UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended MarchDecember 31, 20212023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________________ to __________________

Commission File Number: 333-249833

Crown Electrokinetics Corp.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(800) 674-3612(213) 600-4250

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ Yes   ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of December 31, 2020June 30, 2023 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed thirdsecond fiscal quarter) was approximately $34.2$8.4 million based upon a closing price of $4.50.$7.86 per share.

As of June 16, 2021,March 25, 2024, there were 14,882,74151,702,036 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

CROWN ELECTROKINETICS CORP.

FORM 10-K

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED MARCH 31, 2021

INDEX

PART I

In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, “we,” “our,” “us,” “Crown Electrokinetics,” “Crown” and “the Company” refer to Crown Electrokinetics Corporation, unless the context requires otherwise.

Forward-Looking and Cautionary Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as information included in oral statements or other written statements made or to be made by us, contain statements that constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts nor assurances of future performance. Instead, they are based on our current beliefs, expectations and assumptions regarding the future of our business, future plans and strategies, and other future conditions. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “envision,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “target,” “potential,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “continue,” “ongoing,” “contemplate” and other similar expressions, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Examples of forward-looking statements include, among others, statements we make regarding:

Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements.

The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K represent our views as of the date of this Report. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

Market and Industry Data

Some of the market and industry data contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are based on independent industry publications or other publicly available information. Although we believe that these independent sources are reliable, we have not independently verified and cannot assure you as to the accuracy or completeness of this information. As a result, you should be aware that the market and industry data contained herein, and our beliefs and estimates based on such data, may not be reliable.

SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL RISK FACTORS

This summary briefly lists the principal risks and uncertainties facing our business, which are only a select portion of those risks. A more complete discussion of those risks and uncertainties is set forth in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report, entitled Risk Factors. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect us. If any of these risks occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Our business is subject to the following principal risks and uncertainties:

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS.

Overview

Crown Electrokinetics Corp. (“Crown” or the “Company”) developsWe develop and sellssell optical switching film that can be embedded between sheets of glass or applied to the surface of glass, or other rigid substrates such as acrylic, to electronically control opacity (“DynamicTint™”). Originally developed by Hewlett-Packard (“HP”), our technology allows a transition between clear and dark in seconds and can be applied to a wide array of windows, including commercial buildings, automotive sunroofs, and residential skylights and windows. At the core of Crown’sour proprietary and patent-protected technology is a thin film that is powered by electrically charged pigment which not only replacescan reduce heat gain replacing common window tints but is also providing a more sustainable alternative to blinds and other traditional window treatments. Crown partnersWe partner with leading glass and film manufacturers for mass production and distribution of DynamicTint.

Crown Fiber Optics

Our fiber optics operations are founded on the integration of smart technology into the construction and management of fiber optics networks. This endeavor is underscored by the acquisition of specialized equipment and the establishment of new partnerships aimed at bolstering its presence in high-growth markets. Crown’s venture into fiber optics, much like its innovations in smart glass, is characterized by a blend of technological advancement and strategic market positioning. The challenges encountered post-acquisition, including asset impairment and operational realignment, underscore the complexities of integrating new technologies and markets. However, these hurdles have been met with decisive actions aimed at ensuring the long-term viability and growth of the fiber optics operations. As Crown Electrokinetics continues to evolve, its expansion into fiber optics underscores a broader vision of integrating smart technology into foundational infrastructure. This strategic move not only diversifies Crown’s portfolio but also reinforces its commitment to sustainable and innovative solutions. The future of Crown’s fiber optics operations is poised on the cusp of growth, driven by technological prowess, strategic market expansion, and an unwavering focus on delivering cutting-edge solutions.

Electrokinetic Film Technology

Crown’sOur electrokinetic (EK) technology was derived from proprietary ink and microfluidic technology developed at HP. Electrokinetic refers to the movement of particles within a fluid under the influence of an electric field. Our EK film technology utilizes nanometer-sized pigment particles that are electrically charged and suspended in a liquid that is sandwiched between two clear substrates that are coated with a transparent conductor oxide (TCO) film. Figure 1. In a non-energized state, the suspended pigment particles are distributed uniformly between the plastic films, and will absorb, transmit, or reflect light depending on the properties of the suspended pigment (dark state). When the proper electrical signal is applied to the conductive TCO layers, an electrical field is created, and the charged pigment particles collect in micro-embossed holes in a layer of polymer resin covering the transparent conductor surface. As the charged pigment particles are collected, the fluid becomes highly transparent (clear state). By applying a different electrical signal, the pigment can be dispersed back into the fluid to achieve the desired color density or opaqueness.

Figure 1. Schematic cross-section of electrokinetic film in clear and dark states.

Highlights

Highlights

Our plastic films are manufactured using industry standard roll-to-roll (R2R) processing equipment. The Company believes itsWe believe our R2R processing will have an inherently lower manufacturing cost compared to sheet-based processing methods used for other smart window technologies like electrochromic glass. There are three basic steps to making our film using R2R equipment.

Figure 2. Microscopic Optical Image of Embossed Film

We believe that DynamicTint^TM has the following distinct advantages over existing optical electronic film technologies:

Retrofit with anSmart Window Insert

Crown’sOur first EK product will be the Smart Window Insert powered by DynamicTint^TM Smart Glass Insertwhich is specifically designed for retrofitting in the domestic and international commercial real estate install base. Our DynamicTint^TM can be laminated to other surfaces like acrylicheat-treated glass or heat-treated glassacrylic and the laminated sheet can be assembled in DynamicTintSmart Window Inserts that can be placed overinto the surfaceinterior side of the window frame providing the dynamic tinting capability as well as additional insulation and sound proofing to the existing windows (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Window Insert with EK Film

We believe Crown’s DynamicTint Inserts can be easily installed into commercial buildings, skylights, residential windows, and windows within garage doors. In commercial buildings, our DynamicTint Inserts can be used to convert existing single pane windows into dual pane windows. Crown believes that there is a significant opportunity to provide DynamicTint Inserts to commercial building owners who are looking to eliminate window blinds, gain energy efficiency, and reduce carbon emissions.

The Insert is a custom-sized panel comprised of a rigid substrate (acrylic or thin glass) with a silicon compliant edge seal that allows for the insert to securely fit into the interior side of the window frame.

Some of the Insert’s features include:

Integration with Glass

Our electronic filmWe believe our Smart Window Inserts can be cut using standard laser cuttingeasily installed into commercial buildings, skylights, residential windows, and then laminated between panes of glass for new window construction. DynamicTint will be laminated between glass sheets for automotive applications or on a single glass sheetwindows within an Insulated Glass Unit (IGU) (Figure 4). An IGU typically consists of two or more panes of glass that are sealed along the edges with an inert gas like Argon between the panes of glass to minimize heat transfer from one pane of glass to the other. Lower heat transfer improves insulating the outside temperature from interior temperature. Power is provided togarage doors. In commercial buildings, our device by two wires connected to a single small area on each ITO surface. The wires will be routed through the IGU edge seal and can be connected to a control/power unit attached to the IGU for individual window control. The electronics driving the film can be hardwired into the building’s HVAC control system or controlled wirelessly depending on the customer’s needs. Because the overall power requirements are extremely low, localized batteries in the control unit and/or in combination with a small area solar cellSmart Window Inserts can be used to power DynamicTint.convert existing single pane windows into dual pane windows. We also believe that there is a significant opportunity to provide Smart Window Inserts to commercial building owners who are looking to eliminate window blinds, gain energy efficiency, and reduce carbon emissions.

Sustainability

Figure 4. Double-paned IGU with EK Film

Sustainability

Crown isWe are aware that working towards building a sustainable future is a common goal shared by many. Companies such as Walmart, Amazon and Apple are now publishing their sustainability pledges, and we are seeing a trend of pledging to make their workplaces more environmentally friendly.

Crown’sOur patented technology provides a solution that helps address many sustainability issues such as:

Crown’s DynamicTint can reduce the amount of heat entering a building by controlling the tint of external windows. According to FacilitiesNet (https://www.facilitiesnet.com/windowsexteriorwalls/article/Smart-Window-Benefit-Energy-Savings-Reduced-Glare--17280), the ability to control the amount of heat entering a building reduces the heat load of the building which in turn reduces your HVAC usage. Another benefit of DynamicTint is being able to optimize daylight usage, thereby reducing the usage of lights. A study done by Project Drawdown (https://www.drawdown.org/solutions/dynamic-glass) projected that if 30-50% of commercial building spaces install dynamic glass, the potential climate-weighted energy efficiency from cooling is estimated at 9% and lighting at 9%—depending-depending on local climate, building location and window orientation. This can result in 0.3-0.5 gigatons of emissions reductions from decreased energy use.

At Crown, we are committed to building a product that can be self-sufficient and does not require an additional power source or hard wiring into the electrical system of a residential home or commercial building. While our DynamicTint helps keep light and heat out of the building, we intend to harness that light and use it to power our inserts. This ensures that as we reduce a building’s energy consumption, we are not adding to it and are working towards being carbon neutral.

Intellectual Property

On January 31, 2016, we entered into an IP agreement with HP to acquire a research license to determine the feasibility of incorporating HP’s electrokinetic display technology in our products. On February 4, 2021, Crown and HPwe entered into entered into a fourth amendment to the agreement.agreement with HP. Pursuant to such amendment, among other items, the parties agreed to amend the list of patent and patent applications, which includes two additional patents (the “HP Patents”) that are assignable to the Companyus by HP upon the exercise of the Company’sour option to acquire the HP Patents (the “Option”). In connection with the Company’sour exercise of the Option, the Companywe paid HP an aggregate amount equal to One Million Five Hundred Fifty Thousand Dollars ($1,550,000) on February 9, 2021. From the date of the exercise of the Option until January 1, 2030, the Companywe agreed to pay to HP a royalty fee based on the cumulative gross revenue received by the Companyus from the HP Patents as follows:

In addition, the Company haswe have current patent applications in the United States and other countries that if granted, would add three additional patents to its portfolio. The Company’sOur United States patents expire at various dates from March 26, 20292028 through September 26, 2032March 10, 2036.

The Company believesA 2022 appraisal of our intellectual property by one of the preeminent third-party IP-valuation firms indicated a total valuation of approximately $94 million, consisting of $35 million relating to patents (limited to the US office building market, supplying its Smart Window Insert) and $59 million for trade secrets.

We believe that itsour EK technology is adequately protected by its patent position and by its proprietary technological know-how. However, the validity of the Company’sour patents has never been contested in any litigation. The CompanyWe also possessespossess know-how and relies on trade secrets and nondisclosure agreements to protect its technology. The Company requiresWe require any employee, consultant, or licensee having access to its confidential information to execute an agreement whereby such person agrees to keep such information confidential.

Crown-Owned Patents

In-Licensed Patents

Business Model

We intend to develop and sellmanufacture our patented EK Technology under the name DynamicTint^TMDynamicTint™. We intend to generate revenue by selling and in some cases leasing, DynamicTint^TM film or DynamicTintour Smart Window Inserts powered by DynamicTint™ to our customers. We are in discussions with multiple building owners to buy or lease our DynamicTint^TM Inserts.

Applications we are exploring with potential customers of Crown’s DynamicTint include:

Crown’sOur first EK product will be the DynamicTintSmart Window Insert powered by DynamicTint™ for retrofitting in commercial buildings. Crown’s Commercial Building Insert wouldOur Smart Window Inserts will allow the building owner to quickly convert itsa single pane window unitsunit to a dual pane window unit. Crown’s insert wouldOur inserts will act as the “second pane” and wouldwill allow the building owner to enjoy all the benefits of a dual pane window without having to replace their existing single pane windows. Crown’s insert can

Our customers will be integrated intoable to buy and own their Smart Window Inserts but also, at some stage, have the building HVAC control system, thereby optimizing the use of our DynamicTint Insert and reducing the useoption to enter long-term leases of the HVAC to heat or cool the rooms utilizingInserts with us.

Additional applications we are exploring with potential customers of Crown’s DynamicTint include:

As our technology. As Crown’s DynamicTint technology requires very little energy to effect that transition from clear to dark state, a rechargeable battery coupled with a built-in solar cell eliminates the need to hardwire the inserts to the building electrical system. Crown believesWe believe that the potential retrofit market for its DynamicTint BuildingSmart Window Inserts is significantly large. Each unit will have wireless communication capability for control of the film and communication with the building HVAC system.

Crown hasWe have also developed a working prototype of an insert for the residential skylight, which allows a homeowner to control the amount of light entering the room. Crown’sOur DynamicTint Insert does not require the homeowner to replace their skylight as it conveniently fits into the existing frame. Crown’sOur skylight insert will allow a homeowner (through a Bluetooth connection or RF controller) to adjust the level of desired tint easily and quickly, thereby controlling the amount of light and heat entering the room. The DynamicTint Skylight Insert will be powered by a rechargeable lithium battery and built-in solar cell thereby eliminating the need to wire the insert to the home’s electrical system.

Partners and Customers

On March 25, 2022, we executed a Master Supply Agreement (the “BDN MSA”) with Brandywine Operating Partnerships L.P. to install its Smart Window Inserts powered by DynamicTintTM in Brandywine office buildings. The BDN MSA provides the master terms and conditions under which purchase orders will be executed for us to supply units to retrofit windows at certain locations.

Crown is in activeIn the future, we may enter into multiple specific transactions with our customers by executing purchase orders for additional buildings.

Additionally, discussions with multiple other building owners to buy our Smart Window Inserts are progressing as the regulatory and consumer pressure to reduce the level of energy consumption and carbon emissions continues to build.

Purchase Orders

On August 12, 2022, we entered into two Purchase Orders (PO’s) with Hudson Pacific Properties, L.P. (“Hudson”) for the purchase of our Smart Window Inserts™ (“Inserts”). Hudson is a unique provider of end-to-end real estate solutions for tech and media tenants. The PO’s have a value of $85,450 and represent the first orders we received prior to the launch of our Inserts. Delivery and installation are expected to begin in Q2 2024.

On August 12, 2022, as additional consideration for the PO’s, we issued a warrant to Hudson to purchase 300,000 shares of our common stock at $0.75 per share. The warrant has a five year life and expires on August 12, 2027.

Manufacturing

We are developing its manufacturing capabilities to meet anticipated demand for the Smart Window Insert at our facilities located in Corvallis, Oregon, for film production, and Salem, Oregon, for Smart Window Insert manufacturing.

We plan to produce its EK film at its facilities in Corvallis using its existing roll to roll (the “R2R”) embossing equipment. We intend to perform all other film manufacturing processes at our Corvallis facility upon receipt of additional manufacturing equipment currently ordered and awaiting delivery.

Our Smart Window Inserts will be produced at our Salem facility, where EK film will be laminated to glass, and film manufacturersthen assembled into a frame. The inserts electronic components will also be integrated into the insert and the final assembled inserts will be packaged for assessment of its DynamicTint technology and its applicationshipment from Salem to glass markets around the world.our customers’ buildings.

Below is a table that shows the measuredThe completion of our facilities in Corvallis and calculated performance where the DynamicTint film is embedded within a glass IGU.Salem marks our transition to being completely self-sufficient in manufacturing our products, eliminating any dependency on contract manufacturers or partners.

Commercial Office Building Market

Crown’s commercialization strategies are deeply rooted in leveraging existing infrastructure. As such, Crown intends to partner with industry leading manufacturers of glass and windows as well as manufacturers of plastic film. Crown will pursue multiple paths to having its film manufactured which may include contracting manufacturing through third parties and developing its own manufacturing capabilities, or a hybrid of both.

As Crown moves from its research and development stage and into its commercialization stage, it has engaged with numerous existing and experienced thin film manufacturers about collaboratingCommercial buildings have gotten larger in the mass productionUnited States as their floorspace continues to grow faster than the number of DynamicTint. Those ongoing discussionscommercial buildings, according to preliminary results from the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). CBECS estimates that 5.9 million U.S. commercial buildings contained a total of 97 billion square feet as of 2018. The number of commercial buildings increased by 6%, and commercial square footage increased by 11% since the CBECS was last conducted in combination with the ongoing development work with two of Crown’s existing manufacturing partners, is expected to allow Crown to move from a “development only” stage into commercialization stage in 2021.2012.

