10-Q001-4029110.25/13/22
10.19+10-Q001-4029110.35/13/22
102
Table of Contents
Exhibit
Number		Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit DescriptionFormFile No.ExhibitFiling DateFiled
Herewith
10.20+10-Q001-4029110.45/13/22
10.2110-Q001-4029110.18/15/22
10.22+10-Q001-4029110.28/15/22
10.23+10-Q001-4029110.38/15/22
10.24+8-K001-4029110.110/28/22
21.1X
23.1X
24.1X
31.1X
31.2X
32.1#
32.2#
101The following financial information related to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, formatted in iXBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit), (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (vi) the related Notes to Consolidated Financial StatementsX
104Cover Page Interactive Data File, formatted in iXBRL and contained in Exhibit 101X
109+    Management contract or compensatory plan.
#    In accordance with Item 601(b)(32)(ii) of Regulation S-K and SEC Release No. 34-47986, the certifications furnished in Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 hereto are deemed to accompany this Form 10-K and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.
None.
103
3. Exhibits
Exhibit Index
     
Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit
Number
  
Exhibit Description
 
Form
 
File No.
 
Exhibit
 
Filing Date
 
Filed
Herewith
    3.1  Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant 10Q 001-40291 3.1 5/13/2021 
    3.2  Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant 
10Q
 
001-40291
 
3.2
 
5/13/2021
 
    4.1  Description of Common Stock     X
    4.2  Form of Registrant’s Class A common stock certificate S-1/A 333-253744 4.1 3/23/2021 
  10.1  Form of Indemnification Agreement by and between the Registrant and each of its directors and executive officers S-1 333-253744 10.1 3/1/2021 
  10.2  2012 Stock Incentive Plan and forms of award agreements thereunder S-1 333-253744 10.2 3/1/2021 
  10.3  2021 Equity Incentive Plan and forms of award agreements thereunder 
S-1/A
 333-253744 10.3 
3/23/2021
 
  10.4  2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan and forms of award agreements thereunder 
S-1/A
 333-253744 10.4 
3/23/2021
 
  10.5  Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy S-1 333-253744 10.5 3/1/2021 
  10.6  Letter Agreement between the Registrant and Robert Reffkin, dated as of March 12, 2020, as amended S-1/A 333-253744 10.6 
3/23/2021
 
  10.7  Offer Letter between the Registrant and Kristen Ankerbrandt, dated as of March 13, 2021 S-1/A 333-253744 10.7 3/23/2021 
  10.8  Offer Letter between the Registrant and Greg Hart, dated as of March 12, 2021 S-1/A 333-253744 10.8 3/23/2021 
  10.9  Offer Letter between the Registrant and Joseph Sirosh, dated as of March 12, 2021 S-1/A 333-253744 10.9 3/23/2021 
  10.10  Offer Letter between the Registrant and Brad Serwin, dated as of March 12, 2021 S-1/A 333-253744 10.10 3/23/2021 
  10.11  Form of Change in Control and Severance Agreement between the Registrant and its named executive officers S-1/A 333-253744 10.11 3/23/2021 
  10.12  Lease Agreement between Urban Compass, Inc. and 90 Fifth Avenue Owner LLC, dated July 23, 2014, and amendments thereto S-1 333-253744 10.12 3/1/2021 
  10.13  Amended and Restated Revolving Credit and Security Agreement among Compass Concierge SPV I, LLC, Barclays Bank PLC and the lenders party thereto, dated as of July 29, 2021 10Q 001-40291 10.1 8/10/2021 
  10.14  Revolving Credit and Guaranty Agreement among the Registrant, Barclays Bank PLC, the Lenders, and Issuing Banks party thereto, dated as of March 4, 2021 S-1/A 333-253744 10.14 3/23/2021 
  10.15  Form of Exchange Agreement between the Registrant and Robert Reffkin S-1 333-253744 10.14 3/1/2021 
  10.16  Form of Equity Exchange Right Agreement between the Registrant and Robert Reffkin S-1 333-253744 10.15 3/1/2021 
  10.17  Forms of Global Notice of Restricted Stock Unit Award and Global Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement 10Q 001-40291 10.2 8/10/2021 
  10.18  Forms of Global Notice of Stock Option Grant and Global Stock Option Agreement 10Q 001-40291 10.3 8/10/2021 
  21.1  Subsidiaries of the Registrant S-1/A 333-253744 21.1 3/23/2021 
  23.1  Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm     X
  24.1  Power of Attorney (contained in “Signatures”)     X
  31.1  Certification of Principal Executive Officer, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)     X
  31.2  Certification of Principal Financial Officer, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)     X
  32.1  Certification of Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350     X
  32.2  Certification of Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350     X
101  Interactive Data Files     X
104  Cover page interactive data file, submitted using inline XBRL (contained in Exhibit 101)     X
Item 16. Form
10-K
Summary
None.
110
Table of Contents
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Compass, Inc
(Registrant)
(Registrant)
March 1, 2023ByFebruary 28, 2022By/s/ Robert Reffkin
(Date)(Date)Robert Reffkin
Chief Executive Officer
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, each person whose individual signature appears below hereby authorizes and appoints Robert Reffkin, Kristen Ankerbrandt,Kalani Reelitz, and Scott Wahlers and each of them, with full power of substitution and re-substitution and full power to act without the other, as his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent to act in his or her name, place and stead and to execute in the name and on behalf of each person, individually and in each capacity stated below, and to file any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing, ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them or their or his substitute or substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof.
104
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Name
Title
Date
/s/ Robert ReffkinChairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer
February 28, 2022
March 1, 2023
Robert Reffkin(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Kristen AnkerbrandtKalani ReelitzChief Financial Officer
February 28, 2022
March 1, 2023
Kristen AnkerbrandtKalani Reelitz(Principal Financial Officer)
/s/ Scott WahlersChief Accounting Officer
February 28, 2022
March 1, 2023
Scott Wahlers(Principal Accounting Officer)
/s/ Jeffrey HousenboldDirector
February 28, 2022
March 1, 2023
Jeffrey Housenbold
/s/ Frank MartellDirector
February 28, 2022
Frank Martell/s/ Allan LeinwandDirectorMarch 1, 2023
Allan Leinwand
/s/ Eileen Murray
DirectorFebruary 28, 2022
Eileen Murray
/s/ Frank MartellDirectorMarch 1, 2023
Frank Martell
/s/ Charles PhillipsDirector
February 28, 2022
Charles Phillips/s/ Josh McCarterDirectorMarch 1, 2023
Josh McCarter
/s/ Steven SordelloDirector
February 28, 2022
Steven Sordello/s/ Charles PhillipsDirectorMarch 1, 2023
Charles Phillips
/s/ Steven SordelloDirectorMarch 1, 2023
Steven Sordello
/s/ Pamela Thomas-GrahamDirector
February 28, 2022
March 1, 2023
Pamela Thomas-Graham
/s/ Dawanna WilliamsDirectorMarch 1, 2023
Dawanna Williams
111105