UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20222023

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________ to ___________

Commission File Number: 000-56004001-39761

ONDAS HOLDINGS INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

411 Waverley Oaks Road, Suite 114, Waltham,53 Brigham Street, Unit 4, Marlborough, MA 0245201752

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number (888) 350-9994

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 20222023 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter) was approximately $187,729,280.$43,167,707. For purposes of this computation, all officers, directors, and 10% beneficial owners of the registrant are deemed to be affiliates. Such determination should not be deemed to be an admission that such officers, directors, or 10% beneficial owners are, in fact, affiliates of the registrant.

TheThe number of shares outstanding of the issuer’s common stock as of March 10, 202327, 2024 was 49,062,030.65.6 million.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

From time to time we make statements concerning our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, strategies, future events or performance and underlying assumptions and other statements that are not historical facts. These statements are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by these statements. Forward-looking statements may appear throughout this report, including without limitation, the following sections: Item 1 “Business,” Item 1A “Risk Factors,” and Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. “Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “predicts,” “projects,” “will be,” “will continue,” “will likely result,” and similar expressions. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties, which could cause our actual results to differ materially from those reflected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include those discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and in particular, the risks discussed under the caption “Risk Factors” in Item 1A and those discussed in other documents we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). We undertake no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to these forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Given these risks and uncertainties, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.

We caution you that assumptions, beliefs, expectations, intentions, and projections about future events may and often do vary materially from actual results. Therefore, we cannot assure you that actual results will not differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. A summary of some of the factors that could cause actual results to differ from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements, including forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, is provided below under “Risk Factor Summary.” These factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove incorrect, our actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. Factors or events that could cause our actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures, investments, or other strategic transactions we may make. You should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements.

Each forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of the particular statement, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as required by law.

Risk Factor Summary

Our business is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including those highlighted in the section titled “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of these principal risks include the following:

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Risks Related to Regulatory Requirements  

Risks Related to our Intellectual Property

Risks Related to our Financial Results

Risks Related to the Airobotics Transaction 

Risks Related to our Common Stock

Risks Related to the Notes

Item 1. Business.

This business description should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statementsConsolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20222023 (the “Form 10-K”), which are incorporated herein by this reference.

The use of the words “we,” “our,” the “Company” and “Ondas Holdings” in this Form 10-K refer to Ondas Holdings Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Corporate Overview

Ondas Holdings Inc. is a leading provider of private wireless, drone, and automated data solutions through its wholly owned subsidiaries Ondas Networks Inc. (“Ondas Networks”), Ondas Autonomous Holdings Inc. (“OAH”), Airobotics, Ltd (“Airobotics”), and American Robotics, Inc. (“American Robotics” or “AR”) and. Airobotics Ltd. (“Airobotics”).

Ondas Holdings acquiredis an Israeli-based developer of autonomous drone systems. American Robotics is a leading developer of highly automated commercial drone systems on August 5, 2021.

Ondas Holdings acquiredsystems. Airobotics an Israeli-based developer of autonomous drone systems on January 23, 2023.

and American Robotics and Airobotics are operatedoperate together under OAH as a separate business unit called Ondas Autonomous Systems. Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems together provide users in rail, energy, mining, agriculture, public safety and critical infrastructure and government markets with improved connectivity, data collection capabilities, and data collection and information processing capabilities. We operate Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems as separate business segments.segments, and the following is a discussion of each segment. See Note 1, Note 2, and Note 212 of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding our segments.

Ondas Networks

Ondas Networks provides wireless connectivity solutions enabling mission-critical Industrial Internet applications and services. We refer to these applications as the Mission-Critical Internet of Things (“MC-IoT”). Our wireless networking products are applicable to a wide range of MC-IoT applications, which are most often located at the very edge of large industrial networks. These applications require secure, real-time connectivity with the ability to process large amounts of data at the edge of large industrial networks. Such applications are required in all of the major critical infrastructure markets, including rail, electric grids, drones, oil and gas, and public safety, homeland security and government, where secure, reliable and fast operational decisions are required in order to improve efficiency and ensure a high degree of safety and security.

We design, develop, manufacture, sell and support FullMAX, our patented, Software Defined Radio (“SDR”) platform for secure, licensed, private, wide-area broadband networks. Our customers install FullMAX systems in order to upgrade and expand their legacy wide-area network infrastructure. We have targeted the North American freight rail operators for the initial adoption of our FullMAX platform. These rail operators currently operate legacy communications systems utilizing serial-based narrowband wireless technologies for voice and data communications. These legacy wireless networks have limited data capacity and are unable to support the adoption of new, intelligent train control and management systems. Our MC-IoT intellectual property has been adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (“IEEE”), the leading worldwide standards body in data networking protocols, and forms the core of the IEEE 802.16s802.16 standard. Because standards-based communications solutions are preferred by our mission-critical customers and ecosystem partners, we have takencontinue to take a leadership position in IEEE as it relates to wireless networking for industrial markets. As such, management believes this standards-based approach supportsThe freight rail operators through the adoptionAssociation of our technology across a burgeoning ecosystem of global partnersAmerican Railroads (“AAR”) and end markets.its advisory subsidiary MxV Rail have adopted the IEEE 802.16 standard for future private wireless networks.

Our software-based FullMAX platform is an important and timely upgrade solution for privately-owned and operated wireless wide-area networks, leveraging Internet Protocol-based communications to provide more reliability and data capacity for our mission-critical infrastructure customers. We believe industrial and critical infrastructure markets throughout the globe have reached an inflection point where legacy serial and analog based protocols and network transport systems no longer meet industry needs. In addition to offering enhanced data throughput, FullMAX is an intelligent networking platform enabling the adoption of sophisticated operating systems and equipment supporting next-generation MC-IoT applications over wide field areas. These new MC-IoT applications and related equipment require more processing power at the edge of large industrial networks and the efficient utilization of network capacity and scarce bandwidth resources which can be supported by the “Fog-computing” capability integrated in our end-to-end network platform. Fog-computing utilizes management software to enable edge compute processing and data and application prioritization in the field enabling our customers more reliable, real-time operating control of these new, intelligent MC-IoT equipment and applications at the edge.

Ondas Autonomous Systems

Our Ondas Autonomous Systems business unit designs, develops and marketsintegrates drone-based solutions focusing on high-performance critical applications for government and Tier-1 commercial droneenterprises. Ondas is marketing comprehensive drone-based solutions viato address the needs of governmental and commercial customers based on its commercially available platforms: the Optimus System™, a fully autonomous drone platform capable of continuous and Scout System™ (the “Autonomousmultipurpose aerial data capturing and analytics, and the Iron Drone Platforms”).Raider™ , a fully autonomous interceptor drone designed to neutralize small hostile drones.

The Autonomous Drone Platforms are highly automated, AI-powered drone systems capable of continuous, remote operationOur unique, fully autonomous platforms enable cutting-edge aerial capabilities and are marketed as “drone-in-a-box” turnkey data solution services. They are deployed fordesigned to serve and protect critical infrastructure and operations. Our business focuses on end-user entities in Public Safety, Defense, Homeland Security, Smart City, Port Authorities, State Departments, and other governmental entities together with commercial customers of industrial and government applications where data and information collection and processing are required. These use cases include public safety, security and smart city deployments where routine, high-resolution automated emergency response, mapping, surveying, and inspection services are highly valued, in addition to industrial marketssensitive facilities such as oilOil & gas, railGas, Seaports, Mining, and ports which emphasize securityHeavy Construction. For these industries, Ondas Autonomous Systems provides specialized real-time aerial data capturing and inspection solutions. The Autonomous Drone Platforms are typically provided to customers underaerial protection solutions in the most complex environments such as urban areas, sensitive and critical facilities and field area operations, and high-priority projects. In addition, we offer a Data-as-a-Service (DaaS) business model, while some customers will choose to purchasewide suite of supplementary, enabling services for successful implementation such as AI data analytics, data automation, IT implementation, safety planning, certification, training, and own and operate an Optimus Systems™.maintenance, handling all the complex aspects of such high-performance drone operations.

Our portfolio companies, American Robotics and Airobotics, form a unique, powerful, and synergistic combination covering all the aspects required for successful Aerospace business together with data technologies and services for digital transformation industries. Our companies are specialized in addressing all the challenges arising along these types of product lifecycles including research and development, manufacturing, certification, and ongoing support.

Ondas Autonomous Systems and its portfolio companies have industry leadingalready gained a track record of industry-leading regulatory successes which include havingincluding the securing of the first-of-its-kind Type Certification (TC) from the FAA for the Optimus 1-EX UAV on September 25, 2023, becoming the first drone system approved byautonomous security data capture UAV to achieve this distinction. TC, recognized as the Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”)highest echelon of Airworthiness Certification, streamline operational approvals for broad flight operations over people and infrastructure. The certification verifies the compliance of the system’s design with the required FAA airworthiness and noise standards, ensuring safe operation within the US National Airspace System (NAS) thereby significantly broadening the range of operational scenarios and scaling up of operations for automated operationUAS. Achieving FAA Type Certification will enable drone operations beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) without a human operator on-site.

In addition to the Autonomous Drone Platforms, we also offer With a counter-drone system called the Raider™. The Raider was developed by Iron Drone and is deployed by government and enterprise customers to provide security and protect critical infrastructure, assets and people from the threat of hostile drones. Ondas Holdings acquired Iron Drone on March 6, 2023.

Autonomous Drone Platforms

We design, develop and manufacture autonomous drone systems, providing high-fidelity, ultra-high-resolution aerial data to enterprise and government customers. We currently prioritize the marketing of our Optimus System™ which provides customers with a turnkey data and information solution and the ability to continuously digitize, analyze, and monitor their assets and field operations in real-time or near real-time. We believe the market opportunity for our Scout System™ remains significant. As we drive market adoption with the Optimus platform, we anticipate re-introducing the Scout platform including newly enhanced versions to help segment the market for different use cases and price points.

The Optimus System™ has been designed from the ground up as an end-to-end product capable of continuous unattended operationsstrong footprint in the real world. Powered by innovations in robotics automation, machine vision, edge computing,US market and AI. Once installed in the field at customer locations, a fleet of connected Optimus Systems™, which are often deployed as networked drone infrastructure, whichworldwide, we refer to as Urban Drone Infrastructure, remains indefinitely positioned in an area of operation, automatically collecting and seamlessly delivering data and information regularly and reliably.

We market the Optimus System™ under a DaaS business model, whereby our drone platform aggregates customer data and provides the data analytics meeting customer requirements in return for an annual subscription fee. Some customers purchase Optimus Systems™ to own and operate themselves. We also engage distributors to assist in the sales and marketing of our Optimus System™ in geographic markets where its more cost effective to identify and service potential customers by engaging local third parties. These distribution agreements can include joint ventures, wherebelieve that Ondas Autonomous Systems will provide technical expertiseis well-positioned with proven technology, a unique offering, and strong capabilities to support the joint venture partner in the provision of aerial data services to customers.

The Optimus System™ consists of (i) Optimus™, a highly automated, AI-poweredstrategically transform critical operations with our cutting-edge drone with advanced imaging payloads, (ii) the Airbase™, a ruggedized weatherproof base station for housing, battery swapping, battery charging, payload swapping, data processing,tech and cloud transfer, and (iii) Insightful™, a secure web portal and API which enables remote interaction with the system, data, and resulting analytics anywhere in the world. These major subsystems are connected via a host of supporting technologies. Airbase™ has internal robotic systems that enable the automated swapping of batteries and payloads. Automated battery swapping allows for 24/7 operation of Optimus as the Optimus drone can immediately be redeployed after returning to the dock for a battery swap. Similarly, the ability to autonomously swap sensors and advanced payloads without human intervention allows for the Optimus System™ to provide multiple applications and use cases from a single location.

American Robotics and Airobotics have industry leading regulatory successes which include having the first drone system approved by the FAA for automated operation BVLOS without a human operator or visual observer on-site. American Robotics’ FAA approvals were enabled by integrating a suite of proprietary technologies, including Detect-and-Avoid (“DAA”) and other proprietary intelligent safety systems into its autonomous drone platform, which we plan to integrate into the Optimus System™. Airobotics is in the advanced stages of receiving approval for Type Certification (“TC”) from the FAA for the Optimus UAV. TC approval will enable expanded operation for the Optimus System™ in the United States including flight operations in populated areas.

The Raider™

The Raider™ is a counter-drone system, which was designed and developed by Iron Drone, that we are marketing to government and enterprise customers who can utilize the system for security and the protection of critical infrastructure, assets and people from the threat of hostile drones. A typical Raider™ deployment location would include sensitive locations such as borders, stadiums or schools, or near critical assets such as power plants and military bases, and for high profile locations such as amusement parks or where public events are held.

The Raider™ is designed to detect, track and intercept unauthorized, or hostile unmanned aircraft and is most often sold with three small UAVs that are housed in a docking station. The Raider UAV has live video capability and a payload containing a net that can be deployed to intercept a hostile drone. Upon detection of an unauthorized drone, one or more Raider™ UAVs can be autonomously deployed at high speeds to track the unauthorized aircraft. If the unauthorized aircraft is deemed hostile, the Raider™ UAV can deploy the netting to physically intercept the aircraft. A parachute integrated with the netting allows the intercepted drone to safely fall to the ground for collection by our customer.capabilities.

Partnership with Siemens and Market Advancements

In April 2020, Ondas Networks entered into a strategic partnership withand Siemens Mobility (“Siemens”), have a worldwide leader in seamless, sustainable, reliable and secure transportation solutions for more than 160 years,strategic partnership to both market our FullMAX-based networking technology and services and to jointly develop wireless communications products for the North American Rail Industry based on Siemens’ Advanced Train Control System (“ATCS”) protocol and our FullMAX MC-IoT platform.

We believe Siemens has both the sales and marketing reach and support to drive our technology to wide scale acceptance across the global rail market beginning with the North American Class I Railroad market. In the third quarter of 2021 we completed the development of our firstWe have a jointly-developed product with Siemens – the dual-mode ATCS/MC-IoT radio systems.systems, and Siemens is now marketing and selling theseour proprietary systems under the brand name Airlink to our railroad customers. The dual-mode ATCS radio systems support Siemens’ extensive installed base of ATCS radios as well as offer Siemens’ customers the ability to support a host of new advanced rail applications utilizing our MC-IoT wireless system. These new applications, including Advanced Grade Crossing Activation and Monitoring, Wayside Inspection, Railcar Monitoring and next generation signaling and train control systems, are designed to increase railroad productivity, reduce costs and improve safety. In addition, Siemens markets and sells Ondas Networks’ standalone MC-IoT 802.16 products under the Siemens Airlink brand.

Ondas and Siemens developed a new locomotive radio to support European Railroads. We secured an initial volume order from Siemens for the Class I Rail 900 MHz Network consisting of both ATCS compatible products along with Ondas’ catalog products. We received government authorization to sell ATCS radios in Canada and Siemens and launched our joint effort for the European market at Innotrans in Berlin. Siemens and Ondas demonstrated our over the air compatibility to systems used by passenger rails in the Northeast Corridor of the US. In addition, we have developed a new radio for the Head of Train (HOT) Market in North America and a similar product for the Indian rail market. Siemens has received initial orders for the HOT product from a customer in India.

In March 2023 the AAR formally announced that IEEE 802.16 standard would be the wireless platform for the greenfield 900 MHz network. In April 2023, the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA) voted to require the use of 802.16 in the 900 MHz greenfield band; The AAR also confirmed they have agreed with the Federal Communications Committee to retire the legacy 900 MHz band by September 2025 and that the wireless network in the new 900 MHz band would be substantially built by April 2026. In May and June 2023, we responded to RFPs to passenger rail customers in the Northeast Corridor. In February 2024, Ondas received an order from Siemens to develop and supply the next generation ACSES PTC data radio in the 220 MHz frequency band to be designed specifically for the Northeast Corridor which includes integration of Ondas’ IEEE 802.16 capability.  

Our relationship with Siemens has expanded significantly since entering into the partnership both with (i) the wider marketing of our wireless technology platform and (ii) multiple additional joint-product programs. Siemens has expanded its marketing reach of Ondas Networks products with identified opportunities in North American Transit Rail as well as in European and Asian Rail markets. We believe our technology has broad potential in these large, newly targeted markets.

In November 2021, Siemens secured its first commercial 900 MHz rail order for a major Class I Railroad in the United States which was delivered in December 2021. In August 2022, we announced that we had secured an initial volume order from Siemens for the Class I Rail 900 MHz Network consisting of both ATCS compatible products along with Ondas’ catalog products. In September 2022, we received government authorization to sell ATCS radios in Canada.

Our Strategy

Our goal is to be a global leader in providing turnkey data solutions for industrial, public safety and government markets by offering i) secure wireless connectivity solutions enabling high-bandwidth, mission-critical Industrial Internet applications and services through Ondas Networks and ii) aerial security and data collection and analysis via automated commercial drone servicesplatforms through Ondas Autonomous Systems.

The acquisition of Airobotics was a transformative event for Ondas. Our strategy will emphasize realizing the financial and strategic benefits of combining American Robotics and Airobotics under the Ondas Autonomous Systems business unit. We believe this combination will allow us to accelerate revenue generation and allow us to operate more cost efficiently. The revenue benefits come via expanded global sales and marketing which is significantly enhanced by introducing the Optimus System™ to the US market via our American Robotics customer and field operations staff. Cost efficiencies can be realized via these global sales efforts, elimination of redundant R&D efforts, and through the integration of our product development and engineering teams focused on a single product roadmap. 

The key elements of our growth strategy include the following:

Our Business Model

Ondas Networks

We sell our FullMAX MC-IoT wireless products and services globally through a direct sales force and value-added sales partners to industrial and critical infrastructure providers including major rail operators, with growth opportunities in other markets such as commercial and industrial drone operators, electric and gas utilities, water and wastewater utilities, oil and gas producers and pipeline operators, and for other critical infrastructure applications in areas such as public safety, homeland security and defense, and transportation. We continue to develop our value-added reseller relationships which today include a strategic partnership with Siemens for the development of new types of wireless connectivity for the North American Rail market as well as selected global markets in both Europe and Asia. We believe our Siemens’ partnership is indicative of the potential for additional Tier 1 partnerships in our other vertical markets including securing reseller relationships with major suppliers to the worldwide government and homeland security markets. To that end, in 2022, we expanded our relationship with Israel Aerospace Industries’ (IAI) Elta division to deliver wireless solutions for the Integrated Coastal Surveillance markets in the Caribbean and India.

In executing our go-to-market strategy, we intend to monetize our software-based intellectual property and grow revenue and cash flow with embedded FullMAX software sales, Software-as-a-Service (“SaaS”) arrangements, IP royalties based on Ondas Networks software and through additional services provided to customers and ecosystem partners. Customers deploy our connectivity and Fog-computing platform in private networks that are designed for lifetimes of 10 – 15 years or even longer. Our FullMAX platform is software-defined and offers customers flexibility to expand capacity and evolve network utilization. Similarly, our ecosystem partners often integrate our FullMAX software and wireless capability into their own long-lived equipment and systems which their customers purchase and deploy. As such, we believe our software solutions provide ongoing revenue opportunities related to both connectivity value and edge computing capability. Customers and ecosystem partners will require ongoing FullMAX system and security enhancements and for us to design additional features which create opportunities for additional, recurring revenue and profit streams. Our monetization strategies include:

Systems sales: Our FullMAX deployments are typically large, mission-critical wide-area networks deployed and privately operated by our industrial and government customers. These end-to-end system deployments involve sales consisting of both base stations and edge radio end points with embedded FullMAX software and network management software and tools.

Software and hardware maintenance agreements: Our customers contract with us for extended software and hardware maintenance which provide them with critical ongoing support for their installed network. These SaaS contracts provide revenue to us in the year following an initial installation. Software maintenance licenses entitle the customer to ongoing software and security upgrades as well as enabling the provision of additional system features. Similarly, hardware maintenance programs provide customers with extended equipment warranty terms for an installed network.

These SaaS maintenance arrangements allow our customers to continue to maintain a modern, flexible and upgradeable network over a long period of time. These agreements may extend for multiple years given the long average life of the installed and growing network.

Licensing / Royalties: In certain system deployments, our ecosystem partners willmay choose to embed FullMAX software into their own hardware and software platforms providing us with an ongoing per device multi-year revenue stream. Licensing is an effective way for an ecosystem partner to jumpstart customer activity. Alternatively, a partner may choose to develop software based on our intellectual property generating royalty revenue.

Other Services: We provide ancillary services directly related to the sale of our wireless communications products which include wireless network design, systems engineering, radio frequency planning, software configuration, product training, installation, and onsite support. Furthermore, we also provide engineering and product development services to ecosystem partners who are interested in integrating their intelligent equipment with our FullMAX SDR platform and need our expertise to do so.

Ondas Autonomous Systems

Ondas Autonomous Systems markets aerial solutions based on its Optimus System™ drone platformand Iron Drone Raider™ platforms via a direct sales force to enterpriseenterprises and government customers. Additionally, Ondas Autonomous Systems utilizes channel marketing strategies, building a network of partners and agents to distribute our solutions. We focus on identifying and qualifying large, sophisticated customers with active drone programs who have the ability and intent to expand those programs and eventually deploy fleets of automated drones across their portfolio of assets. Our unique value proposition is based on our core strategic capability to provide holistic solutions, being a trusted one-stop-shop for major entities, and de-risking innovative complex drone implementation processes.

