UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K
(Mark one)
☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20192022
or
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the transition period from to
Commission file number: 001-33156
First Solar, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| Delaware | 20-4623678 | ||||
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | ||||
350 West Washington Street, Suite 600
Tempe,, Arizona85281 85288
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||||||
| Common stock, $0.001 par value | FSLR | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC | ||||||
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | ||||||||||||
| Smaller reporting company | ☐ | Emerging growth company | ☐ | ||||||||||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2019,2022, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $5.4$7.2 billion (based on the closing price of the registrant’s common stock on that date). As of February 14, 2020, 105,457,66924, 2023, 106,609,094 shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.001 par value per share, were outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
The information required by Part III of this Form 10-K, to the extent not set forth herein, is incorporated by reference from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held in 2020,2023, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this Form 10-K relates.
FIRST SOLAR, INC.
FORM 10-K FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 20192022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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| Item 9C. | ||||||||||
| PART III | ||||||||||
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| Item 14. | ||||||||||
| PART IV | ||||||||||
| Item 15. | ||||||||||
| Item 16. | ||||||||||
Throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we refer to First Solar, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries as “First Solar,” “the Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our.” When referring to our manufacturing capacity, total sales, and solar module sales, the unit of electricity in watts for megawatts (“MW”) and gigawatts (“GW”) is direct current (“DC” or “DC”) unless otherwise noted. When referring to our projects or systems, the unit of electricity in watts for MW and GW is alternating current (“AC” or “AC”) unless otherwise noted.
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), which are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that are difficult to predict. All statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, other than statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are made pursuant to safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The forward-looking statements include statements, among other things, concerning: effects resulting from certain module manufacturing changes and associated restructuring activities;changes; our business strategy, including anticipated trends and developments in and management plans for our business and the markets in which we operate; future financial results, operating results, revenues, gross margin, operating expenses, products, projected costs (including estimated future module collection and recycling costs), warranties, solar module technology and cost reduction roadmaps, restructuring, product reliability, investments, and capital expenditures; our ability to continue to reduce the cost per watt of our solar modules; the impact of public policies, such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposed on solar cells and modules; effects resulting from pending litigation, includingpolicies; the opt-out action against us;potential impact of legislation intended to encourage renewable energy investments through tax credits; our ability to expand manufacturing capacity worldwide; the impact of supply chain disruptions, which may affect the procurement of raw materials used in our ability to reducemanufacturing process and the costs to develop and construct photovoltaic (“PV”) solar power systems;distribution of our modules; research and development (“R&D”) programs and our ability to improve the wattage of our solar modules; sales and marketing initiatives; and competition. In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward-looking words, such as “estimate,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “project,” “plan,” “intend,” “seek,” “believe,” “forecast,” “foresee,” “likely,” “may,” “should,” “goal,” “target,” “might,” “will,” “could,” “predict,” “continue,” “contingent,” and the negative or plural of these words, and other comparable terminology.
Forward-looking statements are only predictions based on our current expectations and our projections about future events. All forward-looking statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are based upon information available to us as of the filing date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and therefore speak only as of the filing date. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements for any reason, whether as a result of new information, future developments, or otherwise. These forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these statements, including,statements. These factors include, but are not limited to:
•structural imbalances in global supply and demand for PVphotovoltaic solar modules;
•the market for renewable energy, including solar energy;
•our competitive position and other key competitive factors;
•the reduction, elimination, or expiration of government subsidies, policies, and support programs for solar energy projects and other renewable energy projects;
•the impact of public policies, such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposed on solar cells and modules;
•the passage of legislation intended to encourage renewable energy investments through tax credits, such as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022;
•our ability to execute on our long-term strategic plans;plans, including our ability to secure financing;
•our ability to execute on our solar module technology and cost reduction roadmaps;
•our ability to incorporate technology improvements into our manufacturing process, including the production of bifacial solar modules and next generation Series 7 modules;
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•our ability to improve the wattage of our solar modules;
•interest rate fluctuations and our customers’ ability to secure financing;
•the loss of any of our large customers, or their inabilitythe ability of our customers and counterparties to perform under their contracts with us;
•the severity and duration of public health threats (including pandemics such as COVID-19), including its potential impact on the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations;
•the satisfaction of conditions precedent in our sales agreements;
•our ability to attract new customers and to develop and maintain existing customer and supplier relationships;
•our ability to successfully develop and complete our systems business projects;
general economic and business conditions, including those influenced by U.S., international, and geopolitical events;
•environmental responsibility, including with respect to cadmium telluride (“CdTe”)Cadmium Telluride and other semiconductor materials;
•claims under our limited warranty obligations;
•changes in, or the failure to comply with, government regulations and environmental, health, and safety requirements;
•effects arising from and results of pending litigation;
•future collection and recycling costs for solar modules covered by our module collection and recycling program;
•supply chain disruptions, including demurrage and detention charges;
•our ability to protect our intellectual property;
•our ability to prevent and/or minimize the impact of cyber-attacks or other breaches of our information systems;
•our continued investment in R&D;research and development;
•the supply and price of components and raw materials, including CdTe;Cadmium Telluride;
•our ability to attract and retain key executive officers and associates; and
•all other matters discussed in Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).
You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described under this section.
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PART I
Item 1. Business
Company Overview
We are a leading American solar technology company and global provider of comprehensive PVphotovoltaic (“PV”) solar energy solutions. We design,Developed at our research and development (“R&D”) labs in California and Ohio, we manufacture and sell PV solar modules with an advanced thin film semiconductor technology and also develop and sellthat provide a high-performance, lower-carbon alternative to conventional crystalline silicon PV solar power systems that primarily usemodules. From raw material sourcing through end-of-life module recycling, we are committed to reducing the modules we manufacture. Additionally, we provide operationsenvironmental impacts and maintenance (“O&M”) services to system owners. We have substantial, ongoing R&D efforts focused on various technology innovations.enhancing the social and economic benefits of our products across their life cycle. We are the world’s largest thin film PV solar module manufacturer and one of the world’s largest PV solar module manufacturers.
In addressing the overall global demand for electricity, our high-efficiency CdTe modules which leverage our Series 6TMprovide energy at a lower levelized cost of electricity (“Series 6”LCOE”) module technology, and power plant solutions compete favorably on an economic basis with, meaning the net present value of a system’s total life cycle costs divided by the quantity of energy that is expected to be produced over the system’s life, when compared to traditional forms of energy generationgeneration. With over $1 billion in cumulative R&D investments in the last 10 years alone, we have a demonstrated history of innovation and provide low cost electricity to end users. Our diverse capabilities facilitate the sale of these solutions and the adoption of our technology in key markets around the world.continuous improvement. We believe our strategies and points of differentiation provide the foundation for our leading industrycompetitive position and enable us to remain one of the preferred providers of PV solar energy solutions.modules.
Business Strategy
modules. In terms of energy yield,performance, in many climates our CdTe solar modules provide ancertain energy production advantage over most monofacialadvantages relative to competing crystalline silicon solar modules of equivalent efficiency rating.modules. For example, our CdTe solar modules provide technology provides:
•a superior temperature coefficient, which results in stronger system performance in typical high insolation climates as the majority of a system’s generation, on average, occurs when module temperatures are well above 25°C (standard test conditions). In addition, our CdTe solar modules provide ;
•a superior spectral response in humid environments where atmospheric moisture alters the solar spectrum relative to laboratory standards. Our CdTe solar modules also provide standard test conditions;
•a better partial shading response than conventionalcompeting crystalline silicon technologies, which may experience significantly lower energy generation than CdTe solar technologies when partial shading occurs; and
•an immunity to cell cracking and its resulting power output loss, a common failure often observed in crystalline silicon modules caused by poor manufacturing, handling, weather, or other conditions.
In addition to these technological advantages, we also warrant that our solar modules which may losewill produce at least 98% of their labeled power output rating during the first year, with the warranty coverage reducing by a degradation factor between 0.3% and 0.5%, depending on the module series, every year thereafter throughout the limited power output warranty period of up to three times as much power as CdTe solar modules when shading occurs.30 years. As a result of these and other factors, our PV solar modules typicallycan produce more annual energy in real world fieldoperating conditions than conventional crystalline silicon modules with the same nameplate capacity.
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Manufacturing Process
Our modules combine our leading-edge CdTe technology with the manufacturing excellence and quality control that comes from being the world’s most experienced producer of thin film PV solar modules. With more than 50 GWDC of modules sold worldwide, we have a demonstrated history of manufacturing success and innovation. Our global manufacturing footprint includes facilities in the United States, Malaysia, and Vietnam. We are in the process of expanding our manufacturing capacity by approximately 11 GWDC, including the construction of our third manufacturing facility in the United States, which commenced commercial production of modules in early 2023; our first manufacturing facility in India, which is expected to commence operations in the second half of 2023; our fourth manufacturing facility in the United States, which is expected to commence operations in late 2024; and the expansion of our manufacturing footprint at our existing facilities in Ohio. Our newest factory in the United States began producing and our newest factory in India is expected to produce our next generation Series 7 modules, which combine our thin film CdTe technology with a larger form factor and an innovative steel back rail mounting structure that reduces module installation time.
Our modules are manufactured in a high-throughput, automated environment that integrates all manufacturing steps into a continuous flow line.process. Such manufacturing process eliminates the multiple supply chain operators and time-consuming and resource-intensive batch processing steps that are used to produce crystalline silicon solar modules.modules, which typically occur over several days and across multiple factories. At the outset of theour module production, of our modules, a sheet of glass enters the production line and in a matter of hours is transformed into a completed module which is flash tested, packaged, and ready for shipment. With
This proprietary production process includes the following three stages: (i) the deposition stage, (ii) the cell definition and treatment stage, and (iii) the assembly and test stage. In the deposition stage, panels of transparent oxide-coated glass are robotically loaded onto the production line where they are cleaned, laser-mark identified with a serial number, heated, and coated with thin layers of CdTe and other semiconductor materials using our vapor transport deposition technology, after which the semiconductor-coated plates are cooled rapidly to increase glass strength. In the cell definition and treatment stage, we use high-speed lasers to transform the large continuous semiconductor coating on the glass plate into a series of interconnected cells that deliver the desired current and voltage output. In this stage, we also treat the semiconductor film using certain chemistries and processes to improve the device’s performance and apply a metal sputtered back contact. In the assembly and test stage, we apply busbars, inter-layer material, and a rear glass cover sheet that is laminated to encapsulate the device. We then apply anti-reflective coating material to the substrate glass to further improve the module’s performance by increasing its ability to absorb sunlight. Finally, junction boxes, termination wires, and a frame are applied to complete the module assembly.
We maintain a robust quality and reliability assurance program that monitors critical process parameters and measures product performance to ensure that industry and more than 25 GWDCstringent internal standards are met. We also conduct acceptance testing for electrical leakage, visual quality, and power measurement on a solar simulator prior to preparing a module for shipment. Our quality and reliability tests complement production surveillance with an ongoing monitoring program, subjecting production modules to accelerated life stress testing to help ensure ongoing conformance to requirements of modules sold worldwide, wethe International Electrotechnical Commission and Underwriters Laboratories Inc. These programs and tests help assure delivery of power and performance in the field with a high level of product quality and reliability.
Research and Development
Our R&D model differentiates us from much of our competition due to its vertical integration, from advanced research to product development, manufacturing, and applications. We continue to devote substantial resources to our R&D efforts, which generally focus on continually improving the wattage and energy yield of our solar modules. We also have R&D programs to improve module durability and manufacturing efficiencies, including throughput, volume ramp, and material cost reduction. We continue to invest significant financial resources in such initiatives, including approximately $0.3 billion for a demonstrated history of manufacturing success and innovation. We have a global manufacturing footprint with facilities baseddedicated R&D facility in the United States Malaysia, and Vietnam.
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In the course of our R&D activities, we explore various technologies in our efforts to sustain competitive differentiation in our modules. We primarily conduct our R&D activities and qualify process and product improvements for full production at our Perrysburg, Ohio plant and systematically deploy them to our other facilities. We believe that our systematic approach to technology change management enables continuous improvements and ensures uniform adoption across our production lines. In addition, our production lines are replicas or near replicas of each other and, as a result, a process or production improvement on one line can be rapidly and reliably replicated across other production lines.
We regularly produce research cells in our laboratories, some of which are tested for performance and certified by independent labs, such as the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Cell efficiency measures the proportion of light converted to electricity in a single solar cell at standard test conditions. Our research cells are produced using laboratory equipment and methods and are not intended to be representative of our manufacturing capability. Our module conversion efficiency has improved on average more than half a percent every year for the last ten years. We currently hold two world records for CdTe PV cell efficiency, achieving an independently certified research cell efficiency of 22.1% and a module aperture area efficiency of 19.7%. We continue to evaluate opportunities to develop and leverage other solar cell technologies in multi-junction applications consisting of CdTe, silicon, or other materials. We believe such applications have the potential to enable our module conversion efficiency to reach 28% by 2030.
Sustainability
We are diversified acrosscommitted to enhancing the solar value chain. Manysocial and economic benefits of the efficienciesour products and capabilitiesreducing our carbon footprint, even as we continue to increase our manufacturing capacity and module throughput. Our thin film modules are manufactured through an integrated process that we deliver to our customers are not easily replicable for other industry participants that are not diversified in a similar manner.uses less energy, water, and semiconductor material than conventional crystalline silicon modules. Accordingly, our operational model offersmodules provide an ecologically leading solution to address climate change, energy security, and water scarcity. On a lifecycle basis, our thin film module technology has the fastest energy payback time, smallest carbon footprint, and lowest water use of any competing PV solar technology.
The energy solutionspayback time of our module technology, which is the amount of time a module must operate to generate the energy required to produce it, is facilitated by our proprietary and resource efficient production process. Our module energy payback time is approximately four months, which represents a 90-fold energy return on investment over a theoretical 30-year system lifetime and an abundant net energy gain to the electricity grid. Furthermore, our modules have a carbon footprint that benefit fromis 2.5 times lower and a water footprint that is three times lower than conventional crystalline silicon modules, measured on a lifecycle basis that accounts for the energy and water used for the raw materials, throughout our wide range of capabilities, including advancedmanufacturing process, and during end-of-life module recycling. In addition, our industry-leading PV solar module recycling process further enhances our sustainability advantage by recovering approximately 90% of the glass for reuse in new glass container products and over 90% of the semiconductor material for reuse in new modules. The module frame is removed and recycled for reuse in aluminum products, and in Malaysia, the recovered laminate material is reused in rubber products. We are the only PV solar module manufacturer with global in-house recycling capabilities.
Our Series 6TM (“Series 6”) and Series 6 PlusTM (“Series 6 Plus”) modules are the world’s first and only PV products to be included in the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (“EPEAT”) Registry’s Photovoltaic Modules and Inverters product category. The EPEAT Registry enables the identification of credible sustainable electronic products from a broad range of manufacturers based on several factors, including the management of substances in the product, manufacturing project development, engineeringenergy, water use, product packaging, end-of-life recycling, corporate
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responsibility, and plant optimization, grid integrationhuman rights. We have also committed to the RE100 campaign, a collaborative, global initiative of influential businesses committed to 100% renewable electricity, in which we plan to utilize renewable sources to power our manufacturing operations by 2028. We have set science-based targets to reduce our absolute direct (scope 1) and plant control systems, construction services,indirect (scope 2) greenhouse gas emissions by 34% by 2028, from a 2020 baseline, and O&M services.achieve net zero emissions by 2050. As a result of these commitments and our engagement with key suppliers to minimize the carbon footprint of our module components, we expect to reduce our module carbon footprint by more than 65% by 2028, further enabling our customers to achieve their sustainability objectives.
Financial ViabilityStability
Market Overview
Solar energy is one of the fastest growing forms of renewable energy with numerous economic and environmental benefits that make it an attractive complement to and/or substitute for traditional forms of energy generation. In recent years, the price of PV solar power systems, and accordingly the cost of producing electricity from suchPV solar power systems has droppeddecreased to levels that are competitive with or below the wholesale price of electricity in many markets. This rapid price decline has opened new possibilities to develop systems in many locations with limited or no financial incentives.incentives, thereby promoting the widespread adoption of solar energy. Other technological developments in the industry, such as the advancement of energy storage capabilities, have further enhanced the prospects of solar energy as an alternative to traditional forms of energy generation. Furthermore, the fact that a PV solar power system requires no fuel provides a unique and valuable hedging benefit to owners of such systems relative to traditional energy generation assets. Once installed, PV solar power systems can function for over 35 years
Recently enacted government support programs, such as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”), have contributed and are expected to continue to contribute to this momentum by providing solar module manufacturers, project developers, and project owners with tax incentives to accelerate the ongoing transition to clean energy. The provisions of the IRA are generally effective for tax years beginning after 2022 and, based on recent U.S. Treasury Department estimates, are expected to provide aggregate funding of $369 billion to address climate change, of which $270 billion is expected in the form of various tax incentives. Among other things, the IRA (i) reinstates the 30% investment tax credit for qualifying solar projects that meet certain wage and apprenticeship requirements, (ii) extends the production tax credit (“PTC”) to include energy generated from solar projects, (iii) provides incremental investment and production tax credits for solar projects that meet certain domestic content and location requirements, and (iv) offers tax credits for solar modules and solar module components manufactured in the United States and sold to third parties. In light of such regulatory developments, we have commenced certain manufacturing expansion activities and continue to evaluate opportunities for future expansion, particularly within the United States, as described below under “Global Markets.” For more information about certain risks associated with the IRA, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – We expect certain financial benefits as a result of tax incentives provided by the above factors as well as demand elasticity resultingInflation Reduction Act of 2022. If these expected financial benefits vary significantly from declining industry average selling prices, both at theour assumptions, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.”
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Although module and system level, which have made solar power one of the most economically attractive sources of energy.
Global Markets
We have established and continue to develop a global business presence. Energy markets are, by their nature, localized, with different drivers and market forces impacting electricity generation and demand in a particular region or for a particular application. Accordingly, our business is evolving worldwide and is shaped by the varying ways in which our offeringsmodules can beprovide compelling and economically viable solutions to energy needs in various markets. The following represent the keyWe are currently focusing on markets, forincluding those listed below, in which our CdTe solar modules provide certain advantages over conventional crystalline silicon solar modules, including high insolation climates in which our modules provide a superior temperature coefficient, humid environments in which our modules provide a superior spectral response, markets that favor the superior sustainability profile of our PV solar technology, and systems.markets that value responsible sourcing through transparent supply chain reporting and ethical business practices. To the extent our production capacity expands in future periods, we have the potential to extend our focus to additional geographic markets.
United States. Multiple markets within the United States, which accounted for 87%84% of our 20192022 net sales, exemplify favorable characteristics for a solar market, including (i) sizeable electricity demand, particularly around growing population centers and industrial areas; (ii) strong demand for renewable energy generation; and (iii) abundant solar resources. In those areas and applications in which these factors are more pronounced, our PV solar energy solutionsmodules compete favorably on an economic basis with traditional forms of energy generation. The market penetration of PV solar is also impacted by certain federal and state support programs described below under “Support Programs.” The United States currently has an installed solar generation capacity of approximately 140 GWDC, which is expected to double by 2027 due, in part, to the economic incentives provided by the IRA. In addition, the government has established a net-zero carbon emissions target by 2050. As a result of such market opportunities and renewable targets, we are in the process of expanding our U.S. manufacturing capacity by approximately 7.7 GWDC, including the federal investment tax credit,construction of our third manufacturing facility in the U.S., which commenced commercial production of modules in early 2023, our fourth manufacturing facility in the U.S., which is expected to commence operations in late 2024, and the expansion of our manufacturing footprint at our existing facilities in Ohio.
India. India continues to represent one of the largest and fastest growing markets for PV solar energy with an installed generation capacity of approximately 63 GWAC, approximately 30 GWAC of projects under various stages of construction, and over 19 GWAC of new projects being contracted under active procurement programs. In addition, the government has established aggressive renewable energy targets, which include increasing the country’s overall renewable energy capacity to 500 GWAC by 2030 and establishing a net-zero carbon emissions target by 2070. Based on these targets, it is projected that the installed solar energy generation capacity will be 350 GWAC by 2030. The government has also announced a series of policy and regulatory measures to incentivize domestic manufacturing of PV solar modules, as described below under “Support Programs.” We haveThese targets, policies, and regulatory measures are expected to help create significant experience and a market leadership position in developing and operating utility-scale power plants in the United States, particularly in California, other western states, and southeastern states. Currently, our solar projects in the United States represent the majority of the advanced-stage pipeline of projects that we are actively developing or constructing. See Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Systems Project Pipeline” for more information about these projects.
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Europe. Most markets across Europe reflect strong demand for PV solar energy due to its ability to compete economically with more traditional forms of energy generation. In particular, France,generation and, more recently, as a means to establish greater energy independence. During 2022, European Union (“EU”) member states added a combined 41 GWDC of solar capacity, representing the largest annual solar deployment in the region in the last 10 years. Such expansion, which was primarily driven by solar capacity additions in Germany, Greece, Italy,Spain, Poland, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain are all running tenders in which utility-scale PV solar projects can bid for capacity. Such tenders and other recent market developments indicate the potential for further growth in the demand for PV solar energy beyondFrance, brings the region’s installed generation capacity ofto approximately 135209 GWDC. We continue to pursue module sales activities in many of the countries mentioned above.
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implementation of our technology roadmap. We expect such R&D facility to feature a high-tech pilot manufacturing line, allowing for the production of full-sized prototypes of thin film and tandem PV modules. Such R&D facility is expected to be completed in 2024. Based on publicly available information, we competeare one of the leaders in R&D investment among PV solar module manufacturers.
In the course of our R&D activities, we explore various technologies in our efforts to sustain competitive differentiation in our modules. We primarily conduct our R&D activities and qualify process and product improvements for full production at our Perrysburg, Ohio plant and systematically deploy them to our other facilities. We believe that our systematic approach to technology change management enables continuous improvements and ensures uniform adoption across our production lines. In addition, our production lines are replicas or near replicas of each other and, as a result, a process or production improvement on one line can be rapidly and reliably replicated across other production lines.
We regularly produce research cells in our laboratories, some of which are tested for performance and certified by independent labs, such as the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Cell efficiency measures the proportion of light converted to electricity in a single solar cell at standard test conditions. Our research cells are produced using laboratory equipment and methods and are not intended to be representative of our manufacturing capability. Our module conversion efficiency has improved on average more than half a percent every year for the last ten years. We currently hold two world records for CdTe PV cell efficiency, achieving an independently certified research cell efficiency of 22.1% and a module aperture area efficiency of 19.7%. We continue to evaluate opportunities to develop and leverage other solar cell technologies in multi-junction applications consisting of CdTe, silicon, or other materials. We believe such applications have the potential to enable our module conversion efficiency to reach 28% by 2030.
Sustainability
We are committed to enhancing the social and economic benefits of our products and reducing our carbon footprint, even as we continue to increase our manufacturing capacity and module throughput. Our thin film modules are manufactured through an integrated process that uses less energy, water, and semiconductor material than conventional crystalline silicon modules. Accordingly, our modules provide an ecologically leading solution to address climate change, energy security, and water scarcity. On a lifecycle basis, our thin film module technology has the fastest energy payback time, smallest carbon footprint, and lowest water use of any competing PV solar technology.
The energy payback time of our module technology, which is the amount of time a module must operate to generate the energy required to produce it, is facilitated by our proprietary and resource efficient production process. Our module energy payback time is approximately four months, which represents a 90-fold energy return on investment over a theoretical 30-year system lifetime and an abundant net energy gain to the electricity grid. Furthermore, our modules have a carbon footprint that is 2.5 times lower and a water footprint that is three times lower than conventional crystalline silicon modules, measured on a lifecycle basis that accounts for the energy and water used for the raw materials, throughout our manufacturing process, and during end-of-life module recycling. In addition, our industry-leading PV solar module recycling process further enhances our sustainability advantage by recovering approximately 90% of the glass for reuse in new glass container products and over 90% of the semiconductor material for reuse in new modules. The module frame is removed and recycled for reuse in aluminum products, and in Malaysia, the recovered laminate material is reused in rubber products. We are the only PV solar module manufacturer with global in-house recycling capabilities.
Our Series 6TM (“Series 6”) and Series 6 PlusTM (“Series 6 Plus”) modules are the world’s first and only PV products to be included in the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (“EPEAT”) Registry’s Photovoltaic Modules and Inverters product category. The EPEAT Registry enables the identification of credible sustainable electronic products from a broad range of manufacturers based on several factors, including the management of substances in the product, manufacturing energy, water use, product packaging, end-of-life recycling, corporate
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responsibility, and human rights. We have also committed to the RE100 campaign, a collaborative, global initiative of influential businesses committed to 100% renewable electricity, in which we plan to utilize renewable sources to power our manufacturing operations by 2028. We have set science-based targets to reduce our absolute direct (scope 1) and indirect (scope 2) greenhouse gas emissions by 34% by 2028, from a 2020 baseline, and achieve net zero emissions by 2050. As a result of these commitments and our engagement with key suppliers to minimize the carbon footprint of our module components, we expect to reduce our module carbon footprint by more than 65% by 2028, further enabling our customers to achieve their sustainability objectives.
Financial Stability
In addition to our sustainability commitments, we are also committed to creating long-term shareholder value through a decision-making framework that delivers a balance of growth, profitability, and liquidity. This framework has enabled us to fund our module manufacturing and capacity expansion initiatives primarily using cash flows generated by our operations and by maintaining appropriate debt levels based on cash flow expectations. Our financial stability provides strategic optionality as we evaluate how to invest in our business and generate returns for our shareholders. Our financial stability also enables us to offer meaningful warranties, which provide us with a competitive advantage relative to many of our peers in the solar industry. Furthermore, we expect our financial discipline and ability to manage operating costs to enhance our profitability as we continue to scale our business.
Market Overview
Solar energy is one of the fastest growing forms of renewable energy with numerous economic and environmental benefits that make it an attractive complement to and/or substitute for traditional forms of energy generation. In recent years, the cost of producing electricity from PV solar power systems has decreased to levels that are competitive with or below the wholesale price of electricity in many markets that do not require solar-specific government subsidiesmarkets. This price decline has opened new possibilities to develop systems in many locations with limited or support programs, our net sales and profits remain subject,no financial incentives, thereby promoting the widespread adoption of solar energy. Other technological developments in the near term, to variability based on the availability and size of government subsidies and economic incentives,industry, such as quotas, renewable portfolio standards, and tendering systems.the advancement of energy storage capabilities, have further enhanced the prospects of solar energy as an alternative to traditional forms of energy generation. In addition to these economic benefits, solar energy has substantial environmental benefits. For example, PV solar power systems generate no greenhouse gas or other emissions and use minimal amounts of water compared to traditional energy generation assets. As a result of these and other factors, worldwide solar markets continue to develop and expand.
Recently enacted government support programs, financial incentives for PV solar energy generation may include taxsuch as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”), have contributed and production incentives. Although we expectare expected to become less impacted by and less dependent on these forms of government support over time, such programs continue to influence the demand for PV solar energy around the world.
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Although module average selling prices in many global markets have declined for on-grid solar electricity applications, or other adverse publicseveral years, recent module spot pricing has increased, in part, due to trade measures and policies, government regulations, raw material availability, and supply chain disruptions. For example, module spot pricing in the United States has increased, in part, due to elevated commodity and logistics costs and, more recently, due to the rising demand for modules manufactured in the United States as a result of the IRA described above. The duration of this elevated period of pricing is uncertain. In light of such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposedmarket realities, we continue to focus on solar cellsour strategies and modules, could negatively impact demand and/or price levels forpoints of differentiation, which include our solaradvanced module technology, our manufacturing process, our R&D capabilities, the sustainability advantage of our modules, and systemsour financial stability.
Global Markets
We have established and limit our growthcontinue to develop a global business presence. Energy markets are, by their nature, localized, with different drivers and market forces impacting electricity generation and demand in a particular region or lead tofor a reduction in our net sales, thereby adversely impacting our operating results.”
United States. Multiple markets within the United States, which accounted for 84% of our 2022 net sales, exemplify favorable characteristics for a solar market, including (i) sizeable electricity demand, particularly around growing population centers and industrial areas; (ii) strong demand for renewable energy generation; and (iii) abundant solar resources. In those areas and applications in which these factors are more pronounced, our PV solar modules segment include integrators and operatorscompete favorably on an economic basis with traditional forms of energy generation. The market penetration of PV solar power systems. Our second segment is also impacted by certain federal and state support programs described below under “Support Programs.” The United States currently has an installed solar generation capacity of approximately 140 GWDC, which is expected to double by 2027 due, in part, to the economic incentives provided by the IRA. In addition, the government has established a net-zero carbon emissions target by 2050. As a result of such market opportunities and renewable targets, we are in the process of expanding our systems segment, through which we provide power plant solutions, which include (i) project development, (ii) engineering, procurement, andU.S. manufacturing capacity by approximately 7.7 GWDC, including the construction (“EPC”) services, and (iii) O&M services. We may provide any combination of individual products and services within such capabilities (including, with respect to EPC services, by contracting with third parties) depending upon the customer and market opportunity. Our systems segment customers include utilities, independent power producers, commercial and industrial companies, and other system owners. As part of our systems segment, we may also temporarily own and operate certain of our systems for a period of time based on strategic opportunities or market factors. See Note 21. “Segment and Geographical Information” to our consolidated financial statements for further information regarding our business segments.
India. India continues to represent one of the end of 2019, our Series 6 modules hadlargest and fastest growing markets for PV solar energy with an average power outputinstalled generation capacity of approximately 430 watts. Our modules offer up63 GWAC, approximately 30 GWAC of projects under various stages of construction, and over 19 GWAC of new projects being contracted under active procurement programs. In addition, the government has established aggressive renewable energy targets, which include increasing the country’s overall renewable energy capacity to 8% more500 GWAC by 2030 and establishing a net-zero carbon emissions target by 2070. Based on these targets, it is projected that the installed solar energy than monofacial crystalline silicon solar modules of equivalent nameplategeneration capacity and generally include anti-reflective coated glass, which further enhances energy production. Our module semiconductor structure is a single-junction polycrystalline thin film that uses CdTe as the absorption layer. CdTewill be 350 GWAC by 2030. The government has absorption properties that are well matched to the solar spectrum and can deliver competitive wattage using approximately 1-2% of the amount of semiconductor material used to manufacture conventional crystalline silicon modules. Due to its minimal thickness, our thin-film CdTe semiconductor technology is also immune to cell cracking and its resulting power output loss, a common failure often observed in crystalline silicon modules caused by adverse manufacturing, handling, weather, or other conditions.
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Research and Development
Our R&D model differentiates us from much of our competition due to its vertical integration, from advanced research to product development, manufacturing, and applications. We continue to devote substantial resources to our R&D efforts, which generally focus on continually improving the wattage and energy yield of our solar modules. We also focus ourhave R&D activities on continuously improvingprograms to improve module durability and manufacturing efficiencies, including throughput, improvement, volume ramp, and material cost reduction. We continue to invest significant financial resources in such initiatives, including approximately $0.3 billion for a dedicated R&D facility in the United States to support the
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implementation of our technology roadmap. We expect such R&D facility to feature a high-tech pilot manufacturing line, allowing for the production of full-sized prototypes of thin film and tandem PV modules. Such R&D facility is expected to be completed in 2024. Based on publicly available information, we are one of the leaders in R&D investment among PV solar module manufacturers, maintaining a rate of innovation that enables rapid wattage gains and cost reductions.manufacturers.
In the course of our R&D activities, we explore various technologies in our efforts to sustain competitive differentiation in our modules. We primarily conduct our R&D activities and qualify process and product improvements for full production at our Perrysburg, Ohio plant and then use a systematic process to propagatesystematically deploy them to our other production lines.facilities. We believe that our systematic approach to technology change management providesenables continuous improvements and ensures uniform adoption across our production lines. In addition, our production lines are replicas or near replicas of each other and, as a result, a process or production improvement on one line can be rapidly and reliably deployed toreplicated across other production lines.
We regularly produce research cells in our laboratories, some of which are tested for performance and certified by independent labs, such as the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Cell efficiency measures the proportion of light converted to electricity in a single solar cell at standard test conditions. Our research cells are produced using laboratory equipment and methods and are not intended to be representative of our manufacturing capability. Our module conversion efficiency has improved on average more than half a percent every year for the last ten years. We currently hold two world records for CdTe PV cell efficiency, achieving an independently certified research cell efficiency of 22.1% and a fullmodule aperture area module efficiency of 18.6%19.7%. We believe that our record cells demonstrate a potential long-term module efficiency entitlement of over 20% that is achievable using our commercial-scale manufacturing equipment.
We continue to focusevaluate opportunities to develop and leverage other solar cell technologies in multi-junction applications consisting of CdTe, silicon, or other materials. We believe such applications have the potential to enable our module conversion efficiency to reach 28% by 2030.
Sustainability
We are committed to enhancing the social and economic benefits of our products and reducing our carbon footprint, even as we continue to increase our manufacturing capacity and module throughput. Our thin film modules are manufactured through an integrated process that uses less energy, water, and semiconductor material than conventional crystalline silicon modules. Accordingly, our modules provide an ecologically leading solution to address climate change, energy security, and water scarcity. On a lifecycle basis, our thin film module technology has the fastest energy payback time, smallest carbon footprint, and lowest water use of any competing PV solar technology.
The energy payback time of our module technology, which is the amount of time a module must operate to generate the energy required to produce it, is facilitated by our proprietary and resource efficient production process. Our module energy payback time is approximately four months, which represents a 90-fold energy return on key geographic markets, particularlyinvestment over a theoretical 30-year system lifetime and an abundant net energy gain to the electricity grid. Furthermore, our modules have a carbon footprint that is 2.5 times lower and a water footprint that is three times lower than conventional crystalline silicon modules, measured on a lifecycle basis that accounts for the energy and water used for the raw materials, throughout our manufacturing process, and during end-of-life module recycling. In addition, our industry-leading PV solar module recycling process further enhances our sustainability advantage by recovering approximately 90% of the glass for reuse in areasnew glass container products and over 90% of the semiconductor material for reuse in new modules. The module frame is removed and recycled for reuse in aluminum products, and in Malaysia, the recovered laminate material is reused in rubber products. We are the only PV solar module manufacturer with abundant solar resourcesglobal in-house recycling capabilities.
Our Series 6TM (“Series 6”) and sizable electricity demand,Series 6 PlusTM (“Series 6 Plus”) modules are the world’s first and additional customer relationshipsonly PV products to diversify our customer base. We also collaborate with providersbe included in the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (“EPEAT”) Registry’s Photovoltaic Modules and Inverters product category. The EPEAT Registry enables the identification of community solar solutions, which address the residential and small business sectors to providecredible sustainable electronic products from a broad range of customers with access to competitively priced solarmanufacturers based on several factors, including the management of substances in the product, manufacturing energy, regardless of the suitability of their rooftops. Community solar utilizes relatively small ground-mounted installations that provide clean energy to utilities, which
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Financial Stability
In addition to our sustainability commitments, we are also committed to creating long-term shareholder value through a decision-making framework that delivers a balance of growth, profitability, and liquidity. This framework has enabled us to fund our module manufacturing and capacity expansion initiatives primarily using cash flows generated by our operations and by maintaining appropriate debt levels based on cash flow expectations. Our financial stability provides strategic optionality as we evaluate how to invest in our business and generate returns for our shareholders. Our financial stability also enables us to offer meaningful warranties, which provide us with future entrants intoa competitive advantage relative to many of our peers in the solar industry. Furthermore, we expect our financial discipline and ability to manage operating costs to enhance our profitability as we continue to scale our business.
Market Overview
Solar energy is one of the fastest growing forms of renewable energy with numerous economic and environmental benefits that make it an attractive complement to and/or substitute for traditional forms of energy generation. In recent years, the cost of producing electricity from PV solar power systems has decreased to levels that are competitive with or below the wholesale price of electricity in many markets. This price decline has opened new possibilities to develop systems in many locations with limited or no financial incentives, thereby promoting the widespread adoption of solar energy. Other technological developments in the industry, and existing market participants that offer new or differentiated technological solutions.such as the advancement of energy storage capabilities, have further enhanced the prospects of solar energy as an alternative to traditional forms of energy generation. In addition to these economic benefits, solar energy has substantial environmental benefits. For example, many crystalline silicon cell and wafer manufacturers continue to transition from lower efficiency Back Surface Field (“BSF”) multi-crystalline cells (the legacy technology against which we have generally competed in our markets) to higher efficiency Passivated Emitter Rear Contact (“PERC”) mono-crystalline cells at competitive cost structures. Additionally, while conventional solar modules, including the solar modules we produce, are monofacial, meaning their ability to produce energy is a function of direct and diffuse irradiance on their front side, certain manufacturers of mono-crystalline PERC modules are pursuing the commercialization of bifacial modules that also capture diffuse irradiance on the back side of a module. We also face competition from semiconductor manufacturers and semiconductor equipment manufacturers or their customers that produce PV solar cells, solar modules,power systems generate no greenhouse gas or turnkey production lines. Within the larger electric power industry, we compete with companies that currently offer or are developing other renewable energy technologies (including wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass,emissions and tidal technologies), as well asuse minimal amounts of water compared to traditional energy generation sources.
