UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

Form 10-K

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

or

Commission File Number 001-00100

TherapeuticsMD, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

6800 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Third Floor

951 Yamato Rd., Suite 220

Boca Raton Florida 33487, FL33431

(561) 961-1900

(561)961-1900

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number,

including area code, of Principal Executive Offices)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐     No☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐   No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒     No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒     No ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐    No ☒

The aggregate market value of common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant (182,622,092(207,399,071 shares) based on the closing price of the registrant’s common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on June 30, 2018,28, 2019, which was the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $1,139,561,854.$539,237,585.

As of February 18, 2019,17, 2020, there were outstanding 241,161,845271,526,176 shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for its 20192020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10- K10-K where indicated. Such Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after the end of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.
2019.

THERAPEUTICSMD, INC.

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 20182019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Throughout this Annual Report, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” “TherapeuticsMD,” or “our company” refer to TherapeuticsMD, Inc., a Nevada corporation, and unless specified otherwise, include our wholly owned subsidiaries, vitaMedMD, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, or VitaMed; BocaGreenMD, Inc., a Nevada corporation, or BocaGreen; and VitaCare Prescription Services, Inc., a Florida corporation, or VitaCare.

TherapeuticsMD owns or has rights toThis Annual Report includes our trademarks, trade names and service marks, or trade names that are used in connection with the operation of its business including TherapeuticsMD^®,such as vitaMedMD^®, BocaGreenMD^®, IMVEXXY^®, BIJUVA^® and IMVEXXY®.ANNOVERA^® which are protected under applicable intellectual property laws and are the property of, or licensed to, our company. This Annual Report also contains trademarks, and trade names and service marks of other companies.companies, which are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, trademarks, trade names and service marks referred to in this Annual Report may appear without the ®, ™ or SM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the right of the applicable licensor to these trademarks, trade names and service marks. We do not intend our use or display of other parties’ trademarks, trade names or service marks to imply, and such use or display should not be construed to imply, a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, these other parties.

In addition, this Annual Report includes market and industry data that we obtained from periodic industry publications, third-party studies and surveys, government-agency sources, filings of public companies in our industry, and internal-company surveys. Industry publications and surveys generally state that their information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. Although we believe that the industry and market data below is reliable as of the date of this Annual Report, this information could prove to be inaccurate as a result of a variety of matters.

Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. For example, statements regarding our operations, financial position, business strategy, product development, and other plans and objectives for future operations, and assumptions and predictions about future product development and demand, research and development, marketing, expenses and sales are all forward-looking statements. These statements may be found in the items of this Annual Report entitled “Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” as well as in this Annual Report generally. These statements are generally accompanied by words such as “intend,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “potential(ly),” “continue,” “forecast,” “predict,” “plan,” “may,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” or the negative of such terms or other comparable terminology.

We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. We believe that the assumptions and expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, based on information available to us on the date of this Annual Report, but we cannot assure you that these assumptions and expectations will prove to have been correct or that we will take any action that we may presently be planning. These forward-looking statements are inherently subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties. Actual results or experience may differ materially from those expected or anticipated in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, research and product-development uncertainties, regulatory policies and approval requirements, competition from other businesses, market and general economic factors, and the other risks discussed in Item 1A of this Annual Report. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in this Annual Report.

We have identified some of the important factors that could cause future events to differ from our current expectations and they are described in this Annual Report in the section entitled “Risk Factors” that you should review carefully. Please consider our forward-looking statements in light of those risks as you read this Annual Report. If one or more of these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may vary materially from what we project. We do not undertake to update any forward-looking statements or to publicly announce the results of any revisions to any statements to reflect new information or future events or developments.

PART I

Overview

Our Company

We areTherapeuticsMD is a women’s healthcare company focused onwith a mission of creating and commercializing innovative products to support the lifespan of women and championing awareness of women’s healthcare issues, specifically, forfrom pregnancy prevention pregnancy, childbirth, nursing, pre-menopause, andthrough menopause. At TherapeuticsMD, we combine entrepreneurial spirit, clinical expertise, and business leadership to develop and commercialize health solutions that enable new standards of care for women. Our solutions range from a patient-controlled, long-lasting contraceptive to advanced hormone therapy pharmaceutical products to patient-controlled, long-acting contraceptive.products. We also manufacture and distributehave a portfolio of branded and generic prescription prenatal vitamins under the vitaMedMD®vitaMedMD and BocaGreenMD® brands.BocaGreenMD brands that furthers our women’s healthcare focus.

With our SYMBODA™ technology, we are developing and commercializing advanced hormone therapy pharmaceuticalOur portfolio of products to enable delivery of bio-identical hormones through a variety of dosage forms and administration routes. Our track record of commercializationfocused on women’s health allows us to efficiently leverage our sales and grow our marketing and sales organizationplans to commercializegrow our recently approved products.

During 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, approval of our drugs has transitioned our company from predominately focused on conducting research and development to one focused on commercializing our drugs.

We have also entered into an exclusive license agreement, or the Population Council License Agreement,agreements with the Population Council, Inc., or the Population Council,strategic partners to commercialize ANNOVERA™ inIMVEXXY and BIJUVA outside of the U.S. In addition, on July 30, 2018, we entered into a license and supply agreement with Knight Therapeutics Inc., or Knight, pursuant to which we granted Knight an exclusive license to commercialize IMVEXXY® and BIJUVA™ in Canada and Israel.

Our Business Model

At TherapeuticsMD, we combine entrepreneurial spirit, clinical expertise, and business leadership to develop and commercialize health solutions that enable a new standard of care. Our solutions range from advanced hormone therapy pharmaceutical products to patient-controlled, long-acting contraceptive. We also manufacture and distribute branded and generic prescription prenatal vitamins under the vitaMedMD® and BocaGreenMD® brands. Ourour purposeful and continuous partnership with healthcare professionals and women is at the heart of our strategies for delivering innovative solutions for women at every stage of her life.women. From pregnancy to after menopause,post-menopause, we believe the only way to truly connect with and understand women and their healthcare professionals is to ask questions.

Healthcare has become increasingly consumer driven. Therefore, patients are seeking more information, control, and convenience, which places additional time and financial pressures on physicians,health care practitioners, or HCPs, and as a result physiciansHCPs are looking for improved ways to provide better service to their patients. A recent study by IMS Health Inc. concluded that physiciansHCPs desire fewer but more encompassing relationships with companies that can provide more valuable information, deliver more relevant services, and better respond to specific needs of their practice and patients. Our goal is to meet this challenge by focusing on the opportunities in women’s health, specifically the OB/GYN market, to provide a better customer experience for physician, payer, pharmacist, and patient through the following means:

At the forefront of our sales approach is the philosophy that the physician should recommend or prescribe products based only on what is best for the patient. In general, a better outcome is achieved by providing patients with the best products and care at the best value. We believe having a portfolio of high-quality product options that can be recommended or prescribed by both the physicianphysicians, and payerreimbursed by either government or private third-party payers is the foundation of providing valuable options to the patient. We are dedicated to enabling healthcare professionals to advance the health of womanwomen by offering new treatment options and giving voice to women’s needs and health concerns. We are committed to partnering with women’s health advocacy organizations as we create and commercialize solutions to help women transform how they experience reproductive health.

Our sales model focuses on the “4Ps”: patient, provider, pharmacist, and payer. We market and sell our products primarily through a dedicated national sales force that calls on HCPs primarily in the OB/GYN market space. In addition, our products allow HCPs to offer an alternative to patients at a co-payment and that provides patients a cost that is competitive in the marketplace. We also believe that our combination of branded and authorized generic lines of prenatal vitamins offers physicians,HCPs, women, and payers cost-effective alternatives for top-quality care. We supply our prescription products to consumers through retail pharmacies nationwide. Our fully staffed customer care center uses current customer relationship management software to respond to HCPs, pharmacies, and consumers via incoming and outgoing telephone calls, e-mails, and live-chat.live chat.