After initial customer qualification, contracting and the receipt of a purchase order, we ship and install the Optimus System™our platforms and solutions on the customer premises. Via American Robotics and Airobotics staff, we are planning our customers deployments providing complete support for all stages of implementation. Our field service personnel remain on location for a short period of time to ensure the programmed automated drone operations are meeting customer requirements.and regulatory requirements and implemented successfully on-prem, on-time and on-budget.

Our Optimus System™We offer our solutions in several business models designated to allow the required flexibility and the services provided via the autonomous drone platform can typically be acquired bybenefits for our customers under several arrangements ranging from Data-as-a-Service (“DaaS”) agreements to a full, outright sale of an Optimus System™.and creating recurring revenues and organic growth within our accounts:

Airobotics is in the advanced stages of receiving approval for Type Certification (“TC”) from the FAA for the Optimus UAV. TC approval will enable expanded operation for the Optimus System™ in the United States including flight operations in populated areas. The significance of TC approval was highlighted by the FAA decision in April 21, 2021, to amend Part 107 rules which defined new conditions for Drone flights above people and enables night flight. The new regulations define four categories of Drones and clarify that small UAS (“sUAS”) such as the Optimus drone which are below a certain weight will be permitted to conduct flights above populated areas without receiving a specific certificate of Part 107 waiver for systems that have TC designations.

Our Products and Services

Ondas Networks

Ondas Networks has developed a next-generation radio platform specifically to meet the evolving data needs of large industrial and government customers and markets. These markets are differentiated from consumer markets in that the customers assets are dispersed over very wide and remote geographies with specific challenges to installation, maintenance, and upgrades. These challenges led us to design a new type of software-based radio platform capable of supporting a long useful life to the network hardware. Instead of using low cost, off the shelf, dedicated communications chipsets (“ASICs”), we selected powerful programmable embedded general-purpose processors, DSPs, and FPGAs, all of which are software upgradable. Our software defined radio (“SDR”) architecture with more than 12 years in development and supported by a team of over 50 software engineers, allows us to customize almost any aspect of the air interface protocol, the key components of which are patented and have been incorporated into new IEEE wireless standards. The ability to constantly improve customer networks and hosted software applications with flexible, over-the-air software upgrade helps create customer loyalty and creates high switching costs.

Our FullMAX SDR platform is designed to enable highly secure and reliable industrial-grade connectivity for truly mission-critical applications. An end-to-end FullMAX network consists of connected wireless base stations, fixed and mobile edge radios and supporting technology all enabled by critical software developed and owned by Ondas Networks. The Fog-computing capability integrated in our end-to-end FullMAX SDR platform, primarily through docker container technology, is valued by our customers and ecosystem partners as they seek to leverage the value of MC-IoT applications for improved safety, efficiency, and profitability. Our IEEE 802.16s compliant equipment is designed to optimize the performance of unused or underutilized VHF / UHF low frequencyfrequencies licensed radio spectrum and narrower channels. We do this through various patented software algorithms including via “spectrum harvesting” techniques which aggregate narrowband channels to create increased broadband network capacity. Our channel aggregation algorithms include the ability to aggregate hard to utilize, non-contiguous narrowband channels and are a hallmark feature of a FullMAX broadband system.

The critical software algorithms powering our end-to-end FullMAX wireless SDR platform and related Fog-computing architecture have been developed by and are owned by Ondas Networks. FullMAX is an intelligent networking system which integrates core network management systems with edge computing resources including computing hardware and MC-IoT software applications. In the MC-IoT Fog enabled by FullMAX, base stations are enabled with a highly configurable Quality of Service algorithms which coordinate the data traffic within the Fog for both the edge radio and the resident MC-IoT applications. The intelligent base stations control and manage all network resources including our edge remotes; dynamically allocating bandwidth, prioritizing data packets and managing edge applications. The intelligent software-managed base stations determine whether to process data at the edge, distribute data traffic across the Fog to other edge remote radios or to transport information to the corporate Cloud. Our Edge remotes have embedded compute capability and are able to host MC-IoT applications including those from third party vendors via virtualized software systems managed in docker / container architectures and can also manage data from intelligent equipment or sensor networks that interface with the edge remotes in the field. Our software-managed edge remotes offer security via authentication, multi-layer encryption and virtual software firewalls which are requirements for mission-critical data networks.

We are dedicated to promoting standards-based wireless connectivity solutions for our customers. Our FullMAX platform is compliant with the mission critical wireless Industrial Internet IEEE 802.16s. The802.16. Since 2017, the specifications in the IEEE 802.16s802.16 standard are primarily based on our FullMAX technology, and many of our customers and industrial partners actively supportedsupport our technology during the IEEE standards-making process. In January 2020, a new working group was launched by the IEEE to establish IEEE 802.16t, a further evolution of this wireless standard. The IEEE 802.16t working group includes industry-leading trade organizations such as the Association of American Railroads (“AAR”), MxV Rail (“MxV Rail”), the Utilities Technology Council (UTC) and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), as well as representation from world-leading transportation and oil and gas companies. IEEE 802.16t has now received approval to be incorporated into the standard, which is expected to be published in 2024. This new version of the standard has incorporated many new critical functionalities including support for software control/coordinate base stations and direct peer to peer (DPP) connections. We expect our technology to remain a prominent feature of this evolving standard.

Ondas Autonomous Systems

We provide our customers with turnkey data and informationsecurity aerial solutions designed to meet their unique requirements in the field. We do this viacomplex environments. Our solutions combine our internally developedplatforms the Optimus System™, and Iron Drone Raider™ together with a highly automated commercial drone platform which provides customers withwide suite of supplementary services to insure successful deployment and integration of the ability to continuously digitize, analyze, and monitor their assets and field operations in real-time or near real-time.solution on-prem.

The Optimus System™

The Optimus System™ has been designed from the ground up as an end-to-end productis a fully autonomous drone platform capable of continuous unattendedand multipurpose drone operations for various applications. As one of the world’s first “drone-in-a-box” type drone, the Optimus System™, is marketed as an “Aerial Drone Infrastructure”. The Optimus System™ is deployed for aerial data collection and analysis for security, surveillance, and supervision in governmental and commercial end markets. The Optimus System™ provides a cutting-edge solution to various use cases of public safety, security, industrial Smart City and other critical operations. The platform enables routine high-resolution on-demand aerial response, together with automated aerial mapping, surveying, and inspection capabilities, which are highly valued in the real world. relevant digital transformation and Gov-Tech markets such as Public Services, Oil & Gas, Infrastructure, heavy construction, Rail and Ports and more.

The Optimus System™ consists of (i) Optimus™, a highly automated, AI-powered drone with advanced imaging payloads, (ii) the Airbase^TMAirbase™, a ruggedized weatherproof base station for housing, battery swapping, battery charging, payload swapping, data processing, and cloud transfer, and (iii) Insightful^TMInsightful™, a secure web portal and API which enables remote interaction with the system, data, and resulting analytics anywhere in the world. These major subsystems are connected via a host of supporting technologies. Using advancedAirbase™ has internal robotic techniques, the Airbase^TM has functionalitysystems that enablesenable the automated swapping of batteries and payloads. Automated battery swapping allows for 24/7 operation of Optimus™Optimus as the Optimus drone can immediately be redeployed after returning to the dock for a battery swap. Similarly, the ability to autonomously swap sensors and advanced payloads without human intervention allows for the Optimus System™ to provide multiple applications and use cases from a single location.

When deployed in smart city applications,We design, develop and manufacture the Optimus System™ is designed to operate as a network of smart drones linked to, an urban control center and will function as a municipal infrastructureautonomous drone platform, providing a variety of automated data solutions. The primary function of the deployed Urban Drone Infrastructure is to shorten response times ofhigh-fidelity, ultra-high-resolution aerial security and rescue forcesdata collection and analysis to emergency situations, supporting law enforcemententerprise and homelandgovernment customers. We currently prioritize the marketing of our Optimus System™ which provides customers with turnkey aerial security activities, and streamlining diversedata collection services providedand the ability to continuously digitize, analyze, and monitor their assets and field operations in real-time or near real-time.

The Optimus System™ has been designed from the ground up as an end-to-end product capable of continuous unattended operations in the real world. Powered by innovations in robotics automation, machine vision, edge computing, and AI. Once installed in the municipality for the public’s benefit. field at customer locations, a fleet of connected Optimus Systems™, which are often deployed as networked drone infrastructure, remains indefinitely positioned in an area of operation, automatically collecting, and seamlessly delivering security, data and information regularly and reliably.

The Company is also examining drone parcel delivery and other smart city applications to be provided by the infrastructure.Iron Drone Raider™ System

In these deployments, customers establish permanent infrastructure which rely on fleetsMarch 2023, Airobotics acquired the assets of automated drones that do not require onIron Drone Ltd, an Israeli counter-drone company, and fully integrated its team and technology into the ground human intervention to operate. The drones are able to operate as a task force that can simultaneously collect and provide critical information for a variety of customer requirements. The Airobotics drone infrastructure is specifically designed for urban environments and strategic facilities that require immediate security, monitoring and emergency response. Each system within the infrastructure framework includes a smart Airbase enabling automated battery changes enabling 24/7 operations, along with the automated loading and installation of sensors appropriate for each specified mission. Each system covers a perimeter up to 80 square kilometers surrounding an Airbase. Drone flights can be tasked to carry specific sensors, enabling every drone in the system to execute diverse tasks. The drones can be activated for complex longer-term operations. Flights are overseen by remote operators in a command-and-control center.Company.

In certain geographic markets we will partner with a distributor to support the marketing and provision of aerial data services provided by an Optimus System™. These distributors typically have unique local knowledge and can more cost effectively target customers for UrbanWe offer The Iron Drone Infrastructure deployment. In some instances, we will form joint ventures with distributors to provide aerial data services to government and enterprise customers. These joint ventures typically include agreements to purchase Optimus Systems™ and are arranged so that Ondas Autonomous Systems and our partner can share in the revenue and profitability in the provision of aerial data services.

The Raider™ system, which is a state-of-the-art counter-drone system, which wassolution designed to counter small drones as they are a growing threat in many defense, homeland security, and developed by Iron Drone, that we are marketingpublic safety aspects. As a cutting-edge technology, it is specifically marketed to military, government, and enterprise customers, who can utilize the systemoffering robust defense and security for security and the protection of critical infrastructure, valuable assets, and people from the threat of hostile drones. A typical Raider™ deployment location would include sensitive locations such as borders, stadiums or schools, or near critical assets such as power plants and military bases, and for high profile locations such as amusement parks or where public events are held.

The Raider™ is designed to detect, track and intercept unauthorized, or hostile unmanned aircraft and is most often sold with three small UAVs that are housed in a docking station. The Raider UAV has live video capability and a payload containing a net that can be deployed to intercept a hostile drone. Upon detection of an unauthorized drone, one or more Raider™ UAVs can be autonomously deployed at high speeds to track the unauthorized aircraft. If the unauthorized aircraft is deemed hostile, the Raider™ UAV can deploy the netting to physically intercept the aircraft. A parachute integrated with the netting allows the intercepted drone to safely fall to the ground for collection by our customer.

human lives.

The Iron Drone Raider™ is comprised of a docking station and intercepting drones and can be integrated into any mobile drone detection system. The heart of the Raider™ lies in its level of autonomy, allowing it to fly without GPS, day, or night, and safely neutralize small suspicious drones with minimal collateral damage, lowering them to the ground with a designated parachute. The system uses AI technologies and onboard cameras and computers to enable it to detect and intercept unauthorized or hostile drones effectively, capable of addressing multiple hostile drone targets simultaneously. It can seamlessly integrate with various existing drone detection systems, making it adaptable and versatile for different operational contexts.

During 2023 we upgraded the Iron Drone Raider™ system to address the needs of the Israel defense industries market and end users to support the efforts of protecting military and civil operations against the threat of small kamikaze and surveillance hostile drones.

Ondas Autonomous Systems Services

Ondas Autonomous Systems provides specialized real-time aerial data capturing and analytics together with aerial protection services based on its systems. In addition, we offer a wide suite of supplementary enabling services for successful implementation and customization such as AI data analytics, data automation, IT implementation, safety planning, certification, training, and maintenance, handling all the complex aspects of such high-performance drone operations. This unique combination makes our enterprise a one-stop-shop of visionary drone installations.

Certification and Aviation Regulatory Services. American Robotics and Airobotics have industry leading regulatory successes which include having the first drone system approved by the FAA for automated operation BVLOS without a human operator or visual observer on-site. American Robotics’ FAA approvals were enabled by integrating a suite of proprietary technologies, including Detect-and-Avoid (“DAA”) and other proprietary intelligent safety systems into its autonomous drone platform, which we plan to integrate into the Optimus System™. Our regulatory team has been working closely with Civil Aviation Authorities worldwide since 2016 to explore new and innovative approaches for approving complex automated BVLOS flights over people. Our regulatory strategy has consistently proven successful, leading to numerous pioneering regulatory accomplishments worldwide, cementing our position as a leader in the global drone industry. Our team of experts actively participates in rule-making advisory committees, drone associations, and maintains direct communication with regulators in each country we operate in. We are committed to staying ahead of the curve in terms of drone regulations and compliance. Working with us allows customers to certify and coordinate complicated drone operations with regulators worldwide.

Training, Maintenance and Remote Operations. American Robotics and Airobotics have gained substantial experience in drone operations worldwide. This includes training, maintenance and remote operations services. Our operational teams are highly qualified in all of the drone operation roles, including drone piloting, training, and maintenance. As an aerospace developer, manufacturer, and operator our operational capabilities enable our customers to overcome many operational challenges and reach operational readiness fast.

Implementation and customization. American Robotics and Airobotics have gained substantial experience in implementation and customization of our solutions to our customers. We offer support and engineering services to our customers in order to successfully integrate our aerial platforms with the highest levels of both automation and data security, quickly and efficiently.

The Market for Our Products and Services

Ondas Networks

We have targeted the North American freight rail operators for the initial adoption of our FullMAX platform. These rail operators currently operate legacy communications systems utilizing serial-based narrowband wireless technologies for voice and data communications. These legacy wireless networks have limited data capacity and are unable to support the adoption of new, intelligent train control and management systems. In addition to data capacity challenges, rail operators need to reliably cover the vast and often remotely located rail track and related infrastructure which extends nationwide. The rail operators require a next-generation, robust broadband system with significantly increased data throughput capacity and flexibility to adopt new applications. We believe a transition to integrated Fog-computing wireless communications systems will enable the rail operators to drive more intelligence to the edge of their operating environments enabling real time automation and better operator control of many critical operating systems related to train control, crossing safety, train and track integrity and drone operations. This upgrade cycle is being driven by a recent key event which occurred in August 2020 in which the Class 1 rail systems in the U.S. were awarded new nationwide “greenfield” wideband radio spectrum by the Federal Communications Committee (“FCC”). As part of the award, the rail operatorsU.S are required, by 2025, to vacate a series of legacy narrowband channels.channels given to them by the FCC. The completion of this multiyear negotiation between the FCC and other licensed users is projected to generate a major network upgrade cycle for the rail industry which will support enhanced safety and improved efficiency and profitability of train operations.

The North American Rail Network is vast in scale, consisting of 140,000 miles of track, 25,000 locomotives, and 1.6 million railcars. Within this large footprint, we believe there are 200,000 highway crossings, with at least 65,000 of the crossings equipped with electronic systems today, a number which is expected to increase in the coming years. The Class I railroads currently operate four separate private wireless networks in support of train operations. Those networks are deployed using spectrum in the 160 MHz, 220 MHz, 450 MHz and 900 MHz bands. We believe a significant portion of the communications infrastructure has been in operation for more than 20 years and now requires a technological upgrade to support new applications and increased capacity requirements. Our FullMAX MC-IoT platform offers an excellent migration path for these applications. The Class I Railroads value the ability of our frequency agnostic SDR architecture to enable a substantial data capacity increase utilizing the railroad’s existing wireless infrastructure and dedicated FCC licensed radio frequencies, as well as the flexibility to adapt to and take advantage of future changes in spectrum availability, as well as future business and operational requirements. Based upon management estimates, we believe the addressable market for the four private North American Railroad networks is approximately $1.3 billion. We believe the 900 MHz network will be the first network upgrade to adopt our FullMAX technology and we estimate that the market size for the 900 MHz network is approximately $450 million.

Additional Critical Markets 

We have launched additional initiatives to take our MC-IoT connectivity and ecosystem partnering strategy into other critical infrastructure markets. In June 2022, we announced the first successful installation of our technology into an Integrated Coastal Surveillance System (ICSS) in the Caribbean with a global defense contractor. In the fourth quarter of 2022, we received and delivered on a new ICSS order for the defense contractor to be deployed in India. We expect additional orders from this defense vendor for the ICSS application in 2023. We believe our FullMAX technology’s licensed frequency flexibility, reliability, and long communications range over ocean surfaces, is broadening the scale of our technology in this emerging market for homeland security.

Ondas Autonomous Systems

The total addressable market (“TAM”) for commercial drone applicationsof Ondas Autonomous Systems is also large – measuringmeasured at over $100 billion in size according to management estimates and independent third-party research. ForThe TAM comprises the vast majoritypotential value of Ondas’ Optimus System in the global civil and military UAV market and in the drone services market and the addressable market of the Iron-Drone Raider system in the Counter-Unmanned Aircraft Systems (C-UAS) markets.

Ondas competes in the large drone markets which was valued by a study by Spherical Insights at $28.5 billion in 2021 and forecasted to grow further at a compound annual growth rate of 27% reaching $260 billion by 2030. In addition, Ondas provides drone services including drone data and data analytics based on multiple various sensors, in addition to maintenance, repair and operational service. According to Fortune Business Insights, drone market services is valued at $13.9 billion in 2022 and projected to grow to $189.4 billion by 2030. In the US, the FAA anticipates that the growth rate in the commercial drone applications, full automationsector will remain high over the next few years. This is requiredprimarily driven by the regulatory clarity that Part 107 rules continues to make economic sense.provide to industry. This is further supported by the Operations Over People final rule, published on December 28, 2020, which is the latest incremental step towards further integration of small drones into the national airspace. Ondas has secured a key position within this market, holding the first FAA Airworthiness Type Certificate, allowing it to apply to fly its drones in complex populated environments.

In addition to the Optimus System and its related drone services, Ondas also competes in the C-UAS market providing the Iron-Drone Raider system for counter drone kinetic interception. The timegrowing C-UAS technology market has been valued in a recent study published by Grand View Research in 2023, at $1.4 billion in 2022, and cost requirements$1.9 billion in 2023, and forecasted growth at a compound annual growth rate of human pilots28.1% from 2023 to 2030 with a revenue forecast for 2030 of $10.6 billion. We believe these studies underestimate the potential market size, because they don’t fully consider the potential effect of security vulnerabilities on the value of the activities the C-UAS equipment protects and enables, in sensitive locations such as major sporting events, and the protection of industrial assets such as in the energy and utility sectors. Notably, although the North American C-UAS marketplace is the largest by revenue, twelve other regions of the world are too highalso active in C-UAS. High-profile events in other countries involving UAS such as the war in Ukraine, the Israel-Hamas conflict, or the December 2018 Gatwick Airport incident when reported UA sightings essentially closed that major airport – have drawn attention to the need for the demanding and monotonous routines that must be performed to extract value. Ondas Autonomous Systems’ drone platforms target the majority of “drone-in-a-box”-applicable commercial, public safety and defense markets.C-UAS technology internationally.

Based upon management estimates, we believe the market size for the Smart City applications for the Optimus System™ to be over $15 billion.

According to a report by GrandView Research published in 2020, Counter-UAS markets are estimated to have a market size of over $10 billion in size.

A report from PWC in 2016 stated that the market size for the commercial drone sector was in excess of $125 billion. PWC segmented the commercial market into three primary categories, Industrial, Agricultural, and Defense. We estimate the collective TAM for the Optimus System™ and anticipated derivative products within these three target markets to be $114 billion. For each market, the core automation technology is similar, but the product is optimized for that set of use cases. Primary differences include payload as well as the user interface (“UI”) and user experience (“UX”) and analytics packages within Insightful™.

Customer Activity

Ondas Networks

The majority of Ondas Networks customer activity has been with the Class 1 freight railroad operators and Siemens in North America. There are seven Class I railroads in North America, all of which run multiple, frequency-specific networks for different applications. Our FullMAX platform has the flexibility to operate in all these frequency bands and will allow these customers the opportunity to better utilize their radio spectrum and add more high-value, data-intensive applications to their operations. Ondas Networks has completed multiple, ongoing testing and pilot programs with railroads including Norfolk Southern Corporation, BNSF Railway Company and CSX Corporation, twothree North American Class I freight railroad operators in connection withoperators. This activity has spanned from the system validation work performed on behalf of the Association of American Railroads’ (AAR) Wireless Communications Committee (WCC). as well as the current programs managed by Ondas and Siemens to formally integrate Ondas wireless technology in operational 900 MHz networks. Our initial focus with these rail customers has been for train control applications and related safety systems in the 900 MHz frequency band where the FCC has recently awarded our railroad customers new radio spectrum.

In August 2022, we received our first commercial volume order for the 900 MHz network from Siemens. We also delivered a Rail Lab (the “dot16 Rail Lab”) to MxV Rail, a subsidiary of the AAR, in September 2022.AAR. The dot16 Rail Lab is hosting multiple Class 1 freight rail operators where they will perform on going network design and configuration related to optimizing the performance of our IEEE 802.16 complaint systems in connection with wide-scale field deployment. In March 2023, the Association of American Railroads (“AAR”) formally announced that IEEE 802.16 standard would be the wireless platform for the greenfield 900 MHz network. In April 2023, the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA) voted to require the use of 802.16 in the 900 MHz greenfield band; The AAR also confirmed they have agreed with the Federal Communications Committee to retire the legacy 900 MHz band by September 2025 and that the wireless network in the new 900 MHz band would be substantially built by April 2026.

