UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20212022

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____________ to ____________

Commission File Number 333-150332001-39379

COMSOVEREIGN HOLDING CORP.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(904) 834-4400(206) 796-0173

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐  No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒☐  No ☐☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒☐  No ☐☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐  No ☒

As of June 30, 2021,2022, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $117,465,196$11,780,053 (based on the closing price of the common stock as reported on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC of $2.32$16.90 per share).

There were 96,442,0572,695,571 shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock, $0.0001 par value, outstanding as of August 15, 2022.December 6, 2023.

COMSOVEREIGN HOLDING CORP.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

As used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the terms “we,” “us,” “our” and the “company”“Company” mean COMSovereign Holding Corp. and its subsidiaries (unless the context indicates a different meaning).

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This report includes forward-looking statements. These statements involve risks known to us, significant uncertainties, and other factors which may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by those forward-looking statements.

Some of the statements under “Business,” “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this report constitute “forward-looking statements” that represent our beliefs, projections and predictions about future events. From time to time in the future, we may make additional forward-looking statements in presentations, at conferences, in press releases, in other reports and filings and otherwise. Forward-looking statements are all statements other than statements of historical fact, including statements that refer to plans, intentions, objectives, goals, targets, strategies, hopes, beliefs, projections, prospects, expectations or other characterizations of future events or performance, and assumptions underlying the foregoing. The words “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “will,” “project,” “intend,” “continue,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “forecast,” “expect,” “plan,” “potential,” “opportunity,” “scheduled,” “goal,” “target,” and “future,” variations of such words, and other comparable terminology and similar expressions and references to future periods are often, but not always, used to identify forward-looking statements. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about the following:

These statements are necessarily subjective, are based upon our current plans, intentions, objectives, goals, strategies, beliefs, projections and expectations, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements, or industry results, to differ materially from any future results, performance or achievements described in or implied by such statements. Actual results may differ materially from expected results described in our forward-looking statements, including with respect to correct measurement and identification of factors affecting our business or the extent of their likely impact, the accuracy and completeness of the publicly-availablepublicly available information with respect to the factors upon which our business strategy is based, or the success of our business.

Forward-looking statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or results and will not necessarily be accurate indications of whether, or the times by which, our performance or results may be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on information available at the time those statements are made and management’s belief as of that time with respect to future events and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that may cause actual results, our performance or achievements, or industry results to differ materially from those contemplated by such forward-looking statements include, without limitation, those discussed under the caption “Risk Factors” in this report.

Risk Factors Summary

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Any of the factors set forth under “Risk factors” may limit our ability to successfully execute our business strategy. You should carefully consider all of the information set forth in this Annual Report, and, in particular, you should evaluate the specific factors set forth under “Risk Factors” in deciding whether to invest in our securities. Among these important risks are the following:

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Business Overview

We are a provider of technologically-advanced telecom solutions to network operators, mobile device carriers, governmental units and other enterprises worldwide. We have assembled a portfolio of communications and portable infrastructure technologies, capabilities and products that enable the upgrading of latent 3G networks to 4G and 4G-LTE networks and will facilitate the rapid roll out of the 5G and 6G networks of the future. We focus on novel capabilities, including signal modulations, antennae, software, hardware and firmware technologies that enable increasingly efficient data transmission across the electromagnetic spectrum. Our product solutions are complemented by a broad array of services, including technical support, systems design and integration, and sophisticated research and development programs. While we compete globally on the basis of our innovative technology, the breadth of our product offerings, our high-quality cost-effective customer solutions, and the scale of our global customer base and distribution, our primary focus is on the North American telecom infrastructure and service market. We believe we are in a unique position to rapidly increase our near-term domestic sales as we are among the few U.S. based providers of telecommunications equipment and services.

We provide the following categories of product offerings and solutions to our customers:

We are also developing processes that we believe will significantly advance the state-of-the-art in silicon photonic (“SiP”) devices for use in advanced data interconnects, communication networks and computing systems. We believe our novel approach will allow us to overcome the limitations of current SiP optical modulators, dramatically increase computing bandwidth, and reduce drive power while offering lower operating costs. In addition, we are seeking to leverage our AI capabilities in our Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) unlicensed radio enhancing and extending these capabilities to further support our customers’ environments while expanding and extending our footprint of AI capabilities through new partnerships.

Our engineering and management teams have extensive experience in optical systems and networking, digital signal processing, large-scale application-specific integrated circuit design and verification, SiP design and integration, system software development, hardware design, high-speed electronics design and network planning, installation, maintenance, and servicing. We believe this broad expertise in a wide range of advanced technologies, methodologies, and processes enhances our innovation, design and development capabilities, and has enabled us, and we believe will continue to enable us, to develop and introduce future-generation communications and computing technologies. In the course of our product development cycles, we engage with our customers as they design their current and next-generation network equipment in order to gauge current and future market needs.

Our Business

Through a series of acquisitions, we have expanded our service offerings and geographic reach over the past three years. On November 27, 2019, we completed the acquisition of ComSovereign Corp. (“ComSovereign”) in a stock-for-stock transaction with a total purchase price of approximately $80.0 million (the “ComSovereign Acquisition”). ComSovereign had been formed in January 2019 and, prior to its acquisition by our company, had completed five acquisitions of companies with unique products in development for, or then being marketed to, the telecommunications market. As a result of our acquisitions, our companyOur CORE business is comprised of the following principal businesses, each of which was acquired to address a different opportunity or sector of the North American telecom infrastructure and service market. Our subsidiary holdings are held in two divisions, Telecommunications and Drones. Our Power division has been idled.

Our Telecommunications business is comprised of the following:products:

On May 23, 2022, Syntronic Production Services Canada Inc. acquired certain assets and employees from DragonWave X Canada, Inc. in returns for assuming employment liabilities and the assumption of a lease in Kanata, Ontario, Canada, through an Asset Purchase Agreement.

Our DroneNONCORE business is comprised of the following:following products:

As part of the Company’s restructuring, commencing January 1, 2023, the Company integrated its previously separate reporting units, including employing a single integrated sales function, and the Chief Executive Officer manages the Company and makes decisions based on the Company’s consolidated operating results.

Nasdaq Compliance Developments

Throughout most of 2022, our common stock was not in compliance with the $1.00 minimum closing bid price requirement. We were given grace periods and regained compliance on or about February 27, 2023, by having the closing bid price of our common stock exceed $1.00 for a minimum of ten (10) consecutive trading days during the grace period by implementing a 1-for-100 reverse stock split of our outstanding common stock on February 10, 2023.

On February 27, 2023, the Company regained compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), the $1.00 minimum closing bid price requirement (“minimum bid price”) price of the Company’s common stock following the successful filing of its Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended March 31, 2022, June 30, 2022, and September 30, 2022 pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1), which requires listed companies to timely file all required periodic financial reports (“filing requirements”) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

On March 31, 2023, the Company filed a notice of late filing on Form 12b-25 with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) to report that its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “Form 10-K”) would not be timely filed. On April 18, 2023, the Company received a notice from The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) stating that because the Company has not yet filed the Form 10-K, the Company is no longer in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1), which requires listed companies to timely file all required periodic financial reports with the SEC. On May 17, 2023, the Company received a notice from Nasdaq stating that because the Company has not yet filed the Form 10-K or its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 (the "Form 10-Q”), the Company is not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rules. On August 16, 2023, the Company received a notice from Nasdaq stating that because the Company has not yet filed its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, the Company is not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rules. On October 16, 2023, the Company received notice from the Listing Qualifications Staff (the “Staff”) indicating that the Staff had determined to delist the Company’s securities unless the Company timely requests a hearing before the Nasdaq Hearings Panel (the “Panel”). The Staff’s determination was based upon the Company’s continued non-compliance with the filing requirement set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) because the Company has not filed its Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, and the Forms 10-Q for the periods ended March 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023. On November 16, 2023, the Company received a notice from Nasdaq stating that because the Company has not yet filed its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, the Company is not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rules.

The Company requested and obtained a hearing before the Panel as well as a further stay of any additional action by Nasdaq pending the issuance of a decision by the Panel. There can be no assurance that a favorable decision will be obtained.

If the Company fails to timely regain compliance with the Nasdaq Listing Rule within any grace period granted by the Nasdaq Hearings Panel, the Company’s common stock, warrants and 9.25% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock will be subject to delisting from Nasdaq. There is no assurance that the Company will regain compliance during any grace periods or be able to maintain compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements in the future. If we are not able to regain compliance during a grace period, Nasdaq will notify us that our common stock, warrants, and 9.25% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock will be delisted from The Nasdaq Capital Market.

On June 21, 2023, the Company received a letter from the Listing Qualifications Department of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC ("Nasdaq”) notifying the Company that, for the last 30 consecutive business days, the Company’s minimum Market Value of Publicly Held Shares, as defined by Nasdaq ("MVPHS”), of the Company’s 9.25% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock ("Preferred Stock”) has been below the minimum $1 million requirement for continued listing on Nasdaq under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5555(a)(4) (the "Minimum Market Value of Publicly Held Shares Requirement”). Under Nasdaq rules, the Company will have the opportunity to appeal the delisting decision to a Nasdaq Hearings Panel. There can be no assurance that, if the Company decides to appeal the delisting determination, such appeal would be successful.

In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(D), the Company has been provided a compliance period of 180 calendar days from receipt of the letter, or until December 18, 2023, to regain compliance with the Minimum Market Value of Publicly Held Shares Requirement. To regain compliance with the Minimum Market Value of Publicly Held Shares Requirement, the Company’s Preferred Stock MVPHS must be $1 million or more for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days during the compliance period ending on December 18, 2023. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to regain compliance with either listing requirement.

Our Industry

We participate in the large and growing global market for connectivity and essential communications infrastructure. This market is being driven by the growth in demand for data-intensive bandwidth and the necessity for reduced latency (the time it takes to send data from one point to another) associated with the continued demand of smartphones, tablets and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, as well as the proliferation of data centers, big data, cloud-based services, streaming media content and IoT. In addition, video and gaming distribution over the broadband IP network is transforming how content is managed and consumed overall. This increase in data usage and demand is taxing available broadband of many service providers, which requires far more efficient technologies to meet demand. For example, in reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic, in certain regions Netflixa leading media streaming service reduced the quality of videos from high definition to standard definition in certain regions in order to free up additional bandwidth required by workers performing online functions from their homes.

Today’s cellular networks are predominantly based on 4G technologies. These networks constantly undergo expansion of coverage and densification with additional sites to cater to higher demands for speeds and to make more services available per given area. According to certain publications and as of the fourth quarter 2019, 33 operators across 18 countries, representing 8% of the global mobile connections base (excluding cellular IoT), have launched commercial 5G mobile services, and 77 operators have announced plans to launch 5G services in the coming months. These investments in 5G radio network infrastructure, and consequently, associated wireless data hauling, are expected to gradually increase during the next several years. In order to allocate spectrum resources for 4G and 5G, somemany network operators are shutting down their 2G and/or 3G network (a “network sunset”) in order to re-allocate radio access network frequency bands to 4.5 and 5G services. These market dynamics of network expansion and densification have resulted in higher demand for wireless hauling capacity at increased density, requiring more sophisticated services over the network at far higher volumes than were available in recent years. Such services include the many 5G use cases, which among others, include enhanced mobile broadband, mission critical services, IoT and Industrial IoT, gigabit broadband to homes, multi gigabits services to enterprises and more.

The term “5G” is misunderstood by most consumers who believe it is simply another layer of technology over the top of current 4G LTE infrastructures. However, this is not the case. While 4G LTE Advanced is a part of a large platform upon which 5G rests, according to many industry studies, significantly more 4G LTE/A will be required before 5G becomes a reality. 5G is an entirely new infrastructure that must be standardized for widespread adoption and must be agile enough to accommodate wireless devices of all kinds, not just cellular smartphones. The 5G enhancements specific to “IoT” will enable the connection of the internet to telemedical devices, gaming, video and television, smart-home devices, such as thermostats, alarms, lighting and garage doors, smartphones, driverless cars and traffic signals, laptops, desktops, Wi-Fi, logistic reporting devices on semi-tractor trucks and trains and a plethora of other use cases. It must do so seamlessly and with a fraction of the current “round-trip” response time of data. This requires that data centers be closer to the network’s “edge” where the devices connect to the wireless small cells. As a result, data centers and many of the other functions will require virtualization and eventually artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms and machine learning to route data requests to these virtualized data centers to keep latency to a minimum.

There are several major trends that we expect to drive network deployments and investment. The GSM Association (“GSMA”), a mobile telecom association to which most large infrastructure participants and mobile carriers are members, nearly mirrors our findings and impressions in its report on the state of mobile internet connectivity. Many of these trends and findings follow.

The Challenges of Connectedness

It is said in business that to remain static is to die. To understand the need for technological advancements and infrastructure growth in the cellular telecommunications industry, one must first understand the market factors driving these changes. In 2018, nearly 300 million people connected to mobile internet data for the first time. This increased the total number of internet connected users to more than 3.5 billion people worldwide. This type of connectivity now drives the global economy as more and more diverse commerce is conducted through wireless data access. However, since lower-income countries and regions have only approximately 40% of their population connected to the internet compared to 75% in high-income regions, these lower income areas are finding it increasingly difficult to raise their social and economic status. Getting these deficient regions (and the approximately 4 billion people inhabiting those regions who are unable to connect to the internet) connected is only one challenge. The other and equally difficult challenge is the density of urban areas in the higher income areas and the sophistication of the electronic communications and computing devices in those areas that require increasingly faster data. We plan to target both challenges by providing economical solutions and infrastructure building blocks to lower-income geographic areas around the world, which we expect we will initially sell through our resellers, distributors and other partners, while leading the world in innovative new technologies to make the realization of 5G and the next generations (“nG”) a reality.

Evolving Network Architecture and Technology

The pace of change in networking has increased in recent years as consumers and data-driven businesses utilize more bandwidth with increasingly-complexincreasingly complex mobile and connected devices. Cellular networks are now experiencing exponential growth in network infrastructures, which is revolutionizing how consumers connect to each other and changing the network architecture needed to support consumer demand. This trend requires better network coverage, greater broadband access, increased capacity, and larger data storage capacity.

Our customers are working to transition their networks to become faster, more responsive, and more efficient. We believe the following findings will continue to impact our company and the industry during 2021 and beyond.

Transition from Traditional to the IoT

The IoT is rapidly evolving from an industry trend to a tangible, mature, established technology. Many operators have begun early transitions, or perhaps more accurately — are beginning to build a framework,transition to operable 5G networks and have announced trials and pre-standard deployments of 5G technology. This technology is primarily operating at higher frequency, such as millimeter wave radios, and using higher order (more efficient) modulation methods such as 4096 QAM.to improve network capacity. The number of 5G-enabled devices is expected to continue to increase during 20222023 and accelerate beyond that. The primary benefits of 5G are expected to include:

Wireless operators will need to both acquire and launch new spectrum for 5G, as well as continue their strategy of re-allocation of spectrum from one generation to another. Some of this spectrum will be at much higher frequencies and will use new technologies to deliver exceptional amounts of bandwidth to subscribers. 5G also requires significant fiber infrastructure to connect wireless access points to each other to improve the response time of the network. As wireless operators transition toward 5G, they must also manage the fundamental network deployment issues of site acquisition, power, backhaul and in-building wireless proliferation.

In addition to investment required by wireless operators, the transition to 5G could also spark an investment cycle by cable operators as they upgrade their networks to compete with fixed wireless broadband, which could become a viable alternative to traditional broadband internet access.

Our Growth Strategy  

Under the leadership of our senior management team, we intend to address and exploit the large and growing market for internet connectivity and essential communications infrastructure as we continue to build our sales, marketing, and operations groups to support our planned growth while focusing on increasing operating margins through cost control measures. While organic growth will be our primary focus in driving our business forward, we expect acquisitions and select teaming and partnering arrangements with other companies will play a strategic role in strengthening our existing product and service lines and providing cross-selling opportunities. We are pursuing several growth strategies, including:

Our Products 

All our products enhance or directly contribute to the overall telecommunication infrastructure and fall within the following three product groups:

Micro and Millimeter Microwave Technologies and Products

We design, manufacture, and sell best-in-class (as defined by power, signal efficiency and range), microwave packet radio equipment for telecommunications and data. Our Harmony-branded line of backhaul radios are data efficient and offer one of the most powerful, longest-range solutions for backhaul in the industry. The Fastback Intelligent Backhaul Radio (“IBR”) offers a unique and patented “point-to-any-point” microwave backhaul solution that solves critical issues across both private and public networks. Our line of radio models have the following characteristics:

Engineering efforts are underway now with two additional enhancements — full-duplex and transpositional modulation waveforms that will be programmed to significantly enhance the spectral efficiency of our microwave radios, and, we believe, will far exceed our competitor’s offerings. These enhancements have the following characteristics:

Software Offerings

Our Mobile Edge Compute, Edge Cloud, transforms communication networks into powerful cloud-computing infrastructures for applications and services, including augmented and virtual reality, Internet of Things (“IoT”), edge analytics, high-definition video, connected cars, autonomous drones and more. SAGUNA allows these next-generation applications to run closer to the user in a wireless network, dramatically cutting down on latency, which is a fundamental and critical requirement of 5G networks. SAGUNA’s Edge Cloud operates on general purpose computing hardware but can be optimized to support the latest artificial intelligence and machine learning features through dedicated accelerators.