Recently enacted government support programs, such as the Inflation Reduction Act of our existing or future competitors may2022 (the “IRA”), have direct or indirect accesscontributed and are expected to sovereign capital, which could enable such competitorscontinue to operate at minimal or negative operating margins for sustained periods of time. Among PVcontribute to this momentum by providing solar module manufacturers, project developers, and project owners with tax incentives to accelerate the principal methodsongoing transition to clean energy. The provisions of competitionthe IRA are generally effective for tax years beginning after 2022 and, based on recent U.S. Treasury Department estimates, are expected to provide aggregate funding of $369 billion to address climate change, of which $270 billion is expected in the form of various tax incentives. Among other things, the IRA (i) reinstates the 30% investment tax credit for qualifying solar projects that meet certain wage and apprenticeship requirements, (ii) extends the production tax credit (“PTC”) to include sales price per watt, wattage (or conversion efficiency), energy yield, reliability, warranty terms,generated from solar projects, (iii) provides incremental investment and customer payment terms. If competitors reduceproduction tax credits for solar projects that meet certain domestic content and location requirements, and (iv) offers tax credits for solar modules and solar module pricingcomponents manufactured in the United States and sold to levels near orthird parties. In light of such regulatory developments, we have commenced certain manufacturing expansion activities and continue to evaluate opportunities for future expansion, particularly within the United States, as described below their manufacturing costs, or are able to operate at minimal or negative operating margins for sustained periods of time, our results of operations could be adversely affected. We believeunder “Global Markets.” For more information about certain risks associated with the solar industry may from time to time experience periods of structural imbalance between supply and demand (i.e., where production capacity exceeds global demand), and that such periods will put pressure on pricing, which could adversely affect our results of operations. For additional information,IRA, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – Competition in solar markets globally and acrossWe expect certain financial benefits as a result of tax incentives provided by the solar value chain is intense, and could remain that way for an extended periodInflation Reduction Act of time. An increased global supply of PV modules has caused and may continue to cause structural imbalances in which global PV module supply exceeds demand, which could have a material adverse effect on2022. If these expected financial benefits vary significantly from our assumptions, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.”
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Although module average selling prices in many global markets have declined for several years, recent module spot pricing has increased, in part, due to trade measures and policies, government regulations, raw material availability, and supply chain disruptions. For example, module spot pricing in the United States has increased, in part, due to elevated commodity and logistics costs and, more recently, due to the rising demand for modules manufactured in the United States as a result of the IRA described above. The duration of this elevated period of pricing is uncertain. In light of such market realities, we continue to focus on our strategies and points of differentiation, which include our advanced module technology, our manufacturing process, our R&D capabilities, the sustainability advantage of our modules, and our financial stability.
Global Markets
We have established and continue to develop a global business presence. Energy markets are, by their nature, localized, with different drivers and market forces impacting electricity generation and demand in a particular region or for a particular application. Accordingly, our business is evolving worldwide and is shaped by the varying ways in which our modules can provide compelling and economically viable solutions to energy needs in various markets. We are currently focusing on markets, including those listed below, in which our CdTe solar modules provide certain advantages over conventional crystalline silicon solar modules, including high insolation climates in which our modules provide a superior temperature coefficient, humid environments in which our modules provide a superior spectral response, markets that favor the superior sustainability profile of our PV solar technology, and markets that value responsible sourcing through transparent supply chain reporting and ethical business practices. To the extent our production capacity expands in future periods, we have the potential to extend our focus to additional geographic markets.
United States. Multiple markets within the United States, which accounted for 84% of our 2022 net sales, exemplify favorable characteristics for a solar market, including (i) sizeable electricity demand, particularly around growing population centers and industrial areas; (ii) strong demand for renewable energy generation; and (iii) abundant solar resources. In those areas and applications in which these factors are more pronounced, our PV solar modules compete favorably on an economic basis with traditional forms of energy generation. The market penetration of PV solar is also impacted by certain federal and state support programs described below under “Support Programs.” The United States currently has an installed solar generation capacity of approximately 140 GWDC, which is expected to double by 2027 due, in part, to the economic incentives provided by the IRA. In addition, the government has established a net-zero carbon emissions target by 2050. As a result of such market opportunities and renewable targets, we are in the process of expanding our U.S. manufacturing capacity by approximately 7.7 GWDC, including the construction of our third manufacturing facility in the U.S., which commenced commercial production of modules in early 2023, our fourth manufacturing facility in the U.S., which is expected to commence operations in late 2024, and the expansion of our manufacturing footprint at our existing facilities in Ohio.
India. India continues to represent one of the largest and fastest growing markets for PV solar energy with an installed generation capacity of approximately 63 GWAC, approximately 30 GWAC of projects under various stages of construction, and over 19 GWAC of new projects being contracted under active procurement programs. In addition, the government has established aggressive renewable energy targets, which include increasing the country’s overall renewable energy capacity to 500 GWAC by 2030 and establishing a net-zero carbon emissions target by 2070. Based on these targets, it is projected that the installed solar energy generation capacity will be 350 GWAC by 2030. The government has also announced a series of policy and regulatory measures to incentivize domestic manufacturing of PV solar modules, as described below under “Support Programs.” These targets, policies, and regulatory measures are expected to help create significant and sustained demand for PV solar energy. In addition to these factors, our CdTe solar technology is well suited for the India market given its hot and humid climate conditions. As a result of such market opportunities, we are in the process of expanding our manufacturing capacity by an additional 3.3 GWDC by constructing our first manufacturing facility in India, which is expected to commence operations in the second half of 2023. Such expansion builds upon our existing presence of approximately 2.2 GWDC of modules sold in India.
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Europe. Most markets across Europe reflect strong demand for PV solar energy due to its ability to compete economically with more traditional forms of energy generation and, more recently, as a means to establish greater energy independence. During 2022, European Union (“EU”) member states added a combined 41 GWDC of solar capacity, representing the largest annual solar deployment in the region in the last 10 years. Such expansion, which was primarily driven by solar capacity additions in Germany, Spain, Poland, the Netherlands, and France, brings the region’s installed generation capacity to approximately 209 GWDC. We continue to pursue module sales activities in many of the countries mentioned above.
Support Programs
Although we compete in markets that do not require solar-specific government subsidies or support programs, our net sales and profits remain subject to variability based on the scope of tax and production incentives, renewable portfolio standards, tendering systems, and other policies or support programs intended to stimulate economies, achieve decarbonization initiatives, and/or establish greater energy independence. Such programs continue to influence the demand for PV solar energy around the world.
United States. In the United States, support programs exist at both the federal and state levels and can take the form of investment and production tax credits, sales and property tax exemptions and abatements, and/or renewable energy targets. Such incentives include the following:
•Advanced Manufacturing Production Credit. In August 2022, the U.S. President signed the IRA into law, which is intended to accelerate the country’s ongoing transition to clean energy. The provisions of the IRA are generally effective for tax years beginning after 2022. As discussed above, the IRA offers various tax credits, including the advanced manufacturing production credit, pursuant to Section 45X of the Internal Revenue Code (the “IRC”), for solar modules and solar module components manufactured in the United States and sold to third parties. Such credit, which may be refundable or transferable to a third party, is available through 2032, subject to phase down beginning in 2030. For eligible components, the credit is equal to (i) $12 per square meter for a PV wafer, (ii) 4 cents multiplied by the capacity of a PV cell, and (iii) 7 cents multiplied by the capacity of a PV module. Such credit is expected to increase domestic manufacturing of solar modules and solar module components in the near term. For more information about certain risks associated with the benefits available to us under the IRA, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – We expect certain financial benefits as a result of tax incentives provided by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. If these expected financial benefits vary significantly from our assumptions, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.” For more information about pending and ongoing developments related to the IRA, see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Certain Trends and Uncertainties.”
•Investment Tax Credit. At the federal level, investment tax credits for business and residential solar systems have gone through several cycles of enactment and expiration since the 1980s. The current federal energy investment tax credit (“ITC”) for solar energy property requires projects to meet certain wage and apprenticeship requirements and to have commenced construction by a certain date, which may be achieved by certain qualifying procurement activities. In 2020, the U.S. Congress extended the 26% ITC through 2022 as part of its COVID-19 relief efforts, and such credit was scheduled to step down to 22% for projects that commence construction in 2023. However, during 2022, the U.S. Congress reinstated the 30% ITC through 2032 as part of the IRA discussed above. Such credit is currently scheduled to step down to 26% for projects that commence construction in 2033, 22% for projects that commence construction in 2034, and will expire thereafter. The ITC has been an important economic driver of solar installations and qualifying procurement activities in the United States, and its extension is expected to contribute to greater long-term demand. The positive impact of the ITC depends on the availability of tax equity for project financing or the ability to transfer the ITC to other taxpayers.
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•R&D grants. In July 2022, the U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies Office announced the 2022 Solar Manufacturing Incubator Funding Opportunity, which provides up to $27 million for qualifying solar R&D projects, particularly those related to CdTe. These grants are intended to accelerate and expand domestic solar R&D to strengthen U.S. solar manufacturing and contribute to renewable energy targets. Award recipients are expected to be announced in early 2023.
•Renewable portfolio standards. Many states have enacted legislation adopting Renewable Portfolio Standard (“RPS”) mechanisms. Under an RPS, regulated utilities and other load serving entities are required to procure a specified percentage of their total retail electricity sales to end-user customers from eligible renewable resources, such as solar energy generation facilities, by a specified date. For example, California’s RPS program, which is one of the most significant in the United States in terms of the volume of renewable electricity required to meet its RPS mandate, currently requires utilities and other obligated load serving entities to procure 60% of their total retail electricity demand from eligible renewable resources by 2030 and 100% of such electricity demand from carbon-free resources by 2045. Some programs may further require that a specified portion of the total percentage of renewable energy must come from solar generation facilities or other technologies. RPS mechanisms and other legislation vary significantly from state to state, particularly with respect to the percentage of renewable energy required to achieve the state’s RPS, the definition of eligible renewable energy resources, and the extent to which renewable energy credits qualify for RPS compliance.
India. In India, incentives at both the federal and state levels have contributed to growth in domestic PV solar module manufacturing and solar energy installations. Such incentives include the following:
•Production Linked Incentive. In September 2022, the Indian government announced an expansion of the Production Linked Incentive (“PLI”) scheme to INR 195 billion ($2.6 billion), which is intended to promote the manufacturing of high efficiency solar modules in India and to reduce India’s dependency on foreign imports of solar modules. Under the PLI scheme, manufacturers are selected through a competitive bid process and receive certain cash incentives over a five-year period following the commissioning of their manufacturing facilities. Among other things, such incentives are based on the efficiency and temperature coefficient of the modules produced, the proportion of raw materials sourced from the domestic market, the extent to which the manufacturer’s operations are fully integrated within India, and the quantity of modules sold from such manufacturing operations.
•Import duty tariffs. In April 2022, the Indian government began imposing import duty tariffs of 40% on solar modules and 25% on solar cells. In connection with such tariffs, the Indian government has also implemented a regulation mandating that any solar project with federal utility, state utility, or commercial and industrial off-takers that interconnects through government owned transmission lines only use solar modules from an approved list of module manufacturers, and a requirement that all federal procurement of solar modules be only from cells and modules produced domestically.
•Green hydrogen targets. In January 2023, the Indian government announced its National Green Hydrogen Mission (“NGHM”), which is intended to make India a hub for the production and export of green hydrogen and to contribute to the broader energy transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. The NGHM provides for an initial outlay of approximately $225 million for pilot projects and R&D, which, among other program investments, is expected to result in 5 million metric tons of annual green hydrogen production capacity and 125 GWAC of incremental renewable energy capacity, among other initiatives, by 2030. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (“MNRE”) will be responsible for overall coordination and implementation of the NGHM, including formulating programs for financial incentives, and other central and state government agencies will be responsible for implementing various policies, regulations, and compliance standards.
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Europe. In Europe, renewable energy targets, in conjunction with tenders for utility-scale PV solar and other support measures, have contributed to growth in PV solar markets. Renewable energy targets prescribe how much energy consumption must come from renewable sources, while incentive policies and competitive tender policies are intended to support new supply development by providing certainty to investors. Such targets and policies include the following:
•REPowerEU plan. In May 2022, the European Commission set forth its REPowerEU plan, which aims to reduce dependence on Russian fossil fuels by 2027. The REPowerEU plan supports the EU’s rapid deployment of renewable energy sources, including solar energy, as a means to establish greater energy independence. Such plan sets forth targets for all EU member states, which includes an EU energy mix with a 45% share of energy from renewable sources by 2030. Solar targets for the same period include 300 GWAC installed by 2025 and 600 GWAC by 2030. The REPowerEU plan also aims to facilitate solar deployment through easier access to land and a framework to expedite permitting at national and local levels.
•Renewable energy tenders. Certain markets in Europe, such as France, have adopted regulations for public tenders of renewable energy to prioritize PV solar power systems that utilize solar modules produced in low-carbon manufacturing processes. Such regulations require developers to provide information about the carbon footprint of PV solar modules used in their utility-scale projects and precludes the use of module technology that does not meet certain minimum carbon footprint thresholds.
Various proposed and contemplated environmental and tax policies may create regulatory uncertainty in the renewable energy sector, including the solar energy sector, and may lead to a reduction or removal of various clean energy programs and initiatives designed to curtail climate change. For more information about the risks associated with these potential government actions, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – The reduction, elimination, or expiration of government subsidies, economic incentives, tax incentives, renewable energy targets, and other support for on-grid solar electricity applications, or the impact of other public policies, such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposed on solar cells and modules, could negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our solar modules and limit our growth or lead to a reduction in our net sales or increase our costs, thereby adversely impacting our operating results.”
Modules Business
Our primary segment is our modules business, which involves the design, manufacture, and sale of CdTe solar modules, which convert sunlight into electricity. Since the inception of First Solar, our modules have used our advanced thin film semiconductor technology. Each of our currently produced Series 6 and Series 6 Plus modules is a glass laminate approximately 4ft x 6ft in size that encapsulates thin film semiconductor materials. Our Series 7 modules, which we began producing in early 2023 at our newest manufacturing facility in the U.S. and expect to begin producing in India in the second half of 2023, are expected to have a larger form factor of approximately 4ft x 7ft in size. At the end of 2022, our modules had an average power output of 467 watts.
Raw Materials
Our CdTe module manufacturing process uses approximately 30 types of raw materials and components to construct a solar module. One critical raw material in our production process is CdTe. Of the other raw materials and components, the following are also critical to our manufacturing process:module, including CdTe, front glass coated with transparent conductive oxide, other semiconductor materials, organics such as photo resist, tempered back glass, frames, packaging components such as interlayer, cord plate/cord plate cap, lead wire, and solar connectors. Before we use these materials and components in our manufacturing process, a supplier must undergo rigorous qualification procedures, and we continually evaluate new suppliers as part of our cost reduction roadmaps.roadmap and expansion activities. When possible, we attempt to use suppliers that can provide a
raw material supply source that is near our manufacturing locations, reducing the cost and lead times for such materials. For more information about the risks associated with our supply chain, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – Several of our key raw materials and components are either single-sourced or sourced from a limited number of suppliers.
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suppliers, and their failure to perform could cause manufacturing delays and impair our ability to deliver solar modules to customers in the required quality and quantities and at a price that is profitable to us.”
Customers
Our customers include developers and operators of systems, utilities, independent power producers, commercial and industrial companies, and other system owners. During 2022, our third-party module sales represented approximately 93% of our total net sales, and we sold the majority of our solar modules to developers and operators of systems in the United States. During 2022, Intersect Power, Lightsource BP, and NextEra Energy each accounted for more than 10% of our modules business net sales. For more information about risks related to our customers, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – The loss of any of our large customers, or the inability of our customers and counterparties to perform under their contracts with us, could significantly reduce our net sales and negatively impact our results of operations.
We continue to focus on certain key geographic markets, particularly in areas with abundant solar resources and sizable electricity demand, and additional customer relationships to diversify our customer base. The wholesale commercial and industrial market continues to represent a promising opportunity for the widespread adoption of PV solar technology as corporations undertake certain sustainability commitments. The demand for corporate renewables continues to accelerate, with corporations worldwide committing to the RE100 campaign. We believe we also have a competitive advantage in the commercial and industrial market due to many customers’ sensitivity to the sustainability, experience, and financial stability of their suppliers and geographically diverse operating locations. With our sustainability advantage, financial strength, and global footprint, we are well positioned to meet these needs.
Additionally, the increase of utility-owned generation has expanded the number of potential buyers of our modules as such utility customers benefit from a potentially low cost of capital available through rate-based utility investments. Given their long-term ownership profile, utility-owned generation customers typically seek to partner with stable companies that can provide low-cost alternatives to or replacements for aging fossil fuel-based generation resources, including reliable PV solar technology, thereby mitigating their long-term ownership risks.
Competition
The solar energy and renewable energy sectors are highly competitive and continually evolving as participants in these sectors strive to distinguish themselves within their markets and compete within the larger electric power industry. Among PV solar module manufacturers, the principal method of competition is sales price per watt, which may be influenced by several module value attributes, including wattage (through a larger form factor or an improved conversion efficiency), energy yield, degradation, sustainability, and reliability. Sales price per watt may also be influenced by warranty terms and customer payment terms. We face intense competition for sales of solar modules, which may result in reduced selling prices and loss of market share. Our primary source of competition is crystalline silicon module manufacturers, the majority of which are linked to China. Allegations of forced labor in the Chinese solar supply chain have emerged in recent years, which means we also compete on our approach to responsible sourcing and supply chain due diligence. Our differentiated technology, integrated manufacturing process, and tightly controlled supply chain helps limit the risks associated with outsourcing and the multiple supply tiers of conventional crystalline silicon module manufacturing.
We also expect to compete with future entrants into the PV solar industry and existing market participants that offer new or differentiated technological solutions. For additional information, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – Our failure to further refine our technology and develop and introduce improved PV products, including as a result of delays in implementing planned advancements, could render our solar modules uncompetitive and reduce our net sales, profitability, and/or market share.”
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Certain of our existing or future competitors, including many linked to China, may have direct or indirect access to sovereign capital or other forms of state support, which could enable such competitors to operate at minimal or negative operating margins for sustained periods of time. Our results of operations could be adversely affected if competitors reduce module pricing to levels below their costs, bid aggressively low prices for module sale agreements, or are able to operate at minimal or negative operating margins for sustained periods of time. We believe the solar industry may experience periods of structural imbalance between supply and demand, which could lead to periods of pricing volatility. For additional information, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – Competition in solar markets globally and across the solar value chain is intense and could remain that way for an extended period of time. The solar industry may experience periods of structural imbalance between global PV module supply and demand that result in periods of pricing volatility, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.”
Solar Module Warranties
We provide a limited PV solar module warranty covering defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service conditions for up to 12.5 years. We also typically warrant that modules installed in accordance with agreed-upon specifications will produce at least 98% of their labeled power output rating during the first year, with the warranty coverage reducing by a degradation factor every year thereafter throughout the limited power output warranty period of up to 30 years. Among other things, our solar module warranty also covers the resulting power output loss from cell cracking. For additional information on our solar module warranty programs, refer to Item 1A. “Risk Factors – Problems with product quality or performance may cause us to incur significant and/or unexpected contractual damages and/or warranty and related expenses, damage our market reputation, and prevent us from maintaining or increasing our market share.”
Solar Module Collection and Recycling
We are committed to extended producer responsibility and take into accountmitigating the environmental impact of our products over their entire life cycle. As part of such efforts, we previouslyoffer recycling services to help module owners meet their end-of-life (“EOL”) obligations. In 2005, we voluntarily established the solar industry’s first global and comprehensive module collection and recycling program.program, and in 2013 we implemented a “pay-as-you-go” recycling service. We continue to invest in module recycling technology improvements to increase recycling efficiency and reduce recycling prices for our customers. Our module recycling process is designed to maximize the recovery of materials, including the glass and encapsulated semiconductor material, for use in new modules or other products and enhances the sustainability profile of our modules. Approximately 90% of each collected First Solar module can be recycled into materials for reuse. We currently operate recycling facilities at our manufacturing sites in the United States, Malaysia, and Vietnam and at our former manufacturing facility in Germany.
For certain legacy customer sales contracts that were covered under thisthe 2005 module collection and recycling program, which has since been discontinued, we agreed to pay the costs for the collection and recycling of qualifying solar modules, and the end users agreed to notify us, disassemble their solar power systems, package the solar modules for shipment, and revert ownership rights over the modules back to us at the end of the modules’ service lives. We currently have recycling facilities operating at each of
For modules covered under our manufacturing facilitiesprogram that were previously sold into and installed in the United States, Malaysia,EU, we continue to maintain a commitment to cover the estimated collection and Vietnam and atrecycling costs consistent with our former manufacturing facility location in Germany.
historical program. The EU’s Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (“WEEE”) Directive places the obligation of recycling (including collection, treatment, and environmentally sound disposal) of electrical and electronic equipment products upon producers and is applicable to all PV solar modules in EU member states. For modules covered under our program that were previously sold into and installed in the EU, we continue to maintain a commitment to cover the estimated collection and recycling costs consistent with our historical program. Additionally, asAs a result of the transposition of the WEEE Directive by the EU member states, we have adjusted our recycling offerings, as required, in various EU member states to ensure compliance with specific EU member state WEEE regulations.
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Intellectual Property
Our success depends, in part, on our ability to maintain and protect our proprietary technology and to conduct our business without infringing on the proprietary rights of others. We rely primarily on a combination of patents, trademarks, and trade secrets, as well as associate and third-party confidentiality agreements, to safeguard our intellectual property. We regularly file patent applications to protect inventions arising from our R&D activities and are currently pursuing patent applications in the United States and other countries. Our patent applications and any future patent applications may not result in a patent being issued with the scope of the claims we seek, or at all, and any patents we may receive may be challenged, invalidated, or declared unenforceable. In addition, we have registered and/or have applied to register trademarks and service marks in the United States and a number of foreign countries for “First Solar.”
With respect to proprietary know-how that is not patentable and processes for which patents are difficult to enforce, we rely on, among other things, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to safeguard our interests. We believe that many elements of our PV solar module manufacturing processes, including our unique materials sourcing, involve proprietary know-how, technology, or data that are not covered by patents or patent applications, including technical processes, equipment designs, algorithms, and procedures. We have taken security measures to protect these elements. Our R&D personnel have entered into confidentiality and proprietary information agreements with us. These agreements address intellectual property protection issues and require our associates, to the extent permitted by law, to assign to us all of the inventions, designs, and technologies they develop during the course of their employment with us.us that are directed towards our actual or anticipated business. We also require our customers and business partners to enter into confidentiality agreements before we disclose sensitive aspects of our modules, technology, or business plans. We have not been subject to any material intellectual property infringement or misappropriation claims.
Regulatory, Environmental, Health, and Safety Matters
We are also subject to the application of various anti-bribery laws, some of which prohibit improper payments to government and non-government persons and entities, and others (e.g., the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”) and the U.K. Bribery Act) that extend their application to activities outside their country of origin. From time to time, we may compete against companies for contracts in China, India, South America, and the Middle East, which require substantial government contact and where norms can differ from U.S. standards, and not all competitors are subject to compliance with the same anti-bribery laws. See Item 1A. Risk Factors – “We could be adversely affected by any violations of the FCPA, the U.K. Bribery Act, and other foreign anti-bribery laws.”
We are also subject to various federal, state, local, and international laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment, including those governing the discharge of pollutants into the air and water; the use, management, and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes; occupational health and safety; and the cleanup of contaminated sites. Our operations include the use, handling, storage, transportation, generation, and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Therefore, we could incur substantial costs, including cleanup costs, fines, and civil or criminal sanctions and costs arising from third-party property damage or personal injury claims as a result of violations of, or liabilities under, environmental and occupational health and safety laws and regulations or non-compliance with environmental permits required for our operations. We believe we are currently in substantial compliance with applicable environmental and occupational health and safety requirements and do not expect to
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incur material expenditures for environmental and occupational health and safety controls in the foreseeable future. However, future developments such as the implementation of new, more stringent laws and regulations, more aggressive enforcement policies, or the discovery of unknown environmental conditions may require expenditures that could have a material adverse effect on our business,
financial condition, or results of operations. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors – Environmental obligations and liabilities could have a substantial negative impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operationsoperations.”
As of December 31, 2019,2022, we had approximately 6,6005,500 associates (our term for full and part-time employees), including approximately 5,2004,700 in our modules business and approximately 500 associates that work directlyprimarily in our systems business.the United States, Malaysia, and Vietnam. The remainder of our associates are in R&D, sales and marketing, and general and administrative positions.
Our company’s success depends, to a significant extent, on our ability to attract, train, and retain management, operations, sales, and technical talent, including associates in foreign jurisdictions. We strive to attract, hire, and retain qualified individuals globally to further our mission of providing cost-advantaged solar technology through rigorous safety practices, innovation, customer engagement, industry leadership, and operational excellence. We take a consciously inclusive approach to our hiring practices, which we monitor through a review of applicant and new-hire metrics on a quarterly basis. We prohibit discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, age, national origin, veteran status, disability, sexual orientation, or gender identity. As part of our global talent management process, we engage in succession planning by prioritizing the development and retention of associates in critical roles.
We follow a pay-for-performance model in which associates are compensated for achieving goals and associated metrics and demonstrating First Solar values. We review associate compensation on a regular basis to ensure internal and external equity, including, among other things, minimum wage and living wage assessments across our global operations. We offer competitive compensation and benefits to our associates, including, for example, health care and other insurance benefits, retirement programs, paid time off, paid parental leave, flexible work schedules, and education assistance, depending on eligibility.
We are committed to developing and providing career growth opportunities for our associates. We believe a strong culture of inclusiveness is essential to the success of our company. We gather and respond to associate feedback in a variety of ways, including through anonymous, periodic associate engagement and inclusion surveys, pulse surveys, and one-on-one interactions. Additionally, we support career advancement, mentorship, and leadership development programs to ensure the professional growth of our diverse talent.
None of our associates are currently represented by labor unions or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. As we continue to expand domestically and internationally, we may encounter either regional laws that mandate union representation or associates who desire union representation or a collective bargaining agreement. We recognize that
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in the locations where we operate, employees have the right to freely associate or not associate with third-party labor organizations, along with the right to bargain or not to bargain collectively in accordance with local laws.
Available Information
We maintain a website at www.firstsolar.com. We make available free of charge on our website our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements, and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materials with, or furnish them to, the SEC. The information contained in or connected to our website is not incorporated by reference into this report. We use our website as one means of disclosing material non-public information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under the SEC’s Regulation FD. Such disclosures are typically included within the Investor Relations section of our website at investor.firstsolar.com. Accordingly, investors should monitor such portions of our website in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings, and public conference calls and webcasts. The SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports and other information regarding issuers, such as First Solar, that file electronically with the SEC.
Information about Our Executive Officers
Our executive officers and their ages and positions as of February 20, 202028, 2023 were as follows:
| Name | Age | Position | ||||||||||||
| Mark R. Widmar | Chief Executive Officer | |||||||||||||
| Alexander R. Bradley | Chief Financial Officer | |||||||||||||
| Georges Antoun | Chief Commercial Officer | |||||||||||||
| Chief | ||||||||||||||
| Chief Manufacturing Officer | ||||||||||||||
| Patrick Buehler | 45 | Chief Product Officer | ||||||||||||
| Markus Gloeckler | 49 | Chief Technology Officer | ||||||||||||
| Jason Dymbort | 45 | General Counsel and Secretary | ||||||||||||
Mark R. Widmar was appointed Chief Executive Officer in July 2016. He joined First Solar in April 2011 as Chief Financial Officer and also served as First Solar’s Chief Accounting Officer from February 2012 through June 2015. From March 2015 to June 2016, Mr. Widmar served as the Chief Financial Officer and through June 2018, served as a director on the board of the general partner of 8point3 Energy Partners LP (“8point3”), the joint yieldco formed by First Solar and SunPower Corporation in 2015 to own and operate a portfolio of selected solar generation assets. Prior to joining First Solar, Mr. Widmar served as Chief Financial Officer of GrafTech International Ltd., a leading global manufacturer of advanced carbon and graphite materials, from May 2006 through March 2011. Prior to joining GrafTech, Mr. Widmar served as Corporate Controller of NCR Inc. from 2005 to 2006, and was a Business Unit Chief Financial Officer for NCR from November 2002 to his appointment as Controller. He also served as a Division Controller at
Dell, Inc. from August 2000 to November 2002. Mr. Widmar also held various financial and managerial positions with Lucent Technologies Inc., Allied Signal, Inc., and Bristol Myers/Squibb, Inc. He began his career in 1987 as an accountant with Ernst & Young. Mr. Widmar holds a Bachelor of Science in business accounting and a MastersMaster of Business Administration from Indiana University.
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Alexander R. Bradley was appointed interim Chief Financial Officer in July 2016 and confirmed as Chief Financial Officer in October 2016. Mr. BradleyHe joined First Solar in May 2008, and previously served as Vice President of both Treasury and Project Finance, for First Solar. Mr. Bradley previously served as an officer and board member of the general partner of 8point3 from June 2016 to June 2018. From June 2015 to June 2016, Mr. Bradley served as a Vice President of Operations of the general partner of 8point3. Mr. Bradley has ledleading or supportedsupporting the structuring, sale, and financing of over $10 billion and approximately 2.7 GWDC of the Company’s worldwide development assets, including several of the largest PV power plant projects in North America. From June 2016 to June 2018, Mr. Bradley’s professional experience includes more than 10 years in investment banking, mergersBradley also served as an officer and acquisitions, project finance, and business development inboard member of the United States and internationally.general partner of 8point3. Prior to joining First Solar, in May 2008, Mr. Bradley worked at HSBC in investment banking and leveraged finance, in London and New York, covering the energy and utilities sector. He received his Master of Arts from the University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
Georges Antoun was appointed Chief Commercial Officer in July 2016. He joined First Solar in July 2012 as Chief Operating Officer before being appointed as President, U.S. in July 2015. Mr. Antoun has over 30 years of operational and technical experience, including leadership positions at several global technology companies. Prior to joining First Solar, Mr. Antoun served as Venture Partner at Technology Crossover Ventures (“TCV”), a private equity and venture firm that he joined in July 2011. Before joining TCV, Mr. Antoun was the Head of Product Area IP & Broadband Networks for Ericsson, based in San Jose, California. Mr. Antoun joined Ericsson in 2007, when Ericsson acquired Redback Networks, a telecommunications equipment company, where Mr. Antoun served as the Senior Vice President of World Wide Sales & Operations. After the acquisition, Mr. Antoun was promoted to Chief Executive Officer of the Redback Networks subsidiary. Prior to Redback Networks, Mr. Antoun spent five years at Cisco Systems, where he served as Vice President of Worldwide Systems Engineering and Field Marketing, Vice President of Worldwide Optical Operations, and Vice President of Carrier Sales. Prior to Cisco Systems, he was the Director of Systems Engineering at Newbridge Networks, a data and voice networking company. Mr. Antoun started his career at Nynex (now Verizon Communications), where he was part of its Science and Technology Division. Mr. Antoun also servedserves as a member of the board of directors of Ruckus Wireless, Inc. and Violin Memory, Inc., both publicly-traded companies.Marathon Digital Holdings. He is also the Chairman of the University of Louisiana’s College of Engineering Dean’s Advisory Council board. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering from the University of Louisiana at Lafayette and a Master’s degree in information systems engineering from NYU Poly.
Kuntal Kumar Verma was appointed Chief Manufacturing Officer in electricalNovember 2022 and previously served as First Solar’s Chief Manufacturing Engineering Officer. He is responsible for First Solar’s global manufacturing operations and engineering, with a focus on semiconductorincluding its performance and microsystemsimprovement roadmap, global technology from the University of California Davis.
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Patrick Buehler was Executiveappointed Chief Product Officer in December 2022, having previously served as Chief Quality and Reliability Officer. Mr. Buehler has over 20 years of operational and technical experience. In his role, Mr. Buehler is responsible for all aspects of product lifecycle management, including understanding market demands, technology trends, and competition to facilitate implementation of new or enhanced products. Mr. Buehler maintains global leadership responsibility for quality and reliability, environmental, health, safety, and security, recycling technology process development and operations, customer service, program management, and strategic initiatives. Mr. Buehler joined First Solar in 2006, serving in progressively more senior technical and operations roles, including Vice President, General Counsel, Shared Services & Secretary,Quality and Reliability since 2019. Prior to joining First Solar, Mr. Buehler held several roles in manufacturing, engineering, maintenance, and product development at DuPont de Nemours, Inc. and Cummins, Inc. He earned a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Cincinnati and a Master of Science in mechanical engineering from Purdue University.
Markus Gloeckler was appointed Chief ComplianceTechnology Officer for NV Energy, Inc., which was acquired by Berkshire Hathaway’s Energy Group in December 2013. Before that, he wasNovember 2020 after being appointed Co-Chief Technology Officer in July 2020. He is focused on driving First Solar’s thin film PV module technology. Mr. Gloeckler has extensive experience guiding strategic research and development activities and served First Solar as Vice President and Chief Scientist before being promoted to Senior Vice President, Module Research and Development. He was instrumental in enabling First Solar’s achievement of various world records relating to conversion efficiency for CdTe solar cells. In his role as Vice President of Research, he led the thin film technology transfer from General Counsel for Koch Industries, Inc., oneElectric to First Solar following the intellectual property acquisition in 2013. He joined First Solar in 2005 in an engineering function supporting First Solar’s technology development after the initial launch of the world’s largest privately held companies with diverse businesses worldwide, including refining, petrochemicals, and commodity trading, among others. He also servedSeries 2 module. Mr. Gloeckler holds an undergraduate degree in a numbermicrosystems engineering from the Regensburg University of legal and other leadership roles for Koch companies. Before joining Koch, he was Vice President and General Counsel of Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation (now part of National Grid). In private practice, Mr. Kaleta was an equity partnerApplied Sciences in the Washington D.C. law firm Swidler Berlin LLP and an associate in the Washington D.C. office of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP. He also served as a federal judicial clerk. Mr. Kaleta is the founding chair of the Southern Nevada Chapter of the “I Have a Dream Foundation” (now “Core Academy-powered by The Rogers Foundation”), a former member of the client advisory council of Lex Mundi, and has taught both energy law and business ethics and leadership, as an adjunct professor, among other industry professional and community activities. Mr. Kaleta holds a juris doctor degree from Georgetown University Law CenterGermany, and a BachelorDoctor of Arts degreePhilosophy in philosophy and Englishphysics from Hamilton College.Colorado State University.
Caroline Stockdale joined First Solar in October 2019 as Executive Vice President, Human Resources and Communications.Communications and was appointed Chief People and Communications Officer in October 2020. Prior to joining First Solar, she served as the Chief Executive Officer for First Perform, a provider of human resources services for a variety of customers, from Fortune 100 companies to cyber start-ups. Previously, she served as Chief Human Resources Officer for Medtronic from 2010 to 2013 and Warner Music Group from 2005 to 2009. Before joining Warner Music Group, she served as the senior human resources leader in global divisions of American Express from 2002 to 2005 and General Electric from 1997 to 2002. Ms. Stockdale is a member of the Forbes Human Resources Council. Ms. Stockdale holds a Bachelor of Arts in political theories and institutions, and philosophy, from the University of Sheffield.Sheffield, England.
Jason Dymbort joined First Solar in March 2008, serving in a broad range of legal roles before being appointed General Counsel and Secretary in July 2020. Between 2015 and 2018, Mr. Dymbort served as General Counsel and Secretary for the general partner of 8point3 Energy Partners, then a publicly-traded yieldco and affiliate of First Solar. Before joining First Solar, Mr. Dymbort was a corporate attorney at Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP. He holds a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Pennsylvania Law School, where he was a member of the Penn Law Review, and a bachelor’s degree from Brandeis University.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
An investment in our stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following information, together with the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, before buying shares of our stock. If any of the following risks or uncertainties occur, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected and the trading price of our stock could decline.
Summary of Risk Factors
The following is a summary of the principal risks and uncertainties that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations and make an investment in our stock speculative or risky. You should read this summary together with the more detailed description of each risk factor contained below.
Risks Related to Our Markets and Customers
•Competition in solar markets globally and across the solar value chain is intense and could remain that way for an extended period of time. An increased global supply of PV modules has caused and may continue to cause structural imbalances in which global PV module supply exceeds demand, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
•The loss of any of our large customers, or theirthe inability of our customers and counterparties to perform under their contracts with us, could significantly reduce our net sales and negatively impact our results of operations.
Risks Related to ourOur Operations, Manufacturing, and Technology
We face intense competition from manufacturers of crystalline silicon solar modules; if global supply exceeds global demand, it could lead to a further reduction in the average selling price for PV solar modules,, which could reduce our net sales and adversely affect our results of operations.
Problems with product quality or performance including our Series 4 modules and Series 6 modules, may cause us to incur significant and/or unexpected contractual damages and/or warranty and related expenses, damage our market reputation, and prevent us from maintaining or increasing our market share.
Our failure to further refine our technology reduce module manufacturing and BoS costs, and develop and introduce improved PV products, including as a result of delays in implementing planned advancements, could render our solar modules or systems uncompetitive and reduce our net sales, profitability, and/or market share.
Several of our key raw materials and components, in particular CdTe and substrate glass, and manufacturing equipment are either single-sourced or sourced from a limited number of suppliers, and their failure to perform could cause manufacturing delays, andespecially as we expand or seek to expand our business, and/or impair our ability to deliver solar modules to customers in the required quality and quantities and at a price that is profitable to us.
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•Our failure to obtaineffectively manage module manufacturing production and selling costs, including costs related to raw materials and components that meetlogistics services, could render our quality, quantity,solar modules uncompetitive and cost requirements in a timely manner could interrupt reduce our net sales, profitability, and/or impairmarket share.