We expectare currently engaged in field installation activities with multiple railroads to demonstrate integration of our FullMAX wireless systems with existing legacy train systems at the wayside through the back-office in the 900 MHz network. We believe that successful completion of this demonstrated integration activity will lead to commercial volume orders which will begin the commercial rollout of the 900 MHz to accelerate with themultiple Class 1 freight rail operators throughout 2023 with multiple rail customers providing purchase ordersrailroads, as well as certain short line, passenger and deployingtransit railroads in 2024 of our software-defined network.wireless network technology. We expect a 900 MHz network upgrade cycle across all Class I railroad systems over the next few years in order to comply with FCC license requirements and meet business needs related to safety and profitability.

We have also engaged the AAR and the WCC on the technical roadmap for the legacy 160 MHz wireless network used by the railroads in North America. We believe the 160 MHz network will be the next major wireless network the railroads upgrade utilizing IEEE 802.16t technology.,

As of December 31, 2022,2023, Ondas Networks was active with six of the Class 1 Rails in North America and with one of the largest railroads in the world, Indian Railways, for a multi-year delivery program of locomotive radios for on-board telemetry applications. Also in 2022, we received our first order for 160 MHz radios, a bridge to the next major rail network in North America, which we believe will be upgraded to our FullMAX™ platform.

Ondas Autonomous Systems

Our Optimus System™ addresses a wide number of applications and use cases across enterprise, industrial, and government end markets. The platform has been extensively tested both internally and externally with customers for reliability, safety, and performance. We received purchase orders from two customers in the UAE in December 2022, which represented our initial orders for commercial deployment as Urban Drone Infrastructure fleets. The initial purchase order was received for a UAE government entity with plans to primarily use the system for public safety and homeland security applications. We also announced a purchase order from Abu Dhabi-based SkyGo Transport of Goods L.L.C. (“SkyGo”). Airobotics and SkyGo have also signed a Term Sheet agreeing to enter into a joint venture (the “SkyGo JV”) to provide aerial drone services to municipal and government customers focused on Smart City use cases.

Customer interest in our aerial data services has grown significantly since receiving these initial fleet orders and that is reflected in a growing customer pipeline. The initial two customers have indicated plans to deploy approximately 50 systems in the UAE by 2025 and we believe demand could grow further. In addition, moving customers from proof-of-concept deployments to Urban Drone Infrastructure fleet deployments has validated the performance and value of our Optimus System™, which has helped both accelerate our marketing activity with existing customers and generated new customer interest to help expand the pipeline. We expect interest in our Optimus System ™ to grow significantly as awareness builds which will expand our customer pipeline.

We expect to expand customer activity in the United States as American Robotics introduces Optimus to its existing customers and expands marketing to new customers. In the United States, we are qualifying our oil and gas customers for marketing programs, and we plan to expand marketing to other industrial and government markets. 

We launched our Raider™ counter-drone system in March 2023 and began seeking customer orders at the same time. We have seen significant interest in the Raider™ For potential customers and partners and on March 10, 2023 we announced that the Dubai Police has signed an MOU which expressed their intent to purchase a certain number of units of the Raider™. We expect to receive additional orders as we expand marketing channels in 2023.2024.

Our Optimus System™ addresses a wide range of applications and use cases across enterprise, industrial, and government end markets. The platform has been extensively tested both internally and externally with customers for reliability, safety, and performance.

In the Middle East and Africa region, during 2023, we received purchase orders from two customers in the UAE, representing our initial orders for commercial deployment as Urban Drone Infrastructure fleets. The initial purchase order was received from a UAE government entity that has been deploying an urban drone infrastructure based on Our Optimus System™ since 2020. The infrastructure primarily utilizes the systems for public safety and homeland security applications. During 2023, we received a $2.6 million order for more Optimus systems and an additional service agreement with this local government entity for ongoing support and maintenance of the installed systems in Dubai. In February, we also announced a $3.6 million purchase order from Abu Dhabi-based SkyGo Transport of Goods L.L.C. (“SkyGo”). Airobotics and SkyGo have also signed a Term Sheet agreeing to enter into a joint venture (the “SkyGo JV”) to provide aerial drone services to municipal and government customers focused on Smart City use cases. We have successfully completed a Proof of Concept (PoC) with SkyGo as the first milestone, and we are looking forward to continuing the development of this new business in Abu Dhabi in 2024.

In addition to these deals, we have announced a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to collaborate for the purpose of providing aerial defensive solutions against potential aerial threats and to cooperate in the implementation of the Optimus System™. Through the MOU, Airobotics and Dubai Police will work towards developing joint activities in fields of common interest, aligning the Optimus System with the operational goals of Dubai Police, and implementing AI technologies to enhance the performance of the Optimus and Iron-Drone systems. Dubai Police also declared its intention to purchase a certain number of our counter-drone solution, Iron Drone Raider™.

We have also announced collaboration with Rafael Advanced Defense Systems Ltd, the Israeli leading defense company, utilizing each company’s technology to leverage the Optimus System™ Infrastructure and Rafael’s newly unveiled METRO DOME and DRONE DOME to enable advanced autonomous drone operations and services for municipal and government clients in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

In addition to our activities in the Middle East, we have announced entering a strategic alliance with Saudi Excellence, one of the leading companies in the Gulf region. This alliance aims to bring next-generation security and defense technologies to Saudi government and enterprises across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Our goal is to establish a local drone infrastructure throughout the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and to develop and foster an ecosystem of technology and service providers across the KSA by employing local staff and working closely with local partners.

Furthermore, we have announced a strategic partnership with Morocco-Based Maghrebnet, a Moroccan vendor specialized in information technologies, security, networks, telecommunications, electricity, and renewable energies. The partnership is intended to offer advanced drone infrastructure in North Africa and to manufacture Optimus Drone-In-a-Box systems in the Kingdom of Morocco and the Republic of Senegal. Additionally, we aim to establish a Joint Research and Development (R&D) & Training center in Morocco.

In Israel, during February 2023, we announced an additional purchase order from a major Semiconductor Chip Manufacturer where Our Optimus System™ has been deployed since 2016. Since 2020, Optimus operations have extended to support a mega construction project, providing a unified data platform and analytics services to the company and its contractor companies. The Optimus System and its geo-visual data platform are being utilized by hundreds of users, including project owner staff and contractors, to visualize, understand, and share the status of construction. The system provides a shared data platform and portal that enhances productivity and communication between teams and organizations while maintaining its original security and remote supervision routine operations.

Additionally, in response to the Israeli-Gaza crisis, we announced that we are accelerating our development process of the Iron Drone Raider™ system to meet specific requirements of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Furthermore, we announced the awarding of a $0.5 million grant from the Israel Innovation Authority to further advance the features of Iron Drone Raider™ features. We believe these efforts will lead to purchase orders in the first quarter 2024.

In the United States, we announced that American Robotics commenced a paid pilot program with the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (“MassDOT”) Aeronautics Division. During the fourth quarter 2023 and the first quarter of 2024, American Robotics deployed the Optimus System™ and conducted several successful demonstrations for MassDOT stakeholders, featuring rail inspections, emergency response, and environmental monitoring applications. During these demonstrations, the Optimus system operated remotely and autonomously, following American Robotics’ receipt of FAA waivers for beyond-visual-line-of-sight drone operations. We expect to secure systems purchase in 2024 as a result of this activity and to expand program to include fleet deployments of the Optimus System.

We anticipate expanding customer activity in the United States as American Robotics introduces Optimus to its existing customers and broadens its marketing efforts to reach new customers. In the United States, we are also qualifying more government customers from additional state and federal departments for marketing programs, and we plan to expand marketing efforts to other industrial and government markets. We are also planning to introduce Iron Drone Raider to customers in the United States in the security and defense sectors in 2024.

Customer interest in our aerial data services has experienced significant growth in the US market and worldwide. Operations of our Optimus System™ in the Middle East and the USA have not only accelerated our marketing activities with existing customers but have also generated new customer interest, thereby expanding our pipeline. Additionally, ongoing conflicts worldwide, particularly in Europe and the Middle East, have heightened the demand for our technologies. As more entities recognize the potential of autonomous drones and the necessity of protecting against them, interest in our Optimus System™ and Iron Drone Raider™ is expected to surge. We believe this increased awareness will further expand our customer pipeline in the United States and worldwide.

Manufacturing, Availability and Dependence upon Suppliers

Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems utilize outsourced manufacturing partners in the building of product to fulfill customer orders. Utilizing contract manufacturers allows us to focus on designing, developing and selling our products. Furthermore, outsourced manufacturing allows us to leverage the economies of scale and expertise of specialized outsourced manufacturers, reduce manufacturing and supply chain risk and distribution costs.

Ondas Networks designs the printed circuit boards and enclosures for our radios and maintains the bill of materials for all of the products we manufacturer. A Bill of Materials (“BOM”) is a list of the raw materials, sub-assemblies, intermediate assemblies, sub-components, parts and the quantities of each needed to manufacture the end product.radios. The physical manufacturing of FullMAX circuit boards is outsourced to best-in-class industrial contract manufacturers. The contract manufacturer is responsible for sourcing the majority of components, in the BOM, assembling the components onto the printed circuit boards and then delivering the final boards to us. Once at our facility, the boards are tested, then placed into enclosures and programmed with the appropriate software. The radios are then configured according to the requirement of the network and run through system level tests before being packaged and shipped to the customer. Ondas Networks maintains multiple contract manufacturers, both domestically and internationally, to ensure competitive pricing and to reduce the risk from a single manufacturer.

Ondas Autonomous Systems designs the Optimus System™ and the Iron Drone™ and specifies all components of the BOM including the raw materials, sub-assemblies, intermediate assemblies, sub-components, parts and the quantities of each needed to manufacture the end product. These assemblies incorporate a combination of custom-developed components and COTS components. The building of an Optimus System™ and the Iron Drone™ is outsourced to best-in-class contract manufacturers for fabrication and assembly. We utilize different contract manufacturers for the Optimus™ drone, the Iron Drone™, and Airbase™. Once complete, the contract manufacturers deliver the finished products to our facility where software is loaded, and system-level quality assurance is performed before being packaged and shipped to the customer location for installation. Ondas Autonomous Systems works with a select group of contract manufacturers and has access to a large number of other comparable contract manufacturers. 

Research & Development

Our ability to develop state-of-the-art and cost-effective solutions relative to our competitors can only be achieved through our continued research and development efforts.

Ondas Networks research and development activities are headed by Menashe Shahar, our Chief Technology Officer, based in our Sunnyvale, California headquarters. Mr. Shahar is a co-founder of Ondas Networks and has over 30 years of telecommunications system development experience, including the design and implementation of broadband wireless data systems for top tier system integrators and service providers including WorldCom, Nortel and ADC. Mr. Shahar has been awarded multiple patents in the data communications industry and has been an active participant in major wireless standardization activities including IEEE 802.16. In addition to internal research and development efforts, we also engage third party consultants to assist us in our research and development activities.

Ondas Autonomous Systems research and development activities are headed by Meir Kliner, President of Ondas Autonomous Systems and CEO and Founder of Airobotics who is based in Petah Tikva, Israel. Mr. Kliner has led the development of the Optimus System™ since 2014 and has expertise that represents a synthesis of years of managerial experience combined with command of drone product design. Mr. Kliner’s background includes key roles in developing diverse aerial systems, ranging from recreational to military applications and has founded several businesses, including Light and Strong, a premier manufacturer of composites for aerial platforms in the drone industry. Mr. Kliner is supported by a development team based in both Petah Tikva, Israel and Waltham, Massachusetts.

Ondas Holdings development activities are guided by Vijay Somandepalli, VP of Technical Strategy at Ondas Holdings and the Chief Technology Officer of American Robotics, based in our Waltham, Massachusetts headquarters. Dr. Somandepalli is a co-founder of American Robotics and has extensive experience in the fields of robotics, drones, energy storage, and aerospace engineering. Prior to founding American Robotics, Dr. Somandepalli was a Managing Engineer and senior consultant for over a decade at Exponent, a large national engineering and scientific consulting firm, where he advised in many industries, including oil & gas, solar, hydroelectric, coal, infrastructure, automotive, aviation, and telecom. Dr. Somandepalli holds a Ph.D. and Master’s in Mechanical Engineering from Stanford University, a B.Tech in Aerospace Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, and is a Licensed Professional Engineer (PE).Israel.

Our research and development team works closely with our customer support team and incorporates feedback from our customers into our product development plans to improve our products and address emerging market requirements.

Our research and development expenses were approximately $24,044,000$17,145,000 and approximately $5,801,000$24,044,000 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Intellectual Property

We rely primarily on patent, trademark and trade secret laws to protect our proprietary technologies and intellectual property. As of this filing, the Ondas Networks segment held a total of seven issued patents in the U.S., twothree international issued patents, four pending patent applications in the U.S., and elevennine international pending patent application.applications. The Ondas Networks segment’s patents expire between 20282029 and 2040, subject to any patent extensions that may be available for such patents. Our intellectual property centers around creating and maintaining robust, private, highly secure, broadband industrial wireless networks using our FullMAX radio technology for our mission critical customers’ networks. We view the Ondas Networks segment’s patents as a key strategic advantage as the markets for industrial wireless connectivity grows and as these industries move to standardized solutions and will enable us to earn licensing fees and/or royalties for the use of our patents.

The Ondas Autonomous Systems segment relies primarily on patent, trademark and trade secret laws to protect our proprietary technologies and intellectual property. As of this filing, the Ondas Autonomous Systems segment held a total of six issued patents in the U.S., ten22 international issued patents, six pending patent applications in the U.S., and elevenfive international pending patent application. The Ondas Autonomous Systems segment’s patents expire between 20362034 and 2042,2048, subject to any patent extensions that may be available for such patents. The Ondas Autonomous Systems segment’s intellectual property incorporates internally developed software and hardware design incorporating machine and computer vision and was developed with artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques. This intellectual property is critical to the development of end-to-end systems which reliably enable the automated operation of drones in real-world environments.

We have a policy of requiring our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers and parties with which we do business to enter into confidentiality, non-disclosure (“NDAs”) and assignment of invention agreements before disclosure of any of our confidential or proprietary information.

Seasonality

We do not believe that the industry in which Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems competes is subject to seasonal sales fluctuation.

Dependence on a Single CustomerSmall Number of Customers

Because we have only recently invested in our customer service and support organization, a small number of customers have accounted for a substantial amount of our revenue. During the year ended December 31, 2023, three customers accounted approximately $6,703,000, $5,127,000, and $3,395,000 of our revenue or approximately 43%, 33%, and 22%, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2022, one customer accounted for approximately $1,893,000 of our revenue, or approximately 89%. During the year ended December 31, 2021, two customers accounted for approximately $1,204,000 and $1,599,000 of our revenue, or approximately 41% and 55%, respectively.

Competition

Ondas Networks

We compete with alternatives to wireless technology, public cellular data networks and private wireless networking products from other manufactures.manufacturers. We believe that each of these competing solutions has core weaknesses when compared to FullMAX, as described below.

Public cellular data networks:

Other private wireless products:

Alternate technologies:

Ondas Autonomous Systems

We compete with other drone OEMs providing a variety of solutions for inspection, security, asset tracking and other applications. We compete on many dimensions with system performance being differentiated by the level of autonomous operation, ease of use, reliability, safety, and government regulations. Further, leading automated data solution providers must provide diverse payload capabilities for data collection, along with robust, advanced analytics programs that are specific for each industry served.

Governmental Regulations

Our operations are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations including: (i) authorization from the FCC and other global communications regulators for operation in various licensed frequency bands; (ii) FAA    and other global Civil Aviation Authority regulations and approvals unique to the operation of commercial or industrial drones; (iii) customers’ licenses from the FCC; (iv) licensing, permitting and inspection requirements applicable to contractors, electricians and engineers; (v) regulations relating to worker safety and environmental protection; (vi) permitting and inspection requirements applicable to construction projects; (vii) wage and hour regulations; (viii) regulations relating to transportation of equipment and materials, including licensing and permitting requirements; (ix) building and electrical codes; and (x) special bidding, procurement and other requirements on government projects. 

We believe we have the licenses materially required to conduct our operations, and we are in substantial compliance with applicable regulatory requirements. The operation of our manufactured products by our customers (network providers and service providers) in the U.S. or in foreign jurisdictions in a manner not in compliance with local law could result in fines, business disruption, or harm to our reputation. The changes to regulatory and technological requirements may also alter our product offerings, impacting our market share and business. Failure to comply with applicable regulations could result in substantial fines or revocation of our operating licenses or could give rise to termination or cancellation rights under our contracts or disqualify us from future bidding opportunities.

Israel’s defense export policy regulates the sale of a number of our systems and products. Current Israeli policy encourages exports to approved customers of defense systems and products such as ours, as long as the export is consistent with Israeli government policy. Subject to certain exemptions, a license is required to initiate marketing activities. We also must receive a specific export license for defense related hardware, software and technology exported from Israel. Israeli law also regulates export of “dual use” items (items that are typically sold in the commercial market but that also may be used in the defense market).   

Environmental Regulation

Our operations are subject to extensive, and frequently changing, federal, state and local environmental laws and substantial related regulation by government agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency. Among other matters, these regulatory authorities impose requirements that regulate the operation, handling, transportation and disposal of hazardous materials; protect the health and safety of workers; and require us to obtain and maintain licenses and permits in connection with our operations. This extensive regulatory framework imposes significant compliance burdens and risks on us. Notwithstanding these burdens, we believe that we are in material compliance with all federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations governing our operations.

There has been no material adverse effect to our consolidated financial statementsConsolidated Financial Statements nor competitive positions as a result of these environmental regulations.

Employees

As of March 10, 2023,29, 2024, we have 116108 full-time employees, including 4035 in the Ondas Networks segment and 7673 in the Ondas Autonomous Systems segment. In addition, we have consulting agreements with 1714 consultants for manufacturing, supply chain, documentation, engineering, regulatory, IT, and business development support. Additionally, from time to time, we may hire temporary employees. We also utilize contractors to manufacture components, for certain research and development and for system deployment functions. None of our employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement and we are unaware of any union organizing efforts. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.

Corporate Information

Ondas Holdings Inc. was originally incorporated in Nevada on December 22, 2014, under the name Zev Ventures Incorporated. On September 28, 2018, we acquired Ondas Networks Inc., a Delaware corporation, changed our name to Ondas Holdings Inc., and discontinued the prior business of Zev Ventures Incorporated. On August 5, 2021, Ondas Holdings Inc. acquired American Robotics, Inc., a Delaware Corporation.corporation. On January 23, 2023, Ondas Holdings Inc. acquired Airobotics Ltd., an Israeli corporation. See Note 5 – Goodwill and Business Acquisitions of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the American Robotics acquisition. On January 23, 2023, Ondas Holdings Inc. acquired Airobotics Ltd., an Israeli corporation. See Note 16 - Subsequent Events of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the Airobotics acquisition. On February 14, 2023, the Company formed Ondas Autonomous Systems, a new business unit to manage the combined drone operations of American Robotics and Airobotics. On December 6, 2023, the Company formed Ondas Autonomous Holdings Inc., a Nevada corporation, as an intermediate holding company which now wholly-owns American Robotics and Airobotics.

As a result of the acquisitions described above, Ondas Networks, OAH, American Robotics and Airobotics became our wholly owned subsidiaries. Also, we had one wholly owned subsidiary, FS Partners (Cayman) Limited, a Cayman Islands limited liability company, and one majority owned subsidiary, Full Spectrum Holding Limited, a Cayman Islands limited liability company. Both FS Partners (Cayman) Limited and Full Spectrum Holding Limited have been dissolved as of January 4, 2023.

Ondas Holdings’ corporate headquarters are located in Waltham,Marlborough, Massachusetts. Ondas Networks has offices and facilities in Sunnyvale, California, American Robotics’ offices and facilities are located in Waltham, MassachusettsSparks, Maryland and Marlborough, Massachusetts, and Airobotics’ offices and facilities are located in Petah Tikva, Israel.

Available Information 

Our Internet website is www.ondas.com.www.ondas.com. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) are available, free of charge, under the Investors tab of our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Additionally, the SEC maintains a website located at www.sec.gov that contains the information we file or furnish electronically with the SEC.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Before you invest in our common stock, you should carefully consider the following risks, as well as general economic and business risks, and all of the other information contained in this Form 10-K. Any of the following risks could harm our business, operating results and financial condition and cause the trading price of our common stock to decline, which would cause you to lose all or part of your investment. When determining whether to invest, you should also refer to the other information contained in this Form 10-K including our financial statements and the related notes thereto.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We have incurred significant operating losses since inception and cannot assure you that we will ever achieve or sustain profitability.

Since our inception, we have incurred significant net losses. As of December 31, 20222023 and December 31, 2021,2022, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $154$198 million and $80$154 million, respectively. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through sales of our equity securities and debt financing.

We expect our operating expenses to increase significantly as we pursue our growth strategy, including expending substantial resources for research, development and marketing. The extent of our future operating losses and the timing of profitability are highly uncertain, and we expect to continue incurring significant expenses and operating losses over the next several years. Any additional operating losses may have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and the price of our common stock, and we cannot assure you that we will ever be able to achieve profitability.