We believe our sales force has developed strong relationships in the OB/GYN market to sell our current products. We have also established relationships with some of the largest OB/GYN practices in their respective markets. By delivering additional products through the same sales channel,our portfolio to similar customer bases of women and OB/GYNs, we believe we can leverage our already deployed assets to increase sales of our salesproducts and achieve profitability. As a result, we willWe leverage our existing infrastructure, including our sales force, to commercialize our VitaMedMD line of prenatal vitamins and our recently approvedFDA-approved pharmaceutical products: IMVEXXY®, BIJUVA™,IMVEXXY, BIJUVA, and ANNOVERA™.ANNOVERA. In addition to our focus on direct selling from our sales organization, which comprises approximately 200 sales representatives, we have executed a branded multichannel awareness campaign for HCPs leveraging digital,utilize other commercial levers such as non-personal promotion to HCPs and journal advertisingdirect-to-consumer marketing as appropriate to drive awareness and have already reached virtually all the active writing HCPs within the VVA category with IMVEXXY® branded messages. Our sales organization is planned for approximately 200 territories that will cover the most important HCPs foreducation of our product portfolio. In addition,Finally, we may partner with additional licensors or other strategic partners and licensees to commercialize our drugspharmaceutical products outside of the OB/GYN market orand in non-U.S. markets.

As of December 31, 2018,2019, we marketed and sold IMVEXXY®, our first FDA approved productIMVEXXY, BIJUVA, and ANNOVERA under the TherapeuticsMD brand, our prescription prenatal vitamins under our vitaMedMD brand name, and authorized generic formulations of our prescription prenatal vitamin products under our BocaGreenMD Prena1 brand name. We believe that our vitaMedMD brand name has become a recognized name for high quality women’s healthcare, while our BocaGreenMD products provide physicians, women, and payers with a lower wholesale acquisition cost alternative for prenatal vitamins. We intend to leverage our existing relationshipswholesale and distribution systemretail partnerships to introduce our next two products, BIJUVA™distribute and ANNOVERA™,sell IMVEXXY, BIJUVA, and ANNOVERA, which will enable us to provide a comprehensive line of women’s healthcare products.drive efficiency as we drive increased volume across the portfolio.

Our Growth Strategy

We believe that the relationships our national sales force has developed with OB/GYN’s, through our current prescription prenatal vitamin products and newly-approvedour FDA-approved pharmaceutical products, such as IMVEXXY®, will continue to grow as these products along with ANNOVERA™ and BIJUVA™ offer HCPs new opportunities to serve the needs of their patients at each stage of their life.patients. By delivering our entire portfolio through the same sales channel and demonstrating how these products can help women as different needs emerge throughout their lifetime, we believe we can create efficiencies and synergies to further our growth.

Exclusive Focus on Women’s Health Issues. We have steadily developed relationships with many of the largest OB/GYN practices in the country through the sales of our prenatal vitamins and IMVEXXY®.our FDA-approved pharmaceutical products. We believe that our singular focus on women’s health issues will enableenables us to continue to build long-term relationships with women as they move through their life cycles of family planning to after menopause.post-menopause.

Focus on Hormone Therapy Products. We plan to continue our focus on the commercialization, development, and clinical trials and commercialization of bio-identical hormone therapy products designed to (1) alleviate the symptoms of, and reduce the health effects resulting from, menopause-related hormone deficiencies, including VMS and VVA, and (2) demonstrate equivalent clinical efficacy at lower doses. We believe there is afill the large unmet need in this segment of the market.

Deepening focus on other parts of a women’s reproductive lifecycle. With the acquisition and forthcoming launch of ANNOVERA™,ANNOVERA, we are demonstrating our intent to provide effective and innovative products for women at all lifecycle stages.

Penetrate Compounding Market with FDA-approvedFDA-Approved Products. We believe BIJUVA™BIJUVA is currently the only current FDA-approved hormone therapy combination product that is bio-identical to the estradiol and progesterone produced by the ovaries, and will provide a proven alternative to non-FDA approved compounded bio-identical hormone therapy products, and potentially at a lower price to patients since most insurance companies do not provide coverage for non-FDA approved compounded products.products, which are not FDA approved. We continue to work with independent and community-based pharmacies that currently compound bio-identical hormone therapy products to help introduce patients and prescribers to our FDA-approved hormone therapy products. We launchedOur BIO-IGNITE program is focused on supporting the BIO-IGNITE™ program, an outreach program to quantify the number of compounded bio-identical estradiol and progesterone prescriptions currently dispensed by the 3,000-3,500 high-volume compoundingsynergistic relationships between community pharmacies and qualify their interests in potentially dispensing our FDA-approved products. As part of the BIO-IGNITE™ program, qualified pharmacies may be eligible to participate in certain purchasing groups and wholesaler programsHCPs so that offering BIJUVA™BIJUVA and IMVEXXY®IMVEXXY as appropriate treatment alternatives is economically practical for the pharmacy.independent and community-based pharmacies. A dedicated team of sales representatives and our Key Account Management, or KAM, team are focusing their efforts on growing BIJUVA through our BIO-IGNITE partners and as of December 31, 2019, there were over 160 BIO-IGNITE compounding pharmacies that were dispensing BIJUVA.

Multi-Channel Marketing Emphasis. We plan to continue our emphasis on large group OB/GYN practices that provide opportunities to reach large patient bases and that are receptive to the data and savings we provide. In addition, we may partnerwork with additional licensors or other strategic partners and licensees to commercialize and/or market our drugspharmaceutical products outside of the OB/GYN market orand in non-U.S. markets.  In addition, theThe proliferation of digital technology has dramatically increased the amount of information available to patients and providers. We believe this makes patient/provider engagement and experience a more important factor for life sciences companies and that providing patients and providers with important information on a real-time basis is a critical piece of serving this market. As an example of the impact of technology on women’s health, products such as ANNOVERA can be prescribed to patients via online platforms, such as the PlushCare virtual health platform and other direct-to-consumer telehealth platforms. Subject to state telemedicine and prescribing laws, prescribers affiliated with PlushCare and other direct-to-consumer telehealth platforms can prescribe or offer products to patients through a convenient virtual platform.

Multiple Distribution Partners. We plan to continue to pursuehave multiple distribution partners, including large chain pharmacies, independent community pharmacies, mail order, and compounding and specialty pharmacies. We believe that providing a higher level of customer care through unique programs targeted at each of these distribution partners can produce better outcomes and value for the patient, provider, and payer.

Geographical Expansion. We currently plan to expandhave expanded our geographic marketing footprint in the United States and sales team to approximately 200 professionals as we commercialize IMVEXXY®, BIJUVA™ and ANNOVERA™.

Commercialization Model

We plancontinue to commercialize the products in our portfolio through a common model focused on the belief that providing good experiences for both HCPsIMVEXXY, BIJUVA and patients will drive profitability for TherapeuticsMD. Given that our portfolio focus is exclusively in women’s health, each new product launch will allow us to further leverage our existing infrastructure and build out our reputation as the premier women’s health organization in the United Sates. Below is more detail on our commercialization model:ANNOVERA.

We accomplish educating HCPs primarily with our field sales organization. We have defined a sales force targeting approximately 200 territories, covering approximately 26,000 HCPs which covers approximately 63% of the addressable market. We are deploying a hybrid sales model that combines an internal sales leadership team with a fully dedicated contract sales force to call on our target HCPs. Additionally, we have an inside sales team that covers areas of the U.S. where key HCPs are located but where we do not have defined territories. In addition to the traditional sales organization, we have launched our key account management organization, or KAMs, to engage with our BIO-IGNITE™ partners.

In addition to our sales organization, we leverage non-personal promotion (multi-channel advertising) to targets and non-targets that drive awareness, education, and action. These efforts allow for pull through of the sales organization efforts and identification of new targets that have interest in writing prescriptions for one or more of our products. We believe this will drive increased prescribing for our products and lift the overall writing universe by keep the menopause categories and our products top of mind in the HCP community.

Industry and Market

Pharmaceutical Industry

The pharmaceutical industry is subject to intense competition and is characterized by extensive research efforts and rapid technological change. Competition in our industry occurs in a variety of areas, including developing and bringing new products to market before others, developing new technologies to improve existing products, developing new products to provide the same benefits as existing products at lower cost, and developing new products to provide benefits superior to those of existing products. Most major pharmaceutical companies, as well as numerous specialty pharmaceutical companies, sell products in the women’s health sector of the pharmaceutical industry, which is comprised of products designed for post-pubescent females and is generally considered very fragmented. There are many companies focused on the women’s health sector of the pharmaceutical industry that have significantly greater financial and other resources than we do, including generic manufacturers, drug compounding pharmacies, and large pharmaceutical companies. In addition, academic and other research institutions could be engaged in research and development efforts for the indications targeted by our products.

