Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the         Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).

The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was $703,959,338$518,560,146 as of June 30, 20212022 (based upon the closing sale price on The Nasdaq Capital MarketNew York Stock Exchange for such date). For this purpose, all shares held by directors, executive officers and stockholders beneficially owning ten percent or more of the registrant’s common stock have been treated as held by affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.

The number of shares of the Registrant’s common stock outstanding as of February 25, 202222, 2023 was 50,759,972.46,032,886.

Portions of the Registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for its 20222023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

Green Brick Partners, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“Green Brick”, “the Company”, “we” or “us”) is a diversified homebuilding and land development company. We acquire and develop land and build homes through our eight brands of builders in fourfive major markets. Our core markets are in the high growth U.S. metropolitan areas of Dallas-ForthDallas-Fort Worth (“DFW”), and Austin, Texas, and Atlanta, Georgia, as well as the Treasure Coast, Florida area. We also own a noncontrolling interest in a builder inarea and Colorado Springs, Colorado. We are engaged in all aspects of the homebuilding process, including land acquisition and development, entitlements, design, construction, title and mortgage services, marketing and sales and the creation of brand images at our residential neighborhoods and master planned communities.

We believe we offer higher quality homes with more distinctive designs and floor plans than those built by our competitors at comparable prices. Many of our communities are located in premium locations and we seek to enhance homebuyer satisfaction by utilizing high-quality materials, offering a broad range of customization options and building well-crafted homes. We seek to maximize value over the long term and operate our business to mitigate risks in the event of a downturn by controlling costs and quickly reacting to regional and local market trends.

We are a leading lot developer in our markets and believe that our strict operating discipline provides us with a competitive advantage in seeking to maximize returns while minimizing risk. As of December 31, 2021,2022, we owned or controlled approximately 28,60025,500 home sites in high-growth submarkets throughout the DFW, Austin, and Atlanta metropolitan areas and the Treasure Coast, Florida market. We provide finished lots to our subsidiary builders or option lots from third-party developers for our builders’ homebuilding operations and provide them with construction funding and strategic planning. Our Atlanta and Florida builders provide us with their local knowledge and relationships.

In 2019, in response to our customers expressed desire for an expedited and transparent sales process, we launchedoffer a selection of homes with simplified, all upgrades included options. In 2021, we continued to expand this selection. Our Trophy Signature Homes and CB JENI X and Trophy Signature Homes lines have been at the forefront of creating an honest, easy to follow, sales experience that seeks to offer simplified solutions with top-of-the-line finishes included regardless of a homebuyer’s price range. We believe that this streamlined process and focus on operational efficiency has enabled us to react quickly to the rise of the work from home and remote learning lifestyle of our homebuyers. As a result, we have launched updated plans with a focus on dedicated learning and office spaces, home integrations with the newest technology, and the latest in energy-efficient solutions including tankless water heaters, high-efficiency LED lighting, ENERGY STAR rated appliances, and low flow bathroom fixtures.

Our land inventory strategy strives to provide us with a multi-year supply of lots for each of our brands for future homebuilding while limiting any excess supply that would otherwise be subject to market cycle risk. With certain exceptions, we focus on the development of entitled parcels in communities where we can generally sell all lots and homes within 24 to 60 months from the start of sales. This focus allows us to limit exposure to land development and land risks while pursuing favorable returns on our investments. We seek to minimize our exposure to land risk through disciplined management of entitlements, the use of land and lot options, and other flexible land acquisition arrangements. We are actively involved in every step of the land entitlement, home design, and construction processes with our builders.

In response to the significant upward shift in demand in June 2020, ourOur land teams began focusingfocus on acquiring well located land. As a result, during 2020 and 2021, we grew our lot position 61.2% and 97.8% annually, respectively, for a total of 28,621 owned and controlled lots as of December 31, 2021. While the additional 14,000-plus lots acquired over the last year did not meaningfully contribute to our bottom line in 2021, we believe theyland that will position us to deliver future earnings growth in 20222023 and beyond. As of December 31, 2022, we had 25,527 lots owned and controlled. When excluding land held for future development, as of December 31, 2022, we had 18,952 lots owned and controlled.

We sell our homes primarily from models that we have designed and constructed. We employ new home consultants who are paid salaries, commissions or both to conduct on-site sales of our homes. Our in-house sales force typically works from sales offices located in model homes nearin or innear each community. Sales representatives assist potential buyers by providing them with basic floor plans, price information, development and construction timetables, virtual and in-person tours of model homes, and the selection of upgrade options. Sales personnel are trained by us and generally have had prior experience selling new homes in the local market. Our personnel, along with subcontracted marketing and design consultants, carefully design the exterior and interior of each home to appeal to the lifestyles of targeted homebuyers. We also sell homes through independent realtors. In addition, we have also made it possible for potential homebuyers to take virtual tours of model homes.

We offer a preferred lender referral program through our mortgage joint venturesventure to provide lending options to homebuyers in need of financing. We also offer homeowners a comprehensive warranty on each home. Homes are generally covered by an eight to ten-year warranty for structural concerns, one year for defects and products used, and two years for electrical, plumbing, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning parts and labor.

Our marketing strategy has increasingly involved advertising through digital channels including real estate listing sites, paid search, display advertising, social media, and e-mail marketing, all of which drive traffic to our website, www.greenbrickpartners.com.builders’ websites. This has allowed us to attract more qualified and knowledgeable homebuyers and has helped us reduce our selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of home sales revenues. However, we also continue to advertise through more traditional media on a limited basis, including newspapers, radio advertisements, other local and regional publications, and on billboards where appropriate. We tailor our marketing strategy and message based on the community being advertised and the customers being targeted.

In addition to independently branded subsidiary homebuilders, Green Brick Partners retains 100% ownership in Green Brick Title 49.99% ownership in Green Brick Mortgage, and 49% ownership in BHome Mortgage. Our financial services help our customers bring their homebuying dreams into reality by providing mortgage and title services, allowing for a one-stop-shop solution. Through Green Brick Mortgage and BHome Mortgage, our mortgage services buyers can expect personal attention from their first meeting through the closing of their new home. As part of the Green Brick Partners family, Green Brick Title’s unprecedented access to resources beyond those of a traditional title company enables us to always stay one step ahead of our competition and bring buyers unmatched customer service.

Typically, all the raw materials and most of the components used in our business are readily available in the United States. Most are standard items carried by major suppliers. However, athe rapid increase in the number of homes started during 2021 hasthrough the first half of 2022 caused shortages in the availability of such materials and in the price of services, thereby leading to delays in the delivery of homes and increased home construction prices. To mitigate the risk from rising costs, we have delayed contracting for the sales of our homes in many neighborhoods until after the home has been sheet-rocked. We continue to monitor the supply markets to achieve the best prices available. See “Risk Factors - Labor and raw material shortages and price fluctuations could delay or increase the cost of land development and home construction, which could materially and adversely affect our business.”

The homebuilding industry experiences seasonal fluctuations in quarterly operating results and capital requirements. We typically experience the highest new home order activity in spring and summer, although this activity is also highly dependent on the number of active selling communities, timing of new community openings, and other market factors. Since it typically has taken five to nine months to construct a new home, we have historically delivered more homes in the second half of the year as spring and summer home orders are delivered. Because of this seasonality, home starts, construction costs and related cash outflows have historically been highest in the second and third quarters, and the majority of cash receipts from home deliveries occur during the third and fourth quarters. We expect this seasonal pattern to continue over the long-term, although it may be affected by volatility in the homebuilding industry. Due to the significant increase in home demand and the more limited supply of both existing homes and speculative home inventory from all builders sincefor the middle of 2020,past two years, such seasonal patterns have been far less evident in our business operations.