Even if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase such profitability. Additionally, our costs may increase in future periods and we may expend substantial financial and other resources on, among things, sales and marketing, the hiring of additional officers, employees, contractors and other service providers, and general administration, which may include a significant increase in legal and accounting expenses related to public company compliance, continued compliance and various regulations applicable to our business or arising from the growth and maturity of our company. Our failure to become and remain profitable would depress the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, maintain our development efforts, obtain regulatory approvals, diversify our product and service offerings or continue our operations, and may cause the price of our common stock to decline.

The adoption of the IEEE 802.16s802.16t wireless broadband standard, an evolution of the IEEE 802.16s standard published in 2017, by customers in our target critical infrastructure sectors is uncertain.

TheOndas Networks is currently developing technology compatible with the proposed wireless broadband standard known as IEEE 802.16t, which is an evolution of the EEE 802.16s wireless broadband standard was published in October 2017. In addition,We believe we are currently the only manufacturer of IEEE 802.16s compliant equipment.wireless solutions and are likely to be the only manufacturer of IEEE 802.16t compliant wireless solutions when that standard is formally ratified. The benefitbenefits of the standard to buyers of our equipment are greater when there exists a large, deep market in terms of the number of customers. A large market benefits from the scale provided such that many vendors can compete on service, price and quality of solution driving improved value for customers. If a large end market does not develop and customers do not see the related benefits from the standard, we may not be able to grow our business.

Our growth depends in part on the success of our strategic partnerships with third parties such as Siemens Mobility, who are also customers, as well as on our ability to establish a broad range of additional ecosystem partner and customer relationships with leading global industrial vendors.

In order to grow our business, we depend on partnerships with market leading technology and industrial companies such as Siemens Mobility, who are also customers of Ondas Networks in order to accelerate the adoption of our wireless technology. If we are unsuccessful in maintaining our partnership and customer relationships with third parties, including Siemens Mobility, or if our partnerships do not provide us the anticipated benefits, our ability to compete in the marketplace or to grow our revenue could be impaired and our operating results may suffer. In addition, adoption of our FullMAX wireless platform, and Optimus System™, and Iron Drone Raider™ requires us to establish additional ecosystem relationships with leading global industrial vendors and customers. Even if we are successful in executing these partnerships and integrating with additional ecosystem vendors, we cannot assure you that these partnerships and relationships will result in increased adoption of our technology or increased revenue.

If the commercial UAS markets do not experience significant growth, if we cannot expand our customer base or if our products and services do not achieve broad acceptance, then we may not be able to achieve our anticipated level of growth.

We cannot accurately predict the future growth rates or sizes of the markets for our products and services. Demand for our products and services may not increase, or may decrease, either generally or in specific markets, for particular types of products and services or during particular time periods. We believe the market for commercial UAS is nascent and the expansion of the market for our products and services in particular, depends on a number of factors, including the following:

Even if commercial UAS gain wide market acceptance, our products and services may not adequately address market requirements and may not continue to gain market acceptance. If these types of systems generally, or our products and services specifically, do not gain wide market acceptance, then we may not be able to achieve our anticipated level of growth and our revenue and results of operations would decline.

Negative customer perception regarding the commercial UAS industry or the Company’s automated data solutions could have a material adverse effect on the demand for the Company’s products and the business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows of the Company.

The Company believes the commercial UAS industry is highly dependent upon customer perception regarding the safety, efficacy, and quality of the commercial UAS system deployed. Customer perception of these products can be significantly influenced by scientific research or findings, regulatory investigations, litigation, media attention, and other publicity. There can be no assurance that future scientific research, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention, or other research findings or publicity will be favorable to the UAS market. Future research reports, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other publicity that are perceived as less favorable than, or that question, earlier research reports, findings or publicity could have a material adverse effect on the demand for the Company’s products and the business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows of the Company. The dependence upon customer perceptions means that adverse scientific research reports, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other publicity, whether or not accurate or with merit, could have a material adverse effect on the Company, the demand for the Company’s products, and the business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows of the Company.

Failure to manage our planned growth could place a significant strain on our resources.

Our ability to successfully implement our business plan requires an effective plan for managing our future growth. We plan to increase the scope of our operations. Current and future expansion efforts will be expensive and may significantly strain our managerial and other resources and ability to manage working capital. To manage future growth effectively, we must manage expanded operations, integrate new personnel and maintain and enhance our financial and accounting systems and controls. If we do not manage growth properly, it could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations and make it difficult for us to satisfy our debt obligations.

We may be unsuccessful in achieving our organic growth strategies, which could limit our revenue growth or financial performance. Our ability to generate organic growth will be affected by our ability to, among other things:

Many of the factors affecting our ability to generate organic growth may be beyond our control, and we cannot be certain that our strategies for achieving internal growth will be attempted, realized or successful.

If we fail to retain our existing customers or do not acquire new customers in a cost-effective manner, our revenue may decrease and our business, financial condition or results of operations may be harmed.

We believe that our success is dependent on our ability to continue identifying and anticipating the needs of our customers, to retain our existing customers and to add new customers. For example, our business plan is designed to penetrate large, critical infrastructure end markets with our wireless and UAS driven data solutions and have expanded our dedicated sales resources and field personnel to broaden our marketing and field support efforts into new industries and sectors. As a result, we have significantly increased customer engagement in the transportation, security and UAS end markets with Ondas Networks and in the industrial, public safety and government markets with Ondas Autonomous Systems. We expect that our qualified customer pipeline will increase in other additional strategic end markets. However, as we become larger through organic growth, the growth rates for customer engagement, project volume and average spend per customer may slow, even if we continue to add customers on an absolute basis. In addition, the costs associated with customer retention may be substantially lower than costs associated with the acquisition of new customers. Therefore, our failure to retain existing customers, even if such losses are offset by an increase in revenue resulting from the acquisition of new customers, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Additionally, while a key part of our business strategy is to add customers in our existing geographic markets, we expect to expand our operations into new geographic markets. In doing so, we may incur losses or otherwise fail to enter new markets successfully. Our expansion into new markets may place us in unfamiliar and competitive environments and involve various risks, including the need to invest significant resources and the possibility that returns on such investments will not be achieved for several years or at all. 

The Company faces uncertainty and adverse changes in the economy.

Adverse changes in the economy could negatively impact the Company’s business. Future economic distress may result in a decrease in demand for the Company’s products, which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s operating results and financial condition. Uncertainty and adverse changes in the economy could also increase costs associated with developing and publishing products, increase the cost and decrease the availability of sources of financing, and increase the Company’s exposure to material losses from bad debts, any of which could have a material adverse impact on the financial condition and operating results of the Company.

Any outbreak or worsening of an outbreak of contagious diseases, or other adverse public health developments, could have a material and adverse effect on

We may experience disruptions to our business operations financial conditionas a result of war and results of operations.hostilities in Israel.

Any outbreak or worseningOn October 7, 2023, Hamas terrorists infiltrated Israel’s southern border from the Gaza Strip and conducted a series of an outbreak of contagious diseases, or other adverse public health developments, could have a materialattacks on civilian and adverse effect on our business operations, financial condition and results of operations. For example, in December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) was identified in Wuhan, China, and has subsequently spread to other regionsmilitary targets. Following the attacks, the Security Cabinet of the world,State of Israel declared a state of war in Israel. Since Airobotics is located in Israel, Company has considered various ongoing risks relating to the military operation and hasrelated matters, including: (i) approximately 17% of our workforce in Israel have been called to active duty; (ii) some of the Company’s Israeli subcontractors, vendors, suppliers and other companies in which the Company relies, are currently only partially active, as instructed by the relevant authorities or due to personnel shortages related to the war effort, which resulted in increased travel restrictions, business disruptionsa temporary delay of inventory production; and emergency quarantine measures across(iii) there has been a slowdown in the worldnumber of international flights in and out of Israel. In recent weeks, all of the Company’s workforce in Israel returned to work and inventory production restraints have eased. The Company is closely monitoring how the military operation and related activities could adversely affect its anticipated milestones and its Israel-based activities to support future operations, including the United States. The Company’s business, financial conditionability to import materials that are required to construct the Optimus System™ and resultsto ship them outside of Israel. To date, we have not had material disruptions to our ability to produce, manage and deliver products and services to customers as our U.S. teams have supported our ongoing operations were impacted fromin Israel and the COVID-19 pandemic during the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 as follows:

The Company expects its business, financial condition and results of operations will be impacted from the COVID-19 pandemic during 2023, primarily due to supply chain disruptions due to pandemic-related plant and port shutdowns, transportation delays, government actions and other factors, which may be beyond our control. The global shortage of certain components such as semiconductor chips, strains on productionMiddle East; however, a prolonged war or extraction of raw materials, cost inflation, and labor and equipment shortages, could escalate in future quarters. Labor shortages have led and may continue to lead to difficult conditions for hiring and retention of employees, and increased labor costs. Further, the COVID-19 pandemic is ongoing and remains an unknown risk for the foreseeable future. The extent to which the coronavirus may impact our business will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severityescalation of the coronavirus. As a result, the Company is unable to reasonably estimate the full extent of the impact from the COVID-19 pandemic on its futurecurrent conditions in Israel could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, ifDue to the Company were to experience any new impact to its operations or incur additional unanticipated costsrecency of these events, and expenses as a resulttheir ongoing and evolving nature, the extent of the COVID-19 pandemic, such operational delays and unanticipated costs and expenses there could be a further adverse impacteffect on the Company’sour business financial condition and results of operations during 2023.is still unknown.

We have significant dependence on a small number of customers, and the loss of such customers or a decrease in business conducted with such customers could materially harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Because we have only recently invested in our customer service and support organization, a small number of customers have accounted for a substantial amount of our revenue. During the year ended December 31, 2023, three customers accounted approximately $6,703,000, $5,127,000, and $3,395,000 of our revenue or approximately 43%, 33%, and 22%, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2022, one customer accounted for approximately $1,893,000 of our revenue, or approximately 89%. During the year ended December 31, 2021, two customers accounted for approximately $1,204,000 and $1,599,000 of our revenue, or approximately 41% and 55%, respectively. The loss of the 2022 customer2023 customers or a decrease in the business conducted with such customers could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations. 

 Project performance delays or difficulties, including those caused by third parties, or certain contractual obligations may result in additional costs to us, reductions in revenues or the payment of liquidated damages.

Many projects involve challenging engineering, construction or installation phases that may occur over extended time periods. We may encounter difficulties as a result of delays or changes in designs, engineering information or materials provided by our customer or a third party, delays or difficulties in equipment and material delivery, schedule changes, delays from our customer’s failure to timely obtain permits or meet other regulatory requirements including the securing of necessary FCC certifications or FAA approvals, weather-related delays and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, that impact our ability to complete the project in accordance with the original delivery schedule. In addition, we contract with third-party subcontractors to assist us with the completion of contracts. Any delay or failure by suppliers or by subcontractors in the completion of their portion of the project may be beyond our control and may result in delays in the overall progress of the project or may cause us to incur additional costs, or both. Delays and additional costs may be substantial, and, in some cases, we may be required to compensate the customer for such delays. Delays may also disrupt the final completion of our contracts as well as the corresponding recognition of revenues and expenses therefrom. In certain circumstances, we guarantee project completion by a scheduled acceptance date or achievement of certain acceptance and performance testing levels; failure to meet any of our guarantees, schedules or performance requirements could also result in additional costs or penalties to us, including obligations to pay liquidated damages, and such amounts could exceed expected project profit. In extreme cases, the above-mentioned factors could cause project cancellations, and we may be unable to replace such projects with similar projects or at all. Such delays or cancellations may impact our reputation, brand or relationships with customers, adversely affecting our ability to secure new contracts.

Our contractors may fail to satisfy their obligations to us or other parties, or we may be unable to maintain these relationships, either of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on third party contractors to complete manufacturing, certain research and development and deployment functions. There is a risk that we may have disputes with contractors arising from, among other things, the quality and timeliness of work performed by the contractor, customer concerns about the contractor or our failure to extend existing task orders or issue new task orders. In addition, if any of our contractors fail to deliver on a timely basis the agreed-upon supplies and/or perform the agreed-upon services, then our ability to fulfill our obligations may be jeopardized. In addition, the absence of qualified contractors with whom we have a satisfactory relationship could adversely affect the quality of our service and our ability to perform under some of our contracts. Any of these factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Material delays or defaults in customer payments could leave us unable to cover expenditures related to such customer’s projects, including the payment of our subcontractors.

Because of the nature of most of our contracts, we commit resources to projects prior to receiving payments from our customers in amounts sufficient to cover expenditures as they are incurred. In certain cases, these expenditures include paying our contractors and purchasing parts. If a customer defaults in making its payments on a project or projects to which we have devoted significant resources, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Certain of our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers may work on projects that are inherently dangerous, and a failure to maintain a safe worksite could result in significant losses.

Certain of our project sites can place our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers and others, including third parties, in difficult or dangerous environments, and may involve difficult and hard to reach terrain, high elevation, or locations near large or complex equipment, moving vehicles, high voltage or other safety hazards or dangerous processes. Safety is a primary focus of our business and maintaining a good reputation for safety is critical to our business. Many of our customers require that we meet certain safety criteria to be eligible to bid on contracts. We maintain programs with the primary purpose of implementing effective health, safety and environmental procedures throughout our company. Maintaining such programs involves variable costs which may increase as governmental, regulatory and industry safety standards evolve, and any increase in such costs may materially affect orour business, financial condition or results of operations. Further, if we fail to implement appropriate safety procedures or if our procedures fail, our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers, including third parties, may suffer injuries. Failure to comply with such procedures, client contracts or applicable regulations, or the occurrence of such injuries, could subject us to material losses and liability and may adversely impact our ability to obtain projects in the future or to hire and retain talented officers, employees, contractors, and other services providers, therefore materially adversely affecting our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Warranty claims resulting from our services could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We generally warrant our manufactured products, including hardware and software, for a period of one year from the date of receipt of the product by the customer. After the first year, the customer can pay for extended hardware warranty and software maintenance and upgrades on an annual basis in advance. While costs that we have incurred historically under our warranty obligations have not been material, the costs associated with such warranties, including any warranty related legal proceedings, are variable and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our products are subject to a lengthy sales cycle and our customers may cancel or change their product plans after we have expended substantial time and resources in the design of their products.

Many of our customers are conservative in their decision-making process. Sales cycles for new customers can vary from one to three years depending on the complexity of the customer’s network, whether the customer is subject to state regulations, and annual budget cycles. During this lengthy sales cycle, our potential customers may cancel or change their product plans. Customers may also discontinue products incorporating our devices at any time or they may choose to replace our products with lower cost semiconductors. In addition, we are working with leading customers in our target markets to define our future products. If customers cancel, reduce or delay product orders from us, or choose not to release products that incorporate our devices after we have spent substantial time and resources developing products or assisting customers with their product design, our revenue levels may be less than anticipated and our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.

Our marketing efforts depend significantly on our ability to receive positive references from our existing customers.

Our marketing efforts depend significantly on our ability to call on our current and past customers to provide positive references to new, potential customers. A material portion of our current pipeline activity is concentrated in the transportation and aviation sectors as well as in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Given our limited number of customers, the loss or dissatisfaction of any customer could substantially harm our brand and reputation, inhibit the market acceptance of our products and services, and impair our ability to attract new customers and maintain existing customers. Further, as we expand into new vertical and geographic end markets, references from existing customers could be similarly important. Any of these consequences could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If our products contain defects or otherwise fail to perform as expected, we could be liable for damages and incur unanticipated warranty, recall and other related expenses, our reputation could be damaged, we could lose market share and, as a result, our financial condition or results of operations could suffer.

Our products rely on complex avionics, sensors, user-friendly interfaces and tightly integrated, electromechanical designs to accomplish their missions. Our products may contain defects or experience failures due to any number of issues in design, materials, manufacture, deployment and/or use. If any of our products contain a defect, compatibility or interoperability issue or other error, we may have to devote significant time and resources to find and correct the issue. Such efforts could divert the attention of our management team and other relevant personnel from other important tasks. A product recall or a significant number of product returns could (i) be expensive; (ii) damage our reputation and relationships with utilities and other third-party vendors; (iii) result in the loss of business to competitors; and (iv) result in litigation against us. Costs associated with field replacement labor, hardware replacement, re-integration with third-party products, handling charges, correcting defects, errors and bugs, or other issues could be significant and could materially harm our financial results.

As a manufacturer of UAV products, and with aircraft and aviation sector companies under increased scrutiny, claims could be brought against us if use or misuse of one of our UAV products causes, or merely appears to have caused, personal injury or death. In addition, defects in our products may lead to other potential life, health and property risks. Any claims against us, regardless of their merit, could severely harm our financial condition, strain our management and other resources.

The existence of any defects, errors, or failures in our products or the misuse of our products could also lead to product liability claims or lawsuits against us. A defect, error or failure in one of our products could result in injury, death or property damage and significantly damage our reputation and support for our products in general. We anticipate this risk will grow as our products begin to be used in U.S. domestic airspace and urban areas.

Although we maintain insurance policies, we cannot provide assurance that this insurance will be adequate to protect us from all material judgments and expenses related to potential future claims or that these levels of insurance will be available in the future at economical prices or at all. A successful product liability claim could result in substantial cost to us. Even if we are fully insured as it relates to a claim, the claim could nevertheless diminish our brand and divert management’s attention and resources, which could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Estimated future product warranty claims are based on the expected number of field failures over the warranty commitment period, the term of the product warranty period, and the costs for repair, replacement and other associated costs. Our warranty obligations are affected by product failure rates, claims levels, material usage and product re-integration and handling costs.

Because our products are relatively new and we do not yet have the benefit of long-term experience observing products’ performance in the field, our estimates of a product’s lifespan and incidence of claims may be inaccurate. Should actual product failure rates, claims levels, material usage, product re-integration and handling costs, defects, errors, bugs or other issues differ from the original estimates, we could end up incurring materially higher warranty or recall expenses than we anticipate.

Our Optimus System™ makes use of lithium-ion battery cells, which, if not appropriately managed and controlled, have occasionally been observed to catch fire or vent smoke and flames. If such events occur with our products, we could face liability associated with our warranty, for damage or injury, adverse publicity and a potential safety recall, any of which would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

The battery packs in our Optimus™ drone use lithium-ion cells, which have been used for years in laptop computers and cell phones. On occasion, if not appropriately managed and controlled, lithium-ion cells can rapidly release the energy they contain by venting smoke and flames in a manner that can ignite nearby materials. Highly publicized incidents of laptop computers and cell phones bursting into flames have focused consumer attention on the safety of these cells. These events also have raised questions about the suitability of these lithium-ion cells for automotive applications. There can be no assurance that a field failure of our battery packs will not occur, which would damage the vehicle or lead to personal injury or death and may subject us to lawsuits. Furthermore, there is some risk of electrocution if individuals who attempt to repair battery packs on our vehicles do not follow applicable maintenance and repair protocols. Any such damage or injury would likely lead to adverse publicity and potentially a safety recall. Any such adverse publicity could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Due to the volatile and flammable nature of certain components of our products and equipment, fires or explosions may disrupt our business or cause significant injuries, which could adversely affect our financial results.

The development and manufacture of certain of our products involves the handling of a variety of explosive and flammable materials as well as high power equipment. From time to time, these activities may result in incidents that could cause us to temporarily shut down or otherwise disrupt some manufacturing processes, causing production delays and resulting in liability for workplace injuries and/or fatalities. We have safety and loss prevention programs that require detailed reviews of process changes and new operations, along with routine safety audits of operations involving explosive materials, to mitigate such incidents, as well as a variety of insurance policies, however our insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover all claims and losses related to such incidents. We may experience such incidents in the future, which could result in production delays or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Our technology, products and services have only been developed in the last several years and we have had only limited opportunities to deploy and assess their performance in the field at full scale.

The current generation of our FullMAX and Optimus System™ technology platforms have only been developed in the last several years and will continue to evolve. Deploying and operating our technology is complex and, until recently, had been done primarily by a small number of customers. As the size, complexity and scope of our deployments grow we have been able to test product performance at a greater scale and in a variety of new geographic settings and environmental conditions. As the number, size and complexity of our deployments grow and we deploy our technology platforms for new applications in new critical infrastructure industries, we may encounter unforeseen operational, technical and other challenges, some of which could cause significant delays, trigger contractual penalties, result in unanticipated expenses, and/or damage to our reputation, each of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to respond to evolving technological changes, our products and services could become obsolete or less competitive.

We operate in highly competitive industries characterized by new and rapidly evolving technologies, standards, regulations, customer requirements, as well as frequent product introductions and revisions. Accordingly, our operating results depend upon our ability to develop and introduce new products and services, our ability to reduce production costs of our existing products. The process of developing new technologies and products is complex, and if we are unable to develop enhancements to, and new features for, our existing products and services or acceptable new products and services that keep pace with technological developments or industry standards, our products may become obsolete, less marketable and less competitive and our business, financial condition or results of operations could be significantly harmed.

We depend on our ability to develop new products and to enhance and sustain the quality of existing products.

Our growth and future success will depend, in part, on our ability to continue to design and manufacture new competitive products and to enhance and sustain the quality and marketability of our existing products. As such, we have made, and expect to continue to make, substantial investments in technology development. In the future, we may not have the necessary capital, or access to capital on acceptable terms, to fund necessary levels of research and development. Even with adequate capital resources, we may nonetheless experience unforeseen problems in the development or performance of our technologies or products. In addition, we may not meet our product development schedules and, even if we do, we may not develop new products fast enough to provide sufficient differentiation from our competitors’ products, which may be more successful.