Women’s Healthcare Market

According to the BBC Research report “Pharmaceuticals for Women’s Health: Global markets to 2023,” post-menopausal osteoporosis, pregnancy disorders and management, menopause, endometriosis, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are the largest segments within the global market for women’s health therapeutics. The global market for women’s health therapeutics reached nearly $30.5 billion in 2018 and should reach nearly $37.3 billion by 2023, at a compound annual growth rate, or CAGR, of 4.2% for the period of 2018-2023. In addition, the menopause market for women’s health therapeutics reached $5.4 billion in 2018 and should reach $6.7 billion by 2023 at a CAGR of 4.5% through 2023. According to the GBI Research (a provider of industry-leading business intelligence solutions on a global basis) report “Women’s Health Therapeutic Market through 2018,” the women’s health therapeutics market is one of the most attractive markets in the global pharmaceutical industry.

Menopause Market

Menopause is the spontaneous and permanent cessation of menstruation, which naturally occurs in most women between the ages of 40 and 58. In the U.S., there are approximately 42 million women in this age group with an additional 6,000 women reaching menopause age every day, or over 2 million additional women per year. Classic symptoms of menopause are VMS (including hot flashes and night sweats), vulvovaginal symptoms (including dyspareunia and vaginal dryness) and sleep disturbances. These symptoms are caused by the reduced levels of circulating estrogen as ovarian production shuts down. Common treatments for menopausal VMS and vulvovaginal symptoms of menopause ranges from prescription medications, including hormone therapy and non-hormonal options, to over-the-counter supplements and lubrication options.

Hormone therapy is the most effective treatment in the United States and Canada for relief of menopausal symptoms according to the North American Menopause Society, or NAMS. These symptoms are caused by the reduced levels of circulating estrogen as ovarian production shuts down. The symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, sleep disturbances, and vaginal dryness. According to Symphony Health Solutions,Approved FDA prescriptions for FDA-approved hormone therapy products for the treatment of menopause symptoms or prevention of osteoporosis generated total U.S. sales of over $5.0 billion on over 30 million prescriptions for the 12 months ended December 31, 2018, of which prescriptions for oral hormone therapy accounted for approximately $2.1 billion in U.S. sales on 20 million prescriptions over the same period.

Prescriptions for menopausal hormone therapy in the United States dropped significantly following the Women’s Health Initiative, or WHI, study results published in 2002, which found that subjects using conjugated equine estrogens plus the synthetic progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate had, among other things, a greater incidence of coronary heart disease, breast cancer, stroke, and pulmonary embolism. Several additional studies regarding the benefits and risks ofThis study caused a significant change in hormone therapy prescribing habits. Since 2002, many women and HCPs have been conducted overchosen compounded hormone therapy, a bio-identical solution for treating VMS, and the last decade since the WHI results were first published.use of local vaginal therapy increased during this time. The FDA recommends that women with moderate-to-severe menopausal symptoms who want to try menopausal hormone therapy for relief use it for the shortest time needed and at the lowest effective dose.

Our Menopause Portfolio

IMVEXXY

In May 2018, the FDA approved the 4-μg and 10-μg doses of IMVEXXY (estradiol vaginal inserts) for the treatment of moderate-to-severe dyspareunia (vaginal pain associated with sexual activity), a symptom of VVA, due to menopause. The 4-μg formulation of IMVEXXY represents the lowest FDA-approved dose of vaginal estradiol available. IMVEXXY 10-μg became available for commercial distribution in July 2018 and both doses were commercially available in September 2018.

IMVEXXY is a small, digitally inserted, softgel vaginal insert that dissolves completely. It is administered mess-free, without the need for an applicator, and can be used any time of day. IMVEXXY provides a mechanism of action and dosing that are familiar and comfortable for patients, with no patient education required for dose application or applicators. IMVEXXY demonstrated efficacy as early as two weeks (secondary endpoint) and maintained efficacy through week 12 in clinical studies, with no increase in systemic hormone levels beyond the normal postmenopausal range (the clinical relevance of systemic absorption rates for vaginal estrogen therapies is not known).

As part of the FDA’s approval of IMVEXXY, we have committed to conduct a post-approval observational study to evaluate the risk of endometrial cancer in post-menopausal women with a uterus who use a low-dose vaginal estrogen unopposed by a progestogen. The FDA has also asked the sponsors of other vaginal estrogen products to participate in the observational study. In connection with the observational study, we will be required to provide progress reports to the FDA on an annual basis. The development of this method is underway, and we do not believe that the costs will be material on an annual basis. In addition, the FDA asked for post-approval information with respect to certain characteristics related to the product’s specifications, which we submitted to FDA.

Based on prescription data from Symphony Health Solutions, the FDA-approved prescription market in the U.S. for the treatment of VVA symptoms includes seven products (including branded products and their generic equivalents), which generated an aggregate of approximately $1.8 billion in gross sales on approximately 5.9 million prescriptions for the 12 months ended December 31, 2019. Approximately $1.5 billion in gross sales were by three products currently on the market: PREMARIN® cream (Pfizer), ESTRACE® cream, both brand and generic (Allergan and Mylan), and Vagifem® which is now mostly generic (Yuvafem by Amneal Pharmaceuticals).

The most commonly used product for the treatment of VVA is localized estrogen therapy, which generated an aggregate of approximately $1.7 billion in gross sales in the U.S. on approximately 5.5 million prescriptions for the 12 months ended December 31, 2019. In 2017, generic forms of Estrace and Vagifem were introduced into the U.S. market with the generic equivalents capturing the vast majority of the sales for these two products. Estrace, including its generic equivalents, was the market leader in 2019 with approximately $566 million in gross sales in the U.S. on approximately 2.1 million prescriptions. The two most recent FDA-approved product launches in this category were Osphena® (Duchesnay USA, Inc) and Intrarosa® (Amag Pharmaceuticals), each of which still has a relatively small market share.

BIJUVA

In October 2018, the FDA approved BIJUVA (estradiol and progesterone) capsules, 1 mg/100 mg, the first and only FDA-approved bioidentical hormone therapy combination of estradiol and progesterone in a single, oral capsule for the treatment of moderate-to-severe VMS (commonly known as hot flashes or flushes), due to menopause in women with a uterus. The estrogen and progesterone in BIJUVA have the same molecular structure as the hormones that are naturally produced in a woman’s body. We launched BIJUVA in April 2019.

There were approximately 41.7 million womenBIJUVA offers the convenience of a single-capsule combination of two hormones (estradiol and progesterone), which may improve a user’s compliance. The estradiol and progesterone in BIJUVA are plant-based, not animal-sourced, and contain no peanut allergens. BIJUVA provides a sustained steady state of estradiol which reduced the United States between the agesfrequency and severity of 45hot flashes in clinical studies with no demonstrated impact on a patient’s weight or blood pressure. Additionally, through clinical trials BIJUVA has demonstrated endometrial safety and 64greater than 90% amenorrhea rates, while providing no clinically meaningful changes in 2010, projected to increase slightly by 2.8% to 42.9 million in 2015 and to approximately 44.3 million in 2040, according to the 2010 National Census population figures.mammograms.

Hormone Therapy Products for Menopause

Estrogen (with or without a progestin) is the most effective treatment of VMS and VVA due to menopause according to NAMS. According to Symphony Health Solutions, total U.S. sales of FDA-approved oral, transdermal, and suppository estrogen (with and without a progestin) hormone therapy products were approximately $4.1 billion for the 12 months ended December 31, 2018. The three primary hormone therapy products are estrogen, progestin, and combination of estrogen and progestin, which are produced in a variety of forms, including oral tablets or capsules, skin patches, gels, emulsion, or vaginal suppositories and creams.

Estrogen-Only Therapies for Menopause

Estrogen therapies arecommonly used to treat VMS due to menopause that areis a direct result of the decline in estrogen levels associated with ovarian shutdown at menopause. Estrogen therapy has been used to manage these symptoms for more than 50 years. Estrogen is a generic term for any substance, natural or synthetic, that exerts biological effects characteristic of estrogenic hormones, such as estradiol, a natural ovarian produced estrogen. Based upon the age demographic for all women receiving prescriptions for estrogen therapy and the average age range during which women experience VMS, we believe that estrogen is primarily used for the treatment of VMS, but also is prescribed for the prevention of osteoporosis.

Estrogen-only therapy, or ET, is used primarily in women who have had a hysterectomy and/or have undergone surgical menopause, as those women do not require a progestin to protect the uterine endometrium. Approximately 433,000 women undergo a hysterectomy each year in the United States according to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ET is also used for the treatment of VVA, which has a variety of indications, including dyspareunia (painful intercourse), vaginal dryness, vaginal itching and irritation, painful urination, and other symptoms.