Smart Glass Industry Trends

We believe there are favorable converging global trends in the major near-term markets for “smart glass” products. Key factors driving the growth of the smart glass market are the growing demand for smart glass for energy savings for existing commercial and residential buildings. Added to this trend are government mandates and legislation for energy-efficient construction of both commercial and residential buildings. There is a growing opportunity for smart windows in the transportation industry including automobiles, commercial trucks, buses, and passenger rail cars.

In both public and private sectors across the world, there are substantial efforts targeted toward the promotion and use of energy efficient smart glass materials, including those used in automobiles, windows and other architectural glazings.

In September 2020, Markets and Markets issued Smart Glass Market with COVID-19 Impact by Technology (Suspended Particle Display, Electrochromic, Liquid Crystal), Application (Architecture, Transportation, Consumer Electronics), and Geography - Global Forecast to 2025. The smart glass market size is expected to grow from USD 3.8 billion in 2020 to USD 6.8 billion by 2025, at a CAGR of 12.1% during the forecast period. The growth of the smart glass industry is driven by factors, such as the growing adoption of smart glass in automotive application and, declining prices for electrochromic material. Other major driving factors for smart glass adoption include supportive government mandates and legislation on energy efficiency. Governing bodies of various countries are increasingly encouraging the use of these energy-efficient products.

Smart glass has inherent energy-saving and auto-dimming properties, which reduce its maintenance cost. As a result, the perceived benefits of these glass products are more than the incurred investments.

Crown believesWe believe that the smart glass industry is in the initial phase of growth and that DynamicTint^TM may have commercial applicability in many products where variable light-control is desired.

Our Technology

DynamicTint^TM combines many of the favorable properties of the other smart window technologies. It has fast-switching time and unlike electrochromic (EC) technology, modulation in light level is not area dependent and the film is neutral in color in all settings. Unlike Suspended Particles Devices (SPD) and Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC) technology, EK film does not need high voltage alternating current to power the film. Because of the low power requirements, EK films can be powered with batteries or combined with small area solar cells, allowing retrofit to existing windows. Furthermore, in the future EK film could be made with other colorants and it is possible with modification to the design to use two colorants in the same film, which has been demonstrated in the recent past under a research project at the University of Cincinnati. Below is a table outlining some of the typical properties of each technology.

Other Smart Glass Technologies

Variable light transmission technologies can be classified into two basic types: “active” technologies that can be controlled electrically by the user either automatically or manually, and “passive” technologies that can only react to ambient environmental conditions such as changes in lighting or temperature. Most of the technologies are “active”. One type that is passive is thermochromic technology where a rise in temperature will darken the film applied to glass.

The Company believesWe believe that our DynamicTint has certain performance advantages over other “smart glass” technologies and that pricing and product performance are the two main factors critical to the adoption of smart glass products. Because the non-EK smart glass technologies listed below do not have published, consistent pricing or cost data that can be relied upon, the Companywe cannot accurately report its price position relative to these other technologies. In terms of product performance, the Company believeswe believe that DynamicTint offers numerous advantages over other smart glass technologies as discussed below.

Ref. 1: SPD Film - LCF-1103DHA90 Showa Denko Material Co.

Electrochromic Glass

Electrochromic (EC) glass technology has been used as a light absorbing technology for rear view mirrors in automobiles for decades, and more recently for large-scale windows. However, the EC technology developed for windows is based on a different set of materials that are directly deposited on the heat-treated glass panels. All the current EC companies are using tungsten oxide as the main component involved in the color transition from clear to blue. Because of the nature of the chemical transition of the tungsten oxide, the EC film does not absorb as much of the blue light and so remaining light will have a strong blue hue both in the room and looking through the window. The speed of the switching time from dark to light or the reverse change is directly related to the size of the window area and the electrode design which brings electrical current to the EC material to start the chemical transition. EC technology is basically a battery-like material that requires “charging and discharging”. The time to charge/discharge the EC material in a large window can take up to 40 minutes to change form the dark state to the clear state at nominal temperatures. Also, during switching of the EC film, there can be non-uniform areas which can vary in level of tint from center to edge. The larger the area of the window, the more non-uniform during the change of state. Longer switching time can minimize the non-uniform areas. The EC materials are typically vacuum deposited directly on “defect-free” glass. The typical investment required for a large window electrochromic factory can run into the hundreds of millions of dollars, due to the large-scale vacuum equipment required, low particulate cleanroom required, and the relatively slow speed of deposition for all the various layers. Halio, formerly Kinestral Technologies, is using a chemical liquid deposition technique to replace some of the vacuum deposition steps to lower the capital investment needed for manufacturing.

Suspended Particle Glass (SPD)

SPD is a film that has suspended long and narrow particles in an encapsulated liquid polymer film with layers of ITO on either side to allow generation of an alternating current electrical field to twist the particles from a random state to a near vertical state perpendicular to the ITO plane. In the vertical state light passes through the film and in the random state the light is absorbed by the particles. The color of the film is blue since the particles used in the film do not absorb blue light as well as other colors of sunlight. No other types of particles have been created for this type of device. The film responds quickly to the electrical field, however, requires constant high AC voltage to hold the clear state. The film is manufactured on plastic and uses roll-to-roll (R2R) equipment processing. Also, because the particles are aligned when in the clear state, the film has a limited viewing angle much like older liquid-crystal displays. When viewed at a side angle, the film will appear darker. The current market for SPD has been mainly automobile sunroofs where the viewing angle of the passengers is relatively fixed at nearly perpendicular angle to the SPD film.

Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC) Film

PDLC requires an AC electric field like the SPD film described above to achieve a clear state. However, the liquid-crystal based film can only scatter light in the power-off state, therefore, most of the incoming light is transmitted through the film (~80%). Typically, the PDLC film is used for interior windows or doors to create privacy. PDLC has similar manufacturing methods using R2R equipment and plastic film with ITO conductor to the SPD film. The film is available from many Far East manufacturing companies with some able to make ~150 cm width film. The quality of the film can vary based on the manufacturing company. The film was invented at Kent State University in the 1980’s and the patents have expired.

Competition

Several smart glass competitors have an operating history, including:

Crown Electrokinetics expectsWe expect that other competitors will emerge in the future.

Research and Development

Crown hasWe have been using a 6” width R2R equipment capable of handling the deposition, embossing and lamination steps of the manufacturing process for its research and development for the past three years and Crown will have its proto-manufacturing roll-to-roll equipment at 12” width available in 2021. Production prototypes for qualification and system testing will be sourced from the 12” equipment in 2021. Crowndevelopment. We will utilize the 12” width film for the DynamicTint Skylightfirst-generation Smart Window Insert. Larger scale manufacturing is planned at a minimum of 24”36” width film to address markets including appropriately sized commercial building window inserts, larger format skylights inserts, appropriately sized residential and commercial building window inserts, and many automobile sunroofs. Thereafter, Crownwe will develop capability to manufacture DynamicTint film of at least 60”72” width capability. This will allow Crownus to address the vast majority of window sizes for most applications.

As a result of the Company’sour research and development efforts, the Company believeswe believe that itsour EK technology is now, or with additional development will become, usable in a number of commercial products. Such products may include one or more of the following fields: “smart” windows, doors, skylights and partitions; self-dimmable automotive sunroofs, windows, sun visors, and mirrors.

The Company hasWe have devoted most of itsour financial resources to research and development activities with the goal of producing commercially viable EK products and has developed working samples of itsour EK technology.

Crown’sOur main goals in its research and development include:

Employees

Crown Fiber Optics

On January 3, 2023, we acquired substantially all of the assets (the “Asset Acquisition”) of Amerigen 7 LLC (“Amerigen”), which was engaged in the business of construction of 5G fiber optics infrastructure, for cash consideration of approximately $0.65 million. The CompanyAsset Acquisition included approximately 12 employees, customer contracts, and certain operating liabilities. On December 20, 2022, we incorporated our wholly-owned subsidiary Crown Fiber Optics Corp. (“Crown Fiber Optics”) in Delaware, to own and operate the business acquired from Amerigen.

We a new entrant in providing contracting services to the fiber optics and telecommunications infrastructure industry throughout the United States. Since our entrance into the construction of fiber optic networks, we have expanded our scope and service offerings organically and through one acquisition. Today, we are focused on providing constructions services to the fiber optic industry. We are focused on adding management depth to expand our industry knowledge, to develop strong customer relationships, and to hire and retain a skilled workforce.

Crown Fiber Optics supplies telecommunications providers with a comprehensive portfolio of specialty services, including program management; planning; engineering and design; aerial, and underground fiber construction.

Construction, Maintenance, and Installation Services. Crown Fiber Optics provides a range of construction, maintenance, and installation services, including the placement and splicing of fiber, copper, and coaxial cables. Crown Fiber Optics excavates trenches to place these cables; places related structures, such as poles, anchors, conduits, manholes, cabinets, and closures; places drop lines from main distribution lines to a consumer’s home or business; and maintains and removes these facilities. Crown Fiber Optics provides these services for both telephone companies, internet service providers and cable multiple system operators in connection with the deployment, expansion, or maintenance of new and existing networks. Crown Fiber Optics can also provide tower construction, lines and antenna installation, foundation and equipment pad construction, small cell site placement for wireless carriers, and equipment installation and material fabrication and site testing services. In addition, Crown Fiber Optics provides underground facility locating services for telecommunications providers. Crown Fiber Optics’ underground facility locating services include locating telephone, cable television, power, water, sewer, and gas lines.

Fiber Optics Business Strategy

Capitalize on Long-Term Growth Drivers. Crown Fiber Optics is positioned to benefit from the increased demand for network telecommunications bandwidth that is necessary to ensure reliable video, voice, and data services. Developments in consumer and business applications within the telecommunications industry, including advanced digital and video service offerings, continue to increase demand for greater wireline and wireless network capacity and reliability. Telecommunications network operators are increasingly deploying fiber optic cable technology deeper into their networks and closer to consumers and businesses in order to respond to consumer demand, competitive realities, and public policy support. Additionally, wireless carriers are upgrading their networks and contemplating next generation mobile solutions in response to the significant demand for wireless broadband, driven by the proliferation of smart phones, mobile data devices and other advances in technology. Increasing wireless data traffic and emerging wireless technologies are United States. Furthermore, significant consolidation and merger activity among telecommunications providers could also provide increased demand for our services as networks are integrated.

Selectively Increase Market Share. We believe Crown Fiber Optics’ reputation for providing high quality services and the ability to provide those services nationally creates opportunities to expand market share. Crown Fiber Optics’ operating structure and multiple points of contact within customer organizations positions it favorably to win new opportunities and maintain strong relationships with its customers.

Crown Fiber Optics recently purchased five micro trenchers to gain a strategic advantage over other companies competing in our market. Micro trenching is a technique to place fiber optic cables underground and is gaining acceptance across multiple markets. Micro trenchers are difficult to obtain as the demand for the equipment is significant. Crown Fiber Optics has sixteen full-timea commitment from our equipment vendor for an additional 15 micro trenchers. We believe this advantage will allow it to gain market share and market advantage over our competitors.

Pursue Selective Acquisitions. Crown Fiber Optics may pursue acquisitions that are operationally and financially beneficial as they provide incremental revenue, geographic diversification, and complement existing operations. We generally target companies for acquisition that have defensible leadership positions in their market niches, the opportunity to generate profitability that meets or exceeds industry averages, proven operating histories, sound management and certain clearly identifiable cost synergies.

Fiber Optics Customer Relationships

Crown Fiber Optics has recently established relationships with many leading telecommunications providers, including telephone companies, cable multiple system operators, wireless carriers, and telecommunication equipment and infrastructure providers. Crown Fiber Optics’ customer base is primarily concentrated in the Arizona region. We believe that a substantial portion of Crown Fiber Optics’ total contract revenues and operating income will continue to be generated from a concentrated group of customers and that the identity and proportion of contract revenues arising from work for top customers will fluctuate.

Crown Fiber Optics performs a significant amount of our services under master service agreements and other contracts that contain customer-specified service requirements. These agreements include discrete pricing for individual tasks. Crown Fiber Optics generally possesses multiple agreements with each of its significant customers. To the extent that such agreements specify exclusivity, there are often exceptions, including the ability of the customer to issue work orders valued above a specified dollar amount to other service providers, the performance of work with the customer’s own employees, and five advisors. Ninethe use of other service providers when jointly placing facilities with another utility. In most cases, a customer may terminate an agreement for convenience. Historically, multi-year master service agreements have been awarded primarily through a competitive bidding process; however, occasionally we are able to negotiate extensions to these agreements. Crown Fiber Optics provides the remainder of its services pursuant to contracts for specific projects. These contracts may be long-term (with terms greater than one year) or short-term (with terms less than one year) and often include customary retainage provisions under which the customer may withhold 5% to 10% of the invoiced amounts pending project completion and closeout.

Fiber Optics Cyclicality and Seasonality

The cyclical nature of the industry Crown Fiber Optics serves affects demand for its services. The capital expenditure and maintenance budgets of Crown Fiber Optics’ customers, and the related timing of approvals and seasonal spending patterns, influence its contract revenues and results of operations. Factors affecting Crown Fiber Optics’ customers and their capital expenditure budgets include, but are not limited to, overall economic conditions, including the cost of capital, the introduction of new technologies, the customers’ debt levels and capital structures, our customers’ financial performance, and the customers’ positioning and strategic plans. Other factors that may affect Crown Fiber Optics’ customers and their capital expenditure budgets include new regulations or regulatory actions impacting the customers’ businesses, merger or acquisition activity involving the customers, and the physical maintenance needs of the customers’ infrastructure.

Crown Fiber Optics’ operations exhibit seasonality and may be impacted by adverse weather changes as it performs a significant portion of work outdoors. Consequently, adverse weather, which is more likely to occur with greater frequency, severity, and duration during the winter, as well as reduced daylight hours, impact Crown Fiber Optics’ operations during the fiscal quarters ending in December and March. Additionally, extreme weather conditions such as major or extended winter storms, droughts and tornados, and natural disasters, such as floods, hurricanes, tropical storms, whether as a result of climate change or otherwise, could also impact the demand for our services, or impact our ability to perform our services.

Fiber Optics Competition

The specialty contracting services industry in which we operate is highly fragmented and includes a large number of participants. Crown Fiber Optics competes with several large multinational corporations and numerous regional and privately owned companies. In addition, a portion of Crown Fiber Optics’ customers directly perform many of the same services that it provides. Relatively few barriers to entry exist in the markets in which Crown Fiber Optics’ operate. As a result, any organization that has adequate financial resources, access to technical expertise, and the necessary equipment may become a competitor and the degree to which an existing competitor participates in the markets that Crown Fiber Optics operates may increase rapidly. The principal competitive factors for Crown Fiber Optics’ services include geographic presence, quality of service, worker and general public safety, price, breadth of service offerings, and industry reputation. Crown Fiber Optics believes that it compares favorably to its competitors when evaluated against these factors.

Fiber Optics Subcontractors and Materials

Crown Fiber Optics may contract with subcontractors to perform a significant amount of its work and to manage fluctuations in work volumes and to reduce the amount it expend on fixed assets and working capital. These subcontractors are typically small, privately owned companies that provide their own employees, vehicles, tools and insurance coverage. No individual subcontractor is financially significant to us.

For a majority of the contract services Crown Fiber Optics performs, it is provided the majority of the required materials by its customers. Because Crown Fiber Optics’ customers retain the financial and performance risk associated with materials they provide, we do not include the costs associated with those materials in our contract revenues or costs of earned revenues. Under contracts that require Crown Fiber Optics to supply part or all of the required materials, it typically does not depend upon any one source for those materials.