We expect to incur substantial research and development costs and devote significant resources to identifying and commercializing new products and services, which could significantly reduce our profitability and may never result in revenue to us.

Our future growth depends on penetrating new markets, adapting existing products to new applications and new environments, and introducing new products and services that achieve market acceptance. We plan to incur substantial research and development costs as part of our efforts to design, develop and commercialize new products and services and enhance existing products. For example, we will incur research and development costs to improve the functionality of our acoustic DAA solution configuration in certain environments, in addition to integrating new payloads to broaden the functionality of our Optimus System™. Further, our research and development programs may not produce successful results, and our new products and services may not achieve market acceptance, create additional revenue or become profitable, which could materially harm our business, prospects, financial results and liquidity.

If our products do not interoperate with our customers’ other systems, the purchase or deployment of our products and services may be delayed or cancelled.

Our products are designed to interface with our customers’ other systems, each of which may have different specifications and utilize multiple protocol standards and products from other vendors. Our products will be required to interoperate with many or all of these products as well as future products in order to meet our customers’ requirements. If we find errors in the existing software or defects in the hardware used in our customers’ systems, we may need to modify our products or services to fix or overcome these errors so that our products will interoperate with the existing software and hardware, which could be costly and negatively affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, if our products and services do not interoperate with our customers’ systems, customers may seek to hold us liable, demand for our products could be adversely affected or orders for our products could be delayed or cancelled. This could hurt our operating results, damage our reputation or brand, and seriously harm our prospects, business, financial condition or results of operations.

The Company operates in a competitive market.

The Company faces competition and new competitors will continue to emerge throughout the world. Services offered by the Company’s competitors may take a larger share of customer spending than anticipated, which could cause revenue generated from the Company’s products and services to fall below expectations. It is expected that competition in these markets will intensify. If competitors of the Company develop and market more successful products or services, offer competitive products or services at lower price points, or if the Company does not produce consistently high-quality and well-received products and services, revenues, margins, and profitability of the Company will decline.

The Company’s ability to compete effectively will depend on, among other things, the Company’s pricing of services and equipment, quality of customer service and field support, development of new and enhanced products and services in response to customer demands and changing technology, reach and quality of sales and distribution channels and capital resources. Competition could lead to a reduction in the rate at which the Company adds new customers, a decrease in the size of the Company’s market share and a decline in its customers.

We rely on our management team and need additional personnel to grow our business, and the loss of one or more key officers, employees, contractors and other service providers or our inability to attract and retain qualified personnel could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We depend, in part, on the performance of Eric Brock, our Chief Executive Officer Derek Reisfield,and President, Yishay Curelaru, our Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary, Reese Mozer, our President. Stewart Kantor and Menashe Shahar, the President and Chief Technology Officer of Ondas Networks, respectively, and Meir Kliner and Yishay Curelaru, the President and Chief Financial Officer of Ondas Autonomous Systems respectively, to operate and grow our business. The loss of any of Messrs. Brock, Reisfield, Mozer, Kantor,Curelaru, Shahar, Kliner or CurelaruKliner could negatively impact our ability to execute our business strategies. Although we have entered into employment agreements with Messrs. Brock, Reisfield, Mozer, KantorCurelaru, Shahar, and Shahar,Kliner, we may be unable to retain them or replace any of them if we lose their services for any reason.

Our future success will also depend on our ability to attract, retain and motivate highly skilled management, product development, operations, sales, technical and other personnel in the United States and abroad. Even in today’s economic climate, competition for these types of personnel is intense, particularly in Silicon Valley. All of our employees, contractors and other service providers in the United States work for us on an at-will basis. Given the lengthy sales cycles with utilities and deployment periods of our networking platform and solutions, the loss of key personnel at any time could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Cyberattacks through security vulnerabilities could lead to disruption of business, reduced revenue, increased costs, liability claims, or harm to our reputation or competitive position.

Security vulnerabilities may arise from our hardware, software, employees, contractors or policies we have deployed, which may result in external parties gaining access to our networks, datacenters, cloud datacenters, corporate computers, manufacturing systems, and or access to accounts we have at our suppliers, vendors, and customers. They may gain access to our data or our users’ or customers’ data or attack the networks causing denial of service or attempt to hold our data or systems in ransom. The vulnerability could be caused by inadequate account security practices such as failure to timely remove employee access when terminated. To mitigate these security issues, we have implemented measures throughout our organization, including firewalls, backups, encryption, employee information technology policies and user account policies. However, there can be no assurance these measures will be sufficient to avoid cyberattacks. If any of these types of security breaches were to occur and we were unable to protect sensitive data, our relationships with our business partners and customers could be materially damaged, our reputation could be materially harmed, and we could be exposed to a risk of litigation and possible significant liability.

Further, if we fail to adequately maintain our infrastructure, we may have outages and data loss. Excessive outages may affect our ability to timely and efficiently deliver products to customers or develop new products and solutions. Such disruptions and data loss may adversely impact our ability to fulfill orders, patent our intellectual property or protect our source code, and interrupt other processes. Delayed sales or lost customers resulting from these disruptions could adversely affect our financial results, stock price and reputation.

Unauthorized use or disclosure of, or access to, any personal information maintained by us or on our behalf, whether through breach of our systems, breach of the systems of our suppliers or vendors by an unauthorized party, or through employee or contractor error, theft or misuse, or otherwise, could harm our business. If any such unauthorized use or disclosure of, or access to, such personal information was to occur, our operations could be seriously disrupted, and we could be subject to demands, claims and litigation by private parties, and investigations, related actions, and penalties by regulatory authorities. In addition, we could incur significant costs in notifying affected persons and entities and otherwise complying with the multitude of foreign, federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the unauthorized access to, or use or disclosure of, personal information. Finally, any perceived or actual unauthorized access to, or use or disclosure of, such information could harm our reputation, substantially impair our ability to attract and retain customers and have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We do not control certain aspects of the manufacturing process.

Our reliance on a small number of manufacturers reduces our control over the manufacturing process, exposing us to risks, including reduced control over quality assurance, product costs and product supply including delays in transportation and delivery. Any manufacturing disruption by our usual manufacturers could impair our ability to fulfill orders. We may be unable to manage our relationships with our usual manufacturers effectively as they may experience delays, disruptions, capacity constraints or quality control problems in their manufacturing operations or otherwise fail to meet our future requirements for timely delivery. Similarly, to the extent that our usual manufacturers procure materials on our behalf, we may not benefit from any warranties received by our usual manufacturers from the suppliers or otherwise have recourse against the original supplier of the materials or even the manufacturer. In such circumstances, if the original supplier were to provide us or our usual manufacturers with faulty materials, we might not be able to recover the costs of such materials or be compensated for any damages that arise as a result of the inclusion of the faulty components in our products.

One or more of our usual manufacturers may suffer an interruption in its business, or experience delays, disruptions or quality control problems in its manufacturing operations, or seek to terminate its relationship with us, or we may choose to change or add additional manufacturers for other reasons. Additionally, we do not have long-term supply agreements with our usual manufacturers. As a result, we may be unable to renew or extend our agreement on terms favorable to us, if at all. Although the manufacturing services required to manufacture and assemble our products may be readily available from a number of established manufacturers, it may be risky, time consuming and costly to qualify and implement new manufacturer relationships.

Any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If critical components or raw materials used to manufacture our products or used in our development programs become scarce or unavailable, then we may incur delays in manufacturing and delivery of our products and in completing our development programs, which could damage our business.

In order to produce our Optimus System™ and related safety systems, we obtain certain hardware components, as well as subsystems and systems from a limited group of suppliers, some of which are sole source suppliers. We do not have long-term agreements with any of these suppliers that obligate them to continue to sell components, subsystems, systems or products to us. Our reliance on these suppliers involves significant risks and uncertainties, including whether our suppliers will provide an adequate supply of required components, subsystems, or systems of sufficient quality, will increase prices for the components, subsystems or systems and will perform their obligations on a timely basis.

In addition, certain raw materials and components used in the manufacturemanufacturing of our products and in our development programs, are periodically subject to supply shortages, and our business is subject to the risk of price increases and periodic delays in delivery. Particularly, the market for electronic components is experiencing increased demand and a global shortage of semiconductors, creating substantial uncertainty regarding our suppliers’ continued production of key components for our products. If any additional shortages occur and we are unable to obtain components from third party suppliers in the quantities and of the quality that we require, on a timely basis and at acceptable prices, then we may not be able to timely complete development programs or deliver our products on a timely or cost effective basis to our customers, which could cause customers to terminate their contracts with us, increase our costs and seriously harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, if any of our suppliers become financially unstable, or otherwise unable or unwilling to provide us with raw materials or components, then we may have to find new suppliers. It may take several months to locate alternative suppliers, if required, or to redesign our products to accommodate components from different suppliers. We may experience significant delays in manufacturing and shipping our products to customers and incur additional development, manufacturing and other costs to establish alternative sources of supply if we lose any of these sources or are required to redesign our products. We cannot predict if we will be able to obtain replacement components within the time frames that we require at an affordable cost, if at all. In particular, governmental measures responsive to the global COVID-19 pandemic have disrupted manufacturing and some supply chains, including our supply chain, which has had, and is expected to continue to have, a significant impact, both direct and indirect, on businesses and commerce worldwide. Although we have not yet seen significant delays from our suppliers and we keep stock of all our raw materials and other product components with long lead times to assist in the event that our supply chain is disrupted, if the COVID-19 outbreak continues and results in a prolonged period of commercial and/or governmental restrictions, this may impact our ability to obtain certain raw materials and certain components used in the manufacture of our products and in our development programs.

We currently do not have long-term supply contracts with guaranteed pricing which exposes us to fluctuations in component, materials and equipment prices. Substantial increases in these prices would increase our operating costs and could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Because we currently do not have long-term supply contracts with guaranteed pricing, we are subject to fluctuations in the prices of the raw materials, parts and components and equipment we use in the production of our Optimus System™. Substantial increases in the prices for such raw materials, components and equipment would increase our operating costs and could reduce our margins if we cannot recoup the increased costs through increased prices. Any attempts to increase prices of our automated data solutions in response to increased costs could be viewed negatively by our customers and could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We may pursue additional strategic transactions in the future, which could be difficult to implement, disrupt our business or change our business profile significantly.

We intend to consider additional potential strategic transactions, which could involve acquisitions of businesses or assets, joint ventures or investments in businesses, products or technologies that expand, complement or otherwise relate to our current or future business. We may also consider, from time to time, opportunities to engage in joint ventures or other business collaborations with third parties to address particular market segments. Should our relationships fail to materialize into significant agreements, or should we fail to work efficiently with these companies, we may lose sales and marketing opportunities and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

These activities, if successful, create risks such as, among others: (i) the need to integrate and manage the businesses and products acquired with our own business and products; (ii) additional demands on our resources, systems, procedures and controls; (iii) disruption of our ongoing business; (iv) potential unknown or unquantifiable liabilities associated with the target company; and (v) diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns. Moreover, these transactions could involve: (a) substantial investment of funds or financings by issuance of debt or equity securities; (b) substantial investment with respect to technology transfers and operational integration; and (c) the acquisition or disposition of product lines or businesses. Also, such activities could result in one-time charges and expenses and have the potential to either dilute the interests of our existing shareholders or result in the issuance of, or assumption of debt. Such acquisitions, investments, joint ventures or other business collaborations may involve significant commitments of financial and other resources. Any such activities may not be successful in generating revenue, income or other returns, and any resources we committed to such activities will not be available to us for other purposes. Moreover, if we are unable to access the capital markets on acceptable terms or at all, we may not be able to consummate acquisitions, or may have to do so on the basis of a less than optimal capital structure. Our inability to take advantage of growth opportunities or address risks associated with acquisitions or investments in businesses may negatively affect our operating results.

Additionally, any impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets acquired in an acquisition or in an investment, or charges to earnings associated with any acquisition or investment activity, may materially reduce our earnings. Future acquisitions or joint ventures may not result in their anticipated benefits, and we may not be able to properly integrate acquired products, technologies or businesses with our existing products and operations or successfully combine personnel and cultures. Failure to do so could deprive us of the intended benefits of those acquisitions.

If the Company is required to write down goodwill and other intangible assets, the Company’s financial condition and results could be negatively affected.

Goodwill impairment arises when there is deterioration in the capabilities of acquired assets to generate cash flows, and the fair value of the goodwill dips below its book value. The Company is required to review its goodwill for impairment at least annually. Events that may trigger goodwill impairment include deterioration in economic conditions, increased competition, loss of key personnel, and regulatory action. Should any of these occur, an impairment of goodwill could have a negative effect on the assets of the Company.

In December 2023, the year ended December 31, 2022,Company bypassed the qualitative analysis and proceeded directly to a quantitative analysis. The Company engaged a third-party service provider to carry out a valuation of the American Robotics entity.Ondas Autonomous Systems reporting unit. Using a discounted cash flow analysis and revisedupdated forecasts for revenue and cash flows, that are lower than the previous valuation, it was determined that the fair value of the entityreporting unit was lowerhigher than the carrying value as of December 31, 2022,2023, and anno further impairment of $19,419,600to goodwill was recognized in operating expenses in the Consolidated Statementsnecessary as of Operations for the year ending December 31, 2022.2023. See Note 5 – Goodwill and Business Acquisition of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the impairment of goodwill.

War, terrorism, and other acts of violence may affect the markets in which we operate, our clients and our product and service delivery.

Our business may be adversely affected by regional or global instability, disruption or destruction, regardless of cause, including war, terrorism, riot, civil insurrection or social unrest. For example, the significant military action against Ukraine launched by Russia may affect the markets in which we operate. Such events may cause clients to delay their decisions on spending for the products and services provided by us and give rise to sudden significant changes in regional and global economic conditions and cycles. These events pose risks which could materially adversely affect our financial results.

We may not be able to secure adequate insurance policies, or secure insurance policies at reasonable prices.

We maintain general liability insurance, aviation flight testing insurance, aircraft liability coverage, directors and officers insurance, and other insurance policies and we believe our level of coverage is customary in the industry and adequate to protect against claims. However, there can be no assurance that it will be sufficient to cover potential claims or that present levels of coverage will be available in the future at a reasonable cost. Further, we expect our insurance needs and costs to increase as we grow our commercial operations and expand into new markets and itsit is uncertain if such insurance will be available on commercially reasonable terms.

The Company will be affected by operational risks and may not be adequately insured for certain risks.

The Company will be affected by a number of operational risks and the Company may not be adequately insured for certain risks, including: labor disputes; catastrophic accidents; fires; blockades or other acts of social activism; changes in the regulatory environment; impact of non-compliance with laws and regulations; natural phenomena, such as inclement weather conditions, floods, earthquakes and ground movements. There is no assurance that the foregoing risks and hazards will not result in damage to, or destruction of, the Company’s technologies, personal injury or death, environmental damage, adverse impacts on the Company’s operation, costs, monetary losses, potential legal liability and adverse governmental action, any of which could have an adverse impact on the Company’s future cash flows, earnings and financial condition. Furthermore, the unmanned aerial systems industry lacks a formative insurance market. As a result, the Company may be subject to or affected by liability or sustain loss for certain risks and hazards against which the Company cannot insure or which the Company may elect not to insure because of the cost. This lack of insurance coverage could have an adverse impact on the Company’s future cash flows, earnings, results of operations and financial condition.

Litigation may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

From time to time in the normal course of our business operations, we may become subject to litigation that may result in liability material to our financial condition as a whole or may negatively affect our operating results if changes to our business operations are required. The cost to defend such litigation may be significant and may require a significant diversion of our resources, and there is no guarantee that we will be able to successfully defend against any such litigation regardless of particular merits. There also may be adverse publicity associated with litigation that could negatively affect customer perception of our business, regardless of whether the allegations are valid or whether we are ultimately found liable. Insurance may not be available on favorable terms, at all, or in sufficient amounts to cover any liabilities with respect to these or other matters. A judgment or other liability in excess of our insurance coverage for any claims could adversely affect our business, financial condition and the results of our operations.

Our cash could be adversely affected if the financial institutions in which we hold our cash fail.

The Company maintains domestic cash deposits in Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured banks. The domestic bank deposit balances may exceed the FDIC insurance limits. Also, in the foreign markets we serve, we also maintain cash deposits in foreign banks, some of which are not insured or partially insured by the FDIC or other similar agency. These balances could be impacted if one or more of the financial institutions in which we deposit monies fails or is subject to other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets. For example, on March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank failed and was taken into receivership by the FDIC. The Company held $361,813 in excess of federally insured limits with Silicon Valley Bank as of March 10, 2023. However, on March 12, 2023, the federal government announced they will back all customer deposits at Silicon Valley Bank.

Risks Related to Regulatory Requirements

We and our customers operate in a highly regulated business environment and changes in regulation could impose costs on us or make our products less economical.

Our products and services and our utility customers are subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations. Laws and regulations applicable to us and our products govern, among other things, the manner in which our products communicate, and the environmental impact and electrical reliability of our products. Additionally, our critical infrastructure customers are often regulated by national, state and/or local bodies, including public utility commissions, the Department of Energy, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Federal Aviation Administration,the FAA, the FCC, Federal Rail Association, Israeli Defense Export Controls Agency of the Ministry of Defense and other bodies. Prospective customers may be required to gain approval from any or all of these organizations prior to implementing our products and services, including specific permissions related to the cost recovery of these systems. Regulatory agencies may impose special requirements for implementation and operation of our products, which may result in unforeseen delays. We may incur material costs or liabilities in complying with government regulations applicable to us or our utility customers. In addition, potentially significant expenditures could be required in order to comply with evolving regulations and requirements that may be adopted or imposed on us or our utility customers in the future. Such costs could make our products less economical and could impact our utility customers’ willingness to adopt our products, which could materially and adversely affect our revenue, results of operations and financial condition.

Furthermore, changes in the underlying regulatory conditions that affect critical infrastructure industries could have a potentially adverse effect on our customers’ interest or ability to implement our technologies. Many regulatory jurisdictions have implemented rules that provide financial incentives for the implementation of energy efficiency and demand response technologies, often by providing rebates or through the restructuring of utility rates. If these programs were to cease, or if they were restructured in a manner inconsistent with the capabilities enabled by our products and services, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be significantly harmed.

Failure to obtain necessary regulatory approvals from the FAA or other governmental agencies, or limitations put on the use of small UAS in response to public privacy and other concerns, may prevent us from expanding the sales of our drone solutions to industrial and government customers in the United States.

The regulation of small UAS for commercial use in the United States is undergoing substantial change and the ultimate treatment is uncertain.

On February 14, 2012, the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 was enacted, establishing various deadlines for the FAA to allow expanded use of small UAS for both public and commercial applications. On June 21, 2016, the FAA released its final rules regarding the routine use of certain small UAS (under 55 pounds) in the U.S. National Airspace System pursuant to the act (the “Part 107 Rules”). The Part 107 Rules, which became effective in August 2016, provided safety regulations for small UAS conducting non-recreational operations and contain various limitations and restrictions for such operations, including a requirement that operators keep UAS within visual-line-of-sight and prohibiting flights over unprotected people on the ground who are not directly participating in the operation of the UAS. On December 28, 2020, the FAA announced final rules requiring remote identification of drones and allowing operators of small drones to fly over people and at night under certain conditions. On June 8, 2021, the FAA announced the formation of an Aviation Rulemaking Committee (“ARC”) to develop new rules to further define regulations for the operations of UAS Beyond Visual Line-of-Site (“BVLOS”). The timing of additional rulemaking is uncertain as is the outcome of the still developing regulatory environment related to the operation of small UAS.

We cannot assure you that any final rules enacted in furtherance of the FAA’s announced proposals will result in the expanded use of our drones and drone solutions by commercial and industrial entities. In addition, there exists public concern regarding the privacy and other implications of U.S. commercial use of small UAS. This concern has included calls to develop explicit written policies and procedures establishing usage limitations. We cannot assure you that the response from regulatory agencies, customers and privacy advocates to these concerns will not delay or restrict the adoption of small UAS by the commercial use markets.

Substantially all our current products depend on the availability and are subject to the use of licensed radio frequencies regulated by the FCC in the United States.

Substantially all of our current wireless networking products are designed to communicate wirelessly via licensed radio frequencies and therefore depend on the availability of adequate radio spectrum in order to operate. It is possible that the FCC or the U.S. Congress could adopt additional regulations or policies which are or may change or modify current regulations or policies so that they are, harmful to our business or incompatible with our current or future product offerings, as well as products currently installed in the field. Additional regulations or policies or changes or modifications to current regulations or policies may require modification or replacement of our products, including products currently installed in the field, at significant, or even prohibitive, cost to us, and may require changes or modifications to, or termination of, ongoing or planned projects. Any of these developments could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition or results of operations.

As a manufacturer of commercial UAS, we are subject to various government regulations, restrictions and requirements, and may be subject to additional regulations in the future, violation of which could subject us to sanctions or otherwise harm, restrict or add costs to our business.