Tethered Drones and Aerostats

Through our Drone Aviation and SKS subsidiaries, we design, develop, market, sell and provide logistical services for specialized tethered aerial monitoring and communications platforms serving national defense, security, and commercial customers for use in applications including ISRsurveillance and communications. Through Drone Aviation, we focus primarily on the development of a tethered aerostat known as the WASP, which is principally designed for military and security applications where it provides secure and reliable aerial monitoring for extended durations while being tethered to the ground via a high strength armored tether. Through SKS, we offer our HoverMast line of quadrotor-tethered drones that feature uninterruptible ground-based power, fiber optic communications for cyber immunity, and the ability to operate in GPS-denied environments while delivering dramatically improved situational awareness and communications capabilities to users. HoverMast is utilized by the Israeli government for border patrol and coastal applications and is also deployed in several international markets.

Our core aerostat products are designed to provide real-time, semi-persistent situational awareness to various military and national security customers such as the U.S. Department of Defense and units of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, such as the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, to improve security at the nation’s ports and borders. The WASP tethered aerostat system provides customers with tactical, highly-mobile and cost-effective aerial monitoring and communications capabilities in remote or austere locations where existing infrastructure is lacking or not accessible. Current WASP products include the WASP tactical aerostat and WASP Lite, a rapidly-deployable, compact aerostat system. WASP aerostats are either self-contained on a trailer that can be towed by a military all-terrain vehicle (MATV) or a mine-resistant ambush-protected vehicle (MRAP) or other standard vehicle, operated from the bed of a pickup truck or UTV or mounted to a building rooftop. They are designed to provide semi-persistent, mobile, real-time day/night high-definition video for ISR, detection of improvised explosive devices, border security and other governmental and civilian uses. The HoverMast 100 model system sold by SKS has been mounted in permanent locations, as well as on mobile platforms such as certain long-bed pickup trucks and marine vessels. With its imbedded fiber optic tether system, the HoverMast offers a myriad of optical sensors, signal collection devices and communication radios and has had a sophisticated mounted airborne radar. We believe our Drone Aviation and SKS products also can also be utilized for disaster response missions by supporting two-way and cellular communications and acting as a repeater or provider of wireless networking.

Both the WASP and WASP Lite aerostat systems employ a tethered envelope filled with helium gas for lift to carry either a stabilized ISR or communications payload, a portable ground control station and a datalink between the ground station and the envelope. Hovering between 500 and 1,500 feet above the ground, the systems provide surveillance and communications capabilities with relatively low acquisition and operating costs. The systems require an operational crew of a minimum of two people, have relatively simple maintenance procedures, and feature quick retrieval and helium top-off for re-inflation. The HoverMast system can deploy and recover the tethered drone unit at heights ranging from 15 feet to 330 feet in minutes. SKS was idled in June 2022.2022 and subsequently sold in March 2023.

Our Services

In addition to our products, we offer maintenance and support services, as well as a selection of other professional services. We utilize a multi-tiered support model to deliver services that leverage the capabilities of our own direct resources, channels partners and other third-party organizations.

Our professional services are provided primarily by our Silver Bullet subsidiary, which engineers, designs and develops a broad range of next-generation network systems and system components, including:

We believe a broad range of services is essential to the successful customer deployment and ongoing support of our products, and we employ remote technical support engineers, spare parts planning and logistics staff and professional services consultants with proven network experience to provide our services.

Customers

We manufacture and sell our portfolio of telecommunications-related products on a global basis to over 700 legacy customers. Our customers include a large percentage of mobile cellular carriers, large international corporations, governments, and private network users. We believe our diversified customer base provides us an opportunity to leverage our skills, experience and varied product lines across markets and reduces our exposure to a single end market. Additionally, we believe the diversity of our customer base is an important strength of our company.

We believe there has been a trend on the part of customers to consolidate their lists of qualified suppliers to companies that can meet certain technical, quality, delivery and other standards while maintaining competitive prices. We believe we have positioned our offerings and resources to compete effectively in this environment. As an industry participant in the telecommunications microwave backhaul segment, we have established close working relationships with many of our customers on a global basis. These relationships allow us to better anticipate and respond to the needs of these customer when designing new products and technical solutions. By working with customers in developing new products and technologies, we can identify and act on trends and leverage knowledge about next-generation technology across our portfolio of products. In addition, we have concentrated our efforts on service, procurement and manufacturing improvements designed to increase product quality and performance and lower product lead-time and cost.

Manufacturing, Suppliers and Vendors

The manufacturing of our microwave radios and other network communications products is outsourced to principally two third-party contract manufacturers, Benchmark Electronics, Inc. (“Benchmark”) and SMC, LLC (“SMC”), which are well-established contract manufacturers with expertise in the telecom equipment industry. This approach allows us to reduce our costs as we reduce our manufacturing overhead and inventory and allows us to adjust quickly to changing customer demand. SMC provides Printed Circuit Board (“PCB”) component mounting services for our Fastback IBR radio assembly. Benchmark assembles our DragonWave radio products using design specifications, quality assurance programs and standards that we establish, and it procures components and assembles our products based on our demand forecasts. These forecasts represent our estimates of future demand for our products based upon historical trends and analysis from our sales and product management functions as adjusted for overall market conditions.

The manufacturing agreement we entered with Benchmark does not provide for any minimum purchase commitments and had an initial term of two years, which now automatically renews for one-year terms, unless either party gives written notice to the other party not less than 90 days prior to the last day of the applicable term. Additionally, this agreement may be terminated by either party (i) with advance written notice provided to the other party, subject to certain notice period limitations, or (ii) with written notice, subject to applicable cure periods, if the other party has materially breached its obligations under the agreement. Our SMC agreement provides us with a great deal of flexibility and provisions therein allow us to limit or increase output.

We believe that these contract manufacturing relationships allow us to operate our business efficiently by focusing our internal efforts on the development of our technologies and products providing us with substantial scale-up capacity. We regularly test quality on-site at Benchmark’s facility and SMC’s facility, and we obtain full quality inspection reports. We also maintain non-disclosure agreements with Benchmark and SMC.

We and our contract manufacturing partners purchase a wide variety of raw materials for the manufacture of our network communications products, including (i) precious metals such as gold, silver and palladium, (ii) aluminum, steel, copper, titanium and metal alloy products and (iii) plastic materials. We also purchase a wide variety of mechanical and electronic components for the manufacturing of such products. Such raw materials and components are generally available throughout the world and are purchased domestically, when possible, from a variety of suppliers. We are generally not dependent upon any one source for raw materials or components. We do not anticipate substantial difficulties in obtaining raw materials or components necessary to produce our network communications products.

However, certain materials and equipment for our Drone Aviation and SKS products are custom made for those products and are available only from a limited number of suppliers. Failure of a supplier could cause delays in delivery of the products if another supplier cannot promptly be found or if the quality of such replacement supplier’s components is inferior or unacceptable. For a discussion of certain risks related to raw materials and components, see “Risk Factors” in this report.

Competition

The telecommunications and mobile broadband markets are highly competitive and rapidly evolving. We compete with domestic and international companies, many of which have substantially greater financial and other resources than we do. We encounter substantial competition in most of our markets, although we believe we have few competitors that compete with us in performance capabilities across all our product lines and markets. Our principal competitors in one or more of our product lines or markets include Ericsson, Nokia, Cambium, Ceragon, Aviat and Huawei. We also compete with internally-developedinternally developed network solutions of certain network equipment manufacturers, including Facebook, Google, AT&T, Verizon, and T-Mobile. Finally, we face competition from working groups and associations that are the result of joint developments among certain of the competitors listed above. Consolidation in the telecommunications and mobile broadband industry has increased in recent years, and future consolidation could further intensify the competitive pressures that we face.

The principal competitive factors upon which we compete include performance, power consumption, rapid innovation, breadth of product line, availability, product reliability, reputation, level of integration and cost, multi-sourcing and selling price. We believe that we compete effectively by offering higher levels of customer value through high speed, high density, low power consumption, broad integration of wireless radio functions, software intelligence for configuration, control and monitoring, cost-efficiency, ease of deployment and collaborative product design. We cannot be certain we will continue to compete effectively.

We may also face competition from companies that may expand into our industry and introduce additional competitive products. The same standardization that allows for the integration of our products into wireless infrastructure systems carries the side effect of lowing the competitive threshold for new market entrants. Existing and potential customers and strategic partners are also potential competitors. These customers may internally develop or acquire additional competitive products or technologies, selectively or through consolidation of the companies in our industry, which may cause them to reduce or cease their purchases from us.

Research and Development

We generally implement our product development strategy through product design teams and collaborative initiatives with customers, which can also result in our company obtaining approved vendor status for our customers’ new products and programs. We focus our research and development efforts primarily on those product areas that we believe have the potential for broad market applications and significant sales within a one–to–three–year period. We seek to have our products become widely accepted within the industry for similar applications and products manufactured by other potential customers, which we believe will provide additional sources of future revenue. By developing application-specific products, we can decrease our exposure to standard products, which are more likely to experience greater pricing pressure.   

Intellectual Property

Our success and ability to compete depend substantially upon our core technology and intellectual property rights. We generally rely on patent, trademark and copyright laws, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect our intellectual property rights. These agreements acknowledge our exclusive ownership of intellectual property developed for us and require that all proprietary information remain confidential.

We maintain a program designed to identify technology that is appropriate for patent and trade secret protection, and we file patent applications in the United States and, when appropriate, certain other countries for inventions that we consider significant. As of June 30, 2022, we had approximately 130 patents granted in the United States and foreign jurisdictions that expire between 2022 and 2040. As of such date, we also had approximately 25 patent applications pending in the United States and foreign jurisdictions. We also continue to acquire patents through acquisitions or direct prosecution efforts and engage in licensing transactions to secure the right to use third parties’ patents. Although our business is not materially dependent upon any one patent, our patent rights and the products made and sold under our patents, taken as a whole, are a significant element of our business.

In addition to patents, we also possess other intellectual property, including trademarks, know-how, trade secrets, design rights and copyrights. We control access to and use of our software, technology, and other proprietary information through internal and external controls, including contractual protections with employees, contractors, customers, and partners. Our software is protected by U.S. and international copyright, patent, and trade secret laws. Despite our efforts to protect our software, technology and other proprietary information, unauthorized parties may still copy or otherwise obtain and use our software, technology, and other proprietary information. In addition, we have expanded our international operations, and effective patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret protection may not be available or may be limited in foreign countries.

Regulation

As our customers operate around the world and, to a limited degree, we rely upon non-U.S. manufacturers to make our products, our business and ability to successfully compete for business in our industry may become dependent upon global supply, manufacturing and customer relationships that are affected by the trade and tariff policies of each country in which we operate. Increased tariffs on parts and components imposed by the countries in which our product components may be sourced can increase our production costs, and increased tariffs imposed by the countries in which our products are sold can increase the cost of our products to our customers.

Certain of our products and services are subject to export controls, including the Export Administration Regulations of the U.S. Department of Commerce and economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Controls of the U.S. Treasury Department, and similar laws and regulations that apply in other jurisdictions in which we distribute or sell our products and services. Export control and economic sanctions laws and regulations include restrictions and prohibitions on the sale or supply of certain products and services and on the transfer of parts, components and related technical information and know-how to certain countries, regions, governments, persons, and entities. U.S. regulators may also impose new restrictions on previously non-controlled emerging or foundational items and technologies for which exports to countries such as China are deemed to present undesirable national security risks. Even without such legislative or regulatory action, we would be prohibited from exporting our products to any foreign recipient if we have knowledge that a violation of U.S. export regulations has occurred, is about to occur or is intended to occur in connection with the item. Different countries may implement their own export control regulatory systems, which can affect the flow of parts, components, finished products and related technologies throughout the supply chain to and from suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and customers.

In addition, various countries regulate imports of certain products through permitting, licensing and transaction review procedures, and may enact laws that could limit our ability to produce or distribute our products or the ability of our customers to produce or distribute products into which our products are incorporated. The exportation, re-exportation, transfers within foreign countries and importation of our products and the parts, components, and technologies necessary to manufacture our products, including by our partners, must comply with these laws and regulations. Among these regulations are rules in the United States and other countries that prohibit companies such as Huawei from supplying products and services for national telecommunications networks. The U.S. government is developing regulatory mechanisms through which it may block imports into the United States of certain information and communications products and services designed, developed, manufactured or supplied by entities owned by, controlled by or subject to the jurisdiction or direction of a foreign adversary where the transaction presents an undue risk to U.S. information and communications technology or services, critical infrastructure or the digital economy of the United States, or other unacceptable risks to the national security of the United States or the security and safety of United States persons. U.S. government procurement supply chain risk management regulations prohibit U.S. government agencies from directly or indirectly contracting to obtain certain telecommunications and video surveillance equipment, systems or services produced or performed by certain designated Chinese companies, and this prohibition is expected to be extended to prohibit U.S. government agencies from contracting with entities that use such equipment, systems or services, and to prohibit the use of U.S. government grant or loan proceeds to acquire such equipment, systems or services.

We are also subject to various domestic and international anti-corruption laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar anti-bribery and anti-kickback laws and regulations in other places where we do business. These laws and regulations generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from offering or making improper payments to governmental, political, and certain international organization officials for the purpose of obtaining, retaining or directing business. Our exposure for violating these laws and regulations increases as our international presence expands and as we increase sales and operations in foreign jurisdictions.

In addition, we are subject to, or are expected to facilitate our customers’ compliance with, environmental, health and safety laws and regulations in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate or sell our products. These laws and regulations govern, among other things, the handling and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes, employee health and safety and the use of hazardous materials in, and the recycling of, our products.

Employees

As of December 31, 2021,2022, we employed 14425 full-time employees and 6 contractors for a total of 31 full-time equivalents (FTEs), consisting of 6 employees3 FTEs in research and development, 55 employees17 FTEs in operations, which includes manufacturing, supply chain, quality control and assurance, and 83 employees11 FTEs in executive, sales, marketing, general and administrative positions. At such date, we had six part-time employees, consisting of one employeeThe 6 contractors are in researchmarketing and development, four employees in operations, and one employee in executive, sales, general and administrative. As of June 30, 2022, we were down to only 44 employees.administrative roles. As a result in thisof the reduction of workforce, the Company may face claims from terminated employees. We have never had a work stoppage, and none of our employees is represented by a labor organization or under any collective bargaining arrangements. In general, we consider our employee relations to be good. All employees are subject to contractual agreements that specify requirements on confidentiality and restrictions on working for competitors, as well as other standard matters.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. These risks should be considered carefully with the uncertainties, described below, and all other information included in this report, before deciding whether to purchase our securities. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to management or that management currently deems immaterial and therefore not referenced herein, may also become material and may harm our business, financial condition or results of operations. The occurrence of any of the following risks could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. The trading price of our securities could decline due to any of these risks and uncertainties and you may lose part or all of your investment.

Risk Factors Summary

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Any of the factors set forth under “Risk factors” may limit our ability to successfully execute our business strategy. You should carefully consider all of the information set forth in this Annual Report, and, in particular, you should evaluate the specific factors set forth under “Risk Factors” in deciding whether to invest in our securities. Among these important risks are the following:

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We lack an established operating history on which to evaluate our consolidated business and determine if we will be able to execute our business plan, and we can give no assurance that our operations will result in profits.

While we have conducted our Drone Aviation business operations since 2014, we consummated the acquisition of our ComSovereign subsidiary and its various lines of business, which are diverse and involve a number of different proposed and existing product offerings, in November 2019, and a number of other operating subsidiaries since that time. As a result, we have a limited operating history as a consolidated companyCompany upon which you may evaluate our business and prospects. Our business operations are subject to numerous risks, uncertainties, expenses, and difficulties associated with early-stage enterprises. You should consider an investment in our companyCompany in light of these risks, uncertainties, expenses and difficulties. Such risks include:

Because we are subject to these risks, and the other risks discussed below, you may have a difficult time evaluating our business and your investment in our company.Company.

We incurred net losses in our 20212022 and 20202021 fiscal years with negative cash flows, and we cannot assure you as to when, or if, we will become profitable and generate positive cash flows.

We experienced net losses from operations in our fiscal years ended December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, and we may continue to incur net losses from operations in the future. lossesLosses have historically required us to seek additional funding through the issuance of debt or equity securities. Our long-term success is dependent upon, among other things, achieving positive cash flows from operations and, if necessary, augmenting such cash flows using external resources to satisfy our cash needs. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain additional funding, if needed, on commercially reasonable terms, or ofif at all.