Competition in the homebuilding industry is intense, and there are relatively low barriers to entry. Homebuilders compete for, among other things, homebuyers, desirable land parcels, financing, raw materials, and skilled labor. Increased competition could hurt our business, as it could prevent us from acquiring attractive land parcels on which to build homes or make such acquisitions more expensive, hinder our market share expansion, and lead to pricing pressures on our homes that may adversely impact our revenues and margins. Our competitors may independently develop land and construct housing units that are superior or substantially similar to our products. Furthermore, a number of our primary competitors are significantly larger, have a longer operating history, and may have greater resources or lower cost of capital; accordingly, they may be able to compete more effectively in one or more of the markets in which we operate. Many of these competitors also have longstanding relationships with subcontractors and suppliers in the markets in which we operate. We also compete for sales with individual resales of existing homes and with available rental housing.

Our website address is www.greenbrickpartners.com. Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are available free of charge through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Our website and the information contained or incorporated therein are not intended to be incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The residential homebuilding industry is cyclical and is highly sensitive to changes in general economic conditions such as levels of employment, consumer confidence and income, availability of financing for acquisitions, construction and permanent mortgages, interest rate levels, inflation and demand for housing. The U.S. housing market could be negatively impacted by declining consumer confidence, restrictive mortgage standards and large supplies of foreclosures, resales and new homes, among other factors. These conditions, combined with a prolonged economic downturn, high unemployment levels, increases in the rate of inflation and uncertainty in the U.S. economy, could contribute to higher cancellation rates, decreased demand for housing, decliningincreased market inventory of new homes, reduced sales prices and increasingincreased pricing pressure. Lower demand for our homes, combined with lower sales prices or the offering of other incentives or concessions would also have an adverse impact on our margins. If demand for housing stalls or declines, we could experience declines in the market value of our inventory and demand for our lots, homes and construction loans, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

Real estate investments are susceptible to various risks, fluctuations and cycles in value and demand, many of which are beyond our control. Certain events may decrease cash available for operations and the value of our real estate assets. These events include, but are not limited to:

Adverse changes in economic conditions in markets where we conduct our operations and where prospective purchasers of our homes live have had and may in the future have a negative impact on our business. Adverse changes in employment and median income levels, job growth, consumer confidence, interest rates, perceptions regarding the strength of the housing market, and population growth, or an oversupply of homes for sale may reduce demand or depress prices for our homes and cause home buyers to cancel their agreements to purchase our homes. This, in turn, could adversely affect our results of operations and financial conditioncondition.

In addition, periods of economic slowdown or recession, rising interest rates or declining demand for real estate, or the public perception that any of these events may occur, could result in a general decline in the purchase of homes or an increased incidence of home order cancellations. If we cannot successfully implement our business strategy, our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected.

Inflation can adversely affect our homebuilding operations by increasing costs of land, financing, materials, labor and construction. While we attempt to pass on cost increases to homebuyers by increasing prices, we may not be able to offset cost increases with higher selling prices in a weak housing market. In addition, significant inflation is often accompanied by higher interest rates, which have a negative impact on housing demand. In a highly inflationary environment, depending on industry and other economic conditions, we may be precluded from raising home prices enough to keep up with the rate of inflation or may have to discount prices which could reduce our profit margins. Moreover, with inflation, the costs of capital increase and the purchasing power of our cash resources could decline. The current and continued economic conditions of high inflation

Alternatively, a significant period of deflation could cause a decrease in overall spending and borrowing levels. This could lead to a deterioration in economic conditions, including an increase in the rate of unemployment. Deflation could cause the value of our inventory to decline or reduce the value of existing homes below the related mortgage loan balance, which could potentially increase the supply of existing homes and have a negative impact on our results of operations.

We conduct our land development and homebuilding operations primarily as a general contractor. Our unaffiliated third-party subcontractors perform virtually all of our land development and constructions. Consequently, the timing and quality of the development of our land and the construction of our homes depends on the availability and skill of our subcontractors. There may not be sufficient availability of and satisfactory performance by these unaffiliated third-party subcontractors in the markets in which we operate. If there are inadequate subcontractor resources, our ability to meet customer demands, both timing and quality, could be adversely affected which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, our future growth and our profitability.

The residential construction industry experiences labor and raw material shortages from time to time, including shortages in qualified tradespeople and in supplies such as insulation, drywall, cement, steel and lumber. These labor and raw material shortages can be more severe during periods of strong demand for housing or when a region in which we operate experiences a natural disaster that has a significant impact on existing residential and commercial structures. Significant increases in the demand for new homes result in extended lead times, supply shortages and price increases because of the heightened demand for the raw materials, products and appliances. For example, we have recentlypreviously, and may continue toin the future experience price increases, shortages and significant extensions to our lead time for the delivery of materials such as lumber, appliances and windows. This has and may continue to result in longer construction periods, delays in home closings and margin compression if we are unable to increase our sales prices accordingly.

Our success depends on the continued performance of key employees, including management team members at both the corporate and homebuilder subsidiary levels. Our results of operations could suffer if any of the management team members decided to ceaseterminate their employment with us. Our ability to retain our management team or to attract suitable replacements should any members of itsour management team leave is dependent on the competitive nature of the employment market. The loss of services from key management team members or a limitation in their availability could materially and adversely impact our

Furthermore, key employees working in the land development, homebuilding and construction industries are highly sought after. Experienced employees in the homebuilding, land acquisition, and construction industries are fundamental to our ability to generate, obtain and manage opportunities. In particular, local knowledge and relationships are critical to our ability to source attractive land acquisition opportunities. Failure to attract and retain such personnel or to ensure that their experience and knowledge is not lost when they leave the business through retirement, redundancy or otherwise may adversely affect the standards of our service and may have an adverse impact on our business, financial conditions and results of operations.

Our business objectives include expanding into new markets and becoming a more capital and operationally efficient home builder. We cannot guarantee that our strategies to meet these objectives will be successful or that they will result in growth, and increased earnings or returns within our desired time frame. We cannot guarantee that we will achieve positive operational or financial results in the future, or results that are equal to or better than those attained in the past. We also cannot provide any assurance that we will be able to maintain our strategies in the future. Due to unexpectedly favorable or unfavorable market conditions or other factors, we may determine that we need to adjust, refine or abandon all or portions of our strategies, and any related initiatives or actions. We cannot guarantee that any such adjustments will be successful. The failure of any one or more of our present strategies, or any related initiatives or actions, or the failure of any adjustments that we may pursue or implement, could have an adverse effect on our ability to increase the value and profitability of our business, our ability to operate our business in the ordinary course, our overall liquidity, and our consolidated financial statements. The effect in each case could be material.

The homebuilding industry is highly competitive for suitable land and the risk inherent in purchasing and developing land is directly impacted by changes in consumer demand for housing. The availability of finished and partially finished developed lots and undeveloped land for purchase that meet our investment criteria depends on a number of factors outside our control, including land availability, competition with other homebuilders and land buyers, inflation in land prices, zoning, allowable housing density, the ability to obtain building permits and other regulatory requirements. Should suitable land or lots become more difficult to locate or obtain, the number of lots we may be able to develop and sell could decrease, the number of homes we may be able to build and sell could be reduceddecrease and the cost of land could increase substantially, which could adversely impact our results of operations.