As a manufacturer of consumer products, we are subject to significant government regulations, restrictions and requirements, including, in the United States, those issued under the Consumer Products Safety Act, as well as those issued under product safety and consumer protection statutes in our international markets. Failure to comply with any applicable product safety or consumer protection regulation could result in sanctions that could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Governments and regulatory agencies in the markets where we manufacture and sell products may enact additional regulations relating to product safety and consumer protection in the future and may also increase the penalties for failure to comply with product safety and consumer protection regulations. In addition, one or more of our customers might require changes in our products, such as the non-use of certain materials, in the future. Complying with any such additional regulations or requirements could impose increased costs on our business. Similarly, increased penalties for non-compliance could subject us to greater expenses in the event any of our products were found to not comply with such regulations. Such increased costs or penalties could harm our business.

Our business is subject to federal, state and international laws regarding data protection, privacy, and information security, as well as confidentiality obligations under various agreements, and our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could damage our reputation, expose us to litigation risk and adversely affect our business and operating results.

In connection with our business, we receive, collect, process and retain certain sensitive and confidential customer information. As a result, we are subject to increasingly rigorous federal, state and international laws regarding privacy and data protection. Personal privacy, data protection and information security are significant issues in the United States and the other jurisdictions where we offer our products and services. The regulatory framework for privacy and security issues worldwide is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Our handling of data is subject to a variety of laws and regulations, including regulation by various government agencies, including the United States Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) and various state, local and foreign bodies and agencies. We also execute confidentiality agreements with various parties under which we are required to protect their confidential information.

The United States federal and various state and foreign governments have adopted or proposed limitations on the collection, distribution, use and storage of personal information of individuals, including end-customers and employees. In the United States, the FTC and many state attorneys generalattorney generals are applying federal and state consumer protection laws to the online collection, use and dissemination of data. Additionally, many foreign countries and governmental bodies, and other jurisdictions in which we operate or conduct our business, have laws and regulations concerning the collection and use of personal information obtained from their residents or by businesses operating within their jurisdiction. These laws and regulations often are more restrictive than those in the United States. Such laws and regulations may require companies to implement new privacy and security policies, permit individuals to access, correct and delete personal information stored or maintained by such companies, inform individuals of security breaches that affect their personal information, and, in some cases, obtain individuals’ consent to use personal information for certain purposes.

We also expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations and industry standards concerning privacy, data protection and information security in the United States, the European Union and other jurisdictions, and we cannot yet determine the impact of such future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act, which became effective in 2020, provides new data privacy rights for consumers and new operational requirements for companies. Additionally, we expect that existing laws, regulations and standards may be interpreted differently in the future. There remains significant uncertainty surrounding the regulatory framework for the future of personal data transfers from the European Union to the United States with regulations such as the recently adopted General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which imposes more stringent E.U.European Union data protection requirements, provides an enforcement authority, and imposes large penalties for noncompliance. Future laws, regulations, standards and other obligations, including the adoption of the GDPR, as well as changes in the interpretation of existing laws, regulations, standards and other obligations could impair our ability to collect, use or disclose information relating to individuals, which could decrease demand for our products, require us to restrict our business operations, increase our costs and impair our ability to maintain and grow our customer base and increase our revenue.

Although we are working to comply with those federal, state and foreign laws and regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations and other legal obligations that apply to us, such laws, regulations, standards and obligations are evolving and may be modified, interpreted and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and may conflict with one another, other requirements or legal obligations, our practices or the features of our products. As such, we cannot assure ongoing compliance with all such laws or regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations and other legal obligations, and our efforts to do so may cause us to incur significant costs or require changes to our business practices, which could adversely affect our business and operating results. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with federal, state or foreign laws or regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations or other legal obligations, or any actual or suspected security incident, whether or not resulting in unauthorized access to, or acquisition, release or transfer of personal information or other data, may result in governmental enforcement actions and prosecutions, private litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity and could cause our customers to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business. Any inability to adequately address privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable laws, regulations, policies, industry standards, contractual obligations or other legal obligations could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales, and adversely affect our business and operating results.

We are subject to numerous legal and regulatory regimes, and we could be harmed by changes to, or the interpretation or the application of, the laws and regulations of each of the jurisdictions in which it operates.

In addition to the United States, Airobotics operates in Israel, Singapore and the United Arab Emirates. The international scope of Airobotics’ business requires us to comply with a wide range of national and local laws and regulations, which may in certain cases diverge from or even conflict with each other.

With the geographic expansion of our business, and that of our subsidiaries, into new markets, we have become subject to additional and changing legal, regulatory, tax, licensing, and compliance requirements and industry standards.

In countries where we operate, legislators and regulatory authorities may introduce new interpretations of existing laws and regulations or introduce new legislation or regulations concerning our business. Changes in government regulation of or successful challenges to the business model used by us in certain markets may require us to change our existing business models and operations. Any additional regulatory scrutiny or changes in legal requirements may impose significant compliance costs and make it uneconomical for us to continue to operate in all of the current markets or to expand in accordance with our strategy, particularly if regulations or their interpretations vary greatly or conflict between different operating countries. This may negatively impact our revenue and profitability by preventing our business from reaching sufficient scale in particular markets or having to change our business model or incur additional costs, which would adversely impact business. Our inability, or perceived inability, to comply with existing or new compliance obligations, could lead to regulatory scrutiny, which could result in administrative or enforcement action, such as fines, penalties, and/or enforceable undertakings and adversely affect our business.

We may become subject to increasing global trade laws and regulations.

We may become subject to increasing global trade laws and regulations, including economic sanctions, export controls, and import laws. Failure to comply with global trade laws and regulations can result in penalties and reputational harm. Our international sales efforts expose us to increased risk under these laws and regulations, and increasing and evolving global trade laws could impact our business.

We are subject to Israeli regulations, restrictions and requirements which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

Restrictions imposed on us by the Government of Israel, as a result of strategic ties and treaties with foreign countries, limit our activities and access to certain countries, in a manner that may restrict and even prevent in certain situations our operations in certain countries and affect its results.

Risks Related to our Intellectual Property

Our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology is uncertain.

We rely primarily on patent, trademark and trade secret laws, as well as confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements, to protect our proprietary technologies and intellectual property. As of this filing, the Ondas Networks segment held a total of seven issued patents in the U.S., twothree issued international patents, four patent pending applications in the U.S., and elevennine international pending patent application. The Ondas Networks segment patents expire between 20282029 and 2040, subject to any patent extensions that may be available for such patents. As of this filing, the Ondas Autonomous Systems segment held a total of six issued patents in the U.S., ten22 issued international patents, six patent pending applications in the U.S., and elevenfive international pending patent applications. The Ondas Autonomous Systems segment patents expire between 20362034 and 2042,2048, subject to any patent extensions that may be available for such patents. Our intellectual property incorporates internally developed software and hardware design incorporating machine and computer vision and was developed with artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques. This intellectual property is critical to the development of end-to-end systems which reliably enable the automated operation of drones in real-world environments.

We have applied for patent protection relating to certain existing and proposed products and processes. Currently, several of our issued U.S. patents as well as various pending U.S. and foreign patent applications relate to our FullMAX systems, Optimus System™, and Iron Drone Raider™ and are therefore important to the functionality of our products. If we fail to timely file a patent application in any jurisdiction, we may be precluded from doing so at a later date. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that any of our patent applications will be approved in a timely manner or at all. The rights granted to us under our patents, and the rights we are seeking to have granted in our pending patent applications, may not be meaningful or provide us with any commercial advantage. In addition, those rights could be opposed, contested or circumvented by our competitors, or be declared invalid or unenforceable in judicial or administrative proceedings. The failure of our patents to adequately protect our technology might make it easier or cheaper for our competitors to offer the same or similar products or technologies. Even if we are successful in receiving patent protection for certain products and processes, our competitors may be able to design around our patents or develop products that provide outcomes which are comparable or superior to ours without infringing on our intellectual property rights. Due to differences between foreign and U.S. patent laws, our patented intellectual property rights may not receive the same degree of protection in foreign countries as they would in the United States. Even if patents are granted outside the U.S., effective enforcement in those countries may not be available without significant cost and time expense or at all.

We rely on our trademarks and trade names to distinguish our products from the products of our competitors. Third parties may challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that our trademarks are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our products, which could result in loss of brand recognition, and could require us to devote additional resources to marketing new brands. Further, we cannot assure you that competitors will not infringe upon our trademarks, or that we will have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks.

We also rely on trade secrets, know-how and technology, which are not protectable by patents, to maintain our competitive position. We try to protect this information by entering into confidentiality agreements and intellectual property assignment agreements with our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers regarding our intellectual property and proprietary technology. In the event of unauthorized use or disclosure or other breaches of those agreements, we may not be provided with meaningful protection for our trade secrets or other proprietary information. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our commercial partners, collaborators, officers, employees, contractors and other service providers use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in the related or resulting know-how and inventions. If any of our trade secrets, know-how or other technologies not protected by a patent were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

If a competitor infringes upon one of our patents, trademarks or other intellectual property rights, enforcing those patents, trademarks and other rights may be costly, difficult and time consuming. Patent law relating to the scope of claims in the industry in which we operate is subject to rapid change and constant evolution and, consequently, patent positions in our industry can be uncertain. Even if successful, litigation to defend our patents and trademarks against challenges or to enforce our intellectual property rights could be expensive and time consuming and could divert management’s attention from managing our business. Moreover, we may not have sufficient resources or desire to defend our patents or trademarks against challenges or to enforce our intellectual property rights. Litigation also puts our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing. Additionally, we may provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially valuable. The occurrence of any of these events may harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our business may suffer if it is alleged or found that our products infringe the intellectual property rights of others.

Our industries are characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and by litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. Moreover, in recent years, individuals and groups have purchased patents and other intellectual property assets for the purpose of making claims of infringement in order to extract settlements from companies like ours. To date we have received no claims with respect to our infringement of intellectual property or patents but, in the future, third parties may claim that we are infringing upon their patents or other intellectual property rights. In addition, we may be or may become contractually obligated to indemnify our utility customers or other third parties that use or resell our products in the event our products are alleged to infringe a third-party’s intellectual property rights. Responding to such claims, regardless of their merit, can be time consuming, costly to defend in litigation, divert management’s attention and resources, damage our reputation and brand, and cause us to incur significant expenses. Even if we are indemnified against such costs, the indemnifying party may be unable to uphold its contractual obligations. Further, claims of intellectual property infringement might require us to redesign affected products, delay affected product offerings, enter into costly settlement or license agreements or pay costly damage awards or face a temporary or permanent injunction prohibiting us from marketing, selling or distributing the affected products. If we cannot or do not license the alleged infringed technology on reasonable terms or at all, or substitute similar technology from another source, our revenue and earnings could be adversely impacted. Additionally, our utility customers may not purchase our products if they are concerned that our products infringe third-party intellectual property rights. This could reduce the market opportunity for the sale of our products and services. The occurrence of any of these events may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. 

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information, the value of our technology and products could be adversely affected.

In addition to patented technology, we rely on our unpatented technology, trade secrets and know-how. We generally seek to protect this information by confidentiality, non-disclosure and assignment of invention agreements with our officers, employees, contractors and other service providers and with parties with which we do business. These agreements may be breached, which breach may result in the misappropriation of such information, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. We cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use or reverse engineering of our technology.

Moreover, our trade secrets may be disclosed to or otherwise become known or be independently developed by competitors. To the extent that our officers, employees, contractors, other service providers, or other third parties with whom we do business use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. If, for any of the above reasons, our intellectual property is disclosed or misappropriated, it would harm our ability to protect our rights and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We use open-source software in our products and services that may subject our products and services to general release or require us to re-engineer our products and services, which may cause harm to our business.

We use open-source software in connection with our products and services. From time to time, companies that incorporate open-source software into their products have faced claims challenging the ownership of open-source software and/or compliance with open source license terms. Therefore, we could be subject to suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open-source software or noncompliance with open-source licensing terms. Some open-source software licenses require users who distribute open-source software as part of their software to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to such software and/or make available any derivative works of the open-source code on unfavorable terms or at no cost. While we monitor the use of open source software in our products and services and try to ensure that none is used in a manner that would require us to disclose the source code to the related product or that would otherwise breach the terms of an open source agreement, such use could inadvertently occur and we may be required to release our proprietary source code, pay damages for breach of contract, re-engineer our products, discontinue the sale of our products in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis or take other remedial action that may divert resources away from our development efforts, any of which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:

Risks Related to our Financial Results

We will need to generate significant sales to achieve profitable operations.

We intend to increase our operating expenses substantially in connection with the planned expansion of our business, establishment of our sales and marketing infrastructure, our ongoing research and development activities, and the commensurate development of our management and administrative functions, but there is no guarantee that we will succeed in these endeavors. We will need to generate significant sales to achieve profitability, and we might not be able to do so. Even if we do generate significant sales, we might not be able to achieve, sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis in the future. If our sales grow more slowly than we expect, or if our operating expenses exceed our expectations, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Our future profitability may be dependent upon achieving cost reductions and projected economies of scale from increasing manufacturing quantities of our products. Failing to achieve such reductions in manufacturing costs and projected economies of scale could materially adversely affect our business.

We do not know whether or when we will be able to develop efficient, low-cost manufacturing capabilities and processes that will enable us to manufacture (or contract for the manufacture of) these products in commercial quantities while meeting the volume, speed, quality, price, engineering, design and production standards required to successfully market our products. Our failure to develop such manufacturing processes and capabilities in locations that can efficiently service our markets could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Our future profitability is, in part, dependent upon achieving increased savings from volume purchases of raw materials and component parts, achieving acceptable manufacturing yield and capitalizing on machinery efficiencies. We expect our suppliers to experience a sharp increase in demand for their products. As a result, we may not have reliable access to supplies that we require or be able to purchase such materials or components at cost effective prices. There is no assurance that we will ever be in a position to realize any material, labor and machinery cost reductions associated with higher purchasing power and higher production levels. Failure to achieve these cost reductions could adversely impact our business and financial results.

If business growth falls short of expectations, we may need to obtain additional capital to fund our growth, operations, and obligations.

We may require additional capital to fund our growth, operations, and obligations if our growth plan falls short or takes more time than we anticipate. As our business has grown, we have managed periods of tight liquidity by accessing capital from our stockholders and their affiliates. Our capital requirements will depend on several factors, including:

We may seek additional funds through equity or debt offerings and/or borrowings under additional notes payable, lines of credit or other sources. We do not know whether additional financing will be available on commercially acceptable terms or at all, when needed. For example, increases in interest rates could negatively impact the costs of seeking additional funds through debt offerings and/or borrowings. If adequate funds are not available or are not available on commercially acceptable terms, our ability to fund our operations, support the growth of our business or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly delayed or limited, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our revenue is not predictable and recognition of a significant portion of it will be deferred into future periods.

Once a customer decides to move forward with a large-scale deployment of our products and services, the timing of and our ability to recognize related revenue will depend on several factors, some of which may not be under our control. These factors include shipment schedules that may be delayed or subject to modification, the rate at which our utility customers choose to deploy our products in their network, customer acceptance of all or any part of our products and services, our contractual commitments to provide new or enhanced functionality at some point in the future, other contractual provisions such as liquidated damages, our suppliers’ ability to provide an adequate supply of components, the requirement to obtain regulatory approval, and our ability to deliver quality products according to expected schedules. In light of these factors, the application of complex revenue recognition rules to our products and services has required us to defer, and in the future will likely continue to require us to defer, a significant amount of revenue until undetermined future periods. It may be difficult to predict the amount of revenue that we will recognize in any given period and amounts recognized may fluctuate significantly from one period to the next. 

Following the completion of the acquisition of Airobotics, our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates has increased.

Airobotics conducts a significant portion of its operations outside of the United States, which also operate in their respective local currencies, the most significant of which are currently the Israeli New Shekel, the Singapore Dollar and the Emirati Dirham. Therefore, following the completion of the acquisition of Airobotics, our international operations accounts for a more significant portion of our overall operations than they previously did and our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates has increase. Because our financial statements continue to be presented in U.S. dollars, the local currencies of Airobotics will be translated into U.S. dollars at the applicable exchange rates for inclusion in our consolidated financial statements,Consolidated Financial Statements, thereby increasing the foreign exchange translation risk.

We previously identifiedIf our internal controls over financial reporting or our disclosure controls and procedures are not effective, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, prevent fraud or file our periodic reports in a material weaknesstimely manner, which may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and may lead to a decline in our stock price.

As a public company, we are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and provide a management report on the internal control over financial reporting. Our testing, or the subsequent testing by our independent public accounting firm, may reveal deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting associatedthat are deemed to be material weaknesses. If we are not able to comply with the inadequate reviewrequirements of stock-based compensation issuedSection 404 in connection with the acquisition of American Robotics, which has since been remediated, anda timely manner, or if we mayor our accounting firm identify material weaknesses in the future.

We previously reported a material weaknessdeficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting forthat are deemed to be material weaknesses, the year ended December 31, 2021, associated with the inadequate review of stock-based compensation issued in connection with the acquisition of American Robotics. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatementmarket price of our annualstock would likely decline and we could be subject to lawsuits, sanctions or interiminvestigations by regulatory authorities, including SEC enforcement actions, and we could be required to restate our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.results, any of which would require additional financial and management resources.

As discussed in section entitled “Controls and Procedures,” we took a number of measures to remediate theIf material weakness described above, and based on these measures, management has tested the internal control activities and found them to be effective and has concluded that the material weakness described above has been remediated as of December 31, 2022. However, if additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control occur in the future, it may adversely affect our ability to report our financial condition and results of operations in a timely and accurate manner. Although we continually review and evaluate internal control systems to allow management to report on the sufficiency of our internal control over financial reporting, we cannot assure you that we will not discover additional weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we identify onereporting are discovered or more new material weaknesses, we may not assert that our internal controls are effective. If we cannot assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, investors could lose confidenceoccur in the accuracyfuture, our consolidated financial statements may contain material misstatements and completeness ofwe could be required to restate our financial reports,results, which could have a material adverse effect on the pricematerially and adversely affect our business, results of our common stockoperations and possibly impactfinancial condition, restrict our ability to obtain future financing on acceptable terms. Additionally, our management’s attention has been, and may further be, diverted fromaccess the operation of our business as a result ofcapital markets, require us to expend significant resources to correct the time and attention required to address the remediation of any material weakness, subject us to fines, penalties or judgments, harm our reputation or otherwise cause a decline in our internal controls.investor confidence.

Risks RelatedWe continue to invest in more robust technology and resources to manage those reporting requirements. Implementing the Airobotics Transaction

Our business relationships, thoseappropriate changes to our internal controls may distract our officers and employees, result in substantial costs and require significant time to complete. Any difficulties or delays in implementing these controls could impact our ability to timely report our financial results. For these reasons, we may encounter difficulties in the timely and accurate reporting of Airobotics or the combined company may be subjectour financial results, which would impact our ability to disruption due to uncertainty associatedprovide our investors with the acquisition of Airobotics (the “Airobotics Transaction”).information in a timely manner. As a result, our investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, and our stock price could decline.

Parties with whichIn addition, any such changes do not guarantee that we or Airobotics do business may experience uncertainty associated withwill be effective in maintaining the Airobotics Transaction, including with respectadequacy of our internal controls, and any failure to current or future business relationships withmaintain that adequacy could prevent us Airobotics, or the combined company. Our and Airobotics’ business relationships may be subject to disruption, as customers, distributors, suppliers, vendors, and others may seek to receive confirmation that their existing business relationships with us or Airobotics, as the case may be, will not be adversely impacted as a result of the Airobotics Transaction or attempt to negotiate changes in existing business relationships or consider entering into business relationships with parties other than us, Airobotics, or the combined company as a result of the Airobotics Transaction. Any of these other disruptions could have a material adverse effect on our or Airobotics’ business, financial condition, or results of operations or on the business, financial condition, or results of operations of the combined company and could also have an adverse effect on our ability to realize the anticipated benefits of the Airobotics Transaction.

If we are unable to implement and maintain effective internal control over financialfrom accurately reporting following completion of the Airobotics Transaction, we may fail to prevent or detect material misstatements in our financial statements, in which case investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our securities may decline.results.

We and Airobotics historically maintained separate internal control over financial reporting with different financial reporting processes and different process control software. We are in the process of integrating our internal control over financial reporting with that of Airobotics. We may encounter difficulties and unanticipated issues in combining our respective accounting systems due to the complexity of the financial reporting processes. We may also identify errors or misstatements that could require audit adjustments. If we are unable to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting following completion of the Airobotics Transaction, we may fail to prevent or detect material misstatements in our financial statements, in which case investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our securities may decline.

Airobotics may have liabilities that are not known, probable or estimable at this time.

After the Airobotics Transaction, Airobotics is subject to certain past, current, and future liabilities. There could be unasserted claims or assessments against or affecting Airobotics, including the failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations. In addition, there may be liabilities of Airobotics that are neither probable nor estimable at this time that may become probable or estimable in the future, including indemnification requests received from customers of Airobotics relating to claims of infringement or misappropriation of third party intellectual property or other proprietary rights, tax liabilities arising in connection with ongoing or future tax audits and liabilities in connection with other past, current and future legal claims and litigation. Any such liabilities, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on our financial results. We may learn additional information about Airobotics that adversely affects us, such as unknown, unasserted, or contingent liabilities and issues relating to compliance with applicable laws or infringement or misappropriation of third-party intellectual property or other proprietary rights.

Ondas may experience difficulties integrating Airobotics’ business.