•Our future success depends on our ability to manufactureeffectively balance manufacturing production with market demand, effectively manage our solar modules or increase ourcost per watt, and, when necessary, continue to build new manufacturing costs. Severalplants over time in response to market demand, all of our key raw materialswhich are subject to risks and components are either single-sourced or sourced from a limited number of suppliers. As a result, the failure of any of our suppliers to perform could disrupt our supply chain and adversely impact our operations. In addition, some of our suppliers are smaller companies that may be unable to supply our increasing demand for raw materials and components as we expand our business. uncertainties.
•We may be unable to identify new suppliersgenerate sufficient cash flows or qualify their products for use on our production lineshave access to the sources of external financing necessary to fund planned capital investments in a timely manner and on commercially reasonable terms. A constraint on our production may result in our inability to meet our capacity plans and/or our obligations under our customer contracts, which would have an adverse impact on our business. Additionally, reductions in our production volume may put pressure on suppliers, resulting in increased material and component costs.
Risks Related to Regulations
•We expect certain financial benefits as a result of tax incentives provided by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. If these expected financial benefits vary significantly from our assumptions, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
•Existing regulations and policies, changes thereto, and new regulations and policies may present technical, regulatory, and economic barriers to the purchase and use of PV solar products, which may significantly reduce demand for our modules.
Risks Related to Our Markets and Customers
Competition in solar markets globally and across the solar value chain is intense and could remain that way for an extended period of time. The solar industry may experience periods of structural imbalance between global PV module supply and demand that result in periods of pricing volatility, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
In the aggregate, we believe manufacturers of solar cells and modules have significant installed production capacity, relative to global demand, and the ability for additional capacity expansion. For example, we estimate that in 2022 approximately 160 GWDC of capacity was added by solar module manufacturers, primarily in China. We believe the solar industry may from time to time experience periods of structural imbalance between supply and demand, and that excess capacity will continue to put pressure on pricing. Although module average selling prices in many global markets have declined for several years, recent module spot pricing has increased, in part, due to trade measures and policies, government regulations, raw material availability, and supply chain disruptions. There may be additional pressure on global demand and average selling prices in the future resulting from fluctuating demand in certain major solar markets, such as China. If our competitors reduce module pricing to levels near or below their manufacturing costs, or are able to operate at minimal or negative operating margins for sustained periods of time, or if global demand for PV modules decreases relative to installed production capacity, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
The reduction, elimination, or expiration of government subsidies, economic incentives, tax incentives, renewable energy targets, and other support for on-grid solar electricity applications, or the impact of other public policies, such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposed on solar cells and modules, could negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our solar modules and limit our growth or lead to a reduction in our net sales or increase our costs, thereby adversely impacting our operating results.
Although we believe that solar energy will experience widespread adoption in those applications where it competes economically with traditional forms of energy without any support programs, in certain markets our net sales and profits remain subject to variability based on the availability and size of government subsidies and economic incentives. Federal, state, and local governmental bodies in many countries have provided subsidies in the form of feed-in-tariff structures, rebates, tax incentives, and other incentives to end users, distributors, system integrators,
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and manufacturers of PV solar products. Many of these support programs expire, phase down over time, require renewal by the applicable authority, or may be amended. A summary of certain recent developments in the major government support programs that may impact our business appears under Item 1. “Business – Support Programs.” To the extent these support programs are reduced earlier than previously expected, are changed retroactively, or are not renewed, such changes could negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our solar modules, lead to a reduction in our net sales, and adversely impact our operating results.
Current regulatory policies, or any future changes or threatened changes to such policies, may subject us to significant risks, including the following:
•a reduction or removal of clean energy programs and initiatives and the incentives they provide may diminish the market for future solar energy off-take agreements, slow the retirement of aging fossil fuel plants, including the retirements of coal generation plants, and reduce the ability for solar project developers to compete for off-take agreements, which may reduce PV solar module sales;
•any limitations on the value or availability to manufacturers or potential investors of tax incentives that benefit solar energy production, sales, or projects, such as the Section 45X advanced manufacturing production credit, ITC, and PTC, could result in reducing such manufacturers’ or investors’ economic returns and could cause a reduction in the availability of financing, thereby reducing demand for PV solar modules;
•any incentives contingent upon domestic production of modules, such as tax incentives set forth under the IRA, could limit our ability to sell modules manufactured in certain foreign jurisdictions, which may adversely impact our module average selling prices and could require us to record significant charges to earnings should we determine that the manufacturing equipment in such foreign jurisdictions is impaired; and
•any effort to overturn federal and state laws, regulations, or policies that are supportive of solar energy generation or that remove costs or other limitations on other types of electricity generation that compete with solar energy projects could negatively impact our ability to compete with traditional forms of electricity generation and materially and adversely affect our business.
Application of trade laws may also impact, either directly or indirectly, our operating results. In some instances, the application of trade laws is currently beneficial to the Company, and changes in their application could have an adverse impact. Recent developments include the following:
•United States — Tariffs on certain imported crystalline silicon PV cells and modules. The United States currently imposes different types of tariffs and/or other trade remedies on certain imported crystalline silicon PV cells and modules from various countries. In February 2022, the U.S. President proclaimed a four-year extension of a global safeguard measure imposed pursuant to Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974 that provides for tariffs on imported crystalline silicon solar modules and a tariff-rate quota on imported crystalline silicon solar cells. Thin film solar cell products, such as our CdTe technology, are specifically excluded from the tariffs. Moreover, the extension measure does not apply tariffs to imports of bifacial modules. The extension measure’s tariff rate was originally set at 14.75%, with annual reductions of 0.25 percentage points over the remainder of its four-year term. The current rate is 14.5%. The extension measure also provides an annual tariff-rate quota, whereby tariffs apply to imported crystalline silicon solar cells above the first 5.0 GWDC of imports.
•United States — Antidumping and countervailing duties on certain imported crystalline silicon PV cells and modules. The United States currently imposes antidumping and countervailing duties on certain imported crystalline silicon PV cells and modules from China and Taiwan. Such antidumping and countervailing duties can change over time pursuant to annual reviews conducted by the U.S. Department
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of Commerce (“USDOC”), and a decline in duty rates or USDOC failure to fully enforce U.S. antidumping and countervailing duty laws could have an adverse impact on our operating results. In March 2022, the USDOC initiated inquiries concerning alleged circumvention of antidumping and countervailing duties on Chinese imports by crystalline silicon PV cells and module imports assembled and completed in Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. In June 2022, the U.S. President declared an emergency with respect to threats to electricity generation capacity and authorized the U.S. Secretary of Commerce to consider permitting the importation of crystalline silicon PV products from those four countries free of antidumping and countervailing duties for 24 months, or until the emergency has terminated. The USDOC has issued regulations implementing that moratorium on antidumping and countervailing duties in the event that it finds circumvention with respect to crystalline silicon PV products assembled and completed in those four countries. In December 2022, the USDOC issued affirmative preliminary determinations finding “country-wide” circumvention with respect to those four countries, but it also found that certain companies were not circumventing the antidumping and countervailing duties. The USDOC is scheduled to issue its final circumvention determinations in May 2023, subject to possible extension. We cannot predict what further actions the USDOC will take with respect to these circumvention inquiries. Our operating results could be adversely impacted if the USDOC makes negative circumvention determinations or refrains from imposing antidumping and countervailing duties on imports covered by affirmative circumvention determinations. Conversely, affirmative final circumvention determinations could positively impact our operating results.
•United States — Tariffs on certain Chinese imports. The United States currently imposes tariffs on various articles imported from China at a rate of 25%, including crystalline silicon solar cells and modules, based on an investigation under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974. In May 2022, the Office of the United States Trade Representative initiated a statutory four-year review of those tariff actions, which could result in the termination or modification of the tariffs. The review remains pending, and we cannot predict its outcome. Our operating results could be adversely impacted if the review results in a termination or reduction in tariffs on crystalline silicon solar cells and modules from China.
•United States — Tariffs on certain foreign-imported aluminum and steel. The United States currently imposes tariffs on certain imported aluminum and steel articles from certain foreign jurisdictions, generally at rates of 10% and 25%, respectively, under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962. Such tariffs and policies, or any other U.S. or global trade remedies or other trade barriers, may directly or indirectly affect U.S. or global markets for solar energy and our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
•India — Domestic and foreign imports. India maintains an Approved List of Module Manufacturers (“ALMM”), which is set by the MNRE. Only PV modules and module manufacturers listed on the ALMM can be used for certain solar projects in India, including government projects or government-assisted projects. Our ability to sell modules in the Indian market depends on the inclusion of our modules on the ALMM, and we currently expect that we will be included in the ALMM once we begin manufacturing solar panels in India. However, our operating results could be adversely impacted if the ALMM restriction is significantly relaxed to allow modules to be imported from countries that are part of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
•European Union — Foreign subsidies. In January 2023, the EU adopted the Foreign Subsidies Regulation (“FSR”), which was established to provide the European Commission with authority to investigate financial contributions granted by foreign governments to businesses operating within the EU. Because the FSR is not effective until July 2023 and the European Commission has not yet issued any application guidance, it is not currently clear whether, and to what extent, the FSR could impact our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
These examples show that established markets for PV solar development face uncertainties arising from policy, regulatory, and governmental actions. While the expected potential of the markets we are targeting is significant,
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policy promulgation and market development are especially vulnerable to governmental inertia, political instability, the imposition or lowering of trade remedies and other trade barriers, geopolitical risk, fossil fuel subsidization, potentially stringent localization requirements, and limited available infrastructure.
The loss of any of our large customers, or the inability of our customers and counterparties to perform under their contracts with us, could significantly reduce our net sales and negatively impact our results of operations.
Our customers include developers and operators of systems, utilities, independent power producers, commercial and industrial companies, and other system owners, who may experience intense competition at the system level, thereby constraining the ability for such customers to sustain meaningful and consistent profitability. The loss of any of our large customers, their inability to perform under their contracts, or their default in payment could significantly reduce our net sales and/or adversely impact our operating results. While our contracts with customers typically have certain firm purchase commitments and may include provisions for the payment of amounts to us in certain events of contract termination, these contracts may be subject to amendments made by us or requested by our customers. These amendments may reduce the volume of modules to be sold under the contract, adjust delivery schedules, or otherwise decrease the expected revenue under these contracts. Although we believe that we can mitigate this risk, in part, by reallocating modules to other customers if the need arises, we may be unable, in whole or in part, to do so on similar terms or at all. We may also mitigate this risk by requiring some form of payment security from our customers, such as cash deposits, parent guarantees, bank guarantees, surety bonds, or commercial letters of credit. However, in the event the providers of such payment security fail to perform their obligations, our operating results could be adversely impacted.
An increase in interest rates or tightening of the supply of capital in the global financial markets (including a reduction in total tax equity availability) could make it difficult for customers to finance the cost of a PV solar power system and could reduce the demand for our modules and/or lead to a reduction in the average selling price for our modules.
Many of our customers depend on debt and/or equity financing to fund the initial capital expenditure required to develop, build, and/or purchase a PV solar power system. As a result, an increase in interest rates, or a reduction in the supply of project debt financing or tax equity investments, could reduce the number of solar projects that receive financing or otherwise make it difficult for our customers to secure the financing necessary to develop, build, purchase, or install a PV solar power system on favorable terms, or at all, and thus lower demand for our solar modules, which could limit our growth or reduce our net sales. For additional information, see the Risk Factor entitled, “The reduction, elimination, or expiration of government subsidies, economic incentives, tax incentives, renewable energy targets, and other support for on-grid solar electricity applications, or the impact of other public policies, such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposed on solar cells and modules, could negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our solar modules and limit our growth or lead to a reduction in our net sales or increase our costs, thereby adversely impacting our operating results.” In addition, we believe that a significant percentage of our customers install systems as an investment, funding the initial capital expenditure through a combination of equity and debt. An increase in interest rates could lower an investor’s return on investment in a system, increase equity return requirements, or make alternative investments more attractive relative to PV solar power systems and, in each case, could cause these customers to seek alternative investments.
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We may be unable to fully execute on our long-term strategic plans, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
We face numerous difficulties in executing on our long-term strategic plans, particularly in new foreign jurisdictions, including the following:
•difficulty in competing against companies who may have greater financial resources and/or a more effective or established localized business presence and/or an ability to operate with minimal or negative operating margins for sustained periods of time;
•difficulty in competing successfully with other technologies, such as hybrid perovskites, tandem solar cells, or other thin films;
•difficulty in accurately prioritizing geographic markets that we can most effectively and profitably serve with our solar module offerings, including miscalculations in overestimating or underestimating addressable market demand;
•adverse public policies in countries we operate in and/or are pursuing, including local content requirements, the imposition of trade remedies, the removal of trade barriers, or capital investment requirements;
•business climates, such as that in China, that may have the effect of putting foreign companies at a disadvantage relative to domestic companies;
•unstable or adverse economic, social, and/or operating environments, including social unrest, currency, inflation, and interest rate uncertainties;
•the possibility of applying an ineffective commercial approach to targeted markets, including product offerings that may not meet market needs;
•difficulty in generating sufficient sales volumes at economically sustainable profitability levels;
•difficulty in timely identifying, attracting, training, and retaining qualified sales, technical, and other talent in geographies targeted for expansion;
•difficulty in maintaining proper controls and procedures as we expand our business operations in terms of geographical reach, including transitioning certain business functions to low-cost geographies, with any material control failure potentially leading to reputational damage and loss of confidence in our financial reporting;
•difficulty in competing successfully for market share in overall solar markets as a result of the success of companies participating in other solar segments in which we do not have significant historical experience, such as residential;
•difficulty in establishing and implementing a commercial and operational approach adequate to address the specific needs of the markets we are pursuing;
•difficulty in identifying effective local partners and developing any necessary partnerships with local businesses on commercially acceptable terms; and
•difficulty in balancing market demand and manufacturing production in an efficient and timely manner, potentially causing our manufacturing capacity to be constrained in some future periods or over-supplied in others.
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Refer also to the Risk Factors entitled, “Our substantial international operations subject us to a number of risks, including unfavorable political, regulatory, labor, and tax conditions in the United States and/or foreign countries,” “The reduction, elimination, or expiration of government subsidies, economic incentives, tax incentives, renewable energy targets, and other support for on-grid solar electricity applications, or the impact of other public policies, such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposed on solar cells and modules, could negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our solar modules and limit our growth or lead to a reduction in our net sales or increase our costs, thereby adversely impacting our operating results,” and “We may be unable to generate sufficient cash flows or have access to the sources of external financing necessary to fund planned capital investments in manufacturing capacity and product development.”
Risks Related to Our Operations, Manufacturing, and Technology
We face intense competition from manufacturers of crystalline silicon solar modules; if global supply exceeds global demand, it could lead to a further reduction in the average selling price for PV solar modules, which could reduce our net sales and adversely affect our results of operations.
The solar and renewable energy industries are highly competitive and are continually evolving as participants strive to distinguish themselves within their markets and compete with the larger electric power industry. Within the global PV solar industry, we face intense competition from crystalline silicon module manufacturers. Existing or future module manufacturers might be acquired by larger companies with significant capital resources, thereby further intensifying competition with us. In addition, the introduction of a low-cost disruptive technology could adversely affect our ability to compete, which could reduce our net sales and adversely affect our results of operations.
We expect to compete with future entrants into the PV solar industry and existing market participants that offer new or differentiated technological solutions. For example, while conventional solar modules are monofacial, meaning their ability to produce energy is a function of direct and diffuse irradiance on their front side, most module manufacturers offer bifacial modules that also capture diffuse irradiance on the back side of a module. Such technology can improve the overall energy production of a module relative to nameplate efficiency when applied in certain applications, which could potentially lower the overall LCOE of a system when compared to systems using conventional solar modules, including the modules we currently produce. Additionally, certain module manufacturers have introduced n-type mono-crystalline modules, such as tunnel oxide passivated contact (“TOPCon”) modules, which are expected to provide certain improvements to module efficiency, temperature coefficient, and bifacial performance, and claim to provide certain degradation advantages compared to other mono-crystalline modules. Finally, many of our competitors are promoting modules with larger overall area based on the use of larger silicon wafers. While the transition to such larger wafers would increase nameplate wattage, we believe the associated production cost would not improve significantly.
Even if demand for solar modules continues to grow, the rapid manufacturing capacity expansion undertaken by many module manufacturers in China and certain parts of Southeast Asia, particularly manufacturers of crystalline silicon wafers, cells, and modules, has created and may continue to cause periods of structural imbalances between supply and demand. For additional information, see the Risk Factor entitled, “Competition in solar markets globally and across the solar value chain is intense and could remain that way for an extended period of time. The solar industry may experience periods of structural imbalance between global PV module supply and demand that result in periods of pricing volatility, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.” In addition, we believe any significant decrease in the cost of silicon feedstock or polysilicon would reduce the manufacturing cost of crystalline silicon modules and lead to further pricing pressure for solar modules and potentially an oversupply of solar modules.
Our competitors could decide to reduce their sales prices in response to competition, even below their manufacturing costs, in order to generate sales, and may do so for a sustained period. Certain competitors, including many in China, may have direct or indirect access to sovereign capital or other forms of state support, which could enable such competitors to operate at minimal or negative operating margins for sustained periods of time. As a result, we may
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be unable to sell our solar modules at attractive prices, or for a profit, during any period of excess supply of solar modules, which would reduce our net sales and adversely affect our results of operations. Additionally, we may decide to lower our average selling prices to customers in certain markets in response to competition, which could also reduce our net sales and adversely affect our results of operations.
Problems with product quality or performance may cause us to incur significant and/or unexpected contractual damages and/or warranty and related expenses, damage our market reputation, and prevent us from maintaining or increasing our market share.
We perform a variety of module quality and life tests under different environmental conditions upon which we base our assessments of future module performance over the duration of the warranty. However, if our thin film solar modules perform below expectations, we could experience significant warranty and related expenses, damage to our market reputation, and erosion of our market share. With respect to our modules, we provide a limited warranty covering defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service conditions for up to 12.5 years. We also typically warrant that modules installed in accordance with agreed-upon specifications will produce at least 98% of their labeled power output rating during the first year, with the warranty coverage reducing by a degradation factor every year thereafter throughout the limited power output warranty period of up to 30 years. Among other things, our solar module warranty also covers the resulting power output loss from cell cracking. As an alternative form of our standard limited module power output warranty, we have also offered an aggregated or system-level limited module performance warranty. This system-level limited module performance warranty is designed for utility-scale systems and provides 25-year system-level energy degradation protection. This warranty represents a practical expedient to address the challenge of identifying, from the potential millions of modules installed in a utility-scale system, individual modules that may be performing below warranty thresholds by focusing on the aggregate energy generated by the system rather than the power output of individual modules. The system-level limited module performance warranty is typically calculated as a percentage of a system’s expected energy production, adjusted for certain actual site conditions, with the warranted level of performance declining each year in a linear fashion, but never falling below 80% during the term of the warranty. As a result of these warranty programs, we bear the risk of product warranty claims long after we have sold our solar modules and recognized net sales.
If any of the assumptions used in estimating our module warranties prove incorrect, we could be required to accrue additional expenses, which could adversely impact our financial position, operating results, and cash flows. Although we have taken significant precautions to avoid a manufacturing excursion from occurring, any manufacturing excursions, including any commitments made by us to take remediation actions in respect of affected modules beyond the stated remedies in our warranties, could adversely impact our reputation, financial position, operating results, and cash flows.
Although our module performance warranties extend for up to 30 years, our oldest solar modules manufactured during the qualification of our pilot production line have only been in use since 2001. Accordingly, our warranties are based on a variety of quality and life tests that enable predictions of durability and future performance. These predictions, however, could prove to be materially different from the actual performance during the warranty period, causing us to incur substantial expense to repair or replace defective solar modules or provide financial remuneration in the future. For example, our solar modules could suffer various failures, including breakage, delamination, corrosion, or performance degradation in excess of expectations, and our manufacturing operations or supply chain could be subject to materials or process variations that could cause affected modules to fail or underperform compared to our expectations. These risks could be amplified as we implement design and process changes in connection with our efforts to improve our products and accelerate module wattage as part of our long-term strategic plans. In addition, if we increase the number of installations in extreme climates, we may experience increased failure rates due to deployment into such field conditions. Any widespread product failures may damage our market reputation, cause our net sales to decline, require us to repair or replace the defective modules or provide financial remuneration, and result in us taking voluntary remedial measures beyond those required by our standard warranty terms to enhance customer satisfaction, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.
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In resolving claims under both the limited defect and power output warranties, we typically have the option of either repairing or replacing the covered modules or, under the limited power output warranty, providing additional modules to remedy the power shortfall or making certain cash payments; however, historical versions of our module warranty did not provide a refund remedy. Consequently, we may be obligated to repair or replace the covered modules under such historical programs. As our manufacturing process may change from time-to-time in accordance with our technology roadmap, we may elect to stop production of older versions of our modules that would constitute compatible replacement modules. In some jurisdictions, our inability to provide compatible replacement modules could potentially expose us to liabilities beyond the limitations of our module warranties, which could adversely impact our reputation, financial position, operating results, and cash flows.
In addition to our limited solar module warranties described above, for PV solar power systems we have constructed for customers in prior periods, we have provided limited warranties for defects in engineering design, installation, and balance of systems (“BoS”) part workmanship for a period of one to two years following the substantial completion of a system or a block within the system. BoS parts represent mounting, electrical, and other parts used in PV solar power systems. In resolving claims under such BoS warranties, we have the option of remedying the defect through repair or replacement. As with our modules, these warranties are based on a variety of quality and life tests that enable predictions of durability and future performance. Any failures in BoS equipment beyond our expectations may also adversely impact our reputation, financial position, operating results, and cash flows.
In addition, our contracts with customers may include provisions with particular product specifications, minimum wattage requirements, and specified delivery schedules. These contracts may be terminated, or we may incur significant liquidated damages or other damages, if we fail to perform our contractual obligations. In addition, our costs to perform under these contracts may exceed our estimates, which could adversely impact our profitability. Any failures to comply with our contracts for the sale of our modules could adversely impact our reputation, financial position, operating results, and cash flows.
Our failure to further refine our technology and develop and introduce improved PV products, including as a result of delays in implementing planned advancements, could render our solar modules uncompetitive and reduce our net sales, profitability, and/or market share.
We need to continue to invest significant financial resources in R&D to continue to improve our module conversion efficiencies and otherwise keep pace with technological advances in the solar industry. However, R&D activities are inherently uncertain, and we could encounter difficulties in commercializing our research results. We seek to continuously improve our products and processes, including, for example, certain planned improvements to our CdTe module technology and manufacturing capabilities, such as the increase to our module form factor (which we refer to as Series 7), and the resulting changes carry potential risks in the form of delays, performance, additional costs, or other unintended contingencies. For example, the successful launch of our Series 7 module technology, which we began producing at our third manufacturing facility in the U.S. and we expect to produce at our first manufacturing facility in India, is sensitive to changes in the final product size and module mounting structure, among others. While we believe that we will be able to manage these uncertainties, we may encounter unanticipated challenges as we implement design and process changes in connection with this new module series.
We may expand our portfolio of offerings to include solutions that build upon our core competencies but for which we have not had significant historical experience, including variations in our traditional product offerings or other offerings related to certain markets. There can be no guarantee that our significant R&D expenditures will produce corresponding benefits. Other companies are developing a variety of competing PV technologies, including advanced mono-crystalline silicon cells, advanced p-type crystalline silicon cells, high-efficiency n-type crystalline silicon cells, and new emerging technologies such as hybrid perovskites, tandem solar cells, or other thin films, which could result in solar modules that prove to be more cost-effective or have better performance than our solar modules. If we are unable to achieve the necessary technology improvements to remain competitive, our overall growth and financial performance may be limited relative to our competitors and our operating results could be adversely impacted.
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We often forward price our products in anticipation of future technology improvements. Furthermore, certain of our contracts with customers may include transaction price adjustments associated with future module technology improvements, including new product designs and enhancements to certain energy related attributes. Accordingly, an inability to further refine our technology and execute our module technology roadmap, or changes to the expected timing such technology improvements are incorporated into our manufacturing process, could adversely affect our operating results.
Some of our manufacturing equipment is customized and sole sourced. If our manufacturing equipment fails or if our equipment suppliers fail to perform under their contracts, we could experience production disruptions and be unable to satisfy our contractual requirements.
Some of our manufacturing equipment is customized to our production lines based on designs or specifications that we provide to equipment manufacturers, which then undertake a specialized process to manufacture the custom equipment. As a result, the equipment is not readily available from multiple vendors and would be difficult to repair or replace if it were to become delayed, damaged, or stop working. If any piece of equipment fails, production along the entire production line could be interrupted. In addition, the failure of our equipment manufacturers to supply equipment in a timely manner or on commercially reasonable terms could delay our expansion or conversion plans, otherwise disrupt our production schedule, and/or increase our manufacturing costs, all of which would adversely impact our operating results.
Several of our key raw materials and components are either single-sourced or sourced from a limited number of suppliers, and their failure to perform could cause manufacturing delays and impair our ability to deliver solar modules to customers in the required quality and quantities and at a price that is profitable to us.
Our failure to obtain raw materials and components that meet our quality, quantity, and cost requirements in a timely manner could interrupt or impair our ability to manufacture our solar modules, or increase our manufacturing costs. Several of our key raw materials and components, in particular CdTe and substrate glass, are either single-sourced or sourced from a limited number of suppliers. As a result, the failure of any of our suppliers to perform could disrupt our supply chain and adversely impact our operations. In addition, some of our suppliers are smaller companies that may be unable to supply our increasing demand for raw materials and components as we expand or seek to expand our business. We may be unable to identify new suppliers or qualify their products for use on our production lines in a timely manner and on commercially reasonable terms. A constraint on our production may result in our inability to meet our capacity plans and/or our obligations under our customer contracts, which would have an adverse impact on our business. Additionally, reductions in our production volume may put pressure on suppliers, resulting in increased material and component costs.
A disruption in our supply chain for CdTe, other key raw materials, or equipment could interrupt or impair our ability to manufacture solar modules and could adversely impact our profitability and long-term growth prospects.
A key raw material used in our module production process is a CdTe compound. Tellurium, one of the main components of CdTe, is mainly produced as a by-product of copper refining, and therefore, its supply is largely dependent upon demand for copper. If our competitors begin to use or increase their demand for tellurium, our requirements for tellurium increase, new applications for tellurium emerge, or adverse trade laws or policies restrict our ability to obtain tellurium from foreign vendors or make doing so cost prohibitive, the supply of tellurium and related CdTe compounds could be reduced and prices could increase.
Furthermore, our supply chain could be limited if any of our current or future suppliers fail to perform or are unable to acquire an adequate supply in a timely manner or at commercially reasonable prices. If our current or future suppliers cannot obtain sufficient raw materials or key equipment, they could substantially increase prices or be unable to perform under their contracts. Additionally, we may also be unable to effectively manage fluctuations in the availability and cost of logistics services associated with the procurement of raw materials or equipment used in our manufacturing process. If we are unable to pass such cost increases to our customers, a substantial increase in
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prices or any limitations or disruptions in our supply chain could adversely impact our profitability and long-term growth objectives.
Our failure to effectively manage module manufacturing production and selling costs, including costs related to raw materials and logistics services, could render our solar modules uncompetitive and reduce our net sales, profitability, and/or market share.
Certain of our key raw material purchase contracts include variable pricing terms, which are driven by underlying indices for certain commodities, including aluminum, steel, and natural gas, among others. Fluctuations in such underlying commodity indices may increase our raw material costs. Additionally, an increase in price levels generally, such as inflation related to the cost of raw materials, key manufacturing equipment, labor, and logistics services, could adversely impact our profitability. From time to time, we may utilize derivative hedging instruments to mitigate price changes related to our raw materials or key manufacturing equipment. Our profitability could be adversely impacted if we are unable to effectively hedge such prices or pass these cost increases through to our customers. We often forward price our products in anticipation of future cost reductions, and thus, an inability to execute our cost reduction roadmap could adversely affect our operating results.
Our future success depends on our ability to effectively balance manufacturing production with market demand, effectively manage our cost per watt, and, when necessary, continue to build new manufacturing plants over time in response to market demand, all of which are subject to risks and uncertainties.
Our future success depends on our ability to effectively balance manufacturing production with market demand, effectively manage our cost per watt, and increase our manufacturing capacity in a cost-effective and efficient manner. If we cannot do so, we may incur damages under our contracts with our customers or be unable to decrease our cost per watt, maintain our competitive position, sustain profitability, expand our business, or create long-term shareholder value. Our ability to effectively manage our cost per watt or successfully expand production capacity is subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including the following:
•failure to reduce manufacturing material, labor, or overhead costs;
•an inability to increase production throughput or the average power output per module, or minimize manufacturing yield losses;
•failure to effectively manage the availability and cost of logistics services associated with the procurement of raw materials or equipment used in our manufacturing process and the shipping, handling, storage, and distribution of our modules;
•delays and cost overruns as a result of a number of factors, many of which may be beyond our control, such as our inability to secure economical contracts with equipment vendors;
•our custom-built equipment taking longer and costing more to manufacture than expected and not operating as designed;
•delays or denial of required approvals by relevant government authorities;
•an inability to hire qualified staff;
•capital expenditures exceeding our initial estimates with respect to expanding and building our manufacturing and R&D facilities;
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•difficulty in balancing market demand and manufacturing production in an efficient and timely manner, potentially causing our manufacturing capacity to be constrained in some future periods or over-supplied in others; and
•incurring manufacturing asset write-downs, write-offs, and other charges and costs, which may be significant, during those periods in which we idle, slow down, shut down, or otherwise adjust our manufacturing capacity.
We may be unable to generate sufficient cash flows or have access to the sources of external financing necessary to fund planned capital investments in manufacturing capacity and product development.
Our business and our future plans for expansion are capital-intensive, and we anticipate that our operating and capital expenditure requirements may increase. To develop new products, support future growth, and maintain product quality, we may need to make significant capital investments in manufacturing technology, facilities and capital equipment, and research and development. Consequently, we may seek to raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-related, or debt securities or through obtaining credit from financial institutions to fund, together with our traditional sources of liquidity, the costs of developing and manufacturing our current or future products. We cannot be certain that we will be able to generate sufficient cash flows, or that additional funds will be available to us on favorable terms when required, or at all. If we cannot fund the required investments from our operating cash flows or raise additional funds when we need them, we may be unable to fully execute our business plan and our financial condition, results of operations, and business prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
If our estimates regarding the future costs of collecting and recycling CdTe solar modules covered by our solar module collection and recycling program are incorrect, we could be required to accrue additional expenses and face a significant unplanned cash burden.
As necessary, we fund any incremental amounts for our estimated collection and recycling obligations on an annual basis based on the estimated costs of collecting and recycling covered modules, estimated rates of return on our restricted marketable securities, and an estimated solar module life of 25 years less amounts already funded in prior years. We estimate the cost of our collection and recycling obligations based on the present value of the expected future cost of collecting and recycling the solar modules, which includes estimates for the cost of packaging materials; the cost of freight from the solar module installation sites to a recycling center; material, labor, and capital costs; by-product credits for certain materials recovered during the recycling process; the estimated useful lives of modules covered by the program; and the number of modules expected to be recycled. We base these estimates on our experience collecting and recycling solar modules and certain assumptions regarding costs at the time the solar modules will be collected and recycled. If our estimates prove incorrect, we could be required to accrue additional expenses and could also face a significant unplanned cash burden at the time we realize our estimates are incorrect or end users return their modules, which could adversely affect our operating results. Participating end users can return their modules covered under the collection and recycling program at any time. As a result, we could be required to collect and recycle covered CdTe solar modules earlier than we expect.
Our failure to protect or successfully commercialize our intellectual property rights may undermine our competitive position, and litigation to protect our intellectual property rights or defend against third-party allegations of infringement may be costly.
Protection of our proprietary processes, methods, and other technology is critical to our business. Failure to protect and monitor the use of our existing intellectual property rights or to successfully commercialize future intellectual property rights could result in the loss of valuable technologies. We rely primarily on patents, trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights, and contractual restrictions to protect our intellectual property. We regularly file patent applications to protect certain inventions arising from our R&D and are currently pursuing such patent applications in various countries in accordance with our strategy for intellectual property in that jurisdiction. Our existing patents
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and future patents could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, or rendered unenforceable. Our pending patent applications may not result in issued patents, or if patents are issued to us, such patents may not be sufficient to provide meaningful protection against competitors or against competitive technologies.
We also rely on unpatented proprietary manufacturing expertise, continuing technological innovation, and other trade secrets to develop and maintain our competitive position. Although we generally enter into confidentiality agreements with our associates and third parties to protect our intellectual property, such confidentiality agreements are limited in duration and could be breached and may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or proprietary manufacturing expertise. Adequate remedies may not be available in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our trade secrets and manufacturing expertise. In addition, others may obtain knowledge of our trade secrets through independent development or legal means. The failure of our patents or confidentiality agreements to protect our processes, equipment, technology, trade secrets, and proprietary manufacturing expertise, methods, and compounds could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, effective patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret protection may be unavailable or limited in some foreign countries, especially any developing countries into which we may expand our operations. In some countries, we have not applied for patent, trademark, or copyright protection.
Third parties may infringe or misappropriate our proprietary technologies or other intellectual property rights, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results. Policing unauthorized use of proprietary technology can be difficult and expensive. Additionally, litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights, protect our trade secrets, or determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. We cannot ensure that the outcome of such potential litigation will be in our favor, and such litigation may be costly and may divert management attention and other resources away from our business. An adverse determination in any such litigation may impair our intellectual property rights and may harm our business, prospects, and reputation. In addition, we have no insurance coverage against such litigation costs and would have to bear all costs arising from such litigation to the extent we are unable to recover them from other parties.
If any future production lines are not built in line with committed schedules, it may adversely affect our future growth plans. If any future production lines do not achieve operating metrics similar to our existing production lines, our solar modules could perform below expectations and cause us to lose customers.
If we are unable to systematically replicate our production lines over time and achieve operating metrics similar to our existing production lines, our manufacturing capacity could be substantially constrained, our manufacturing costs per watt could increase, our growth could be limited, and we may be in breach of our contracts with customers for failure to deliver modules. Such factors may result in lower net sales, and/or lower net income than we anticipate. Future production lines could produce solar modules that have lower conversion efficiencies, higher failure rates, and/or higher rates of degradation than solar modules from our existing production lines, and we could be unable to determine the cause of the lower operating metrics or develop and implement solutions to improve performance.
We are in the process of expanding our manufacturing capacity by approximately 11 GWDC including the construction of our third manufacturing facility in the United States, which commenced commercial production of modules in early 2023; our first manufacturing facility in India, which is expected to commence operations in the second half of 2023; our fourth manufacturing facility in the United States, which is expected to commence operations in late 2024; and the expansion of our manufacturing footprint at our existing facilities in Ohio. If we cannot successfully execute on our current capacity expansion plans, we may incur significant costs in excess of our current plans to invest approximately $2.7 billion in the aggregate for these new facilities. If we are not able to effectively manage current or future expansion activities or realize their anticipated benefits, it may adversely impact our results of operations.
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Our substantial international operations subject us to a number of risks, including unfavorable political, regulatory, labor, and tax conditions in the United States and/or foreign countries.
We have significant manufacturing, sales, and marketing operations both within and outside the United States and expect to continue to expand our operations worldwide. Our global business requires us to respond to rapid changes in market conditions worldwide. Our overall success depends, in part, on our ability to succeed in differing legal, regulatory, economic, social, and political conditions. We may not be able to timely develop and implement policies and strategies that will be effective in each location where we do business. Risks inherent to international operations include, but are not limited to, the following:
•difficulty in enforcing agreements in foreign legal systems;
•varying degrees of protection afforded to foreign investments in the countries in which we operate and irregular interpretations and enforcement of laws and regulations in such jurisdictions;
•foreign countries may impose additional income and withholding taxes or otherwise tax our foreign operations, impose tariffs, or adopt other restrictions on foreign trade and investment, including currency exchange controls;
•fluctuations in exchange rates may affect demand for our products and services and may adversely affect our profitability and cash flows in U.S. dollars to the extent that our net sales or our costs are denominated in a foreign currency and the cost associated with hedging the U.S. dollar equivalent of such exposures is prohibitive; the longer the duration of such foreign currency exposure, the greater the risk;
•anti-corruption compliance issues, including the costs related to the mitigation of such risk;
•risk of nationalization or other expropriation of private enterprises;
•changes in general economic and political conditions in the countries in which we operate, including changes in government incentive provisions;
•unexpected adverse changes in U.S. or foreign laws or regulatory requirements, including those with respect to environmental protection, import or export duties, and quotas;
•opaque approval processes in which the lack of transparency may cause delays and increase the uncertainty of project approvals;
•difficulty in staffing and managing widespread operations;
•difficulty in repatriating earnings;
•difficulty in negotiating a successful collective bargaining agreement in applicable foreign jurisdictions;
•trade barriers such as export requirements, tariffs, taxes, local content requirements, anti-dumping regulations and requirements, and other restrictions and expenses, which could increase the effective price of our solar modules and make us less competitive in some countries or increase the costs to perform under our existing contracts; and
•difficulty of, and costs relating to, compliance with the different commercial and legal requirements of the overseas countries in which we offer and sell our solar modules.
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Risks Related to Regulations
We expect certain financial benefits as a result of tax incentives provided by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. If these expected financial benefits vary significantly from our assumptions, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
In August 2022, the U.S. President signed the IRA into law, which is intended to accelerate the country’s ongoing transition to clean energy. The provisions of the IRA are generally effective for tax years beginning after 2022. We continue to evaluate the extent of benefits available to us, which we expect will favorably impact our results of operations in future periods. For example, we currently expect to qualify for the advanced manufacturing production credit under Section 45X of the IRC, which provides certain specified benefits for solar modules and solar module components manufactured in the United States and sold to third parties. For eligible components, the credit is equal to (i) $12 per square meter for a PV wafer, (ii) 4 cents multiplied by the capacity of a PV cell, and (iii) 7 cents multiplied by the capacity of a PV module. Based on the current form factor of our modules, we expect to qualify for a credit of approximately 17 cents per watt for each module produced in the United States and sold to a third party. Such credit may be refundable or transferable to a third party and is available from 2023 to 2032, subject to phase down beginning in 2030.