Risk Management and Insurance

Claims arising in Crown Fiber Optics’ business generally include workers’ compensation claims, various general liability and damage claims, and claims related to motor vehicle collisions, including personal injury and property damage. For claims within our insurance program, we retain the risk of loss, up to certain limits, for matters related to automobile liability, general liability (including damages associated with underground facility locating services), workers’ compensation, and employee group health. Additionally, within our aggregate coverage limits and above our base layer of third-party insurance coverage, we have retained the risk of loss at certain levels of exposure. We carefully monitor claims and actively participate with our insurers and our third-party claims administrator in determining claims estimates and adjustments. We accrue the estimated costs of claims as liabilities and include estimates for claims incurred but not reported. Due to fluctuations in our loss experience from year to year, insurance accruals have varied and can affect our operating margins. Our business could be materially and adversely affected if we experience an increase of insurance claims at certain amounts, or in excess of our coverage limits.

Regulation

Crown Fiber Optics is subject to various federal, state, and local government regulations, including laws and regulations relating to environmental protection, work-place safety, and other business requirements.

Environmental. A significant portion of the work Crown Fiber Optics performs is associated with the underground networks of its customers and it often operates in close proximity to pipelines or underground storage tanks that may contain hazardous substances. Crown Fiber Optics could be subject to potential material liabilities in the event it fails to comply with environmental laws or regulations or if it causes or is responsible for the release of hazardous substances or causes other environmental damages. In addition, failure to comply with environmental laws and regulations could result in significant costs including remediation costs, fines, third-party claims for property damage, loss of use, or personal injury, and, in extreme cases, criminal sanctions.

Workplace Safety. Crown Fiber Optics is subject to the requirements of the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act (“OSHA”) and comparable state statutes that regulate the protection of the health and safety of workers. The failure to comply with OSHA or other workplace safety requirements could result in significant liabilities, fines, penalties, or other enforcement actions and affect our ability to perform the services that we have been contracted to provide to our customers.

Business. Crown Fiber Optics is subject to a number of state and federal laws and regulations, including those related to utility oversight contractor licensing and the operation of Crown Fiber Optic’ fleet. If Crown Fiber Optics is not in compliance with these laws and regulations, it may be unable to perform services for its customers and may also be subject to fines, penalties, and the suspension or revocation of our licenses.

Employees and Human Capital

Crown Electrokinectics Corp. has seventeen full-time employees. Ten of the employees are technical personnelassociated with an additional three active technical consultants, and the rest performour film division with the remaining seven performing business development, legal, finance, marketing, investor relations, and administrative functions. Of theseCrown Fiber Optics has 25 employees. and the rest perform business development, finance, marketing, investor relations, and administrative functions. Our employees four have obtained doctorates, one has a master’s degree in chemistry, and one has extensive industrial experience in electronicsleading technology, ink-based manufacturing and electrical engineering. Two employees also have additional postgraduate degrees in business administration, and one has a doctorate in jurisprudence. Also, the Company’s suppliers and licensees have well qualified personnel on their teams with advanced degrees in a number of areas relevant to the commercial development of products using the Company’s technology. The5G construction companies. We believe that our success of the Company is dependent upon, among other things, the services of itsour senior management, the loss of which could have a material adverse effect upon the prospects of the Company.our prospects. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement.

As Crownwe continues to grow, we will add additional manufacturing engineering, marketing, and executive leveladministrative personnel.

Our Corporate Information

Crown’sOur primary business location is the R&D and Manufacturing facility located at 1110 NE Circle Blvd,Blvd., Corvallis, OR 97330. CrownWe also hashave an office located at 11601 Wilshire BlvdBlvd., Suite 2240, Los Angeles, CA.CA 90025 and a yard located at 12600 S 182^nd Pl #10, Gilbert, AZ 85296. Our telephone number is +1 (800) 674-3612(213) 660-4250, our e-mail address is info@crownek.com, and our Internet website address is www.crownek.com. Crown wasaddresses are www.crownek.com and www.crown-fiberoptics.com. We were incorporated in the State of Delaware on April 20, 2015.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider each of the following risks, together with all other information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the financial statements and the related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations”, before making a decision to purchase, hold or sell our common stock. The occurrence of any of the following risks could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or growth prospects or cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements we have made in this report and those we may make from time to time. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects would likely be materially and adversely affected. In these circumstances, the market price of our common stock would likely decline and you may lose all or part of your investments. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may impair our business operations.

Risk Factors Summary

Risks Related to Our Business

Risks Related to our Common Stock

Risks Related to Our Business

Source and Need for Capital.

As we take steps in the commercialization and marketing of our technology or respond to potential opportunities and/or adverse events, our working capital needs may change. We anticipate that if our cash and cash equivalents are insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, we will require additional funding to sustain our ongoing operations and to continue our research and development activities.

We have funded most of our activities through sales of our securities to investors. EventualOur eventual success of the Company and generation of positive cash flow will be dependent upon the extent of commercialization of products using the Company’sour technology. We can give no assurances that we will generate sufficient cash flows in the future (through sales of our common stock, exercise of options and warrants, royalty fees, or otherwise) to satisfy our liquidity requirements or sustain future operations, or that additional funding, if required, will be available when needed or, if available, on favorable terms.

History of Operating Losses.

We have experienced net losses from operations, and we may continue to incur net losses from operations in the future. We have incurred substantial costs and expenses in researching and developing our electrokinetic technology. As of March 31, 2021, we had a cumulative net loss of $57.2 million since our inception. Our net loss was approximately $40.8$29.0 million for the fiscal year ended MarchDecember 31, 2021, and $9.6 million during the year ended March 31, 2020.2023. This includes non-cash accounting charges during the year ended MarchDecember 31, 20212023 of approximately $35.5$12.8 million, resulting from stock-based compensation expenses related to our stock options and restricted stock, loss on debt extinguishment and notes payable exchanges, amortizationissuance of our debt, discount related to our convertible notes, the change in fair value of our warrant liability, and depreciation and amortization. Our net loss was approximately $14.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Non-cash accounting equivalentscharges for 2020the year ended December 31, 2022 were $6.8$2.6 million resulting from stock-based compensation expenses related to our stock options amortizationand restricted stock, loss on issuance of our debt, discount related to our convertible notes, the change in fair value of our warrant liability, and depreciation and amortization.amortization offset by the gain on forgiveness of our PPP loan.

We expect to continue to incur losses from operations and negative cash flows, which raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a Going Concern.

We anticipate incurring additional losses until such time, if ever, that we can obtain marketing approval to sell, and then generate significant sales, of our technology that is currently in development. We will need substantial additional financing to fund our operations and to develop and commercialize our technology. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We will seek to obtain additional capital through the sale of debt or equity financings or other arrangements to fund operations; however, there can be no assurance that we will be able to raise needed capital under acceptable terms, if at all. The sale of additional equity may dilute existing stockholders and newly issued shares may contain senior rights and preferences compared to currently outstanding shares of common stock. Issued debt securities may contain covenants and limit our ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to stockholders. If we are unable to obtain such additional financing, future operations would need to be scaled back or discontinued. Due to the uncertainty in our ability to raise capital, we believe that there is substantial doubt in our ability to continue as a going concern.

We may not generate sufficient cash flows to cover our operating expenses.

As noted above, we have incurred recurring losses since inception and expect to continue to incur losses as a result of costs and expenses related to our research and continued development of our technology and our corporate general and administrative expenses. Our limited capital resources and operations to date have been substantially funded through sales of our securities. As of MarchDecember 31, 2021,2023, we had negative working capital of approximately $14.7$1.9 million, cash of approximately $15.3$1.1 million, shareholders’ equity of approximately $16.6$4.7 million and an accumulated deficit of approximately $57.2$117.0 million. In the event that we are unable to generate sufficient cash from our operating activities or raise additional funds, we may be required to delay, reduce or severely curtail our operations or otherwise impede our on-going business efforts, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and long-term prospects.

We have never declared a cash dividend and do not intend to declare a cash dividend in the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. Payment of dividends on our common stock is within the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon our future earnings, capital requirements, financial condition and other relevant factors. We do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

We do not directly manufacture products using Electrokinetic technology. We currently rely upon our vendors to provide elements of the activities of our partners and their customers in order to be profitable.manufacturing tooling.

We do not directly manufacture products using electrokinetic (EK) technology. We currently depend upon the activities of our partnersvendors to provide certain tooling elements of our manufacturing process. We do not have full control over their processes which may mean risks in order be able to generate revenue. It will be up to our partners to decide whenthe form of delivery timing and if they will introduce products using electrokinetic technology, we cannot predict when and if our partners will generate substantial salesquality of such products. Other companies are also evaluating electrokinetic technology for use in various products. While we expect that our partners would be primarily responsible for manufacturing and marketing electrokinetic products and components, we are also engaging in market development activities to support partners to build the smart glass industry. We cannot control whether or not our partners will develop electrokinetic products. There is no guarantee when or if our partners will successfully produce any commercial product using electrokinetic technology in sufficient quantities to make the Company profitable.tooling components.

Electrokinetic products face intense competition, which could affect our ability to increase our revenues.

The market for electrokinetic products is intensely competitive and we expect competition to increase in the future. We compete based on the functionality and the quality of our product. Many of our current and potential competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we have. In addition, many of our competitors have well-established relationships with our current and potential customers and have extensive knowledge of our industry. If our competitors develop new technologies or new products, improve the functionality or quality of their current products, or reduce their prices, and if we are unable to respond to such competitive developments quickly either because our research and development efforts do not keep pace with our competitors or because of our lack of financial resources, we may be unable to compete effectively.

Declining production of automobiles and real estate could harm our business.

Our commercialization efforts could be negatively impacted if the global production of automobiles and real estate construction declines significantly. If such commercialization is reduced, our revenues, results of operations and financial condition could be negatively impacted.

We are dependent on key personnel.

Our continued success will depend, to a significant extent, on the services of our directors, executive management team, key personnel and certain key scientists. If one or more of these individuals were to leave the Company,our company, there is no guarantee that we could replace them with qualified individuals in a timely or economically satisfactory manner or at all. The loss or unavailability of any or all of these individuals could harm our ability to execute our business plan, maintain important business relationships and complete certain product development initiatives, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial conditions.

Dependence on electrokinetic technology.

Because electrokinetic technology is the only technology we work with, ourOur success depends upon the viability of electrokinetic technology which has yet to be fully proven. We have not fully ascertained the performance and long-term reliability of our technology, and therefore there is no guarantee that our technology will be successfully incorporated into all of the products which we are targeting for use of electrokinetic technology. We expect that different product applications for electrokinetic technology will have different performance and reliability specifications. We expect that our licensees will primarily be responsible for reliability testing, but that we may also continue to do reliability testing so that we can more effectively focus our research and development efforts toward constantly improving the performance characteristics and reliability of products using electrokinetic technology.

Our patents and other protective measures may not adequately protect our proprietary intellectual property, and we may be infringing on the rights of others.

Our intellectual property, particularly our proprietary rights in our electrokinetic technology, is critical to our success. We have acquired various patents, and filed other patent applications, for various applications and aspects of our electrokinetic technology. In addition, we generally enter into confidentiality and invention agreements with our employees and consultants. Such patents and agreements and various other measures we take to protect our intellectual property from use by others may not be effective for various reasons generally applicable to patents and their granting and enforcement. In addition, the costs associated with enforcing patents, confidentiality and invention agreements or other intellectual property rights may be expensive. Our inability to protect our proprietary intellectual property rights or gain a competitive advantage from such rights could harm our ability to generate revenues and, as a result, our business and operations.

The extent to which the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) outbreak impacts our business, results of operations and financial condition will depend on future developments, which cannot be predicted.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused us to modify our business practices (including employee travel, employee work locations, and cancellation of physical participation in meetings, events and conferences), and we may take further actions as may be required by government authorities or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers and business partners. There is no certainty that such measures will be sufficient to mitigate the risks posed by the virus or otherwise be satisfactory to government authorities.

The extent to which COVID-19 impacts our business, results of operations and financial condition will depend on future developments, which are uncertain and cannot be predicted, including, but not limited to, the duration and spread of the outbreak, its severity, the actions to contain the virus or treat its impact, and how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions can resume. Even after the coronavirus outbreak has subsided, we may continue to experience materially adverse impacts to our business as a result of its global economic impact, including any recession that has occurred or may occur in the future.

Our future growth and success is dependent upon the real estate industry’s willingness to adopt smart glass and specifically our products, especially in the smart glass market which we are targeting with DynamicTint^TM.

Our growth is highly dependent upon the adoption of smart glass by the real estate industry. Although we anticipate growing demand for our products, there is no guarantee of such future demand, or that our products will remain competitive in the market.

If the market for smart glass in general and our products in particular do not develop as we expect, or develop more slowly than we expect, or if demand for our products decreases in our markets, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be harmed. The market for our products could be affected by numerous factors, such as:

Our new products and services may not be successful.

We announced our first smart glass product in 2020 and we anticipate launching additional products and services in the future. Existing and new products and services we may launch in the future may not be well received by our business customers, may not help us to generate new business customers, may adversely affect the attrition rate of existing business customers, may increase our business customer acquisition costs and may increase the costs to service our business customers. Any profits we may generate from these or other new products or services may be lower than profits generated from our other products and services and may not be sufficient for us to recoup our development or business customer acquisition costs incurred. New products and services may also have lower gross margins, particularly to the extent that they do not fully utilize our existing infrastructure. In addition, new products and services may require increased operational expenses or business customer acquisition costs and present new and difficult technological and intellectual property challenges that may subject us to claims or complaints if business customers experience service disruptions or failures or other quality issues. To the extent our new products and services are not successful, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows or results of operations.

If we are unable to establish and maintain confidence in our long-term business prospects among business customers, analysts and within our industries, then our financial condition, operating results, and business prospects may suffer materially.

Business customers may be less likely to purchase our products if they are not convinced that our business will succeed or that our service and support and other operations will continue in the long term. Similarly, suppliers and other third parties will be less likely to invest time and resources in developing business relationships with us if they are not convinced that its business will succeed. Accordingly, in order to build and maintain its business, we must maintain confidence among business customers, suppliers, analysts, ratings agencies and other parties in our long-term financial viability and business prospects. Maintaining such confidence may be complicated by certain factors, such as our limited operating history, negative press, business customer unfamiliarity with our products, any delays in scaling manufacturing, delivery and service operations to meet demand, competition and uncertainty regarding the future of smart glass or our other products and services, our quarterly production and sales performance compared with market expectations, and any other negative publicity related to us. Many of these factors are largely outside our control, and any negative perceptions about our long-term business prospects, even if exaggerated or unfounded, such as speculation regarding the sufficiency or stability of our management team, could harm our business and make it more difficult to raise additional funds if needed.

Our operating and financial results forecast relies in large part upon assumptions and analyses developed by us. If these assumptions or analyses prove to be incorrect, our actual operating results may be materially different from our forecasted results.

Our projected financial and operating information reflect current estimates of future performance. Whether actual operating and financial results and business developments will be consistent with our expectations and assumptions as reflected in our forecasts depends on a number of factors, many of which are outside our control, including, but not limited to:

Unfavorable changes in any of these or other factors, most of which are beyond our control, could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial results.

Disruption of supply or shortage of materials, in particular for glass, could harm our business.

Our business is dependent on the continued supply of certain materials, including glass, acrylic, as well as other chemicals such as indium tin oxide, certain pigments and polyethylene for use in our products, and we may experience a sustained interruption in the supply or shortage of such materials. Any such supply interruption or shortage could materially and negatively impact our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. The available supply may be unstable, depending on market conditions and global demand for these materials and could adversely affect our business and operating results.

Increases in cost of materials could harm our business.

Certain materials necessary to produce our products, including glass, acrylic, as well as other chemicals such as indium tin oxide, certain pigments and polyethylene, are sourced from a limited number of suppliers. Any disruption in the supply of materials from such suppliers could disrupt production of our products until such time as a different supplier is fully qualified. As a result, we may experience an increase in costs or inability to meet customer demand. Furthermore, shortages or increased demand of such materials and other economic conditions may cause us to experience significant increases in freight charges and the cost of materials. Substantial increases in the prices for our materials or prices charged to us would increase our operating costs and could reduce our margins if we cannot recoup the increased costs through increased product prices. Any attempts to increase product prices in response to increased material costs could result in cancellations of product orders and reservations and therefore materially and adversely affect our brand, image, business, prospects and operating results.