As competition for suitable land increases, the cost of acquiring both finished and undeveloped lots and the cost of developing owned land could rise and the availability of suitable land at acceptable prices may decline, which could adversely impact our financial results. The availability of suitable land assets could also affect the success of our land acquisition strategy, which may impact our ability to increase the number of active selling communities, to grow our revenues and margins and to achieve or maintain profitability.

Before a community generates any revenue, time and material expenditures are required to acquire and prepare land, entitle and finish lots, obtain development approvals, pay taxes and construct significant portions of project infrastructure, amenities,

Real estate investments are relatively illiquid. As a result, our ability to promptly sell one or more properties in response to changing economic, financial and investment conditions may be limited, and we may be forced to hold non-income producing assets for an extended period of time. We cannot predict whether we will be able to sell any property for the price or on the terms that we set or whether any price or other terms offered by a prospective purchaser would be acceptable to us. We also cannot predict the length of time needed to find a willing purchaser and to close the sale of a property.

In the Dallas–Fort WorthDFW metropolitan area, we primarily operate in the counties of Dallas, Collin, Denton, Ellis, Rockwall, Tarrant, Kaufman, Hunt, and Johnson .Johnson. In Austin, we primarily operate in the counties of Bastrop and Travis. In Atlanta, we primarily operate in the counties of Fulton, Gwinnett, Cobb, Forsyth, Cherokee and Dekalb. In Florida, we primarily operate in the counties of Indian River and St. Lucie. We may not realize our favorable growth outlook if housing demand and population growth stagnate or decrease in our core markets. Furthermore, we may be unable to compete effectively with the resale home market in our core markets. Because our operations are concentrated in these areas, a prolonged economic downturn in one or more of these areas could have a material adverse effect on our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations, and a disproportionately greater impact on us than other homebuilders with more diversified operations. Further, slower rates of population growth or population declines in the DFW, Austin, Atlanta or Treasure Coast markets, especially as compared to the high population growth rates in prior years, could affect the demand for housing, causing home prices in these markets to decline and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our developments are subject to numerous local, state, federal and other statutes, ordinances, rules and regulations concerning zoning, development, building design, construction and similar matters that impose restrictive zoning and density requirements, which impose limitations on the number and type of homes that can be built within the boundaries of a particular area. Projects that are not yet entitled may be subjected to periodic delays, changes in use, less intensive development or elimination of development in certain specific areas due to government regulations. We may also be subject to periodic delays or may be precluded entirely from developing in certain communities due to building moratoriums or “slow-growth” or “no-growth” initiatives that could be implemented in the future. Local governments also have broad discretion regarding the imposition of development and service fees for projects in their jurisdiction. Projects for which we have received land use and development entitlements or approvals may still require a variety of other governmental approvals and permits during the development process and can also be impacted adversely by unforeseen health, safety and welfare issues, which can further delay these projects or prevent their development. As a result, lot and home sales could decline and costs could increase, which could have a material adverse effect on our current results of operations and our long-term growth prospects.

There is growing concern from many members of the scientific community and the general public that an increase in global average temperatures due to emissions of greenhouse gases and other human activities have caused, or will cause, significant changes in weather patterns and increase the frequency and severity of natural disasters. Government mandates, standards or regulations intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or projected climate change impacts have resulted, and are likely to continue to result, in restrictions on land development in certain areas and increased energy, transportation and raw material costs. Governmental requirements directed at reducing effects on climate could cause us to incur expenses that we cannot recover or that will require us to increase the price of homes we sell to the point that it affects demand for those homes.

We continuously acquire land for replacement of land inventory and expansion within our current markets and may in the future acquire land for expansion into new markets. However, the market value of land, building lots and housing inventories can fluctuate significantly due to changing market conditions. The measures we employ to manage inventory risk may not be adequate to insulate our operations from a severe drop in inventory values. If housing demand decreases below what we

Our business depends on the ability of our homebuyers, as well as the ability of those who buy homes from the third-party homebuilding entities to which we sell lots (our “homebuilding customers”), to obtain financing for the purchase of their homes. Many of these homebuyers must sell their existing homes in order to buy a home from us or our homebuilding customers. Rising interest rates, decreased availability of mortgage financing or of certain mortgage programs, higher down payment requirements or increased monthly mortgage costs may lead to reduced demand for our homes and lots. Higher interest rates can also hinder our ability to realize our backlog because certain of our home purchase contracts provide homebuyers with a financing contingency. Financing contingencies allow homebuyers to cancel their home purchase contracts in the event that they cannot arrange for adequate financing within a certain time period after the execution of the home purchase contracts. As a result, rising interest rates can decrease our home sales and mortgage originations. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, the federal government has a significant role in supporting mortgage lending through its conservatorship of Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), both of which purchase home mortgages and mortgage-backed securities originated by mortgage lenders, and its insurance of mortgages originated by lenders through the Federal Housing Administration (the “FHA”) and the Veterans Administration (“VA”). The availability and affordability of mortgage loans, including consumer interest rates for such loans, could be adversely affected by a curtailment or cessation of the federal government’s mortgage-related programs or policies. The FHA may continue to impose stricter loan qualification standards, raise minimum down payment requirements, impose higher mortgage insurance premiums and other costs and/or limit the number of mortgages it insures. Due to growing federal budget deficits, the U.S. Treasury may not be able to continue supporting the mortgage-related activities of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, the FHA and the VA at present levels, or it may significantly revise significantly the federal government’s participation in and support of the residential mortgage market. Because the availability of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, FHA- and VA-backed mortgage financing is an important factor in marketing and selling many of our homes, any limitations, restrictions or changes in the availability of such government-backed financing could reduce our home sales, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

People who are unemployed, underemployed, who have left the labor force or are concerned about the loss of their jobs are less likely to purchase new homes. They may also be forced to sell their homes as they face difficulties in making required mortgage payments. Therefore, any increase in unemployment or underemployment may lead to an increase in the number of loan delinquencies and property repossessions. Such a condition could have an adverse impact on our business both by reducing demand for our homes, lots and construction loans and by increasing the supply of homes for sale.

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). The Tax Act made major changes to the Internal Revenue Code that, in part, affect the after-tax cost of owning a home. Specifically, the Tax Act limited the ability of homebuyers to deduct (i) property taxes, (ii) mortgage interest, and (iii) state and local income taxes. The annual deduction for real estate taxes and state and local income taxes (or sales taxes in lieu of income taxes) is now generally limited to $10,000. These changes increased the after-tax cost of owingowning a new home for many of our potential homebuyers and the potential homebuyers of our homebuilding customers.

If the federal government or a state government further changes its income tax laws to further eliminate or substantially limit these income tax deductions, the after-tax cost of owning a new home would further increase for many of our potential customers. Proposed legislation that was passed by the House of Representatives in November 2021 (the “Build Back Better Act”) would generally raise the deduction limit to $80,000 through 2030, but there can be no assurance that this proposed legislation will be enacted and, even if enacted, there may be changes with respect thereto (i.e., that would modify the limit) prior to enactment.

The loss or reduction of these homeowner tax deductions that have historically been available has reduced and could further reduce the perceived affordability of homeownership, and therefore the demand for and sales price of new homes, including ours. In addition, increases in property tax rates or fees on developers by local governmental authorities, as experienced in response to reduced federal and state funding or to fund local initiatives, such as funding schools or road improvements, or increases in insurance premiums can adversely affect the ability of potential customers to obtain financing or their desire to purchase new homes, and can have an adverse impact on our business and financial results.