Achieving the anticipated benefits of the Airobotics Transaction will depend in significant part upon whether Ondas and successfully integrates Airobotics and American Robotics in the Ondas Autonomous Systems in an efficient and effective manner. The actual integration and operations of the Ondas Autonomous Systems may result in additional and unforeseen expenses, and the anticipated benefits of the integration plan may not be realized. The companies may not be able to accomplish the integration process smoothly, successfully or on a timely basis. The necessity of coordinating geographically separated organizations, systems of controls, and facilities and addressing possible differences in business backgrounds, corporate cultures and management philosophies may increase the difficulties of integration. The companies operate numerous systems and controls, including those involving management information, purchasing, accounting and finance, sales, billing, employee benefits, payroll, and regulatory compliance. The integration of operations following the Airobotics Transaction will require the dedication of significant management and external resources, which may temporarily distract management’s attention from the day-to-day business of the combined company and be costly. Employee uncertainty and lack of focus during the integration process may also disrupt the business of the combined company. Any inability of management to successfully and timely integrate the operations of the two companies could have a material adverse effect on the business and results of operations of the combined company.

The combined company may not fully realize the anticipated benefits of the Airobotics Transaction within the timing anticipated or at all.

Ondas and Airobotics entered into the Agreement of Merger, dated August 4, 2022, because each company believes that the Airobotics Transaction will be beneficial to each of Ondas and Airobotics primarily as a result of the anticipated benefits resulting from the combined company’s operations. The companies may not be able to achieve the anticipated long-term strategic benefits of the Airobotics Transaction. An inability to realize the full extent of, or any of, the anticipated benefits of the Airobotics Transaction, as well as any delays that may be encountered in the integration process, which may delay the timing of such benefits, could have an adverse effect on the business and results of operations of the combined company, and may affect the value of Ondas common stock after the completion of the Airobotics Transaction.

The Airobotics Transaction involved substantial costs.

We have incurred, and expect to continue to incur, a number of non-recurring costs associated with the Airobotics Transaction. The substantial majority of the non-recurring expenses will consist of transaction and regulatory costs related to the Airobotics Transaction. We will also incur transaction fees and costs related to formulating and implementing integration plans, including system consolidation costs and employment-related costs. We continue to assess the magnitude of these costs, and additional unanticipated costs may be incurred from the Airobotics Transaction and integration. Although we anticipate that the elimination of duplicative costs and the realization of other efficiencies and synergies related to the integration should allow us to offset integration-related costs over time, this net benefit may not be achieved in the near term, or at all.

Risks Related to our Common Stock

We have limited trading activity and as a result, the price of our common stock might fluctuate significantly, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The limited trading activity and resulting volatility in the market price of our common stock may prevent you from being able to sell your shares of our common stock at or above the price you paid for your shares. The trading price of our common stock may be volatile and subject to wide price fluctuations in response to various factors, including, but not limited to:

Our common stock is listed on Nasdaq and the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (“TASE”) under the symbol “ONDS.”    The first trading day of the Company’s shares on TASE was January 26, 2023. There can be no assurance that trading of our common stock on such market will be sustained. On February 8, 2024, we took the steps to voluntarily delist our common stock from trading on the TASE. Pursuant to Israeli law, the delisting of our common stock is expected to take effect three months following the date of our request to TASE to delist our common stock, which occurred on February 8, 2024. Following the delisting from TASE, our common stock will solely be trading on Nasdaq. In the event that our common stock is not listed on Nasdaq, or TASE, or if we do not sustain such listing, our common stock could be quoted only on the OTC Markets. Under such circumstances, you may find it significantly more difficult to trade, or to obtain accurate quotations for our common stock and our common stock may become substantially less attractive to certain purchasers, such as financial institutions, hedge funds, and other similar investors.

These and other factors might cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate unpredictably and substantially, which may negatively affect the liquidity of our common stock. In addition, in recent years, the stock market has experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. This volatility has had a significant impact on the market price of securities issued by many companies across many industries, including our industry. The changes frequently appear to occur without regard to the operating performance of the affected companies. Accordingly, the price of our common stock could fluctuate based upon factors that have little or nothing to do with our company, and these fluctuations could materially reduce our stock price.

Securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the overall market and in the market price of a company’s securities. This litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs, divert our management’s attention and resources, and harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

Concentration of ownership of our common stock among our existing executive officers, directors and principal stockholders may prevent new investors from influencing significant corporate decisions.

Our executive officers, directors and current beneficial owners of 5% or more of our common stock and their respective affiliates, in the aggregate, beneficially own approximately 15.6% of our outstanding common stock as of March 10, 2023,27, 2024, and as of the date of this filing. As a result, these persons, acting together, would be able to significantly influence all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election and removal of directors, any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other significant corporate transactions.

Some of these persons or entities may have interests different than yours. For example, they may be more interested in selling our company to an acquirer than other investors, or they may want us to pursue strategies that deviate from the interests of other stockholders.

We may issue more shares to raise additional capital, which may result in substantial dilution.

Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation authorize the issuance of a maximum of 116,666,667300,000,000 shares of common stock. Any additional financings effected by us may result in the issuance of additional securities without stockholder approval and the substantial dilution in the percentage of common stock held by our then existing stockholders. In order to raise additional capital, we may in the future offer additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock at prices that may be higher or lower than the price per share in this offering, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to purchases in this offering or other existing stockholders.of our common stock at that time. Also, we have reserved 6,000,0008,000,000 and 3,333,334 shares of common stock for issuance pursuant to future awards under the Ondas Holdings Inc. 2021 Stock Incentive Plan.Plan (the “2021 Plan”) and 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”), respectively. As of December 31, 2022,2023, the number of securities remaining available for future issuance under the 2021 Stock IncentivePlan and 2018 Plan is 3,927,1403,780,741 and 1,052,373 shares of common stock.stock, respectively. The issuance of such additional shares of common stock, or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, may cause the price of our common stock to decline. Additionally, if all or a substantial portion of these shares are resold into the public markets then the trading price of our common stock may decline.

Our Board may issue and fix the terms of shares of our preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could adversely affect the voting power of holders of our common stock or any change in control of our Company.

Our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation authorize the issuance of up to 5,000,000 shares of “blank check” preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share, with such designation rights and preferences as may be determined from time to time by our Board. Our Board is empowered, without the need to obtain stockholder approval, to issue shares of preferred stock with dividend, liquidation, conversion, voting or other rights which could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of our common stock. In the event of such issuances, the preferred stock could be used, under certain circumstances, as a method of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change in control of our company.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business, which research and reports are not and would not be subject to our control. We currently do not have and may never obtain research coverage by securities analysts, and industry analysts that currently cover us may cease to do so. If no securities analysts commence coverage of our company, or if industry analysts cease coverage of our company, the trading price for our stock could be materially and adversely impacted. In the event we obtain securities analyst coverage, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price may be materially and adversely impacted. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock nor are we under any obligation to declare or pay such cash dividends. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to fund our operations and the development and growth of our business, and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Our future ability to pay cash dividends on our capital stock may be limited by any future debt instruments or preferred securities. As a result, you may only receive a return on your investment in our common stock if the market price of our common stock increases to a price above the price you paid for them and you sell such shares.

Our shares of common stock are subject to the penny stock rules.

The SEC has adopted rules that regulate broker-dealer practices in connection with transactions in penny stocks. Penny stocks are generally equity securities with a price of less than $5.00, other than securities registered on certain national securities exchanges or authorized for quotation on certain automated quotation systems, provided that current price and volume information with respect to transactions in such securities is provided by the exchange or system. If the price per share of our common stock continues to be is less than $5.00, our common stock will continue to be deemed a penny stock. The penny stock rules require a broker-dealer, before a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, to deliver a standardized risk disclosure document containing specified information. In addition, the penny stock rules require that before effecting any transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, a broker-dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and receive (i) the purchaser’s written acknowledgment of the receipt of a risk disclosure statement; (ii) a written agreement to transactions involving penny stocks; and (iii) a signed and dated copy of a written suitability statement. These disclosure requirements may have the effect of reducing the trading activity in the secondary market for our common stock, and therefore stockholders may have difficulty selling their shares.

Certain provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws and Nevada law make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us and make a takeover more difficult to complete, even if such a transaction were in the stockholders’ best interest.

Certain provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws and Nevada law make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us and make a takeover more difficult to complete, even if such a transaction were in the stockholders’ best interest. For example, Nevada law provides that approval of two-thirds of the stockholders is required to remove a director, which may make it more difficult for a third-party to gain control of the Company. This concentration of ownership limits the power to exercise control by our minority stockholders.

Our bylaws designate the Eighth Judicial District Court of Clark County of the State of Nevada as the sole and exclusive forum for certain actions, which could limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with the Company and its directors, officers, or other employees and may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims.

Unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Eighth Judicial District Court of Clark County of the State of Nevada (the “Court”) shall be the sole and exclusive forum for any stockholder (including a beneficial owner) to bring (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any Director, officer or other employee of the Company to the Company or the Company’s stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against the Company, any director or the Company’s officers or employees arising pursuant to any provision of the NRS,Nevada Revised Statutes (the “NRS”), Chapters 78 or 92A of the NRS or our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation or our Bylaws, or (iv) any action asserting a claim against the Company, any director or the Company’s officers or employees governed by the internal affairs doctrine. However, each of these clauses (i) through (iv) will not apply to any claim (x) as to which the Court determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of the Court (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of the Court within ten (10) days following such determination), (y) for which the Court does not have subject matter jurisdiction, or (z) which is vested in the exclusive jurisdiction of a court or forum other than the Court, including pursuant to Section 27 of the Exchange Act, which provides for exclusive federal jurisdiction over suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), provides for concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder, and as such the exclusive jurisdiction clauses set forth above would not apply to such suits.

Risks Related to the Notes

We may not have the ability to pay interest on the Notes or to redeem the Notes.

The Notes bear interest at a rate of 3% per year and add amortization payments with respect to the principal amount of the Notes and accrued and unpaid interest are due and payable monthly. If we are unable to satisfy certain equity conditions, we will be required to pay all amounts due on any installment date in cash. If a change of control occurs, holders of the Notes may require us to repurchase, for cash, all or a portion of their Notes. Our ability to pay amortization payments and interest on the Notes, to repurchase the Notes, to fund working capital needs, and fund planned capital expenditures depends on our ability to generate cash flow in the future. To some extent, this is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative and regulatory factors, and other factors that are beyond our control. We cannot assure you that we will continue to maintain sufficient cash reserves or that our business will continue to generate cash flow from operations at a level sufficient to permit us to pay the interest on the Notes or to repurchase or redeem the Notes or that our cash needs will not increase.

The holder of the Notes can defer an installment payment due on any installment date to another installment date and may, on any installment date accelerate the payment of amounts due on up to four future installment dates. Therefore, we may be required to repay the entire principal amount and accrued and unpaid interest on the Notes in one lump sum on the maturity date of the Notes. If we are unable to satisfy certain equity conditions, we will be required to pay all amounts due whether by deferral or acceleration in cash and we may not have sufficient funds to repay the Notes under such circumstances.

Our failure to make the required payments on the Notes would permit the holders of the Notes to accelerate our obligations under the Notes. Such default may also lead to a default under our agreements governing any of our current and future indebtedness.

If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from our operations in the future to service our indebtedness and meet our other needs, we may have to refinance all or a portion of the indebtedness, obtain additional financing, reduce expenditures, or sell assets that we deem necessary to our business. We cannot assure you that any of these measures would be possible or that additional financing could be obtained on favorable terms, if at all. The inability to obtain additional financing on commercially reasonable terms would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and our ability to meet our obligations to you under the Notes.

Provisions in the Notes may deter or prevent a business combination that may be favorable to you.

Under the terms of the Notes we are prohibited from engaging in certain mergers or acquisitions unless, among other things, the surviving entity assumes our obligations under the Notes. These and other provisions could prevent or deter a third party from acquiring us, even where the acquisition could be beneficial to you.

Future sales of a significant number of our shares of Common Stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur, could depress the market price of our shares of Common Stock or cause it to be highly volatile.

The conversion of some or all of the Notes will dilute the ownership interests of existing shareholders, unless we satisfy any such conversions solely with cash, and conversions of such Notes into shares of our Common Stock could depress the price of our Common Stock. We cannot predict if and when these shares of our Common Stock will be resold in the public markets. We cannot predict the number of these shares that might be resold nor the effect that future sales of our shares of Common Stock would have on the market price of our shares of Common Stock. Sales of a substantial number of our shares of Common Stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur, may result in downward pressure on the price of our Common Stock or cause it to be highly volatile and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities.

Our financing arrangements contain, and we expect that other future loan agreements and financing arrangements will contain, customary covenants that may limit our liquidity and corporate activities, which could limit our operational flexibility and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our financial arrangements contain, and we expect that other future loan agreements and financing arrangements will contain, customary covenants and event of default clauses, which may affect operational and financial flexibility. Such restrictions could affect, and in many respects limit or prohibit, among other things, our ability to pay dividends, incur additional indebtedness, create liens, sell assets, or engage in mergers or acquisitions. These restrictions could limit our ability to plan for or react to market conditions or meet extraordinary capital needs or otherwise restrict corporate activities. There can be no assurance that such restrictions will not adversely affect our ability to finance our future operations or capital needs.

As a result of these restrictions, we may need to seek permission from our lenders in order to engage in some corporate actions. Our lenders’ interests may be different from ours and we may not be able to obtain their permission when needed. This may prevent us from taking actions that we believe are in our best interests, which may adversely impact our revenues, results of operations and financial condition.

For more information regarding our obligations under the Notes please see Note 9 – Long-term Notes Payable in the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.  

Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

Risk management and strategy

We rely on our information technology to operate our business. We have policies and processes designed to protect our information technology systems, some of which are managed by third parties, and resolve issues in a timely manner in the event of a cybersecurity threat or incident.

As part of our broader risk management framework, we have identified the potential cybersecurity risks to our business. We have designed our business applications and hosting services to minimize the impact that cybersecurity incidents could have on our business and have identified back-up systems where appropriate. We seek to further mitigate cybersecurity risks through a combination of monitoring and detection activities, use of anti-malware applications, employee training, quality audits and communication and reporting structures, among other processes.

We plan to engage a third-party consultant to assist us with designing controls and our cybersecurity risk management framework. We are engaging with a third party to perform penetration testing. We also retain third parties to assist with the monitoring and detection of cybersecurity threats and responding to any cybersecurity threats or incidents.

We have not encountered cybersecurity threats or incidents that have had a material impact on our business.

Governance

Our Board of Directors has specific oversight responsibility for cybersecurity, which also oversees our general risk management. The Board of Directors reviews and discusses with management our policies, practices and risks related to information security and cybersecurity.

Our chief financial officer has primary responsibility for assessing, monitoring and managing cybersecurity risks. Leaders of our Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems segments, together with members of our finance team meet to assess cybersecurity risks and identify new risks and assess our risk management framework on a quarterly basis. Among the members of this committee will be employees who are knowledgeable about our products and services and have prior experience managing cybersecurity risks.

Our chief financial officer provides an update to the Board of Directors on any risks related to cybersecurity on a quarterly basis. Our incident response plan includes notifying the Board of Directors of any material threats or incidents that arise.

Item 2. Properties.

Our corporate headquarters for Ondas Holdings is located at 411 Waverley Oaks Road, Suite 114, Waltham, MA 02452.

Our offices and facilities for Ondas Networks are located at 165 Gibraltar Court in Sunnyvale, CA (the Property”). On October 30, 2018, we entered into a sublease for the sublet of the Property, representing approximately 21,982 square feet. The sublease expired on February 28, 2021 and was extended to March 31, 2021 under the same terms which included a base rent of approximately $28,577 per month plus additional monthly fees to cover operating expenses, certain legal fees, and personal property taxes associated with the premises. Upon execution of the sublease, we delivered a security deposit to be held in trust equal to one month’s base rent, which was applied to the balance of our sublease obligation in March 2021. On January 22, 2021, we entered into a 24-month lease with the owner and landlord of the Property (the “2021 Lease”), wherein the base rate iswas $45,000 per month and including a security deposit in the amount of $90,000. The 2021 Lease iswas effective April 1, 2021 through March 31, 2023. On April 1, 2023, the Company amended the 2021 Lease to extend the 2021 Lease through September 30, 2023, wherein the base rate was $65,676 per month. On November 6, 2023, the Company amended the 2021 Lease, as amended, to further extend the 2021 Lease, as amended, through June 30, 2024, wherein the base rate is $68,959 per month. On August 7, 2023, Ondas Networks entered into a 72-month operating lease agreement with the owner and landlord of 21,537 square feet of other office space in Sunnyvale, CA (the “2023 Lease”). The Companylease commenced October 1, 2023, and is effective through September 30, 2029, wherein base rent is $77,533 per month, increasing approximately 3% annually, with a security deposit due in the processamount of renewing this$269,428. Base rent for the 2023 Lease shall be abated during the first twelve months of the term of the lease.

Our offices and facilities for American Robotics are located at 53 Brigham St, Unit 4, Marlborough, MA, representing approximately 10,450 square feet (the “Marlborough Lease”). On August 5, 2021, the Company acquired American Robotics and the Marlborough Lease, wherein the base rate is $15,469 per month, with an annual increase of 3% through January 2024, with a security deposit of $24,166. On August 19, 2021, American Robotics amended their lease to reduce their space.space (the “Marlborough Amendment”). The Marlborough Amendment reduced their annual base rent to $8,802 per month, with an annual increase of 3% through January 2024. On November 10, 2023, American Robotics amended their lease to extend the existing lease term from January 31, 2024 to January 31, 2026 and to relinquish a portion of the leased outdoor space. The base rent is $14,586 per month starting February 1, 2024, with an annual increase of 3.5% through January 31, 2026. These facilities also serve as Ondas Holdings’ corporate headquarters.

On October 8, 2021, American Robotics entered into an 86-month operating lease for space at 411 Waverley Oaks Road, Suite 114, Waltham, MA, representing approximately 18,000 square feet. The lease commenced on March 1, 2022 and terminates on April 30, 2029, wherein the base rate is $39,375 per month, increasing 3% annually, with a security deposit in the amount of $104,040. In conjunction with this new lease,On January 15, 2024, American Robotics entered into an agreement to sublet their full leased a short-term temporary space at 411 Waverley Oaks Road, Suite 118,in Waltham MA, representing approximately 6,000 square feet at $8,500through April 30, 2029, the remaining lease term, for $22,920 per month until their primary space was available on Junefrom May 1, 2022.2024 through April 30, 2025, then $41,250 per month from May 1, 2025 through April 30, 2029.

Our offices and facilities for Airobotics are located at 8 Modi’in St, Petah Tikva, Israel, representing approximately 13,240 square feet and an adjacent yard with an area of approximately 9,690 square feet which Airobotics leases according to three different lease agreements. Each agreement is with respect to different sections of the entire leased area and are in effect through December 31, 2023, February 28, 2024, and November 30, 2024 wherein the base rate of the entire leased area is approximately $20,500 per month.

We believe that our offices and facilities are sufficient for our current needs.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

From time to time, we may become involved in various lawsuits and legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. Litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties and an adverse result in these, or other matters may arise from time to time that may harm our business. We are not currently involved in any legal proceeding or investigation by a governmental agency that we believe will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or operating results.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Our common stock originally traded on OTC Markets, the OTC Pink (Current Information) tier of OTC Markets Group, Inc. under the trading symbol “ZVVT” on a very limited basis. On October 5, 2018, the trading symbol changed to “ONDS.” On December 19, 2018, our common stock was uplisted to the OTCQB under the symbol “ONDS”. On December 4, 2020, our common stock was uplisted from the OOTCQB to the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “ONDS” where it continues to trade on a very limited basis. On January 26, 2023, our common stock began trading on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (“TASE”) and was dual listed on both Nasdaq and TASE. On February 8, 2024, we took the steps to voluntarily delist our common stock from trading on the TASE. Pursuant to Israeli law, the delisting of our common stock is expected to take effect three months following the date of our request to TASE to delist our common stock, which occurred on February 8, 2024. Following the delisting from TASE, our common stock will solely be trading on Nasdaq.

Stockholders

As of March 7, 2023,27, 2024, there were approximately 98 stockholders of record.

Dividends

We have never declared nor paid any cash dividends to stockholders. We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future, and currently intend to retain any future earnings to fund our operations and the development and growth of our business. The declaration of any future cash dividend, if any, would be at the discretion of our Board (subject to limitations imposed under applicable Nevada law) and would depend upon our earnings, if any, our capital requirements and financial position, our general economic conditions, and other pertinent conditions.

Unregistered Sales of Securities 

None during the year ended December 31, 20222023

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

None during the quarter ended December 31, 2022.2023.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

General

You should read the following discussion and analysis in conjunction with our consolidated financial statementsConsolidated Financial Statements and the notes to those financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “Form 10-K”). This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements.

Overview

Ondas Holdings Inc. (“Ondas Holdings,” “Ondas,” the “Company,” “we” or “our”) is a leading provider of private wireless, drone, and automated data solutions through its wholly owned subsidiaries Ondas Networks Inc. (“Ondas Networks”), Ondas Autonomous Holdings Inc. (“OAH”), Airobotics, Ltd. (“Airobotics”), and American Robotics, Inc. (“American Robotics” or “AR”) and. Airobotics Ltd. (“Airobotics”).is an Israeli-based developer of autonomous drone systems. American Robotics and Airobotics are operated together, under a separate business unit called Ondas Autonomous Systems. Ondas Holdings acquired American Robotics,is a leading developer of highly automated commercial drone systems on August 5, 2021. Ondas Holdings acquiredsystems. Airobotics an Israeli-based developer of autonomous drone systems on January 23, 2023.and American Robotics and Airobotics are operatedoperate together under OAH a separate business unit called Ondas Autonomous Systems. Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems together provide users in rail, energy, mining, agriculture, public safety and critical infrastructure and government markets with improved connectivity, data collection capabilities, and data collection and information processing capabilities. We operate Ondas Networks and Ondas Autonomous Systems as separate business segments, and the following is a discussion of each segment. See Note 1, Note 2, and Note 212 of the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding our segments.