We may be unable to meet our growing production demand, product sales, delivery plans and servicing needs, or accurately project and manage this growth nationwide or internationally, which could harm our business and prospects.

In the past, we’ve experienced, and we may experience in the future, delays or other complications in the design, manufacture, launch, and production ramp of our products, including DynamicTint^TM or may not realize our manufacturing cost targets, which could harm our brand, business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Our manufacturing facility may require significant cash investments and management resources for these plans, and we may not meet our expectations with respect to additional sales of our products. In addition, we’ve introduced in the past, and we may introduce in the future, new manufacturing technologies, techniques and processes. There is no guarantee that we will be able to successfully and timely introduce and scale any such new processes or features.

Our production plans for our products are based on many key assumptions, including:

If one or both of the foregoing assumptions turns out to be incorrect, our ability to meet our projections, including for production, on time and at volumes and prices that are profitable, the demand for and deliveries of our products, as well as our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition, may be materially and adversely impacted.

Concurrent with developing, launching and ramping our products, our success will depend on our ability to continue to significantly increase our sales, deliveries, and servicing, while allocating our available resources among multiple products simultaneously. Although we have a plan for selling and delivering increased volumes of our products, we have limited experience developing, manufacturing, selling, servicing and allocating our available resources at the scale to which we expect to grow. If we are unable to realize our plans, our brand, business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be materially damaged.

We continuously evaluate, and as appropriate evolve, our operations and product offerings in order to maximize our reach and optimize our costs. However, there is no guarantee that each step in our evolving strategy will be perceived as intended by developers, tenants, and the construction industry. Likewise, as we develop and grow our products and services in North America, and possibly worldwide, our success will depend on our ability to correctly forecast demand in different markets.

We may also face difficulties meeting our sales and delivery goals in both existing markets as well as new markets into which we expand. There is no assurance that we will be able to ramp our business to meet our sales and delivery targets in North America or even globally, or that our projections on which such targets are based will prove accurate. This ongoing expansion in North America and potentially internationally, which includes planned entry into markets in which we have limited or no experience selling, delivering, and servicing our products at scale, and which may pose legal, regulatory, labor, cultural and political challenges that we have not previously encountered, may not have the desired effect of increasing sales and expanding our brand presence to the degree we are anticipating. Moreover, we may not be successful in managing our national and future international operations if we are unable to avoid cost overruns and other unexpected operating costs, adapt our products and conduct our operations to meet local requirements and regulations, implement required local infrastructure, systems and processes, and find and hire as needed additional sales, service, construction and administrative personnel. If we fail to manage our growth effectively, it could result in negative publicity and damage to our brand and have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We rely on complex machinery for our operations, and production involves a significant degree of risk and uncertainty in terms of operational performance and costs.

We rely heavily on complex machinery for our operations and the production of our products that suffers unexpected malfunctions from time to time and requires repairs and spare parts to resume operations, which may not be available when needed. Unexpected malfunctions of our production equipment may significantly affect intended operational efficiency. In addition, the operational performance and costs associated with this equipment can be difficult to predict and may be influenced by factors outside of our control, such as, but not limited to, failures by suppliers to deliver necessary machinery components in a timely manner and at prices and volumes acceptable to us, which could have a material adverse effect on our operational performance, cash flows, financial condition or prospects.

If our products fail to perform as expected, our ability to develop, market and sell our products and services could be harmed.

If our products contain defects in design and manufacture that cause them not to perform as expected or that require repair, or certain features of our products take longer than expected to become enabled or are legally restricted, our ability to develop, sell, and service our products could be harmed. Although we attempt to remedy any issues we observe in our products as effectively and rapidly as possible, such efforts may not be timely, may hamper production or may not be to the satisfaction of our business customers. While we perform extensive internal testing on the products we manufacture, we currently have a limited frame of reference by which to evaluate detailed long-term quality, reliability, durability and performance characteristics of our products. There can be no assurance that we will be able to detect and fix any defects in our products prior to their sale to business customers.

Our inability to provide products or services in a timely manner, legal restrictions on product features, or defects in our products or services, including products and services of third parties that we incorporate into our offerings, could adversely affect our reputation, result in delivery delays, product recalls, product liability claims, and significant warranty and other expenses, and subject us to claims or litigation. In addition, our inability to meet business customers’ expectations with respect to our products or services could increase attrition rates or affect our ability to generate new business customers and thereby have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flow or results of operations.

We may choose to or be compelled to undertake product recalls or take other similar actions, which could adversely affect our brand image and financial performance.

Any product recall with respect to our products may result in adverse publicity, damage our brand and adversely affect our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition. In the future, we may at various times, voluntarily or involuntarily, initiate a recall if any of our products prove to be defective or noncompliant with applicable laws and regulations. Such recalls, whether voluntary or involuntary or caused by systems or components engineered or manufactured by us or our suppliers, could involve significant expense and could adversely affect our brand image in our target markets, as well as our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We must successfully maintain and upgrade our information technology systems.

We rely on various information technology systems to manage our operations, including general, non-proprietary information technology systems in our facility and proprietary information technology systems in our products. As necessary, we implement modifications and upgrades to these systems, and replace certain of our legacy systems with successor systems with new functionality.

The technology and capital equipment we employ may become old or obsolete, which could require significant capital expenditures for upkeep and upgrade over time. Our products and services interact with the hardware and software technology of systems and devices located at our business customers’ property. We may be required to implement new technologies or adapt existing technologies in response to changing market conditions, business customer preferences, industry standards or inability to secure necessary intellectual property licenses, which could require significant capital expenditures. Our inability to adapt to changing technologies, market conditions or subscriber preferences in a timely manner could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows or results of operations.

There are inherent costs and risks associated with modifying or changing these systems and implementing new systems, including potential disruption of our internal control structure, substantial capital expenditures, additional administration and operating expenses, retention of sufficiently skilled personnel to implement and operate the new systems, demands on management time and other risks and costs of delays or difficulties in transitioning to new systems or of integrating new systems into our current systems. While management seeks to identify and remediate issues, we can provide no assurance that our identification and remediation efforts will be successful or that we will not encounter additional issues as we complete the implementation of these and other systems. In addition, our information technology system implementations may not result in productivity improvements at a level that outweighs the costs of implementation, or at all. The implementation of new information technology systems may also cause disruptions in our business operations and have an adverse effect on our business, cash flows and operations.

We rely on certain third-party providers of licensed software and services integral to the operations of our business.

Certain aspects of the operation of our business may depend on third-party software and service providers. With regard to licensed software technology, we may become dependent upon the ability of third parties to maintain, enhance or develop their software and services on a timely and cost-effective basis, to meet industry technological standards and innovations to deliver software and services that are free of defects or security vulnerabilities, and to ensure their software and services are free from disruptions or interruptions. Further, these third-party services and software licenses may not always be available to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

If the third-party software or services become obsolete, fail to function properly, are incompatible with future versions of our products or services, or are defective or otherwise fail to address our needs, there is no assurance that we would be able to replace the functionality provided by any future third-party software or services with software or services from alternative providers. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, cash flows or results of operations.

Any unauthorized control or manipulation of our products’ systems could result in loss of confidence in us and our products and harm our business.

Our products contain complex information technology systems. We have designed, implemented and tested security measures intended to prevent unauthorized access to our information technology networks, our products and our systems. However, hackers may attempt to gain unauthorized access to modify, alter and use such networks, products and systems to gain control of, or to change, our products’ functionality, user interface and performance characteristics, or to gain access to data stored in or generated by our products. We encourage reporting of potential vulnerabilities in the security of our products via our security vulnerability reporting policy, and we aim to remedy any reported and verified vulnerability. However, there can be no assurance that vulnerabilities will not be exploited in the future before they can be identified, or that our remediation efforts are or will be successful.

Any unauthorized access to or control of our products or their systems or any loss of data could result in legal claims or proceedings. In addition, regardless of their veracity, reports of unauthorized access to our products, their systems or data, as well as other factors that may result in the perception that our products, their systems or data are capable of being “hacked,” could negatively affect our brand and harm our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

If our security controls are breached or unauthorized or inadvertent access to business customers’ information or other data are otherwise obtained, our services may be perceived as insecure, we may lose existing business customers or fail to attract new business customers, our business may be harmed, and we may incur significant liabilities.

Our future products may involve the collection, storage, transmission and processing of personal, payment, credit and other confidential and private information of our business customers, and may in certain cases permit access to our business customers’ property or help secure them. Such future products that may present privacy and data risks may be subject to privacy and data protection laws and regulations. We also maintain and process other confidential and proprietary information in our business, including our employees’ and contractors’ personal information and confidential business information. We rely on proprietary and commercially available systems, software, tools and monitoring to protect against unauthorized use or access of the information we process and maintain. Our services and the networks and information systems we utilize in our business are at risk for breaches as a result of third-party action, employee, vendor or partner error, malfeasance, or other factors. For example, we may experience instances of our employees, contractors and other third parties improperly accessing our and/or our business customers’ systems and information in violation of our internal policies and procedures.

Criminals and other nefarious actors may use increasingly sophisticated methods, including cyberattacks, phishing, social engineering and other illicit acts to capture, access or alter various types of information, to engage in illegal activities such as fraud and identity theft, and to expose and exploit potential security and privacy vulnerabilities in corporate systems and websites. Unauthorized intrusion into the portions of our systems and networks and data storage devices that process and store business customers’ confidential and private information, the loss of such information or the deployment of malware or other harmful code to our services or our networks or systems may result in negative consequences, including the actual or alleged malfunction of our products or services. In addition, third parties, including our partners and vendors, could also be sources of security risks to us in the event of a failure of their own security systems and infrastructure. The threats we face continue to evolve and are difficult to predict due to advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography and new and sophisticated methods used by criminals. There can be no assurances that our defensive measures will prevent cyber-attacks or that we will discover network or system intrusions or other breaches on a timely basis or at all. We cannot be certain that we will not suffer a compromise or breach of the technology protecting the systems or networks that house or access our products and services or on which our or our partners or vendors process or store personal information or other sensitive information or data, or that any such incident will not be believed or reported to have occurred. Any such actual or perceived compromises or breaches to systems, or unauthorized access to, or acquisition or loss of, data, whether suffered by us, our partners or vendors or other third parties, whether as a result of employee error or malfeasance or otherwise, could harm our business. They could, for example, cause interruptions in operations, loss of data, loss of confidence in our services and products and damage to our reputation and could limit the adoption of our services and products. They could also subject us to costs, regulatory investigations and orders, litigation, contract damages, indemnity demands and other liabilities and materially and adversely affect our business customer base, sales, revenue, and profits. Any of these could, in turn, have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, cash flows or results of operations.

Further, if a high profile security breach occurs with respect to another provider of smart glass, our existing and potential business customers may lose trust in the security of our services or in smart glass generally, which could adversely impact our ability to retain existing business customers or attract new ones. Even in the absence of any security breach, business customers’ concerns about security, privacy or data protection may deter them from using our service. Our insurance policies covering errors and omissions and certain security and privacy damages and claim expenses may not be sufficient to compensate for all potential liability. Although we maintain cyber liability insurance, we cannot be certain that our insurance coverage will be adequate for liabilities actually incurred or that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all.

Our products and our website, systems, and data we maintain may be subject to intentional disruption, other security incidents, or alleged violations of laws, regulations, or other obligations relating to data handling that could result in liability and adversely impact our reputation and future sales.

We may face significant challenges with respect to information security and maintaining the security and integrity of our systems and other systems used in our business, as well as with respect to the data stored on or processed by these systems. Advances in technology, an increased level of sophistication, and an increased level of expertise of hackers, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or others can result in a compromise or breach of the systems used in its business or of security measures used in our business to protect confidential information, personal information, and other data.

The availability and effectiveness of our products, and our ability to conduct our business and operations, depend on the continued operation of information technology and communications systems, some of which we have yet to develop or otherwise obtain the ability to use. Systems used in our business, including data centers and other information technology systems, will be vulnerable to damage or interruption. Such systems could also be subject to break-ins, sabotage and intentional acts of vandalism, as well as disruptions and security incidents as a result of non-technical issues, including intentional or inadvertent acts or omissions by employees, service providers, or others. We anticipate using outsourced service providers to help provide certain services, and any such outsourced service providers face similar security and system disruption risks as us. Some of the systems used in our business will not be fully redundant, and our disaster recovery planning cannot account for all eventualities. Any data security incidents or other disruptions to any data centers or other systems used in our business could result in lengthy interruptions in our service.

Our products and services are subject to substantial regulations, which are evolving, and unfavorable changes or failure by us to comply with these regulations could substantially harm its business and operating results.

Smart glass is subject to substantial regulation under international, federal, state, and local laws. We incur significant costs in complying with these regulations and may be required to incur additional costs to comply with any changes to such regulations, and any failures to comply could result in significant expenses, delays, or fines. We may become subject to laws and regulations applicable to the supply, manufacture, import, sale and service of smart glass internationally. For example, in countries outside of the U.S., we may be required to meet standards relating to safety that are often materially different from requirements in the U.S., thus resulting in additional investment into the products and systems to ensure regulatory compliance in those countries. This process may include official review and certification of our products by foreign regulatory agencies prior to market entry, as well as compliance with foreign reporting and recall management systems requirements.

We are subject to various government regulations that could impose substantial costs upon us and negatively impact our ability to operate our manufacturing facility.

As a manufacturing company, including with respect to its facility in Corvallis, Oregon, we are and will be subject to complex environmental, manufacturing, health and safety laws and regulations, including laws relating to the use, handling, storage, recycling, disposal and human exposure to hazardous materials. The costs of compliance, including remediating contamination if any is found on our properties and any changes to our operations mandated by new or amended laws, may be significant. We may also face unexpected delays in obtaining permits and approvals required by such laws in connection with its manufacturing facility, which would hinder our operation of this and future facilities. Such costs and delays may adversely impact our business prospects and operating results. Furthermore, any violations of these laws may result in substantial fines and penalties, remediation costs, third party damages, or a suspension or cessation of our operations. We may also be subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, financial and economic sanctions, and similar laws. Non-compliance with such laws can subject us to administrative, civil, and criminal fines and penalties, collateral consequences, remedial measures and legal expenses, all of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and reputation.

There may be laws in jurisdictions we have not yet entered or laws we are unaware of in jurisdictions we have entered that may restrict our sales or other business practices. The laws in this area can be complex, difficult to interpret and may change over time. Continued regulatory limitations and other obstacles that may interfere with our ability to commercialize our products could have a negative and material impact on our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

Many of our products must comply with local building codes and ordinances, and failure of our products to comply with such codes and ordinances may have an adverse effect on its business.

Many of our products must comply with local building codes and ordinances. Building codes may also affect the products our customers are allowed to use, and, consequently, changes in building codes may also affect the sale of our products. These codes and ordinances are subject to future government review and interpretation. If our products fail to comply with such local building codes or ordinances, our ability to market and sell such products would be impaired. Also, should these codes and ordinances be amended or expanded, or should new laws and regulations be enacted, we could incur additional costs or become subject to requirements or restrictions that require us to modify our products or adversely affect our ability to market and sell our products. If our products do not adequately or quickly adapt to building standards, we may lose market share to competitors, which would adversely affect our business, results of operation, financial condition, and cash flows. Furthermore, failure of our products to comply with such codes or ordinances could subject it to negative publicity or damage its reputation.

Compliance with the regulations of the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) can be costly, and non-compliance with such requirements may result in potentially significant monetary penalties, operational delays, negative publicity and adverse effect on our financial condition.

Our operations are subject to regulation under OSHA and other state and local laws and regulations. OSHA establishes certain employer responsibilities, including maintenance of a workplace free of recognized hazards likely to cause death or serious injury, compliance with standards promulgated by the applicable regulatory authorities and various recordkeeping, disclosure and procedural requirements. Changes to OSHA requirements, or stricter interpretation or enforcement of existing laws or regulations, could result in increased costs. If we fail to comply with applicable OSHA regulations, even if no work-related serious injury or death occurs, we may be subject to civil or criminal enforcement and be required to pay substantial penalties, incur significant capital expenditures or suspend or limit operations. Any such accidents, citations, violations, injuries or failure to comply with industry best practices may subject us to adverse publicity, damage our reputation and competitive position and adversely affect our business.