There are currently several critical and complex aspects of the IRA pending technical guidance and regulations from the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and U.S. Treasury Department, including, but not limited to, the following:
•Total credit under Section 45X. The guidance is expected to confirm that a vertically-integrated solar module manufacturer is entitled to the sum of the credit amounts for each eligible component that is integrated into the solar module, including the credit amounts for the PV wafer, cell, and module, provided such components are produced in the United States. This clarification may impact to what extent we qualify for a credit of approximately 17 cents per watt based on the current form factor of our modules.
•Standardization of per-watt measurements. The guidance is expected to confirm and/or clarify the method by which wattage is calculated to determine the applicable credit amounts for PV cells and modules. Our current evaluation of the benefits available to us is based on the use of industry-wide standard test conditions to determine the nameplate capacity of PV cells and modules. The guidance is expected to create meaningful consistency for credit calculation by standardizing the process for determining solar module nameplate capacity. These clarifications may impact the extent of the credit available to us for eligible PV cells and modules.
•Direct payment and transfer elections. The guidance is expected to clarify whether a taxpayer’s direct payment election with respect to the Section 45X credit applies only to a single 5-year period or whether the taxpayer is entitled to make a second direct payment election for a subsequent 5-year period during the 10-year credit period. This clarification will impact whether we can monetize the credit in the form of cash payments directly from the government throughout the 10-year credit period, or whether we would be required to monetize the credit through a sale to another taxpayer or taxpayers during the subsequent 5-year period. The guidance is also expected to clarify whether the taxpayer is entitled to make the direct payment election on a facility-by-facility basis, especially with respect to new manufacturing facilities that commence production after the taxpayer has made the initial direct payment election. Such clarification may impact the extent to which we will be able to make additional direct payment elections across multiple years for multiple manufacturing facilities. Furthermore, the guidance is expected to address (i) how and when the credit is claimed by the taxpayer, including the type of information necessary to verify the credit amount, (ii) whether the credit must be applied as a reduction to any quarterly estimated tax payments or as an offset to any taxes that are reported on the taxpayer’s income tax return for any taxable year in which a direct payment election is made, and (iii) the degree of review or examination by the IRS or any other agency, including whether such review or examination would be a condition to receiving any direct payment. These clarifications may impact the timing and extent of cash benefits available to us and, if the
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direct payment election cannot be made a second time, our ability to transfer the tax credits to another taxpayer or taxpayers, which depends on the future demand for such credits.
•Domestic content requirements. The guidance is expected to confirm that domestic content rules are applied separately with respect to steel and iron as compared to manufactured products, which would require that only a certain percentage of the total costs of such manufactured product components are of U.S. origin. These clarifications may impact whether our modules meet domestic content requirements, which is a key value proposition for current and future customers. Alternatively, if the domestic content rules as defined by the final guidance are defined broadly, we may face significant additional competition for module sales within the U.S. If our modules manufactured in the U.S. do not meet the domestic content requirements as defined by the final guidance or if the guidance definition is defined broadly, this may adversely impact demand and/or price levels for our solar modules and future expansion plans within the United States.
Any modifications to the law or its effects arising, for example, through (i) technical guidance and regulations from the IRS and U.S. Treasury Department, including the certain aspects disclosed above, (ii) subsequent amendments to or interpretations of the law, and/or (iii) future laws or regulations rendering certain provisions of the IRA less effective or ineffective, in whole or in part, could result in changes to the expected and/or actual benefits in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on demand and/or price levels for our solar modules, our net sales, and future expansion plans within the United States, and/or otherwise adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Existing regulations and policies, changes thereto, and new regulations and policies may present technical, regulatory, and economic barriers to the purchase and use of PV solar products, or systems, which may significantly reduce demand for our modules, systems, or services.modules.
The market for electricity generation products is heavily influenced by federal, state, local, and foreign government regulations and policies concerning the electric utility industry, as well as policies promulgated by electric utilities. These regulations and policies often relate to electricity pricing and interconnection of customer-owned electricity generation. In the United States and in a number ofcertain other countries, these regulations and policies have been modified in the past and may be modified again in the future. These regulations and policiesfuture, which could deter end-user purchases of PV solar products or systems and investment in the R&D of PV solar technology.products. For example, without a mandated regulatory exception for PV solar power systems, system owners are often charged interconnection or standby fees for putting distributed power generation on the electric utility grid. To the extent these interconnection standby fees are applicable to PV solar power systems, it is likely that they would increase the cost of such systems, which could make the systems less desirable, thereby adversely affecting our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, with respect to utilities that utilize a peak-hour pricing policy or time-of-use pricing methods wherebyAnother example is the priceeffect of electricity is adjusted basedgovernmental land-use planning policies and environmental policies on electricity supply and demand, electricity generated byutility-scale PV solar power systems currently benefits from competing primarily with expensive peak-hour electricity, rather thandevelopment. The adoption of restrictive land-use designations or environmental regulations that proscribe or restrict the less expensive average pricesiting of electricity. Modifications to the peak-hour pricing policies of utilities, such as to a flat rate for all times of the day, would require PVutility-scale solar power systems to have lower prices in order to compete with the price of electricity from other sources, whichfacilities could adversely impact our operating results.affect the marginal cost of such development.
Our modules systems, and services are often subject to oversight and regulation in accordance with national and local ordinances relating to building codes, safety, environmental protection, utility interconnection and metering, and other matters, and tracking the requirements of individual jurisdictions is complex. Any new government regulations or utility policies pertaining to our modules systems, or services may result in significant additional expenses to us or our customers and, as a result, could cause a significant reduction in demand for our modules, systems, or services.products. In addition, any regulatory compliance failure could result in significant management distraction, unplanned costs, and/or reputational damage.
We could be adversely affected by any violations of the FCPA, the U.K. Bribery Act, and other foreign anti-bribery laws.
The FCPA generally prohibits companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to non-U.S. government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Other countries in which we operate also have anti-bribery laws, some of which prohibit improper payments to government and non-government persons and
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entities, and others (e.g., the FCPA and the U.K. Bribery Act) extend their application to activities outside their country of origin. Our policies mandate compliance with all applicable anti-bribery laws. We currently operate in, and may further expand into, key parts of the world that have experienced governmental corruption to some degree and, in certain circumstances, strict compliance with anti-bribery laws may conflict with local customs and practices. In addition, due to the level of regulation in our industry, our operations in certain jurisdictions where norms can differ from U.S. standards, including China, India, South America, and the Middle East, require substantial government contact, either directly by us or through intermediaries over whom we have less direct control, such as subcontractors, agents, and partners (such as joint venture partners), where norms can differ from U.S. standards.. Although we have implemented policies, procedures, and, in certain cases, contractual arrangements designed to facilitate compliance with these anti-bribery laws, our officers, directors, associates, subcontractors, agents, and partners may take actions in violation of our policies, procedures, contractual arrangements, and anti-bribery laws. Any such violation, even if prohibited by our policies, could subject us and such persons to criminal and/or civil penalties or other sanctions potentially by government prosecutors from more than one country, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and reputation.
Environmental obligations and liabilities could have a substantial negative impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.operations.
Our operations involve the use, handling, generation, processing, storage, transportation, and disposal of hazardous materials and are subject to extensive environmental laws and regulations at the national, state, local, and international levels. These environmental laws and regulations include those governing the discharge of pollutants into the air and water, the use, management, and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes, the cleanup of contaminated sites, and occupational health and safety. As we expand our business into foreign jurisdictions worldwide, our environmental compliance burden may continue to increase both in terms of magnitude and complexity. We have incurred and may continue to incur significant costs in complying with these laws and regulations. In addition, violations of, or liabilities under, environmental laws or permits may result in restrictions being imposed on our operating activities or in our being subject to substantial fines, penalties, criminal proceedings, third-party property damage or personal injury claims, cleanup costs, or other costs. Such solutions could also result in substantial delay or termination of projects under construction within our systems business, which could adversely impact our results of operations. While we believe we are currently in substantial compliance with applicable environmental requirements, future developments such as more aggressive enforcement policies, the implementation of new, more stringent laws and regulations, or the discovery of presently unknown environmental conditions may require expenditures that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our solar modules contain CdTe and other semiconductor materials. Elemental cadmium and certain of its compounds are regulated as hazardous materials due to the adverse health effects that may arise from human exposure. Based on existing research, the risks of exposure to CdTe are not believed to be as serious as those relating to exposure to elemental cadmium.cadmium due to CdTe’s limited bioavailability. In our manufacturing operations, we maintain engineering controls to minimize our associates’ exposure to cadmium or cadmium compounds and require our associates who handle cadmium compounds to follow certain safety
procedures, including the use of personal protective equipment such as respirators, chemical goggles, and protective clothing. Relevant studies and third-party peer reviews of our technology have concluded that the risk of exposure to cadmium or cadmium compounds from our end-products is negligible. In addition, the risk of exposure is further minimized by the encapsulated nature of these materials in our products, the physical properties of cadmium compounds used in our products, and the recycling or responsible disposal of our modules. While we believe that these factors and procedures are sufficient to protect our associates, end users, and the general public from adverse health effects that may arise from cadmium exposure, we cannot ensure that human or environmental exposure to cadmium or cadmium compounds used in our products will not occur. Any such exposure could result in future third-party claims against us, damage to our reputation, and heightened regulatory scrutiny, which could limit or impair our ability to sell and distribute our products. The occurrence of future events such as these could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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The use of cadmium or cadmium compounds in various products is also coming under increasingly stringent governmental regulation. Future regulation in this area could impact the manufacturing, sale, collection, and recycling of solar modules and could require us to make unforeseen environmental expenditures or limit our ability to sell and distribute our products. For example, Examples of such regulations include the following:
•European Union Directive 2011/65/EU on the Restriction of the Use of Hazardous Substances (“RoHS”) in electrical and electronic equipment (the “RoHS Directive”) restricts the use of certain hazardous substances, including cadmium and its compounds, in specified products. Other jurisdictions, such as China, have adopted similar legislation or are considering doing so.all electronic equipment sold into the European market, unless excluded from the law. Currently, PV solar modules are explicitly excluded from the scope of RoHS (Article 2), as adopted by the European Parliament and the Council in June 2011. Other jurisdictions have adopted similar legislation or are considering doing so. The next general reviewrevision of the RoHS Directive is scheduled for 2021, involving a broader discussion of the existing scope. A scope review focusing on additional exclusions was proposed by the European Commissionexpected in 2017 under the EU’s co-decision process which allows the European Parliament and the European Council to amend the European Commission’s proposal on exclusions. The co-decision procedure was completed in 2017 and the existing exclusion of PV modules was maintained. In preparation for the next RoHS revision, the European Commission has started a number of pre-regulatory studies and assessments relating to the addition of new substances to the existing RoHS framework, as well as the revision and optimization of the exemption process. It is unclear to what extent the existing scope exclusions will be discussed or maintained in future directives.2025. If PV modules were to be included in the scope of future RoHS revisions without an exemption, or exclusion, we would be required to redesign our solar modules to reduce cadmium and other affected hazardous substances to the maximum allowable concentration thresholds in the RoHS Directive in order to continue to offer them for sale within the EU. As such actions would be impractical, this type of regulatory development would effectively close the EU market to us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
•In November 2022, the government of India, through its Ministry of Environment, Forest and operatorClimate Change and MNRE, introduced legislation intended to expand the scope of existing electronic waste (“e-waste”) regulations, including PV solar modules. This regulation, as subsequently amended in January 2023, will also create extended producer obligations for mandatory recycling of PV solar power systems that deliver electricitywaste at the end of its useful life. These regulations are expected to come into effect on April 1, 2023. At this time, the grid, certainrecycling targets, monitoring mechanism, and determination of who finances the recycling costs are unclear, and, depending on the final procedures and rules, such regulations could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations in India.
General Risk Factors
Cyber-attacks or other breaches of our affiliated entities may be regulated as public utilities under U.S. federal and state law,information systems, or those of third parties with which could adversely affect the cost of doingwe do business, and limit our growth.
Our operations rely on our computer systems, hardware, software, and networks, as well as those of third parties with which we do business, to securely process, store, and transmit proprietary, confidential, and other information, including intellectual property and personally identifiable information. We also rely heavily on these information systems to operate our manufacturing lines. These information systems may be compromised by cyber-attacks, computer viruses, and other events that could be materially disruptive to our business operations and could put the security of our information, and that of the third parties with which we do business, at risk of misappropriation or destruction. In recent years, such cyber incidents have become increasingly frequent and sophisticated, targeting or otherwise affecting a wide range of companies. While we have instituted security measures and procured insurance to mitigate the likelihood and impact of a cyber incident, there is no assurance that these measures, or those of the third parties with which we do business, will be adequate in the future. If these measures fail, valuable information may be lost; our operations may be disrupted; we may be unable to fulfill our customer obligations; and our reputation may suffer. Additionally, any cyber incident affecting our automated manufacturing lines could adversely affect our ability to produce solar modules or otherwise affect the quality and performance of the modules produced. We may also be subject to litigation, regulatory action, remedial expenses, and financial losses beyond the scope or limits of our insurance coverage. These consequences of a failure of security measures could, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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The severity and duration of public health threats (including pandemics such as COVID-19 or similarly infectious diseases) could materially impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact various countries throughout the world, including those in which we do business or have operations, though the scope and severity of COVID-19 continues to evolve. With the exception of certain manufacturing charges incurred in 2020 and 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on the economy did not materially impact our business, financial condition, and/or results of operations. Even if these lawsuits,However, the extent to which public health threats (including pandemics such as COVID-19 or any future lawsuits, are not resolved against us, the costs of defending such lawsuits and of any settlement may be significant. These costs may exceed the dollar limits of our insurance policies or may not be covered at all by our insurance policies. Because the price of our common stock has been, and may continue to be, volatile, we can provide no assurance that additional securities or other litigation will not be filed againstsimilarly infectious diseases) could impact us in the future. See Note 14. “Commitmentsfuture is highly uncertain and Contingencies – Legal Proceedings”cannot be predicted, and will depend largely on subsequent developments, including but not limited to our consolidated financial statements for more information(i) the severity and duration of any public health threat, (ii) measures taken to contain the spread of any public health threat, such as restrictions on our legal proceedings, including our securities class actiontravel and derivative actions.
•we may seekat any time be ordered by governmental authorities, or we may determine, based on our understanding of the recommendations or orders of governmental authorities, that we have to disposecurtail or cease business operations or activities, including manufacturing and R&D activities; and
•the failure of our interestssuppliers or vendors to supply materials or equipment, or the failure of our vendors to install, repair, or replace our specialized equipment, due to any public health threat and related containment measures, may idle, slowdown, shutdown, or otherwise cause us to adjust our manufacturing capacity, and the availability and cost of logistics services associated with the procurement of raw materials or equipment used in acquired companies, project pipelines, products,our manufacturing process and the shipping, handling, storage, and distribution of our modules may require us to adjust our module manufacturing plans or technologies. Wemodule delivery commitments, which may not recoverresult in additional unplanned charges.
If we are unable to attract, train, retain, and successfully integrate key talent into our initial investment in such interests, in part or at all, which could adversely affectmanagement team, our business financial condition, or results of operations.may be materially and adversely affected.
Our future success depends, to a significant extent, on our ability to attract, train, and retain management, operations, sales, and technical talent, including associates in foreign jurisdictions. Recruiting and retaining capable individuals, particularly those with expertise in the PV solar industry across a variety of technologies, are vital to our key associates and to successfully integrate them into our management team.
success. We are also dependent on the services of our executive officers and other members of our senior management team. The loss of one or more of these key associates or any other member of our senior management team could have a material adverse effect on our business. WeAlthough we have a succession planning process in place, we may not be able to retain or replace these key associates and may not have adequate succession plans in place.a timely manner. Several of our current key associates, including our executive officers, are subject to employment conditions or arrangements that contain post-employment non-competition provisions. However, these arrangements permit the associates to terminate their employment with us upon little or no notice.
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We may be exposed to infringement or misappropriation claims by third parties, which, if determined adversely to us, could cause us to pay significant damage awards or prohibit us from the manufacture and sale of our solar modules or the use of our technology.
Our success depends largely on our ability to use and develop our technology and know-how without infringing or misappropriating the intellectual property rights of third parties. The validity and scope of claims relating to PV solar technology patents involve complex scientific, legal, and factual considerations and analysis and, therefore, may be highly uncertain. We may be subject to litigation involving claims of patent infringement or violation of intellectual property rights of third parties. For example, during 2022, we received various indemnification demands from certain customers, for whom we provided EPC services, regarding claims that such customers’ PV tracker systems infringe, in part, on patents owned by Rovshan Sade (“Sade”), the owner of a company called Trabant Solar, Inc. See Note 12. “Commitments and Contingencies – Legal Proceedings” to our consolidated financial statements for more information on our legal proceedings. The defense and prosecution of intellectual property suits, patent opposition proceedings, and related legal and administrative proceedings can be both costly and time consuming and may significantly divert the efforts and resources of our technical and management personnel. An adverse determination in any such litigation or proceedings to which we may become a party could subject us to significant liability to third parties, require us to seek licenses from third parties, which may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all, or pay ongoing royalties, require us to redesign our solar modules, or subject us to injunctions prohibiting the manufacture and sale of our solar modules or the use of our technologies. Protracted litigation could also result in our customers or potential customers deferring or limiting their purchase or use of our solar modules until the resolution of such litigation.
Currency translation and transaction risk may negatively affect our results of operations.
Although our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, we conduct certain business and incur costs in the local currency of most countries in which we operate. As a result, we are subject to currency translation and transaction risk. For example, certain of our net sales in 20192022 were denominated in foreign currencies, such as Australian dollarJapanese yen and Euro, and we expect to continue to have net sales denominated in foreign currencies in the future. Joint ventures or otherfuture, such as Indian rupee. Certain business arrangements with strategic partners outside the United States have involved and in the future may involve significant investments denominated in local currencies. Changes in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar could affect our results of operations and result in exchange gains or losses. We cannot accurately predict the impact of future exchange rate fluctuations on our results of operations.
We could also expand our business into emerging markets, many of which have an uncertain regulatory environment relating to currency policy. Conducting business in such emerging markets could cause our exposure to changes in exchange rates to increase, due to the relatively high volatility associated with emerging market currencies and potentially longer payment terms for our proceeds.
Our ability to hedge foreign currency exposure is dependent on our credit profile with the banks that are willing and able to do business with us. Deterioration in our credit position or a significant tightening of the credit market conditions could limit our ability to hedge our foreign currency exposures; and therefore, result in exchange gains or losses.
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Unanticipated changes in our tax provision, the enactment of new tax legislation, or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could affect our profitability.
We are subject to income taxes in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. In December 2017,Accordingly, we are subject to a variety of tax laws and interpretations of such laws by local tax authorities. For example, in January 2022, the United States enacted the Tax Act. The changes includedU.S. government published new regulations in the Tax ActU.S. Federal Register to address various aspects of foreign tax credit regimes, including, among other things, guidance related to the disallowance of credits or deductions for foreign income taxes. These regulations, which became effective in March 2022, contain certain provisions that are broad and complex,applicable for periods prior to the effective date, and the final effects of the Tax Act may differ from the amounts provided elsewherecould result in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, possibly materially, due to, among other things, changesmaterial income tax expense in regulations related to the Tax Act, any legislative action to address questions that arise because of the Tax Act, any changes in accounting standards for income taxes or related interpretations in response to the Tax Act, or actions we may take as a result of the Tax Act. Additionally,future periods. Furthermore, longstanding international tax laws that determine each country’s jurisdictional tax rights in cross-border international trade continue to evolve as a result of the base erosion and profit shifting reporting requirements and the introduction of the global minimum tax recommended by the OECD. As theseOrganization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Additionally, in August 2022, the U.S. President signed into law the IRA, which revised U.S. tax law by, among other things, including a new corporate alternative minimum tax laws(the “CAMT”) of 15% on certain large corporations, imposing a 1% excise tax on stock buybacks, and providing various incentives to address climate change, including the introduction of the advanced manufacturing production credit. The provisions of the IRA are generally effective for tax years beginning after 2022. Given the complexities of the IRA, which is pending technical guidance and regulations change,from the IRS and U.S. Treasury Department, we will continue to monitor these developments and evaluate the potential future impact to our results of operations. For further information, see the Risk Factor entitled, “We expect certain financial benefits as a result of tax incentives provided by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. If these expected financial benefits vary significantly from our assumptions, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.” Changes to these and other tax laws and regulations could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We are subject to potential tax examinations in various jurisdictions, and taxing authorities may disagree with our interpretations of U.S. and foreign tax laws and may assess additional taxes. We regularly assess the likely outcomes of these examinations in order to determine the appropriateness of our tax provision; however, the outcome of tax examinations cannot be predicted with certainty. Therefore, the amounts ultimately paid upon resolution of such examinations could be materially different from the amounts previously included in our income tax provision, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations and cash flows.operations.
In addition, our future effective tax rate could be adversely affected by changes to our operating structure, losses of tax holidays, changes in the jurisdictional mix of earnings among countries with tax holidays or differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, changes in tax laws, and the discovery of new information in the course of our tax return preparation process. Any changes in our effective tax rate may materially and adversely impact our results of operations.
From time to time, we have instituted security measures to minimize the likelihoodbeen and impact of a cyber incident, there is no assurance that these measures, or those of the third parties with which we do business, will be adequate in the future. If these measures fail, valuable information may be lost; our manufacturing, development, construction, O&M,subject to disputes and other operationslitigation, with and without merit, that may be disrupted;costly and which may divert the attention of our management and our resources in general, whether or not any dispute actually proceeds to litigation. The results of complex legal proceedings are difficult to predict. Moreover, complaints filed against us may not specify the amount of damages that plaintiffs seek, and we therefore may be unable to fulfillestimate the possible range of damages that might be incurred should these lawsuits be resolved against us. Even if we are able to estimate losses related to these actions, the ultimate amount of loss may be materially higher than our customer obligations; andestimates. Any resolution of litigation, or threatened litigation, could involve the payment of damages or expenses by us, which may be significant or involve an agreement with terms that restrict the operation of our reputationbusiness. Even if any future lawsuits are not resolved against us, the costs of defending such lawsuits may suffer. For example, any cyber incident affecting our automated manufacturing lines could adversely affect our ability to produce solar modules or otherwise affectbe significant. These costs may exceed the quality and performance of the modules produced. We may also be subject to litigation, regulatory action, remedial expenses, and financial losses beyond the scope ordollar limits of our insurance coverage. These consequencespolicies or may not be covered at all by our
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insurance policies. Because the price of security measures could, individuallyour common stock has been, and may continue to be, volatile, we can provide no assurance that additional securities or other litigation will not be filed against us in the aggregate, have a material adverse effectfuture. See Note 12. “Commitments and Contingencies – Legal Proceedings” to our consolidated financial statements for more information on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.legal proceedings.
Changes in, or any failure to comply with, privacy laws, regulations, and standards may adversely affect our business.
Personal privacy and data security have become significant issues in the United States, India, Europe, and in many other jurisdictions in which we operate. The regulatory framework for privacy and security issues worldwide is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Furthermore, federal, state, or foreign government bodies or agencies have in the past adopted, and may in the future adopt, laws and regulations affecting data privacy, all of which may be subject to invalidation by relevant foreign judicial bodies. Industry organizations also regularly adopt and advocate for new standards in this area.
In the United States, these include rules and regulations promulgated or pending under the authority of federal agencies, state attorneys general, legislatures, and consumer protection agencies. Internationally, many jurisdictions in which we operate have established their own data security and privacy legal framework with which we, relevant suppliers, and customers must comply. For example, the General Data Protection Regulation, a broad-based data privacy regime enacted by the European Parliament, which became effective in May 2018, imposesimposed new requirements on how we collect, process, transfer, and store personal data, and also imposesimposed additional obligations, potential penalties, and risk upon our business. Additionally, the California Consumer Privacy Act, which becomesbecame effective in January 2020, imposesimposed similar data privacy requirements. In many jurisdictions, enforcement actions and consequences for noncompliance are also rising. In addition to government regulation, privacy advocates and industry groups may propose new and different self-regulatory standards that either legally or contractually apply to us. Although we have implemented policies, procedures, and, in certain cases, contractual arrangements designed to facilitate compliance with applicable privacy and data security laws and standards, any inability or perceived inability to adequately address privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable privacy and data security laws, regulations, and policies, could result in additional fines, costs, and liabilities to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales, and adversely affect our business.
Our credit agreements contain covenant restrictions that mayAmended and Restated Bylaws designate a state or federal court located within the State of Delaware as the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, and the federal district courts of the United States as the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action under the Securities Act of 1933, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to operatechoose the judicial forum for disputes with us or our business.directors, officers, employees, agents or stockholders.
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Any person or the economy asentity holding, owning or otherwise acquiring any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to these provisions. These exclusive forum provisions may limit a whole,stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with us or our directors, officers, other employees, agents or stockholders, which may constitute material adverse effects under these agreements. Ifdiscourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, other employees, agents or stockholders. The enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ governing documents has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that a court could find these types of provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable. For example, in December 2018, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware determined that a material adverse effect has occurred,provision stating that federal district courts of the lenders can,United States are the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under certain circumstances, restrict future borrowingsthe Securities Act is not enforceable. Although this decision was reversed by the Delaware Supreme Court in March 2020, courts in other states may still find these provisions to be inapplicable or accelerateunenforceable. If a court were to find the due date of outstanding amounts. If any ofexclusive forum provisions in our debt is accelerated,Bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may experience cross-defaults under ourincur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other debt or operational agreements,jurisdictions, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
As of December 31, 2019,2022, our principal properties consisted of the following:
| Nature | Primary Segment(s) Using Property | Location | Held | |||||||||||||||||
| Corporate headquarters | Modules & | Tempe, Arizona, United States | Lease | |||||||||||||||||
| Manufacturing | Modules | Perrysburg and Lake Township, Ohio, United States | Own | |||||||||||||||||
| R&D facility | Modules | Santa Clara, California, United States | Lease | |||||||||||||||||
| Manufacturing plant and administrative offices | Modules | Kulim, Kedah, Malaysia | Lease land, own buildings | |||||||||||||||||
| Administrative offices | Modules & | Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia | Lease | |||||||||||||||||
| Manufacturing plant | Modules | Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam | Lease land, own buildings | |||||||||||||||||
| Manufacturing plant (1) | Modules | Tamil Nadu, India | Lease land, own buildings | |||||||||||||||||
| Manufacturing plant (2) | Modules | Frankfurt/Oder, Germany | Own | |||||||||||||||||
| Manufacturing plant (3) | Modules | Trinity, Alabama, United States | Own | |||||||||||||||||
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(2)In December 2012, we ceased manufacturing at our German plant. Since its closure, we have, from time to time, marketed such property for sale.
(3)Manufacturing plant currently under construction; operations are expected to commence in late 2024.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
See Note 14.12. “Commitments and Contingencies – Legal Proceedings” to our consolidated financial statements for information regarding legal proceedings and related matters.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
None.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information
Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the symbol FSLR.
Holders
As of February 14, 2020,24, 2023, there were 4644 record holders of our common stock, which does not reflect beneficial owners of our shares.
Dividend Policy
We have never paid and do not expect to pay dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. Furthermore, our Revolving Credit Facility imposes restrictions on our ability to declare or pay dividends. The declaration and payment of dividends is subject to the discretion of our board of directors and depends on various factors, including our net income, financial condition, cash requirements, and future prospects, as well as the restrictions under our Revolving Credit Facility and other factors considered relevant by our board of directors. We expect to prioritize our working capital requirements, capacity expansion and other capital expenditure needs, project developmentR&D and construction,technology investments, and merger and acquisition opportunities prior to returning capital to our shareholders.
Stock Price Performance Graph
The following graph compares the five-year cumulative total return on our common stock relative to the cumulative total returns of the S&P 500 Index and the Invesco Solar ETF, which represents a peer group of solar companies. For purposes of the graph, an investment of $100 (with reinvestment of all dividends) is assumed to have been made in our common stock, the S&P 500 Index, and the Invesco Solar ETF on December 31, 2014,2017, and its relative performance is tracked through December 31, 2019.2022. This graph is not “soliciting material,” is not deemed filed with the SEC, and is not to be incorporated by reference in any filing by us under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, whether made before or after the date hereof, and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing. The stock price performance shown in the graph represents past performance and is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.
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Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliate Purchases
None.
Item 6. Selected Financial DataReserved
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands, except per share amounts) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales | $ | 3,063,117 | $ | 2,244,044 | $ | 2,941,324 | $ | 2,904,563 | $ | 4,112,650 | ||||||||||
| Gross profit | 549,212 | 392,177 | 548,947 | 638,418 | 1,132,762 | |||||||||||||||
| Operating (loss) income | (161,785 | ) | 40,113 | 177,851 | (568,151 | ) | 730,159 | |||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income | (114,933 | ) | 144,326 | (165,615 | ) | (416,112 | ) | 593,406 | ||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income per share: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic | $ | (1.09 | ) | $ | 1.38 | $ | (1.59 | ) | $ | (4.05 | ) | $ | 5.88 | |||||||
| Diluted | $ | (1.09 | ) | $ | 1.36 | $ | (1.59 | ) | $ | (4.05 | ) | $ | 5.83 | |||||||
| Cash dividends declared per common share | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 174,201 | $ | (326,809 | ) | $ | 1,340,677 | $ | 206,753 | $ | (325,209 | ) | ||||||||
| Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | (362,298 | ) | (682,714 | ) | (626,802 | ) | 144,520 | (156,177 | ) | |||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 74,943 | 255,228 | 192,045 | (136,393 | ) | 101,207 | ||||||||||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | ||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,352,741 | $ | 1,403,562 | $ | 2,268,534 | $ | 1,347,155 | $ | 1,126,826 | ||||||||||
| Marketable securities | 811,506 | 1,143,704 | 720,379 | 607,991 | 703,454 | |||||||||||||||
| Total assets | 7,515,689 | 7,121,362 | 6,864,501 | 6,824,368 | 7,360,392 | |||||||||||||||
| Total long-term debt | 471,697 | 466,791 | 393,540 | 188,388 | 289,415 | |||||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | 2,418,922 | 1,908,959 | 1,765,804 | 1,606,019 | 1,741,996 | |||||||||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 5,096,767 | 5,212,403 | 5,098,697 | 5,218,349 | 5,618,396 | |||||||||||||||
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions as described under the “Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” that appears earlier in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated by these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed under Item 1A. “Risk Factors,” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion and analysis does not address certain items in respect of the year ended December 31, 2017 in reliance on amendments to disclosure requirements adopted by the SEC in 2019.2020. See Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20182021 for comparative discussions of our results of operations and liquidity and capital resources for the years ended December 31, 20182021 and 2017.2020.
Executive Overview
We are a leading American solar technology company and global provider of comprehensive PV solar energy solutions. We design,Developed at our R&D labs in California and Ohio, we manufacture and sell PV solar modules with an advanced thin film semiconductor technology and also develop and sellthat provide a high-performance, lower-carbon alternative to conventional crystalline silicon PV solar power systems that primarily usemodules. From raw material sourcing through end-of-life module recycling, we are committed to reducing the modules we manufacture. Additionally, we provide O&M services to system owners. We have substantial, ongoing R&D efforts focused on various technology innovations.environmental impacts and enhancing the social and economic benefits of our products across their life cycle. We are the world’s largest thin film PV solar module manufacturer and one of the world’s largest PV solar module manufacturers.manufacturer in the Western Hemisphere.
Certain of our financial results and other key operational developments for the year ended December 31, 20192022 include the following:
•Net sales for 2019 increased2022 decreased by 36%10% to $3.1$2.6 billion compared to $2.2$2.9 billion in 2018.2021. The increasedecrease in net sales was primarily attributable to sales of certain projects in the United States and Japan in the prior period, the prior period settlement of an outstanding indemnification arrangement associated with the sale of one of our projects, and a decrease in the average selling price per watt, partially offset by an increase in third-party modulethe volume of modules sold to third parties.
•Gross profit decreased 22.3 percentage points to 2.7% in 2022 from 25.0% in 2021 primarily due to a decrease in the average selling price per watt of our modules, the volume of higher gross profit projects sold during the prior period, an increase in sales freight, demurrage, and detention charges, an impairment loss for our Luz del Norte PV solar power plant, and the saleprior period settlement of the Sun Streams, Sunshine Valley, and Beryl projects, and ongoing construction activities at the Phoebe and GA Solar 4 projects,indemnification matter mentioned above. These decreases to gross profit were partially offset by the salehigher volume of the Mashikomodules sold and certain Indian projectscontinued module cost reductions.
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•As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately 9.8 GWDC of total installed nameplate module production capacity across all our facilities. We produced 9.1 GWDC of solar modules during 2022, which represented a 15% increase in 2018 and the completion of substantially all construction activitiesmodule production from 2021. The increase in production was primarily driven by higher throughput at the California Flats, Willow Springs, and various other projects in Florida in late 2018 and early 2019.
•During 2022, we announced plans to expand our product warranty liability due to revised module return rates, partially offsetmanufacturing capacity by the mix of lower gross profit projects sold or under construction during the period and the settlement of a tax examination with the state of California in 2018, which affectedan additional 4.4 GWDC by constructing our estimates of sales and use taxes due for certain projects.
•In May 2022, we entered into various agreements with certain subsidiaries of PAG Real Assets (“PAG”), a private investment firm, for the sale of our Japan project development business. In June 2022, we completed the sale and, following certain customary post-closing adjustments, received total consideration of ¥66.4 billion ($490.8 million) and transferred cash and restricted cash of ¥8.4 billion ($61.9 million) to PAG. As a result of this transaction, we recognized a gain of $245.2 million, net of transaction costs, which was included in “Gain on sales of businesses, net” in our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. In September 2022, we also completed the sale of our Japanese O&M operations to a subsidiary of PAG and, following certain customary post-closing adjustments, received total consideration of ¥692.7 million ($4.8 million). As a result of this transaction, we recognized a gain of $1.4 million, net of transaction costs and post-closing adjustments, which was included in “Gain on sales of businesses, net” in our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Market Overview
Solar energy is one of the fastest growing forms of renewable energy with numerous economic and environmental benefits that make it an external EPC service modelattractive complement to and/or substitute for traditional forms of energy generation. In recent years, the cost of producing electricity from PV solar power systems has decreased to levels that are competitive with or below the wholesale price of electricity in many markets. This price decline has opened new possibilities to develop systems in many locations with limited or no financial incentives, thereby promoting the widespread adoption of solar energy. Additionally, recently enacted government support programs, such as the IRA discussed above, have contributed to this momentum by providing solar module manufacturers, project developers, and project owners with various incentives to accelerate the ongoing transition to clean energy. For more information about these support programs, see Item 1. “Business - Support Programs.”
Supply and demand. As a result of the market opportunities described above, we are in the process of expanding our manufacturing capacity by approximately 11 GWDC, including the construction of our third manufacturing facility in the United States, aligns withwhich commenced commercial production of modules in early 2023; our typical modelfirst manufacturing facility in international markets andIndia, which is facilitated, in part, by our Series 6 module technology and its
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Pricing competition. The solar markets continue to expand and develop, in part aidedindustry has been characterized by demand elasticity resulting from declining industry average selling prices,intense pricing competition, both at the module and system levels,levels. This competition may result in an environment in which have promoted the widespread adoption of solar energy. As a result of such market opportunities, we are expanding our manufacturing capacity while also developing and operating multiple solar projects around the world as we execute on our advanced-stage utility-scale project pipeline. We also continue to develop our early-to-mid-stage project pipeline and evaluate acquisitions of projects to further expand both our early-to-mid-stage and advanced-stage pipelines. See the tables under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Systems Project Pipeline” for additional information about projects within our advanced-stage pipeline. Although we expect a meaningful portion of our future consolidated net sales, operating income, and cash flows to be derived from such projects, we expect third-party module sales to have a more significant impact on our operating results as we continue to expand our manufacturing capacity and leverage the benefits of our Series 6 module technology.
Diverse offerings. We face intense competition from manufacturers of crystalline silicon solar modules and developers of solar power projects.other emerging technologies. Solar module manufacturers compete with one another on sales price and onper watt, which may be influenced by several module value attributes, including wattage (or(through a larger form factor or an improved conversion efficiency), energy yield, degradation, sustainability, and reliability,reliability. Sales price per watt may also be influenced by warranty terms and developers of systems compete on various factors such as net present value, return on equity, and LCOE. Many crystalline silicon cell and wafer manufacturers continue to transition from lower efficiency BSF multi-crystalline cells (the legacy technology against which we have generally competed in our markets) to higher efficiency PERC mono-crystalline cells at competitive cost structures. Additionally, whilecustomer payment terms. While conventional solar modules including the solar modules we produce, are monofacial, meaning their ability to produce energy is a function of direct and diffuse irradiance on their front side, certainmost module manufacturers of mono-crystalline PERC modules are promotingoffer bifacial modules that also capture diffuse irradiance on the back side of a module. The cost effective manufacture ofWe currently produce monofacial solar modules and, based on recent R&D activities, expect to produce bifacial PERCsolar modules has been enabled, in part, by the expansion of inexpensive crystal growth and diamond wire saw capacity in China.near term. Bifaciality compromises nameplate efficiency, but by converting both front and rear side irradiance, such technology may improve the overall energy production of a module relative to nameplate efficiency when applied in certain applications, which after considering the incremental BoS and other costs, could potentially lower the overall LCOE of a system when compared to systems using conventional solar modules, including the modules we currently produce. Additionally, certain module manufacturers have introduced n-type mono-crystalline modules, such as TOPCon modules, which are expected to provide certain improvements to module efficiency, temperature coefficient, and bifacial performance, and claim to provide certain degradation advantages compared to other mono-crystalline modules.