ET is also approved for the prevention of osteoporosis. Multiple studies conducted on various estrogen compositions, including studies published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2002, Osteoporosis International in 2000, The Lancet in 2002, Maturitas in 2008, and Climacteric in 2005, suggested efficacy based on increases in bone mineral density. Epidemiological and some fracture prevention studies, such as the study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1980, also have suggested a decrease in bone fractures as a result of ET.

According to Symphony Health Solutions, total FDA-approved ET only U.S. sales amountedNAMS, the most effective treatment for VMS due to $4.1 billion, of which $1.9 billion was specifically used for the treatment of VVA, for the 12 months ended December 31, 2018. 

Progestin-Only Therapies for Menopausemenopause is estrogen therapy.

Progestins include the naturally occurring hormone progesterone and several synthetic progestin compounds that have progestational activity. These agents are used for a variety of indications and conditions, but most often, progestins are used either alone or in combination with an estrogen for hormonal contraception and to prevent endometrial hyperplasia from unopposed estrogen in hormone therapy. Progestins alone are also used to treat women with secondary amenorrhea to create withdrawal bleeding in these women who have not had regular menses. Progestins are also used to treat dysfunctional uterine bleeding and endometriosis. Progesterone has also been used to prevent threatened or recurrent pregnancy loss and for the prevention of preterm birth. Progestins have also been used in fertility treatments. Progestins have also been used as a palliative measure for metastatic endometrial carcinoma and in the treatment of renal and breast carcinoma.

Estrogen/Progestin Combination Products for Menopause

Progestins are used in combination with estrogen in menopausal women with uteruses to avoid an increase in the incidence of endometrial hyperplasia, which is a condition caused by chronic use of estrogen alone by a woman with a uterus and is associated with an increased incidence of uterine, or endometrial, cancer. StudiesProgestins include the naturally occurring hormone progesterone and several synthetic progestin compounds that have shown that, after one year, the incidencepregestational activity. These agents are used for a variety of endometrial hyperplasia is less than 1%indications and conditions. Progestins alone are also used to treat women with secondary amenorrhea to create withdrawal bleeding in these women taking estrogen/progestin combinations, in contrastwho have not had regular menses. Progestins are also used to uptreat dysfunctional uterine bleeding and endometriosis.

According to 20% in women taking estrogen alone. In accordance with FDA recommendations, doctors typically recommend that a menopausal or post-menopausal woman who has a uterus take estrogen plus a progestin, either as a combination drug or as two separate drugs. Symphony Health Solutions, estimatesthe total FDA-approved prescription market in the U.S. for all estrogen and progestin drug products for the treatment of VMS generated an aggregate of approximately $2.2 billion of gross revenue on approximately 23.9 million prescriptions for the 12 months ended December 31, 2019. The three primary hormone therapy products are estrogen, progestin, and combination of estrogen and progestin, which are produced in a variety of forms, including oral tablets or capsules, skin patches, gels, and emulsions. For the 12 months ended December 31, 2019, gross sales in the U.S. of FDA-approved branded and generic products for estrogen only amounted to an aggregate of approximately $1.4 billion on approximately 14.3 million prescriptions. For the 12 months ended December 31, 2019, gross sales in the U.S. of FDA-approved branded and generic products for progestins only amounted to an aggregate of approximately $406 million on approximately 7.6 million prescriptions. For the 12 months ended December 31, 2019, gross sales in the U.S. of FDA approved branded and generic products for estrogens/progestins combined amounted to an aggregate of approximately $463 million on approximately 2.0 million prescriptions.

Based on the Symphony Health Solutions data and the uses of these products, we estimate that sales of FDA-approved combinations of estrogen and progestins (the addressable market for BIJUVA) were approximately $580 million and the sales of estrogens and progesterone on a stand-alone basis were approximately $1.6 million and approximately $746 million, respectively,$1.3 billion in the United States for the 12 months ended December 31, 2018. According to national surveys of compounding pharmacists, it is estimated that compounding pharmacies fill $1.3 billion annually in menopausal hormone therapy.

Healthcare and Pharmaceutical Market

According to the EvaluatePharma® World Preview 2018, Outlook to 2024 report, despite the global pharmaceutical industry facing pricing and market access concerns, worldwide prescription drug sales are expected to reach approximately $1.2 trillion by 2024, which would represent a compound annual growth rate of approximately 6.4% between 2018 and 2024. New drug approvals in 2017 increased to 55 (consisting of new molecular entities and biologics), up 104% as compared to the low of 27 approvals in 2016. Following the drop in 2016 approvals, 2017 suggests a return to form in industry research and development productivity. A record of 55 new molecular entities were approved in 2017 with total US sales five years post launch for products approved in 2017 reaching $33.2 billion. There were 56 new drugs (consisting of new molecular entities and biologics) approved by FDA in 2015 and 51 new drugs approved by FDA in 2014. The value of these drugs continues to be high, and with U.S. five years post-launch sales of the new drugs approved in 2017, 2016 and 2015 forecast to be over $33 billion, $13 billion, $28 billion, respectively.

Our Hormone Therapy Drugs

IMVEXXY®

On May 30, 2018, we announced that the FDA had approved the 4 μg and 10 μg doses of IMVEXXY® (estradiol vaginal inserts) for the treatment of moderate-to-severe dyspareunia (vaginal pain associated with sexual activity), a symptom of VVA, due to menopause. The 4-μg formulation of IMVEXXY® represents the lowest FDA-approved dose of vaginal estradiol available. IMVEXXY® 10-μg became available for commercial distribution in late July 2018 and both doses were commercially available by September 2018.

As part of the FDA’s approval of IMVEXXY®, we have committed to conduct a post-approval observational study to evaluate the risk of endometrial cancer in post-menopausal women with a uterus who use a low-dose vaginal estrogen unopposed by a progestogen. The FDA has also asked the sponsors of other vaginal estrogen products to also participate in the observational study. In connection with the observational study, we will be required to provide progress reports to the FDA on an annual basis. The development of this method is underway, and we do not believe that the costs will be material. In addition, the FDA asked for post-approval information with respect to certain characteristics related to the product’s specifications, which we submitted to FDA.

IMVEXXY® Commercialization Update

On July 9, 2018, we launched IMVEXXY® 10-μg with our early experience program to a targeted sample of HCPs throughout the U.S. The national launch of the 10-μg dose of IMVEXXY® began in August 2018, and the 4-μg dose of IMVEXXY® launched on September 13, 2018.

Since FDA approval of our NDA for IMVEXXY®, we have been focused on executing our launch plan. The key objectives of our launch plan include: (i) providing broad commercial access at the retail level and with commercial payers, (ii) increasing awareness and appreciation of the clinical and patient features of IMVEXXY® amongst HCPs, (iii) designing and deploying our customer facing model, and (iv) developing our internal capabilities (for example, in the areas of finance, human resources, medical affairs, information technology, data analytics, pharmacovigilance capacity and compliance) to support our commercial-stage company. We have made progress in each of these key strategic areas:

Commercial Access:

Brand Awareness and Adoption:

Patient Affordability and Adherence Programs:

Customer Model:

Infrastructure:

Competition

According to Symphony Health Solutions, the FDA-approved U.S. market for treatment of VVA in menopausal women was approximately $2.0 billion for the 12 months ended December 31, 2018. Approximately $1.7 billion of such sales were by three products currently on the market: PREMARIN® cream (Pfizer), ESTRACE® cream, both brand and generic (Allergan and Mylan) and Vagifem® which is now mostly generic (Yuvafem by Amneal Pharmaceuticals). The two recent launches were Osphena® (Duchesnay USA, Inc) and Intrarosa® (Amag Pharmaceuticals), which still have relatively small market share.

BIJUVA™

On October 28, 2018, the FDA approved BIJUVA™ (estradiol and progesterone) capsules, 1 mg/100 mg, the first and only FDA-approved bio-identical hormone therapy combination of estradiol and progesterone in a single, oral capsule for the treatment of moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms, or VMS (commonly known as hot flashes or flushes), due to menopause in women with a uterus. The estrogen and progesterone in BIJUVA™ have the same chemical and molecular structure as the hormones that are naturally produced in a woman’s body. With the approval of BIJUVA™, the FDA required a post-approval commitment to further develop and validate our in-vitro dissolution method to show how BIJUVA™ is released from the capsule in an in-vitro setting for quality control assessments. The development of this method and validation were completed and submitted to FDA as required in our approval.