The climates and geology of the states in which we operate present increased risks of severe weather conditions and natural disasters. The occurrence of severe weather conditions or natural disasters can delay new home deliveries and lot development, reduce the availability of materials and/or negatively impact the demand for new homes in affected areas.

Additionally, to the extent that hurricanes, severe storms, earthquakes, tornadoes, droughts, floods, wildfires or other natural disasters or similar events occur, our homes under construction or our lots under development could be damaged or destroyed, which may result in losses exceeding our insurance coverage. Any of these events could increase our operating expenses, impair our cash flows and reduce our revenues. To the extent that climate change increases the frequency and severity of weather-related disasters, we may experience increasing negative weather-related impacts to our operations in the future.

Further, acts of war, any outbreak or escalation of hostilities between the United States and any foreign power or acts of terrorism may cause disruptions to the U.S. economy or the local economies of the markets in which we operate, cause shortages of building materials, increase costs associated with obtaining building materials, result in building code changes that could increase costs of construction, affect job growth and consumer confidence or cause economic changes that we cannot anticipate, all of which could reduce demand for our lots, homes and construction loans and adversely impact our business and results of operations.

Competition in the land development and homebuilding industries in our markets is intense, and there are relatively low barriers to entry. Land developers and homebuilders compete for, among other things, homebuyers, desirable land parcels, financing, raw materials and skilled labor. Increased competition could hurt our business, as it could prevent us from acquiring attractive land parcels for development and resale or homebuilding (or make such acquisitions more expensive), hinder our market share expansion and lead to pricing pressures that adversely impact our margins and revenues. Our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected if we are unable to compete successfully. Our competitors may independently develop land and construct housing units that are superior or substantially similar to our products. Furthermore, a number of our primary competitors are significantly larger, have a longer operating history and may have greater resources or lower cost of capital than us. Accordingly, competitors may be able to compete more effectively in one or more of the markets in which we operate. Many of these competitors also have longstanding relationships with subcontractors and suppliers in the markets in which we operate. Our homebuilding business also competes for sales with individual resales of existing homes and with available rental housing.

Our construction financing business competes with other lenders, including national, regional and local banks and other financial institutions, some of which have greater access to capital or different lending criteria and may be able to offer more attractive financing to potential homebuyers.

The operating agreements governing our partially owned controlled builders contain buy-sell provisions that may be triggered in certain circumstances. In the event that a buy-sell event occurs, our builder will have the right to initiate a buy-sell process, which may happen at an inconvenient time for us. In the event the buy-sell provisions are exercised at a time when we lack sufficient capital to purchase the remaining equity interest, we may elect to sell our equity interest in the entity. If a buy-sell provision is exercised and we elect to purchase the interest in an entity that we do not already own, we may be as successful as we anticipate and could disrupt our ongoing businesses and adversely affect our operations.

We are subject to several local, state, federal and other statutes, ordinances, rules and regulations concerning the environment. The particular environmental laws that apply to any given homebuilding or development site vary according to multiple factors, including the site’ssite location, its environmental conditions and the present and former uses of the site as well asand adjoining properties. Environmental laws and conditions may result in delays, may cause us to incur substantial compliance and other costs and can prohibit or severely restrict homebuilding and land development activity in environmentally sensitive regions or areas. In addition, when an endangered or threatened species is involved, environmental rules and regulations can result in the restriction or elimination of development in identified environmentally sensitive areas. From time to time, the United States Environmental Protection Agency and similar federal or state agencies review homebuilders’ compliance with environmental laws and may levy fines and penalties for failure to comply strictly with applicable environmental laws or impose additional requirements for future compliance as a resultbecause of past failures. Any such actions taken with respect to our business may increase our costs. Environmental regulations can also have an adverse impact on the availability and price of certain raw materials such as lumber. Further, we expect that increasingly stringent requirements will be imposed on homebuilders and land developers in the future.

Under various environmental laws, current or former owners of real estate may be required to investigate and clean up hazardous or toxic substances and may be held liable to a governmental entity or to third parties for related damages, including for bodily injury, and for investigation and clean-up costs incurred by such parties in connection with the contamination.

Residents of communities we develop rely on us to resolve issues or disputes that may arise in connection with the operation or development of their communities. Efforts made by us to resolve these issues or disputes could be deemed unsatisfactory by the affected residents and subsequent actions by these residents could adversely affect sales or our reputation. In addition, we could be required to make material expenditures related to the settlement of such issues or disputes or to modify community development plans, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

Most of our potential homebuyers engage local real estate agents who are unaffiliated with us in connection with their search for a new home. If we do not maintain good relations with, and a good reputation among, these real estate agents, the agents may not encourage potential homebuyers to consider, or may actively discourage homebuyers from considering, our communities, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

We rely on information technology systems and other computer resources to carry out operational and marketing activities, as well as to maintain our business records. As part of our normal business activities, we may collect and store certain confidential information, including information about employees, homebuyers, customers, vendors and suppliers and may share information with vendors who assist us with certain aspects of our business. Many of these resources are provided to us and/or maintained on our behalf by third-party service providers pursuant to agreements that specify certain security and service level standards. Our ability to conduct our business may be impaired if these resources are compromised, degraded, damaged or fail, whether due to a virus or other harmful circumstance, intentional penetration or disruption of our information technology resources by a third-party, natural disaster, hardware or software corruption or failure or error (including a failure of security controls incorporated into or applied to such hardware or software), telecommunications system failure, service provider error or failure, intentional or unintentional personnel actions (including the failure to follow our security protocols) or lost connectivity to networked resources.

There has been an increase in cyber-attacks during the COVID-19 pandemic.in recent years. Breaches of our data security systems, including by cyber-attacks, could result in the unintended public disclosure or the misappropriation of our proprietary information or personal and confidential information, about our employees, consumers who view our homes, homebuyers or our business partners, requiringwhich could require us to incur significant expense to address and resolve such issues. The release of confidential information may also lead to identity theft and related fraud, litigation or other proceedings against us by affected individuals, and/or business partners and/or regulators, and the outcome of such proceedings, which could include penalties or fines, and any significant disruption of our business could have a material and adverse effect on our reputation and cause us to lose homebuyers,resulting in the loss of customers, sales and revenue.

Data protection and privacy laws continue to evolve and become more complex in various U.S. federal and state jurisdictions. Such regulatory changes, variations in requirementrequirements across jurisdictions and ongoing discussions about a national privacy law could present compliance challenges. The costs of complying with such changes could adversely affect our business.

We maintain insurance coverage for potential breaches but the costs to remedy a breach may not be fully covered by our insurance. We provide employee awareness training of cybersecurity threats and utilize information technology security experts to assist us in our evaluations of the effectiveness of the security of our information technology systems, and we regularly enhance our security measures to protect our systems and data. We use various encryption, tokenization and authentication technologies to mitigate cybersecurity risks and have increased our monitoring capabilities to enhance early detection and rapid response to potential cyber threats. While we have not had a significant cybersecurity breach or attack that had a material impact on our business or operations, there can be no assurance that our efforts to maintain the security and integrity of our information technology systems will be effective or that attempted breaches would not be successful in the future.