Product efficiencies. We believe we are among the lowest cost module manufacturers in the solar industry on a module cost per watt basis, based on publicly available information. This cost competitiveness allows us to compete favorably in markets where pricing for modules and systems is highly competitive. Our cost competitiveness is based in large part on our advanced thin film semiconductor technology, module wattage (or conversion efficiency), proprietary manufacturing technologyprocess (which enables us to produce a CdTe module in a matter of hours using a continuous and highly automated industrial manufacturing process, as opposed to a batch process), and our focus on operational excellence. In addition, our CdTe modules use approximately 1-2%2% to 3% of the amount of semiconductor material that is used to manufacture conventional crystalline silicon solar modules. The cost of polysilicon is a significant driver of the manufacturing cost of crystalline silicon solar modules, and the timing and rate of change in the cost of silicon feedstock and polysilicon could lead to changes in solar module pricing levels. In recent years, polysilicon consumption per cell has been reduced through various initiatives, such as the adoption of diamond wire saw technology, which have contributed to declines in our relative manufacturing cost competitiveness over conventional crystalline silicon module manufacturers.
Energy performance. In terms of energy yield, in many climates our CdTe solar modules provide ancertain energy production advantage over most monofacialadvantages relative to competing crystalline silicon solar modules of equivalent efficiency rating. For example, our CdTe solar modules provide a superior temperature coefficient, which results in stronger system performance in typical high insolation climates as the majority of a system’s generation, on average, occurs when module temperatures are well above 25°C (standard test conditions). In addition, our CdTe solar modules provide a superior spectral response in humid environments where atmospheric moisture alters the solar spectrum relative to laboratory standards. Our CdTe solar modules also provide a better shading response than conventional crystalline silicon solar modules, which may lose up to three times as much power as CdTe solar modules when shading occurs.modules. As a result, of these and other factors, our PV solar modules typicallycan produce more annual energy in real world fieldoperating conditions than conventional crystalline silicon modules with the same nameplate capacity. For more information about these advantages, see Item 1. “Business – Business Strategy.” Additionally, we warrant that our solar modules will produce at least 98% of their labeled power output rating during the first year, with the warranty coverage reducing by a degradation factor between 0.3% and 0.5%, depending on the module series, every year thereafter throughout the limited power output warranty period of up to 30 years.
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While our modules and systems are generally competitive in cost, reliability, and performance attributes, there can be no guarantee such competitiveness will continue to exist in the future to the same extent or at all. Any declines in the competitiveness of our products could result in additional margin compression, further declines in the average selling prices of our modules and systems, erosion in our market share for modules and systems, and/or declines in overall net
Certain Trends and Uncertainties
We believe that our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be favorably or unfavorably impacted by the following trends and uncertainties that may affect our financial condition and results of operations.uncertainties. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for discussions of other risks that may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
Our long-term strategic plansbusiness is evolving worldwide and is shaped by the varying ways in which our offerings can be compelling and economically viable solutions to energy needs in various markets. In addressing electricity demands, we are focused on our goal to create long-term shareholder value through a balance of growth, profitability, and liquidity. In executing such plans, we are focusing on providing utility-scale PV solar energy solutions using our modulesmodule offerings in key geographic markets that we believe have a compellingsignificant need for mass-scale PV solar electricity, including markets throughout the Americas,United States, India, and Europe. We closely evaluate and monitor the Asia-Pacific region, Europe,appropriate level of resources required to support such markets and certain other strategic markets. Additionally, we are focusing on opportunitiestheir associated sales opportunities. When deployed in whichutility-scale applications, our PV solarmodules provide energy solutions can compete directly withat a lower LCOE compared to traditional forms of energy generation, onmaking them an LCOEattractive alternative to or similar basis, or complement such generation offerings. Such opportunities include the retirement and replacement offor aging fossil fuel-based generation resources with utility-scale PV solar energy solutions. For example, cumulative globalresources. Accordingly, future retirements of coalaging energy generation plants are expected to approximate 900 GWDCby 2040, representingresources represent a significant increase in the potential market for solar energy.
This focus on our coreutility-scale module and utility-scale offerings exists within a current market environment that includes rooftop and distributed generation solar, particularly in the United States. While it is unclear how rooftop and distributed generation solar might impact our core utility-scale based offerings over the next several years, wesolar. We believe that utility-scale solar will continue to be a compelling offering for companies with technology and cost leadership and will continue to represent an increasing portion of the overall electricity generation mix. However, our module offerings in certain international markets may be driven, in part, by future demand for rooftop and distributed generation solar solutions. For example, we continue to evaluate opportunities to develop and leverage other solar cell technologies in multi-junction applications that utilize our thin film PV technology. We believe such applications have the potential to enable our module conversion efficiency to reach 28% by 2030.
•United States. In August 2022, the U.S. President signed the IRA into law, which is intended to accelerate the country’s ongoing transition to clean energy. The provisions of the IRA are generally effective for tax years beginning after 2022. Among other things, the financial incentives provided by the IRA are expected to significantly increase demand for modules manufactured in the United States. Accordingly, the demand for these solar modules is expected to increase domestic manufacturing in the near term, which may result in localized supply chain constraints and periods of inflationary pricing for certain of our key raw materials, including substrate glass and cover glass. The financial incentives provided by the IRA are also expected to significantly increase demand for solar modules in general due to the incremental tax credit available for the qualified production of clean hydrogen that is powered by renewable resources. Given the complexities of the IRA, which is pending technical guidance and regulations from the IRS and U.S. Treasury Department, we continue to evaluate the extent of benefits available to us, which we expect will favorably impact our results of operations in future periods. For example, we currently expect to qualify for the advanced manufacturing production credit under Section 45X of the IRC, which provides certain specified
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benefits for solar modules and solar module components manufactured in the United States and sold to third parties. Such credit, which may be refundable to us or transferable to a third party, is available through 2032, subject to phase down beginning in 2030. For more information about certain risks associated with the benefits available to us under the IRA, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – We expect certain financial benefits as a result of tax incentives provided by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. If these expected financial benefits vary significantly from our assumptions, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.”
•India. In September 2022, the government of India approved an expansion to its PLI scheme to INR 195 billion ($2.5 billion), which is intended to promote the manufacturing of high efficiency solar modules in India and to reduce India’s dependency on foreign imports of solar modules. Under the PLI scheme, manufacturers are selected through a competitive bid process and receive certain cash incentives over a five-year period following the commissioning of their manufacturing facilities. Among other things, such systemsincentives are based on the efficiency and temperature coefficient of the modules produced, the proportion of raw materials sourced from the domestic market, the extent to which the manufacturer’s operations are fully integrated within India, and the quantity of modules sold from such manufacturing operations. At this time, it is uncertain whether and to what extent we may qualify for such incentives.
Demand for our solar energy solutions also depends on domestic or international trade policies and government regulations, which may be proposed, revised, and/or enacted across short- and long-term time horizons with varying degrees of impact to our net sales, profit, and manufacturing operations. Changes in these policies and regulations could adversely impact the competitive landscape of solar markets, which could reduce demand for our solar modules. Recent revisions or proposed changes to trade policy and government regulations include the following:
•United States. In June 2022, the U.S. President authorized the U.S. Secretary of Commerce to provide a 24-month antidumping and countervailing duty tariff exemption for imported solar panels from certain Southeast Asian countries. For more information about this development, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – The reduction, elimination, or expiration of government subsidies, economic incentives, tax incentives, renewable energy targets, and other support for on-grid solar electricity applications, or the impact of other public policies, such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposed on solar cells and modules, could negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our solar modules and limit our growth or lead to a reduction in our net sales or increase our costs, thereby adversely impacting our operating results.” Separately, the U.S. President also authorized the use of the Defense Production Act to expand domestic production of clean energy technologies. At this time, it is uncertain what impact, if any, these developments will have on future investments in solar module manufacturing in the United States.
•United States. In June 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a ruling in West Virginia, et al. v. Environmental Protection Agency, et al., which limited the Environmental Protection Agency’s (“EPA”) ability to regulate greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions under the Clean Air Act using a “generation shifting” approach from coal-fired power plants to renewable energy sources over time. At this time, it is unclear what effect this ruling will have on future EPA regulation of GHG emissions, the U.S. President’s climate change initiatives, internationally agreed-upon climate goals, the extent and timing of future coal plant retirements in the United States, and/or future investments in renewable energy.
•India. The ALMM was introduced in 2021 as a non-tariff barrier to incentivize domestic manufacturing of PV modules by approving the list of models and manufacturers who can participate in certain solar development projects. The ALMM is approved by the MNRE, and any modifications to the ALMM and its application may affect future investments in solar module manufacturing in India. For more information about the ALMM, see Item 1A. “Risk Factors – The reduction, elimination, or expiration of government subsidies, economic incentives, tax incentives, renewable energy targets, and other support for on-grid solar electricity applications, or the impact of other public policies, such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposed on solar cells and modules, could negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our solar
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modules and limit our growth or lead to a reduction in our net sales or increase our costs, thereby adversely impacting our operating results.”
Our ability to provide solar modules on economically attractive terms is also affected by the availability and cost of logistics services associated with the procurement of raw materials or equipment used in our manufacturing process and the shipping, handling, storage, and distribution of our modules. For example, although the cost of ocean freight throughout many parts of the world has recently decreased, such costs remain at elevated levels relative to pre-COVID-19 pandemic rates. Such factors may disrupt our supply chain and adversely impact our manufacturing operations as several of our key raw materials and components are either single-sourced or sourced from a limited number of potential buyers.international suppliers. We may also incur additional logistics costs, such as demurrage and detention, to the extent we are unable to retrieve or return our shipping containers in a timely manner. To mitigate such costs and better meet our customer commitments, we may adjust our shipping plans to include additional lead times for module deliveries and/or utilize our network of U.S. distribution centers. We are also employing module contract structures that provide additional consideration to us if the cost of logistics services, excluding demurrage and detention, exceeds a defined threshold. Additionally, our manufacturing capacity expansions in the U.S. and India are expected to bring manufacturing activities closer to customer demand, further mitigating our exposure to the cost of ocean freight. While it is currently unclear how long these issues will persist, they may be further exacerbated by the disruption of major shipping routes or other economic disruptions.
We closely evaluategenerally price and monitorsell our solar modules on a per watt basis. As of December 31, 2022, we had entered into contracts with customers for the appropriate levelfuture sale of resources required61.4 GWDC of solar modules for an aggregate transaction price of $17.7 billion, which we expect to recognize as revenue through 2029 as we pursuetransfer control of the most advantageousmodules to the customers. Such volume includes contracts for the sale of 31.5 GWDC of solar modules that include transaction price adjustments associated with future module technology improvements, including new product designs and cost effective projectsenhancements to certain energy related attributes. Based on these potential technology improvements, the contracted module volumes as of December 31, 2022, the expected timing such technology improvements are incorporated into our manufacturing process, and partnershipsthe expected timing of module deliveries, such adjustments, if realized, could result in our key markets. We have dedicated, and intendadditional revenue of up to continue to dedicate, significant capital and human resources to reduce the total installed cost of PV solar energy and to ensure that our solutions integrate well into the overall electricity ecosystem of each specific market. We expect that, over time,$0.5 billion, the majority of which would be recognized in 2025, 2026, and 2027. In addition to these price adjustments, certain of our consolidated netcontracts with customers may include favorable price adjustments associated with the extension of the ITC and/or sales operating income,freight in excess of a defined threshold. Certain of our contracts with customers may also include favorable or unfavorable price adjustments associated with changes to certain commodity prices and/or the module wattage committed for delivery. As a result, the revenue recognized from such contracts may increase or decrease in future periods relative to the original transaction price.
We continue to increase the nameplate production capacity of our existing manufacturing facilities by improving our production throughput, increasing module wattage (or conversion efficiency), and cash flows will come from solar offeringsreducing manufacturing yield losses. Additionally, we are in the key geographic markets described above. The timing, execution, and financial impactsprocess of expanding our manufacturing capacity by approximately 11 GWDC, including the construction of our long-term strategic plans are subject to risks and uncertainties, as described in Item 1A. “Risk Factors,” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We are focusing our resources in those markets and energy applications in which solar power can be a least-cost, best-fit energy solution, particularly in regions with significant current or projected electricity demand, relatively high existing electricity prices, strong demand for renewable energy generation, and high solar resources.
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| Project/Location | Project Size in MWAC | PPA Contracted Partner | Customer | Expected Year Revenue Recognition Will Be Completed | % of Revenue Recognized as of December 31, 2019 | ||||||
| GA Solar 4, Georgia | 200 | Georgia Power Company | Origis Energy USA | 2020 | 67% | ||||||
| Sun Streams, Arizona | 150 | SCE | (1) | 2020 | 94% | ||||||
| Sunshine Valley, Nevada | 100 | SCE | (1) | 2020 | 96% | ||||||
| Seabrook, South Carolina | 72 | South Carolina Electric and Gas Company | Dominion Energy | 2020 | 94% | ||||||
| Japan (multiple locations) | 52 | TEPCO Energy | (2) | 2020 | —% | ||||||
| Windhub A, California | 20 | SCE | (1) | 2020 | 96% | ||||||
| Total | 594 | ||||||||||
| Project/Location | Project Size in MWAC | PPA Contracted Partner | Fully Permitted | Expected or Actual Substantial Completion Year | % Complete as of December 31, 2019 | ||||||
| Sun Streams 2, Arizona | 150 | Microsoft Corporation | Yes | 2020/2021 | 10% | ||||||
| Luz del Norte, Chile | 141 | (3) | Yes | 2016 | 100% | ||||||
| American Kings Solar, California | 123 | SCE | Yes | 2020 | 27% | ||||||
| Sun Streams PVS, Arizona | 65 | APS | No | 2022 | 3% | ||||||
| Ishikawa, Japan | 59 | Hokuriku Electric Power Company | Yes | 2018 | 100% | ||||||
| Japan (multiple locations) | 55 | (4) | Yes | 2021/2022 | 17% | ||||||
| Miyagi, Japan | 40 | Tohoku Electric Power Company | Yes | 2021 | 42% | ||||||
| India (multiple locations) | 40 | (5) | Yes | 2017 | 100% | ||||||
| Total | 673 | ||||||||||
Results of Operations
The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations as a percentage of net sales for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2022, 2021, and 2017:2020:
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | ||||||||||||||
| Cost of sales | 97.3 | % | 75.0 | % | 74.9 | % | ||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | 2.7 | % | 25.0 | % | 25.1 | % | ||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 6.3 | % | 5.8 | % | 8.2 | % | ||||||||||||||
| Research and development | 4.3 | % | 3.4 | % | 3.5 | % | ||||||||||||||
| Production start-up | 2.8 | % | 0.7 | % | 1.5 | % | ||||||||||||||
| Litigation loss | — | % | — | % | 0.2 | % | ||||||||||||||
| Gain on sales of businesses, net | 9.7 | % | 5.0 | % | — | % | ||||||||||||||
| Operating (loss) income | (1.0) | % | 20.1 | % | 11.7 | % | ||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency loss, net | (0.6) | % | (0.3) | % | (0.2) | % | ||||||||||||||
| Interest income | 1.3 | % | 0.2 | % | 0.6 | % | ||||||||||||||
| Interest expense, net | (0.5) | % | (0.4) | % | (0.9) | % | ||||||||||||||
| Other income (expense), net | 1.2 | % | — | % | (0.4) | % | ||||||||||||||
| Income tax (expense) benefit | (2.0) | % | (3.5) | % | 4.0 | % | ||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income | (1.7) | % | 16.0 | % | 14.7 | % | ||||||||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | |||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||
| Net sales | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | |||
| Cost of sales | 82.1 | % | 82.5 | % | 81.3 | % | |||
| Gross profit | 17.9 | % | 17.5 | % | 18.7 | % | |||
| Selling, general and administrative | 6.7 | % | 7.9 | % | 6.9 | % | |||
| Research and development | 3.2 | % | 3.8 | % | 3.0 | % | |||
| Production start-up | 1.5 | % | 4.0 | % | 1.4 | % | |||
| Litigation loss | 11.9 | % | — | % | — | % | |||
| Restructuring and asset impairments | — | % | — | % | 1.3 | % | |||
| Operating (loss) income | (5.3 | )% | 1.8 | % | 6.0 | % | |||
| Foreign currency income (loss), net | 0.1 | % | — | % | (0.3 | )% | |||
| Interest income | 1.6 | % | 2.7 | % | 1.2 | % | |||
| Interest expense, net | (0.9 | )% | (1.2 | )% | (0.9 | )% | |||
| Other income, net | 0.6 | % | 1.8 | % | 0.8 | % | |||
| Income tax benefit (expense) | 0.2 | % | (0.2 | )% | (12.6 | )% | |||
| Equity in earnings, net of tax | — | % | 1.5 | % | 0.1 | % | |||
| Net (loss) income | (3.8 | )% | 6.4 | % | (5.6 | )% | |||
Segment Overview
Net sales
We generally price and sell our solar modules on a per watt basis. During 2019, Cypress Creek Renewables, Longroad Energy,2022, Intersect Power, Lightsource BP, and NextEra Energy each accounted for more than 10% of our modules business net sales, and the majority of our solar modules were sold to integratorsdevelopers and operators of systems in the United States and France.States. Substantially all of our modules business net sales during 20192022 were denominated in U.S. dollars and Euro.dollars. We recognize revenue for module sales at a point in time following the transfer of control of the modules to the customer, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery depending on the terms of the underlying contracts. The revenue recognition policies for module sales are further described in Note 2. “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements.
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The following table shows net sales by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2022, 2021, and 2017:2020:
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2022 over 2021 | 2021 over 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modules | $ | 2,428,278 | $ | 2,331,380 | $ | 1,736,060 | $ | 96,898 | 4 | % | $ | 595,320 | 34 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 191,041 | 591,997 | 975,272 | (400,956) | (68) | % | (383,275) | (39) | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales | $ | 2,619,319 | $ | 2,923,377 | $ | 2,711,332 | $ | (304,058) | (10) | % | $ | 212,045 | 8 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 over 2018 | 2018 over 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Modules | $ | 1,460,116 | $ | 502,001 | $ | 806,398 | $ | 958,115 | 191 | % | $ | (304,397 | ) | (38 | )% | |||||||||||
| Systems | 1,603,001 | 1,742,043 | 2,134,926 | (139,042 | ) | (8 | )% | (392,883 | ) | (18 | )% | |||||||||||||||
| Net sales | $ | 3,063,117 | $ | 2,244,044 | $ | 2,941,324 | $ | 819,073 | 36 | % | $ | (697,280 | ) | (24 | )% | |||||||||||
Net sales from our modules segment increased by $958.1$96.9 million in 20192022 primarily due to a 180%20% increase in the volume of watts sold, andpartially offset by a 4% increase13% decrease in the average selling price per watt. Net sales from our systems segmentresidual business operations decreased by $139.0$401.0 million in 20192022 primarily as a resultdue to sales of certain projects in the United States and Japan in the prior period and the settlement of an outstanding indemnification arrangement associated with the sale of one of our projects. Under the Mashiko and certain India projectsterms of the indemnification arrangement, we received $65.1 million for our portion of the settlement payment, which we recorded as revenue in 2018 and the completion of substantially all construction activities at the California Flats, Willow Springs, and various other projectsprior period. These decreases in Florida in late 2018 and early 2019,net sales from our residual business operations were partially offset by the sale of our Luz del Norte PV solar power plant in the Sun Streams, Sunshine Valley,current period. See Note 12. “Commitments and Beryl projects and ongoing construction activities at the Phoebe and GA Solar 4 projects in 2019.Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of our indemnification arrangements.
Cost of sales
Our modules business cost of sales includes the cost of raw materials and components for manufacturing solar modules, such as glass, transparent conductive coatings, CdTe and other thin film semiconductors, laminate materials, connector assemblies, edge seal materials, and frames. In addition, our cost of sales includes direct labor for the manufacturing of solar modules and manufacturing overhead, such as engineering, equipment maintenance, quality and production control, and information technology. Our cost of sales also includes depreciation of manufacturing plant and equipment, facility-related expenses, environmental health and safety costs, and costs associated with shipping, warranties, and solar module collection and recycling (excluding accretion).
The following table shows cost of sales by reportable segment for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2022, 2021, and 2017:2020:
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2022 over 2021 | 2021 over 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modules | $ | 2,312,881 | $ | 1,858,454 | $ | 1,306,929 | $ | 454,427 | 24 | % | $ | 551,525 | 42 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 236,580 | 334,969 | 723,730 | (98,389) | (29) | % | (388,761) | (54) | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of sales | $ | 2,549,461 | $ | 2,193,423 | $ | 2,030,659 | $ | 356,038 | 16 | % | $ | 162,764 | 8 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| % of net sales | 97.3 | % | 75.0 | % | 74.9 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 over 2018 | 2018 over 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Modules | $ | 1,170,037 | $ | 552,468 | $ | 694,060 | $ | 617,569 | 112 | % | $ | (141,592 | ) | (20 | )% | |||||||||||
| Systems | 1,343,868 | 1,299,399 | 1,698,317 | 44,469 | 3 | % | (398,918 | ) | (23 | )% | ||||||||||||||||
| Cost of sales | $ | 2,513,905 | $ | 1,851,867 | $ | 2,392,377 | $ | 662,038 | 36 | % | $ | (540,510 | ) | (23 | )% | |||||||||||
| % of net sales | 82.1 | % | 82.5 | % | 81.3 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
Cost of sales increased $662.0$356.0 million, or 36%16%, and decreased 0.4increased 22.3 percentage points as a percent of net sales when comparing 20192022 with 2018.2021. The increase in cost of sales was driven by a $44.5 million increase in our systems segment cost of sales primarily due to the mix of lower gross profit projects sold or under construction during the period. The increase in cost of sales was also driven by a $617.6$454.4 million increase in our modules segment cost of sales primarily as a result of the following:
•higher costs of $817.5$350.9 million from an increase in the volume of modules sold;
•higher sales freight, demurrage, and detention charges of $167.2 million; and
•a reduction to our product warranty liability of $80.0$33.1 million in 2021 due to revisedreductions to our projected module return rates; partially offset by
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•an increase to our solarmodule collection and recycling liability of $10.8 million in 2021 due to lower estimated by-product credits for certain semiconductor materials recovered during the recycling process and updates to certain valuation assumptions;
•a reduction to our product warranty liability of $10.2 million in 2022 due to reductions to our projected module return rates; and
•a reduction to our module collection and recycling liability of $7.5 million in 2022 due to lower estimated capital and chemical costs resulting from improvements to our module recycling technology.
Such increase in our modules which decreasedsegment cost of sales was partially offset by $107.1 million.a $98.4 million decrease in our residual business operations cost of sales primarily due to the sales of certain projects in the United States and Japan in the prior period, partially offset by the impairment loss in the current period for our Luz del Norte PV solar power plant. See Note 7. “Consolidated Balance Sheet Details” to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of the impairment of our Luz del Norte project.
Gross profit
Gross profit may be affected by numerous factors, including the selling prices of our modules and systems,the selling prices of projects and services included in our residual business operations, our manufacturing costs, project development costs, BoS costs, the capacity utilization of our manufacturing facilities, and foreign exchange rates. Gross profit may also be affected by the mix of net sales from our modules business and systems businesses.residual business operations.
The following table shows gross profit for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2022, 2021, and 2017:2020:
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2022 over 2021 | 2021 over 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | $ | 69,858 | $ | 729,954 | $ | 680,673 | $ | (660,096) | (90) | % | $ | 49,281 | 7 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| % of net sales | 2.7 | % | 25.0 | % | 25.1 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 over 2018 | 2018 over 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | $ | 549,212 | $ | 392,177 | $ | 548,947 | $ | 157,035 | 40 | % | $ | (156,770 | ) | (29 | )% | |||||||||||
| % of net sales | 17.9 | % | 17.5 | % | 18.7 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
Gross profit increased 0.4decreased 22.3 percentage points to 17.9% during 20192.7% in 2022 from 17.5% during 201825.0% in 2021 primarily asdue to a resultdecrease in the average selling price per watt of our modules, the volume of higher gross profit on third-party moduleprojects sold during the prior period, an increase in sales improved utilization offreight, demurrage, and detention charges, the impairment loss in the current period for our manufacturing facilities,Luz del Norte PV solar power plant described above, and the reductionprior period indemnification matter descried above. These decreases to our product warranty liability described above,gross profit were partially offset by the mixhigher volume of lower gross profit projectsmodules sold or under construction during the period, the settlement of a tax examination with the state of California in 2018, which affected our estimates of sales and use taxes due for certain projects, and the reduction to ourcontinued module collection and recycling liability in 2018 described above.cost reductions.
Selling, general and administrative
Selling, general and administrative expense consists primarily of salaries and other personnel-related costs, professional fees, insurance costs, and other business development and selling expenses.
The following table shows selling, general and administrative expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2022, 2021, and 2017:2020:
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2022 over 2021 | 2021 over 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | $ | 164,724 | $ | 170,320 | $ | 222,918 | $ | (5,596) | (3) | % | $ | (52,598) | (24) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| % of net sales | 6.3 | % | 5.8 | % | 8.2 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 over 2018 | 2018 over 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | $ | 205,471 | $ | 176,857 | $ | 202,699 | $ | 28,614 | 16 | % | $ | (25,842 | ) | (13 | )% | |||||||||||
| % of net sales | 6.7 | % | 7.9 | % | 6.9 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
Selling, general and administrative expense in 2019 increased2022 decreased compared to 20182021 primarily due to higher charges for impairments of certain project assets in the prior period, a decrease in employee compensation expense primarily driven by reductions in headcount from the sales of our North American O&M operations and U.S. project development business in the prior period, and lower accretionprofessional fees, partially offset by an increase in employee compensation expense in 2018 associated with the reduction in our module collectiondriven by higher share-based compensation and recycling liability described above, and higher professional fees.employee bonus expenses.
Research and development
Research and development expense consists primarily of salaries and other personnel-related costs; the cost of products, materials, and outside services used in our R&D activities; and depreciation and amortization expense associated with R&D specific facilities and equipment. We maintain a number of programs and activities to improve our technology and processes in order to enhance the performance and reduce the costs of our solar modules.
The following table shows research and development expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2022, 2021, and 2017:2020:
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2022 over 2021 | 2021 over 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Research and development | $ | 112,804 | $ | 99,115 | $ | 93,738 | $ | 13,689 | 14 | % | $ | 5,377 | 6 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| % of net sales | 4.3 | % | 3.4 | % | 3.5 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 over 2018 | 2018 over 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Research and development | $ | 96,611 | $ | 84,472 | $ | 88,573 | $ | 12,139 | 14 | % | $ | (4,101 | ) | (5 | )% | |||||||||||
| % of net sales | 3.2 | % | 3.8 | % | 3.0 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
Research and development expense in 20192022 increased compared to 20182021 primarily due to higher employee compensation expense resulting from an increase in headcount, lower share-based compensation expense in the prior period driven by the forfeiture of unvested shares by our former Chief Technology Officer, who retired in March 2021, increased freight costs, and increased material and module testing costs and higher employee compensation expense.costs.
Production start-up
Production start-up expense consists primarily of employee compensation and other costs associated with operating a production line before it is qualified for fullcommercial production, including the cost of raw materials for solar modules run through the production line during the qualification phase, employee compensation for individuals supporting production start-up activities, and applicable facility related costs. Costs related to equipment upgrades and implementation of manufacturing process improvements are also included in productionProduction start-up expense as well asalso includes costs related to the selection of a new site related legal and regulatoryimplementation costs and costs to maintain our plant replication programfor manufacturing process improvements to the extent we cannot capitalize these expenditures. In general, we expect production start-up expense per production line to be higher when we build an entirely new manufacturing facility compared with the addition or replacement of production lines at an existing manufacturing facility, primarily due to the additional infrastructure investment required when building an entirely new facility.
The following table shows production start-up expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2022, 2021, and 2017:2020:
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2022 over 2021 | 2021 over 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Production start-up | $ | 73,077 | $ | 21,052 | $ | 40,528 | $ | 52,025 | 247 | % | $ | (19,476) | (48) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| % of net sales | 2.8 | % | 0.7 | % | 1.5 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 over 2018 | 2018 over 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Production start-up | $ | 45,915 | $ | 90,735 | $ | 42,643 | $ | (44,820 | ) | (49 | )% | $ | 48,092 | 113 | % | |||||||||||
| % of net sales | 1.5 | % | 4.0 | % | 1.4 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
During 2019,2022, we incurred production start-up expense primarily for our third manufacturing facility in the U.S. and for certain manufacturing upgrades at our new facility in Lake Township, Ohio. We alsoMalaysian facilities. During 2021, we incurred production start-up expense at our second facility in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam in early 2019. During 2018, we incurred production start-up expenseprimarily for the transition to Series 6 module manufacturing at our facilitiessecond facility in Kulim, Malaysia, which commenced commercial production in early 2021, and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. We also incurred production start-up expense for the transition to Series 6 modulecertain manufacturing upgrades at our facility in Perrysburg, Ohio in early 2018.Malaysian facilities.
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Gain on sales of businesses, net
The following table shows litigation lossgain on sales of businesses, net for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2022, 2021, and 2017:2020:
| Years Ended | Change | Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 over 2018 | 2018 over 2017 | (Dollars in thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2022 over 2021 | 2021 over 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Litigation loss | $ | 363,000 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 363,000 | 100 | % | $ | — | — | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gain on sales of businesses, net | Gain on sales of businesses, net | $ | 253,511 | $ | 147,284 | $ | — | $ | 106,227 | 72 | % | $ | 147,284 | 100 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| % of net sales | 11.9 | % | — | % | — | % | % of net sales | 9.7 | % | 5.0 | % | — | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In January 2020,2022, we entered into an MOU to settle a class action lawsuit filed in 2012 incompleted the United States District Court for the District of Arizona against the Company and certainsales of our currentJapan project development business and former officersour Japan O&M operations to PAG and directors.
Leeward Renewable Energy Development, LLC (“Leeward”). See Note 14. “Commitments and Contingencies”3. “Sales of Businesses” to our consolidated financial statements for additionalfurther information on these matters.
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 over 2018 | 2018 over 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring and asset impairments | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 37,181 | $ | — | — | % | $ | (37,181 | ) | (100 | )% | |||||||||||
| % of net sales | — | % | — | % | 1.3 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
Foreign currency income (loss),loss, net
Foreign currency income (loss),loss, net consists of the net effect of gains and losses resulting from holding assets and liabilities and conducting transactions denominated in currencies other than our subsidiaries’ functional currencies.
The following table shows foreign currency income (loss),loss, net for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2022, 2021, and 2017:2020:
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2022 over 2021 | 2021 over 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency loss, net | $ | (16,414) | $ | (7,975) | $ | (4,890) | $ | (8,439) | 106 | % | $ | (3,085) | 63 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 over 2018 | 2018 over 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency income (loss), net | $ | 2,291 | $ | (570 | ) | $ | (9,640 | ) | $ | 2,861 | 502 | % | $ | 9,070 | 94 | % | ||||||||||
Foreign currency incomeloss increased in 20192022 compared to 20182021 primarily due to lowerthe differences between our economic hedge positions and the underlying exposures and higher costs associated with hedging activities related to our subsidiaries in Japan and India.
Interest income
Interest income is earned on our cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, and restricted cash, and investments.restricted marketable securities. Interest income also includes interest earned from notes receivable and late customer payments.
The following table shows interest income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2022, 2021, and 2017:2020:
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2022 over 2021 | 2021 over 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | $ | 33,284 | $ | 6,179 | $ | 16,559 | $ | 27,105 | 439 | % | $ | (10,380) | (63) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 over 2018 | 2018 over 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | $ | 48,886 | $ | 59,788 | $ | 35,704 | $ | (10,902 | ) | (18 | )% | $ | 24,084 | 67 | % | |||||||||||
Interest income during 2019 decreased2022 increased compared to 20182021 primarily due to lower average balances of cash, cash equivalents, and time deposits and lower interest rates associated with restricted investments, partially offset by higher interest rates on cash, marketable securities, and cash equivalents.restricted marketable securities.
Interest expense, net
Interest expense, net is primarily comprised of interest incurred on long-term debt, settlements of interest rate swap contracts, and changes in the fair value of interest rate swap contracts that do not qualify for hedge accounting in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 815. We may capitalize interest expense to our project assets or property, plant and equipment when such costs qualify for interest capitalization, which reduces the amount of net interest expense reported in any given period.
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The following table shows interest expense, net for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2022, 2021, and 2017:2020:
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2022 over 2021 | 2021 over 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense, net | $ | (12,225) | $ | (13,107) | $ | (24,036) | $ | 882 | (7) | % | $ | 10,929 | (45) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 over 2018 | 2018 over 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense, net | $ | (27,066 | ) | $ | (25,921 | ) | $ | (25,765 | ) | $ | (1,145 | ) | 4 | % | $ | (156 | ) | 1 | % | |||||||
Interest expense, net in 20192022 was consistent with interest expense, net in 2018.2021.
Other income (expense), net
Other income (expense), net is primarily comprised of miscellaneous items and realized gains and losses on the sale of marketable securities and restricted investments.marketable securities.
The following table shows other income (expense), net for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2022, 2021, and 2017:2020:
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2022 over 2021 | 2021 over 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income (expense), net | $ | 31,189 | $ | 314 | $ | (11,932) | $ | 30,875 | >100% | $ | 12,246 | 103 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 over 2018 | 2018 over 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income, net | $ | 17,545 | $ | 39,737 | $ | 23,965 | $ | (22,192 | ) | (56 | )% | $ | 15,772 | 66 | % | |||||||||||
Other income, net decreasedincreased in 20192022 compared to 20182021 primarily due to lower realized gains from the salespartial loan forgiveness of restricted investments, the impairmentLuz del Norte Credit Facilities in connection with the sale of a strategic investment, and net charges associated with certain letter of credit arrangements.our Luz del Norte PV solar power plant. See Note 11. “Debt” to our consolidated financial statements for further information related to this transaction.
Income tax (expense) benefit (expense)
Income tax expense or benefit, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits reflect our best estimate of current and future taxes to be paid. We are subject to income taxes in both the United States and numerous foreign jurisdictions in which we operate, principally Australia, Japan,Singapore, Malaysia, and Malaysia.Vietnam. Significant judgments and estimates are required to determine our consolidated income tax expense. The statutory federal corporate income tax rate in the United States is 21%, and the tax rates in Australia, Japan,Singapore, Malaysia, and MalaysiaVietnam are 30%17%, 30.6%24%, and 24%20%, respectively. In Malaysia, we have been granted a long-term tax holiday, scheduled to expire in 2027, pursuant to which substantially all of our income earned in Malaysia is exempt from income tax, conditional upon our continued compliance with certain employment and investment thresholds. In Vietnam, we have been granted a long-term tax incentive, scheduled to expire at the end of 2036, pursuant to which income earned in Vietnam is subject to reduced annual tax rates, conditional upon our continued compliance with certain revenue and R&D spending thresholds.
The following table shows income tax (expense) benefit (expense) for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2022, 2021, and 2017:2020:
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2022 over 2021 | 2021 over 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax (expense) benefit | $ | (52,764) | $ | (103,469) | $ | 107,294 | $ | 50,705 | 49 | % | $ | (210,763) | (196) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Effective tax rate | 613.7 | % | 18.1 | % | (36.6) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 over 2018 | 2018 over 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax benefit (expense) | $ | 5,480 | $ | (3,441 | ) | $ | (371,996 | ) | $ | 8,921 | (259 | )% | $ | 368,555 | (99 | )% | ||||||||||
| Effective tax rate | 4.6 | % | 3.0 | % | 184.1 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
Our tax rate is affected by recurring items, such as tax rates in foreign jurisdictions and the relative amounts of income we earn in those jurisdictions. The rate is also affected by discrete items that may occur in any given period, but are not consistent from period to period. Income tax expense decreased by $8.9$50.7 million during 20192022 compared to 20182021 primarily due to ourlower pretax lossincome in the current period,year, partially offset by discretehigher tax expensesexpense of $37.3 million associated with filing tax returns in certain foreign jurisdictions.
| Years Ended | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Dollars in thousands) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 over 2018 | 2018 over 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity in earnings, net of tax | $ | (284 | ) | $ | 34,620 | $ | 4,266 | $ | (34,904 | ) | (101 | )% | $ | 30,354 | 712 | % | ||||||||||
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2019,2022, we believe that our cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, cash flows from operating activities, and contracts with customers for the future sale of solar modules advanced-stage project pipeline, availability under our Revolving Credit Facility (considering the minimum liquidity covenant requirements therein), and access to the capital markets will be sufficient to meet our working capital systems project investment, and capital expenditure needs for at least the next 12 months. As necessary, we also believe we will have adequate access to the capital markets. We monitor our working capital to ensure we have adequate liquidity, both domestically and internationally.