We have incurred, and we will continue to incur, capital and operating expenditures and other costs in the ordinary course of business in complying with OSHA and other state, local and foreign laws and regulations. While we have invested, and we will continue to invest, substantial resources in worker health and safety programs, there can be no assurance that we will avoid significant liability exposure. Personal injury claims for damages, including for bodily injury or loss of life, could result in substantial costs and liabilities, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. In addition, if our safety record were to substantially deteriorate, or if we suffered substantial penalties or criminal prosecution for violation of health and safety regulations, business customers could cancel existing contracts and not award future business to us, which could materially adversely affect our liquidity, cash flows and results of operations.

We are subject to labor and employment laws and regulations, which could increase our costs and restrict our operations in the future.

Our business is subject to a variety of employment laws and regulations and may become subject to additional requirements in the future. Although we believe we are in material compliance with applicable employment laws and regulations, in the event of a change in requirements, we may be required to modify our operations or to utilize resources to maintain compliance with such laws and regulations. Moreover, we may be subject to various employment-related claims, such as individual or class actions or government enforcement actions relating to alleged employment discrimination, employee classification and related withholding, wage-hour disputes, labor standards or healthcare and benefit issues. Our failure to comply with applicable employment laws and regulations and related legal actions against us may affect our ability to compete or have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows or results of operations.

We may fail to obtain or maintain necessary licenses or otherwise fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations.

Our business focuses on contracts and transactions with business customers and therefore is subject to a variety of laws, regulations and licensing requirements that govern our interactions with business customers, including those pertaining to privacy and data security, business customer financial transactions and warranties. Our business may become subject to additional such requirements in the future. In certain jurisdictions, we are also required to obtain licenses or permits to comply with standards governing marketing and sales efforts, servicing of business customers, monitoring station employee selection and training and to meet certain standards in the conduct of our business. These laws and regulations are dynamic and subject to potentially differing interpretations, and various legislative and regulatory bodies may expand current laws or regulations or enact new laws and regulations regarding these matters. We strive to comply with all applicable laws and regulations relating to our interactions with business customers. It is possible, however, that these requirements may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other rules or our practices. Our non-compliance with any such law or regulations could also expose us to claims, proceedings, litigation and investigations by private parties and regulatory authorities, as well as substantial fines and negative publicity, each of which may materially and adversely affect our business. Delays in obtaining, or failing to obtain, approvals or rights, such as permitting, interconnection, or land usage approvals or rights, could affect our business customers’ builds. We may incur significant expenses to comply with such laws and regulations, and increased regulation of matters relating to our interactions with business customers could require us to modify our operations and incur significant additional expenses, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we expand the scope of our products or services or our operations in new markets, we may be required to obtain additional licenses and otherwise maintain compliance with additional laws, regulations or licensing requirements.

Changes in these laws or regulations or their interpretation, as well as new laws, regulations or licensing requirements which may be enacted, could dramatically affect how we do business, acquire business customers, and manage and use information we collect from and about current and prospective customers and the costs associated therewith. In addition, federal, state and local governmental authorities have considered, and may in the future consider, implementing consumer protection rules and regulations, which could impose significant constraints on our sales channels.

We are subject to requirements relating to environmental and safety regulations and environmental remediation matters which could adversely affect its business, results of operation and reputation.

We are subject to federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations governing, among other things, solid and hazardous waste storage, treatment and disposal, and remediation of releases of hazardous materials. Our suppliers are also subject to federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations, and their use of hazardous materials may adversely impact their operations and the availability of raw materials. While we adapt our manufacturing and distribution processes to the environmental control standards of regulatory authorities, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from hazardous or regulated materials, including injury of its employees, individuals who handle its products, or others who claim to have been exposed to our products, nor can we completely eliminate the unanticipated interruption or suspension of operations at its facilities due to such events. We may be held liable for significant damages or fines in the event of contamination or injury, and such assessed damages or fines could have an adverse effect on its financial performance and results of operations.

There are capital, operating and other costs associated with compliance with these environmental laws and regulations. Environmental laws and regulations may become more stringent in the future, which could increase costs of compliance or require us to manufacture with alternative technologies and materials. Non-compliance with such regulations may include litigation, regulation, fines, increased insurance premiums, mandates to temporarily halt production, workers’ compensation claims, or other actions that impact the company brand, finances, or ability to operate.

Our insurance strategy may not be adequate to protect us from all business risks.

We may be subject, in the ordinary course of business, to losses resulting from products liability, accidents, acts of God and other claims against us, for which we may have no insurance coverage. A loss that is uninsured or which exceeds policy limits may require us to pay substantial amounts, which could adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

We are subject to all of the ordinary course operating hazards and risks that may come with the provision of our products and services and business operations. In addition to contractual provisions limiting our liability to business customers and third parties, we maintain insurance policies in such amounts and with such coverage and deductibles as required by law and that we believe are reasonable and prudent. Nevertheless, such insurance may not be adequate to protect us from all the liabilities and expenses that may arise from claims for personal injury, death or property damage arising in the ordinary course of our business and current levels of insurance may not be able to be maintained or be available at economical prices. If a significant liability claim is brought against us that is not covered by insurance, then we may have to pay the claim with our own funds, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows or results of operations. We may not be able to secure additional product liability insurance coverage on commercially acceptable terms or at reasonable costs when needed, particularly if we do face liability for our products and are forced to make a claim under our policy.

Our current and future warranty reserves may be insufficient to cover future warranty claims which could adversely affect our financial performance.

If our warranty reserves are inadequate to cover future warranty claims on our products, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be materially and adversely affected. We evaluate warranty reserves on an ongoing basis and record liabilities for matters in which losses are probable and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated.

Our business may be adversely affected by any disruptions caused by union activities.

Although our employees are currently not unionized and we have not experienced any work stoppages since our inception, it is not uncommon for employees at manufacturing companies to belong to a union, which can result in higher employee costs and increased risk of work stoppages. Although we work diligently to provide the best possible work environment for our employees, our employees may decide to join or seek recognition to form a labor union in the future, or we may be required to become a union signatory. If a work stoppage occurs, it could delay the manufacture and sale of our products and have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, operating results or financial condition.

Adverse developments in the credit markets may impair our ability to secure debt financing.

In past economic downturns, such as the financial crisis in the United States that began in mid-2007 and during other times of extreme market volatility, many commercial banks and other financial institutions stopped lending or significantly curtailed their lending activity. In addition, in an effort to stem losses and reduce their exposure to segments of the economy deemed to be high risk, some financial institutions limited routine refinancing and loan modification transactions and even reviewed the terms of existing facilities to identify bases for accelerating the maturity of existing lending facilities. The United States and global economies suffered dramatic downturns as a result of COVID-19, a deterioration in the credit markets and related financial crisis, as well as a variety of other factors including, among other things, extreme volatility in security prices, severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, ratings downgrades of certain investments and declining valuations of others. If these conditions recur or persist, it may be difficult for us to obtain desired financing to finance the growth of our investments on acceptable economic terms, or at all.

COVID-19 has, and until fully resolved could again, result in, among other things, increased draws by borrowers on revolving lines of credit and increased requests by borrowers for amendments, modifications and waivers of their credit agreements to avoid default or change payment terms, increased defaults by such borrowers and/or increased difficulty in obtaining refinancing at the maturity dates of their loans. The duration and effectiveness of responsive measures implemented by governments and central banks cannot be predicted. The commencement, continuation, or cessation of government and central bank policies and economic stimulus programs, including changes in monetary policy involving interest rate adjustments or governmental policies, may contribute to the development of or result in an increase in market volatility, illiquidity and other adverse effects that could negatively impact the credit markets and us.

If we are unable to consummate credit facilities on commercially reasonable terms, our liquidity may be reduced significantly. If we are unable to repay amounts outstanding under any facility we may enter into and are declared in default or are unable to renew or refinance any such facility, it would limit our ability to initiate significant originations or to operate our business in the normal course. These situations may arise due to circumstances that we may be unable to control, such as inaccessibility of the credit markets, a severe decline in the value of the U.S. dollar, a further economic downturn or an operational problem that affects third parties or us, and could materially damage our business. Moreover, we are unable to predict when economic and market conditions may become more favorable. Even if such conditions improve broadly and significantly over the long term, adverse conditions in particular sectors of the financial markets could adversely impact our business.

Loss of a major customer could result in a decrease in our future sales and earnings.

We anticipate that a limited number of customers in any given period may account for a substantial portion of our total net revenue for the foreseeable future. The business risks associated with this concentration, including increased credit risks for these and other customers and the possibility of related bad debt write-offs, could negatively affect our margins and profits. Additionally, the loss of a major customer, whether through competition or consolidation, or a disruption in sales to such a customer, could result in a decrease of our future sales and earnings.

If we are unable to achieve our targeted manufacturing costs for our products, our financial condition and operating results will suffer.

While we are continuing to and expect in the future to realize cost reductions by both us and our suppliers, including through increased production, there is no guarantee we will be able to achieve sufficient cost savings to reach our gross margin and profitability goals, or our other financial targets. We incur significant costs related to procuring the materials required to manufacture our products and compensating our personnel. If our efforts to continue to decrease manufacturing costs are not successful, we may incur substantial costs or cost overruns in utilizing and increasing the production capability of our manufacturing facility. Many of the factors that impact our manufacturing costs are beyond our control, such as potential increases in the costs of our materials and components. If we are unable to continue to control and reduce our manufacturing costs, our operating results, business and prospects will be harmed.

We are exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which could affect our financial results.

Foreign exchange rates are influenced by many factors outside of our control, including but not limited to: changing supply and demand for a particular currency, monetary policies of governments (including exchange-control programs, restrictions on local exchanges or markets and limitations on foreign investment in a country or an investment by residents of a country in other countries), changes in balances of payments and trade, trade restrictions and currency devaluations and revaluations. The resulting fluctuations in the exchange rates for the other currencies could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to collection risks.

We may face normal collection risks with business customers and suppliers. If we fail to collect from our business customers, our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

Future transactions could pose risks.

We frequently evaluate strategic opportunities both within and outside our existing lines of business. We expect from time to time to pursue additional business opportunities and may decide to eliminate or acquire certain businesses, products or services. There are various risks and uncertainties associated with potential acquisitions and divestitures, including: (i) availability of financing; (ii) difficulties related to integrating previously separate businesses into a single unit, including product and service offerings, distribution and operational capabilities and business cultures; (iii) general business disruption; (iv) managing the integration process; (v) diversion of management’s attention from day-to-day operations, (vi) assumption of costs and liabilities of an acquired business, including unforeseen or contingent liabilities or liabilities in excess of the amounts estimated; (vii) failure to realize anticipated benefits and synergies, such as cost savings and revenue enhancements; (viii) potentially substantial costs and expenses associated with acquisitions and dispositions; (ix) failure to retain and motivate key employees; and (x) difficulties in applying our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures to an acquired business. Any or all of these risks and uncertainties, individually or collectively, could have material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flow or results of operations. We can offer no assurance that any such strategic opportunities will prove to be successful. Among other negative effects, our pursuit of such opportunities could cause our cost of investment in new business customers to grow at a faster rate than our recurring revenue and fees collected at the time of sale. Additionally, any new product or service offerings could require developmental investments or have higher cost structures than our current arrangements, which could reduce operating margins and require more working capital.

Crown Fiber Optics is dependent on the communications industry and may be susceptible to the risks associated with it, which could materially adversely affect its business, financial position or results of operations.

As the owner, lessor and provider of communications services and distribution systems serving the communications industry, Crown Fiber Optics is impacted by the risks associated with the communications industry. Therefore, our success is to some degree dependent on the communications industry, which could be adversely affected by economic conditions in general, changes in consumer trends and preferences, changes in communications technology designed to enhance the efficiency of communications distribution systems (including lit fiber networks and wireless equipment), and other factors over which we and our tenants have no control. As we are subject to risks inherent in substantial investments in a single industry, a decrease in the communications business or development and implementation of any such new technologies would likely have an adverse effect on our revenues.

Any failure of Crown Fiber Optics’ physical infrastructure or services could lead to significant costs and disruptions.

Crown Fiber Optics’ business depends on providing customers with highly reliable service. The services provided are subject to failure resulting from numerous factors, including human error, power loss, improper maintenance, physical or electronic security breaches, fire, earthquake, hurricane, flood and other natural disasters, water damage, the effect of war, terrorism and any related conflicts or similar events worldwide, and sabotage and vandalism. Problems within Crown Fiber Optics’ networks or facilities, whether within our control or the control of third-party providers, could result in service interruptions or equipment damage. We may not be able to efficiently upgrade or change Crown Fiber Optics’ networks or facilities to meet new demands without incurring significant costs that we may not be able to pass on to customers. Given the service guarantees that may be included in Crown Fiber Optics’ agreements with customers, such disruptions could result in customer credits; however, we cannot assume that customers will accept these credits as compensation in the future, and we may face additional liability or loss of customers.

Risks Related to our Common Stock

If the trading price of our Common Stock fails to comply with the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market, we would face possible delisting, which would result in a limited public market for our Common Stock and make obtaining future debt or equity financing more difficult for us.

Companies listed on Nasdaq are subject to delisting for, among other things, failure to maintain a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days. On October 19, 2023, we received a letter from Nasdaq indicating that for at least the previous 30 consecutive business days, the closing bid price of our C common stock fell below the minimum $1.00 per share requirement pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) and 5810(c)(3)(A) (the “Nasdaq Listing Rules”).

While the notification had no immediate effect on the listing of our common stock on Nasdaq, in accordance with the Nasdaq Listing Rules, we have been provided an initial period of 180 calendar days from the date of notification, or until April 16, 2024, to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement, during which time our common stock continued to trade on Nasdaq. The letter states that the Nasdaq staff will provide written notification that we have achieved compliance with the Nasdaq Listing Rules if at any time before April 16, 2024, the bid price of our Common Stock closes at $1.00 per share or more for a minimum of ten (10) consecutive business days.

A hearing was scheduled with Nasdaq to occur in the second quarter of 2024 to discuss our approach to regain compliance and maintaining its listing.

If we do not regain compliance with the Nasdaq Listing Rules by April 16, 2024, we may be eligible for an additional 180 calendar day compliance period. To qualify, we will be required to meet the continued listing requirement for market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards for The Nasdaq Capital Market, with the exception of the rule regarding bid price, and will need to provide written notice of our intention to cure the deficiency during the second compliance period, for example, by effecting a reverse stock split, if necessary. However, if it appears to the Nasdaq staff that we will not be able to cure the deficiency, or if we are otherwise not eligible, Nasdaq will notify us that our securities will be subject to delisting. In the event of such a notification, we may appeal the Nasdaq staff’s determination to delist its securities. There can be no assurance that we will be eligible for the additional 180 calendar day compliance period, if applicable, or that the Nasdaq staff would grant our request for continued listing subsequent to any delisting notification. Further, even if we are successful in our hearing before the Panel, we cannot guarantee that the price of our common stock will comply with the Nasdaq Listing Rules for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market in the future.

If we cannot comply with the Nasdaq Listing Rules either now or in the future, our common stock would be subject to delisting and would likely trade on the over-the-counter market. If our common stock were to trade on the over-the-counter market, selling shares of our common stock could be more difficult because smaller quantities of shares would likely be bought and sold, transactions could be delayed, and security analysts’ coverage of us may be reduced. In addition, broker-dealers have certain regulatory burdens imposed upon them, which may discourage broker-dealers from effecting transactions in shares of our common stock, further limiting the liquidity of our common stock. As a result, the market price of our common stock may be depressed, and you may find it more difficult to sell shares of our common stock. Such delisting from the Nasdaq and continued or further declines in our stock price could also greatly impair our ability to raise additional necessary capital through equity or debt financing.

If our shares of common stock become subject to the penny stock rules, it would become more difficult to trade our shares.