We expect to continue to incur losses from operations and negative cash flows, which raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We anticipate incurring additional losses until such time, if ever, as we can generate significant sales of our microwave radios and related products. We will require substantial additional financing to fund our operations and to develop and commercialize the technologies of our other operating subsidiaries. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We will seek to obtain additional capital through the sale of non-core assets, debt or equity financings or other arrangements to fund operations; however, there can be no assurance that we will be able to raise needed capital under acceptable terms, if at all. The sale of additional equity may dilute existing stockholders and newly issued shares may contain senior rights and preferences compared to currently outstanding shares of common stock. Issued debt securities may contain covenants and limit our ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to stockholders. If we are unable to obtain such additional financing, future operations would need to be scaled back or discontinued. Due to the uncertainty in our ability to raise capital, we believe that there is substantial doubt in our ability to continue as a going concern.

We may not generate sufficient cash flows to cover our operating expenses.

As noted above, we have incurred recurring losses since inception. Until we can generate significant sales of our product lines, we expect to continue to incur losses primarily as a result of costs and expenses related to research and continued development of the technologies of our operating subsidiaries and our corporate general and administrative expenses. Our operations to date have been funded primarily through sales of our debt and equity securities. As of December 31, 2021,2022, we had negative working capital of approximately $3.5$15.9 million and limited available cash. In the event that we are unable to generate sufficient cash from our operating activities or raise additional funds, we may be required to delay, reduce or severely curtail our operations or otherwise impede our on-going business efforts, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and long-term prospects.

We have significant debt and if we are unable to repay our debt when it becomes due, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially harmed.

As of December 31, 2021,2022, we had total debt obligations of approximately $29.4$13.5 million, excluding accrued interest and forgivable debt under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”).interest. Our outstanding indebtedness could have significant effects on our business, such as:

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash flows from our operations to repay our indebtedness when it becomes due and to meet our other cash needs. If we are not able to pay our debts as they become due, we will be required to pursue one or more alternative strategies, such as selling assets, refinancing or restructuring our indebtedness, or selling additional debt or equity securities. We may not be able to refinance our debt, sell additional debt or equity securities or sell our assets on favorable terms, if at all, and if we must sell our assets, we may negatively affect our ability to generate revenue.

We have Defaulteddefaulted on Certain Lease Obligationscertain debt obligations and if we are unable to meet our obligations when it becomes due, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially harmed.

Certain of our debt obligations required us to timely file periodic financial reports with the SEC. On or about April 16, 2022, we became in default of such provisions by failing to file our Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2021. We also failed to timely file our Form 10-Q for the periods ended March 31, 2022, June 30, 2022, and September 30, 2022. Those periodic reports have subsequently been filed with the SEC and the Company regained compliance with Nasdaq effective February 27, 2023.

On February 1,March 31, 2023, COMSovereign Holding Corp. (the “Company”) filed a notice of late filing on Form 12b-25 with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) to report that its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “Form 10-K”) would not be timely filed. We also failed to timely file our Form 10-Q for the periods ended March 31, 2023, June 30, 2023, and September 30, 2023.

On April 18, 2023, the Company entered intoreceived a 10-year leasenotice from The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) stating that because the Company has not yet filed the Form 10-K, the Company is no longer in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1), which requires listed companies to timely file all required periodic financial reports with the SEC. On May 17, 2023, the Company received a notice from Nasdaq stating that because the Company has not yet filed the Form 10-Q for 140,405 square feetthe period ended March 31, 2023, the Company remains not in compliance with respect to the delinquent reports. On August 16, 2023, the Company received a notice from Nasdaq stating that because the Company has not yet filed its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, the Company is not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rules.

On October 16, 2023, the Company received notice from the Listing Qualifications Staff (the “Staff”) indicating that the Staff had determined to delist the Company’s securities unless the Company timely requests a hearing before the Nasdaq Hearings Panel (the “Panel”). The Staff’s determination was based upon the Company’s continued non-compliance with the filing requirement set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) because the Company has not filed its Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, and the Forms 10-Q for the periods ended March 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023. On November 16, 2023, the Company received a notice from Nasdaq stating that because the Company has not yet filed its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, the Company is not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rules.

The Company requested and obtained a hearing before the Panel, as well as a further stay of commercial spaceany additional action by Nasdaq pending the issuance of a decision by the Panel. There can be no assurance that a stay will be granted or that a favorable decision will be obtained.

If the Company fails to timely regain compliance with the Nasdaq Listing Rule within any grace period granted by the Nasdaq Hearings Panel, the Company’s common stock, warrants and 9.25% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock will be subject to delisting from Nasdaq. There is no assurance that the Company will regain compliance during any grace periods or be able to maintain compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements in Tucson, Arizona,the future. If we are not able to regain compliance during a grace period, Nasdaq will notify us that our common stock, warrants, and defaulted on this lease on or about March 1, 2022. In addition, two of our subsidiaries9.25% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock will be delisted from The Nasdaq Capital Market.

We have debt obligations that we are in default of their office leases.on and are not timely able to satisfy.

Our outstanding indebtedness and defaultdefaults on leasesdebt could have significant effects on our business, such as:

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash flows from our operations to repay our debt obligations when they become due and to meet our other cash needs. If we are not able to pay our debt obligations as they become due, we will be required to pursue one or more alternative strategies, such as selling assets, refinancing or restructuring our indebtedness, or selling additional debt or equity securities. We may not be able to sell additional debt or equity securities or sell our assets on favorable terms, if at all, and if we must sell our assets, we may negatively affect our ability to generate revenue.

We have defaulted on certain lease obligations and if we are unable to meet our obligations when it becomes due, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially harmed.

On February 1, 2022, we entered into a 10-year lease for 140,405 square feet of commercial space in Tucson, Arizona, and defaulted on this lease on or about March 1, 2022. In addition, at least three of our subsidiaries are in default of leases.

Our outstanding indebtedness and default on leases could have significant effects on our business, such as:

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash flows from our operations to repay our lease obligations when they becomesbecome due and to meet our other cash needs. If we are not able to pay our lease obligations as they become due, we will be required to pursue one or more alternative strategies, such as selling assets, refinancing or restructuring our indebtedness, or selling additional debt or equity securities. We may not be able to sell additional debt or equity securities or sell our assets on favorable terms, if at all, and if we must sell our assets, we may negatively affect our ability to generate revenue.

If we are unable to obtain additional funding when needed, our business operations will be harmed, and if we do obtain additional financing, our then-existing stockholders may suffer substantial dilution.

As we take steps in the commercialization and marketing of our technologies or respond to potential opportunities and/or adverse events, our working capital needs may change. We anticipate that if our cash and cash equivalents are insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, we will require additional funding to sustain our ongoing operations and to continue our research and development activities. We do not have any contracts or commitments for additional funding, and there can be no assurance that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all, if needed. The inability to obtain additional capital will restrict our ability to grow and may reduce our ability to conduct business operations. If we are unable to obtain additional financing to finance a revised growth plan, we will likely be required to curtail such plans or cease our business operations. Any additional equity financing may involve substantial dilution to our then existing stockholders.

Raising capital in the future could cause dilution to our existing stockholders and may restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights.

In the future, we may seek additional capital through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings and collaborations and strategic and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a stockholder. Debt financing, if available, would result in increased fixed payment obligations and may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions such as incurring debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaboration or strategic alliance arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our future revenue streams or product candidates on terms that are not favorable to us.

The occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemicpandemics has and may still negatively affect our operations depending on the severity and longevity of the pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic is currently impacting countries, communities, supply chains and markets as well as the global financial markets. A pandemic typically results in social distancing, travel bans and quarantine, and this may limit access to our facilities, customers, management, support staff and professional advisors. These factors, in turn, may not only impact our operations, financial condition and demand for our goods and services but our overall ability to react timely to mitigate the impact of this event. In addition, it may hamper our efforts to comply with our filing obligations with the SEC. At this time, we cannot predict the impact of COVID-19pandemics on our ability to obtain financing necessary to fund our working capital and other requirements. Depending on the severity and longevity of the COVID-19 pandemic,pandemics, our business, customers and stockholders has and may still experience a significant negative impact.

Rapid technological change in our market and/or changes in customer requirements could cause our products to become obsolete or require us to redesign our products, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

The market for our products is characterized by rapid technological change, frequent new product introductions and enhancements, uncertain product life cycles, changing customer demands and evolving industry standards, any of which can render existing products obsolete. We believe that our future success will depend in large part on our ability to develop new and effective products in a timely manner and on a cost-effective basis. As a result of the complexities inherent in our products, major new products and product enhancements can require long development and testing periods, which may result in significant delays in the general availability of new releases or significant problems in the implementation of new releases. In addition, if we or our competitors announce or introduce new products our current or future customers may defer or cancel purchases of our products, which could materially adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Our failure to develop successfully, on a timely and cost-effective basis, new products or new product enhancement that respond to technological change, evolving industry standards or customer requirements would have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Product development is a long, expensive, and uncertain process, and our failure to develop marketable products in our various markets could adversely affect our business, prospects and financial condition.

The development of our technologies and products, particularly for our proposed full-duplex wireless microwave products and our SiPstate-of-the-art in silicon photonic (“SiP”) technologies product lines, is a costly, complex and time consumingtime-consuming process, and the investment in product development often involves a long wait until a return, if any, is achieved on such investment. We continue to make significant investments in research and development relating to our technologies and products. Investments in new technology and processes are inherently speculative. Technical obstacles and challenges we encounter in our research and development process may result in delays in or abandonment of product commercialization, substantially increase the costs of development and negatively affect our results of operations.

We compete with companies that have significantly more resources for their research and development efforts than we have or have received government contracts for the development of new products.

A number of our competitors have received considerable funding from government or government relatedgovernment-related sources to develop various technologies or products. Most of these organizations and many of our other competitors have greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing and sales resources and capabilities than we do. In addition, with respect to products we are developing for certain markets, we anticipate increasing competition as a result of industry consolidation, which has enabled companies to enhance their competitive position and ability to compete against us. These organizations also compete with us to:

Our competitors may succeed in developing and commercializing products earlier than we do. Our competitors may also develop products or technologies that are superior to those we are developing and render our technology candidates or technologies obsolete or noncompetitive. If we cannot successfully compete with new or existing products and technologies, our marketing and sales will suffer, and our financial condition would be adversely affected.

Successful technical development of our products does not guarantee successful commercialization.

Even if we successfully complete the technical development for one or all of our product development programs, we may still fail to develop a commercially successful product for a number of reasons, including, among others, the following:

Although we have sold our DragonWave Fastback and VNCFastBack radios, and5G solution, our WASP aerostat systems and various other aerostat ISRintelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (“ISR”) systems and components, our success in the market for the products we develop will depend largely on our ability to prove our products’ capabilities. Upon demonstration, our products may not have the capabilities they were designed to have or that we believed they would have. Furthermore, even if we do successfully demonstrate our products’ capabilities, potential customers may be more comfortable doing business with a larger, more established, more proven company than ours. Moreover, competing products may prevent us from gaining wide market acceptance of our products. We may not achieve significant revenue from new product investments for a number of years, if at all.

Product quality problems, defects, errors, or vulnerabilities in our products could harm our reputation and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may experience quality control problems in our manufacturing or the manufacturing operations of our contract manufacturers. We produce highly complex products that incorporate advanced technologies and that we believe to be state-of-the-art for our industry. Despite our testing prior to their release, our products may contain undetected defects or errors, including design, contract manufacturing or supplier quality issues, especially when first introduced or when new versions are released. Product defects or errors in the future could affect the performance of our products and could delay the development or release of new products or new versions of products. In addition, undetected quality problems may prompt unexpected product returns and adversely affect warranty costs. Allegations of unsatisfactory performance could cause us to lose revenue or market share, damage our reputation in the market and with customers, and increase our warranty costs and related returns, which could negatively impact our gross margins, cause us to incur substantial costs in redesigning the products, cause us to lose significant customers, subject us to liability for damages or divert our resources from other tasks, any one of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If we lose our rights to use software, we currently license from third parties, we could be forced to seek alternative technology, which could increase our operating expenses and could adversely affect our ability to compete.

We license certain software used in our products from third parties, generally on a non-exclusive basis. The termination of any of these licenses, or the failure of the licensors to adequately maintain or update their software, could delay our ability to ship our products while we seek to implement alternative technology offered by other sources and could require significant unplanned investments on our part if we are forced to develop alternative technology internally. In addition, alternative technology may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms from other sources. In the future, it may be necessary or desirable to obtain other third-party licenses relating to one or more of our products or relating to current or future technologies to enhance our product offerings. There is a risk that we will not be able to obtain licensing rights to the needed technology on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

If sufficient radio spectrum is not allocated for use by our products or if we fail to obtain regulatory approval for our products, our ability to market our products may be restricted.

Radio communications are subject to significant regulation in North America, Europe, India and other jurisdictions in which we sell our products. Generally, our products must conform to a variety of national and international standards and requirements established to avoid interference among users of radio frequencies and to permit the interconnections of telecommunications equipment. In addition, our products are affected by the allocation and licensing (by auction or other means) of radio spectrum by governmental authorities. Such governmental authorities may not allocate or license sufficient radio spectrum for use by prospective customers of our products. Historically, in many developed countries, the lack of availability of commercial radio spectrum or the failure by governments to license that spectrum has inhibited the growth of wireless telecommunications networks.

In certain cases, in order to sell our products in any given jurisdiction, we must obtain regulatory approval for our products. Each jurisdiction in which we market our products has its own rules relating to such approval. Products that support emerging wireless telecommunications services can be marketed in a jurisdiction only if permitted by suitable radio spectrum allocations and regulations, and the process of establishing new regulations is complex and lengthy.

Any failure by regulatory authorities to allocate suitable and sufficient radio spectrum to potential customers in a timely manner could adversely and materially impact demand for our products and may result in the delay or loss of potential orders for our products. In addition, any failure by us to obtain or maintain the proper regulatory approvals for our products could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are dependent upon our resellers in certain jurisdictions to provide localized support and other local services which assist us in avoiding certain costs and investments.

By selling our products in certain markets through resellers, we are able to avoid certain costs relating to operating in those markets, including but not limited to local support costs, costs of maintaining a local legal entity, administration costs and logistics. If we choose or are required to sell direct in these markets (due to customer preference, termination of a reseller relationship or other reasons), the cost advantages described will no longer be available to us, which could result in an increase in our operating costs.

If critical components or raw materials used to manufacture our products become scarce or unavailable, then we may incur delays in manufacturing and delivery of our products, which could damage our business.

We and the contract manufacturers of our products rely on a limited number of suppliers for the raw materials and hardware components necessary to manufacture our products. We do not have any long-term agreements with any of our suppliers that obligate them to continue to sell their materials or products to us. Our reliance on these suppliers involves significant risks and uncertainties as to whether our suppliers will provide an adequate supply of required raw materials, component parts, and products. Lead-times for limited-source materials and components can be as long as sixtwelve months, vary significantly and depend on factors such as the specific supplier, contract terms and demand for a component at a given time. From time to time, shortages in allocations of components have resulted in delays in filling orders. Shortages and delays in obtaining components in the future could impede our ability to meet customer orders. In addition, as the demand for these components and other products increases, it is likely that the price for these components will increase. If we or our contract manufacturers are unable to obtain the raw materials, including certain electrical components used in our telecom products or the helium gas used in our aerostat products to provide lift, and component parts in the quantities and the quality we require on a timely basis and at acceptable prices, we may not be able to deliver our products on a timely or cost-effective basis, which could cause our customers to terminate their contracts with us, increase our costs and materially harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Furthermore, if our suppliers or the suppliers of our contract manufacturers are unable or unwilling to supply the raw materials or components, we or our contract manufacturers require, we will be forced to locate alternative suppliers and possibly redesign our products to accommodate components from alternative suppliers. This would likely cause significant delays in manufacturing and shipping our products to customers and could materially harm our business.

Our dependence and exposure on component suppliers are heightened when we introduce new products. New products frequently include components that we do not use in other product lines. When we introduce new products, we must secure reliable sources of supply for those products at volumes that will be dictated by end-customer demand. Demand is often difficult to predict until the new product is better established. Constraints in our supply chain can slow the progress of new product rollouts, adversely affecting our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our future profitability may depend on achieving cost reductions from increasing manufacturing quantities of our products. Failing to achieve such reductions in manufacturing costs could materially affect our business.

We have limited experience manufacturing certain of our products, particularly our tethered aerostat and drone products and our DragonWave Fastback, and VNCFastBack microwave radio products, in high volumes and do not know whether or when we will be able to develop efficient, low-cost manufacturing capabilities and processes that will enable us to manufacture our products in large quantities while maintaining our quality, speed, price, engineering and design standards. Our inability to develop such manufacturing processes and capabilities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We expect our suppliers to experience an increase in demand for their products, and we may not have reliable access to supplies that we require and may not be able to purchase such materials or components at cost effective prices. There is no assurance that we will obtain any material labor and machinery cost reductions associated with higher production levels, and failure to achieve these cost reductions could adversely impact our business and financial results.

We rely primarily upon onetwo outsourced manufacturer eachmanufacturers, one for manufacturing our FastbackFastBack radios and one for manufacturing DragonWave radios and related components and we are exposed to the risk that these two manufacturers will not be able to satisfy our manufacturing needs on a timely basis.