We intend to maintain appropriate debt levels based upon cash flow expectations, our overall cost of capital, and expected cash requirements for operations, capital expenditures,including near-term construction activities and strategic discretionary spending. Inpurchases of manufacturing equipment for our newest manufacturing and R&D facilities in India and the future, we may also engage in additional debt or equity financings, including project specific debt financings. We believe that when necessary, we will have adequate access to the capital markets, althoughUnited States. However, our ability to raise capital on terms commercially acceptable to us could be constrained if there is insufficient lender or investor interest due to company-specific, industry-wide, or company-specificbroader market concerns. SuchAny incremental debt financings could result in increased debt service expenses dilution to our existing stockholders, and/or restrictive covenants, which could limit our ability to pursue our strategic plans.
As of December 31, 2019,2022, we had $2.2$2.6 billion in cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities compared to $2.5$1.8 billion as of December 31, 2018. Cash,2021. The increase in cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities aswas primarily driven by cash receipts from module sales, including advance payments for future sales, proceeds from the sales of December 31, 2019 decreased primarily as a result ofour Japan project development business and certain international O&M operations, and proceeds from borrowings, partially offset by purchases of property, plant and equipment, and operating expenditures associated withfor the initial rampconstruction of certain Series 6 manufacturing lines.projects in Japan, and other operating expenditures. As of December 31, 20192022 and 2018, $0.92021, $1.2 billion and $1.2$0.8 billion, respectively, of our cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities was held by our foreign subsidiaries and was primarily based in U.S. dollar, Euro,Japanese yen, Indian rupee, and Japanese yenEuro denominated holdings.
We utilize a variety of tax planning and financing strategies in an effort to ensure that our worldwide cash is available in the locations in which it is needed. If certain international funds were needed for our operations in the United States, we may be required to accrue and pay certain U.S. and foreign taxes to repatriate such funds. We maintain the intent and ability to permanently reinvest our accumulated earnings outside the United States, with the exception of our subsidiaries in Canada and Germany. In addition, changes to foreign government banking regulations may restrict our ability to move funds among various jurisdictions under certain circumstances, which could negatively impact our access to capital, resulting in an adverse effect on our liquidity and capital resources.
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As a result of such market opportunities and increased demand for our products, we are in the process of expanding our capacity by approximately 11 GWDC, including the construction of our third manufacturing facility in the United States, which commenced commercial production of modules in early 2023; our first manufacturing facility in India, which is expected to commence operations in the second half of 2023; our fourth manufacturing facility in the United States, which is expected to commence operations in late 2024; and the expansion of our manufacturing footprint at our existing facilities in Ohio. Our newest factory in the United States began producing and our newest factory in India is expected to produce our next generation Series 7 modules, which combine our thin film CdTe technology with a larger form factor and an innovative steel back rail mounting structure that reduces module installation time. In aggregate, we currently expect to invest approximately $2.7 billion for these long project cyclesfacilities and strategic decisionsupgrades. As we expand our manufacturing capacity, we expect to financecontinue to receive advance payments from customers for the development of certain projects using our working capital, we may need to make significant up-front investments of resources in advance of the receipt of any cash from thefuture sale of such projects. Delaysmodules. Such advance payments are reflected as deferred revenue in construction or in completing the sale of our systems projects that we are self-financing may also impact our liquidity. In certain circumstances, we may need to finance construction costs exclusively using working capital, if project financing becomes unavailable due to market-wide, regional, or other concerns.
In addition to the expansion plans described above, we had $477.0 millioncontinue to increase the nameplate production capacity of net PV solar power systems that had been placed in service, primarily in international markets.our existing manufacturing facilities by improving our production throughput, increasing module wattage (or conversion efficiency), and reducing manufacturing yield losses. We have elected,a demonstrated history of innovation, continuous improvement, and maymanufacturing success driven by our significant investments in various R&D initiatives. We continue to invest significant financial resources in such initiatives, including approximately $0.3 billion for a dedicated R&D facility in the future elect,United States to enter into temporary or long-term project financing to reducesupport the impact on our liquidity and working capital with regards to such projects and systems. We may also consider entering into tax equity or other arrangements with respect to ownership interests in certainimplementation of our projects, which could causetechnology roadmap. We expect such R&D facility to feature a portionhigh-tech pilot manufacturing line, allowing for the production of the economicsfull-sized prototypes of such projectsthin film and tandem PV modules. Such R&D facility is expected to be realized over time.
2024. During 2020,2023, we expect to spend $450 million$1.9 billion to $550 million$2.1 billion for capital expenditures, including amounts related to the conversion of our second manufacturing facility in Kulim, Malaysia from Series 4 to Series 6 module technologynew facilities mentioned above and upgrades to other machinery and equipment whichthat we believe will further increase our module wattage and/or production cost structure.and expand capacity and throughput at our manufacturing facilities.
our module manufacturing process. Our failure to obtain raw materials and components that meet our quality, quantity, and cost requirements in a timely manner could interrupt or impair our ability to manufacture our solar modules, or increase our manufacturing costs. Accordingly, we may enter into long-term supply agreements to mitigate potential risks related to the procurement of key raw materials and components, and such agreements may be noncancelable or cancelable with a significant penalty. For example, we have entered into long-term supply agreements for the purchase of certain specified minimum volumes of substrate glass and cover glass for our PV solar modules. Our actualremaining purchases under these supply agreements are expected to be approximately $2.4$3.7 billion of substrate glass and $500approximately $301 million of cover glass. We have the right to terminate these agreements upon payment of specified termination penalties (which, in aggregate, are up to $430 million in the aggregate and decline over time during the respective supply periods).
We have also committed certain financial resources to fulfill our solar module collection and recycling obligations and have established a trust under which these funds are put into custodial accounts with an established and reputable bank. As of December 31, 2022, such funds were comprised of restricted marketable securities of $182.1 million and restricted cash and cash equivalents balances of $6.7 million. As of December 31, 2022, our module collection and recycling liability was $128.1 million. Trust funds may be disbursed for qualified module collection and recycling costs (including capital and facility related recycling costs), payments to customers for assuming collection and recycling obligations, and reimbursements of any overfunded amounts. Investments in the trust must meet certain investment quality criteria comparable to highly rated government or agency bonds. As necessary, we continue to developadjust the funded amounts for our advanced-stage project pipeline, we must produce solar modules in volumes sufficient to support our planned construction schedules. As part of this construction cycle, we typically produce these inventories in advance of receiving payment for such materials, which may temporarily reduce our
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As of December 31, 2022, we had no off-balance sheet debt or similar obligations, other than financial assurance related instruments, which are installed in a project, they arenot classified as either project assets, PV solar power systems, or cost of sales depending on whether the project is subjectdebt. We do not guarantee any third-party debt. See Note 12. “Commitments and Contingencies” to a definitive sales contract and whether other revenue recognition criteria have been met. We also produce significant volumes of modulesour consolidated financial statements for sale directly to third-parties, which requires us to carry inventories at levels sufficient to satisfy the demand offurther information about our customers and the needs of their projects, which may also temporarily reduce our liquidity.financial assurance related instruments.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes key cash flow activity for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2022, 2021, and 20172020 (in thousands):
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 873,369 | $ | 237,559 | $ | 37,120 | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (1,192,574) | (99,040) | (131,227) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 309,392 | 40,550 | (82,587) | |||||||||||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents | 47,438 | 3,174 | 3,778 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents | $ | 37,625 | $ | 182,243 | $ | (172,916) | ||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 174,201 | $ | (326,809 | ) | $ | 1,340,677 | |||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (362,298 | ) | (682,714 | ) | (626,802 | ) | ||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 74,943 | 255,228 | 192,045 | |||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (2,959 | ) | (13,558 | ) | 8,866 | |||||||
| Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | (116,113 | ) | $ | (767,853 | ) | $ | 914,786 | ||||
Operating Activities
The increase in net cash provided by operating activities during 20192022 was primarily driven by higher cash proceedsreceipts from module sales, of systems projects, including the Sunshine Valley, Sun Streams, and California Flats projects, and advance payments received for future sales, of solar modules prior to the step down in the U.S. investment tax credit as discussed above. These increases were partially offset by operating expenditures associated with initial ramp of certain Series 6 manufacturing lines andhigher expenditures for the construction of certain projects.projects in Japan and certain advance payments for raw materials in the current year.
Investing Activities
The decreaseincrease in net cash used in investing activities during 20192022 was primarily due to higher net salespurchases of marketable securities, higher purchases of property, plant and restricted investments,equipment, and proceeds from the sales of our North American O&M operations and U.S. project development business in the prior year, partially offset by proceeds associated withfrom the salesales of our interestsJapan project development business and certain international O&M operations in 8point3 and its subsidiaries in 2018.the current year.
Financing Activities
The decreaseincrease in net cash provided by financing activities during 20192022 was primarily the result of lowerdue to higher net proceeds from borrowings under project specific debt financings associated withfor the construction of certain projects in Australia,Japan. Such project specific debt financings were assumed by PAG when we completed the sale of our Japan and India.
project development business in June 2022. The following table presentsincrease is also due to borrowings under the payments due by fiscalIndia Credit Facility in the current year for the development and construction of our outstanding contractual obligations as of December 31, 2019 (in thousands):first manufacturing facility in India.
| Payments Due by Year | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | Less Than 1 Year | 1 - 3 Years | 3 - 5 Years | More Than 5 Years | ||||||||||||||||
| Long-term debt obligations | $ | 482,892 | $ | 17,684 | $ | 98,571 | $ | 37,496 | $ | 329,141 | ||||||||||
| Interest payments (1) | 168,040 | 17,276 | 29,533 | 27,409 | 93,822 | |||||||||||||||
| Operating lease obligations | 162,913 | 15,153 | 28,771 | 26,708 | 92,281 | |||||||||||||||
| Purchase obligations (2) | 1,424,267 | 900,200 | 221,888 | 187,277 | 114,902 | |||||||||||||||
| Recycling obligations | 137,761 | — | — | — | 137,761 | |||||||||||||||
| Contingent consideration (3) | 6,895 | 2,395 | 4,500 | — | — | |||||||||||||||
| Transition tax obligations (4) | 76,667 | 6,620 | 14,747 | 32,259 | 23,041 | |||||||||||||||
| Other obligations (5) | 10,527 | 2,933 | 5,164 | 2,430 | — | |||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 2,469,962 | $ | 962,261 | $ | 403,174 | $ | 313,579 | $ | 790,948 | ||||||||||
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
None.
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Critical Accounting Estimates
In preparing our consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”), we make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of reported assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, as well as the disclosure of contingent liabilities. Some of our accounting policies require the application of significant judgment in the selection of the appropriate assumptions for making these estimates. By their nature, these judgments are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. We base our judgments and estimates on our historical experience, our forecasts, and other available information as appropriate. The actual results experienced by us may differ materially and adversely from our estimates. To the extent there are material differences between our estimates and the actual results, our future results of operations will be affected. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2. “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to our consolidated financial statements. The accounting policies that require the most significant judgment and estimates include the following:
Accrued Solar Module Collection and Recycling Liability. When applicable,We previously established a module collection and recycling program, which has since been discontinued, to collect and recycle modules sold and covered under such program once the modules reach the end of their service lives. For legacy customer sales contracts that were covered under this program, we recognizerecognized expense at the time of sale for the estimated cost of our obligations to collect and recycle solar modules covered by our solar module collection and recycling program.such modules. We estimate the cost of our collection and recycling obligations based on the present value of the expected probability-weighted future cost of collecting and recycling the solar modules, which includes estimates for the cost of packaging materials; the cost of freight from the solar module installation sites to a recycling center; material, labor, and capital costs; and by-product credits for certain materials recovered during the scale of recycling centers; and an estimated third-party profit margin and return on risk for collection and recycling services.process. We base these estimates on (i) our experience collecting and recycling our solar modules (ii)and certain assumptions regarding the estimated useful lives of modules covered by the program and the number of modules expected timing of when our solar modules willto be returned for recycling, and (iii) the expected economic factors at the time the solar modules will be collected and recycled. In the periods between the time of sale and the related settlement of the collection and recycling obligation, we accrete the carrying amount of the associated liability by applyingand classify the discount rate used for its initial measurement. corresponding expense within “Selling, general and administrative” expense on our consolidated statements of operations.
We periodically review our estimates of expected future recycling costs and may adjust our liability accordingly. Such adjustments are presented within “Cost of Sales” on our consolidated statements of operations. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we completed our annual cost study of obligations under our module collection and recycling program and reduced the associated liability by $7.5 million primarily due to lower estimated capital and chemical costs resulting from improvements to our module recycling technology. As of December 31, 2022, a 10% increase in the expected future recycling costs would increase the liability by $13.7 million.
Product Warranties. We provide a limited PV solar module warranty covering defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service conditions for approximately 10up to 12.5 years. We also typically warrant that modules installed in accordance with agreed-upon specifications will produce at least 98% of their labeled power output rating during the first year, with the warranty coverage reducing by 0.5%a degradation factor every year thereafter throughout the approximate 25-year limited power output warranty period.period of up to 30 years. Among other things, our solar module warranty also covers the resulting power output loss from cell cracking.
As an alternative form of our standard limited module power output warranty, we have also offeroffered an aggregated or system-level limited module performance warranty. This system-level limited module performance warranty is designed for
utility-scale systems and provides 25-year system-level energy degradation protection. This warranty represents a practical expedient to address the challenge of identifying, from the potential millions of modules installed in a utility-scale system, individual modules that may be performing below warranty thresholds by focusing on the aggregate energy generated by the system rather than the power output of individual modules. The system-level limited module performance warranty is typically calculated as a percentage of a system’s expected energy production, adjusted for certain actual site conditions, with the warranted level of performance declining each year in a linear fashion, but never falling below 80% during the term of the warranty.
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When we recognize revenue for modulesales of modules or system sales,projects, we accrue liabilities for the estimated future costs of meeting our limited warranty obligations. We make and revise these estimates based primarily on the number of our solar modules under warranty installed at customer locations, our historical experience with and projections of warranty claims, and our estimated per-module replacement costs. We also monitor our expected future module performance through certain quality and reliability testing and actual performance in certain field installation sites. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we revised this estimate based on updated information regarding our warranty claims, which reduced our product warranty liability by $10.2 million. This updated information reflected lower-than-expected warranty claims for our older series of module technology as well as the evolving claims profile of our newest series of module technology, resulting in reductions to our projected module return rates. In general, we expect the return rates for our newer series of module technologySeries 6 modules to be lower than our older series. Weseries, and we estimate that the return rate for such newer series of module technology will be less than 1%. As of December 31, 2022, a 1% increase in the return rate across all series of module technology would increase our product warranty liability by $147.0 million.
Income Taxes. We are subject to the income tax laws of the United States, its states and municipalities, and those of the foreign jurisdictions in which we have significant business operations. Such tax laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and the relevant taxing authorities. We make judgments and interpretations regarding the application of these inherently complex tax laws when determining our provision for income taxes and also make estimates about when in the future certain items are expected to affect taxable income in the various tax jurisdictions. Disputes over interpretations of tax laws may be settled with the relevant taxing authority upon examination or audit. We regularly evaluate the likelihood of assessments in each of our taxing jurisdictions resulting from current and future examinations, and we record tax liabilities as appropriate.
In preparing our consolidated financial statements, we calculate our income tax provision based on our interpretation of the tax laws and regulations in the various jurisdictions where we conduct business. This requires us to estimate our current tax obligations, evaluate our ability and intent to permanently reinvest our accumulated earnings in jurisdictions outside the United States, assess uncertain tax positions, and assess temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. These temporary differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities. We must also assess the likelihood that each of our deferred tax assets will be realized. To the extent we believe that realization of any of our deferred tax assets is not more likely than not, we establish a valuation allowance. When we establish a valuation allowance or increase this allowance in a reporting period, we generally record a corresponding tax expense. Conversely, to the extent circumstances indicate that a valuation allowance is no longer necessary, that portion of the valuation allowance is reversed, which generally reduces our overall income tax expense.
We establish liabilities for potential additional taxes based on our assessment of the outcome of our tax positions. Once established, we adjust these liabilities when additional information becomes available or when an event occurs requiring an adjustment. Significant judgment is required in making these estimates and the actual cost of a tax assessment, fine, or penalty may ultimately be materially different from our recorded liabilities, if any.
We continually explore initiatives to better align our tax and legal entity structure with the footprint of our global operations and recognize the tax impact of these initiatives, including changes in the assessment of uncertain tax positions, indefinite reinvestment exception assertions, and the realizability of deferred tax assets, in the period when we believe all necessary internal and external approvals associated with such initiatives have been obtained, or when the initiatives are materially complete.
Asset Impairments. We assess long-lived assets classified as “held and used,” including our property, plant and equipment; operating lease assets; intangible assets; project assets; and PV solar power systems; and intangible assetssystems, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances arise, including consideration of technological obsolescence, that may indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable, and these assessments require significant judgment in determining whether such events or changes have occurred. Relevant considerationsThese events or changes in circumstances may include a significant decrease in the market price of a long-lived asset; a significant adverse change in the
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extent or manner in which a long-lived asset is being used or in its physical condition; a significant adverse change in the business climate that could affect the value of a long-lived asset; an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or construction of a long-lived asset; a current-period operating or cash flow loss combined with a history of such losses or a projection of future losses associated with the use of a long-lived asset; or a current expectation that, more likely than not, a long-lived asset will be sold or otherwise disposed of significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life. For purposes of recognition and measurement of an impairment loss, long-lived assets are grouped with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities, and we must also exercise judgment in assessing such groupings and levels.
When impairment indicators are present, we compare undiscounted future cash flows, including the eventual disposition of the asset group at market value, to the asset group’s carrying value to determine if the asset group is recoverable. If the carrying value of the asset group exceeds the undiscounted future cash flows, we measure any impairment by comparing the fair value of the asset group to its carrying value. Fair value is generally determined by considering (i) internally developed discounted cash flows for the asset group, (ii) third-party valuations, and/or (iii) information available regarding the current market value for such assets. If the fair value of an asset group is determined to be less than its carrying value, an impairment in the amount of the difference is recorded in the period that the impairment indicator occurs. Estimating future cash flows requires significant judgment, and such projections may vary from the cash flows eventually realized.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
Cash Flow Exposure. We expect certain of our subsidiaries to have future cash flows that will be denominated in currencies other than the subsidiaries’ functional currencies. Changes in the exchange rates between the functional currencies of our subsidiaries and the other currencies in which they transact will cause fluctuations in the cash flows we expect to receive or pay when these cash flows are realized or settled. Accordingly, we enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to hedge a portion of these forecasted cash flows. These foreign exchange forward contracts qualify for accounting as cash flow hedges in accordance with ASC 815 and we designated them as such. We initially report the effective portion of a derivative’s unrealized gaingains or losslosses for such contracts in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” and subsequently reclassify amounts into earnings when the hedged transaction occurs and impacts earnings. For additional details on our derivative hedging instruments and activities, see Note 9.8. “Derivative Financial Instruments” to our consolidated financial statements.
Certain of our international operations, such as our manufacturing facilities in Malaysia and Vietnam, pay a portion of their operating expenses, including associate wages and utilities, in local currencies, which exposes us to foreign currency exchange risk for such expenses. Our manufacturing facilities are also exposed to foreign currency exchange risk for purchases of certain equipment and raw materials from international vendors. AsTo the extent we expand into new markets, worldwide, particularly emerging markets, our total foreign currency exchange risk, in terms of both size and exchange rate volatility, and the number of foreign currencies we are exposed to could increase significantly.
For the year ended December 31, 2019, 8%2022, 5% of our net sales were denominated in foreign currencies, including Australian dollarJapanese yen and Euro. As a result, we may, from time to time, have exposure to foreign currencies with respect to our net sales, which has historically represented one of our primary foreign currency exchange risks. A 10% change in the U.S. dollar to Australian dollarJapanese yen and U.S dollar to Euro exchange rates would have had an aggregate impact on our net sales of $18.0$9.1 million, excluding the effect of our hedging activities.
Transaction Exposure. Many of our subsidiaries have assets and liabilities (primarily cash, receivables, marketable securities, deferred taxes, payables, accrued expenses, long-term debt, and solar module collection and recycling liabilities) that are denominated in currencies other than the subsidiaries’ functional currencies. Changes in the exchange rates between
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the functional currencies of our subsidiaries and the other currencies in which these assets and liabilities are denominated will create fluctuations in our reported consolidated statements of operations and cash flows. We may enter into foreign exchange forward contracts or other financial instruments to economically hedge assets and liabilities against the effects of currency exchange rate fluctuations. The gains and losses on such foreign exchange forward contracts will economically offset all or part of the transaction gains and losses that we recognize in earnings on the related foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities. For additional details on our economic hedging instruments and activities, see Note 9.8. “Derivative Financial Instruments” to our consolidated financial statements.
As of December 31, 2019,2022, a 10% change in the U.S. dollar relative to our primary foreign currency exposures would not have had a significant impact to our net foreign currency income or loss, including the effect of our hedging activities.
Interest Rate Risk
Customer Financing Exposure. We are also indirectly exposed to interest rate risk because many of our customers depend on debt financings to purchase modules or systems.modules. An increase in interest rates could make it challenging for our customers to obtain the capital necessary to make such purchases on favorable terms, or at all. Such factors could reduce demand or lower the price we can charge for our modules, and systems, thereby reducing our net sales and gross profit. In addition, we believe that a significant percentage of our customers purchase systems as an investment, funding the initial capital expenditure through a combination of equity and debt. An increase in interest rates could lower an investor’s return on investment in a system or make alternative investments more attractive relative to PV solar power systems, which, in either case, could cause these end-users to seek alternative investments with higher risk-adjusted returns.
Marketable Securities and Restricted InvestmentsMarketable Securities Exposure. We invest in various debt securities, which exposes us to interest rate risk. The primary objectives of our investment activities are to preserve principal and provide liquidity, while at the same time maximizing the return on our investments. Many of the securities in which we invest may be subject to market risk. Accordingly, a change in prevailing interest rates may cause the market value of such investments to fluctuate. For example, if we hold a security that was issued with an interest rate fixed at the then-prevailing rate and the prevailing interest rate subsequently rises, the market value of our investment may decline.
For the year ended December 31, 2019,2022, our marketable securities earned a return of 3%2%, including the impact of fluctuations in the price of the underlying securities, and had a weighted-average maturity of 56 months as of the end of the period. Based on our investment positions as of December 31, 2019,2022, a hypothetical 100 basis point change in interest rates would have resulted in a $3.2$0.5 million change in the market value of our marketable securities investment portfolio. For the year ended December 31, 2019,2022, our restricted investments earnedmarketable securities incurred a returnloss of 12%22%, including the impact of fluctuations in the price of the underlying securities, and had a weighted-average maturity of approximately 1612 years as of the end of the period. Based on our restricted investmentmarketable securities positions as of December 31, 2019,2022, a hypothetical 100 basis point change in interest rates would have resulted in a $36.1$17.6 million change in the market value of our restricted investmentmarketable securities portfolio.
Commodity and Component Risk
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exceeds a defined threshold. However, we may be unable to pass along the full amount of cost increases we experience for such raw materials, components, and logistics services to our customers.
Credit Risk
We have certain financial and derivative instruments that subject us to credit risk. These consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts receivable, restricted cash, and investments, notes receivable, andrestricted cash equivalents, restricted marketable securities, foreign exchange forward contracts, and commodity swap contracts. We are exposed to credit losses in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties to our financial and derivative instruments. We place cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, restricted cash and investments, and foreign exchange forward contractsthese instruments with various high-quality financial institutions and limit the amount of credit risk from any one counterparty. We continuously evaluatemonitor the credit standing of our counterparty financial institutions. Our net sales are primarily concentrated among a limited number of customers. We monitor the financial condition of our customers and perform credit evaluations whenever considered necessary. Depending upon the sales arrangement, we mayWe typically require some form of payment security from our customers, including, but not limited to, advance payments, parent guarantees, letters of credit, bank guarantees, or surety bonds, or commercial letters of credit. We also have PPAs that subject us to credit risk in the event our off-take counterparties are unable to fulfill their contractual obligations, which may adversely affect our project assets and certain receivables. Accordingly, we closely monitor the credit standing of existing and potential off-take counterparties to limit such risks.bonds.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Consolidated Financial Statements
Our consolidated financial statements as required by this item are included in Item 15. “Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.” See Item 15(a) for a list of our consolidated financial statements.
| Quarters Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dec 31, 2019 | Sep 30, 2019 | Jun 30, 2019 | Mar 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Sep 30, 2018 | Jun 30, 2018 | Mar 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands, except per share amounts) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales | $ | 1,399,377 | $ | 546,806 | $ | 584,956 | $ | 531,978 | $ | 691,241 | $ | 676,220 | $ | 309,318 | $ | 567,265 | ||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit (loss) | 333,555 | 138,363 | 77,182 | 112 | 98,310 | 129,127 | (8,058 | ) | 172,798 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Production start-up | 7,351 | 18,605 | 10,437 | 9,522 | 14,576 | 14,723 | 24,352 | 37,084 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Litigation loss | 363,000 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating (loss) income | (117,866 | ) | 41,304 | (8,584 | ) | (76,639 | ) | 11,008 | 58,475 | (103,634 | ) | 74,264 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income | (59,408 | ) | 30,622 | (18,548 | ) | (67,599 | ) | 52,116 | 57,750 | (48,491 | ) | 82,951 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income per share: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic | $ | (0.56 | ) | $ | 0.29 | $ | (0.18 | ) | $ | (0.64 | ) | $ | 0.50 | $ | 0.55 | $ | (0.46 | ) | $ | 0.79 | ||||||||||||
| Diluted | $ | (0.56 | ) | $ | 0.29 | $ | (0.18 | ) | $ | (0.64 | ) | $ | 0.49 | $ | 0.54 | $ | (0.46 | ) | $ | 0.78 | ||||||||||||
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our “disclosure controls and procedures” as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e). Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of December 31, 20192022 our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate “internal control over financial reporting,” as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). We also carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the
effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 20192022 based on the criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Based on such evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 20192022. The
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effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 20192022 has also been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report which appears herein.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We also carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of our “internal control over financial reporting” to determine whether any changes in our internal control over financial reporting occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 20192022 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Based on that evaluation, there were no such changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2019.2022.
Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls
Control systems, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control systems’ objectives are being met. Further, the design of any system of controls must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of all controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our Companycompany have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of error or mistake. Control systems can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
Not applicable.
62
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance
For information with respect to our executive officers, see Item 1. “Business – Information about Our Executive Officers.” Information concerning our board of directors and audit committee of our board of directors will appear in our 20202023 Proxy Statement, under the sections “Directors” and “Corporate Governance,” and information concerning Section 16(a) beneficial ownership reporting compliance will appear in our 20202023 Proxy Statement under the section “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance.” We have adopted a Codecode of Business Conductbusiness conduct and Ethicsethics that applies to all directors, officers, and associates of First Solar. Information concerning this code will appear in our 20202023 Proxy Statement under the section “Corporate Governance.” The information in such sections of the Proxy Statement is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
Information concerning executive compensation and related information will appear in our 20202023 Proxy Statement under the section “Executive Compensation,” and information concerning the compensation committee of our board of directors (the “compensation committee”) will appear under the sections “Corporate Governance” and “Compensation Committee Report.” The information in such sections of the 20202023 Proxy Statement is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Information concerning the security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and related stockholder matters, including certain information regarding our equity compensation plans, will appear in our 20202023 Proxy Statement under the section “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.” The information in such section of the Proxy Statement is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Equity Compensation Plans
The following table sets forth certain information as of December 31, 20192022 concerning securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans:
| Plan Category | Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options and Rights (a)(1) | Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options and Rights (b)(2) | Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a)) (c)(3) | Plan Category | Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options and Rights (a)(1) | Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options and Rights (b)(2) | Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a)) (c) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders | 2,411,436 | $ | — | 3,039,630 | Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders | 1,310,887 | $ | — | 6,500,832 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders | — | — | — | Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 2,411,436 | $ | — | 3,039,630 | Total | 1,310,887 | $ | — | 6,500,832 | |||||||||||||||||||||
——————————
(1)Includes 1,310,887 shares issuable upon vesting of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) granted under our 2020 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (“2020 Omnibus Plan”). These RSUs include the maximum amount of performance units available for issuance under our long-term incentive program for key executive officers and associates.
(2)The weighted-average exercise price does not take into account the shares issuable upon vesting of outstanding RSUs, which have no exercise price.
63
See Note 17.15. “Share-Based Compensation” to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion on our equity compensation plans.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Information concerning certain relationships and related party transactions will appear in our 20202023 Proxy Statement under the section “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions,” and information concerning director independence will appear in our 20202023 Proxy Statement under the section “Corporate Governance.” The information in such sections of the Proxy Statement is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 14. Principal AccountingAccountant Fees and Services
Information concerning principal accounting fees and services and the audit committee of our board of directors’ pre-approval policies and procedures for these items will appear in our 20202023 Proxy Statement under the section “Principal AccountingAccountant Fees and Services.” The information in such section of the Proxy Statement is incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
64
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(a)Documents. The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 238)
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Consolidated Statements of Operations
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(b)Exhibits. Unless otherwise noted, the exhibits listed on the accompanying Index to Exhibits are filed with or incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. (c)Financial Statement Schedules. All financial statement schedules have been omitted as the required information is not applicable or is not material to require presentation of the schedule, or because the information required is included in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. |
65
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of First Solar, Inc.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of First Solar, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“the Company”) as of December 31, 20192022 and 2018,2021, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019,2022, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019,2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 20192022 and 2018,2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 20192022 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019,2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
66
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance
with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit mattersmatter communicated below are mattersis a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that werewas communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relaterelates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit mattersmatter below, providing a separate opinionsopinion on the critical audit mattersmatter or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.it relates.
Product Warranty Liability
As described in Notes 2 and 1412 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company provides a limited PV solar module warranty which covers defects in materials and workmanship for approximately 10up to 12.5 years and warrants that modules will produce at least a specified minimum percentage of their labeled power output rating, on either an individual module or system-level basis, for approximately 25up to 30 years. The Company’s product warranty liability was $129.8$33.8 million as of December 31, 2019.2022. Product warranty estimates are based primarily on the number of solar modules under warranty installed at customer locations, historical experience with and projections of warranty claims, and estimated per-module replacement costs.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the product warranty liability is a critical audit matter are there was(i) the significant judgment by management in estimating the projections of warranty claims. This in turn led toclaims and (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures to evaluate the projections of warranty claims and related audit evidence. In addition, the audit effort involved the use
67
Table of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge to assist in performing these procedures and evaluating the audit evidence obtained from these procedures.Contents
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to valuation of the product warranty liability. These procedures also included, among others, testing the appropriateness of the methodology used and the reasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management in developing these estimates includingrelated to projections of warranty claims. Evaluating whether the significant assumptions relating to the product warranty liability waswere reasonable involved (i) testing historical warranty claims and settlements, (ii) evaluating the reasonableness and appropriateness of factors considered by management in estimating the final settlement of open customer claims, and (iii) evaluating the reasonableness and appropriateness of the methodology used by management to determine return rates used in the valuation of the product warranty liability. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in the evaluation of the reasonableness and appropriateness of the methodology.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Phoenix, Arizona
February 20, 202028, 2023
We have served as the Company’s or its predecessor’s auditor since 2000, which includes periods before the Company became subject to SEC reporting requirements.
68
FIRST SOLAR, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share data)
| December 31, | ||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||
| ASSETS | ||||||||||||||
| Current assets: | ||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,481,269 | $ | 1,450,654 | ||||||||||
| Marketable securities | 1,096,712 | 375,389 | ||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable trade, net | 324,337 | 429,436 | ||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable unbilled, net | 30,654 | 25,273 | ||||||||||||
| Inventories | 621,376 | 666,299 | ||||||||||||
| Other current assets | 237,073 | 244,192 | ||||||||||||
| Total current assets | 3,791,421 | 3,191,243 | ||||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net | 3,536,902 | 2,649,587 | ||||||||||||
| PV solar power systems, net | 6,242 | 217,293 | ||||||||||||
| Project assets | 30,108 | 315,488 | ||||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets, net | 78,680 | 59,162 | ||||||||||||
| Restricted marketable securities | 182,070 | 244,726 | ||||||||||||
| Goodwill | 14,462 | 14,462 | ||||||||||||
| Intangible assets, net | 31,106 | 45,509 | ||||||||||||
| Inventories | 260,395 | 237,512 | ||||||||||||
| Other assets | 319,842 | 438,764 | ||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 8,251,228 | $ | 7,413,746 | ||||||||||
| LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | ||||||||||||||
| Current liabilities: | ||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | 341,409 | $ | 193,374 | ||||||||||
| Income taxes payable | 29,397 | 4,543 | ||||||||||||
| Accrued expenses | 382,782 | 288,450 | ||||||||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt | — | 3,896 | ||||||||||||
| Deferred revenue | 263,215 | 201,868 | ||||||||||||
| Other current liabilities | 21,245 | 34,747 | ||||||||||||
| Total current liabilities | 1,038,048 | 726,878 | ||||||||||||
| Accrued solar module collection and recycling liability | 128,114 | 139,145 | ||||||||||||
| Long-term debt | 184,349 | 236,005 | ||||||||||||
| Deferred revenue | 944,725 | 95,943 | ||||||||||||
| Other liabilities | 119,937 | 256,224 | ||||||||||||
| Total liabilities | 2,415,173 | 1,454,195 | ||||||||||||
| Commitments and contingencies | ||||||||||||||
| Stockholders’ equity: | ||||||||||||||
| Common stock, $0.001 par value per share; 500,000,000 shares authorized; 106,609,094 and 106,332,315 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively | 107 | 106 | ||||||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | 2,887,476 | 2,871,352 | ||||||||||||
| Accumulated earnings | 3,140,289 | 3,184,455 | ||||||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (191,817) | (96,362) | ||||||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 5,836,055 | 5,959,551 | ||||||||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 8,251,228 | $ | 7,413,746 | ||||||||||
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | |||||||
| ASSETS | ||||||||
| Current assets: | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,352,741 | $ | 1,403,562 | ||||
| Marketable securities | 811,506 | 1,143,704 | ||||||
| Accounts receivable trade, net | 475,039 | 128,282 | ||||||
| Accounts receivable, unbilled and retainage | 183,473 | 458,166 | ||||||
| Inventories | 443,513 | 387,912 | ||||||
| Balance of systems parts | 53,583 | 56,906 | ||||||
| Project assets | 3,524 | 37,930 | ||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 276,455 | 243,061 | ||||||
| Total current assets | 3,599,834 | 3,859,523 | ||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net | 2,181,149 | 1,756,211 | ||||||
| PV solar power systems, net | 476,977 | 308,640 | ||||||
| Project assets | 333,596 | 460,499 | ||||||
| Deferred tax assets, net | 130,771 | 77,682 | ||||||
| Restricted cash and investments | 303,857 | 318,390 | ||||||
| Goodwill | 14,462 | 14,462 | ||||||
| Intangible assets, net | 64,543 | 74,162 | ||||||
| Inventories | 160,646 | 130,083 | ||||||
| Notes receivable, affiliate | — | 22,832 | ||||||
| Other assets | 249,854 | 98,878 | ||||||
| Total assets | $ | 7,515,689 | $ | 7,121,362 | ||||
| LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | ||||||||
| Current liabilities: | ||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | 218,081 | $ | 233,287 | ||||
| Income taxes payable | 17,010 | 20,885 | ||||||
| Accrued expenses | 351,260 | 441,580 | ||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt | 17,510 | 5,570 | ||||||
| Deferred revenue | 323,217 | 129,755 | ||||||
| Accrued litigation | 363,000 | — | ||||||
| Other current liabilities | 28,130 | 14,380 | ||||||
| Total current liabilities | 1,318,208 | 845,457 | ||||||
| Accrued solar module collection and recycling liability | 137,761 | 134,442 | ||||||
| Long-term debt | 454,187 | 461,221 | ||||||
| Other liabilities | 508,766 | 467,839 | ||||||
| Total liabilities | 2,418,922 | 1,908,959 | ||||||
| Commitments and contingencies | ||||||||
| Stockholders’ equity: | ||||||||
| Common stock, $0.001 par value per share; 500,000,000 shares authorized; 105,448,921 and 104,885,261 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively | 105 | 105 | ||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | 2,849,376 | 2,825,211 | ||||||
| Accumulated earnings | 2,326,620 | 2,441,553 | ||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (79,334 | ) | (54,466 | ) | ||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 5,096,767 | 5,212,403 | ||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 7,515,689 | $ | 7,121,362 | ||||
See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.