We believe the substitutable menopausal hormone therapy market for BIJUVA™ consists of three distinct product categories, two of which are FDA-approved products that are easily measured and monitored, and the third of which is typically referred to as “bio-identicals,” which are not FDA-approved, not easily measured, and sold through compounding pharmacies. The first category, representing approximately 2.5 million annual prescriptions as of December 31, 2018, is for FDA-approved synthetic hormone combinations, which have been linked to the risks identified in the WHI, and do not represent our target market. The other two categories consist of bio-identical hormone markets that represent our target market. The second category includes approximately 3.9 million prescriptions of FDA-approved separate bio-identical hormone products, like Estrace® and Prometrium®, as of December 31, 2018. This bio-identical hormone regimen has not been studied or FDA-approved to be used together. Instead, these products are often used off-label to provide patients with an FDA-approved bio-identical hormone regimen but require two separate copays as well as issues related to compliance with separate products. We believe that there is no reason healthcare providers and patients would continue to use this combination of two separate products once BIJUVA™ is available. The third and largest category represents at least 10 million prescriptions annually of the unapproved, compounded bio-identical hormones that have not been proven safe and effective, are not covered by insurance, and are substitutable with BIJUVA™.

The approval of BIJUVA™, based on the phase 3 clinical trials established for the first time, a combination of bio-identical estradiol and bio-identical progesterone used in a continuous combined daily fashion with safety and efficacy data to support FDA-approval. Our hormone therapy drugs are characterized by safety and efficacy profiles that can be consistently manufactured to target specifications. This would provide an alternative to the non-FDA approved compounded bio-identical market. We believe that our drugs offer advantages in terms of demonstrated safety and efficacy, consistency in the hormone dose, lower patient cost due to the increased likelihood of insurance coverage and improved access as a result of availability from major retail pharmacy chains rather than custom order or formulation by individual compounders.

BIJUVA™ is planned to launch early in the second quarter of 2019 with a similar model to IMVEXXY®. The key objectives of our launch plan include: (i) broad commercial access at the retail level and with commercial payers, (ii) increasing awareness and appreciation of the clinical and patient features of BIJUVA™ amongst HCPs, (iii) expanding and leveraging our existing customer facing model, and (iv) leverage our internal capabilities (for example, in the areas of finance, human resources, information technology, data analytics and compliance) to support launch of BIJUVA™.

Our focus will first be on key OB/GYN targets, particularly those that have already adopted IMVEXXY®, to deliver the core clinical messages as well as provide information on our patient affordability and adherence programs. In support of BIJUVA™, our field force is expanding to approximately 200 territories. In addition, we will continue to expand our BIO-IGNITE program throughout 2019 with a fuller expansion towards the end of 2019 when the six-month payer block for BIJUVA™ is expected to lift.

We believe that the successful launch of IMVEXXY® will allow us to leverage existing contracts with our third-party logistics partner and our distribution partners. With regards to payer coverage, we anticipate similar timing as experienced with IMVEXXY® as many commercial payers employ “new-to-market blocks” for newly launched brands until they have the opportunity to make a coverage decision based upon their internal review. However, our ability to leverage existing payer contracts by amending to include BIJUVA™ along with our recent experience with the payers may simplify the process.

Symphony Health Solutions estimates that sales of FDA-approved combinations of estrogen and progestins were approximately $580 million and the sales of estrogens and progesterone on a stand-alone basis were approximately $1.6 million and approximately $746 million, respectively, in the United States for the 12 months ended December 31, 2018. According to national surveys of compounding pharmacists, it is estimated that compounding pharmacies fill $1.3 billion annually in menopausal hormone therapy.

Competition

The largest competitors for BIJUVA™ in the FDA-approved market are Pfizer (PREMPRO®) and Premarin, Teva and Mylan (generic estradiol, generic version of Estrace® oral), and Noven (CombiPatch®), with sales of PREMPRO® constituting the largest branded product. None of the current FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of moderate-to-severe VMS due to menopause are bio-identical to both the estradiol and progesterone produced by the ovaries. Based on various reports, including data recently presented at the NAMS Annual Meeting, “Knowledge, Use, and Prescribing of Custom-Compounded Bioidentical Hormones for Menopausal Women: It’s Not What You Think,” by JoAnn V. Pinkerton, et al., we estimate, that U.S. sales of non-FDA-approved compounded combination addressable estradiol and progesterone products approximate $1.5 billion per year.

We submitted a New Drug Application, or NDA, efficacy supplement for the 0.5/100 mg dose of BIJUVA to the FDA in late January 2020 for review and potential approval. The NDA efficacy supplement uses existing data from our Phase 3 REPLENISH trial for BIJUVA, for which we announced results in December 2016, together with additional information and analyses. The REPLENISH trial was the first time that a combination of bio-identical estradiol and bio-identical progesterone used in a continuous combined daily fashion demonstrated safety and efficacy data to support FDA-approval. We do not anticipate that the FDA will require any new clinical trials in connection with our submission of the NDA efficacy supplement, however, there is no assurance that will be the case. If accepted for review by the FDA, we expect that the NDA efficacy supplement will be reviewed, under current Prescription Drug User Fee Act timeline goals, within ten months of receipt by the FDA.

With the approval of BIJUVA, the FDA required a post-approval commitment to further develop and validate our in-vitro dissolution method to show how BIJUVA is released from the capsule in an in-vitro setting for quality control assessments. The development of this method and validation were completed and submitted to the FDA as required in our approval.

Our hormone therapy pharmaceutical products are characterized by safety and efficacy profiles that can be consistently manufactured to target specifications. This provides an alternative to the non-FDA approved compounded bio-identical market. We believe that our FDA-approved pharmaceutical products offer advantages in terms of demonstrated safety and efficacy, consistency in the hormone dose, lower patient cost due to the increased likelihood of insurance coverage and improved access as a result of availability from major retail pharmacy chains rather than custom order or formulation by individual compounders.

The largest competitors for BIJUVA in the FDA-approved market are Pfizer (PREMPRO®) and Premarin, Teva and Mylan (generic estradiol, generic version of Estrace® oral), with sales of PREMPRO® and Premarin constituting the largest branded products. None of the competing FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of moderate-to-severe VMS due to menopause are a combination of both bio-identical estradiol and progesterone produced by the ovaries. The market for non-FDA-approved compounded hormone therapy products is generally considered very fragmented because the products are prepared and sold by individual compounding pharmacies. We believe that BIJUVA™BIJUVA represents the first time a combination product of estradiol and progesterone that is bio-identical to the estradiol and progesterone produced by the ovaries in a single combined product.

ANNOVERA™

On July 30, 2018, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with the Population Council to commercializeproduct has been approved in the U.S. ANNOVERA™ (segesterone acetate/ethinyl estradiol vaginal system), the first and only patient-controlled, procedure-free, reversible prescription contraceptive that can prevent pregnancy for up a full year, which was approved by the FDA on August 10, 2018. ANNOVERA™ was classified by the FDA as a “new chemical entity,” or NCE, and thus has five years of regulatory exclusivity under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, otherwise known as the Hatch-Waxman Act.

ANNOVERA™ is a one-year ring-shaped contraceptive vaginal system, or CVS. ANNOVERA™, which is made with a silicone elastomer, contains segesterone acetate, a 19-nor progesterone derivative also known as Nestorone®, or NES, and ethinyl estradiol, or EE. EE is an approved active ingredient in many marketed hormonal products. Segesterone acetate, a new chemical entity, is a potent progestin that is not active orally but is active when administered via non-oral routes such as vaginal rings, implants, and transdermal systems. NES has been evaluated in 51 clinical studies across these delivery systems with more than 26,794 cycles of exposure.Reproductive Market

ANNOVERA™ can be inserted and removed by the woman herself without the aid of a healthcare provider and, unlike oral contraceptives, or OCs, ANNOVERA™ does not require daily administration to obtain the contraceptive effect. After 21 days of use, the woman removes ANNOVERA™ for 7 days, thereby providing a regular bleeding pattern (i.e., withdrawal/scheduled bleeding). The same CVS is then re-inserted for additional 21/7-days in/out, for up to a total of 13 cycles (1 year).

ANNOVERA™ releases daily vaginal doses of both active ingredients (NES and EE). The claimed release rate of 150 μg/day NES and 13/day μg EE is supported by the calculated average release rate from an ex vivo analysis of ANNOVERA™ used for 13 cycles and is also supported by data from 13 cycles of in vitro release.

We currently estimate that ANNOVERA™ will be commercially available as early as the third quarter of 2019 with a planned full commercial launch by the first quarter of 2020. We intend to leverage our existing infrastructure, including our sales force, to commercialize ANNOVERA™, together with our recently approved IMVEXXY® and BIJUVA™. ANNOVERA™ will also follow the same commercialization model as IMVEXXY® and BIJUVA™.