We do not have internal manufacturing capabilities to mass produce our FastbackFastBack and DragonWave radios and related components and we rely upon a singletwo outsourced manufacturer,manufacturers, SMC for FastbackFastBack and Benchmark for DragonWave, to manufacture such products. See “Description of the Business — Manufacturing, Suppliers and Vendors.” Our ability to ship products to our customers could be delayed or interrupted as a result of a variety of factors relating to our outsourced manufacturer, including:

Although we believe that our outsourced manufacturers have sufficient economic incentive to perform our manufacturing, the resources devoted to these activities by it are not within our control, and there can be no assurance that manufacturing problems will not occur in the future. Insufficient supply or an interruption or stoppage of supply from our outsourced manufacturer or our inability to obtain additional manufacturers when and if needed, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If any of our outsourced manufacturers are unable or unwilling to continue manufacturing our products in required volumes and quality levels, we will have to identify, qualify, select and implement acceptable alternative manufacturers, which would likely be time consuming and costly. In addition, an alternate source may not be available to us or may not be able to satisfy our production requirements at commercially reasonable prices and quality. Therefore, any significant interruption in manufacturing would result in us being unable to deliver the affected products to meet our customer orders, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our potential customers for our radios and our aerostat and drone products are likely to include U.S. Government or Government-related entities that are subject to appropriations by Congress. Reduced funding for defense procurement and research and development programs would likely adversely impact our ability to generate revenues.

We anticipate that the majority of our revenue to be derived from our aerostat productsproduct and a substantial percentage of our revenue to be derived from our radio product sales, at least in the foreseeable future, will come from U.S. Government and Government-related entities, including the U.S. Department of Defense and other departments and agencies. Government programs in which we may seek to participate, and contracts for tethered aerostats and drones or microwave radios, must compete with other programs for consideration during Congress’ budget and appropriations hearings, and may be affected by changes not only in political power and appointments but also general economic conditions and other factors beyond our control. A government closure based on a failure of Congress to agree on federal appropriations or the uncertainty surrounding a continuing resolution may result in termination or delay of federal funding opportunities we are pursuing. Reductions, extensions, or terminations in a program in which we are seeking to participate, or overall defense or other spending could adversely affect our ability to generate revenues and realize any profits. We cannot predict whether potential changes in security, defense, communications, and intelligence priorities will afford opportunities for our business in terms of research and development or product contracts, but any reduction in government spending on such programs could negatively impact our ability to generate revenues. In addition, our ability to participate in U.S. Government programs may be affected by the adoption of new laws or regulations relating to government contracting or changes in existing laws or regulations, changes in political or public support for security and defense programs, and uncertainties associated with the current global threat environment and other geo-political matters.

Opportunities for expanded uses of our drone products in the United States are limited by federal laws and rulemaking.

The drone products we design and manufacture for use within the United States are limited by federal laws and rulemaking, including the commercial drone regulations (Part 107) adopted by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (the “FAA”) at the end of August 2016. Our ability to design, manufacture and release new products for use in the United States will be limited by federal law and regulations, which can be slow and subject to delays based on political turnover and disruptions in federal funding, among other reasons. The Part 107 rules limit the altitude, available airspace and weight of a drone and also the certification of remote pilots that can operate a drone for commercial purposes in the United States. We, or our customers, may seek waivers from the Part 107 rules for expanded operations; however, the processing of waivers is lengthy and uncertain. Political limits on the ability to issue new regulations could slow the growth of the aerostat and tethered drone market.

Some of our products may be subject to governmental regulations pertaining to exportation, which may limit the markets in which we can sell some of our products.

International sales of certain of our products, including our tethered aerostat and drone products, may be subject to U.S. laws, regulations and policies like the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (“ITAR”) and other export laws and regulations and may be subject to first obtaining licenses, clearances or authorizations from various regulatory entities. If we are not allowed to export our products or the clearance process is burdensome, our ability to generate revenue would be adversely affected. The failure to comply with any of these regulations could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business and generate revenues, as well as increase our operating costs.

Economic conditions in the U.S. and worldwide could adversely affect our revenues.

Our revenues and operating results depend on the overall demand for our technologies and services. If the U.S. and worldwide economies weaken, either alone or in tandem with other factors beyond our control (including war, political unrest, pandemic,pandemics, natural disasters, shifts in market demand for our services, actions by competitors or other causes), we may not be able to maintain or expand the growth of our revenue.

Sales to customers outside the United States or with international operations expose us to risks inherent in international sales.

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, approximately 7% and 2020, approximately 29% and 18%12%, respectively, of our revenues were derived from sales outside of the United States.North America. While our near-term focus is on the North American telecom and infrastructure and service market, a key element of our growth strategy is to expand our worldwide customer base and our international operations, initially through agreements with third-party resellers, distributors and other partners that can market and sell our products in foreign jurisdictions. Supporting our distributors operating in international markets may require significant resources and management attention and may subject us to regulatory, economic, and political risks that are different from those in the United States. We have limited operating experience in some international markets, and we cannot assure you that our expansion efforts into other international markets will be successful. Our experience in the United States and other international markets in which we already have a presence may not be relevant to our ability to expand in other international markets. Our international expansion efforts may not be successful in creating further demand for our products outside of the United States or in effectively selling our products in the international markets we enter. In addition, we face risks in doing business internationally that could adversely affect our business, including:

Any of the foregoing factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Some of our business partners also have international operations and are subject to the risks described above. Even if we are able to successfully manage the risks of international operations, our business may be adversely affected if our business partners are not able to successfully manage these risks, which could adversely affect our business.

Challenging global economic conditions, ongoing geopolitical and trade uncertainty and ongoing local and regional conflicts may adversely impact the demand, cost and pricing for our products and services, as well as limit our ability to grow.

The challenging global economic conditions due to the pandemic, downturn in the global economy, political unrest and uncertainty, labor and supply shortages, increasing inflation and rising interest rates, and numerous ongoing local and regional conflicts of which the ongoing military conflict between the Ukraine and Russia are of particular significance, may have adverse, wide-ranging effects on demand for our products and for the products of our customers. In addition, the geopolitical risks and trade frictions, including trade restrictions, enhanced sanctions measures and increased safeguards for national security purposes, can impact global market conditions and continue to be challenging for global supply chains in general and information and communication technologies supply chains in particular. This could cause operators and other customers to postpone investments or initiate other cost-cutting measures to maintain or improve their financial position. This could also result in significantly reduced expenditures for our products and services, in which case our operating results (EBIT) would suffer. If demand for our products and services were to fall, we may experience material adverse effects on our revenues, cash flow and value of our assets and we could incur increased operating losses. Furthermore, if demand is significantly weaker or more volatile than expected, our borrowing opportunities and costs as well as the trading price of our common stock could be adversely impacted. Should global economic conditions fail to improve or should they worsen or should political unrest and uncertainty, labor and supply shortages, natural disasters, increasing inflation and rising interest rates, or geopolitical problems or trade frictions fail to improve or should they worsen, other business risks we face could intensify and could also negatively impact our business prospects of operators and other customers.

All of the above may have a material and potentially lasting adverse impact on our product development, supply chains, sales and operating results. Such adverse impacts may include for example:

Ongoing local and regional conflicts and wars may adversely impact the demand, cost and pricing for our products and services, as well as limit our ability to grow.

In February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine, an escalation of the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War conflict.  In October 2023, Hamas militants infiltrated Israel’s southern border from the Gaza Strip and conducted a series of terror attacks on civilian and military targets. The intensity and duration of these regional wars is difficult to predict, and so are such wars economic implications on the Company’s business and operations. To the extent that any of these negative developments do occur, they may have an adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations and its ability to raise additional funds. As of December 31, 2022, the Company considered the impact of these regional wars on its business and operational assumptions and estimates and determined there were no material adverse impacts on the Company’s consolidated results of operations and financial position as of December 31, 2023.

On October 7, 2023, Hamas militants infiltrated Israel’s southern border from the Gaza Strip and conducted a series of terror attacks on civilian and military targets. The intensity and duration of Israel’s current war against Hamas is difficult to predict, and as are such war’s economic implications on the Company’s business and operations. To the extent that any of these negative developments do occur, they may have an adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations and its ability to raise additional funds.

We intend to pursue strategic transactions in the future, which could be difficult to implement, disrupt our business or change our business profile significantly.

We intend to continue to pursue potential strategic transactions, which could involve acquisitions of businesses or assets, joint ventures or investments in businesses, products or technologies that expand, complement, or otherwise relate to our current or future business. We also intend to consider, from time to time, opportunities to engage in joint ventures or other business collaborations with third parties to address particular market segments. However, we may be unable to find suitable acquisition candidates or other suitable partners or products or may be unable to complete acquisitions or strategic transactions on favorable terms, if at all. For example, while the historical financial and operating performance or an acquisition or joint venture partner are among the criteria, we evaluate in determining which acquisition or joint venture targets to pursue, there can be no assurance that any business or assets we acquire or contract with will continue to perform in accordance with past practices or will achieve financial or operating results that are consistent with or exceed past results. Any such failure could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

In addition, any completed acquisition or other transaction may not result in the intended benefits for other reasons and any completed acquisition or other transaction will create or involve a number of other risks such as, among others:

Also, such activities could result in one-time charges and expenses and have the potential to either dilute the interests of existing stockholders or result in the issuance of or assumption of debt.

Such acquisitions, investments, joint ventures, or other business collaborations may involve significant commitments of financial and other resources of our company.Company. Any such activity may not be successful in generating revenue, income or other returns to us, and the resources committed to such activities will not be available to us for other purposes. Moreover, if we are unable to access capital markets on acceptable terms or at all, we may not be able to consummate acquisitions or may have to do so based on a less than optimal capital structure. Our inability to (i) take advantage of growth opportunities for our business or for our products or (ii) address risks associated with acquisitions or investments in businesses may negatively affect our operating results. Additionally, any impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets acquired in an acquisition or in an investment or charges to earnings associated with any acquisition or investment activity may materially reduce our earnings. These future acquisitions or joint ventures may not result in their anticipated benefits, and we may not be able to properly integrate acquired products, technologies or businesses with our existing products and operations or combine personnel and cultures. Failure to do so could deprive us of the intended benefits of those acquisitions.

We may be unable to successfully integrate our recent and future acquisitions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

In November 2019, we acquired the business and operations of ComSovereign, which itself had acquired five companies in 2019, including DragonWave, InduraPower Lextrum, Silver Bullet, and VEO. In 2020, we acquired the business and operations of Sovereign Plastics and VNC. In 2021, we acquired the business and operations of Fastback, Innovation Digital, SAGUNA, SKS, RF Engineering and RVision. The operation and management of all of the recent acquisitions, or any of our future acquisitions, may adversely affect our existing results of operations or we may not be able to effectively manage any growth resulting from these transactions. Before we acquired them, these companies operated independently of one another. Until we establish centralized financial, management information and other administrative systems, we will rely on the separate systems of these companies, including their financial reporting systems.

Our success will depend, in part, on the extent to which we are able to merge these functions, eliminate the unnecessary duplication of other functions and otherwise integrate these companies (and any additional businesses with which we may combine in the future) into a cohesive, efficient enterprise. This integration process may entail significant costs and delays could occur. Our failure to integrate the operations of these companies successfully could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. To the extent that any acquisition results in additional goodwill, it will reduce our tangible net worth, which might adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as our credit and bonding capacity.

If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights, we could lose our ability to compete in the marketplace.

Our intellectual property and proprietary rights are important to our ability to remain competitive and for the success of our products and our business. Patent protection can be limited and not all intellectual property is or can be patented. We rely on a combination of patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret laws as well as confidentiality agreements and procedures, non-competition agreements and other contractual provisions to protect our intellectual property, other proprietary rights, and our brand. We have little protection when we must rely on trade secrets and nondisclosure agreements. Our intellectual property rights may be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented by third parties. We may not be able to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our technical knowledge or other trade secrets by employees or competitors. Furthermore, our competitors may independently develop technologies and products that are substantially equivalent or superior to our technologies and/or products, which could result in decreased revenues for us. Moreover, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S. Litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights, which could result in substantial costs to us and substantial diversion of management’s attention. If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property, our competitors could use it to enhance their products. Our inability to adequately protect our intellectual property rights could adversely affect our business and financial condition and the value of our brand and other intangible assets.

If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights, our ability to pursue the development of our technologies and products would be negatively affected.

Our success will depend in part on our ability to obtain patents and maintain adequate protection of our intellectual property and technologies. Some foreign countries lack rules and methods for defending intellectual property rights and do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the United States. We have numerous issued patents and have filed several additional patent applications, outside the United States, and many companies have had difficulty protecting their proprietary rights in foreign countries. We may not be able to prevent misappropriation of our proprietary rights.

The patent process is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties and there can be no assurance that we will be successful in protecting our technologies by obtaining and enforcing patents. These risks and uncertainties include the following:

Moreover, any patents issued to us may not provide us with meaningful protection, or others may challenge, circumvent, or narrow our patents. Third parties may also independently develop technologies similar to ours or design around any patents on our technologies.

In addition, the United States Patent and Trademark Office and patent offices in other jurisdictions have often required that patent applications concerning software inventions be limited or narrowed substantially to cover only the specific innovations exemplified in the patent application, thereby limiting the scope of protection against competitive challenges. Thus, even if we or our licensors are able to obtain patents, the patents may be substantially narrower than anticipated.

Our success depends on our patents, patent applications, patents that may be licensed exclusively to us, and other patents to which we may obtain assignment or licenses. We may not be aware, however, of all patents, published applications, or published literature that may affect our business by blocking our ability to commercialize our products, preventing the patentability of products or services by us or our licensors, or covering the same or similar technologies that may invalidate our patents, limit the scope of our future patent claims, or adversely affect our ability to market our products and services.

In addition to patents, we rely on a combination of trade secrets, confidentiality, nondisclosure and other contractual provisions, and security measures to protect our confidential and proprietary information. These measures may not adequately protect our trade secrets or other proprietary information. If they do not adequately protect our rights, third parties could use our technology, and we could lose any competitive advantage we may have. In addition, others may independently develop similar proprietary information or techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets, which could impair any competitive advantage we may have.

Patent protection and other intellectual property protection are crucial to the success of our business and prospects, and there is a substantial risk that such protections will prove inadequate.

Other companies may claim that we infringe their intellectual property, which could materially increase our costs and harm our ability to generate future revenue and profit.

We do not believe our product technologies infringe the proprietary rights of any third-party but claims of infringement are becoming increasingly common and third parties may assert infringement claims against us. It may be difficult or impossible to identify, prior to receipt of notice from a third-party, the trade secrets, patent position or other intellectual property rights of a third-party, either in the United States or in foreign jurisdictions. Any such assertion may result in litigation or may require us to obtain a license for or otherwise restrict our use of the intellectual property rights of third parties. If we are required to obtain licenses to use any third-party technology, we would have to pay royalties, which may significantly reduce any profit on our products. In addition, any such litigation could be expensive and disruptive to our ability to generate revenue or enter new market opportunities. If any of our products are found to infringe other parties’ proprietary rights and we are unable to come to terms regarding a license with such parties, we may be forced to modify our products to make them non-infringing or to cease production of such products altogether.

Security breaches, including cybersecurity incidents and other disruptions could compromise our information, expose us to liability and harm our reputation and business.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, including intellectual property, personal information, our proprietary business information and that of our customers, suppliers and business partners, and personally identifiable information of our customers and employees in our data centers and on our networks. The secure maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations and business strategy. We rely on commercially available systems, software, tools and monitoring to provide security for processing, transmission, and storage of confidential information. Computer hackers may attempt to penetrate our computer systems and, if successful, misappropriate personal or confidential business information. In addition, an associate, contractor, or other third-party with whom we do business may attempt to circumvent our security measures to obtain such information and may purposefully or inadvertently cause a breach involving such information. Despite the security measures we have in place and any additional measures we may implement in the future to safeguard our systems and to mitigate potential security risks, our facilities, and systems, and those of our third-party service providers, could be vulnerable to security breaches. Any such compromise of our data security and access, public disclosure, or loss of personal or confidential business information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, regulatory penalties, disruption of our operations, damage to our reputation, loss of our customers’ willingness to transact business with us, and subject us to additional costs and liabilities which could materially adversely affect our business.

We do not carry insurance against all potential risks and losses, and our insurance might be inadequate to cover all of our losses or liabilities or may not be available on commercially reasonable terms.

We have limited, and potentially insufficient, insurance coverage for expenses and losses that may arise in connection with the quality of our products, property damage, work-related accidents and occupational illnesses, natural disasters, and environmental contamination. In addition, we have no insurance coverage for loss of profits or other losses caused by the death or incapacitation of our senior management. As a result, losses or liabilities arising from these or other such events could increase our costs and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We intend to reevaluate the purchase of insurance, policy limits and terms annually or when circumstances warrant from time to time. Future insurance coverage for our industry could increase in cost and may include higher deductibles or retentions than we could obtain now. In addition, some forms of insurance may become unavailable in the future or unavailable on terms that we believe are economically acceptable. No assurance can be given that we will be able to maintain insurance in the future at rates that we consider reasonable, and we may elect to continue to maintain minimal or no insurance coverage. We may not be able to secure additional insurance or bonding that might be required by new governmental regulations. This may cause us to restrict our operations in certain jurisdictions, which might severely impact our financial position. The occurrence of a significant event, not fully insured against, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The nature of our business involves significant risks and uncertainties that may not be covered by insurance or indemnity.