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FIRST SOLAR, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Net sales | $ | 2,619,319 | $ | 2,923,377 | $ | 2,711,332 | ||||||||||||||
| Cost of sales | 2,549,461 | 2,193,423 | 2,030,659 | |||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | 69,858 | 729,954 | 680,673 | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 164,724 | 170,320 | 222,918 | |||||||||||||||||
| Research and development | 112,804 | 99,115 | 93,738 | |||||||||||||||||
| Production start-up | 73,077 | 21,052 | 40,528 | |||||||||||||||||
| Litigation loss | — | — | 6,000 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 350,605 | 290,487 | 363,184 | |||||||||||||||||
| Gain on sales of businesses, net | 253,511 | 147,284 | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating (loss) income | (27,236) | 586,751 | 317,489 | |||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency loss, net | (16,414) | (7,975) | (4,890) | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | 33,284 | 6,179 | 16,559 | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense, net | (12,225) | (13,107) | (24,036) | |||||||||||||||||
| Other income (expense), net | 31,189 | 314 | (11,932) | |||||||||||||||||
| Income before taxes and equity in earnings | 8,598 | 572,162 | 293,190 | |||||||||||||||||
| Income tax (expense) benefit | (52,764) | (103,469) | 107,294 | |||||||||||||||||
| Equity in earnings, net of tax | — | — | (2,129) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income | $ | (44,166) | $ | 468,693 | $ | 398,355 | ||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income per share: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic | $ | (0.41) | $ | 4.41 | $ | 3.76 | ||||||||||||||
| Diluted | $ | (0.41) | $ | 4.38 | $ | 3.73 | ||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average number of shares used in per share calculations: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic | 106,551 | 106,263 | 105,867 | |||||||||||||||||
| Diluted | 106,551 | 106,924 | 106,686 | |||||||||||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| Net sales | $ | 3,063,117 | $ | 2,244,044 | $ | 2,941,324 | ||||||
| Cost of sales | 2,513,905 | 1,851,867 | 2,392,377 | |||||||||
| Gross profit | 549,212 | 392,177 | 548,947 | |||||||||
| Operating expenses: | ||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 205,471 | 176,857 | 202,699 | |||||||||
| Research and development | 96,611 | 84,472 | 88,573 | |||||||||
| Production start-up | 45,915 | 90,735 | 42,643 | |||||||||
| Litigation loss | 363,000 | — | — | |||||||||
| Restructuring and asset impairments | — | — | 37,181 | |||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 710,997 | 352,064 | 371,096 | |||||||||
| Operating (loss) income | (161,785 | ) | 40,113 | 177,851 | ||||||||
| Foreign currency income (loss), net | 2,291 | (570 | ) | (9,640 | ) | |||||||
| Interest income | 48,886 | 59,788 | 35,704 | |||||||||
| Interest expense, net | (27,066 | ) | (25,921 | ) | (25,765 | ) | ||||||
| Other income, net | 17,545 | 39,737 | 23,965 | |||||||||
| (Loss) income before taxes and equity in earnings | (120,129 | ) | 113,147 | 202,115 | ||||||||
| Income tax benefit (expense) | 5,480 | (3,441 | ) | (371,996 | ) | |||||||
| Equity in earnings, net of tax | (284 | ) | 34,620 | 4,266 | ||||||||
| Net (loss) income | $ | (114,933 | ) | $ | 144,326 | $ | (165,615 | ) | ||||
| Net (loss) income per share: | ||||||||||||
| Basic | $ | (1.09 | ) | $ | 1.38 | $ | (1.59 | ) | ||||
| Diluted | $ | (1.09 | ) | $ | 1.36 | $ | (1.59 | ) | ||||
| Weighted-average number of shares used in per share calculations: | ||||||||||||
| Basic | 105,310 | 104,745 | 104,328 | |||||||||
| Diluted | 105,310 | 106,113 | 104,328 | |||||||||
See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.
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FIRST SOLAR, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In thousands)
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income | $ | (44,166) | $ | 468,693 | $ | 398,355 | ||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive (loss) income: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | (32,021) | (13,213) | (2,810) | |||||||||||||||||
| Unrealized (loss) gain on marketable securities and restricted marketable securities, net of tax of $2,639, $1,497, and $(1,231) | (56,744) | (24,666) | 21,659 | |||||||||||||||||
| Unrealized (loss) gain on derivative instruments, net of tax of $1,678, $(55), and $(31) | (6,690) | 3,243 | (1,241) | |||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive (loss) income | (95,455) | (34,636) | 17,608 | |||||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive (loss) income | $ | (139,621) | $ | 434,057 | $ | 415,963 | ||||||||||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| Net (loss) income | $ | (114,933 | ) | $ | 144,326 | $ | (165,615 | ) | ||||
| Other comprehensive (loss) income: | ||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments | (7,049 | ) | (1,034 | ) | 11,832 | |||||||
| Unrealized (loss) gain on marketable securities and restricted investments, net of tax of $3,046, $3,735, and $(588) | (15,670 | ) | (57,747 | ) | 3,217 | |||||||
| Unrealized (loss) gain on derivative instruments, net of tax of $142, $(996), and $1,396 | (2,149 | ) | 2,056 | (2,883 | ) | |||||||
| Other comprehensive (loss) income | (24,868 | ) | (56,725 | ) | 12,166 | |||||||
| Comprehensive (loss) income | $ | (139,801 | ) | $ | 87,601 | $ | (153,449 | ) | ||||
See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.
71
FIRST SOLAR, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands)
| Common Stock | Additional Paid-In Capital | Accumulated Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income | Total Stockholders’ Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2019 | 105,449 | $ | 105 | $ | 2,849,376 | $ | 2,326,620 | $ | (79,334) | $ | 5,096,767 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cumulative-effect adjustment for the adoption of ASU 2016-13 | — | — | — | (9,213) | — | (9,213) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | 398,355 | — | 398,355 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | — | — | — | — | 17,608 | 17,608 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common stock issued for share-based compensation | 814 | 1 | 1,362 | — | — | 1,363 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock | (283) | — | (13,118) | — | — | (13,118) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation expense | — | — | 29,166 | — | — | 29,166 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2020 | 105,980 | 106 | 2,866,786 | 2,715,762 | (61,726) | 5,520,928 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | 468,693 | — | 468,693 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | — | — | — | — | (34,636) | (34,636) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common stock issued for share-based compensation | 561 | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock | (209) | — | (15,989) | — | — | (15,989) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation expense | — | — | 20,555 | — | — | 20,555 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2021 | 106,332 | 106 | 2,871,352 | 3,184,455 | (96,362) | 5,959,551 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | — | (44,166) | — | (44,166) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | — | — | — | — | (95,455) | (95,455) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common stock issued for share-based compensation | 444 | 1 | — | — | — | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock | (167) | — | (12,092) | — | — | (12,092) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation expense | — | — | 28,216 | — | — | 28,216 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2022 | 106,609 | $ | 107 | $ | 2,887,476 | $ | 3,140,289 | $ | (191,817) | $ | 5,836,055 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Stock | Additional Paid-In Capital | Accumulated Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income | Total Equity | |||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2016 | 104,035 | $ | 104 | $ | 2,765,310 | $ | 2,462,842 | $ | (9,907 | ) | $ | 5,218,349 | |||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | — | (165,615 | ) | — | (165,615 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | — | — | — | — | 12,166 | 12,166 | |||||||||||||||||
| Common stock issued for share-based compensation | 580 | — | 4,474 | — | — | 4,474 | |||||||||||||||||
| Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock | (147 | ) | — | (5,137 | ) | — | — | (5,137 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation expense | — | — | 34,460 | — | — | 34,460 | |||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2017 | 104,468 | 104 | 2,799,107 | 2,297,227 | 2,259 | 5,098,697 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | 144,326 | — | 144,326 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | — | — | — | — | (56,725 | ) | (56,725 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Common stock issued for share-based compensation | 588 | 1 | 3,425 | — | — | 3,426 | |||||||||||||||||
| Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock | (171 | ) | — | (11,175 | ) | — | — | (11,175 | ) | ||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation expense | — | — | 33,854 | — | — | 33,854 | |||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2018 | 104,885 | 105 | 2,825,211 | 2,441,553 | (54,466 | ) | 5,212,403 | ||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | — | (114,933 | ) | — | (114,933 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | — | — | — | — | (24,868 | ) | (24,868 | ) | |||||||||||||||
| Common stock issued for share-based compensation | 869 | 1 | 3,433 | — | — | 3,434 | |||||||||||||||||
| Tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock | (305 | ) | (1 | ) | (16,089 | ) | — | — | (16,090 | ) | |||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation expense | — | — | 36,821 | — | — | 36,821 | |||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2019 | 105,449 | $ | 105 | $ | 2,849,376 | $ | 2,326,620 | $ | (79,334 | ) | $ | 5,096,767 | |||||||||||
See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.
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FIRST SOLAR, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities: | ||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income | $ | (114,933 | ) | $ | 144,326 | $ | (165,615 | ) | ||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to cash provided by (used in) operating activities: | ||||||||||||
| Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 205,475 | 130,736 | 115,313 | |||||||||
| Impairments and net losses on disposal of long-lived assets | 7,577 | 8,065 | 35,364 | |||||||||
| Share-based compensation | 37,429 | 34,154 | 35,121 | |||||||||
| Equity in earnings, net of tax | 284 | (34,620 | ) | (4,266 | ) | |||||||
| Distributions received from equity method investments | — | 12,394 | 23,042 | |||||||||
| Remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities | 919 | 8,740 | (15,823 | ) | ||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | (59,917 | ) | (10,112 | ) | 173,368 | |||||||
| Gains on sales of marketable securities and restricted investments | (40,621 | ) | (55,405 | ) | (49 | ) | ||||||
| Liabilities assumed by customers for the sale of systems | (88,050 | ) | (240,865 | ) | (24,203 | ) | ||||||
| Other, net | 759 | 2,121 | 2,339 | |||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable, trade, unbilled and retainage | (73,594 | ) | (202,298 | ) | 85,760 | |||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (34,528 | ) | (53,488 | ) | 26,680 | |||||||
| Inventories and balance of systems parts | (83,528 | ) | (257,229 | ) | 212,758 | |||||||
| Project assets and PV solar power systems | (20,773 | ) | 49,939 | 981,273 | ||||||||
| Other assets | 28,728 | (11,920 | ) | (1,269 | ) | |||||||
| Income tax receivable and payable | 8,035 | (49,169 | ) | 169,079 | ||||||||
| Accounts payable | (336 | ) | 96,443 | (47,191 | ) | |||||||
| Accrued expenses and other liabilities | 397,527 | 132,382 | (258,028 | ) | ||||||||
| Accrued solar module collection and recycling liability | 3,748 | (31,003 | ) | (2,976 | ) | |||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 174,201 | (326,809 | ) | 1,340,677 | ||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities: | ||||||||||||
| Purchases of property, plant and equipment | (668,717 | ) | (739,838 | ) | (514,357 | ) | ||||||
| Purchases of marketable securities and restricted investments | (1,177,336 | ) | (1,369,036 | ) | (580,971 | ) | ||||||
| Proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities and restricted investments | 1,486,631 | 1,135,984 | 466,309 | |||||||||
| Proceeds from sales of equity method investments | — | 247,595 | — | |||||||||
| Payments received on notes receivable, affiliates | — | 48,729 | 1,740 | |||||||||
| Other investing activities | (2,876 | ) | (6,148 | ) | 477 | |||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (362,298 | ) | (682,714 | ) | (626,802 | ) | ||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities: | ||||||||||||
| Repayment of long-term debt | (30,099 | ) | (18,937 | ) | (24,078 | ) | ||||||
| Proceeds from borrowings under long-term debt, net of discounts and issuance costs | 120,132 | 290,925 | 215,415 | |||||||||
| Payments of tax withholdings for restricted shares | (16,089 | ) | (11,175 | ) | (5,137 | ) | ||||||
| Proceeds from commercial letters of credit | — | — | 43,025 | |||||||||
| Contingent consideration payments and other financing activities | 999 | (5,585 | ) | (37,180 | ) | |||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 74,943 | 255,228 | 192,045 | |||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (2,959 | ) | (13,558 | ) | 8,866 | |||||||
| Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (116,113 | ) | (767,853 | ) | 914,786 | |||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of the period | 1,562,623 | 2,330,476 | 1,415,690 | |||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of the period | $ | 1,446,510 | $ | 1,562,623 | $ | 2,330,476 | ||||||
| Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities: | ||||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment acquisitions funded by liabilities | $ | 76,148 | $ | 138,270 | $ | 164,946 | ||||||
| Sale of system previously accounted for as sale-leaseback financing | $ | — | $ | 31,992 | $ | — | ||||||
| Accrued interest capitalized to long-term debt | $ | — | $ | 3,512 | $ | 18,401 | ||||||
| Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income | $ | (44,166) | $ | 468,693 | $ | 398,355 | ||||||||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to cash provided by operating activities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation, amortization and accretion | 269,724 | 259,900 | 232,925 | |||||||||||||||||
| Impairments and net losses on disposal of long-lived assets | 63,338 | 22,876 | 35,806 | |||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | 28,656 | 20,902 | 29,267 | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | (12,799) | 49,847 | 36,013 | |||||||||||||||||
| Gain on sales of businesses, net | (253,511) | (147,284) | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Gains on sales of marketable securities and restricted marketable securities | — | (11,696) | (15,346) | |||||||||||||||||
| Liabilities assumed by customers for the sale of systems | (145,281) | (85,490) | (136,745) | |||||||||||||||||
| Gain on debt forgiveness | (30,201) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Other, net | (1,029) | (3,484) | 19,297 | |||||||||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable, trade and unbilled | 118,724 | (96,951) | 345,150 | |||||||||||||||||
| Inventories | 16,693 | (136,365) | (145,396) | |||||||||||||||||
| Project assets and PV solar power systems | (14,336) | 23,402 | 106,867 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other assets | (72,602) | (69,942) | (33,065) | |||||||||||||||||
| Income tax receivable and payable | 43,592 | (13,062) | (177,431) | |||||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 5,569 | 48,968 | (109,583) | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred revenue | 912,946 | 47,062 | (157,284) | |||||||||||||||||
| Other liabilities | (11,948) | (139,817) | (391,710) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 873,369 | 237,559 | 37,120 | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of property, plant and equipment | (903,605) | (540,291) | (416,635) | |||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of marketable securities and restricted marketable securities | (3,375,008) | (2,147,136) | (901,924) | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from sales and maturities of marketable securities and restricted marketable securities | 2,646,787 | 2,294,595 | 1,192,832 | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from sales of businesses, net of cash and restricted cash sold | 442,302 | 300,499 | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Other investing activities | (3,050) | (6,707) | (5,500) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (1,192,574) | (99,040) | (131,227) | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Repayment of long-term debt | (75,896) | (72,676) | (225,344) | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from borrowings under long-term debt, net of discounts and issuance costs | 397,380 | 129,215 | 156,679 | |||||||||||||||||
| Payments of tax withholdings for restricted shares | (12,092) | (15,989) | (13,118) | |||||||||||||||||
| Other financing activities | — | — | (804) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 309,392 | 40,550 | (82,587) | |||||||||||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents | 47,438 | 3,174 | 3,778 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents | 37,625 | 182,243 | (172,916) | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents, beginning of the period | 1,455,837 | 1,273,594 | 1,446,510 | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents, end of the period | $ | 1,493,462 | $ | 1,455,837 | $ | 1,273,594 | ||||||||||||||
| Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment acquisitions funded by liabilities | $ | 315,961 | $ | 61,598 | $ | 110,576 | ||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.
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FIRST SOLAR, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. First Solar and Its Business
We are a leading American solar technology company and global provider of comprehensive PV solar energy solutions. We design,Developed at our R&D labs in California and Ohio, we manufacture and sell PV solar modules with an advanced thin film semiconductor technology and also develop and sellthat provide a high-performance, lower-carbon alternative to conventional crystalline silicon PV solar power systems that primarily usemodules. From raw material sourcing through end-of-life module recycling, we are committed to reducing the modules we manufacture. Additionally, we provide O&M services to system owners. We have substantial, ongoing R&D efforts focused on various technology innovations.environmental impacts and enhancing the social and economic benefits of our products across their life cycle. We are the world’s largest thin film PV solar module manufacturer and one of the world’s largest PV solar module manufacturers.manufacturer in the Western Hemisphere.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation. These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of First Solar, Inc. and its subsidiaries and are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We eliminated all intercompany transactions and balances during consolidation. Certain prior year balances were reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.
Use of Estimates. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to inputs used to recognize revenue over time, accrued solar module collection and recycling liabilities, product warranties, accounting for income taxes, and long-lived asset impairments. Despite our intention to establish accurate estimates and reasonable assumptions, actual results could differ materially from such estimates and assumptions.
Fair Value Measurements. We measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value, which is defined as the price that would be received from the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., an exit price) on the measurement date in an orderly transaction between market participants in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability. Our fair value measurements use the following hierarchy, which prioritizes valuation inputs based on the extent to which the inputs are observable in the market.
•Level 1 – Valuation techniques in which all significant inputs are unadjusted quoted prices from active markets for assets or liabilities that are identical to the assets or liabilities being measured.
•Level 2 – Valuation techniques in which significant inputs include quoted prices from active markets for assets or liabilities that are similar to the assets or liabilities being measured and/or quoted prices for assets or liabilities that are identical or similar to the assets or liabilities being measured from markets that are not active. Also, model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable in active markets are Level 2 valuation techniques.
•Level 3 – Valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable. Such inputs reflect our estimate of assumptions that market participants would use to price an asset or liability.
Cash and Cash Equivalents. We consider highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents with the exception of time deposits, which are presented as marketable securities.
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Restricted Cash and Restricted Cash Equivalents. Restricted cash consistsand restricted cash equivalents consist of cash and cash equivalentsdeposits held by various banks to secure certain of our letters of credit, and other such deposits designated for the construction or operation of systems projects as well as the payment of amounts related to project specific debt financings. Restricted cash also includes cash and cash equivalentsdeposits held in custodial accounts to fund the estimated future costs of our solar module collection and recycling obligations.
Restricted cash for our letters of credit is classified as current or noncurrent based on the maturity date of the corresponding letter of credit. Restricted cash for project construction, operation, and financing is classified as current or noncurrent based on the intended use of the restricted funds. Restricted cash equivalents held in custodial accounts isare classified as noncurrent to align with the nature of the corresponding module collection and recycling liabilities.
Marketable Securities and Restricted Investments.Marketable Securities. We determine the classification of our marketable securities and restricted investmentsmarketable securities at the time of purchase and reevaluate such designation at each balance sheet date. As of December 31, 20192022 and 2018,2021, all of our marketable securities and restricted investmentsmarketable securities were classified as available-for-sale debt securities. Accordingly, we record them at fair value and account for the net unrealized gains and losses as part of “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” until realized. We record realized gains and losses on the sale of our marketable securities and restricted investmentsmarketable securities in “Other income (expense), net” computed using the specific identification method.
We may sell marketable securities prior to their stated maturities after consideration of our liquidity requirements. We view unrestricted securities with maturities beyond 12 months as available to support our current operations and, accordingly, classify such securities as current assets under “Marketable securities” in theour consolidated balance sheets. Restricted investmentsmarketable securities consist of long-term duration marketable securities that we hold in custodial accounts to fund the estimated future costs of our solar module collection and recycling obligations. Accordingly, we classify restricted investmentsmarketable securities as noncurrent assets under “Restricted cash and investments”marketable securities” in theour consolidated balance sheets.
Accounts Receivable Trade and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. We record trade accounts receivable for our unconditional rights to consideration arising from our performance under contracts with customers. The carrying value of such receivables, net of the allowance for doubtful accounts,credit losses, represents their estimated net realizable value. We estimate our allowance for doubtful accounts for specific trade receivable balances based on historical collection trends, the age of outstanding trade receivables, existing economic conditions, and the financial security, if any, associated with the receivables. Past-due trade receivable balances are written off when our internal collection efforts have been unsuccessful.
Our module and other equipment sales generally include up to 45-day payment terms following the transfer of control of the products to the customer. In addition, certain module and equipment salesales agreements may require a down payment for a portion of the transaction price upon or shortly after entering into the agreement or related purchase order. Payment terms for sales of our solar power systems, EPC services, and operations and maintenance services vary by contract but are generally due upon demand or within several months of satisfying the associated performance obligations. As a practical expedient, we do not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component when we expect, at contract inception, that the period between our transfer of a promised product or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that product or service will be one year or less. We typically do not include extended payment terms in our contracts with customers.
Accounts Receivable Unbilled. Accounts receivable unbilled represents a contract asset for revenue that has been recognized in advance of billing the customer, which iswas common for long-term constructionour project-related sales contracts. For example, we typically recognize revenue from contracts for the construction and sale of PV solar power systems over time using cost based input methods, which recognize revenue and gross profit as work is performed based on the relationship between actual costs incurred compared to the total estimated costs of the contract. Accordingly, revenue couldRevenue may be
recognized in advance of billing the customer, resulting in an amount recorded to “Accounts receivable unbilled, and retainage.”net” or “Other assets” depending on the expected timing of payment for such unbilled receivables. Once we have an unconditional right to consideration, under a construction contract, we typically bill our customer and reclassify the “Accounts receivable unbilled, and retainage”net” to “Accounts receivable trade, net.” Billing requirements vary by contract but are generally structured around the completion of certain development, construction, or other specified milestones.
Allowance for Credit Losses. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from a financial asset’s amortized cost to present the net amount we expect to collect from such asset. We assessestimate allowances for credit losses using relevant available information from both internal and external sources. We monitor the estimated credit losses associated with our trade accounts receivable and unbilled accounts receivable based primarily on our collection history, which we review annually, and the delinquency status of amounts owed to us, which we determine based on the aging of such receivables. We estimate credit losses associated with our marketable securities and restricted marketable securities based on the external credit ratings for impairment in accordancesuch investments and the historical loss rates associated with such credit ratings, which we obtain from third parties. Such methods and estimates are adjusted, as appropriate, for relevant past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. We recognize writeoffs within the allowance for doubtful accounts policy described above.
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Table of the collectibility of amounts due or that will become due under our EPC contracts. Retainage included within “Accounts receivable, unbilled and retainage” is expected to be billed and collected within the next 12 months. After we satisfy the EPC contract requirements and have an unconditional right to consideration, we typically bill our customer for retainage and reclassify such amount to “Accounts receivable trade, net.”Contents
Inventories – Current and Noncurrent. We report our inventories at the lower of cost or net realizable value. We determine cost on a first-in, first-out basis and include both the costs of acquisition and manufacturing in our inventory costs. These costs include direct materials, direct labor, and indirect manufacturing costs, including depreciation and amortization. Our capitalization of indirect costs is based on the normal utilization of our plants. If our plant utilization is abnormally low, the portion of our indirect manufacturing costs related to the abnormal utilization level is expensed as incurred. Other abnormal manufacturing costs, such as wasted materials or excess yield losses, are also expensed as incurred. Finished goods inventory is comprised exclusively of solar modules that have not yet been installed in a PV solar power plant under construction or sold to a third-party customer.
As needed, we may purchase a critical raw materialmaterials that isare used in our core production process in quantities that exceed anticipated consumption within our normal operating cycle, which is 12 months. We classify such raw materials that we do not expect to consume within our normal operating cycle as noncurrent.
We regularly review the cost of inventories, including noncurrent inventories, against their estimated net realizable value and record write-downs if any inventories have costs in excess of their net realizable values. We also regularly evaluate the quantities and values of our inventories, including noncurrent inventories, in light of current market conditions and trends, among other factors, and record write-downs for any quantities in excess of demand or for any obsolescence. This evaluation considers the use of modules in our systems business or product warranties, module selling prices, product obsolescence, strategic raw material requirements, and other factors.
Property, Plant and Equipment. We report our property, plant and equipment at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Cost includes the price paid to acquire or construct the assets, required installation costs, interest capitalized during the construction period, and any expenditures that substantially add to the value of or substantially extend the useful life of the assets. We capitalize costs related to computer software obtained or developed for internal use, which generally includes enterprise-level business and finance software that we customize to meet our specific operational requirements. We expense repair and maintenance costs at the time we incur them.
We begin depreciation for our property, plant and equipment when the assets are placed in service. We consider such assets to be placed in service when they are both in the location and condition for their intended use. We compute depreciation expense using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of assets, as presented in the table
below. We depreciate leasehold improvements over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the remaining term of the lease. The estimated useful life of an asset is reassessed whenever applicable facts and circumstances indicate a change in the estimated useful life of such asset has occurred.
| | Useful Lives in Years | |||||||
| Buildings and building improvements | 25 – 40 | |||||||
| Manufacturing machinery and equipment | 5 – 15 | |||||||
| Furniture, fixtures, computer hardware, and computer software | 3 – 7 | |||||||
| Leasehold improvements | up to 15 | |||||||
PV Solar Power Systems. PV solar power systems represent project assets that we may temporarily own and operate after being placed in service. We report our PV solar power systems at cost, less accumulated depreciation. When we are entitled to incentive tax credits for our systems, we reduce the related carrying value of the assets by the amount of the tax credits, which reduces future depreciation. We begin depreciation for PV solar power systems when they are placed in service. We compute depreciation expense for the systems using the straight-line method over the shorter of the term of the related PPA or 25 years. Accordingly, our current PV solar power systems have estimated useful lives ranging from 19 to 25 years.
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Project Assets. Project assets primarily consist of costs related to solar power projects in various stages of development that are capitalized prior to the completion of the sale of the project, including projects that may have begun commercial operation under PPAs and are actively marketed and intended to be sold.projects. These project related costs include costs for land, development, and construction of a PV solar power system. Development costs may include legal, consulting, permitting, transmission upgrade, interconnection, and other similar costs. We typically classify project assets as noncurrent due to the nature of solar power projects (as long-lived assets) and the time required to complete all activities to develop, construct, and sell projects, which is typically longer than 12 months. Once we enter into a definitive sales agreement, we classify project assets as current until the sale is completed and we have recognized the sale as revenue. Any income generated by a project while it remains within project assets is accounted for as a reduction to our basis in the project. If a project is completed and begins commercial operation prior to the closing of a sales arrangement, the completed project will remain in project assets until placed in service. We present all expenditures related to the development and construction of project assets whether fully or partially owned, as a component of cash flows from operating activities.
Asset Impairments. We assess long-lived assets classified as “held and used,” including our property, plant and equipment; PV solar power systems; project assets; operating lease assets; and intangible assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances arise, including consideration of technological obsolescence, that may indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. These events and changes in circumstances may include a significant decrease in the market price of a long-lived asset; a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which a long-lived asset is being used or in its physical condition; a significant adverse change in the business climate that could affect the value of a long-lived asset; an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or construction of a long-lived asset; a current-period operating or cash flow loss combined with a history of such losses or a projection of future losses associated with the use of a long-lived asset; or a current expectation that, more likely than not, a long-lived asset will be sold or otherwise disposed of significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life. For purposes of recognition and measurement of an impairment loss, long-lived assets are grouped with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities.
When impairment indicators are present, we compare undiscounted future cash flows, including the eventual disposition of the asset group at market value, to the asset group’s carrying value to determine if the asset group is recoverable. If the carrying value of the asset group exceeds the undiscounted future cash flows, we measure any impairment by comparing the fair value of the asset group to its carrying value. Fair value is generally determined by considering (i) internally developed discounted cash flows for the asset group, (ii) third-party valuations, and/or (iii) information available regarding the current market value for such assets. If the fair value of an asset group is determined to be less than its carrying value, an impairment in the amount of the difference is recorded in the period that the impairment indicator occurs. Estimating future cash flows requires significant judgment, and such projections may vary from the cash flows eventually realized.
We consider a long-lived asset to be abandoned after we have ceased use of the asset and we have no intent to use or repurpose it in the future. Abandoned long-lived assets are recorded at their salvage value, if any.
We classify long-lived assets or asset groups we plan to sell, excluding project assets and PV solar power systems to be sold as part of our ongoing operations, as held for sale on our consolidated balance sheets only after certain criteria have been met, including: (i) management has the authority and commits to a plan to sell the asset, (ii) the asset is available for immediate sale in its present condition, (iii) an active program to locate a buyer and the plan to sell the asset have been initiated, (iv) the sale of the asset is probable within 12 months, (v) the asset is being actively marketed at a reasonable sales price relative to its current fair value, and (vi) it is unlikely that the plan to sell will be withdrawn or that significant changes to the plan will be made. We record assets or asset groups held for sale at the lower of their carrying value or fair value less costs to sell. If, due to unanticipated circumstances, such assets or asset groups are not sold in the 12 months after being classified as held for sale, then held for sale classification would continue as long as the above criteria are still met.
Goodwill. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of acquired businesses over the estimated fair value assigned to the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed. We do not amortize goodwill, but instead are required to test goodwill for impairment at least annually. We perform impairment tests between the scheduled annual test in the fourth quarter if facts and circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit that has goodwill is less than its carrying value.
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We may first make a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. Such qualitative impairment test considers various factors, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, the overall financial performance of a reporting unit, and any other relevant events affecting our company or a reporting unit. If we determine through the qualitative assessment that a reporting unit’s fair value is more likely than not greater than its carrying value, the quantitative impairment test is not required. If the qualitative assessment indicates it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value, we perform a quantitative impairment test. We may also elect to proceed directly to the quantitative impairment test without considering qualitative factors.
The quantitative impairment test is the comparison of the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. Our modules business represents our only reporting units consist of our modules and systems businesses.unit. We define the fair value of a reporting unit as the price that would be received to sell the unit as a whole in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. We primarily use an income approach to estimate the fair value of our reporting units.unit. Significant
judgment is required when estimating the fair value of a reporting unit, including the forecasting of future operating results and the selection of discount and expected future growth rates used to determine projected cash flows. If the estimated fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, goodwill is not impaired, and no further analysis is required. Conversely, if the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, we record an impairment loss equal to the excess, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.
Intangible Assets. Intangible assets primarily include developed technologies certain PPAs acquired after the associated PV solar power systems were placed in service, and our internally-generated intangible assets, substantially all of which wereare patents on technologies related to our products and production processes. We record an asset for patents after the patent has been issued based on the legal, filing, and other costs incurred to secure it. We amortize intangible assets on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which generally range from 105 to 20 years.
Leases. Upon commencement of a lease, we recognize a lease liability for the present value of the lease payments not yet paid, discounted using an interest rate that represents our ability to borrow on a collateralized basis over a period that approximates the lease term. We also recognize a lease asset, which represents our right to control the use of the underlying property, plant or equipment, at an amount equal to the lease liability, adjusted for prepayments and initial direct costs.
We subsequently recognize the cost of operating leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term, and any variable lease costs, which represent amounts owed to the lessor that are not fixed per the terms of the contract, are recognized in the period in which they are incurred. Any costs included in our lease arrangements that are not directly related to the leased assets, such as maintenance charges, are included as part of the lease costs. Leases with an initial term of one year or less are considered short-term leases and are not recognized as lease assets and liabilities. We also recognize the cost of such short-term leases on a straight-line basis over the term of the underlying agreement.
Many of our leases in particular those related to systems project land, contain renewal or termination options that are exercisable at our discretion. At the commencement date of a lease, we include in the lease term any periods covered by a renewal option, and exclude from the lease term any periods covered by a termination option, to the extent we are reasonably certain to exercise such options. In making this determination, we seek to align the lease term with the expected economic life of the underlying asset.
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Deferred Revenue. When we receive consideration, or such consideration is unconditionally due, from a customer prior to transferring goods or services to the customer under the terms of a sales contract, we record deferred revenue, which represents a contract liability. Such deferred revenue typically results from billings in excess of costs incurred on long-term construction contracts and advance payments received on sales of solar modules. Deferred revenue is classified as current or noncurrent based on the expected date that module shipments commence for each sales contract. As a practical expedient, we do not adjust the consideration in a contract for the effects of a significant financing component when we expect, at contract inception, that the period between a customer’s advance payment and our transfer of a promised product or service to the customer will be one year or less. Additionally, we do not adjust the consideration in a contract for the effects of a significant financing component when the consideration is received as a form of performance security.
Product Warranties. We provide a limited PV solar module warranty covering defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service conditions for approximately 10up to 12.5 years. We also typically warrant that modules installed in accordance with agreed-upon specifications will produce at least 98% of their labeled power output rating during the first year, with the warranty coverage reducing by 0.5%a degradation factor every year thereafter throughout the approximate 25-year limited power output warranty period.period of up to 30 years. Among other things, our solar module warranty also covers the resulting power output loss from cell cracking. In resolving claims under both the limited defect and power output warranties, we typically have the option of either repairing or replacing the covered modules or, under the limited power output warranty, providing additional modules to remedy the power shortfall. Our limited module warranties also include an option for us to remedy claims under such warranties, generally exercisable only after the second year of the warranty period, by making certain cash payments. Under the limited workmanship warranty, the optional cash payment will be equal to the original purchaseprevailing market price of the module, reduced by a degradation factor, and under the limited power output warranty, the cash payment will be equal to the shortfall in power output. Such limited module warranties are standard
for module sales and may be transferred from the original purchasers of the solar modules to subsequent purchasers upon resale.
As an alternative form of our standard limited module power output warranty, we have also offeroffered an aggregated or system-level limited module performance warranty. This system-level limited module performance warranty is designed for utility-scale systems and provides 25-year system-level energy degradation protection. This warranty represents a practical expedient to address the challenge of identifying, from the potential millions of modules installed in a utility-scale system, individual modules that may be performing below warranty thresholds by focusing on the aggregate energy generated by the system rather than the power output of individual modules. The system-level limited module performance warranty is typically calculated as a percentage of a system’s expected energy production, adjusted for certain actual site conditions, with the warranted level of performance declining each year in a linear fashion, but never falling below 80% during the term of the warranty. In resolving claims under the system-level limited module performance warranty to restore the system to warranted performance levels, we first must validate that the root cause of the issue is due to module performance; we then have the option of either repairing or replacing the covered modules, providing supplemental modules, or making a cash payment. Consistent with our limited module power output warranty, when we elect to satisfy a warranty claim by providing replacement or supplemental modules under the system-level module performance warranty, we do not have any obligation to pay for the labor to remove or install modules.
In addition to our limited solar module warranties described above, for PV solar power systems we construct,have constructed, we typically providehave provided limited warranties for defects in engineering design, installation, and BoS part workmanship for a period of one to two years following the substantial completion of a system or a block within the system. In resolving claims under such BoS warranties, we have the option of remedying the defect through repair or replacement.
When we recognize revenue for modulesales of modules or system sales,projects, we accrue liabilities for the estimated future costs of meeting our limited warranty obligations. We make and revise these estimates based primarily on the number of solar modules under warranty installed at customer locations, our historical experience with and projections of warranty claims, and our estimated per-module replacement costs. We also monitor our expected future module performance through certain quality and reliability testing and actual performance in certain field installation sites.
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Accrued Solar Module Collection and Recycling Liability. Historically, we recognized expense at the time of sale for the estimated cost of our future obligations for collecting and recycling solar modules covered by our solar module collection and recycling program. See Note 12. “Solar Module Collection“Commitments and Recycling Liability”Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements for further information.
Derivative Instruments. We recognize derivative instruments on our consolidated balance sheets at their fair value. On the date that we enter into a derivative contract, we designate the derivative instrument as a fair value hedge, a cash flow hedge, a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation, or a derivative instrument that will not be accounted for using hedge accounting methods. As of December 31, 20192022 and 2018,2021, all of our derivative instruments were designated either as cash flow hedges or as derivative instruments not accounted for using hedge accounting methods.
We record changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument that is highly effective and that is designated and qualifies as a cash flow hedge in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” until our earnings are affected by the variability of the cash flows from the underlying hedged item. We record any amounts excluded from effectiveness testing in current period earnings in the same income statement line item in which the earnings effect of the hedged item is reported. We report changes in the fair value of derivative instruments that are not designated or do not qualify for hedge accounting in current period earnings. We classify cash flows from derivative instruments on the consolidated statements of cash flows in the same category as the item being hedged or on a basis consistent with the nature of the instrument.
At the inception of a hedge, we formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and the underlying hedged items as well as our risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge transaction. We also formally assess (both at inception and on an ongoing basis) whether our derivative instruments are highly effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of the underlying hedged items and whether those derivatives are
expected to remain highly effective in future periods. When we determine that a derivative instrument is not highly effective as a hedge, we discontinue hedge accounting prospectively. In all situations in which we discontinue hedge accounting and the derivative instrument remains outstanding, we carry the derivative instrument at its fair value on our consolidated balance sheets and recognize subsequent changes in its fair value in current period earnings.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income or Loss. Our accumulated other comprehensive income or loss includes foreign currency translation adjustments, unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities, and unrealized gains and losses on derivative instruments designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges. We record these components of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss net of tax and release such tax effects when the underlying components affect earnings.
Revenue Recognition – Module and Other Equipment Sales. We recognize revenue for module and other equipment sales (e.g., module plus arrangements) at a point in time following the transfer of control of such productsthe modules to the customer, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery depending on the terms of the underlying contracts. For module and other equipment salesSuch contracts may contain provisions that contain multiple performance obligations, such as the shipment or delivery of solar modules and other BoS parts, we allocate the transaction pricerequire us to each performance obligation identified in the contract based on relative standalone selling prices, or estimates of such prices, and recognize the related revenue as control of each individual product is transferredmake liquidated damage payments to the customer if we fail to ship or deliver modules by scheduled dates. We recognize these liquidated damages as a reduction of revenue in satisfactionthe period we transfer control of the corresponding performance obligations.modules to the customer.
Revenue Recognition – Solar Power SystemProject Sales and/or EPC Services. We recognize revenue for the sale of a development project which excludes EPC services, or for the sale of a completed system when we enter into the associated sales contract with the customer. For other sales of solar power systems and/or EPC services, we generally recognize revenue over time as our performance creates or enhances an energy generation asset controlled by the customer. Furthermore, the sale of a solar power system combined with EPC services represents a single performance obligation for the development and construction of a single generation asset. For such arrangements, we recognize revenue and gross profit as work is performed using cost based input methods, for which we determine our progress toward contract completion based on the relationship between the actual costs incurred and the total estimated costs (including solar module costs) of the contract.
Such revenue recognition is dependent, in part, on our customers’ commitment to perform their obligations under the contract, which is typically measured through the receipt of cash deposits or other forms of financial security issued by creditworthy financial institutions or parent entities. For sales of solar power systems in which we obtain an interest in the project sold to the customer, we recognize all of the revenue for the consideration received, including the fair value of the noncontrolling interest we obtained, and defer any profit associated with the interest obtained through “Equity in earnings, net of tax.”