As a homebuilder, we are subject to construction defect and home warranty claims arising in the ordinary course of business. These claims are common in the homebuilding industry and can be costly.costly and once claims are asserted, it can be difficult to determine the extent to which the assertion will expand geographically. In addition, the costs of insuring against construction defect and product liability claims are high. This coverage may be restricted and become more costly in the future. If the limits or coverages of our current and former insurance programs prove inadequate, or we are not able to obtain adequate, or reasonably priced, insurance against these types of claims in the future, or the amounts currently provided for future warranty or insurance claims are inadequate, we may experience losses that could negatively impact our financial results.

The homebuilding industry experiences seasonal fluctuations in quarterly results of operations and capital requirements. We typically experience the highest new home order activity in spring and summer, although this activity is also highly dependent on the number of active selling communities, timing of new community openings and other market factors. Since it typically takes five to nine months to construct a new home, we deliver more homes in the second half of the year as spring and summer home orders convert to home deliveries. Because of this seasonality, home starts, construction costs and related cash outflows have historically been highest in the second and third quarters, and the majority of cash receipts from home deliveries occurs during the second half of the year. We expect this seasonal pattern to continue over the long-term, although we may also be affected by volatility in the homebuilding industry.

Additionally, weather-related problems may occur, delaying starts or closings or increasing costs and reducing profitability. Delays in opening new communities or new sections of existing communities could have an adverse impact on home sales and revenues. Expenses are not incurred and recognized evenly throughout the year. Because of these factors, our quarterly results of operations may be uneven and may be marked by lower revenues and earnings in some quarters compared with others.

The markets in which we operate may in the future be subject to utility or other resource shortages, including significant changes to the availability of electricity and water. Shortages of natural resources in our markets, particularly shortages of water, may make it more difficult for us to obtain regulatory approval offor new developments. We may experience material fluctuations in utility and resource costs across our markets, and we may incur additional costs and may not be able to complete construction on a timely basis if such fluctuations arise. Furthermore, these shortages and interest rate fluctuations may adversely affect the regional economies in which we operate, which may reduce demand for our homes, lots and construction loans and negatively affect our business and results of operations.

We could suffer physical damage to property or incur liabilities resulting in losses that may not be fully recoverable by insurance. In addition, certain types of risks, such as personal injury claims, may be, or may become in the future, either uninsurable or not economically insurable, or may not be currently or in the future covered by our insurance policies or otherwise be subject to significant deductibles or limits. Should an uninsured loss or a loss in excess of insured limits occur or be subject to deductibles, we could sustain financial loss or lose capital invested in the affected property as well as anticipated future income from that property. In addition, we could be liable to repair damage or meet liabilities caused by risks that are uninsured or subject to deductibles. We may be liable for any debt or other financial obligations related to an affected property. Material losses or liabilities in excess of insurance proceeds may occur in the future.

We rely on subcontractors to perform the actual construction of our homes, and, in some cases, to select and obtain building materials. Despite our detailed specifications and quality control procedures, subcontractors may use improper construction processes or defective materials in some cases. Defective products widely used by the homebuilding industry can require extensive repairs to large numbers of homes. The cost of complying with our warranty obligations may be significant if we are unable to recover the cost of repairs from subcontractors, materials suppliers and insurers.

In 2018 and 2020, we established a joint ventures, Green Brick Mortgage andventure, BHome Mortgage, respectively, to provide mortgage related services to homebuyers. The residential mortgage lending industry remains under intense scrutiny and is heavily regulated at the federal, state and local levels. Although we do not originate mortgages, we are directly or indirectly subject to certain of these regulations. Changes to existing laws or regulations or adoption of new laws or regulations could require our joint venture to incur significant compliance costs. A material failure to comply with any of these laws or regulations could result in the loss or suspension of required licenses or other approvals, the imposition of monetary penalties, and restitution awards or other relief. Any of these outcomes could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

We are periodically required to provide bonds to governmental authorities and others to ensure the completion of our projects.projects and these bonds are generally not released until all development and construction activities to which they relate are completed. Depending on market conditions, surety providers may be reluctant to issue new bonds and may request credit enhancements (such as cash deposits or letters of credit) in order to maintain existing bonds or to issue new bonds. If we are unable to obtain required bonds for our future projects, or if we are required to provide credit enhancements with respect to our current or future bonds, our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our business requires access to capital on favorable terms to service our indebtedness, cover our operating expenses and fund other liquidity needs. Negative rating actions by credit agencies such as downgrades increase the cost to access capital and make it difficult for us to meet our liquidity needs. Any downgrade of our credit rating by any of the principal credit agencies may exacerbate these difficulties. There are no assurances that we will not experience downgrades in our credit ratings in the future, whether due to worsening macroeconomic conditions, a downturn in the housing industry, failure to successfully execute our business strategy, or the adverse impact on our results of operations or liquidity position of any of the above or otherwise.

The homebuilding industry is capital-intensive and requires significant up-front expenditures to acquire land parcels and begin development. Land acquisition, development and construction activities may be adversely affected by any shortage or increased cost of financing or the unwillingness of third parties to engage in partnerships, joint ventures or other alternative arrangements.

In addition to the financing provided by the senior unsecured notes, we currently have access to a senior secured revolving credit facility and a senior unsecured revolving credit facility. We cannot ensure that we will be able to extend the maturity of these credit facilities or arrange another facility on acceptable terms or at all.

Furthermore, in the future, we may seek additional capital in the form of equity or debt financing from a variety of potential sources, including additional bank financings and/or securities offerings. The availability of borrowed funds, especially for land acquisition and construction financing, may be greatly reduced nationally, and the lending community may require increased amounts of equity to be invested in a project by borrowers in connection with both new loans and the

Our revolving credit facilities and the terms of our senior unsecured notes impose certain restrictions on our and certain of our subsidiaries’ operations and activities and require us to maintain certain financial covenants. The most significant restrictions relate to debt incurrence (including non-recourse indebtedness), creation of liens, repayment of certain indebtedness prior to its respective stated maturity, sales of assets, cash distributions (including paying dividends), capital stock repurchases, and investments by us and certain of our subsidiaries. These restrictions may prevent us from capitalizing on business opportunities and could adversely affect our growth.

The restrictions in our debt instruments could prohibit or restrict our and certain of our subsidiaries’ activities, such as undertaking capital raising or restructuring activities or entering into other transactions. In addition, if we fail to comply with these restrictions, an event of default could occur and our debt under these debt instruments could become due and payable prior to maturity. Any such event of default could lead to cross defaults under certain of our other debt or negatively impact other covenants. In any of these situations, we may be unable to amend the applicable instrument or obtain a waiver without significant additional cost, or at all. Any such situation could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and financial condition.

We are not restricted from issuing additional shares of our authorized common stock or our Series A preferred stock, including securities that could be converted into or exchanged for, or that represent the right to receive, shares of our common or preferred stock. For example, in December 2021, we offered 2,000,000 depositary shares representing shares of our 5.75% cumulative perpetual preferred stock. If we issue a substantial number of shares of common or Series A preferred stock, or depositary shares representing interests in our preferred stock, or if the expectation of such issuances is broadly disseminated in the market, including in connection with any acquisitions, the market price for our common, preferred or depositary shares could be adversely affected, and our shareholders’stockholders’ interest could be diluted. Our decision to issue equity securities will depend on market conditions and other factors, and we cannot predict or estimate with certainty the amount, timing or nature of potential future issuances. Accordingly, our shareholdersstockholders bear the risk that such future equity issuances could reduce market price and dilute their stock holding with us. We currently have 50,759,972As of December 31, 2022, we had 46,032,930 shares of common stock and 2,000 shares of seriesSeries A preferred stock outstanding.