We develop and sell products where insurance or indemnification may not be available, including:

Failure of certain of our products could result in loss of life or property damage. Certain products may raise questions with respect to issues of civil liberties, intellectual property, trespass, conversion, and similar concepts, which may raise new legal issues. Indemnification to cover potential claims or liabilities resulting from a failure of technologies developed or deployed may be available in certain circumstances, but not in others. We are not able to maintain insurance to protect against all operational risks and uncertainties. Substantial claims resulting from an accident, failure of our product, or liability arising from our products in excess of any indemnity or insurance coverage (or for which indemnity or insurance is not available or was not obtained) could harm our financial condition, cash flows, and operating results. Any accident, even if fully covered or insured, could negatively affect our reputation among our customers and the public, and make it more difficult for us to compete effectively.

There may be health and safety risks relating to wireless products.

Our wireless communications products emit electromagnetic radiation. In recent years, there has been publicity regarding, and increased public attention with respect to, the potentially negative direct and indirect health and safety effects of electromagnetic emissions from cellular telephones and other wireless equipment sources, including allegations that these emissions may cause cancer. Health and safety issues related to our products may arise that could lead to litigation or other actions against us or to additional regulation of our products. We may be required to modify our technology and may not be able to do so. We may also be required to pay damages that may reduce our profitability and adversely affect our financial condition. Even if these concerns prove to be baseless, the resulting negative publicity could affect our ability to market our products and, in turn, could harm our business and results of operations.

If a successful product liability claim were made against us, our business could be seriously harmed.

Our agreements with our customers typically, although not always, contain provisions designed to limit our exposure to potential product liability claims. Despite this, it is possible that these limitations of liability provisions may not be effective as a result of existing or future laws or unfavorable judicial decisions. We have not experienced a material product liability claim to date; however, the sale and support of our products may entail the risk of those claims, which are likely to be substantial in light of the use of our products in critical applications. A successful product liability claim could result in significant monetary liability to us and could seriously harm our business.

Misuse of our drone products or unmanned products manufactured by other companies could result in injury, damage and/or negative press that could depress the market for unmanned systems.

If any of our drone products are misused by our customers or their designees, or by the operators of other unmanned systems, in violation of the new commercial drone regulations (Part 107) adopted by the FAA or other federal, state or local regulations, such misuse could result in injuries to the operators or bystanders, damage to property and/or negative press that could result in a reduction in the market for aerostats or tethered drones in the future. The FAA, the press and the public have been closely monitoring the growth of unmanned systems in the United States. For instance, the FAA regularly publishes reports of drone sightings and reported drone strikes of manned aircraft. One or more incidents involving unmanned systems that results in injury or death of individuals, or damaged property could result in negative press that could put at risk current and future growth.

Our tethered aerostat and drone business and operations are subject to the risks of hurricanes, tropical storms, and other natural disasters.

The corporate headquarters and manufacturing operations of our tethered aerostat and drone business operations are located in Jacksonville, Florida, where major hurricanes, tropical storms, and other severe weather conditions have occurred. A significant natural disaster, such as a hurricane, tropical storm, or other severe weather storm could severely affect our ability to conduct normal business operations for that product line, and as a result, our future operating results could be materially and adversely affected.

If we are unable to recruit and retain key management, technical and sales personnel, our business would be negatively affected.

For our business to be successful, we need to attract and retain highly-qualified technical, management and sales personnel. The failure to recruit additional key personnel when needed with specific qualifications and on acceptable terms or to retain good relationships with our partners might impede our ability to continue to develop, commercialize and sell our products. To the extent the demand for skilled personnel exceeds supply, we could experience higher labor, recruiting and training costs to attract and retain such employees. We have a limited number of key management, technical and sales personnel, and we rely heavily on them. The loss of any members of our management, teamtechnical or sales teams may also delay or impair achievement of our business objectives and result in business disruptions due to the time needed for their replacements to be recruited and become familiar with our business. We face competition for qualified personnel from other companies with significantly more resources available to them and thus may not be able to attract the level of personnel needed for our business to succeed.

If we are unable to recruit and retain employees, our business would be negatively affected.

For our business to be successful, we need to attract and retain a sufficient number of employees. We have lost a significant amountnumber of employees in 2022. The failure to recruit and retain sufficient employees when needed with specific qualifications and on acceptable terms or to retain good relationships with our employees might impede our ability to continue to develop, commercialize and sell our products. To the extent the demand for employees exceeds supply, we could experience higher labor, recruiting and training costs to attract and retain such employees. The loss of employees may also delay or impair achievement of our business objectives and result in business disruptions due to the time needed for their replacements to be recruited and become familiar with our business. We face competition for employees from other companies with significantly more resources available to them and thus may not be able to attract the level of employees for our business to succeed.

If we are required to reclassify independent contractors as employees, we may incur additional costs and taxes which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We engage a significant number of independent contractors in our operations, particularly in our research and development efforts, for whom we do not pay or withhold any federal, state or provincial employment tax. There are several different tests used in determining whether an individual is an employee, or an independent contractor and such tests generally take into account multiple factors. There can be no assurance that legislative, judicial, or regulatory (including tax) authorities will not introduce proposals or assert interpretations of existing rules and regulations that would change, or at least challenge, the classification of our independent contractors. Although we believe we have properly classified our independent contractors, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service or other U.S. federal or state authorities or similar authorities of a foreign government may determine that we have misclassified our independent contractors for employment tax or other purposes and, as a result, seek additional taxes from us or attempt to impose fines and penalties. If we are required to pay employer taxes or pay federal withholding with respect to prior periods with respect to or on behalf of our independent contractors, our operating costs will increase, which could adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, and we cannot assure you that additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies will not occur in the future. If our internal control over financial reporting or our disclosure controls and procedures are not effective, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud, which may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and may lead to a decline in our stock price.

We have historically had a small internal accounting and finance staff with limited financial accounting systems. This lack of adequate accounting resources has resulted in the identification of material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting. A “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. In connection with the audit of our financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, our management team identified material weaknesses, which continued to exist as of December 31, 2022, relating to, among other matters:

We have taken steps, and plan to continueUpon an improvement of our liquidity challenges, we intend to take additional steps, to seek to remediate these material weaknesses and to improve our financial reporting systems and to implement new policies, procedures, and controls. If we do not successfully remediate the material weaknesses described above, or if other material weaknesses or other deficiencies arise in the future, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results on a timely basis, which could cause our reported financial results to be materially misstated and require restatement which could result in the loss of investor confidence, delisting and/or cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

Risks Relating to our Series A Preferred Stock

Our Series A Preferred Stock price may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to Holderholders and litigation.

In addition to changes to market prices based on our results of operations and the factors discussed elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, the market price of and trading volume for our Series A Preferred Stock may change for a variety of other reasons, not necessarily related to our actual operating performance. The capital markets have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our Series A Preferred Stock. In addition, the average daily trading volume of the securities of small companies can be very low, which may contribute to future volatility. Factors that could cause the market price of our Series A Preferred Stock to fluctuate significantly include:

Any of these factors, as well as broader market and industry factors, may result in large and sudden changes in the trading volume of our Series A Preferred Stock and could seriously harm the market price of our Series A Preferred Stock, regardless of our operating performance. In addition, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, stockholders often institute securities class action litigation against that company. Our involvement in any class action suit or other legal proceeding could divert our senior management’s attention and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our Series A Preferred Stock was only recently issued on October 27, 2021, has no stated maturity date, and does not have an established trading market, which may negatively affect its market value and your ability to transfer or sell your shares.

Our Series A Preferred Stock has been listed and trading on The Nasdaq Capital Market only since October 27, 2021, and has a limited history.

There is no guarantee that our Series A Preferred Stock will remain listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market or any other nationally recognized exchange. If our Series A Preferred Stock is delisted from The Nasdaq Capital Market or another nationally recognized exchange, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

Our Series A Preferred Stock has not been rated.

Our Series A Preferred Stock has not been rated by any nationally recognized statistical rating organization, which may negatively affect the market value of our Series A Preferred Stock and your ability to sell shares of Series A Preferred Stock. No assurance can be given, however, that one or more rating agencies might not independently determine to issue such a rating or that such a rating, if issued, would not adversely affect the market price of our Series A Preferred Stock. In addition, we may elect in the future to obtain a rating of our Series A Preferred Stock, which could adversely impact the market price of our Series A Preferred Stock. Ratings only reflect the views of the rating agency or agencies issuing the ratings and such ratings could be revised downward or withdrawn entirely at the discretion of the issuing rating agency if in its judgment circumstances so warrant. Any such downward revision or withdrawal of a rating could have an adverse effect on the market price of our Series A Preferred Stock.

Market interest rates and other factors may affect the value of our Series A Preferred Stock.

One of the factors that will influence the prices of our Series A Preferred Stock will be the dividend yield on our Series A Preferred Stock relative to market interest rates. An increase in market interest rates could cause the market prices of our Series A Preferred Stock to go down. The trading prices of the shares of our Series A Preferred Stock will also depend on many other factors, which may change from time to time, including:

Shares of our Series A Preferred Stock are subordinate to our existing and future debt, and your interests could be diluted by the issuance of additional preferred stock, including additional shares of our Series A Preferred Stock, and by other transactions.

Our Series A Preferred Stock ranks junior to all of our existing and future indebtedness, any classes or series of our capital stock expressly designated as ranking senior to our Series A Preferred Stock as to distribution rights and rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, and other non-equity claims on us and our assets available to satisfy claims against us, including claims in bankruptcy, liquidation or similar proceedings. Our articles of incorporation currently authorize the issuance of up to 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share, in one or more classes or series. In addition, a majority of our entire board of directors may, with stockholder approval, amend our articles of incorporation to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares of our capital stock or the number of shares of our capital stock of any class or series that we have authority to issue and classify or reclassify any unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and set the preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications and terms and conditions of redemption of the classified or reclassified shares. Our board of directors may, without notice to or the consent of holders of our Series A Preferred Stock, authorize the issuance and sale of additional shares of Series A Preferred Stock and authorize and issue additional shares of stock ranking junior to or on parity with our Series A Preferred Stock from time to time. The issuance of additional shares of Series A Preferred Stock or additional shares of stock ranking on parity with our Series A Preferred Stock would dilute the interests of the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock, and the issuance of shares of any class or series of our capital stock expressly designated as ranking senior to our Series A Preferred Stock (with the requisite vote of holders of our Series A Preferred Stock and other classes of stock ranking on parity with our Series A Preferred Stock as described in this prospectus supplement) or the incurrence of additional indebtedness could affect our ability to pay dividends on, redeem or pay the liquidation preference on our Series A Preferred Stock. None of the provisions relating to our Series A Preferred Stock contain any terms relating to or limiting our indebtedness or affording the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock protection in the event of a highly-leveraged or other transaction, including a merger or the sale, lease or conveyance of all or substantially all our assets, that might adversely affect the holders of Series A Preferred Stock, so long as the rights of the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock are not materially and adversely affected.

Holders of our Series A Preferred Stock have extremely limited voting rights.

Voting rights as a holder of our Series A Preferred Stock will be extremely limited. Shares of our common stock are currently the only class of our securities carrying full voting rights. Voting rights for holders of our Series A Preferred Stock exist primarily with respect to voting on amendments to our articles of incorporation (in some cases, voting together with the holders of other parity Preferred Stock), that materially and adversely affect the rights, preferences, privileges or voting powers of our Series A Preferred Stock or create additional classes or series of preferred stock that are senior to our Series A Preferred Stock and the ability to elect (voting separately as a class together with the holders of all other parity Preferred Stock) two additional directors to our board of directors in the event that 18 monthly dividends (whether or not consecutive) payable on our Series A Preferred Stock are in arrears.arrears, which occurred on November 20, 2023.

We intend to pay regular monthly dividends to holders ofDividends on our Series A Preferred Stock. DividendsStock declared by us will be authorized by our board of directors in its sole discretion out of assets legally available for distribution and will depend upon a number of factors, including our earnings, our financial condition, restrictions under applicable law, our need to comply with the terms of our existing financing arrangements, the capital requirements of our companyCompany and other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant from time to time. We may have to fund any declared dividends from working capital, borrow to provide funds for such dividends, or sell assets to the extent dividends exceed earnings or cash flows from operations. Funding dividends from working capital would restrict our operations. If we are required to sell assets to fund dividends, such asset sales may occur at a time or in a manner that is not consistent with our disposition strategy. If we borrow to fund dividends, our leverage ratios and future interest costs would increase, thereby reducing our earnings and cash available for distribution from what they otherwise would have been. We suspended dividends in May 2022, and may not be able to pay dividends in the future.

We have suspended cash dividends on our Series A Preferred Stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our Series A Preferred Stock in the foreseeable future.

On May 25, 2022, we announced the suspension of cash dividends on our Series A Preferred Stock. We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to preserve cash in order to fund the development and growth of our business. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be dependent upon our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, applicable contractual restrictions, and other such factors as our board of directors may deem relevant. Not paying monthly dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock could cause significant material adverse consequences including negatively affecting its market value and your ability to transfer or sell your shares.

Additionally, if dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock are in arrears for 18 or more monthly periods, whether or not consecutive, which occurred on November 20, 2023, holders of shares of the Series A Preferred Stock would be entitled to vote for the election of a total of two additional directors to serve on our board of directors, until all unpaid dividends for past dividend periods with respect to the Series A Preferred Stock and any Parity Preferred Stock have been paid.

If our common stock or our Series A Preferred Stock is delisted, your ability to transfer or sell your shares of our Series A Preferred Stock may be limited and the market value of our Series A Preferred Stock will be materially adversely affected.

Other than in connection with certain change of control transactions, our Series A Preferred Stock does not contain provisions that protect you if our common stock is delisted from Nasdaq. Since our Series A Preferred Stock has no stated maturity date, you may be forced to hold your shares of our Series A Preferred Stock and receive stated dividends on the stock when, as and if authorized by our board of directors and declared by us with no assurance as to ever receiving the liquidation preference. In addition, if our common stock is delisted from Nasdaq, it is likely that our Series A Preferred Stock will be delisted as well. Accordingly, if our common stock is delisted from Nasdaq, your ability to transfer or sell your shares of our Series A Preferred Stock may be limited and the market value of our Series A Preferred Stock will be materially adversely affected.

On January 18,Throughout most of 2022, we received a notification letter from the Listing Qualifications Department of the Nasdaq Capital Market indicating that our common stock iswas not in compliance with the $1.00 minimum closing bid price requirement. We were given a grace period of 180 days from the notification,periods and regained compliance on or until July 18, 2022, to regain compliance,about February 27, 2023, by having the closing bid price of our common stock exceed $1.00 for a minimum of ten (10) consecutive trading days during the grace period. We did not regain complianceperiod by July 18, 2022. On July 20, 2022, the Company submitted its compliance plan to Nasdaq withimplementing a request for a second 180 day compliance period regarding the bid price compliance, including an intent to implement a1-for-100 reverse stock split in sufficient time duringof our outstanding common stock on February 10, 2023.

On February 27, 2023, the 180 days to evidence aCompany regained compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), the $1.00 minimum closing bid price of at least $1.00 per share for a requirement (“minimum of ten consecutive business days prior to the expirationbid price”) price of the second compliance period.Company’s common stock following the successful filing of its Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended March 31, 2022, June 30, 2022, and September 30, 2022 pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1), which requires listed companies to timely file all required periodic financial reports (“filing requirements”) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

On July 22, 2022, Nasdaq grantedMarch 31, 2023, the Company's requestCompany filed a notice of late filing on Form 12b-25 with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) to report that its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the second 180 day compliance period, or until January 16, 2023, to regain compliance with the bid price. There is no assurance, however, that we will regain compliance during the grace period.

year ended December 31, 2022 (the “Form 10-K”) would not be timely filed. On April 19, 2022,18, 2023, the Company received a notice from The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) stating that because the Company has not yet filed the Form 10-K, the Company is no longer in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1), which requires listed companies to timely file all required periodic financial reports with the SEC.

On May 18, 2022,17, 2023, the Company received a notice from Nasdaq stating that because the Company has not yet filed the Form10-KForm 10-K or its Quarterly Report on Form10-QForm 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 20222023 (the "Form10-Q”“Form 10-Q”), the Company is not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rules. TheOn August 16, 2023, the Company had untilreceived a notice from Nasdaq stating that because the Company has not yet filed its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 20, 2022 to submit to Nasdaq a plan to regain30, 2023, the Company is not in compliance with respectNasdaq Listing Rules. On October 16, 2023, the Company received notice from the Listing Qualifications Staff (the “Staff”) indicating that the Staff had determined to these delinquent reports.delist the Company’s securities unless the Company timely requests a hearing before the Nasdaq Hearings Panel (the “Panel”). The Staff’s determination was based upon the Company’s continued non-compliance with the filing requirement set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) because the Company has not filed its Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, and the Forms 10-Q for the periods ended March 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023. On November 16, 2023, the Company received a notice from Nasdaq stating that because the Company has not yet filed its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, the Company is not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rules.