Contraception market

Contraception can be defined as the deliberate prevention of pregnancy by interfering with normal process of ovulation, fertilization and implantation through the use of barriers, drugs, medical devices, or surgical techniques. ContraceptiveThe contraceptive market includes non-hormonal barrier methods, such as the non-hormonal intrauterine device, or IUD, contraceptive sponge, diaphragm, cervical cap or shield and condoms, and hormonal methods such as oral contraceptives, injections, implants, hormonal IUDs and vaginal ring and transdermal contraceptive products. Contraceptive drugs include pills, topical, and injectables. Hormonal contraceptives can be composed of synthetic estrogens and progestins. Contraceptives containing both estrogen and a progestin are referred to as combination hormonal contraceptives, or CHCs, and contraceptives containing only progestin are referred to as progestin-only, or P-only. There are three

The most common synthetic estrogensestrogen approved in the United StatesU.S. for use in contraceptive products: EE, mestranol, or ME, andproducts is ethinyl estradiol valerate, or EV. EE has been available for over 40 years and is the estrogen component in nearly all CHCs today.(EE). There are 10 different progestins that have been used in contraceptives sold in the United States.U.S. The progestin component provides most of the contraceptive effect, while the estrogen component primarily provides cycle control, for example, minimizing bleeding or spotting between cycles. The progestin exerts its contraceptive effect by inhibiting ovulation, or release of an egg from the ovary, and by thickening cervical mucus. Thickening cervical mucus helps to prevent sperm entry into the upper genital tract. The estrogen component, in addition to providing cycle control, makes a small contribution to contraception by decreasing the maturation of the egg in the ovary. The latest data from 2015 to 2017 from the Centers for Disease Control, or CDC, indicate that approximately 65% of women aged 15 to 49 were using some type of contraceptive method. Most women who were not using contraception had reasons for not doing so, such as seeking pregnancy, being pregnant or postpartum, or not being sexually active.

According to Grand View Research: “Contraceptives Market Analysis By Drug (Oral Contraceptive Pills, Injectables, Topical), By Device (Male, Female Condoms, Copper, Hormonal IUD, Vaginal Rings, Subdermal Implants) And Segment Forecasts To 2022,” male and female condoms, vaginal implants, subdermal implants, diaphragms, sponges, and intrauterine devices, or IUDs, are key devices and accounted for the largest share of the contraceptives market in terms of revenue. The IUD segment held one of the largest shares of the contraceptive devices in 2014, owing to the rising demand in the regions of Europe and Asia Pacific. A rising number of gynecologists opting for these contraception devices is expected to drive this segment over the forecast period. Contraceptive pills dominated the overall drugs market in 2014 in terms of revenue, owing to a significantly large consumer base, very high usage and government programs and initiatives to address the unmet needs of the women of the reproductive age. TherapeuticsMD now has presence in both the early and late reproductive years with our portfolio.

The U.S. contraceptive market size is expected to reach at $11.6 billion by 2025 expanding at a CAGR of 5.3% over the forecast period, according to Grand View Research, Inc. Increasing awareness about LARClong-acting reversible contraceptives, or LARCs, is expected to augment the product demand, thereby driving the market over the next few years. According to the National Center for Health and Statistics, the use of LARCs in the U.S.United States has increased nearly five-fold in the last decade among women aged 15 to 44 and we believe that this segment of the contraceptive market is attractive given its current growth trajectory. We believe that the increasing awareness about long-actinglong-lasting reversible contraceptive options will grow incremental product demand, thereby driving market growth over the coming years. This is currently led by IUDs. The market leader in the IUD market is Bayer with the following products: Mirena®, Kyleena®, Jaydess® and Skyla®. The remainder of the market is dominated by oral contraceptives, which is represented by one major brand, Lo Loestrin® Fe by Allergan, and a variety of generics led by generic manufacturers such as Teva Pharmaceuticals and Lupin Pharma.

Contraception CompetitionANNOVERA

The industry for contraceptive products is characterized by intense competitionIn July 2018, we entered into an exclusive license agreement with the Population Council to commercialize in the U.S. ANNOVERA (segesterone acetate and strong promotion of proprietary products. While we believe that ANNOVERA™ provides us with a competitive advantage, we may face potential competition from many different sources, including large pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical and generic drug companies, and medical device companies. We expect that primary competition for ANNOVERA™ will come from oral contraceptives, a vaginal ring contraceptive and LARCs. The vaginal ring contraceptive is represented by NuvaRing, (etonogestrel/ethinyl estradiol vaginal ring)system), the first and only patient-controlled, procedure-free, reversible prescription contraceptive that can prevent pregnancy for up to a monthlytotal of 13 cycles (one year), which was approved by the FDA in August 2018.

ANNOVERA was classified by the FDA as a “new chemical entity,” or NCE, and thus has five years of regulatory exclusivity under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, otherwise known as the Hatch-Waxman Act. ANNOVERA is a one-year ring-shaped contraceptive ringvaginal system, or CVS. ANNOVERA, which is made with a silicone elastomer, contains segesterone acetate, a 19-nor progesterone derivative also known as Nestorone®, or SA, and EE. EE is an approved active ingredient in many marketed by Merck. LARC methods include two types of contraceptives: IUDshormonal contraceptive products. Segesterone acetate, an NCE, is a potent progestin that, based on pharmacopogical studies in animals and subcutaneous hormone-releasing implants. Itin vitro, does not bind to the androgen or estrogen receptors and has no glucocorticoid activity at contraceptive doses. SA has been reportedevaluated in 51 clinical studies across these delivery systems with more than 26,794 cycles of exposure.

ANNOVERA can be inserted and removed by the woman herself without the aid of a healthcare provider and, unlike oral contraceptives, ANNOVERA does not require daily administration to obtain the contraceptive effect. After 21 days of use, the woman removes ANNOVERA for seven days, thereby providing a regular bleeding pattern (i.e., withdrawal/scheduled bleeding). The same CVS is then re-inserted for additional 21/7-days in/out, for up to a total of 13 cycles (one year). ANNOVERA releases daily vaginal doses of both active ingredients (SA and EE). The claimed release rate of 150 μg/day SA and 13/day μg EE is supported by the calculated average release rate from an ex vivo analysis of ANNOVERA used for 13 cycles and is also supported by data from 13 cycles of in vitro release.

As part of the approval of ANNOVERA, the FDA has required a post-approval observational study be performed to measure the risk of venous thromboembolism. In accordance with the post-marketing requirements, the full protocol for the study was submitted to the FDA in August 2019. We have agreed to perform and pay the costs and expenses associated with this post-approval study, provided that newer LARC products have recently gainedif the costs and expenses associated with such post-approval study exceed $20 million, half of such excess will offset against royalties or other payments owed by us to the Population Council under the Population Council License Agreement. Given the observational nature of the study, we do not believe that the costs of the study will be material on an annual basis.

In October 2019, we began a “test and learn” market introduction phase of launch for ANNOVERA, with 36 of our existing sales representatives, our 23 regional sales managers and 12 compounding key account managers, or KAMs, introducing ANNOVERA to top targeted healthcare practitioners. A full-scale launch of ANNOVERA is expected in popularity, potentially due to their lower ratesthe first quarter of side effects, greater effectiveness, and broader acceptability among different populations of women.2020.

We believe that ANNOVERA will compete across all the contraception options for women with focus on those women seeking a long-lasting option without a procedure.

For patients, we believe that ANNOVERA™ANNOVERA provides a single long-actinglong-lasting reversible birth control product that woulddoes not require a procedure at the doctor’s office for insertion at a doctor’s office,or removal, empowering women to be in complete control of their fertility and menstruation with a 21/7 regime.regimen. We anticipatebelieve that ANNOVERA™ANNOVERA is acceptablea unique alternative for women who have previously chosen other forms of birth control. These include nulliparous women or(or women who have never given birth. Further, ANNOVERA™birth), women who are considering an IUD but would rather not have a procedure, women who are between pregnancies but desire protection without a long-term commitment, and women who are not satisfied with oral options due to the daily usage or potential side effects.

Prenatal Vitamin Market

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there are approximately four million births per year in the U.S. Of women giving birth in the U.S., the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reports that approximately 73% received early prenatal care in the first trimester, while 6% began prenatal care in the third trimester or did not receive any prenatal care. Most HCPs encourage taking a prenatal vitamin as the recommended standard of care. Prenatal vitamins are dietary supplements intended to be taken before and during pregnancy and during postnatal lactation that provide nutrients recognized by various health organizations as helpful for a healthy pregnancy outcome.