Shares of our common stock and preferred stock are equity interests and do not constitute indebtedness. Accordingly, shares of our common stock and depositary shares, which represent a fractional interest in our Series A preferred stock, will rank junior to all of our existing and future indebtedness (including indebtedness convertible into our common stock or preferred stock), to the indebtedness and other liabilities of our existing or future subsidiaries, and to other non-equity claims

Greenlight Capital, Inc. and its affiliates (“Greenlight”) and James R. Brickman own approximately 34%37.2% and 3%3.4%, respectively, of our voting power. These large stockholders, acting together, could determine substantially all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions, such as a sale or other change of control transaction. In addition, this concentration of ownership may delay or prevent a change in control within us and make some transactions more difficult or impossible without the support of these stockholders. The interests of these stockholders may not always coincide with our interests or the interests of other stockholders. Accordingly, these stockholders could cause us to enter into transactions or agreements that you would not approve or make decisions with which you may disagree.

We believe that a significant portion of our common stock beneficially owned by Greenlight and Mr. Brickman are “restricted securities” within the meaning of the federal securities laws. We entered into registration rights agreements with each of these parties in 2014 which provide these parties the right to require us to register the resale of their shares under certain circumstances. In December 2020, 24,118,668 shares held by Greenlight were registered for resale on Form S-3 in accordance with the registration rights agreement. These shares may be sold in the market at any time, subject to compliance with securities laws. If these holders sell substantial amounts of these shares, the price of our common stock could decline. In addition, the sale of these shares could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. As of December 31, 2022, 16,600,508 shares were held by Greenlight.

None.

We lease our principal executive office located at 2805 Dallas Parkway, Suite 400, Plano, Texas, 75093. Our homebuilding and title division offices are located in leased space in the markets where we conduct business. We believe that such properties are suitable and adequate to meet the needs of our businesses. Because of the nature of our homebuilding operations, we and our builders hold significant amounts of property as inventory in connection with our homebuilding business. We discuss these properties in the discussion of our homebuilding operations in Part I, Item 1 and Part II, Item 7 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We are involved in various claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. We do not believe that any such claims and litigation will have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations or financial position.

Not Applicable.

Our common stock trades on The New York Stock Exchange Capital Market under the ticker symbol “GRBK”.

On February 25, 2022,22, 2023, there were 1759 stockholders of record of our common stock. We believe the number of beneficial owners of our common stock is substantially greater than the number of record holders because a large portion of our outstanding common stock is held of record in broker “street names” for the benefit of individual investors. As of February 25, 2022,22, 2023, there were 50,759,97246,032,886 common shares outstanding.

We have not paid any dividends since our inception and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We currently anticipate that we will retain all of our available cash for general corporate purposes. Payment of future dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors (the “Board”) and will depend on many factors, including general economic and business conditions, our strategic plans, our financial results and condition, legal requirements and other factors as our Board deems relevant.

The following graph compares the five-year cumulative total return on our common stock, assuming $100 was invested on December 31, 2016, withyearly dollar change in the cumulative total returnsshareholder return on the Company’s common stock against the cumulative total shareholder return of the Russell 3000 Index and the S&P Homebuilders Select Industry Index for the periodsfive year period that commenced December 31, 2017 and ended December 31.31, 2022.

Please see “Risk Factors” located in Part I, Item 1A in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a further discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties which could affect our future results. We undertake no obligation to revise any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of those statements or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events, except to the extent we are legally required to disclose certain matters in SEC filings or otherwise.

For business overview and developments during the year ended December 31, 2021,2022, refer to Part I, Item 1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our key financial and operating metrics are home deliveries, home closings revenue, average sales price of homes delivered, and net new home orders, which refers to the number of sales contracts executed reduced by the number of sales contracts canceled during the relevant period. Our results for each key financial and operating metric, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020,2021, are provided below:

The United States has been impacted by the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic. However, throughout the pandemic, we have continued to build, close and sell homes in our markets. The overwhelming expansion of our revenues year over year is primarily attributable to the strong performance of our new Trophy brand division, andgrowth in the average selling price of homes, the impact of macroeconomic factors, such as low interest rates,and an influx of millenniamillennial first-time home buyers and demand for suburban homes from apartment dwellers in response to COVID-19.during the first half of the year. The significant increase in new home demandconstruction in our markets has, in turn, led to increased demand for labor and the raw materials, products and appliances for new homes. Due to the increased demand, we have and expect to continue to experienceexperienced increases in cost and decreased availability of skilled labor as well as increases, shortages, and significant extensions to our lead time for the delivery of key materials and inputs. Additionally, the recent rapid rise in interest rates as well as the inflationary impact on buying power has impacted the ability of some buyers to qualify for mortgages in spite of unsatisfied demand for homes and the continued undersupply of existing and new home inventory.

From October 20202021 to October 2021,2022, homes in the DFW and Atlanta markets appreciated by 24.6%13.5% and 21.4%14.9%, respectively, compared to 18.4%8.6% average appreciation for 20 major U.S. metropolitan areas (Source: S&P Dow Jones Indices & CoreLogic, October 31, 2021)2022). Among the 12 largest metropolitan areas in the country, the Dallas areaand Atlanta areas ranked third and the Atlanta area ranked seventhsixth, respectively, in annual rate of job growth from November 20202021 to November 20212022 (Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 2021)2022). We believe that we operate in two of the most desirable housing markets in the nation and that increasing demand and supply constraints in our target markets create favorable conditions for our future growth.

The $379.5$394.3 million increase in residential units revenue was driven by the 10.1%26.3% increase in the average sales price of homes delivered for the year ended December 31, 20212022 and the 28.4%2.9% increase in the number of homes delivered. The 10.1%increase

Net new home orders decreased by 1.2%30.8% over the prior year period and our absorption rate per average active selling community increased 9.3%decreased 20.7% year over year. The absorption rate per average active selling community per quarterlower levels of 8.2 homes duringbuyer traffic to many of our communities reduced the year ended December 31, 2021, was a direct result of pro-active metering of home sales by withholding homes from sale and by limiting sales per community to better align the absorption rate of sales with the ability to deliver new homes. Because of rising input costs and strong sales demand, we prefer to increase our level of spec inventory than sell as many homes yet to be built. The absorption rate per average active selling community per quarter of 8.2 homes during the year ended December 31, 2021, exceed the 5.6 net new home orders; we believe that the traffic decline starting in the second quarter was attributable to the recent rapid rise in interest rates as buyers reevaluated their buying capacity as well as the inflationary impact on consumer buying power and consumer confidence. Despite the lower sales pace, our decline in new order revenues was smaller than the decline in orders during the year ended December 31, 2019at 18.7% as our average sales price on new orders rose by 46.4%17.5%.

Backlog refers to homes under sales contracts that have not yet closed at the end of the relevant period, and absorption rate refers to the rate at which net new home orders are contracted per average active selling community during the relevant period. Upon a cancellation, the escrowcustomer deposit may be returned to the prospective purchaser. Accordingly, backlog may not be indicative of our future revenue.