On July 21, 2022,The Company requested and obtained a hearing before the Company submitted its compliance plan toPanel as well as a further stay of any additional action by Nasdaq to getpending the Company's reporting current.issuance of a decision by the Panel. There can be no assurance that a favorable decision will be obtained.

On July 22, 2022, Nasdaq grantedIf the Company's request for aCompany fails to timely regain compliance period to comply with the Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1), which requires listed companies to timely file all required periodic financial reports withwithin any grace period granted by the SEC. This extension requires that on or before September 1, 2022,Nasdaq Hearings Panel, the Company must file the late Form 10-KCompany’s common stock, warrants and Form 10-Q, as well as any other periodic report due within that time frame, namely the Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2022. In the event the Company does not satisfy that time frame, Nasdaq will provide written notification that its securities9.25% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock will be delisted.

subject to delisting from Nasdaq. There is no assurance however, that wethe Company will regain compliance during theany grace periodperiods or be able to maintain compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements in the future. If we are not able to regain compliance during thea grace period, or any extension of the grace period for which we may be eligible, Nasdaq will notify us that our common stock, warrants, and 9.25% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock will be delisted from The Nasdaq Capital Market.

On June 21, 2023, the Company received a letter from the Listing Qualifications Department of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) notifying the Company that, for the last 30 consecutive business days, the Company’s minimum Market Value of Publicly Held Shares, as defined by Nasdaq (“MVPHS”), of the Company’s 9.25% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock (“Preferred Stock”) has been below the minimum $1 million requirement for continued listing on Nasdaq under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5555(a)(4) (the “Minimum Market Value of Publicly Held Shares Requirement”). If the Company fails to timely regain compliance with Minimum Market Value of Publicly Held Shares Requirement our 9.25% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock will be subject to delisting from Nasdaq. Under Nasdaq rules, the Company will have the opportunity to appeal the delisting decision to a Nasdaq Hearings Panel. There can be no assurance that, if the Company decides to appeal the delisting determination, such appeal would be successful.

There is no assurance, however, that we will be able to maintain compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements in the future. If we are not able to maintain compliance, our common stock and our Series A Preferred Stock will be suspended and subject to delisting. If we are subject to delisting, we may appeal Nasdaq’s determination to delistour common stock and our Series A Preferred Stock were delisted from Nasdaq, among other things, it would likely lead to a hearings panel. During any appeal process, sharesnumber of negative implications, including an adverse effect on the price of our common stock and our Series A Preferred Stock, would continuereduced liquidity in our common stock and Preferred Stock, the loss of federal preemption of state securities laws with respect to trade on Nasdaq.shares issued in future offerings, greater difficulty in obtaining financing, potential loss of confidence by employees, loss of institutional investor interest and fewer business development opportunities.

Our ability to pay dividends is limited by the requirements of Nevada law.

Our ability to pay dividends on our Series A Preferred Stock is limited by the laws of Nevada. Under Nevada law, a Nevada corporation generally may not make a distribution if, after giving effect to the distribution, the corporation would not be able to pay its debts as they become due in the usual course of business, or the corporation’s total assets would be less than the sum of its total liabilities plus, unless the corporation’s charter provides otherwise, the amount that would be needed, if the corporation were dissolved at the time of the distribution, to satisfy the preferential rights upon dissolution of stockholders whose preferential rights are superior to those receiving the distribution. Accordingly, we generally may not make a distribution on our Series A Preferred Stock if, after giving effect to the distribution, we would not be able to pay our debts as they become due in the usual course of business or our total assets would be less than the sum of our total liabilities plus, unless the terms of such class or series of stock provide otherwise, the amount that would be needed to satisfy the preferential rights upon dissolution of the holders of shares of any class or series of stock then outstanding, if any, with preferential rights upon dissolution senior to those of our Series A Preferred Stock.

Our Series A Preferred Stock Fails to Meet Nasdaq’s Listing Requirement for Minimum Market Value of Publicly Held Shares, which may negatively affect its market value and your ability to transfer or sell your shares.

On June 21, 2023, the Company received a letter from the Listing Qualifications Department of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) notifying the Company that, for the last 30 consecutive business days, the Company’s minimum Market Value of Publicly Held Shares, as defined by Nasdaq (“MVPHS”), of the Company’s 9.25% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock (“Preferred Stock”) has been below the minimum $1 million requirement for continued listing on Nasdaq under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5555(a)(4) (the “Minimum Market Value of Publicly Held Shares Requirement”).

In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(D), the Company has been provided a compliance period of 180 calendar days from receipt of the letter, or until December 18, 2023, to regain compliance with the Minimum Market Value of Publicly Held Shares Requirement. To regain compliance with the Minimum Market Value of Publicly Held Shares Requirement, the Company’s Preferred Stock MVPHS must be $1 million or more for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days during the compliance period ending on December 18, 2023. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to regain compliance with either listing requirement.

We have suspended cash dividends onIf the Company does not regain compliance within the applicable compliance period, Nasdaq will provide written notification to the Company that the Preferred Stock will be subject to delisting. At that time, the Company may appeal the delisting determination to a Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Panel. There can be no assurance that, if the Company decides to appeal the delisting determination, such appeal would be successful. If our Series APreferred Stock is delisted from Nasdaq, among other things, it would likely lead to a number of negative implications, including no market for the Preferred Stock and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our Series Ano ability for you to sell the Preferred Stock, reduced or no liquidity for the Preferred Stock, greater difficulty in the foreseeable future.obtaining financing, loss of institutional investor interest and fewer business development opportunities.

On May 25, 2022, we announced the suspension of cash dividends on our Series A Preferred Stock. We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to preserve cash in order to fund the development and growth of our business. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be dependent upon our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, applicable contractual restrictions, and other such factors as our board of directors may deem relevant.

We may redeem the our Series A Preferred Stock and you may not receive dividends that you anticipate if we do redeem our Series A Preferred Stock.

On or after April 29, 2024, we may, at our option, redeem our Series A Preferred Stock, in whole or in part, at any time or from time to time. Also, upon the occurrence of a certain defined change of control transactions, we may, at our option, redeem our Series A Preferred Stock, in whole or in part, within 120 days after the first date on which such change of control occurred. We may have an incentive to redeem our Series A Preferred Stock voluntarily if market conditions allow us to issue other preferred stock or debt securities at a rate that is lower than the dividend rate on our Series A Preferred Stock. If we redeem our Series A Preferred Stock, then from and after the redemption date, dividends will cease to accrue on shares of Series A Preferred Stock, the shares of Series A Preferred Stock shall no longer be deemed outstanding and all rights as a holder of those shares will terminate, except the right to receive the redemption price plus accumulated and unpaid dividends, if any, payable upon redemption.

Holders of shares of our Series A Preferred Stock should not expect us to redeem our Series A Preferred Stock on or after the date they become redeemable at our option.

Our Series A Preferred Stock will be a perpetual equity security. This means that it will have no maturity or mandatory redemption date and will not be redeemable at the option of the holders. Our Series A Preferred Stock may be redeemed by us at our option either in whole or in part, from time to time, at any time on or after April 29, 2024, or upon the occurrence of a defined change of control. Any decision we may make at any time to propose a redemption of our Series A Preferred Stock will depend upon, among other things, our evaluation of our capital position, the composition of our stockholders’ equity and general market conditions at that time.

Our Series A Preferred Stock is not convertible into shares of our common stock, and investors will not realize a corresponding upside if the price of our common stock increases.

Our Series A Preferred Stock is not convertible into shares of our common stock and earns dividends at a fixed rate. Accordingly, an increase in market price of our common stock will not necessarily result in an increase in the market price of our Series A Preferred Stock. The market value of our Series A Preferred Stock may depend more on dividend and interest rates for other preferred stock, commercial paper and other investment alternatives and our actual and perceived ability to pay dividends on, and in the event of dissolution satisfy the liquidation preference with respect to, our Series A Preferred Stock.

Risks Relating to our Common Stock

Our common stock price may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors and litigation.

In addition to changes to market prices based on our results of operations and the factors discussed elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, the market price of and trading volume for our common stock may change for a variety of other reasons, not necessarily related to our actual operating performance. The capital markets have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. In addition, the average daily trading volume of the securities of small companies can be very low, which may contribute to future volatility. Factors that could cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate significantly include:

Any of these factors, as well as broader market and industry factors, may result in large and sudden changes in the trading volume of our common stock and could seriously harm the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. This may prevent you from being able to sell your shares at or above the price you paid for your shares of our common stock, if at all. In addition, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, stockholders often institute securities class action litigation against that company. Our involvement in any class action suit or other legal proceeding could divert our senior management’s attention and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be dependent upon our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, applicable contractual restrictions, and other such factors as our board of directors may deem relevant.

The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of our common stock could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Sales of substantial amounts of shares of our common stock, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and could impair our future ability to raise capital through common stock offerings. Our executive officers and directors beneficially own, collectively, a substantial percentage of our outstanding common stock. If one or more of them were to sell a substantial portion of the shares they hold, it could cause our stock price to decline.

At June 30, 2022, our directors and executive officers owned or controlled approximately 25%of our outstanding common stock, which may limit your ability to propose new management or influence the overall direction of the business; this concentration of control may also discourage potential takeovers that could otherwise provide a premium to you.

At June 30, 2022, our executive officers and directors beneficially owned or controlled approximately 25% of our outstanding common stock. These persons will have the ability to substantially influence all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval and to substantially influence or control our management and affairs, including extraordinary transactions such as mergers and other changes of corporate control, and going private transactions.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to comply with Nasdaq’s listing standards.

Our common stock commenced trading on Nasdaq on January 22, 2021. To be so listed, we were required to meet the current Nasdaq listing standards, including the minimum bid price requirement, which we met by implementing a 1-for-3 reverse stock split of our outstanding common stock on January 21, 2021.2021, and which we met by implementing a 1-for-100 reverse stock split of our outstanding common stock on February 10, 2023. There can be no assurance that the market price of our common stock will remain at the level required for continuing compliance with the minimum bid price requirement of Nasdaq. It is not uncommon for the market price of a company’s common stock to decline in the period following a reverse stock split. If the market price of our common stock declines, given our recent reverse stock split,splits, the percentage decline may be greater than would occur in the absence of such reverse stock split.splits. In addition, other factors unrelated to the number of shares of our common stock outstanding, such as negative financial or operational results, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and jeopardize our ability to meet or maintain Nasdaq’s minimum bid price requirement. If we fail to comply with the minimum bid price requirement, there could be further reverse stock splits, and our securities could be delisted.

Our stock price does not meet and may fail to meet in the future the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market. We areIn 2022 and 2023, we were late with our Annual Report and Quarterly ReportReports with the SEC. Our ability to publicly or privately sell equity securities and the liquidity of our common stock could be adversely affected if we are delisted from the Nasdaq Capital Market.

On January 18,Throughout most of 2022, we received a notification letter from the Listing Qualifications Department of the Nasdaq Capital Market indicating that we wereour common stock was not in compliance with the $1.00 minimum closing bid price requirement. We were given a grace period of 180 days from the notification,periods and regained compliance on or until July 18, 2022, to regain compliance,about February 27, 2023, by having the closing bid price of our common stock exceed $1.00 for a minimum of ten (10) consecutive trading days during the grace period. We did not regain complianceperiod by July 18, 2022. On July 20, 2022, the Company submitted its compliance plan to Nasdaq withimplementing a request for a second 180 day compliance period regarding the bid price compliance, including an intent to implement a1-for-100 reverse stock split in sufficient time duringof our outstanding common stock on February 10, 2023. If our common stock falls below the 180 days to evidence aminimum closing bid price of at least $1.00 per share for a minimum of ten consecutive business days prior to the expiration of the second compliance period.requirement, there could be further reverse stock splits.

On July 22,In April 2022, Nasdaq granted the Company's request for the second 180 day compliance period, or until January 16, 2023, to regainwe were not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1), which requires listed companies to timely file all required periodic financial reports with the bid price. There is no assurance, however, that we will regainSEC. We regained compliance duringon or about February 24, 2023, by filing the grace period.last of our later periodic financial reports.

However, in April 2023, we were not in compliance with Listing Rule 5250(c)(1), which requires listed companies to timely file all required periodic financial reports with the SEC. We must regain compliance on or about October 12, 2023, by filing the annual report on Form 10-K and later periodic financial reports. On March 31, 2023, the Company filed a notice of late filing on Form 12b-25 with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) to report that its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “Form 10-K”) would not be timely filed. On April 19, 2022,18, 2023, the Company received a notice from The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) stating that because the Company has not yet filed the Form 10-K, the Company is no longer in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1), which requires listed companies to timely file all required periodic financial reports with the SEC.

On May 18, 2022,17, 2023, the Company received a notice from Nasdaq stating that because the Company has not yet filed the Form10-KForm 10-K or its Quarterly Report on Form10-QForm 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 20222023 (the "Form10-Q”“Form 10-Q”), the Company is not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rules. TheOn August 16, 2023, the Company had untilreceived a notice from Nasdaq stating that because the Company has not yet filed its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 20, 2022 to submit to Nasdaq a plan to regain30, 2023, the Company is not in compliance with respectNasdaq Listing Rules. On October 16, 2023, the Company received notice from the Listing Qualifications Staff (the “Staff”) indicating that the Staff had determined to these delinquent reports.delist the Company’s securities unless the Company timely requests a hearing before the Nasdaq Hearings Panel (the “Panel”). The Staff’s determination was based upon the Company’s continued non-compliance with the filing requirement set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) because the Company has not filed its Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, and the Forms 10-Q for the periods ended March 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023. On November 16, 2023, the Company received a notice from Nasdaq stating that because the Company has not yet filed its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, the Company is not in compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rules.

On July 21, 2022, the Company submitted its compliance plan to Nasdaq to get the Company's reporting current.

On July 22, 2022, Nasdaq grantedThe Company requested and obtained a hearing before the Company's request for a compliance period to comply with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1), which requires listed companies to timely file all required periodic financial reports with the SEC. This extension requires that on or before September 1, 2022, the Company must file the late Form 10-K and Form 10-Q,Panel as well as a further stay of any other periodic report due withinadditional action by Nasdaq pending the issuance of a decision by the Panel. There can be no assurance that time frame, namely the Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2022. In the event the Company does not satisfy that time frame, Nasdaq will provide written notification that its securitiesa favorable decision will be delisted.obtained. See Note 22 – Subsequent Events – Nasdaq Compliance Developments in the accompanying Notes of the financial statements for additional information.

There is no assurance, however, that we will regain compliance during the grace period or be able to regain compliance or maintain compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements in the future. If we are not able to regain compliance during the grace period, or any extension of the grace period for which we may be eligible, Nasdaq will notify us thatmaintain compliance, our common stock, warrants, and 9.25% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock will be suspended and subject to delisting. If we are subject to delisting, we may appeal Nasdaq’s determination to delist to a hearings panel. During any appeal process, shares of our common stock would continue to trade on Nasdaq.

If our common stock were delisted from Nasdaq, among other things, it would likely lead to a number of negative implications, including an adverse effect on the price of our common stock, reduced liquidity in our common stock, the loss of federal preemption of state securities laws with respect to shares issued in future offerings, greater difficulty in obtaining financing, potential loss of confidence by employees, loss of institutional investor interest and fewer business development opportunities. In the event of a delisting, we wouldcould attempt to take actions to restore our compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements, but we can provide no assurance that any such action taken by us would allow our common stock to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our common stock, prevent our common stock from dropping below the Nasdaq minimum bid price requirement or prevent future non-compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements.

We maywill need to raise additional capital in the future. Additional capital may not be available to us on reasonable terms, if at all, when or as we require. If we issue additional shares of our common stock or other securities that may be convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, our common stock, our existing stockholders will experience further dilution and could trigger anti-dilution provisions in outstanding warrants.

We may need to raise additional capital in the future. Future financings may involve the issuance of debt, equity and/or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for our equity securities. These financings may not be available to us on reasonable terms or at all when and as we require funding. If we are able to consummate such financings, the trading price of our common stock could be adversely affected and/or the terms of such financings may adversely affect the interests of our existing stockholders. Any failure to obtain additional working capital when required would have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition and may result in a decline in our stock price. Any issuances of our common stock, convertible preferred stock, or securities such as warrants or notes that are convertible into, exercisable or exchangeable for, our capital stock, would have a dilutive effect on the voting and economic interest of our existing stockholders.

Our officers and directors are entitled to indemnification from us for liabilities under our articles of incorporation, which could be costly to us and may discourage the exercise of stockholder rights.

Our articles of incorporation provide that we possess and may exercise all powers of indemnification of our officers, directors, employees, agents and other persons and our bylaws also require us to indemnify our officers and directors as permitted under the provisions of the Nevada Revised Statutes (“NRS”). We also have contractual indemnification obligations under our agreements with our directors and officers. The foregoing indemnification obligations could result in our companyCompany incurring substantial expenditures to cover the cost of settlement or damage awards against directors and officers. These provisions and resultant costs may also discourage our companyCompany from bringing a lawsuit against directors, officers, and employees for breaches of their fiduciary duties, and may similarly discourage the filing of derivative litigation by our stockholders against our directors, officers and employees even though such actions, if successful, might otherwise benefit our companyCompany and stockholders.