The prenatal vitamin market is softer and more pliable than NuvaRing and, unlike NuvaRing, does not require refrigeration before being prescribed. NuvaRing generatedhighly fragmented, with dozens of companies selling hundreds of competitive products. Prenatal vitamin products are marketed as either nonprescription products or prescription products, with many companies marketing their products through both channels. According to Symphony Health Solutions, during the 12 months ended December 31, 2019, approximately $564 million, $576 million and $515 million in net sales in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, based on approximately 4.3 million, 4.5 million and 4.45.0 million prescriptions respectively. for prenatal vitamins were issued in the U.S. resulting in total sales of approximately $286 million.

Our Prenatal Vitamin Products

We continue to manufacture and distribute our prescription prenatal vitamin product lines under our vitaMedMD brand name and authorized generic formulations of some of our prescription prenatal vitamin products under our BocaGreenMD Prena1 name. We will continue to support the vitaMedMD and BocaGreenMD products as they are important products to our core customers and help provide us with continued access to sell our women’s health portfolio. Our current prenatal vitamin product line features a unique, proprietary combination of FOLMAX™, FePlus™, and pur-DHA™ and includes the following products:

For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, approximately 20%, 93%, and 99.9%, respectively, of our consolidated revenue was generated by our prenatal vitamin products.

Commercialization Model

We are commercializing the products in our portfolio through a common model focused on the belief that providing good experiences for both HCPs and patients will drive profitability for TherapeuticsMD. Given that our portfolio focus is exclusively in women’s health, we believe that ANNOVERA™each new product launch will have significant competitive advantagesallow us to NuvaRing and anticipated generic versions of NuvaRing, including the ability to fill a one-year prescription in one pharmacy visit and the lack of a requirement to refrigerate the ring.

ANNOVERA™ Commercialization Strategy

We believe thatfurther leverage our existing infrastructure and build out our reputation as the premier women’s health organization in the U.S. Below is more detail on our commercialization model:

HCP Education - Initially, we focus on the high writing and high potential HCPs in each territory to gain a full understanding of their prescribing behavior and practices. Our focus is on driving initial prescriptions of these writers for each new product launch and utilizing the time to also pull through on our portfolio of existing products. Once regular writing is established with the initial group of HCPs, we expand our reach to a larger set of HCPs writing in the category.

We educate HCPs on our products primarily with our field sales organization. We have defined a sales force targeting approximately 200 territories, coverwhich includes the most significant part of the addressable markets across our product portfolio. We are deploying a hybrid sales model that combines an internal sales leadership team with a fully dedicated contract sales force to call on our target HCPs.

As of December 31, 2019, at least 17,800 HCPs had written at least one prescription of IMVEXXY and at least 5,000 HCPs had written at least one prescription of BIJUVA, the majority of which are also IMVEXXY writers demonstrating the area where the leading monthly contraceptive ring prescribers are located. Our existing HCPvalue of portfolio and focus. In addition, although still in soft launch mode, as of December 31, 2019, at least 800 HCPs had written at least one prescription of ANNOVERA.

In addition to our sales organization, we leverage non-personal promotion (multi-channel advertising) to targets represent approximately 87%and non-targets that drive awareness, education, and action. These efforts allow for pull through of the current prescription volumesales organization efforts and identification of the leading monthly contraceptive ring.new targets that have interest in writing prescriptions for one or more of our products. We believe this will allow usdrive increased prescribing for our products and lift the overall writing universe and our products top of mind in the HCP community.

BIO-IGNITE - In addition to our sales organization calling on HCPs, we have strong coverage of target HCPs while usinga KAM team to support our existingBIO-IGNITE pharmacy partners and continue to build our internal capabilities to support both organizations, including compliance professionals and programs and key data support systems that provide real-time data for the sales force and KAMs. Our KAMs have national coverage and target over 1,900 community pharmacies that have a focus on compounded bio-identical hormones and the over 2,000 additional HCPs that are affiliated with these pharmacies. As of December 31, 2019, there were over 160 BIO-IGNITE compounding pharmacies that were dispensing BIJUVA.

Payer Access - With the ever-changing payer environment, it is critical to commercialize ANNOVERA™.maximize breadth of coverage as quickly as possible to not inhibit patient access to product. We intenddo this while working to addnegotiate the best possible contracts for us. Many commercial payers employ “new-to-market blocks” for newly launched products until the payers have the opportunity to make a dedicated marketing team exclusively focused on ANNOVERA™coverage decision based upon their internal review of the product. When a product is not covered, the patient is responsible to pay the full price for the medication, which can significantly limit utilization of the product. As we seek to increase the number of lives covered by commercial payers, it is our objective to continue to seek unrestricted coverage. Currently, both IMVEXXY and BIJUVA are broadly available in major pharmacy chains in the U.S., as well as with our BIO-IGNITE partners, via our third-party logistics and our distribution partners. As of December 31, 2019, we have obtained coverage for the majority of commercial payers for both products and continue to seek unrestricted coverage from the remaining commercial insurance plans that we have not yet contracted with to provide affordable access for patients. For IMVEXXY, we achieved unrestricted coverage with eight of the top ten commercial payers of VVA products by commercial payer lives and we continue to sign new agreements with payers to cover IMVEXXY. In addition, as of December 31, 2019, two of the top six Medicare Part D payers of VVA products were adjudicating IMVEXXY, with additional decisions for other Medicare Part D payers expected during 2020. For BIJUVA, through December 31, 2019, we have achieved unrestricted coverage with six of the top ten commercial payers of VMS products by commercial payer lives and we continue to sign new agreements with payers to cover BIJUVA. Although Medicare is a small percentage of the VMS market, as of December 31, 2019, two of the top six Medicare Part D payers of VMS products were adjudicating BIJUVA.

For ANNOVERA, we believe that much of the marketing plan will focus in the digital space given the target patient demographics.

We believe that theits unique characteristics of ANNOVERA™ will assist us in pursuing favorable commercial payer coverage, including only one pharmacy fill fee per year and no office visit or procedure fees. However, obtainingWe have made substantial progress in achieving unrestricted access to ANNOVERA through commercial payers, including having achieved adjudication with six of the top ten commercial payers by commercial payer lives as of December 31, 2019, and maintaining favorable reimbursement can be a time-consuming and expensive process, and there is no guarantee that we will be able to negotiate or continue to negotiate reimbursement or pricing terms for our products, including ANNOVERA™,pursue discussions with payers at profitable levels.several of the country’s largest commercial insurers to further expand coverage. As of December 31, 2019, approximately 64% of the commercial payer market covered ANNOVERA with unrestricted access under pharmacy benefits and approximately 11% covered ANNOVERA with step access.

In addition, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Healthcare and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or the ACA, mandates that private health plans provide coverage for women’s preventative services, without imposing patient cost-sharing requirements, as recommended by the Health Resources and Services Administration, or HRSA. HRSA Guidelines require private health plans to cover, without cost-sharing, at least one form of contraception, or product, in each of the methods, or classes, identified by the FDA for women in its Birth Control Guide, which currently includes 18 separate classes. For classes with more than one type of treatment, private payers need only provide no-cost coverage for one product in each class and may use reasonable medical management to determine whether and to what extent to cover other products in the class. We believe, that given no other vaginal contraceptive product offers contraceptive benefits for an entire year that it is possible that FDA could determine that ANNOVERA™ANNOVERA constitutes a new class of contraceptive, which could allow for coverage of ANNOVERA™ANNOVERA by private health plans with no out-of-pocket cost for patients. However, there is no assurance that FDA will make such a determination and it is possible that other FDA-approved products could also be included in such a new class. For instance, the FDA may find that ANNOVERA fits into the vaginal contraceptive ring class, which it would share with NuvaRing and its generic equivalents, and potentially others. To the extent ANNOVERA™ANNOVERA is not the only FDA-approved product in a designated class of contraception, private payers may choose not to cover ANNOVERA™ANNOVERA or may require patient cost-sharing obligations. Recently, some states have amended and expanded requirements to match the standard set in the ACA mandate, specifically requiring coverage for the full range of contraceptive methods, counseling and services used by women and eliminating out-of-pocket costs and limiting other health plan restrictions. As of January 2020, 29 states require insurers that cover prescription drugs to provide coverage of FDA-approved prescription contraceptive drugs and devices. However, the Trump administration has implemented new policies that permit certain employers to claim a religious or moral objection to the birth control coverage mandate under the ACA. Health plans sponsored by certain exempt religious employers and non-profit religious organizations that certify they have religious objections do not need to offer contraception coverage through their health benefit plans. As of January 2020, 21 states allow certain employers and insurers to refuse to comply with the ACA’s contraceptive coverage mandate. We anticipate that any impact on contraception coverage due to religious exemption will be low; however, healthcare reform, including potential repeal of or changes to the ACA, continues to attract significant legislative and administrative interest, legal challenges, regulatory and compliance requirements, new approaches and public attention that create uncertainty and the potential for additional changes. Healthcare reform implementation, additional legislation or regulations, and other changes in government policy or regulation may repeal the contraception coverage mandate, affect our reimbursement or impose additional coverage limitations and/or cost-sharing obligations on patients, any of which could have a material adverse effect on patient usage of ANNOVERA.