The SEC has adopted rules that regulate broker-dealer practices in connection with transactions in penny stocks. Penny stocks are generally equity securities with a price of less than $5.00, other than securities registered on certain national securities exchanges or authorized for quotation on certain automated quotation systems, provided that current price and volume information with respect to transactions in such securities is provided by the exchange or system. If we do not retain a listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market (the “Exchange”) or another national securities exchange and if the price of our common stock is less than $5.00, our common stock could be deemed a penny stock. The penny stock rules require a broker-dealer, before a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, to deliver a standardized risk disclosure document containing specified information. In addition, the penny stock rules require that before effecting any transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, a broker-dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and receive (i) the purchaser’s written acknowledgment of the receipt of a risk disclosure statement; (ii) a written agreement to transactions involving penny stocks; and (iii) a signed and dated copy of a written suitability statement. These disclosure requirements may have the effect of reducing the trading activity in the secondary market for our common stock, and therefore stockholders may have difficulty selling their shares.

Our stock price may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors and litigation.

In addition to changes to market prices based on our results of operations and the factors discussed elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, the market price of and trading volume for our common stock may change for a variety of other reasons, not necessarily related to our actual operating performance. The capital markets have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. In addition, the average daily trading volume of the securities of small companies can be very low, which may contribute to future volatility. Factors that could cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate significantly include:

Any of these factors, as well as broader market and industry factors, may result in large and sudden changes in the trading volume of our common stock and could seriously harm the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. This may prevent you from being able to sell your shares at or above the price you paid for your shares, if at all. In addition, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s shares, stockholders often institute securities class action litigation against that company. Our involvement in any class action suit or other legal proceeding could divert our senior management’s attention and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of our common stock could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Sales of substantial amounts of shares of our common stock after the completion of the offering, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and could impair our future ability to raise capital through common stock offerings. Our executive officers and directors beneficially own, collectively, a substantial percentage of our outstanding common stock. If one or more of them were to sell a substantial portion of the shares they hold, it could cause our stock price to decline.

In addition, as of MarchDecember 31, 2021,2023, there were outstanding warrants to purchase an aggregate of 3,883,0831,760,095 shares of our common stock at a weighted-average exercise price of $2.49$18.96 per share, all of which were exercisable as of such date. As of MarchDecember 31, 2021,2023, we also had outstanding options to purchase 10,861,940382,779 shares of our common stock, all of which 156,522 have vested, with strike prices ranging from $0.15 per share to $5.49 per share. The exercise of options or warrants at prices below the market price of our common stock could adversely affect the price of shares of our common stock. Additional dilution may result from the issuance of shares of our capital stock in connection with acquisitions or in connection with other financing efforts. Any issuance of our common stock that is not made solely to then-existing stockholders proportionate to their interests, such as in the case of a stock dividend or stock split, will result in dilution to each stockholder.

We are controlled by a small group of our existing stockholders, whose interests may differ from other stockholders. Our executive officers and directors will significantly influence our activities, and their interests may differ from your interests as a stockholder.

Our executive officers and directors beneficially own, collectively, a substantial percentage of our outstanding common stock.

Accordingly, these stockholders have had, and will continue to have, significant influence in determining the outcome of any corporate transaction or any other matter submitted for approval to our stockholders, including mergers, consolidations and the sale of our assets, director elections and other significant corporate actions. They will also have significant influence in preventing or causing a change in control of our company. In addition, without the consent of these stockholders, we could be prevented from entering into transactions that could be beneficial to us. The interests of these stockholders may differ from your interests as a stockholder, and they may act in a manner that advances their best interests and not necessarily those of other stockholders.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, and certain provisions of Delaware corporate law, contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change in control even if the change in control would be beneficial to our stockholders.

Delaware law, as well as our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, contain anti-takeover provisions that could delay or prevent a change in control of our company, even if the change in control would be beneficial to our stockholders. These provisions could lower the price that future investors might be willing to pay for shares of our common stock. These anti-takeover provisions:

If equity research analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade our common stock, the market price of our common stock will likely decline.

The trading market for our common stock will rely in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts, over whom we have no control, publish about us and our business. We may never obtain research coverage by securities and industry analysts. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our company, the market price for our common stock could decline. In the event we obtain securities or industry analyst coverage, the market price of our common stock could decline if one or more equity analysts downgrade our common stock or if those analysts issue unfavorable commentary, even if it is inaccurate, or cease publishing reports about us or our business.

As a newly Nasdaq-listed company, we will incur material increased costs and become subject to additional regulations and requirements.

As a newly Exchange-listed public company, we will incur material additional legal, accounting and other expenses including recruiting and retaining qualified independent directors, payment of annual Exchange fees, and satisfying Exchange standards for companies listed with it. Because our common stock is listed on the Exchange, we must meet certain financial and liquidity criteria to maintain such listing. If we violate Exchange listing requirements, our common stock may be delisted. If we fail to meet any of the Exchange’s listing standards, our common stock may be delisted. In addition, our board of directors may determine that the cost of maintaining our listing on a national securities exchange outweighs the benefits of such listing. A delisting of our common stock from the Exchange may materially impair our stockholders’ ability to buy and sell our common stock and could have an adverse effect on the market price of, and the efficiency of the trading market for, our common stock. The delisting of our common stock could significantly impair our ability to raise capital and the value of your investment.

We do not anticipate paying any dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future.

We have not paid any dividends on our common stock to date, and we do not anticipate paying any such dividends in the foreseeable future. We anticipate that any earnings experienced by us will be retained to finance the implementation of our operational business plan and expected future growth.

If we fail to develop and maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements, comply with applicable laws and regulations, or access the capital markets could be impaired.

As a public company, we have significant requirements for enhanced financial reporting and internal control over financial reporting. The process of designing and implementing effective internal control over financial reporting is a continuous effort that requires us to anticipate and react to changes in our business and the economic and regulatory environments and to expend significant resources to maintain internal control over financial reporting that is adequate to satisfy our reporting obligations as a public company. If we are unable to establish or maintain appropriate internal control over financial reporting, it could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations on a timely basis, result in material misstatements in our financial statements, increase compliance costs, negatively impact share trading prices, and otherwise harm its results of operations.

In addition, we will beare required, pursuant to Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, to furnish a report by management on our assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in the second annual report following the completion of our offering completed in January 2021 and uplisting to the Exchange.reporting.

This assessment will need to includeincludes disclosure of any material weaknesses identified in our internal control over financial reporting. The rules governing the standards that must be met for our management to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing and possible remediation. Testing and maintaining our internal control over financial reporting may divert our management’s attention from other matters that are important to its business.

Our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until after we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. We may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 or our independent registered public accounting firm may not issue an unqualified opinion. If either we are unable to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting or our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to provide us with an unqualified report, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act and a “smaller reporting company” as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and are able to avail itself of reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies and smaller reporting companies, which could make our common stock less attractive to investors and adversely affect the market price of our common stock in the future.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (i) the last day of our fiscal year in which we total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion; (ii) the last day of our first fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of our initial public offering; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the previous three years; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the rules of the SEC, which means the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include:

In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to use the extended transition period for new or revised accounting standards during the period in which we remain an emerging growth company; however, we may adopt certain new or revised accounting standards early. Changes in rules of U.S. generally accepted accounting principles or their interpretation, the adoption of new guidance or the application of existing guidance to changes in our business could significantly affect our financial position and results of operations. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting so long as we qualify as an “emerging growth company,” which may increase the risk that material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting go undetected. Likewise, so long as we qualify as a “smaller reporting company” or an “emerging growth company,” we may elect not to provide stockholders or investors with certain information, including certain financial information and certain information regarding compensation of our executive officers, that we would otherwise have been required to provide in filings we make with the SEC, which may make it more difficult for investors and securities analysts to evaluate our company.

We are a “smaller reporting company” as defined in the Exchange Act. We may continue to be a smaller reporting company even after we are no longer an emerging growth company. We may take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosures available to smaller reporting companies until the fiscal year following the determination that our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is more than $250.0 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter, or our annual revenue are more than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is more than $700.0 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter.

We may choose to take advantage of some, but not all, of the available exemptions as an emerging growth company and a smaller reporting company. We will take advantage of reduced reporting burdens. We cannot predict whether investors will find our common stock less attractive if we rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

We are required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to evaluate the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to achieve and maintain effective internal controls, our operating results and financial condition could be harmed.

We are an emerging growth company, and thus we are exempt from the auditor attestation requirement of Section 404(b) of Sarbanes-Oxley until such time as we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company. Regardless of whether we qualify as an emerging growth company, we will still need to implement substantial internal control systems and procedures in order to satisfy the reporting requirements under the Exchange Act and applicable requirements.

Due to the recent implementation of the Reverse Stock Split, the liquidity of our Common Stock may be adversely effected.

We effected the Reverse Stock Split of our outstanding common stock on August 14, 2023. The liquidity of the shares of our common stock may be affected adversely by any reverse stock split given the reduced number of shares of our common stock that are outstanding following the Reverse Stock Split, especially if the market price of our common stock does not increase as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. Following the Reverse Stock Split, the resulting market price of our common stock may not attract new investors and may not satisfy the investing requirements of those investors. Although we believe that a higher market price of our common stock may help generate greater or broader investor interest, there can be no assurance that the Reverse Stock Split resulted in a share price that will attract new

Risks Related to our Indebtedness

The requirement that we service our indebtedness could limit the cash flow available for our operations and have other consequences that could adversely affect our business, and we may not have sufficient cash flow from our business to pay our debt obligations.

We may also incur additional indebtedness to meet future financing needs. Interest payments, fees, covenants and restrictions under agreements governing our current or future indebtedness, including the Notes, could have significant consequences, including the following: impairing our ability to successfully continue to commercialize our current or future products; limiting our ability to obtain additional financing on satisfactory terms; increasing our vulnerability to general economic downturns, competition and industry conditions; requiring the dedication of a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to service our indebtedness; inhibiting our flexibility to plan for, or react to, changes in our business; and diluting the interests of our existing stockholders if we issue shares of our common stock upon conversion of the convertible Notes. The occurrence of any one of these events could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results or cash flows and ability to satisfy our obligations under the indenture governing the Notes and any other indebtedness.

Our ability to make payments of the principal and interest on, or to refinance the amounts payable under, our current or future indebtedness, including the Notes, while still making necessary investments in our business, will depend on our operating and financial performance, including our ability to generate sufficient cash flow from operations, which may be subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. If we are unable to generate such cash flow, we may be required to sell assets, restructure existing debt or obtain additional debt financing or equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Our ability to refinance any future indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or secure desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations.

Our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected if we do not effectively manage our current or future debt.

Our obligations related to our outstanding or any future indebtedness could adversely affect our ability to take advantage of corporate opportunities, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations, including, but not limited to, the following:

We may also incur additional indebtedness to meet future financing needs. If we incur any additional debt, the related risks that we and our subsidiaries face could intensify. Finally, we may in the future be in non-compliance with the terms of certain of our debt instruments. To the extent we are in non-compliance with the terms of such debt instruments, we may, among other things, be required to make payments to the holders of such instruments.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

Risk Management and Strategy

We rely heavily on our information technology (IT) systems across various aspects of our operations, from product development to customer relations. Given the innovative nature of our business, particularly in the realms of smart glass and fiber optics, ensuring the security, integrity, and availability of data is paramount. We operate in an environment where the protection of intellectual property and sensitive data, including proprietary technology information and customer data, is critical. We are therefore committed to a comprehensive cybersecurity strategy that encompasses not only compliance with relevant privacy laws but also proactive risk management.

Our cybersecurity framework is overseen its Information Technology (IT) Team. The IT team is geared towards developing and refining a risk-informed decision-making process, emphasizing the early identification and mitigation of cybersecurity risks. The Software Engineer leads the charge in implementing a cybersecurity risk management program, employing a mix of technological tools, rigorous processes, and external assessments to safeguard the our assets. Regular training programs, including those focused on phishing and secure data handling, are mandatory for all employees, reinforcing the culture of cybersecurity awareness.

Despite robust security measures, we acknowledge the possibility of cyber threats breaching its defenses. To this end, we have policies and plans, that ensures a swift and effective response to cybersecurity incidents. This includes a structured procedure for incident detection, analysis, containment, and recovery, underscored by the Software Engineer for material incident evaluation and communication.

Given the integration of third-party services within our operational framework, we extend our cybersecurity vigilance to our partners and suppliers. This includes contractual safeguards and continuous monitoring to manage and mitigate risks presented by external entities.

Governance

Board’s Roles and Responsibilities

The governance of cybersecurity within our is structured to ensure a clear delineation of oversight responsibilities. The Board of Directors, particularly through its Audit Committee, plays a crucial role in supervising our cybersecurity posture. The Audit Committee is composed of individuals with deep expertise in risk management, finance, and technology, enabling it to provide informed oversight of cybersecurity risks. Periodic briefings that are held ensures that the Board of Directors remains actively engaged in guiding and evaluating our cybersecurity strategy.

Management’s Roles and Responsibilities

Operational responsibility for cybersecurity falls to the management, led by the IT department. The management team is tasked with executing our cybersecurity strategy, focusing on risk assessment, incident prevention, and response. This includes conducting vulnerability assessments, ensuring continuous monitoring, and staying updated on cybersecurity trends and threats. The Software Engineer, with extensive experience in information security, works in close coordination with other key management roles to ensure a unified approach to cybersecurity across our company.

Our approach to cybersecurity is integral to its operations, reflecting a commitment to safeguarding its innovative technologies and sensitive data. Through a combination of strategic oversight by the Board of Directors and diligent execution by management, we aim to uphold the highest standards of cybersecurity resilience and integrity.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.

On March 8, 2016, the Companywe entered into a lease agreement with Oregon State University, to lease 1,700 square feet of office and laboratory space located at HP Campus Building 11, 1110 NE Circle Blvd, Corvallis, Oregon, for approximately $400 monthly. On July 1, 2016, the Companywe entered into the first amendment to the lease agreement which increased the monthly lease expense to approximately $1,200. On October 1, 2017, the Companywe entered into a sublease agreement, which provides for additional office space and the monthly lease payment increased to approximately $1,800. The lease expired on June 30, 2018 and the Companywe extended the lease through June 30, 2019. The monthly lease payment increased to approximately $4,500 for the months ended June 30, 2018 through November 30, 2018, and increased to approximately $7,550 for the months ended December 31, 2018 through June 30, 2019. On July 1, 2019, the Companywe entered into the fourth amendment to itsour lease with Oregon State University, which extends the lease expiration date to June 30, 2022. On July 1, 2020, the Companywe entered into the fifth amendment to itsour lease with Oregon State University which adjusts the Operating Expense Reimbursement payment due dates from monthly to quarterly, with the payments due in advance on the first of July, October, January and April. On September 1, 2021, we entered into the seventh amendment which expanded the lease to include approximately 703 square feet of lab space, 576 square feet of cubicle space, 1096 square feet of Highbay lab space, and 376 square feet of High bay storage space in a building commonly known as Building 11. Effective JulySeptember 1, 2020,2021, the quarterly operating expense will be $23,097.$31,647 covering all utility and facility tooling costs. On January 24, 2022, we entered into the eighth amendment which expanded the lease to include approximately 703 square feet of lab space, 768 square feet of cubicle space, 2,088 square feet of Highbay lab space, and 376 square feet of High bay storage space in a building commonly known as Building 11. The sublease expires June 30, 2025. On January 20, 2023, we entered into the ninth amendment to our lease with Oregon State University which reduces the amount of cubicle space from 768 square feet to 288 square feet. Effective January 20, 2023 the quarterly operating expense will be $41,323 covering all utility and facility tooling costs.

On March 4, 2021, the Companywe entered into a lease agreement with Hudson 11601 Wilshire, LLC, to lease 3,500 square feet of office space located in Los Angeles, California. The lease term is 39 months and expires on June 30, 2024. The monthly lease expense is as follows:

The Company paid a security deposit totaling $20,373 at lease inception date.

On May 4, 2021, we entered into a lease agreement with HP Inc. to lease 3,694 square feet of office and lablaboratory space located inat HP Campus Building 10, 1110 NE Circle Blvd, Corvallis, Oregon. On January 26, 2022, we amended the lease commencement date to January 26, 2022. The lease term is 60 months and expires on January 31, 2027. We may extend the lease for an additional 60-month period.