Our bylaws and Nevada law may discourage, delay, or prevent a change of control of our companyCompany or changes in our management, which could have the result of depressing the trading price of our common stock.

Certain anti-takeover provisions of Nevada law could have the effect of delaying or preventing a third-party from acquiring us, even if the acquisition arguably could benefit our stockholders.

Nevada’s “combinations with interested stockholders” statutes, NRS 78.411 through 78.444, inclusive, prohibit specified types of business “combinations” between certain Nevada corporations and any person deemed to be an “interested stockholder” for two years after such person first becomes an “interested stockholder” unless the corporation’s board of directors approves the combination, or the transaction by which such person becomes an “interested stockholder”, in advance, or unless the combination is approved by the board of directors and sixty percent of the corporation’s voting power not beneficially owned by the interested stockholder, its affiliates and associates. Further, in the absence of prior approval certain restrictions may apply even after such two-year period. However, these statutes do not apply to any combination of a corporation and an interested stockholder after the expiration of four years after the person first became an interested stockholder. For purposes of these statutes, an “interested stockholder” is any person who is (1) the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of ten percent or more of the voting power of the outstanding voting shares of the corporation, or (2) an affiliate or associate of the corporation and at any time within the two previous years was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of ten percent or more of the voting power of the then outstanding shares of the corporation. The definition of the term “combination” is sufficiently broad to cover most significant transactions between a corporation and an “interested stockholder.” These statutes generally apply to Nevada corporations with 200 or more stockholders of record. However, a Nevada corporation may elect in its articles of incorporation not to be governed by these particular laws, but if such election is not made in the corporation’s original articles of incorporation, the amendment (1) must be approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of stock representing a majority of the outstanding voting power of the corporation not beneficially owned by interested stockholders or their affiliates and associates, and (2) is not effective until 18 months after the vote approving the amendment and does not apply to any combination with a person who first became an interested stockholder on or before the effective date of the amendment. We did not make such an election in our original articles of incorporation and have not amended our articles of incorporation to so elect.

Nevada’s “acquisition of controlling interest” statutes, NRS 78.378 through 78.3793, inclusive, contain provisions governing the acquisition of a controlling interest in certain Nevada corporations. These “control share” laws provide generally that any person that acquires a “controlling interest” in certain Nevada corporations may be denied voting rights, unless a majority of the disinterested stockholders of the corporation elects to restore such voting rights. Our bylaws provide that these statutes do not apply to us or any acquisition of our common stock. Absent such provision in our bylaws, these laws would apply to us as of a particular date if we were to have 200 or more stockholders of record (at least 100 of whom have addresses in Nevada appearing on our stock ledger at all times during the 90 days immediately preceding that date) and do business in the State of Nevada directly or through an affiliated corporation, unless our articles of incorporation or bylaws in effect on the tenth day after the acquisition of a controlling interest provide otherwise. These laws provide that a person acquires a “controlling interest” whenever a person acquires shares of a subject corporation that, but for the application of these provisions of the NRS, would enable that person to exercise (1) one fifth or more, but less than one third, (2) one third or more, but less than a majority or (3) a majority or more, of all of the voting power of the corporation in the election of directors. Once an acquirer cross one of these thresholds, shares which it acquired in the transaction taking it over the threshold and within the 90 days immediately preceding the date when the acquiring person acquired or offered to acquire a controlling interest become “control shares” to which the voting restrictions described above apply.

Various provisions of our bylaws may delay, defer, or prevent a tender offer or takeover attempt of us that a stockholder might consider in his or her best interest. Our bylaws may be adopted, amended, or repealed by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of our outstanding shares of capital stock entitled to vote for the election of directors, and except as provided by Nevada law, our board of directors shall have the power to adopt, amend or repeal the bylaws by a vote of not less than a majority of our directors. The interests of these stockholders and directors may not be consistent with your interests, and they may make changes to the bylaws that are not in line with your concerns.

Nevada law also provides that directors may resist a change or potential change in control if the directors determine that the change is opposed to, or not in the best interests of, the corporation. The existence of the foregoing provisions and other potential anti-takeover measures could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. They could also deter potential acquirers of our company,Company, thereby reducing the likelihood that you could receive a premium for your common stock in an acquisition.

If equity research analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade our common stock, the market price of our common stock will likely decline.

The trading market for our common stock will rely in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts, over whom we have no control, publish about us and our business. We may never obtain research coverage by securities and industry analysts. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our company,Company, the market price for our common stock could decline. In the event we obtain securities or industry analyst coverage, the market price of our common stock could decline if one or more equity analysts downgrade our common stock or if those analysts issue unfavorable commentary, even if it is inaccurate, or cease publishing reports about us or our business.

Our articles of incorporation allow for our board of directors to create new series of preferred stock without further approval by our stockholders, which could adversely affect the rights of the holders of our common stock.

Our board of directors has the authority to fix and determine the relative rights and preferences of our preferred stock. Currently our board of directors has the authority to designate and issue up to 100,000,000 shares of our “blank check” preferred stock without further stockholder approval. As a result, our board of directors could authorize the issuance of a series of preferred stock that would grant to holders the preferred right to our assets upon liquidation, the right to receive dividend payments before dividends are distributed to the holders of common stock and the right to the redemption of the shares, together with a premium, prior to the redemption of our common stock. In addition, our board of directors could authorize the issuance of a series of preferred stock that has greater voting power than our common stock or that is convertible into our common stock, which could decrease the relative voting power of our common stock or result in dilution to our existing stockholders.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

As a Smaller Reporting Company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K, we are electing scaled disclosure reporting obligations and therefore are not required to provide the information requested by this Item 1B.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.

In addition, our subsidiaries lease various property:

Other former properties:

We believe our existing facilities are adequate to meet our current requirements.

On January 29, 2021, we completed the acquisition of a 140,000-square-foot building on 12.7 acres in Tucson, Arizona (the “Tucson Building”) for a purchase price of approximately $6.1 million, of which approximately $2.2 million was paid in cash and the balance was paid with the net proceeds of a $5.3 million term loan that matured in January 2022. On January 31, 2022, we completed the sale of the Tucson Building and repaid the outstanding term loan. On February 1, 2022, we entered into a 10-year lease agreement for the Tucson Building, and provided a security deposit of $1 million. However, we defaulted on this lease on or about March 1, 2022, and vacated the premises in May of 2022. As a result of the lease abandonment, the Company may face legal claims or proceedings for damages regarding that lease, in an unknown amount. We anticipate that we will lose all or a portion of the $1 million security deposit

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, we may become involved in various lawsuits and legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. Neither our companyCompany nor any of our subsidiaries currently is a party to any legal proceeding that, individually or in the aggregate, is material to our companyCompany as a whole, except as follows.

On January 24,27, 2022, a former employee filed suit against our companyCompany in the Tulsa County Oklahoma District Court, Case No. CJ-2022-00221. The plaintiff has alleged that she was entitled to six months of severance pay after her employment contract was not renewed, and that her option agreements did not expire 30 days after cessation of her employment, and claims she is owed approximately $75 thousand$75,000 in severance and $250 thousand$250,000 in damages for her options. The Company filed an answer to the complaint and the proceedings are currently in the discovery phase. We dispute plaintiff’s allegations and we intend to vigorously defend the lawsuit.

On February 1, 2022, the Company entered into a 10-year lease for 140,405 square feet of commercial space in Tucson, Arizona, and defaulted on this lease on or about March 1, 2022. In addition, two of our subsidiaries are in default of their office leases. As a result of these lease defaults, the Company and respective subsidiaries may face legal claims or proceedings for damages regarding that lease, in an unknown amount.

On June 16, 2022, the Company received notice from certain former shareholders of SAGUNA claiming breaches of the SAGUNA stock purchase agreement with harmand claiming that all of no less than $13,629,517,the former shareholders of SAGUNA have suffered damages totaling approximately $13.9 million, which they calculated as the value related to the consideration issued to those former shareholders for the acquisition of SAGUNA. The Company denies. Thedenies those claims and has not accrued any contingent loss. However, the Company may face legal claims or proceedings regarding those claims.

On June 21, 2022, the Company received notice from counsel for 2 former employees of Fastback for wage related claims of approximately $86,000 under California law. As a result of the reduction in the number of employees from termination of employment, the Company may face claims from such terminated employees.

By notice dated July 14, 2022, the Company received notice from a distributor withthat has a distribution agreement with InduraPower claiming that InduraPower, and the Company as guarantor, has breached the distribution agreement, and are claiming approximately $2,000,000$2.0 million in damages.damages, which includes a claim for $0.5 million of foregone profit. The Company had received $1.3 million in cash as a deposit against future product deliveries which is included in contract liabilities – current. In addition, the Company fully accrued the remaining claim of $0.7 million in accrued liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2022.

On or about July 17, 2022, certainthe former employees of SAGUNASKS filed an insolvency actionrequest against SAGUNASKS in the Nazareth District Court, Israel.Israel, No. 35035-06-22. The action represents $400,000 of claims of the former employees, which were fully accrued as of September 30, 2022. The claims of the former employees were resolved pursuant to the SKS Sale Agreement and the action was dismissed on or about January 9, 2023.

On or about July 25,28, 2022, ana former employee filed a lawsuitsuit against the Company, Dustin McIntire, and Daniel Hodges in the San Diego County California Superior Court, claimingCase No. 37-2022-00028083-CU-BC-CTL (“RVI Claim #1”). The plaintiff alleged that his wages were not paid, that he was constructively discharged, that the Company failed to issue him stock options, and otherthat he is owed future amounts, dueand claimed total damages of overno less than $238,000. On December 29, 2022, the Company resolved this lawsuit.

On or about August 22, 2022, two former FastBack employees filed suit against the Company, DragonWave and FastBack in the Alameda County Superior Court, California, Case No. 22CV016666. The plaintiffs allege that their payroll was late and that the Company failed to make one payroll, failed to timely pay wages three times, failed to pay accrued vacation time, and owes penalties under California law. Each plaintiff claimed damages of no less than $66,500. The Company has accrued for the wage claims for services provided but has not accrued for penalties. On April 4, 2023, the Company resolved this lawsuit.

On July 26, 2022.or about August 23, 2022, a former employee filed suit against the Company received notice fromin the Clark County District Court, Nevada, Case No. 3 A-22-857361-C (“RVI Claim #2”). The plaintiff alleged that his wages were not paid, that he was constructively discharged, that the Company failed to issue him stock options, and that he is owed future amounts and claimed total damages of no less than $184,000. As of September 30, 2022, the Company had accrued for the wage claims for services provided of $8,000 but had not accrued for the claims associated with future services. On December 29, 2022, the Company resolved this lawsuit.

On or about September 20, 2022, the Company was served with a suit that was filed on or about May 27, 2022 by the holder of a Transform-X Inc. (“Transform-X”) promissory note, holdersuing the Company, Daniel Hodges, and Transform-X in the Richland County Court of Common Pleas, South Carolina, Case No. 2022CP4002806. The plaintiff alleges that thefor $125,000 he purchased an 8% promissory note in 2018 from Transform-X which has not been paid. Plaintiff alleges that the principalCompany is also liable under the Transform-X promissory note. This lawsuit was removed to the United States District of South Carolina, Civil Action No.:3:22-cv-03645-MGL. The Company filed an Answer on October 27, 2022 and the proceedings are currently in the discovery phase. The Company strongly disputes the plaintiff’s allegations, has not accrued for any contingent losses, and intends to vigorously defend the lawsuit.

On or about November 14, 2022, an intellectual property law firm filed suit against the Company in the United States District Court for the Southern District of California, San Diego. The plaintiff alleges that they performed work for the Company and its subsidiaries subsequent to September 30, 2022 and are owed approximately $75,000, which was fully accrued as of September 30, 2022. The Company is making monthly payments to the plaintiff to resolve this lawsuit.

On January 9, 2023, a former employee of a subsidiary of InduraPower, filed suit against the Company and the former CEO, Daniel Hodges, in the Pima County Superior Court, Arizona, Case No. C20230116. The plaintiff has alleged that he is owed for unpaid minimum wages and overtime wages, breach of employment contract, retaliatory termination, and alleges an unspecified amount in damages. . The Company filed an answer to the complaint and the proceedings are currently in the discovery phase. The Company strongly dispute plaintiff’s allegations and intends to vigorously defend the lawsuit.

On or about January 10, 2023, a recruiting and staffing company obtained a default judgment against the Company in County Court, Collin County, Texas, Case No. 004-01539-2022, for $145,917 and post-judgment interest at 7%. As of December 31, 2022, the Company accrued for the full amount of $550,000 was due.the judgment. The judgment holder obtained a garnishment order against Company’s banking accounts and has received approximately $17,100 in cash through the date of this filing.

On or about May 22, 2023, a landlord filed suit against the Company in the Circuit Court, Fairfax County, Virgina, Case No. 202307755, for breach of a commercial lease. The plaintiff obtained a default judgment in the amount of approximately $230,000 which remains unpaid as of the date of this filing. As of December 31, 2022, the Company accrued for the full amount of the judgment in accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Market Information for Common Stock 

Prior to January 22, 2021, our common stock traded under the ticker symbol “COMS” on the OTCQB tier of the OTC Markets, Inc. On January 22, 2021, our common stock commenced trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol “COMS.”

Holders

As of December 31, 2021,2022, there were approximately 301287 stockholders of record, according to the records of our transfer agent, and an unknown number of additional holders of common stock held in ’street‘street name’.

Dividends

We have not declared any common stock dividends to date. We have no present intention of paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future, as we intend to use earnings, if any, to generate growth. The payment by us of dividends, if any, in the future, is within the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon, among other things, our earnings, capital requirements and financial condition, as well as other relevant factors. There are no material restrictions in our Articles of Incorporation, as amended, or Bylaws that restrict us from declaring dividends.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

There have been no sales of unregistered securities within the reporting period that would be required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 701 of Regulation S-K, with the exception of the following:

In partial consideration of our acquisition of RF Engineering, on July 22, 2021, we issued to the sellers an aggregate of 992,780 shares of our common stock valued at $2.216 per share. Such shares were issued by us in reliance upon the exemption from registration available under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, including Regulation D promulgated thereunder, and the certificate representing such shares has a legend imprinted on it stating that the shares have not been registered under the Securities Act and cannot be transferred until properly registered under the Securities Act or pursuant to an exemption from such registration.None.

ITEM 6. [Reserved].

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” contains “forward-looking statements” that represent our beliefs, projections and predictions about future events. From time to time in the future, we may make additional forward-looking statements in presentations, at conferences, in press releases, in other reports and filings and otherwise. Forward-looking statements are all statements other than statements of historical fact, including statements that refer to plans, intentions, objectives, goals, targets, strategies, hopes, beliefs, projections, prospects, expectations or other characterizations of future events or performance, and assumptions underlying the foregoing. The following discussionwords “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “will,” “project,” “intend,” “continue,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “forecast,” “expect,” “plan,” “potential,” “opportunity,” “scheduled,” “goal,” “target,” and analysis“future,” variations of our financial conditionsuch words, and results of operationsother comparable terminology and similar expressions and references to future periods are often, but not always, used to identify forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or results and will not necessarily be accurate indications of whether, or the times by which, our performance or results may be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on information available at the time those statements are made and management’s belief as of that time with respect to future events and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in conjunction withor suggested by the financial statements and related notes theretoforward-looking statements. Readers should carefully review the risk factors included under Item 1A. Risk Factors that are included elsewhere in this report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risksAnnual Report on Form 10-K filed with the U. S. Securities and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this report.Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). All share and per share amounts presented herein have been restated to reflect the implementation of the 1-for-3 reverse stock split effected on January 21, 2021 and 1-for-100 reverse stock split effected on February 10, 2023, as if itthey had occurred at the beginning of the earliest period presented.

Business Overview

We are a provider of technologically advanced telecomconnectivity solutions to network operators, mobile devicewireless carriers, governmental units and other enterprises worldwide. We have assembled a portfolio of communications power and portable infrastructure technologies, capabilities and productssolutions that enable the upgrading of latentlegacy 3G, networks to 4G and 4G-LTE networks and willcan facilitate the rapid roll out of the 5G and 6G networks of the future. We focus on novel capabilities, including signal modulations, antennae, software,Our hardware and firmware technologies that enable increasingly efficient data transmission across the electromagnetic spectrum. Our product solutions are complemented by a broad array of services, including mobile edge compute, configuration management, technical support, systems design and integration, and sophisticated research and development programs. While weWe compete globally on the basis of ourwith innovative technology, the breadthan array of our product offerings, our high-quality cost-effective customer solutions and the scale of ourcustomer service supporting a global customer base and distribution, our primarywith a focus is on the North American telecom infrastructure and service market. We believe we are in a unique position to rapidly increase our near-term domestic sales as we are among the few U.S. based providers of telecommunications equipment and services.