Our cancellation rate, which refers to sales contracts canceled divided by sales contracts executed during the relevant period, was 13.8% for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 7.7% for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to 13.0% for2021. Our cancellation rate increase was driven by rapidly rising interest rates as well as customer concerns with the year ended December 31, 2020.macroeconomic environment. Sales contracts relating to homes in backlog may be canceled by the prospective purchaser for a number of reasons, such as the prospective purchaser’s inability to obtain suitable mortgage financing. Upon a cancellation, the escrow deposit may be returned to the prospective purchaser. Management believes a cancellation rate in the range of 15% to 20% is representative of an industry average cancellation rate. Our cancellation rate is on the lower end of the industry average, which we believe is due to favorable market conditions through December 31, 2021.

The $183.0 million increaseBacklog declined by 57.6% with a 63.7% drop in value of backlog was due to the 25.2%units, offset by a 16.9% increase in the average sales price of backlog andunits. The drop in backlog units is a function of the 1.2%lower levels of new home orders described above as well as an increase in our cancellation rate. With the numbervolatility in interest rates, customers also are demonstrating a strong preference for inventory spec homes that are nearing completion. As a result, homes spend a shorter amount of homestime in backlog.backlog, thereby creating a smaller total backlog level. The increase of thein average sales price of homes in backlog was the result ofattributable to overall price increases driven by the high demand and low supply of inventory.

Cost of residential units for the year ended December 31, 20212022 increased by $258.5$232.6 million, or 36.6%24.1%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2020,2021, primarily due todriven by the 28.4% increase in the number of new homes delivered in addition to increasing levels of cost input prices.prices and more expensive homes delivered during the period.

Residential units gross margin for the year ended December 31, 20212022 increased to 26.4%29.8%, compared to 24.1%26.4% for the year ended December 31, 2020,2021, primarily because ofdue to overall price increases that outpaced the levels of cost input price increases.

The 45.3%23.2% decrease in lots revenue was driven by the 13.9%10.8% decrease in the number of lots closed andfrom a higher proportion of lots developed for internal use. The average lot price decreased by 36.5%13.9% due to a higher number of entry level lots sold. Land revenue represents sales of tracts of land acquired that also included parcels zoned for retailduring the years ended December 31, 2022 and multi-family properties, as well as2021; such sales are opportunistic but are not generally in the saleordinary course of 50% interest in communities to other public homebuilders at zero profit where we enter into co-development agreements to split certain larger lot-count communities.business.

The 1.9% decrease of totalTotal selling, general and administrative expense as a percentage of revenue was primarily driven bymodestly improved to 9.3% from 9.6% for the leverage of higher revenues without a corresponding increase inyear ended December 31, 2022 compared to the level of overhead costs.year ended December 31, 2021.

Selling,The decrease in selling, general and administrative expense as a percentage of revenue for builder operations decreased by 1.5% duefrom 10.1% to 9.7% was primarily attributable to an increase in builder operations revenues without a corresponding increase in the level of overhead costs. Builder operationsoverhead expenditures include salary expenses,salaries, sales commissions, and community costs such as advertising and marketing expenses, rent, professional fees, and non-capitalized property taxes.

Selling, general and administrative expense for the corporate, other and unallocated non-operating segment for the year ended December 31, 20212022 was income of $2.1$3.5 million, compared to expenseincome of $2.3$2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.2021. The change is primarily due to an increase in capitalized overhead adjustments that are not allocated to builder operations and land development segments.

Equity in income of unconsolidated entities increased to $19.7$25.6 million, or 18.4%30.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2021,2022, compared to $16.7$19.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020,2021, primarily due to an increase in earnings from GB Challenger. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a summary of Green Brick’s share in net earnings by unconsolidated entity.

Other income, net, increased to $11.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $9.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to $4.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.2021. The change is primarily due to an increase in title closing and settlement services of $3.5 million arising from higher volume of closingscustomer deposits forfeited during the year ended December 31, 2021 and to $1.5 million of allowances for option deposits and pre-acquisition costs caused by COVID-19 pandemic considerations recorded during the year ended December 31, 2020.2022.

Income tax expense increased to $82.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $52.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 from $25.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.2021. The increase was partially due todriven by a reduced benefit in the Energy Efficient Tax Homes Tax Credit, change in state tax rates in Florida and Colorado, and a higher taxable income. Also,income during the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized favorable federal energy tax credits from building energy-efficient homes in prior tax years.2022.

For discussion and analysis of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 20202021 as well as for comparison to our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2019,2020, refer to Item 7 of Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.2021. 

The following table presents additional information on the lots we owned as of December 31, 20212022 and December 31, 2020.2021.

AsWe had $76.6 million and $77.2 million of unrestricted cash as of December 31, 20212022 and December 31, 2020, we had $78.7 million and $19.5 million of unrestricted cash,2021, respectively. Our historical cash management strategy includes redeploying net cash from the sale of home inventory to acquire and develop land and lots that represent opportunities to generate desired margins and using cash to make additional investments in business acquisitions, joint ventures, or other strategic activities.

Our principal uses of capital forFor the year ended December 31, 20212022, our principal uses of capital were home construction, land purchases, land development, operating expenses, and payment of routine liabilities.liabilities and stock repurchases. We used funds generated by operations and available borrowings to meet our short-term working capital requirements. We remain focused on generating positive margins in our builder operations segments and acquiring desirable land positions in order to maintain a strong balance sheet and remain poised for continued growth.

Cash flows for each of our communities depend on the community’s stage in the development cycle and can differ substantially from reported earnings. Early stages of development or expansion require significant cash outlays for land

Our debt to total capitalization ratio, which is calculated as the sum of borrowings on lines of credit, the senior unsecured notes and notes payable, net of debt issuance costs, divided by the total capitalization, which equals the sum of Green Brick Partners, Inc. stockholders’ equity and total debt, was approximately 27.7%25.7% as of December 31, 2021. In addition,2022. Additionally, as of December 31, 2021,2022, our net debt to total capitalization ratio, which is a non-GAAP financial measure, remained low at 22.7%21.5%. It is our intent to prudently employ leverage to continue to invest in our land acquisition, development and homebuilding businesses. We target a debt to total capitalization ratio of approximately 30% to 35%, which we expect will provide us with significant additional growth capital.

In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we utilize a financial measure of net debt to total capitalization ratio that is a non-GAAP financial measure as defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission.SEC. Net debt to total capitalization is calculated as the total debt less cash and cash equivalents, divided by the sum of total Green Brick Partners, Inc. stockholders’ equity and total debt less cash and cash equivalents. We present this measure because we believe it is useful to management and investors in evaluating our financing structure. We also believe this measure facilitates the comparison of our financing structure with other companies in our industry. Because this measure is not calculated in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”), it may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for, or superior to, financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.

The closest GAAP financial measure to the net debt to total capitalization ratio is the debt to total capitalization ratio. The following table represents a reconciliation of the net debt to total capitalization ratio to the closest GAAP financial measure as of December 31, 2021.2022.

Our key sources of liquidity were funds generated by operations and provided by lines of credit and issuance of senior unsecured notes and preferred stockborrowings during the year ended December 31, 2021.2022.

Optional prepayment is allowed with payment of a “make-whole” premium which fluctuates depending on market interest rates. Interest is payable quarterly in arrears.

As of December 31, 2021,2022, we believe that our cash on hand, capacity available under our lines of credit and cash flows from operations for the next twelve months will be sufficient to service our outstanding debt during the next twelve months.months and fund our operations. For more detailed information on our lines of credit, refer to Note 78 to the Consolidated Financial Statements located in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

OnAs of December 22,31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 we had issued and outstanding 2,000,000 Depositary Shares, each representing 1/1000 of a share of our 5.75% Series A Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock (the “Series A Preferred Stock”) for $50.0 million.. We received net proceeds of $47.7 million and incurred stock issuance costs of approximately $2.3 million that reducedpay cumulative cash dividends on the amount of equity on our consolidated balance sheet.