On October 5, years2021, we entered into a lease agreement with Pacific N.W. Properties, LLCto lease 26,963 square feet of warehouse, manufacturing, production, and office space located in Salem, Oregon. The lease commencement date was December 9, 2021 and expires on February 28, 2027.

On October 16, 2023, we entered into a lease agreement with Burnham 182, LLC, to lease 40,524 square feet of vacant land, including a 1,225 square foot Quonset hut and mobile office, located in Mesa, Arizona. This lease provides yard space with which to store equipment for the Crown Fiber Optics business in Phoenix. The lease term is 36 months and expires on October 31, 2026. The monthly lease expense is as follows:

We paid a security deposit totaling $31,450 at lease inception date.

On October 31, 2023, we entered into a lease agreement with NFS Leasing, Inc. to lease certain equipment. The equipment will be physically located at a property which is owned and operated by Burnham 182, LLC located in Mesa, Arizona. The lease term is 48 months, and the lease commencement date is April 1, 2021.November 30, 2023. The monthly lease expense is $7,388 and increases by 3% on each anniversary of the lease commencement date.$23,060. We will paypaid a security deposit totaling $8,315.$23,060 at lease inception date. We have the option to purchase the equipment at fair market value, not to exceed 25% of the total sale price or extend the leasemonthly payments on a month-to-month basis or for an additional 5 years.a fixed term at a mutually agreed to price and term, upon the expiration of the lease.

We believe that our facilities are adequate to meet our needs for the immediate future and that, should it be needed, we will be able to secure additional space to accommodate the expansion of our operations.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

In August 2019, Spencer Clarke LLC (“Spencer Clarke”) filed a lawsuit against Crown in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, Index No. 654592/2019. Spencer Clarke has asserted claims arising from a 2018 Placement Agent Agreement (the “Placement Agent Agreement”) under which Spencer Clarke agreed to assist Crown in raising money for a potential public offering. Spencer Clarke claims that Crown failed to make certain payments under that Placement Agent Agreement. On September 27, 2019, Crown filed a motion to dismiss the complaint. On October 7, 2019, Spencer Clarke amended the complaint. On November 8, 2019, Crown filed an Answer and asserted Counterclaims against Spencer Clarke alleging breach of contract, anticipatory repudiation, and tortious interference with prospective business relations. Crown disputes that it owes any money to Spencer Clarke and is vigorously defending the claims against it.

From time to time, we are also involved in various other claims and legal actions that arise in the ordinary course of business. Although the results of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that the ultimate resolution of these actions will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, liquidity or capital resources.

Future litigation may be necessary to defend ourselves and our partners by determining the scope, enforceability and validity of third party proprietary rights or to establish our proprietary rights. The results of any current or future litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, and regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Market Information

Our common stock began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market on January 26, 2021 under the symbol “CRKN.” On June 9, 2020, our common stock began trading on the Over the Counter QB (“OTCQB”) under the symbol “CRKN”. Prior to that time, there was no public market for our common stock.

Our preferred stock is not listed nor traded on any stock exchange.

Holders of Record

We are authorized to issue up to 200,000,000800,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock. As of MarchDecember 31, 2021,2023, there were 14,856,48025,744,158 shares of common stock issued and outstanding and 9248 shareholders of record. The number of record holders does not include persons who held shares of our common stock in “street name” accounts through brokers, banks and other financial institutions. As of March 31, 2021, there were 251 shares of our Series A Preferred Stock issued and outstanding, 1,443 shares of our Series B Preferred Stock issued and outstanding and 500,756 shares of our Series C Preferred Stock issued and outstanding, with one shareholder of record of each such series of our preferred stock.

Dividend Policy

We have not declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022, and do not currently anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

Other than those previously disclosed by the Company in itsour current reports on Form 8-K as filed with the SEC, there have been no unregistered sales of the Company’sour equity securities during the period covered by this Annual Report.

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA.[RESERVED]

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide the information required by this item.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this report.

As an “emerging growth company” under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, we can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We are electing to delay our adoption of such new or revised accounting standards. As a result of this election, our consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to the financial statements of other public companies.

Management’s plans and basis of presentation:

The Company wasWe were incorporated in the State of Delaware on April 20, 2015. Effective January 14, 2016, the Company’s name was changed to 3D Nanocolor Corp. (“3D Nanocolor”) from 2D Nanocolor Corp. Subsequently, effective October 6, 2017, the Company’sour name was changed to Crown Electrokinetics Corp. from 3D Nanocolor Corp.

The Company is commercializingOn January 26, 2021, we completed our public offering, and our common stock began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market (Nasdaq) under the symbol “CRKN.” We commercialize technology for smart or dynamic glass. The Company’sOur electrokinetic glass technology is an advancement on microfluidic technology that was originally developed by Hewlett-Packard Company.HP Inc.

On December 20, 2022, we incorporated Crown Fiber Optics Corp., a Delaware based entity, to own and operate our acquired business from the acquisition of Amerigen 7, LLC (“Amerigen 7”) in January 26, 2021, the Company completed its public offering and its common stock began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market (Nasdaq) under the symbol CRKN.2023. Crown Fiber Optics is accounted for as our wholly-owned subsidiary.

Reverse Stock Split

On January 22, 2021, the Company’sAugust 11, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized a reverse stock split (‘Reverse Stock Split”) at an exchange ratio of one (1)one-for-60 basis. The number of authorized shares and the par value of the common stock was not adjusted as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. In connection with the Reverse Stock Split, the conversion ratio for our outstanding preferred stock was proportionately adjusted such that the common stock issuable upon conversion of such preferred stock was decreased in proportion to the Reverse Stock Split. All references to common stock and options to purchase common stock share data, per share data and related information contained in the condensed consolidated financial statements have been adjusted to reflect the effect of the Reverse Stock Split.

Business Combination

On January 3, 2023, we acquired certain assets related to the construction of 5G fiber optics infrastructure and distributed antenna systems from Amerigen 7 LLC (the “Asset Acquisition”), for cash consideration of approximately $0.7 million. The Asset Acquisition included approximately 12 employees, customer contracts, and certain operating liabilities. The Asset Acquisition was accounted for as a business combination in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 805, Business Combinations. The initial purchase price may be adjusted as needed per the terms of the arrangement agreement.

ATM Offering

We entered into a Sales Agreement with A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners (the “Sales Agents”) dated March 30, 2022 (the “Sales Agreement”), pursuant to which we may, from time to time, sell up to $5 million in shares (the “Placement Shares”) of our common stock through the Sales Agents, acting as our sales agent and/or principal, in a continuous at-the-market offering (the “ATM Offering”). We will pay the Sales Agents a commission of up to 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds we receive from all sales of our common stock under the Sales Agreement. The Placement Shares were offered and sold pursuant to our shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (Registration No. 333- 262122) and the related base prospectus included in the registration statement, as supplemented by the prospectus supplement dated March 30, 2022.

On October 5, 2022, we entered into the first amendment to the Sales Agreement (the “First Amendment to the Sales Agreement”). Pursuant to the First Amendment to the Sales Agreement, we may from time to time, sell up to $3.5 million in Placement Shares of our common stock through the Sales Agents in a continuous At-the-Market Offering (the Amended ATM Offering”). According to the First Amendment to the Sales Agreement, we will pay the Sales Agents a commission of up to 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds we receive from all sales of its common stock in the Amended ATM Offering.

As of December 31, 2022, we received net proceeds on sales of 3,368,146 shares of common stock under the Sales Agreement of approximately $1.25 million (after deducting $0.05 million in commissions and expenses) at a weighted average price of $0.385 per share.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we received net proceeds on sales of 19,658,733 shares of common stock of approximately $8.2 million (after deducting $0.3 million in commissions and expenses) at a weighted average price of $0.44 per share.

Preferred Stock

On July 8, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized 7,000 shares of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, par value of $0.0001 per share (“Series D Preferred Stock”). Each share of Series D Preferred Stock has a stated valued of $1,000 per share, will be convertible into shares of our common stock at an initial conversion price of $1.30 per share and will be entitled to a dividend of 12%. On July 26, 2022, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain accredited investors (the “Series D Purchasers”), pursuant to which we sold an aggregate of 1,058 shares of our Series D Preferred Stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $1.06 million. In connection with the issuance of the 1,058 shares of Series D Preferred Stock, we issued 814,102 warrants to purchase shares of our common stock with an exercise price of $1.30 per share.

We filed the first amendment to its Series D preferred stock, which modified the conversion price of the Series D Preferred Stock from $1.30 to $0.50 per share.

On February 1, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized 77,000 shares of Series E Convertible Preferred Stock, par value of $0.0001 per share (“Series E Preferred Stock”), in connection with our 2023 Line of Credit (defined herein). Each share of Series E Preferred Stock is convertible into 1,000 shares of our common stock at the option of the holders. The holders of the Series E Preferred Stock shall receive dividends on an as converted basis together with the holders of our common stock. The Series E preferred stock has no voting rights and does not have a preference upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the company.

Holders of Series E Preferred Stock are prohibited from converting shares of Series E Preferred Stock into shares of common stock if, as a result of such conversion, such holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own more than a specified percentage (to be initially set at 4.99% and thereafter adjusted by the holder to a number between 4.99% and 9.99%) of the total number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding immediately after giving effect to such conversion.

On June 4, 2023, we entered into Exchange Agreements (the “Exchange Agreements”): (i) with the October Investors for the exchange of October Notes in the aggregate principal amount of $2,616,740 for 2,622 shares of our newly created Series F Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series F Preferred Stock”), in the aggregate; (ii) with the January Investors for the exchange of January Notes in the aggregate principal amount of $205,276 for 206 shares of Series F Preferred Stock, in the aggregate; (iii) with the Demand Noteholders for the exchange of Demand Notes in the principal amount of $570,279 for 576 shares of Series F Preferred Stock, in the aggregate; and (iv) with the Series D Purchasers for the exchange of 1,197 shares of Series D Preferred Stock for 1,847 shares of Series F Preferred Stock, in the aggregate.

In addition, in connection with the Exchange Agreements, we issued, subject to stockholder approval, new five-year warrants to purchase an aggregate of 592,129 shares of common stock (the “Series F Warrants”) to the October Investors, the January Investors, and the Series D Purchasers. The Series F Warrants are exercisable at an exercise price of $8.868 per share of common stock, subject to certain adjustments as set forth in the Series F Warrants. The holders may exercise the Series F Warrants on a cashless basis if the shares of our common stock underlying the Series F Warrants are not then registered pursuant to an effective registration statement.

On June 13, 2023, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “F-1 Purchase Agreement”) with certain accredited investors (the “F-1 Purchasers”), pursuant to which, at the closing of the transactions contemplated by the F-1 Purchase Agreement (the “F-1 Closing”) the F-1 Purchasers agreed to purchase an aggregate of 3,583 shares of our newly created Series F-1 Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series F-1 Preferred Stock”) for every three (3)an aggregate purchase price of approximately $2,327,760. In addition, in connection with the issuance of the Series F-1 Preferred Stock, the F-1 Purchasers received five-year warrants to purchase an aggregate of 398,377 shares of common stock (the “Series F-1 Warrants”). The Series F-1 Warrants are exercisable at an exercise price of $8.994 per share of our common stock, subject to certain adjustments as set forth in the Series F-1 Warrants. The holders may exercise the Series F-1 Warrants on a cashless basis if the shares of our common stock underlying the Warrants are not then registered pursuant to an effective registration statement.

On June 14, 2023, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “F-2 Purchase Agreement”) with certain accredited investors (the “F-2 Purchasers”), pursuant to which, at the closing of the transactions contemplated by the F-2 Purchase Agreement (the “F-2 Closing”) the F-2 Purchasers agreed to purchase an aggregate of 1,153 shares of our newly created Series F-2 Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series F-2 Preferred Stock”) for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $748,735. In addition, in connection with the issuance of the Series F-2 Preferred Stock, the F-2 Purchasers received five-year warrants to purchase an aggregate of 124,926 shares of common stock (the “Series F-2 Warrants”). The Series F-2 Warrants are exercisable at an exercise price of $9.228 per share of our common stock, subject to certain adjustments as set forth in the Series F-2 Warrants. The holders may exercise the Series F-2 Warrants on a cashless basis if the shares of our common stock underlying the Series F-2 Warrants are not then registered pursuant to an effective registration statement.

Senior Secured Convertible Notes

On October 19, 2022, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain accredited investors as purchasers (the “October Investors”), whereby we sold, and the October Investors purchased, approximately $5.4 million in principal amount of senior secured convertible notes (the “October Notes”) and warrants (the “October Warrants”).

The October Notes were issued with a conversion price at a 54% premium to the most recent closing price, an original issue discount of 35%, did not bear interest, and matured upon the earlier of twelve months from the date of issuance or the closing of a change of control transaction (as defined in the October Notes). The October Notes were convertible into shares of our common stock, at a conversion price per share of $29.40, subject to adjustment under certain circumstances described in the October Notes. To secure its obligations thereunder, we granted a security interest over all of our assets to the collateral agent for the benefit of the October Investors, pursuant to a security agreement, subject to exceptions for certain strategic transactions. The October Warrants are exercisable for five (5) years to purchase an aggregate of 362,664 shares of common stock.stock at an exercise price of $19.20, subject to adjustment under certain circumstances described in the Warrants. On February 28, 2023, we entered into waiver agreements (the “Waiver Agreements”) with the October Investors pursuant to which, among other things, the maturity date of the October Notes was extended. In connection with the Waiver Agreements, we issued warrants (the “Waiver Warrants”) to the October Investors. The reverseWaiver Warrants were exercisable for five (5) years to purchase an aggregate of 96,894 shares of our common stock split was effectiveat an exercise price of $19.20 per share, subject to adjustment under certain circumstances described in the Waiver Warrants..

On January 19, 2023, we entered into a warrant inducement agreement with certain holders of the October Notes, and issued 6.4 million warrants, with a fair value of $2.06 million, to purchase shares of our common stock.

In March 2023, we entered into the waiver agreements with holders of the October Notes to eliminate the minimum pricing covenant as it related to our at-the-market facility. As consideration for this agreement, we provided the holders with two options to choose from (i) to take an additional five percent original issue discount (“OID”) on January 25, 2021, such that every three (3)their October Note principal or (ii) to be issued shares of common stock with a value equal to the five percent OID, and to issue total shares of 31,724 as converted using the Nasdaq minimum price of $9.42. Six of the note holders elected option (i), and we increased the respective principal balance of the notes by approximately $0.2 million. The remaining noteholders elected option (ii), and as of December 31, 2023, no shares of common stock have been automatically convertedissued. We recorded expense of $0.3 million associated with the commitment to issue shares of our common stock.

In May 2023, we entered into an inducement agreements with the investors to reduce the conversion price of the October Notes in an aggregate principal amount equal to $1.5 million, convertible into 161,603 shares of our common stock at $9.28 per share. The remaining investors agreed to reduce the conversion price of the October Notes in an aggregate principal amount equal to $1.4 million, convertible into 127,393 shares of our common stock at $10.93 per share.

We elected to account for the October Notes under the fair value option. For the inducement agreements that were entered into as described above, we accounted for the change in the terms through the fair value adjustment of $2.7 million, which is included in the change in fair value of notes on the consolidated statements of operations, upon the settlement of $0.2 million principal balance of the October Notes as part of the exchange agreements, and $1.0 million principal balance of the October Notes in June 2023 based on the issuance of 248,981 shares of our common stock.

On January 3, 2023, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “January Purchase Agreement”) with certain accredited investors as purchasers (the “January Investors”). Pursuant to the January Purchase Agreement, we sold, and the January Investors purchased, $1.2 million in principal amount of senior secured notes (the “January Notes”) and 41,667 warrants (“January Warrants”), each January Warrant entitling the holder to purchase one (1) share of Common Stock.