Ondas Networks Segment

Ondas Networks provides wireless connectivity solutions enabling mission-critical Industrial Internet applications and services. We refer to these applications as the Mission-Critical Internet of Things (“MC-IoT”). Our wireless networking products are applicable to a wide range of MC-IoT applications, which are most often located at the very edge of large industrial networks. These applications require secure, real-time connectivity with the ability to process large amounts of data at the edge of large industrial networks. Such applications are required in all of the major critical infrastructure markets, including rail, electric grids, drones, oil and gas, and public safety, homeland security and government, where secure, reliable and fast operational decisions are required in order to improve efficiency and ensure a high degree of safety and security.

We design, develop, manufacture, sell and support FullMAX, our patented, Software Defined Radio (“SDR”) platform for secure, licensed, private, wide-area broadband networks. Our customers install FullMAX systems in order to upgrade and expand their legacy wide-area network infrastructure. We have targeted the North American freight rail operators for the initial adoption of our FullMAX platform. These rail operators currently operate legacy communications systems utilizing serial-based narrowband wireless technologies for voice and data communications. These legacy wireless networks have limited data capacity and are unable to support the adoption of new, intelligent train control and management systems. Our MC-IoT intellectual property has been adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (“IEEE”), the leading worldwide standards body in data networking protocols, and forms the core of the IEEE 802.16s802.16 standard. Because standards-based communications solutions are preferred by our mission-critical customers and ecosystem partners, we have takencontinue to take a leadership position in IEEE as it relates to wireless networking for industrial markets. As such, management believes this standards-based approach supports the adoption of our technology across a burgeoning ecosystem of global partners and end markets.

Our software-based FullMAX platform is an important and timely upgrade solution for privately-owned and operated wireless wide-area networks, leveraging Internet Protocol-based communications to provide more reliability and data capacity for our mission-critical infrastructure customers. We believe industrial and critical infrastructure markets throughout the globe have reached an inflection point where legacy serial and analog based protocols and network transport systems no longer meet industry needs. In addition to offering enhanced data throughput, FullMAX is an intelligent networking platform enabling the adoption of sophisticated operating systems and equipment supporting next-generation MC-IoT applications over wide field areas. These new MC-IoT applications and related equipment require more processing power at the edge of large industrial networks and the efficient utilization of network capacity and scarce bandwidth resources which can be supported by the “Fog-computing” capability integrated in our end-to-end network platform. Fog-computing utilizes management software to enable edge compute processing and data and application prioritization in the field enabling our customers more reliable, real-time operating control of these new, intelligent MC-IoT equipment and applications at the edge.

Our Partnership with Siemens Mobilityand Market Advancements

In April 2020, Ondas Networks entered into a strategic partnership withand Siemens Mobility (“Siemens”), have a worldwide leader in seamless, sustainable, reliable and secure transportation solutions for more than 160 years,strategic partnership, to both market our FullMAX-based networking technology and services and to jointly develop wireless communications products for the North American Rail Industry based on Siemens’ Advanced Train Control System (“ATCS”) protocol and our FullMAX MC-IoT platform.

We believe Siemens has both the sales and marketing reach and support to drive our technology to wide scale acceptance across the global rail market beginning with the North American Class I Railroad market. In the third quarter of 2021 we completed the development of our firstWe have a jointly-developed product with Siemens – the dual-mode ATCS/MC-IoT radio systems.systems, and Siemens is now marketing and selling theseour proprietary systems under the brand name Airlink to our railroad customers. The dual-mode ATCS radio systems support Siemens’ extensive installed base of ATCS radios as well as offer Siemens’ customers the ability to support a host of new advanced rail applications utilizing our MC-IoT wireless system. These new applications, including Advanced Grade Crossing Activation and Monitoring, Wayside Inspection, Railcar Monitoring and next generation signaling and train control systems, are designed to increase railroad productivity, reduce costs and improve safety. In addition, Siemens markets and sells Ondas Networks’ standalone MC-IoT 802.16 products under the Siemens Airlink brand.

We developed a new radio for the Head of Train (HOT) Market in North America and a similar product for the Indian rail market. Siemens delivered these 900 MHz rail orders for a major Class I Railroad in the United States and received HOT orders for the Indian market.

Ondas and Siemens developed a new locomotive radio to support European Railroads. We secured an initial volume order from Siemens for the Class I Rail 900 MHz Network consisting of both ATCS compatible products along with Ondas’ catalog products. We received government authorization to sell ATCS radios in Canada and Siemens and launched our joint effort for the European market at Innotrans in Berlin. Siemens and Ondas demonstrated our over the air compatibility to systems used by passenger rails in the Northeast Corridor of the US.

In March 2023 the Association of American Railroads (“AAR”) formally announced that IEEE 802.16 standard would be the wireless platform for the greenfield 900 MHz network. In April 2023, the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA) voted to require the use of 802.16 in the 900 MHz greenfield band; The AAR also confirmed they have agreed with the Federal Communications Committee to retire the legacy 900 MHz band by September 2025 and that the wireless network in the new 900 MHz band would be substantially built by April 2026. In May and June 2023, we responded to RFPs to passenger rail customers in the Northeast Corridor. In February 2024, Siemens was selected by Amtrak to deliver their next generation radio based on Ondas’ FullMAX technology and the 802.16 standard.  

Our relationship with Siemens has expanded significantly since entering into the partnership both with (i) the wider marketing of our wireless technology platform and (ii) multiple additional joint-product programs. Siemens has expanded its marketing reach of Ondas Networks products with identified opportunities in North American Transit Rail as well as in European and Asian Rail markets. We believe our technology has broad potential in these large, newly targeted markets.

In November 2021, Siemens secured its first commercial 900 MHz rail order for a major Class I Railroad in the United States which was delivered in December 2021. In August 2022, we announced that we had secured an initial volume order from Siemens for the Class I Rail 900 MHz Network consisting of both ATCS compatible products along with Ondas’ catalog products. In September 2022, we received government authorization to sell ATCS radios in Canada.

Additional Critical Markets

We have launched additional initiatives to take our MC-IoT connectivity and ecosystem partnering strategy into other critical infrastructure markets. In June 2022, we announced the first successful installation of our technology into an Integrated Coastal Surveillance System (ICSS) in the Caribbean with a global defense contractor. In the fourth quarter of 2022, we received and delivered on a new ICSS order for the defense contractor to be deployed in India. We expect additional orders from this defense vendor for the ICSS application in 2023. We believe our FullMAX technology’s licensed frequency flexibility, reliability, and long communications range over ocean surfaces, is broadening the scale of our technology in this emerging market for homeland security.

Ondas Autonomous Systems Segment

Our Ondas Autonomous Systems business unit designs, develops and marketsintegrates drone-based solutions focusing on high-performance critical applications for government and Tier-1 commercial droneenterprises. Ondas is marketing comprehensive drone-based solutions viato address the needs of governmental and commercial customers based on its commercially available platforms: the Optimus System™ and Scout System™ (the “Autonomous Drone Platforms”).

The Autonomous Drone Platforms are highly automated, AI-powered, a fully autonomous drone systemsplatform capable of continuous remote operation and are marketed as “drone-in-a-box” turnkeymultipurpose aerial data solution services. They are deployed for critical industrialcapturing and government applications where dataanalytics, and information collection and processing are required. These use cases include public safety, security and smart city deployments where routine, high-resolution automated emergency response, mapping, surveying, and inspection services are highly valued, in addition to industrial markets such as oil & gas, rail and ports which emphasize security and inspection solutions. The Autonomous Drone Platforms are typically provided to customers under a Data-as-a-Service (DaaS) business model, while some customers will choose to purchase and own and operate an Optimus Systems™.

American Robotics and Airobotics have industry leading regulatory successes which include having the first drone system approved by the Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) for automated operation beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) without a human operator on-site.

In addition to the Autonomous Drone Platforms, we also offer a counter-drone system called the Raider™. The Raider™ was developed by Iron Drone and is deployed by government and enterprise customersRaider™, a fully autonomous interceptor drone designed to provide security and protect critical infrastructure, assets and people from the threat ofneutralize small hostile drones. Ondas Holdings acquired Iron Drone on March 6, 2023.

Autonomous Drone Platforms

We design, develop and manufacture autonomous drone systems, providing high-fidelity, ultra-high-resolution aerial data to enterprise and government customers. We currently prioritize the marketing of our Optimus System™ which provides customers with a turnkey data and information solution and the ability to continuously digitize, analyze, and monitor their assets and field operations in real-time or near real-time. We believe the market opportunity for our Scout System™ remains significant. As we drive market adoption with the Optimus platform, we anticipate re-introducing the Scout platform including newly enhanced versions to help segment the market for different use cases and price points.

The Optimus System™ has been designed from the ground up as an end-to-end product capable of continuous unattended operations in the real world. Powered by innovations in robotics automation, machine vision, edge computing, and AI. Once installed in the field at customer locations, a fleet of connected Optimus Systems™, which are often deployed as networked drone infrastructure, which we refer to as Urban Drone Infrastructure, remains indefinitely positioned in an area of operation, automatically collecting and seamlessly delivering data and information regularly and reliably.

We market the Optimus System™ under a DaaS business model, whereby our drone platform aggregates customer data and provides the data analytics meeting customer requirements in return for an annual subscription fee. Some customers purchase Optimus Systems™ to own and operate themselves. We also engage distributors to assist in the sales and marketing of our Optimus System™ in geographic markets where its more cost effective to identify and service potential customers by engaging local third parties. These distribution agreements can include joint ventures, where Ondas Autonomous Systems will provide technical expertise to support the joint venture partner in the provision of aerial data services to customers.

The Optimus System™ consistsOur unique, fully autonomous platforms enable cutting-edge aerial capabilities and are designed to serve and protect critical infrastructure and operations. Our business focuses on end-user entities in Public Safety, Defense, Homeland Security, Smart City, Port Authorities, State Departments, and other governmental entities together with commercial customers of (i) Optimus™, a highly automated, AI-powered drone with advanced imaging payloads, (ii) the Airbase™, a ruggedized weatherproof base station for housing, battery swapping, battery charging, payload swapping,industrial sensitive facilities such as Oil & Gas, Seaports, Mining, and Heavy Construction. For these industries, Ondas Autonomous Systems provides specialized real-time aerial data processing,capturing and cloud transfer, and (iii) Insightful™, a secure web portal and API which enables remote interaction with the system, data, and resulting analytics anywhereaerial protection solutions in the world. These major subsystems are connected viamost complex environments such as urban areas, sensitive and critical facilities and field area operations, and high-priority projects. In addition, we offer a hostwide suite of supporting technologies. Airbase™ has internal robotic systems that enablesupplementary, enabling services for successful implementation such as AI data analytics, data automation, IT implementation, safety planning, certification, training, and maintenance, handling all the automated swappingcomplex aspects of batteries and payloads. Automated battery swapping allows for 24/7 operation of Optimus as the Optimussuch high-performance drone can immediately be redeployed after returning to the dock for a battery swap. Similarly, the ability to autonomously swap sensors and advanced payloads without human intervention allows for the Optimus System to provide multiple applications and use cases from a single location.operations.

Our portfolio companies, American Robotics and Airobotics, form a unique, powerful, and synergistic combination covering all the aspects required for successful Aerospace business together with data technologies and services for digital transformation industries. Our companies are specialized in addressing all the challenges arising along these types of product lifecycles including research and development, manufacturing, certification, and ongoing support.

Ondas Autonomous Systems and its portfolio companies have industry leadingalready gained a track record of industry-leading regulatory successes which include havingincluding the first drone system approved bysecuring of the FAA for automated operation BVLOS without a human operator or visual observer on-site. American Robotics’ FAA approvals were enabled by integrating a suite of proprietary technologies, including Detect-and-Avoid (“DAA”) and other proprietary intelligent safety systems into its autonomous drone platform, which we plan to integrate into the Optimus System™. Airobotics is in the advanced stages of receiving approval forfirst-of-its-kind Type Certification (“TC”)(TC) from the FAA for the Optimus UAV.1-EX UAV on September 25, 2023, becoming the first autonomous security data capture UAV to achieve this distinction. TC, approvalrecognized as the highest echelon of Airworthiness Certification, streamline operational approvals for broad flight operations over people and infrastructure. The certification verifies the compliance of the system’s design with the required FAA airworthiness and noise standards, ensuring safe operation within the US National Airspace System (NAS) thereby significantly broadening the range of operational scenarios and scaling up of operations for automated UAS. Achieving FAA Type Certification will enable expanded operation for the Optimus System™drone operations beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) without a human operator on-site. With a strong footprint in the United States including flightUS market and worldwide, we believe that Ondas Autonomous Systems is well-positioned with proven technology, a unique offering, and strong capabilities to strategically transform critical operations in populated areas.

with our cutting-edge drone tech and capabilities.

The Raider™

The Raider™ is a counter-drone system, which was designed and developed by Iron Drone, that we are marketing to government and enterprise customers who can utilize the system for security and the protection of critical infrastructure, assets and people from the threat of hostile drones. A typical Raider™ deployment location would include sensitive locations such as borders, stadiums or schools, or near critical assets such as power plants and military bases, and for high profile locations such as amusement parks or where public events are held.

The Raider™ is designed to detect, track and intercept unauthorized, or hostile unmanned aircraft and is most often sold with three small UAVs that are housed in a docking station. The Raider UAV has live video capability and a payload containing a net that can be deployed to intercept a hostile drone. Upon detection of an unauthorized drone, one or more Raider™ UAVs can be autonomously deployed at high speeds to track the unauthorized aircraft. If the unauthorized aircraft is deemed hostile, the Raider™ UAV can deploy the netting to physically intercept the aircraft. A parachute integrated with the netting allows the intercepted drone to safely fall to the ground for collection by our customer.

COVID-19

In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) was identified and has resulted in increased travel restrictions, business disruptions and emergency quarantine measures across the world including the United States.

The Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations were impacted from the COVID-19 pandemic for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 as follows:

The Company expects its business, financial condition and results of operations will be impacted from the COVID-19 pandemic during 2023, primarily due to supply chain disruptions due to pandemic-related plant and port shutdowns, transportation delays, government actions and other factors, which may be beyond our control. The global shortage of certain components such as semiconductor chips, strains on production or extraction of raw materials, cost inflation, and labor and equipment shortages, could escalate in future quarters. Labor shortages have led and may continue to lead to difficult conditions for hiring and retention of employees, and increased labor costs. Further, the COVID-19 pandemic is ongoing and remains an unknown risk for the foreseeable future. The extent to which the coronavirus may impact our business will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of the coronavirus. As a result, the Company is unable to reasonably estimate the full extent of the impact from the COVID-19 pandemic on its future business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if the Company were to experience any new impact to its operations or incur additional unanticipated costs and expenses as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, such operational delays and unanticipated costs and expenses there could be a further adverse impact on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 and Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017

On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) was signed into law. The IRA includes a 15% Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax (“Corporate AMT”) for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. We do not expect the Corporate AMT to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.Consolidated Financial Statements. Additionally, the IRA imposes a 1% excise tax on net repurchases of stock by certain publicly traded corporations. The excise tax is imposed on the value of the net stock repurchased or treated as repurchased. The new law will apply to stock repurchases occurring after December 31, 2022. 

Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, we are required to capitalize R&D expenses for tax purposes and amortize over five years for domestic based expenses and fifteen years for foreign expenses. Given our tax net operating loss carryforward position we do not expect this change to have a material impact on our financial statements.

American Robotics AcquisitionWar in Israel

Merger AgreementOn October 7, 2023, the State of Israel, where Airobotics’ main offices and facilities are located, suffered a surprise attack by hostile forces from the Gaza Strip, which led to the Security Cabinet of the State of Israel declaring a state of war in Israel. This military operation and related activities are on-going as of the date of this filing.

On May 17, 2021,The Company has considered various ongoing risks relating to the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “AR Agreement”) with Drone Merger Sub I Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“Merger Sub I”), Drone Merger Sub II Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“Merger Sub II”), American Robotics, and Reese Mozer, solely in his capacity as the representative of American Robotics’ Stockholders (as defined in the AR Agreement). American Robotics is a company focused on designing, developing, and marketing industrial drone solutions for rugged, real-world environments. AR’s Scout System™ is a highly automated, AI-powered drone system capable of continuous, remotemilitary operation and is marketed as a “drone-in-a-box” turnkey data solution service under a Robot-as-a-Service (RAAS) business model. The Scout System™ is the first drone system approved by the FAA for automated operation beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) without a human operator on-site.related matters, including:

On August 5, 2021 (the “AR Closing Date”), the Company’s stockholders approved the issuance of shares of the Company’s common stock, including shares of common stock underlying Warrants (as defined below), in connection with the acquisition of American Robotics.

On the AR Closing Date, American Robotics merged with and into Merger Sub I, with American Robotics continuing as the surviving entity, and American Robotics then subsequently and immediately merged with and into Merger Sub II (“Merger II”), with Merger Sub II continuing as the surviving entity and as a direct wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. Simultaneously with Merger II, Merger Sub II was renamed American Robotics, Inc.

Pursuant to the AR Agreement, American Robotics stockholders and certain service providers received (i) cash consideration in an amount equal to $7,500,000, less certain indebtedness, transaction expenses and other expense amounts as described in the AR Agreement; (ii) 6,750,000 shares of the Company’s common stock (inclusive of 26 fractional shares paid in cash as set forth in the AR Agreement); (iii) warrants exercisable for 1,875,000 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Warrants”) (inclusive of 24 fractional shares paid in cash and the equivalent of Warrants for 309,320 shares representing the value of options exercisable for 211,038 shares issued under the Company’s incentive stock plan and reducing the aggregate amount of Warrants as set forth in the AR Agreement); and (iv) the cash release from the PPP Loan Escrow Amount (as defined in the AR Agreement). Each of the Warrants entitle the holder to purchase a number of shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $7.89. Each of the Warrants shall be exercisable in three equal annual installments commencing on the one-year anniversary of the AR Closing Date and shall have a term of ten years. 59,544 of the stock options were issued fully vested to employees who did not exercise their American Robotics options prior to the AR Closing Date and had no ongoing service requirements and were included in the purchase consideration. The remaining 151,494 stock options issued vest over four years and are contingent on ongoing employment by the Company and are recorded as compensation expense over the service period.

AlsoIn recent weeks, all of the Company’s workforce in Israel returned to work and inventory production restraints have eased. The Company is closely monitoring how the military operation and related activities could adversely affect its anticipated milestones and its Israel-based activities to support future operations, including the Company’s ability to import materials that are required to construct the Optimus System™ and to ship them outside of Israel. As of the date of this prospectus, the Company has determined that there have not been any materially adverse effects on its business or operations, but it continues to monitor the situation, as any future escalation or change could result in a material adverse effect on the AR Closing Date, the Company entered into employment agreements and issued 1,375,000 restricted stock units (“RSUs) underability of the Company’s incentive stock planIsraeli office to key memberssupport the Company’s activities. The Company does not have any specific contingency plans in the event of American Robotics’ management. These RSUs vest in equal installments on the next three anniversaries of the AR Closing Date and vesting is contingent on the individuals remaining employed by the Company. These RSUs are not included in purchase consideration and are expensed ratably over the service period. They were valued at the closing market price on the AR Closing Date.any such escalation or change. 

The Company’s Consolidated Financial StatementsResults of Operations

Year ended December 31, 2023 compared to year ended December 31, 2022

Revenues

Revenue increased by $13,565,613 to $15,691,430 for the year ended December 31, 2022 include results of operations of American Robotics for the period2023 from the AR Closing Date to December 31, 2022.

See Note 5 – Goodwill and Business Acquisition to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the American Robotics acquisition.

Airobotics Transaction

 On January 23, 2023, the Company acquired Airobotics, Ltd. See Note 16 - Subsequent Events to the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the Airobotics acquisition.

Results of Operations

Year ended December 31, 2022 compared to year ended December 31, 2021

Revenues

Revenue decreased to $2,125,817 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $2,906,771 for the year ended December 31, 2021.2022. Revenues during the year ended December 31, 20222023 included $872,660$12,102,388 for products, $319,140$2,126,560 for maintenance, service support, and subscriptions, and $934,017$1,462,482 for development agreements with Siemens Mobility. Revenues during the same period in 20212022 included $405,569$872,660 for products, $96,934$319,140 for maintenance service support, and subscriptions, $2,401,474and $934,017 for development agreements with Siemens Mobility. The increase in our revenues were primarily the result of increased development revenue with Siemens Mobility, increased product sales to Siemens, and AURA Networks, and $2,794 for other revenues.acquiring Airobotics, which had approximately $8,937,700 of revenue from January 24, 2023 through December 31, 2023.

Cost of goods sold

Cost of goods sold decreasedincreased by $8,293,602 to $9,310,256 for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $1,016,654 for the year ended December 31, 20222022. The increase in cost of goods sold was primarily a result of acquiring Airobotics, which had approximately $4,647,000 of cost of goods sold from $1,810,942January 24, 2023 through December 31, 2023, and an increase in Ondas Networks’ product revenue, which resulted in an increase in cost of goods sold of approximately $3,733,000.

Gross profit