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As part of our solar power systemcertain prior project sales, we conduct performance testing of a system prior to substantial completion to confirm the systemit meets itsthe operational and capacity expectations noted in theits EPC agreement. In addition, we may provide an energy performance test during the first or second year of a system’s operation to demonstrate that the actual energy generation for the applicable period meets or exceeds the modeled energy expectation, after certain adjustments. In certain instances, a bonus payment may be received at the end of the applicable test period if the system performs above a specified level. Conversely, if there is an underperformance event with regardsregard to these tests, we may incur liquidated damages as a percentage ofspecified in the applicable EPC contract price.agreement. Such performance guarantees represent a form of variable consideration and are estimated at contract inception at their most likely amount and updated at the end of each reporting period as additional performance data becomes available and only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of any incremental revenue will not occur.
Revenue Recognition – Operations and Maintenance. We recognize revenue for standard, recurring O&M services over time as customers receive and consume the benefits of such services, which typically include 24/7 system monitoring, certain PPA and other agreement compliance, NERC compliance, large generator interconnection agreement compliance, energy forecasting, performance engineering analysis, regular performance reporting, turn-key maintenance services including spare parts and corrective maintenance repair, warranty management, and environmental services. Other ancillary O&M services, such as equipment replacement, weed abatement, landscaping, or solar module cleaning, are recognized as revenue as the services are provided to the customer. Costs of O&M services are expensed in the period in which they are incurred.
Revenue Recognition – Energy Generation. We sell energy generated by PV solar power systems under PPAs or on an open contract basis. For energy sold under PPAs, we recognize revenue each period based on the volume of energy delivered to the customer (i.e., the PPA off-taker) and the price stated in the PPA. For energy sold on an open contract basis, we recognize revenue at the point in time the energy is delivered to the grid based on the prevailing spot market prices.
Shipping and Handling Costs. We account for shipping and handling activities related to contracts with customers as costs to fulfill our promise to transfer the associated products. Accordingly, we record amounts billed for shipping and handling costs as a component of net sales, and classify such costs as a component of cost of sales.
Taxes Collected from Customers and Remitted to Governmental Authorities. We exclude from our measurement of transaction prices all taxes assessed by governmental authorities that are both (i) imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction and (ii) collected from customers. Accordingly, such tax amounts are not included as a component of net sales or cost of sales.
Research and Development Expense.Development. We incur research and development costs during the process of researching and developing new products and enhancing our existing products, technologies, and manufacturing processes. Our research and development costs consist primarily of employee compensation, materials, outside services, and depreciation. We expense these costs as incurred until the resulting product has been completed, tested, and made ready for commercial manufacturing.
Production Start-Up. Production start-up expense consists primarily of employee compensation and other costs associated with operating a production line before it is qualified for fullcommercial production, including the cost of raw materials for solar modules run through the production line during the qualification phase, employee compensation for individuals supporting production start-up activities, and applicable facility related costs. Costs related to equipment upgrades and implementation of manufacturing process improvements are also included in
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Share-Based Compensation. We recognize share-based compensation expense for the estimated grant-date fair value of equity awards issued as compensation to employees over the requisite service period, which is generally four or five years. For awards with performance conditions, we recognize share-based compensation expense if it is probable that the performance conditions will be achieved. We account for forfeitures of share-based awards as such forfeitures occur. Accordingly, when an associate’s employment is terminated, all previously unvested awards granted to such associate are forfeited, which results in a benefit to share-based compensation expense in the period of such associate’s termination equal to the cumulative expense recorded through the termination date for the unvested awards. We recognize share-based compensation expense for awards with graded vesting schedules on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods for each separately vesting portion of the award as if each award was in substance multiple awards.
Foreign Currency Translation. The functional currencies of certain of our foreign subsidiaries are their local currencies. Accordingly, we apply period-end exchange rates to translate their assets and liabilities and daily transaction exchange rates to translate their revenues, expenses, gains, and losses into U.S. dollars. We include the associated translation adjustments as a separate component of “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” within stockholders’ equity. The functional currency of our subsidiaries in Canada, Chile, Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam is the U.S. dollar; therefore, we do not translate their financial statements. Gains and losses arising from the remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than a subsidiary’s functional currency are included in “Foreign currency income (loss),loss, net” in the period in which they occur.
Income Taxes. We use the asset and liability method to account for income taxes whereby we calculate deferred tax assets or liabilities using the enacted tax rates and tax law applicable to when any temporary differences are expected to reverse. We establish valuation allowances, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the extent it is more likely than not that such deferred tax assets will not be realized. We do not provide deferred taxes related to the U.S. GAAP basis in excess of the outside tax basis in the investment in our foreign subsidiaries to the extent such amounts relate to indefinitely reinvested earnings and profits of such foreign subsidiaries.
Income tax expense includes (i) deferred tax expense, which generally represents the net change in deferred tax assets or liabilities during the year plus any change in valuation allowances, and (ii) current tax expense, which represents the amount of tax currently payable to or receivable from taxing authorities. We only recognize tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions that are more likely than not of being sustained upon examination. For those positions that satisfy such recognition criteria, the amount of tax benefit that we recognize is the largest amount of tax benefit that is more likely than not of being sustained on ultimate settlement of the uncertain tax position.
Per Share Data. Basic net income or loss per share is computed by dividing net income or loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net income per share is computed giving effect to all potentially dilutive common shares, including restricted stock and performance stock units, and stock purchase plan shares, unless there is a net loss for the period. In computing diluted net income per share, we utilize the treasury stock method.
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Sale of Japan Project Development Business
In August 2017,May 2022, we entered into various agreements with certain subsidiaries of PAG, a private investment firm, for the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2017-12, sale of our Japan project development business. The transaction included our approximately 293 MWDerivativesDC utility-scale solar project development platform, which comprised the business of developing, contracting for the construction of, and Hedging (Topic 815) – Targeted Improvementsselling utility-scale PV solar power systems. Additionally, PAG agreed to Accounting for Hedging Activities, to simplify certain aspects of hedge accounting for both non-financial and financial risks and better align the recognition and measurement of hedge results with an entity’s risk management activities. ASU 2017-12 also amends certain presentation and disclosure requirements for hedging activities and changes how an entity assesses hedge effectiveness. The adoption of ASU 2017-12 in the first quarter of 2019 did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements and associated disclosures.module purchase commitments.
In June 2016,2022, we completed the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326),sale of our Japan project development business and, following certain customary post-closing adjustments, received total consideration of ¥66.4 billion ($490.8 million) and transferred cash and restricted cash of ¥8.4 billion ($61.9 million) to provide financial statement users with more useful information about expected credit losses. ASU 2016-13 also changes how entities measure credit losses on financial instruments and the timing of when such losses are recorded. ASU 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2019, and early adoption is permitted for periods beginning after December 15, 2018. We expect to adopt ASU 2016-13 in the first quarter of 2020 and are currently evaluating its impact on our consolidated financial statements and associated disclosures.
Sales of North American and substantially allInternational O&M Operations
In August 2020, we entered into an agreement with a subsidiary of Clairvest for the associated liabilities were paid or settled assale of December 31, 2017.
In January 2022, we completed the sale of our Chilean O&M operations to a separate subsidiary of Clairvest and, following certain customary post-closing adjustments, received total consideration of $1.9 million. As a result of this transaction, we recognized a liability forgain of $1.6 million, net of transaction costs and post-closing adjustments, during the expected repaymentyear ended December 31, 2022, which was included in “Gain on sales of businesses, net” in our consolidated statements of operations.
In September 2022, we completed the sale of our Australian O&M operations to a separate subsidiary of Clairvest and, following certain customs tax benefits as partcustomary post-closing adjustments, received total consideration of a prior restructuring activity. In December 2017, we reversed this liability as$6.0 million. As a result of meetingthis transaction, we recognized a gain of $4.4 million, net of transaction costs and post-closing adjustments, during the year ended December 31, 2022, which was included in “Gain on sales of businesses, net” in our consolidated statements of operations.
In September 2022, we also completed the sale of our Japanese O&M operations to a subsidiary of PAG and, following certain investment certificate criteria associatedcustomary post-closing adjustments, received total consideration of ¥692.7 million ($4.8 million). As a result of this transaction, we recognized a gain of $1.4 million, net of transaction costs and post-closing adjustments, during the year ended December 31, 2022, which was included in “Gain on sales of businesses, net” in our consolidated statements of operations.
Sale of U.S. Project Development Business
In January 2021, we entered into an agreement with Leeward, a subsidiary of the commencementOntario Municipal Employees Retirement System, for the sale of operations at our previously announced manufacturing plantU.S. project development business. In March 2021, we completed the transaction and received consideration of $151.4 million for the sale of such business. As a result of this transaction, we recognized a gain of $31.5 million, net of transaction costs and post-closing adjustments, during the year ended December 31, 2021, which was included in Vietnam and recorded a $4.7 million benefit to “Restructuring and asset impairments.”“Gain on sales of businesses, net” in our consolidated statements of operations.
4. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill
| December 31, 2021 | Acquisitions (Impairments) | December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Gross amount | $ | 407,827 | $ | — | $ | 407,827 | ||||||||||||||
| Accumulated impairment losses | (393,365) | — | (393,365) | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 14,462 | $ | — | $ | 14,462 | ||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2020 | Acquisitions (Impairments) | December 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2018 | Acquisitions (Impairments) | Balance at December 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Modules | $ | 407,827 | $ | — | $ | 407,827 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross amount | Gross amount | $ | 407,827 | $ | — | $ | 407,827 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accumulated impairment losses | (393,365 | ) | — | (393,365 | ) | Accumulated impairment losses | (393,365) | — | (393,365) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 14,462 | $ | — | $ | 14,462 | Total | $ | 14,462 | $ | — | $ | 14,462 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2017 | Acquisitions (Impairments) | Balance at December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||
| Modules | $ | 407,827 | $ | — | $ | 407,827 | ||||||
| Accumulated impairment losses | (393,365 | ) | — | (393,365 | ) | |||||||
| Total | $ | 14,462 | $ | — | $ | 14,462 | ||||||
We performed our annual impairment analysis in the fourth quarterquarters of 2019, 2018,2022, 2021, and 2017.2020. ASC 350-20 allows companies to perform a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value to determine whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. Such qualitative assessment considers various factors, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, the overall financial performance of a reporting unit, and any other relevant events affecting our company or a reporting unit.
We performed a qualitative assessment for our modules reporting unitbusiness in each respective period and concluded that it was not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unitmodules business was less than its carrying amount. Accordingly, a quantitative goodwill impairment test for this reporting unitthe modules business was not required in either period.any period presented.
Intangible Assets, Netassets, net
The following tables summarize our intangible assets at December 31, 20192022 and 20182021 (in thousands):
| December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Amount | ||||||||||||||||||
| Developed technology | $ | 97,347 | $ | (68,650) | $ | 28,697 | ||||||||||||||
| Patents | 8,970 | (6,561) | 2,409 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 106,317 | $ | (75,211) | $ | 31,106 | ||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Amount | Gross Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Amount | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Developed technology | $ | 97,964 | $ | (42,344 | ) | $ | 55,620 | Developed technology | $ | 99,964 | $ | (61,985) | $ | 37,979 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Power purchase agreements | 6,486 | (972 | ) | 5,514 | Power purchase agreements | 6,486 | (1,621) | 4,865 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Patents | 7,780 | (4,371 | ) | 3,409 | Patents | 8,480 | (5,815) | 2,665 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 112,230 | $ | (47,687 | ) | $ | 64,543 | Total | $ | 114,930 | $ | (69,421) | $ | 45,509 | ||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||
| Gross Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Amount | ||||||||||
| Developed technology | $ | 97,714 | $ | (33,093 | ) | $ | 64,621 | |||||
| Power purchase agreements | 6,486 | (648 | ) | 5,838 | ||||||||
| Patents | 7,408 | (3,705 | ) | 3,703 | ||||||||
| Total | $ | 111,608 | $ | (37,446 | ) | $ | 74,162 | |||||
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Estimated future amortization expense for our definite-lived intangible assets was as follows at December 31, 20192022 (in thousands):
| Amortization Expense | ||||||||
| 2023 | $ | 10,510 | ||||||
| 2024 | 10,380 | |||||||
| 2025 | 3,910 | |||||||
| 2026 | 2,526 | |||||||
| 2027 | 2,426 | |||||||
| Thereafter | 1,354 | |||||||
| Total amortization expense | $ | 31,106 | ||||||
| Amortization Expense | ||||
| 2020 | $ | 10,498 | ||
| 2021 | 10,496 | |||
| 2022 | 10,471 | |||
| 2023 | 10,187 | |||
| 2024 | 10,057 | |||
| Thereafter | 12,834 | |||
| Total amortization expense | $ | 64,543 | ||
Cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities consisted of the following at December 31, 20192022 and 20182021 (in thousands):
| 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents: | ||||||||||||||
| Cash | $ | 1,476,945 | $ | 1,450,654 | ||||||||||
| Money market funds | 4,324 | — | ||||||||||||
| Total cash and cash equivalents | 1,481,269 | 1,450,654 | ||||||||||||
| Marketable securities: | ||||||||||||||
| Foreign debt | 59,777 | 103,317 | ||||||||||||
| U.S. debt | 56,463 | 18,627 | ||||||||||||
| Time deposits | 980,472 | 253,445 | ||||||||||||
| Total marketable securities | 1,096,712 | 375,389 | ||||||||||||
| Total cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities | $ | 2,577,981 | $ | 1,826,043 | ||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | |||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents: | ||||||||
| Cash | $ | 1,345,419 | $ | 1,202,774 | ||||
| Money market funds | 7,322 | 200,788 | ||||||
| Total cash and cash equivalents | 1,352,741 | 1,403,562 | ||||||
| Marketable securities: | ||||||||
| Foreign debt | 387,820 | 318,646 | ||||||
| Foreign government obligations | 22,011 | 98,621 | ||||||
| U.S. debt | 66,134 | 44,468 | ||||||
| Time deposits | 335,541 | 681,969 | ||||||
| Total marketable securities | 811,506 | 1,143,704 | ||||||
| Total cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities | $ | 2,164,247 | $ | 2,547,266 | ||||
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents reported within our consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 20192022 and 20182021 to the total of such amounts as presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):
| Balance Sheet Line Item | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,481,269 | $ | 1,450,654 | |||||||||||||||
| Restricted cash – current | Other current assets | 3,175 | 1,532 | |||||||||||||||||
| Restricted cash – noncurrent | Other assets | 2,734 | 3,651 | |||||||||||||||||
| Restricted cash equivalents – noncurrent | Other assets | 6,284 | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents | $ | 1,493,462 | $ | 1,455,837 | ||||||||||||||||
| Balance Sheet Line Item | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,352,741 | $ | 1,403,562 | |||||
Restricted cash – current (1) | Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 13,697 | 19,671 | |||||||
Restricted cash – noncurrent (1) | Restricted cash and investments | 80,072 | 139,390 | |||||||
| Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $ | 1,446,510 | $ | 1,562,623 | ||||||
During the yearyears ended December 31, 2019,2021 and 2020, we sold marketable securities for proceeds of $52.0$5.5 million and realized 0 gain or loss on such sales. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, we sold marketable securities for proceeds of $10.8 million and $118.3$188.1 million, respectively, and realized gains of less than $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, on such sales in each respective period.sales. See Note 11.10. “Fair Value Measurements” to our consolidated financial statements for information about the fair value of our marketable securities.
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The following tables summarize the unrealized gains and losses related to our available-for-sale marketable securities, by major security type, as of December 31, 20192022 and 20182021 (in thousands):
| As of December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortized Cost | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses | Allowance for Credit Losses | Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign debt | $ | 59,940 | $ | — | $ | 140 | $ | 23 | $ | 59,777 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. debt | 58,308 | — | 1,823 | 22 | 56,463 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Time deposits | 980,810 | — | — | 338 | 980,472 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 1,099,058 | $ | — | $ | 1,963 | $ | 383 | $ | 1,096,712 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| As of December 31, 2019 | As of December 31, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortized Cost | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Amortized Cost | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses | Allowance for Credit Losses | Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign debt | $ | 387,775 | $ | 551 | $ | 506 | $ | 387,820 | Foreign debt | $ | 103,263 | $ | 81 | $ | 18 | $ | 9 | $ | 103,317 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign government obligations | 21,991 | 20 | — | 22,011 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. debt | 65,970 | 176 | 12 | 66,134 | U.S. debt | 19,003 | 10 | 384 | 2 | 18,627 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Time deposits | 335,541 | — | — | 335,541 | Time deposits | 253,531 | — | — | 86 | 253,445 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 811,277 | $ | 747 | $ | 518 | $ | 811,506 | Total | $ | 375,797 | $ | 91 | $ | 402 | $ | 97 | $ | 375,389 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| As of December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||
Amortized Cost | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | |||||||||||||
| Foreign debt | $ | 320,056 | $ | 468 | $ | 1,878 | $ | 318,646 | ||||||||
| Foreign government obligations | 99,189 | — | 568 | 98,621 | ||||||||||||
| U.S. debt | 44,625 | 53 | 210 | 44,468 | ||||||||||||
| Time deposits | 681,969 | — | — | 681,969 | ||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 1,145,839 | $ | 521 | $ | 2,656 | $ | 1,143,704 | ||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses, beginning of period | $ | 97 | $ | 121 | ||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses, net | 667 | 423 | ||||||||||||
| Sales and maturities of marketable securities | (381) | (447) | ||||||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses, end of period | $ | 383 | $ | 97 | ||||||||||
| As of December 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
In Loss Position for Less Than 12 Months | In Loss Position for 12 Months or Greater | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | |||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign debt | $ | 178,174 | $ | 506 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 178,174 | $ | 506 | ||||||||||||
| U.S. debt | 30,566 | 12 | — | — | 30,566 | 12 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 208,740 | $ | 518 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 208,740 | $ | 518 | ||||||||||||
| As of December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
In Loss Position for Less Than 12 Months | In Loss Position for 12 Months or Greater | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | |||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign debt | $ | 150,842 | $ | 802 | $ | 94,446 | $ | 1,076 | $ | 245,288 | $ | 1,878 | ||||||||||||
| Foreign government obligations | — | — | 98,621 | 568 | 98,621 | 568 | ||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. debt | $ | 15,356 | $ | 32 | $ | 14,085 | $ | 178 | $ | 29,441 | $ | 210 | ||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 166,198 | $ | 834 | $ | 207,152 | $ | 1,822 | $ | 373,350 | $ | 2,656 | ||||||||||||
The contractual maturities of our marketable securities as of December 31, 20192022 were as follows (in thousands):
| Fair Value | ||||||||
| One year or less | $ | 983,472 | ||||||
| One year to two years | 73,086 | |||||||
| Two years to three years | 31,841 | |||||||
| Three years to four years | 4,427 | |||||||
| Four years to five years | — | |||||||
| More than five years | 3,886 | |||||||
| Total | $ | 1,096,712 | ||||||
Fair Value | ||||
| One year or less | $ | 488,118 | ||
| One year to two years | 164,410 | |||
| Two years to three years | 158,978 | |||
| Total | $ | 811,506 | ||
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6. Restricted Marketable Securities
Restricted cash and investmentsmarketable securities consisted of the following at as of December 31, 20192022 and 20182021 (in thousands):
| 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||
| Foreign government obligations | $ | 46,886 | $ | 64,855 | ||||||||||
| Supranational debt | 8,661 | 10,997 | ||||||||||||
| U.S. debt | 109,328 | 145,326 | ||||||||||||
| U.S. government obligations | 17,195 | 23,548 | ||||||||||||
| Total restricted marketable securities | $ | 182,070 | $ | 244,726 | ||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | |||||||
| Restricted cash | $ | 80,072 | $ | 139,390 | ||||
| Restricted investments | 223,785 | 179,000 | ||||||
| Total restricted cash and investments (1) | $ | 303,857 | $ | 318,390 | ||||
During the year ended December 31, 2019,2021, we sold certainall our restricted investmentsmarketable securities for proceeds of $281.6$258.9 million and realized gains of $40.6$11.7 million on such sales, and repurchased $255.6 million of restricted marketable securities as part of efforts to align the currenciesour ongoing management of the investments with those of the corresponding collection and recycling liabilities and disburse $22.2 million of overfunded amounts.custodial accounts. During the year ended December 31, 2018,2020, we sold certain restricted investmentsmarketable securities for proceeds of $231.1$115.2 million and realized gains of $55.4$15.1 million on such sales, and repurchased $114.5 million of restricted marketable securities as part of an effort to align the currenciesour ongoing management of the investments with those corresponding collection and recycling liabilities and disburse $143.1 million of overfunded amounts.custodial accounts. See Note 11.10. “Fair Value Measurements” to our consolidated financial statements for information about the fair value of our restricted investments.
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The following tables summarize the unrealized gains and losses related to our restricted investments,marketable securities, by major security type, as of December 31, 20192022 and 20182021 (in thousands):
| As of December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortized Cost | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses | Allowance for Credit Losses | Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign government obligations | $ | 64,008 | $ | — | $ | 17,112 | $ | 10 | $ | 46,886 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Supranational debt | 11,146 | — | 2,485 | — | 8,661 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. debt | 148,288 | — | 38,932 | 28 | 109,328 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government obligations | 24,551 | — | 7,352 | 4 | 17,195 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 247,993 | $ | — | $ | 65,881 | $ | 42 | $ | 182,070 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| As of December 31, 2019 | As of December 31, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortized Cost | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Amortized Cost | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses | Allowance for Credit Losses | Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign government obligations | $ | 129,499 | $ | — | $ | 3,433 | $ | 126,066 | Foreign government obligations | $ | 66,867 | $ | — | $ | 2,002 | $ | 10 | $ | 64,855 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Supranational debt | Supranational debt | 11,362 | — | 365 | — | 10,997 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. debt | U.S. debt | 150,060 | — | 4,697 | 37 | 145,326 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government obligations | 99,700 | — | 1,981 | 97,719 | U.S. government obligations | 24,640 | — | 1,086 | 6 | 23,548 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 229,199 | $ | — | $ | 5,414 | $ | 223,785 | Total | $ | 252,929 | $ | — | $ | 8,150 | $ | 53 | $ | 244,726 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| As of December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||
Amortized Cost | Unrealized Gains | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | |||||||||||||
| Foreign government obligations | $ | 73,798 | $ | 14,234 | $ | 235 | $ | 87,797 | ||||||||
| U.S. government obligations | 97,223 | 416 | 6,436 | 91,203 | ||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 171,021 | $ | 14,650 | $ | 6,671 | $ | 179,000 | ||||||||
The following table presents the change in the allowance for credit losses related to our restricted marketable securities for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):
| 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses, beginning of period | $ | 53 | $ | 13 | ||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses, net | (11) | 69 | ||||||||||||
| Sales of restricted marketable securities | — | (29) | ||||||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses, end of period | $ | 42 | $ | 53 | ||||||||||
As of December 31, 2019, we had 0 restricted investments in a loss position for a period of time greater than 12 months. As of December 31, 2018, we identified 6 restricted investments totaling $87.4 million that had been in a loss position for a period of time greater than 12 months with unrealized losses of $6.4 million. The unrealized losses were primarily due to increases in interest rates relative to rates at the time of purchase. Based on the underlying credit quality of the investments, we generally hold such securities until we recover our cost basis. Therefore, we did not consider these securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired.
| As of December 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In Loss Position for Less Than 12 Months | In Loss Position for 12 Months or Greater | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | |||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign government obligations | $ | 126,066 | $ | 3,433 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 126,066 | $ | 3,433 | ||||||||||||
| U.S. government obligations | 97,719 | 1,981 | — | — | 97,719 | 1,981 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 223,785 | $ | 5,414 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 223,785 | $ | 5,414 | ||||||||||||
| As of December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In Loss Position for Less Than 12 Months | In Loss Position for 12 Months or Greater | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | |||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign government obligations | $ | 41,335 | $ | 235 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 41,335 | $ | 235 | ||||||||||||
| U.S. government obligations | — | — | 87,401 | 6,436 | 87,401 | 6,436 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 41,335 | $ | 235 | $ | 87,401 | $ | 6,436 | $ | 128,736 | $ | 6,671 | ||||||||||||
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Accounts receivable trade, net
Accounts receivable trade, net consisted of the following at December 31, 20192022 and 20182021 (in thousands):
| 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable trade, gross | $ | 325,379 | $ | 430,100 | ||||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses | (1,042) | (664) | ||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable trade, net | $ | 324,337 | $ | 429,436 | ||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | |||||||
| Accounts receivable trade, gross | $ | 476,425 | $ | 129,644 | ||||
| Allowance for doubtful accounts | (1,386 | ) | (1,362 | ) | ||||
| Accounts receivable trade, net | $ | 475,039 | $ | 128,282 | ||||
Accounts receivable unbilled, and retainage
Accounts receivable unbilled, and retainagenet consisted of the following at December 31, 20192022 and 20182021 (in thousands):
| 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable unbilled, gross | $ | 30,654 | $ | 25,336 | ||||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses | — | (63) | ||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable unbilled, net | $ | 30,654 | $ | 25,273 | ||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | |||||||
| Accounts receivable, unbilled | $ | 162,057 | $ | 441,666 | ||||
| Retainage | 21,416 | 16,500 | ||||||
| Accounts receivable, unbilled and retainage | $ | 183,473 | $ | 458,166 | ||||
| Accounts receivable trade | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses, beginning of period | $ | 664 | $ | 3,009 | ||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses, net | 553 | (2,224) | ||||||||||||
| Writeoffs | (175) | (121) | ||||||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses, end of period | $ | 1,042 | $ | 664 | ||||||||||
| Accounts receivable unbilled | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses, beginning of period | $ | 63 | $ | 303 | ||||||||||
| Provision for credit losses, net | (63) | (240) | ||||||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses, end of period | $ | — | $ | 63 | ||||||||||
Inventories
Inventories consisted of the following at December 31, 20192022 and 20182021 (in thousands):
| 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||
| Raw materials | $ | 397,912 | $ | 404,727 | ||||||||||
| Work in process | 66,641 | 65,573 | ||||||||||||
| Finished goods | 417,218 | 433,511 | ||||||||||||
| Inventories | $ | 881,771 | $ | 903,811 | ||||||||||
| Inventories – current | $ | 621,376 | $ | 666,299 | ||||||||||
| Inventories – noncurrent | $ | 260,395 | $ | 237,512 | ||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | |||||||
| Raw materials | $ | 248,756 | $ | 224,329 | ||||
| Work in process | 59,924 | 41,294 | ||||||
| Finished goods | 295,479 | 252,372 | ||||||
| Inventories | $ | 604,159 | $ | 517,995 | ||||
| Inventories – current | $ | 443,513 | $ | 387,912 | ||||
| Inventories – noncurrent | $ | 160,646 | $ | 130,083 | ||||
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Other current assets
| 2019 | 2018 | |||||||
| Prepaid expenses | $ | 137,927 | $ | 90,981 | ||||
| Prepaid income taxes | 47,811 | 59,319 | ||||||
| Indirect tax receivables | 29,908 | 26,327 | ||||||
| Restricted cash | 13,697 | 19,671 | ||||||
| Notes receivable (1) | 23,873 | 5,196 | ||||||
| Derivative instruments (2) | 1,199 | 2,364 | ||||||
| Other current assets | 22,040 | 39,203 | ||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | 276,455 | $ | 243,061 | ||||
| 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||
| Spare maintenance materials and parts | $ | 114,428 | $ | 112,070 | ||||||||||
| Operating supplies | 47,492 | 41,034 | ||||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses | 43,262 | 28,232 | ||||||||||||
| Prepaid income taxes | 8,314 | 41,379 | ||||||||||||
| Restricted cash | 3,175 | 1,532 | ||||||||||||
| Derivative instruments (1) | 2,018 | 5,816 | ||||||||||||
| Other | 18,384 | 14,129 | ||||||||||||
| Other current assets | $ | 237,073 | $ | 244,192 | ||||||||||
——————————
Property, plant and equipment, net
Property, plant and equipment, net consisted of the following at December 31, 20192022 and 20182021 (in thousands):
| 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||
| Land | $ | 35,259 | $ | 18,359 | ||||||||||
| Buildings and improvements | 893,049 | 693,289 | ||||||||||||
| Machinery and equipment | 2,762,801 | 2,527,627 | ||||||||||||
| Office equipment and furniture | 146,467 | 139,611 | ||||||||||||
| Leasehold improvements | 40,160 | 40,517 | ||||||||||||
| Construction in progress | 1,121,938 | 461,708 | ||||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, gross | 4,999,674 | 3,881,111 | ||||||||||||
| Accumulated depreciation | (1,462,772) | (1,231,524) | ||||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 3,536,902 | $ | 2,649,587 | ||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | |||||||
| Land | $ | 14,241 | $ | 14,382 | ||||
| Buildings and improvements | 664,266 | 567,605 | ||||||
| Machinery and equipment | 2,436,997 | 1,826,434 | ||||||
| Office equipment and furniture | 159,848 | 178,011 | ||||||
| Leasehold improvements | 48,772 | 49,055 | ||||||
| Construction in progress | 243,107 | 405,581 | ||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, gross | 3,567,231 | 3,041,068 | ||||||
| Accumulated depreciation | (1,386,082 | ) | (1,284,857 | ) | ||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 2,181,149 | $ | 1,756,211 | ||||
We periodically assess the estimated useful lives of our property, plant and equipment for impairment whenever applicable factsevents or changes in circumstances arise that may indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. We consider a long-lived asset to be abandoned after we have ceased use of the asset and circumstances indicate a changewe have no intent to use or repurpose it in the estimated useful lifefuture, and such abandoned assets are recorded at their salvage value, if any. During 2020, we recorded an impairment loss of an asset may have occurred. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we revised the estimated useful lives$17.4 million in “Cost of sales” for certain core Series 6abandoned module manufacturing equipment, from 10 years to 15 years. Such revisionincluding framing and assembly tools, as such equipment was primarily due to the validation of certain aspects of our Series 6 module technology, including the nature of the manufacturing process, the operating and maintenance cost profile of the manufacturing equipment, and the technology’s compatibilityno longer compatible with our long-term module technology roadmap. We expect the revised useful lives to reduce depreciation by approximately $15.0 million per year.
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment was $176.4$244.9 million, $109.1$233.2 million, and $91.4$198.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2022, 2021, and 2017,2020, respectively.
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PV solar power systems, net
PV solar power systems, net consisted of the following at December 31, 20192022 and 20182021 (in thousands):
| 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||
| PV solar power systems, gross | $ | 11,593 | $ | 281,660 | ||||||||||
| Accumulated depreciation | (5,351) | (64,367) | ||||||||||||
| PV solar power systems, net | $ | 6,242 | $ | 217,293 | ||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | |||||||
| PV solar power systems, gross | $ | 530,004 | $ | 343,061 | ||||
| Accumulated depreciation | (53,027 | ) | (34,421 | ) | ||||
| PV solar power systems, net | $ | 476,977 | $ | 308,640 | ||||
Depreciation of PV solar power systems was $18.7$9.2 million, $15.3$11.8 million, and $19.8$19.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018,2022, 2021, and 2017,2020, respectively.
We evaluate our PV solar power systems for impairment under a held and used impairment model whenever events or changes in circumstances arise that may indicate that the carrying amount of a particular system may not be recoverable. Such events or changes may include a significant decrease in the market price of the asset, current-period operating or cash flow losses combined with a history of such losses or a projection of future losses associated with the use of the asset, and changes in expectations regarding our intent to hold the asset on a long-term basis or the timing of a potential asset disposition.
In November 2021, the off-taker for our 4 MWAC PV solar power plant located in Samoa notified us of its intention to terminate the PPA. Given the limited availability of alternative off-take opportunities, including both contracted and uncontracted sales of electricity produced by the project, we determined it was more likely than not that the carrying amount of the project was not recoverable due to our expectation that the project would be disposed of significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life. As a result, we measured the fair value of the plant using an income approach valuation technique and recorded an impairment loss of $10.2 million in “Cost of sales” for the difference between the estimated fair value and carrying value of the plant.
During 2022, we received multiple non-binding offers to purchase our Luz del Norte PV solar power plant and elected to pursue such opportunities in coordination with the project’s lenders. As a result of the expected sale, we compared the undiscounted future cash flows for the project to its carrying value and determined that the project was not recoverable. Accordingly, we measured the fair value of the project using a market approach valuation technique and recorded an impairment loss of $57.8 million in “Cost of sales” in our consolidated statements of operations. Such impairment loss was comprised of $55.6 million for PV solar power systems, $1.3 million for intangible assets, and $0.9 million for operating lease assets. In December 2022, we completed the sale of the project to a subsidiary of Toesca Asset Management (“Toesca”). In connection with the sale, the project’s lenders agreed to forgive a portion of the loan balance. See Note 11. “Debt” to our consolidated financial statements for further information related to this transaction.
Project assets
Project assets consisted of the following at December 31, 20192022 and 2018 (in thousands):
| 2019 | 2018 | |||||||
| Project assets – development costs, including project acquisition and land costs | $ | 254,466 | $ | 298,070 | ||||
| Project assets – construction costs | 82,654 | 200,359 | ||||||
| Project assets | 337,120 | 498,429 | ||||||
| Project assets – current | $ | 3,524 | $ | 37,930 | ||||
| Project assets – noncurrent | $ | 333,596 | $ | 460,499 | ||||
| 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||
| Project assets – development costs, including project acquisition and land costs | $ | 30,108 | $ | 117,407 | ||||||||||
| Project assets – construction costs | — | 198,081 | ||||||||||||
| Project assets | $ | 30,108 | $ | 315,488 | ||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||
| Interest cost incurred | $ | (29,656 | ) | $ | (31,752 | ) | $ | (27,457 | ) | |||
| Interest cost capitalized – project assets | 2,590 | 5,831 | 1,692 | |||||||||
| Interest expense, net | $ | (27,066 | ) | $ | (25,921 | ) | $ | (25,765 | ) | |||
In June 2022, we completed the sale of the majority of our project assets to PAG in connection with the sale of our Japan project development business. See Note 3. “Sales of Businesses” to our consolidated financial statements for further information about this transaction.
91
Other assets
Other assets consisted of the following at December 31, 20192022 and 20182021 (in thousands):
| 2019 | 2018 | |||||||
| Operating lease assets (1) | $ | 145,711 | $ | — | ||||
| Indirect tax receivables | 9,446 | 22,487 | ||||||
| Notes receivable (2) | 8,194 | 8,017 | ||||||
| Income taxes receivable | 4,106 | 4,444 | ||||||
| Equity method investments (3) | 2,812 | 3,186 | ||||||
| Derivative instruments (4) | 139 | — | ||||||
| Deferred rent | — | 27,249 | ||||||
| Other | 79,446 | 33,495 | ||||||
| Other assets | $ | 249,854 | $ | 98,878 | ||||
| 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||
| Operating lease assets (1) | $ | 93,185 | $ | 207,544 | ||||||||||
| Advance payments for raw materials | 91,260 | 86,962 | ||||||||||||
| Income tax receivables | 56,993 | 39,862 | ||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable unbilled, net | 11,498 | 20,840 | ||||||||||||
| Restricted cash equivalents | 6,284 | — | ||||||||||||
| Restricted cash | 2,734 | 3,651 | ||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable trade, net | 1,500 | 21,293 | ||||||||||||
| Indirect tax receivables | 123 | 21,873 | ||||||||||||
| Other | 56,265 | 36,739 | ||||||||||||
| Other assets | $ | 319,842 | $ | 438,764 | ||||||||||
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(1)See Note 9. "Leases" to our consolidated financial statements for discussion |
Accrued expenses
Accrued expenses consisted of the following at December 31, 20192022 and 20182021 (in thousands):
| 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Accrued property, plant and equipment | Accrued property, plant and equipment | $ | 148,777 | $ | 42,031 | |||||||||||||||||
| Accrued freight | Accrued freight | 77,136 | 61,429 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Accrued compensation and benefits | Accrued compensation and benefits | 47,939 | 34,606 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Accrued inventory | Accrued inventory | 44,679 | 42,170 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Accrued other taxes | Accrued other taxes | 19,765 | 23,103 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Product warranty liability (1) | Product warranty liability (1) | 10,660 | 13,598 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Accrued project costs | $ | 91,971 | $ | 147,162 | Accrued project costs | 4,601 | 48,836 | |||||||||||||||
| Accrued compensation and benefits | 65,170 | 41,937 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Accrued property, plant and equipment | 42,834 | 89,905 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Accrued inventory | 39,366 | 53,075 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Product warranty liability (1) | 20,291 | 27,657 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 91,628 | 81,844 | Other | 29,225 | 22,677 | |||||||||||||||||
| Accrued expenses | $ | 351,260 | $ | 441,580 | Accrued expenses | $ | 382,782 | $ | 288,450 | |||||||||||||
——————————
(1) See Note 12. “Commitments and Contingencies” to our consolidated financial statements for discussion of our “Product Warranties.”
Other current liabilities
Other current liabilities consisted of the following at December 31, 20192022 and 20182021 (in thousands):
| 2019 | 2018 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities (1) | $ | 11,102 | $ | — | Operating lease liabilities (1) | $ | 9,193 | $ | 12,781 | |||||||||||||
| Derivative instruments (2) | 2,582 | 7,294 | Derivative instruments (2) | 6,668 | 3,550 | |||||||||||||||||
| Contingent consideration (3) | 2,395 | 665 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Other taxes payable | Other taxes payable | 1,185 | 8,123 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 12,051 | 6,421 | Other | 4,199 | 10,293 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other current liabilities | $ | 28,130 | $ | 14,380 | Other current liabilities | $ | 21,245 | $ | 34,747 | |||||||||||||