We design, develop, market and sell products and solutions for telecom network operators, mobile device carriers and other enterprises, including the following:

We are also developing processes that we believe will significantly advance the state-of-the-art in silicon photonic (“SiP”) devices for use in advanced data interconnects, communication networks and computing systems. We believe our novel approach will allow us to overcome the limitations of current SiP optical modulators, dramatically increase computing bandwidth, and reduce drive power while offering lower operating costs. In addition, we are seeking to leverage our AI capabilities in our Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) unlicensed radio enhancing and extending these capabilities to further support our customers’ environments while expanding and extending our footprint of AI capabilities through new partnerships.

Our engineering and management teams have extensive experience in optical systems and networking, digital signal processing, large-scale application-specific integrated circuit design and verification, SiP design and integration, system software development, hardware design, high-speed electronics design and network planning, installation, maintenance, and servicing. We believe this broad expertise in a wide range of advanced technologies, methodologies, and processes enhances our innovation, design and development capabilities, and has enabled us, and we believe will continue to enable us, to develop and introduce future-generation communications and computing technologies. In the course of our product development cycles, we engage with our customers as they design their current and next-generation network equipment in order to gauge current and future market needs.

Corporate History

We were incorporated in Nevada on April 17, 2014, as a wholly owned subsidiary of MacroSolve, Inc., an Oklahoma corporation (“MacroSolve”), and effective April 30, 2014, in order to consolidate our operations into an entity incorporated in Nevada, MacroSolve merged with and into us. On June 3, 2014, we acquired Drone Aviation Corp. through a stock exchange transaction, and on March 26, 2015, Drone Aviation Corp. merged with and into us. As a result of the stock exchange and merger with Drone Aviation Corp., we acquired Drone Aviation Corp.’s subsidiary, Lighter Than Air Systems Corp., which does business under the name Drone Aviation.

On November 27,Between 2019 to 2022, we completed various acquisitions and mergers including the following businesses: ComSovereign, AcquisitionVEO, InduraPower, Silver Bullet, DragonWave, Lextrum, Sovereign Plastics, VNC, FastBack, Sky Sapience, RVision, Innovation Digital, RF Engineering, and Saguna. Commencing in a stock-for-stock transaction with a total purchase price of approximately $75.0 million. The ComSovereign Acquisition was treated2022, as a reverse mergerresult of our liquidity challenges, we embarked on a significant reduction of overhead and personnel costs through the divestment of non-core assets in favor of a refocus on our true core competencies in 5G and beyond technology which resulted in numerous lease abandonments and idling of several businesses including VEO, InduraPower, Silver Bullet, DragonWave, RF Engineering, and Saguna (see Note 20 – Business Acquisitions for accounting purposes under U.S. GAAP with ComSovereign as the accounting acquirer and our company as the accounting acquiree. ComSovereign Corp. was incorporated in the state of Delaware on January 10, 2019 and commenced operations through a series of acquisitions.additional information).

On JanuaryDuring the year ended December 31, 2019, ComSovereign acquired2022, we completed the capital stocksales of VEO, a San Diego, California-based researchSovereign Plastics and development company innovating SiP technologiesRVision for usetotal consideration of $2.0 million. See Note 3 – Discontinued Operations and Assets Held for Sale and Note 20 – Business Acquisitions discussed in copper-to-fiber-to-copper switching, high-speed computing, high-speed ethernet, autonomous vehicle applications, mobile devices and 5G wireless equipment.the Notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

On JanuaryIn December 2022, we entered into an agreement to sell SKS. The sale of SKS was completed during the quarter ended March 31, 2019, ComSovereign acquired the capital stock of InduraPower, a Tucson, Arizona-based developer2023 (see Note 3 – Discontinued Operations and manufacturer of intelligent batteriesAssets Held for Sale and back-up power suppliesNote 22 – Subsequent Events – Business Developments for network systems and telecom nodes. It also provides power designs and batteries for the aerospace, marine and automotive industries. InduraPower suspended operations in May, 2022.additional information).

On March 4, 2019, ComSovereign acquiredDuring 2022, the capital stock of Silver Bullet,Company operated with multiple reporting units and began to centralize operations. At January 1, 2023, the Company shifted and began operating as a California-based engineering firm that designssingle reporting unit (see Reportable Segments and develops next generation network systems and components, including large scale network protocol development, software-defined radio systems and wireless network designs.

On April 1, 2019, ComSovereign acquired the equity securities of DragonWave, a Dallas-based manufacturer of high-capacity microwave and millimeter point-to-point telecom backhaul radio units. DragonWave and its predecessor have been selling telecom backhaul radios since 2012 and its microwave radios have been installed in over 330,000 locations in more than 100 countries worldwide. According to a report by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission, as of December 2019, DragonWave was the second largest provider of licensed point-to-point microwave backhaul radios in North America. On May 23, 2022, Syntronic Production Services Canada Inc. acquired certain assets and employees from DragonWave X Canada, Inc., the Canadian subsidiary of DragonWave, in returns for assuming employment liabilities and the assumption of a lease in Kanata, Ontario, Canada, through an Asset Purchase Agreement.

On April 1, 2019, ComSovereign acquired the capital stock of Lextrum, a Tucson, Arizona-based developer of full-duplex wireless technologies and components, including multi-reconfigurable RF antennae and software programs. This technology enables the doubling of a given spectrum band by allowing simultaneous transmission and receipt of radio signals on the same frequencies.

On November 30, 2019, following our acquisition of ComSovereign, we changed our corporate name from Drone Aviation Holding Corp. to COMSovereign Holding Corp.

On March 6, 2020, our newly formed subsidiary, Sovereign Plastics, acquired substantially all the assets of a Colorado Springs, Colorado-based manufacturer of plastic and metal components to third-party manufacturers. We acquired our Sovereign Plastics business to increase our operating margins by reducing the manufacturing and production costs of our telecom products. Sovereign Plastics will also primarily operate as the material, component manufacturing and supply chain source for all our subsidiaries. On June 21, 2022 COMSovereign sold Sovereign Plastics LLC to TheLandersCompanies LLC.

On July 6, 2020, we acquired the equity securities of VNC, an edge centric wireless telecommunications technology developer and equipment manufacturer of both 4G LTE Advanced and 5G capable radio equipment. VNC designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and supports a line of network products for wireless network operators, mobile virtual network operators, cable TV system operators, and government and business enterprises that enable new sources of revenue, and reduce capital and operating expenses. VNC also has developed rapidly deployable, tactical systems that can be combined with the tethered aerostats and drones offered by our Drone Aviation subsidiary and enabled and operated in nearly any location in the world.

On January 29, 2021, we acquired Fastback, a manufacturer of intelligent backhaul radio (IBR) systems that deliver high-performance wireless connectivity to virtually any location, including those challenged by Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) limitations. Fastback’s advanced IBR products allow operators to economically add capacity and density to their macrocells and expand service coverage density with small cells. These solutions also allow operators to both provide temporary cellular and data service utilizing mobile/portable radio systems and provide wireless Ethernet connectivity.Reporting Units below).

On February 25, 2021, we acquired SKS, an Israeli-based company with tethered hovering technology that provides long-duration, mobile and all-weather Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (“ISR”) capabilities to customers worldwide for both land and marine based applications. Its innovative technologies include fiber optic tethers that enable secure, high-capacity communications, including support for commercial 4G and 5G wireless networks. SKS’s flagship HoverMast line of quadrotor-tethered drones feature uninterruptible ground-based power, fiber optic communications for cyber immunity, and the ability to operate in GPS-denied environments while delivering dramatically improved situational awareness and communications capabilities to users. HoverMast is utilized by the Israeli government for border patrol and coastal applications and is also deployed in several international markets. SKS was idled in June, 2022.

On April 1, 2021, we acquired RVision, a developer of technologically advanced video and communications products and physical security solutions designed for government and private sector commercial industries. It has been serving governments and the military for nearly two decades with sophisticated, environmentally rugged optical and infrared cameras, hardened processors, custom tactical video hardware, software solutions, and related communications technologies.

On June 3, 2021, we acquired Innovation Digital, a California-based developer of “beyond state-of-the-art” mixed analog/digital signal processing solutions, IP licensing, design and consulting services. Its signal processing techniques and intellectual property have significantly enhanced the bandwidth and accuracy of RF transceiver systems and have provided enabling technologies in the fields of communications and RADAR systems, signals intelligence and electronic warfare, test and measurement systems, and semiconductor devices. On June 23, COMSovereign reached an agreement with the former owners of Innovation Digital to return to the former owners of Innovation Digital 15 patents and 5 pending or provisional patents to those former owners in return for the cancelation of an outstanding $600,000 promissory note, the return of 500,000 shares of common stock, and the waiver of certain severance payments.

On July 16, 2021, we acquired RF Engineering, a Michigan-based provider of high-quality microwave antennas and accessories. By providing one of the industry’s lowest costs of ownership, RF Engineering has continued to innovate and expand, and it recently announced the industry’s first Universal Licensed Microwave Antenna.

On October 4, 2021, we completed the acquisition of SAGUNA, an Israeli-based software developer behind the award-winning SAGUNA Edge Cloud, which transforms communication networks into powerful cloud-computing infrastructures for applications and services, including augmented and virtual reality, Internet of Things (“IoT”), edge analytics, high-definition video, connected cars, autonomous drones and more. SAGUNA allows these next-generation applications to run closer to the user in a wireless network, dramatically cutting down on latency, which is a fundamental and critical requirement of 5G networks. SAGUNA’s Edge Cloud operates on general purpose computing hardware but can be optimized to support the latest artificial intelligence and machine learning features through dedicated accelerators. SAGUNA was idled in June, 2022.

Principle of Consolidation

OurThe consolidated financial statements included in this reportas of, and for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 include ourthe accounts of the Company and those of our subsidiaries: Drone AFS Corp., Lighter Than Air Systems Corp., DragonWave, Lextrum, Silver Bullet, VEO, InduraPower, Sovereign Plastics, VNC, Fastback, SKS, RVision, Innovation Digital, RF Engineering,its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and SAGUNA from their respective dates of acquisition.accounts have been eliminated.

Reportable Segments and Reporting Units

The Company currently operates as one Segment. A reporting unit (“RU”) is a component of an operating segment that is a business activity for which discrete financial information is available and segment management regularly reviews the operating results of that component. The Company’s legal operating subsidiaries are not organized to qualify as a segment,individual segments, however, each operating entity hashad separate financial information and an operating manager, who oversees the business and financial activities, reporting to the Chief Operating Decision Maker.Maker (“CODM”). Therefore, during 2022, the Company operates as one reportable segment and each legal entity is deemed to be a separate reporting unit. As of January 1, 2023, the Company began operating as a single reporting unit.

Significant Components of Our Results of Operations

Revenues

Our revenues are generated primarily from the sale of our products, which consist primarily of telcomtelecom hardware, repairs, support & maintenance, drones, injection moulding, tooling, consulting, warranties and other. At contract inception, we assess the goods and services promised in the contract with customers and identify a performance obligation for each. To determine the performance obligation, we consider all products and services promised in the contract regardless of whether they are explicitly stated or implied by customary business practices. The timing of satisfaction of the performance obligation is not subject to significant judgment. We measure revenue as the amount of consideration expected to be received in exchange for transferring goods and services. We generally recognize product revenues at the time of shipment, provided that all other revenue recognition criteria have been met.

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, approximately 7% and 2020, approximately 29% and 18%12%, respectively, of our revenues were derived from sales outside of the United States. While our near-term focus is on the North American telecom and infrastructure and service market, a key element of our growth strategy is to expand our worldwide customer base and our international operations, initially through agreements with third-party resellers, distributors and other partners that can market and sell our products in foreign jurisdictions. We expect that over the short termas our liquidity improves, our percentage of sales outside the United States may increase as we build up our domestic sales and service teams. Notwithstanding such percentage increase, we expect the sales of tethered aerostats and drones will primarily be to the domestic market customers, primarily to the U.S. government and its agencies, even if such systems are for integration into foreign locations.

Cost of Goods Sold and Gross Profit

Our cost of goods sold is comprised primarily of the costs of manufacturing products, procuring finished goods from our third-party manufacturers, third-party logistics and warehousing provider costs, shipping and handling costs and warranty costs. We presently outsource the manufacturing of our FastbackFastBack and DragonWave products to two outsourced manufacturers, SMC for FastbackFastBack products and Benchmark for DragonWave products. Cost of goods sold also includes costs associated with supply operations, including personnel-related costs, provision for excess and obsolete inventory, third-party license costs and third-party costs related to the services we provide. Additionally, cost of goods sold does not include any depreciation and amortization expenses as we separate depreciation and amortization expense into its own category within operating expenses.

Gross profit has been and will continue to be affected by various factors, including changes in our supply chain and evolving product mix. The margin profile of our current products and future products will vary depending on operating performance, features, materials, manufacturer, and supply chain. Gross margin will vary as a function of product mix, changes in pricing due to competitive pressure, our third-party manufacturing, our production costs, costs of shipping and logistics, provision for excess and obsolete inventory and other factors. We expect our gross margins will fluctuate from period to period depending on the interplay of these various factors.

Operating Expenses

We classify our operating expense as research and development, sales, and marketing, and general and administrative. Personnel costs are the primary component of each of these operating expense categories, which consist of cash-based personnel costs, such as salaries, sales commissions, benefits, and bonuses. Additionally, we separate depreciation and amortization expense into its own category.

Research and Development

In addition to personnel-related costs, research and development expense consists of costs associated with the design, development, and certification of our products. We generally recognize research and development expense as incurred. Development costs incurred prior to establishment of technological feasibility are expensed as incurred. We expect our research and development costs to continue to increase as we develop new products and modify existing products to meet the changes within the telecom landscape.

Sales and Marketing

In addition to personnel costs for sales, marketing, service and product management personnel, sales and marketing expense consists of the expenses associated with our training programs, trade shows, marketing programs, promotional materials, demonstration equipment, national and local regulatory approvals of our products, travel, entertainment and recruiting. We expect sales and marketing expense to continue to increase in absolute dollars as we increase the size of our sales, marketing, service, and product management organization in support of our investment in our growth opportunities, whether through the development and rollout of new or modified products or through acquisitions. We expect our salesacquisitions and marketing expense to increase materially in the year ending December 31, 2022 as we ramp up our sales and marketing efforts to correspond to our increased production efforts relating to certain of our telecom products.partnerships.

General and Administrative

In addition to personnel costs, general and administrative expense consists of professional fees, such as legal, audit, accounting, information technology and consulting fees; share-based compensation; and facilities and other supporting overhead costs. We expect general and administrative expense to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to expand our product offerings and expand into new markets. During fiscal 2021, we incurred, and during fiscal 2022 we expect to continue to incur, increases in supporting overhead costs, professional fees, transfer agent fees and expenses, development costs and other expenses related to operating as a public company.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense consists of depreciation related to fixed assets such as test equipment, research and development equipment, computer hardware, production fixtures and leasehold improvements, as well as amortization related to definite-lived intangibles.

Interest Expense

Interest expense is comprised of interest expense associated with our secured notes payable, notes payable and senior convertible debentures. The amortization of debt discounts is also recorded as part of interest expense. As many of our debt instruments were past due at various times during fiscal 2020 and, as a result, were accruing interest at increased interest rates, and as we have been able to refinance our debt or issue equity to reduce our outstanding debt in the first quarter of fiscal 2021, our interest expense decreased in fiscal 2021 due to lower interest rates on our debt or lower debt balances.

Impairment

We account for goodwill and intangible assets in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an entity over the estimated fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. ASC 350 requires that goodwill and other intangibles with indefinite lives be tested for impairment annually or on an interim basis if events or circumstances indicate that the fair value of an asset has decreased below its carrying value. During the fourth quarter of 2020, we adopted ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This guidance simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairment by removing Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation. For the year ended December 31, 2021, there were total impairment charges of $106.1 million, primarily due to goodwill of $62.4 million and intangibles of $43.7 million.

Provision for Income TaxesLoss on Sales

CurrentA gain or loss on sales is recognized on sales of long-lived assets and deferredincluded in income tax expense or benefitfrom continuing operations in any given period will depend upon a number of events and circumstances, one of which is the income tax net incomestatement. The amount of consideration promised in a contract that is included in the calculation of a gain or loss from operations forincludes both the period which is usually different fromtransaction price and the U.S. GAAP net income from operations for the period due to differences in tax laws and timing differences. See Note 14 — Income Taxes in the Notes to our financial statements included elsewhere in this report for a reconciliation on U.S. GAAP income or loss and tax income or loss. Management assesses our deferred tax assets in each reporting period, and if it is determined that it is not more likely than not to be realized, we will record a change in our valuation allowance in that period.carrying amount of liabilities assumed.

Loss on Lease Abandonment

A loss on lease abandonment is recognized upon the derecognition of an ROU asset and evaluation that impairment is necessary in accordance with ASC 842. A gain or loss is recognized from the difference between the carrying amount of the ROU asset and the lease liability.

Gain on the Sale of Assets

A gain or loss is recognized on the sale and leaseback of long-lived assets and included in income from continuing operations in the income statement. The amount of consideration promised in a contract that is included in the calculation of a gain or loss includes the transaction price and the carrying amount of assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and closing costs.

Interest Expense

Interest expense is comprised of interest expense associated with our secured notes payable, notes payable and senior convertible debentures. The amortization of debt discounts is also recorded as part of interest expense.

Results of Operations