On May 8, 2023, the lead lender and collateral agent for the January Notes agreed to grant us an extension of the maturity date thereof until May 15, 2023 in exchange for the issuance by us to the January Investors, on a pro rata basis, of 11,833 shares of our common stock. The Company will not issue fractional certificatesstock, subject to approval by our stockholders. Then, on May 15, 2023, the lead lender and collateral agent for post-reverse splitthe January Notes agreed to grant us an extension of the maturity date thereof until May 23, 2023 in exchange for the issuance by us to the January Investors, on a pro rata basis, of 66,667 shares of our Common Stock, subject to approval by our stockholders. Subsequently, on May 23, 2023, the lead lender and collateral agent for the January Notes agreed to grant us an extension of the maturity date thereof until May 31, 2023 in connection withexchange for the reverseissuance by us to the January Investors, on a pro rata basis, of 25,000 shares of our common stock, split. Rather, allsubject to approval by our stockholders. Thereafter, on May 31, 2023, the lead lender and collateral agent for the January Notes agreed to grant us an extension of the maturity date thereof until June 12, 2023 in exchange for the issuance by us to the January Investors, on a pro rata basis, of 100,000 shares of our common stock, subject to approval by our stockholders. On June 30, 2023, we and the remaining January Investors agreed to extend the maturity date of the January Notes until July 31, 2023, in exchange for 41,667 shares of common stock, that are held bypending stockholder approval. On July 11, 2023, one of the remaining January Investors agreed with us to accept 152,085 shares of our common stock as payment in full of their January Note, which such obligations were approximately $931,000. On July 14, 2023, another of the remaining January Investors agreed with us to accept 25,143 shares of common stock as payment in full of their January Note, which such obligations were approximately $132,000.

Between May 17, 2023 and May 30, 2023, we issued secured demand promissory notes (the “Demand Notes”) to certain investors (the “Demand Noteholders”) in an aggregate principal amount equal to $570,681. In connection with the issuance of the Demand Notes, subject to stockholder approval, we agreed to issue to the Demand Noteholders an aggregate of 123,561 shares our common stock.

2023 Line of Credit

On February 2, 2023, we entered into a stockholderline of credit (the “Line of Credit”) securing a line of credit up to $100.0 million. The Line of Credit will be aggregatedused to fund expenses related to the fulfillment of contracts with customers of tour wholly-owned subsidiary, Crown Fiber Optics. The Line of Credit expires February 2, 2024, unless the Line of Credit is extended for one or two additional years in accordance with its terms. On February 2, 2023, we withdrew $2.0 million under the Line of Credit.

Upon drawing down on the Line of Credit, we issued a Secured Promissory Note (the “LOC Note”) which was due and each stockholder shall be entitled to receive the number of whole shares resultingpayable 60 days from the combinationissuance date. The Promissory Note is non-interest bearing and secured by our assets. The LOC Note was convertible into shares of our common stock, at a conversion price per share of $0.50 per share, subject to adjustment under certain circumstances described in the LOC Note.

In April 2023, we entered into a first amendment to the LOC Note, pursuant to which the lender agreed to extend the maturity date of the LOC Note balance until May 1, 2023 in exchange for 33,333 shares so aggregated. Any fractions resultingof our common stock. The LOC Note was further amended to accrue interest at the 15% per annum from the reverse stock split computation shall be rounded uporiginal funding date of the LOC Note. We recorded a change in fair value adjustment of $0.2 million related to the next whole share.commitment to issue 33,333 shares of our common stock.

On May 15, 2023, we entered into that certain Third Amendment to the Convertible Promissory Note (the “LOC Note Amendment”), pursuant to which the maturity date of the LOC Note was extended until June 7, 2023 in exchange for, subject to stockholder approval, 33,333 shares of our common stock and 4,000 shares of our existing Series E Preferred Stock, which are convertible into 66,667 shares of our common stock. We recorded a change in fair value adjustment of $0.7 million related to the commitment to issue 4,000 shares of Series E Preferred Stock.

On JanuaryMay 16, 2023, we made a second draw of $0.2 million under the Line of Credit. Upon drawing down on the Line of Credit, we issued a second Secured Promissory Note (the “2^nd LOC Note”) which was due and payable on July 16, 2023. The 2^nd LOC Note accrued interest at the 15% per annum from the original funding date of the 2^nd LOC Note.

On May 26, 2021,2023, we made a third draw of $0.2 million under the CompanyLine of Credit. Upon drawing down on the Line of Credit, we issued a third Secured Promissory Note (the “3^rd LOC Note”) which was due and payable on June 2, 2023. The 3^rd LOC Note included a $0.2 million commitment fee and did not bear interest. With the 3^rd LOC Note, we recorded a change in fair value adjustment of $0.2 million related to the commitment fee.

On May 26, 2023, we entered into an underwriting agreement relatinga fourth amendment to the Company’s public offering of its common stock, par value $0.0001 per share. The CompanyLOC Note, pursuant to which we agreed to sell 4,150,000issue to the lender a convertible promissory note in the principal amount of $0.2 million due June 2, 2023 in exchange for 4,000 shares of itsour Series E Preferred Stock, which are convertible into 66,667 shares of our common stock. We recorded a change in fair value adjustment of $0.6 million related to the commitment to issue 4,000 shares of our Series E preferred stock.

On June 13, 2023, we partially redeemed the principal of the LOC Note. In addition to the accrued interest and commitment fees, the total redeemed balance was approximately $2.1 million. With the settlement of the 2^nd LOC and the 3^rd LOC Note, we recorded a change in fair value adjustment of $0.1 million.

On June 30, 2023, we amended he 2^nd LOC Note and the 3^rd LOC Note to extend the maturity dates of each until July 16, 2023. In connection with the amendments, we agreed to issue to the lender 5,000 shares of our Series E Preferred Stock, which are convertible into 83,333 shares of our common stock. Additionally, we agreed to issue an additional 8,000 shares of our Series E Preferred Stock, which is convertible into 133,333 shares of our common stock, to the underwriters, atlender for failure to comply with a purchase price per sharecovenant in the line of $4.14 (the offering pricecredit, as amended. We recorded a change in fair value adjustment of $2.0 million related to the public of $4.50 per share minus the underwriters’ discount), pursuantcommitment to the Company’s registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-249833), as amended, under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the related registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-252418) that was filed by the Company under Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act. The Company has also granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to 622,500 additional shares of common stock to cover over-allotments. On January 28, 2021, the Company received net proceeds from its public offering of approximately $19.3 million, net of underwriter fees and commissions of approximately $1.7 million, and offering costs of $0.4 million.

Additionally, there were 251issue 13,000 shares of our Series AE Preferred StockStock.

During July 2023, we repaid the outstanding balance of the 2^nd LOC Note and 3^rd LOC Note for cash of $0.4 million. As of December 31, 2023, there was no outstanding balance related to the 2^nd LOC Note and 3^rd LOC Note.

Equity Line of Credit

On July 20, 2023, we entered into an equity line of credit (“ELOC”) with Keystone Capital Partners, LLC (“Keystone Capital Partners”) whereby we have the right to sell up to an aggregate of $50.0 million of newly issued and outstanding, 1,443 shares of our Series B Preferred Stockcommon stock. On July 20, 2023, we issued and 500,75621,841 shares of our Series C Preferred Stock issued,common stock to Keystone Capital Partners as an initial fee for commitment to purchase our common stock.

Master Supply Agreements

On December 27, 2021, we executed a Master Supply Agreement (the “HPP MSA”) with one shareholder of record of each such seriesHudson Pacific Properties L.P. for the installation of our preferred stock.energy saving Smart Window Inserts in several office properties across its West Coast portfolio. The HPP MSA provides the master terms and conditions under which purchase orders will be executed for us to supply units to retrofit windows at certain locations.

Crown’s Research & Development Operation currently occupies 1,700 square feet of space, locatedPrior to this, on the HP Inc. campus in Corvallis, Oregon in the Advanced Technology and Manufacturing Institute (ATAMI). ATAMI is an academic-industrial research center and business incubator designed to provide an advanced materials development environment to private sector partner tenants performing research and development. The facility includes access to shared state-of-the-art tooling capabilities. ATAMI has grown to 80,000 square feet since its inception in 2004.

On March 4,September 27, 2021, the Companywe entered into a standardMaster Supply Agreement with MetroSpaces Inc., Crown’s first commercial customer, install its Smart Window Inserts in MetroSpaces’ 70,000 square-foot Houston, Texas office leasebuilding.

On March 25, 2022, we executed a Master Supply Agreement (the “BDN MSA”) with Hudson 11601 Wilshire, LLC,Brandywine Operating Partnerships L.P. to lease 3,500 square feet ofinstall its Smart Window Inserts powered by DynamicTintTM in Brandywine office space located at 11601 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90025.buildings. The base monthly rent forBDN MSA provides the first year of the lease is $18,375 per month,master terms and conditions under which increases to $19,018.13 per month for the second year, $19,683.76 for the third year and $20,372.69 for the final three months of the lease. The lease expires on June 30, 2024. We believe that our facilities are adequate to meet our needs for the immediate future and that, should it be needed, wepurchase orders will be ableexecuted for Crown to secure additional spacesupply units to accommodate the expansion of our operations. This office space, alongretrofit windows at certain locations.

On March 1, 2023, we executed a Master Supply Agreement with ATAMI, offers Crown all the space requirements it needs for the foreseeable future. 

On November 15, 2017, the Company entered into a license agreement with Glass Manufacturer. The Glass Manufacturer agreement provides that the Company will provide samples to be used by Glass Manufacturer for the sole purpose of determining the feasibility of integrating the Company’s film technology in Glass Manufacturer’s auto and train glass products. The Company began performing development activities in April of 2018. On February 1, 2019, the Company and Glass Manufacturer entered into a new license agreement, terminating the prior agreement, which was further extended on November 14, 2019. Under such new license agreement, the Company will provide samples to be used by Glass Manufacturer to evaluate the appearance of and measure optical properties of the Company’s film technology. At Glass Manufacturer’s option, the Company will provide additional samples to be used by Glass Manufacturer to measure the durability of such sampleNorth Sky Communications, LLC (“Contractor”) for the purpose of determiningperforming certain subcontract work under Contractor’s primary contract. The agreement provides the feasibilityterms and conditions under which purchase orders will be executed for us to perform work on various projects.

On September 15, 2023, we executed a Master Supply Agreement with Mears Group, Inc. to perform work on various projects for the benefit of integrating the Company’s film technology in Glass Manufacturer’s autocustomer and train glass products.other project owners. The performanceagreement provides the terms and conditions under which purchase orders will be executed for us to perform work on various projects.

On October 31, 2023, we executed a Master Supply Agreement with Blue Edge Infrastructure, LLC. to provide construction services including project/program management, design, construction and related services for wireless telecommunication sites.

Additionally, discussions with multiple other building owners to buy our Smart Window Inserts are progressing as the regulatory and consumer pressure to reduce the level of energy consumption and carbon emissions, continues to build.

Purchase Orders

On August 12, 2022, we entered into two Purchase Orders (PO’s) with Hudson Pacific Properties, L.P. (“Hudson”) for the purchase of our Inserts. Hudson is a unique provider of end-to-end real estate solutions for tech and media tenants. The PO’s have a value of $85,450 and represent the first orders we received prior to the launch of our Inserts.

On August 12, 2022, as additional consideration for the PO’s, eissued a warrant to Hudson to purchase 300,000 shares of our common stock at $0.75 per share. The warrant has a five-year life and expires on August 12, 2027.

On August 29, 2023, we engaged with Mears Group for comprehensive outside plant construction services related to the newfiber optic cable route project titled “BH_Bugsy to 23rd Ave Thunderbird_Seg 4.1.” The agreement is a continuationincludes extensive services such as trenching and placing conduits, handhole and manhole installations, cable pulling across various fiber optic counts, directional boring, and the placement of marker posts. These operations are essential for establishing and enhancing the work being performed as of April 2018. fiber optic infrastructure within the specified area, ensuring robust connectivity and network performance.

On November 14, 2019, the Company10, 2023, we entered into a newsupply agreement with Glass Manufacturer,Blue Edge Infrastructure, LLC for various fiber optics construction and testing services, detailed in a purchase order. The services, which terminates the February 1, 2019 agreement as of June 16, 2019, (the “Effective Date”) of the new agreement. Under the terms of the new agreement, Glass Manufacturer will pay the Company $0.1 million within 60 days of the Effective Date. On December 10, 2019, the Company received the $0.1 million payment from Glass Manufacturerinclude uni-directional OTDR testing, power meter testing, fusion splicing, closure installation, vault setting, trench cutting and the Company delivered three pieces of updated samples to Glass Manufacturer on September 28, 2020.

On August 23, 2017, the Company entered into a collaborative agreement with Film Manufacturer. The Film Manufacturer agreement provides that the Companysealing, and Film Manufacturer will jointly develop electrokinetic films and determine their suitability for commercial use in applied films and interlayers for automobile windows. The Company and Film Manufacturer will be exchanging IPmicroduct or conduit placement, are critical for the development and maintenance of the films. The Company began performing development activities in April of 2018.fiber optic networks.

Consolidated Results of Operations for the yearsyear ended MarchDecember 31, 2021 and 20202023 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

Revenue

The Company did not recognize revenueRevenue is solely generated by Crown Fiber Optics, and was $0.2 million for the year ended MarchDecember 31, 2021 and2023. No revenue was recognized $0.1 million of revenue for the year ended MarchDecember 31, 2020. The revenue recognized during the year ended March 31, 2020 was related to our new agreement with Glass Manufacturer and represents the cash received for our continuing development activities. We are not able to estimate the total amount of development service under an efforts-based perspective and, therefore, the amount of performance that will be required in our contracts cannot be reliably estimated under the proportional performance revenue recognition model. Accordingly, we recognize revenue up to the amount of costs incurred.2022.

Cost of Revenue, excluding depreciation and amortization

There was no costCost of revenue recognized during the year ended March 31, 2021. The cost of revenueis solely generated by Crown Fiber Optics, and was $0.9 million for the year ended MarchDecember 31, 2020,2023. No cost of revenue was $0.6recognized for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, was $0.9 million and consists of approximately $0.5 million, relatedrespectively. The increase of $0.4 million is primarily due to the costs incurred with respectimpairment of intangible assets of $0.2 million for acquisition of Amerigen 7, and depreciation allocation to our contract with Film Manufacturer and approximately $0.1 million with respect to our contract with Glass Manufacturer.cost of revenue of $48,000.

Research and Development (including licenses acquired)

Research and development expenses were $3.5$2.2 million for the year ended MarchDecember 31, 20212023 compared to $1.8$4.1 million for the year ended MarchDecember 31, 2020.2022. The increasedecrease of $1.7$1.9 million is primarily related to increased stock-baseda reduction in salaries and benefits of $1.6 million and further by a decrease in stock compensation expenses of approximately $1.8 million recognized for stock options granted to our employees and officers, offset by lower stock-based compensation expenses of approximately $0.7 million related to canceled shares of restricted stock in December 2020 which were exchange for stock options, increased payroll and related expenses of approximately $0.3 million for new hires, and increased costs of approximately $0.1 million for the purchase of lab supplies used in our development activities.million.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses were $15.8$14.8 million and $5.5$10.5 million for the yearsyear ended MarchDecember 31, 20212023 and 2020,2022, respectively. The $10.3$4.3 million increase in SG&A expenses is primarily due to increased stock-based compensationincrease in salary expense of approximately $8.7 million. The$5.6 million, increase in stock-based compensation consisted primarilydisposal of $0.8assets of $0.3 million, related to 1.1increase in miscellaneous expenses of $0.4 million, restricted stock units granted to the Company’s chief executive officerdecrease in connection with the Company’s public offering in January 2021, $4.8 million related to stock options granted to officers and employees of the Company, and increased stock-based compensationinsurance expense of approximately $3.1 million related to our restricted stock, primarily comprised of $3.6 million of stock-based compensation recognized for 1.6 million shares of restricted stock issued to our chief executive officer, offset by $0.7 million of lower stock-based compensation due to shares of restricted stock exchanged for stock options in December 2020, increased payroll and related expenses of approximately $1.0 million for the Company’s officers and new hires, increased legal and professional fees of approximately $0.4$0.3 million and increased insurance expensesa decrease in stock compensation of $0.2$1.7 million.