In December 2020, we filed with the SEC a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 registering up to $500 million of securities, including shares of our common stock, preferred stock or debt securities either separately or represented by warrants, or depositary shares as well as units that include any of these securities. Under the rules governing shelf registration statements, we will file a prospectus supplement and advise the SEC of the amount and type of securities each time we issue securities under this registration statement.

The following summarizes our primary sources and uses of cash for the year ended December 31, 20212022 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020:2021:

For discussion and analysis our cash flows for the year ended December 31, 20202021 as well as for comparison to our cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2019,2020, refer to Item 7 of Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.2021. 

In the ordinary course of business, we enter into land purchase contracts with third-party developers in order to procure lots for the construction of our homes in the future. We are subject to customary obligations associated with such contracts. These purchase contracts typically require an earnest money deposit, and the purchase of properties under these contracts is generally contingent upon satisfaction ofsatisfying certain requirements, including obtaining applicable property and development entitlements.

We also utilize option contracts with lot sellers as a method of acquiring lots in staged takedowns, which are the schedules that dictate when lots must be purchased to help manage the financial and market risk associated with land holdings, and to reduce the use of funds from our corporate financing sources. Lot option contracts generally require us to pay a non-refundable deposit for the right to acquire lots over a specified period of time at pre-determined prices which typically include escalations in lot prices over time.

We generally have the right, at our discretion, to terminate our obligations under both purchase contracts and option contracts by forfeiting the earnest money deposit with no further financial responsibility to the land seller. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, management determined to increase the allowance for certain option contracts due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the homebuilding industry and projected future demand for homes in certain markets and/or locations. However, management subsequently reassessed the market situation based on new information available and reversed such allowances for earnest money deposits and pre-acquisition costs related to option contracts in the subsequent quarter.

As of December 31, 2021,2022, we had earnest money deposits of $27.3$24.6 million at risk associated with contracts to purchase 6,2462,923 lots past feasibility studies with an aggregate purchase price of approximately $323.1$219.8 million.

Refer to Note 1718 in the accompanying Notes to the consolidated financial statementsConsolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for details of letters of credit and performance bonds outstanding.

Refer to Note 5 in the accompanying Notes to the consolidated financial statementsConsolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for details of our guarantee in relation to our joint venture with EJB River Holdings, LLC (“EJB River Holdings”).

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”)GAAP requires management to use judgment and make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues, costs and expenses during the reporting period. Management bases estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Management believes that the following accounting area is most critical to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and requires the most subjective or complex judgments.

For our builder operations segments, during each reporting period, community grosscontribution margins on closed homes, average margins of homes within backlog,under construction, and community outlook factorsforecasted margins for future starts are reviewed at a community level by management. In the event that this review suggests higher potential for losses at a specific community, we monitorthe Company monitors such communities by adding them to itsour “watchlist” communities, and, when an impairment indicator is present, further analysis is performed.

For our land development segment, we perform a quarterly review for indicators of impairment for each project which involves comparing anticipated lot sale revenues to projected costs (i.e. lot gross margins). For lots designated for our builders, we review land for indicators of impairment on a consolidated level for each community, looking at overall projected home grosscontribution margins. In determining the allocation of costs to a particular land parcel, we rely on project budgets which are based on a variety of assumptions, including assumptions aboutsuch as development schedules and future costs to be incurred. It is common that actual results differ from budgeted amounts for various reasons, including delays, changes in costs that have not been committed, unforeseen issues encountered during project development that fall outside the scope of existing contracts, or items that ultimately cost more or less than the budgeted amount. We apply procedures to maintain best estimates in our budgets, including assessing and revising project budgets on a periodic basis, obtaining commitments from subcontractors and vendors for future costs to be incurred and utilizing the most recent information available to estimate costs.

For each real estate asset that has an indicator of impairment, we analyze whether the estimated remaining undiscounted future cash flows are more or less than the asset’s carrying value. The estimated cash flows are determined by projecting the

If the estimated undiscounted cash flows are less than the asset’s carrying value, the asset is deemed impaired and will be written down to fair value less associated costs to sell.value. These impairment evaluations require us to make estimates and assumptions regarding future conditions, including the timing and amounts of development costs and sales prices of real estate assets, to determine if expected future cash flows will be sufficient to recover the asset’s carrying value.

Fair value is determined based on estimated future cash flows discounted for inherent risks associated with real estate assets. These discounted cash flows are impacted by expected risk based on estimated land development activities, construction and delivery timelines, market risk of price erosion, uncertainty of development or construction cost increases, and other risks specific to the asset or market conditions where the asset is located when the assessment is made. These factors are specific to each community and may vary among communities. When deemed appropriate, we use recent comparisons to market comparable transactions, bona fide letters of intent from outside parties, executed sales contracts, broker quotes, or similar information as inputs to estimate the fair value of certain real estate assets.

When estimating cash flows of a community, management makes various assumptions, including: (i) expected sales prices and sales incentives to be offered, including the number of homes available, pricing and incentives being offered by us or other builders, and future sales price adjustments based on market and economic trends; (ii) expected sales pace and cancellation rates based on local housing market conditions, competition and historical trends; (iii) costs expended to date and expected to be incurred including, but not limited to, land and land development costs, home construction costs, interest costs, indirect construction and overhead costs, and selling and marketing costs; (iv) alternative product offerings that may be offered that could have an impact on sales pace, sales price and/or building costs; and (v) alternative uses for the property.

Many assumptions are interdependent and a change in one may require a corresponding change to other assumptions. For example, increasing or decreasing sales absorption rates has a direct impact on the estimated per unit sales price of a home, the level of time-sensitive costs (such as indirect construction, overhead and carrying costs), and selling and marketing costs (such as model home maintenance costs and advertising costs). Due to uncertainties in the estimation process, the volatility in demand for new housing and the long life cycle of many communities, actual results could differ significantly from such estimates.

Refer to Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further description of our significant accounting policies.

See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for recent accounting pronouncements.

Our operations are interest rate sensitive. Because overall housing demand is adversely affected by increases in interest rates, a significant increase in mortgage interest rates may negatively affect the ability of homebuyers to secure adequate financing. Higher interest rates could adversely affect our revenues, gross margins and net income.

Our lines of credit have variable interest rates which are subject to minimum interest rates. An increase in interest rates could cause the cost of those lines to increase. As of December 31, 2021,2022, we did not have any amountshad $20.0 million outstanding on these lines of credit.

For fixed rate debt, such as our senior unsecured notes, changes in interest rates have an impact on the fair value of the debt instrument, not on our earnings or cash flows.

The following table provides information about our significant fixed rate instruments that are sensitive to changes in interest rates, ourrates. Our debt obligations, principal cash flows byannual maturity amounts, weighted average interest rates, and estimated fair market value of debtour senior unsecured notes for the year ended December 31, 20212022 are summarized below (amounts in thousands):

We do not enter into, or intend to enter into, swaps, forward or option contracts on interest rates or commodities or other types of derivative financial instruments for trading, hedging or speculative purposes.

Many of the statements contained in this section are forward-looking and should be read in conjunction with the disclosures under the heading “Forward-Looking Statements.”