In February 2020, we entered into an agreement with Afaxys Pharma, LLC, a pharmaceutical company focused on serving women in the public health system, to market ANNOVERA in the U.S. public health sector. As part of the Population Council License Agreement, we have agreed to provide significantly reduced pricing to federally designated Title X family planning clinics serving underrepresented women. We also have agreements to market ANNOVERA to the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Veteran's Administration, and in Puerto Rico.

The Population Council has previously entered into

Obtaining and maintaining favorable reimbursement can be a supply agreementtime-consuming and expensive process, and there is no guarantee that we will be able to negotiate or continue to negotiate reimbursement or pricing terms for our products with Crystal Pharma SAUpayers at profitable levels.

Supply - We want to ensure our products are available in all classes of trade and delivery systems. We offer our products through traditional chain wholesalers (Cardinal, McKesson and AmerisourceBergen) and independent retail pharmacies, community compounding pharmacies with our Bio-Ignite program, and mail order. We continue to develop unique opportunities to sell direct to pharmacies to streamline distribution and better control costs.

Patient Affordability Programs - We have affordability and adherence programs in place for patients so that we can support appropriate use of our products by patients. Our co-pay assistance programs allow all patients to access our products at a reasonable cost.

Patient Adherence - Establishing compliance and adherence programs that make getting on a prescription medication and obtaining prescribed refills easy and convenient for the supplypatient and HCPs is a critical lever in our commercial model. Our focus is on minimizing complications in patients filling their first prescription and engaging with them throughout the life of Nestorone®, one of the active pharmaceutical ingredients for ANNOVERA™,their treatment to ensure patients stay on and a letter agreement with QPharma ABuse therapy for the optimizationappropriate length of time. We have delivered effective patient engagement programs for both our prescription prenatal line and for IMVEXXY with average adherence rates above the averages in their respective categories.

Consumer Communication - Another critical level in the commercial manufacturing process for ANNOVERA™. We intendmodel is consumer communication. Our initial focus is on those patients who are already predisposed to enter into agreements Crystal Pharma SAU forseek treatment, such as those patients new to therapy, and those patients dissatisfied with their current therapy. Next, we are focused on expanding the supplymarket by energizing patients who are experiencing bothersome symptoms but who have not been motived to seek treatment. Methods of Nestorone®communication include online and the Population Council has agreedoffline media and span branded and unbranded communication to use commercially reasonable effortsensure we drive action from awareness of symptoms to assist us in doing so. However, Crystal Pharma could declinedesire to enter into similar agreements with us on the terms we anticipate, or at all. We entered intospeak to an HCP to acquire a manufacturing agreement with QPharma for the manufacturing of ANNOVERA™, with an effective date of September 28, 2018.prescription.

License Agreements

License Agreement with the Population Council

Under the terms of the Population Council License Agreement, we paid the Population Council a milestone payment of $20 million$20,000,000 within 30 days following approval by the FDA of the NDA for ANNOVERA™ and will be required to pay the Population Council an additional $20 million within 30 days following the release of theANNOVERA. The first commercial batch of ANNOVERA™.ANNOVERA was released during the third quarter of 2019 and we paid the Population Council $20,000,000 as a result of the commercial batch release. The Population Council is also eligible to receive additional milestone payments and royalties from commercial sales of ANNOVERA™,ANNOVERA, as detailed below.

We assumed responsibility for marketing expenses related to the commercialization of ANNOVERA™.ANNOVERA.

We are required to pay the Population Council milestone payments of $40 million upon cumulative net sales of ANNOVERA™ANNOVERA in the U.S. by us and our affiliates and permitted sublicensees of each of $200.0 million, $400.0 million and $1.0 billion.

In addition, we are required to pay the Population Council, on a quarterly basis, step-based royalty payments based on annual net sales of ANNOVERA™ANNOVERA in the U.S. by us and our affiliates and permitted sublicensees as follows:

The annual royalty rate will be reduced to 50% of the initial rate during the six-month period beginning on the date of the first arms-length commercial sale of a generic equivalent of ANNOVERA™ANNOVERA that is launched by a third party in the U.S., and thereafter will be reduced to 20% of the initial rate.

As part ofThe Population Council has agreed to perform and pay the approval of ANNOVERA™,costs and expenses associated with two post-approval studies required by the FDA has required a post-approval observational study be performed to measure the risk of venous thromboembolism. A protocol submission for the study is due to the FDA in August 2019. WeANNOVERA and we have agreed to perform and pay the costs and expenses associated with thisa post-approval study required by the FDA to measure risk for venous thromboembolism, provided that if the costs and expenses associated with such post-approval study exceed $20 million, half of such excess will be offset against royalties or other payments owed by us to the Population Council under the Population Council License Agreement. GivenWe and the observational naturePopulation Council formed a joint product committee responsible for overseeing activities under the Population Council License Agreement. We are responsible for all aspects of promotion, product positioning, pricing, education programs, publications, sales messages and any additional desired clinical studies for the study, we do not believe thatone-year vaginal contraceptive system, subject to oversight and decisions made by the costs of the study will be material on an annual basis.joint product committee.

Unless earlier terminated, the Population Council License Agreement will remain in effect until the later of the expiration of the last-to-expire of the Population Council’s U.S. patents that are licensed to us, or the date following such expiration that follows a continuous period of six months during which we and our affiliates have not made a commercial sale of ANNOVERA™ANNOVERA in the U.S. The Population Council License Agreement may also be terminated for certain breach and bankruptcy-related events and by us on 180 days prior notice to the Population Council.

As part of the Population Council License Agreement, we have the exclusive right to negotiate co-development and U.S. marketing rights for two other investigational vaginal contraceptive systems in development by the Population Council: a three-month contraceptive ring using Nestorone® plus bio-identical estradiol, which is currently in phase 2 clinical trials, and a new one-year contraceptive ring using Nestorone® plus EE, which is designed as a life cycle management product for the CVS that we have licensed.Council.

License Agreement with Knight Therapeutics Inc.

OnIn July 30, 2018, we entered into a license and supply agreement, or the Knight License Agreement, with Knight pursuant to which we granted Knight an exclusive license to commercialize IMVEXXY®IMVEXXY and BIJUVA™BIJUVA in Canada and Israel.

Under Pursuant to the terms of the Knight License Agreement, Knight will pay us a milestone fees when it receivesfee upon the first regulatory approval in Canada for: (i) IMVEXXY®;of each of IMVEXXY and (ii) BIJUVA™. AdditionalBIJUVA, sales milestone fees and royalties are based upon certain aggregate annual sales in Canada and Israel of each of IMVEXXY and BIJUVA and royalties based on aggregate annual sales of each of IMVEXXY and BIJUVA in Canada and Israel. In October 2019 and November 2019, Knight’s New Drug Submissions for both IMVEXXY®Joyesta (IMVEXXY) and BIJUVA™.BIJUVA, respectively, were accepted for review by Health Canada. Knight will be responsible for all regulatory and commercial activities in Canada and Israel related to IMVEXXY®IMVEXXY and BIJUVA™.

BIJUVA. We may terminate the Knight License Agreement if Knight does not submit all regulatory applications, submissions and/or registrations required for regulatory approval to use and commercialize IMVEXXY®IMVEXXY and BIJUVA™BIJUVA in Canada within certain specified time periods. We also may terminate the Knight License Agreement if Knight challenges our patents. Either party may terminate the Knight License Agreement for any material breach by the other party that is not cured within certain specified time periods or if the other party files for bankruptcy or other related matters.

Our Prenatal Vitamin ProductsLicense Agreement with Theramex

AsIn June 2019, we entered into a licensing and supply agreement, or the Theramex License Agreement, with Theramex pursuant to which we granted Theramex an exclusive, perpetual license to commercialize our recently approved hormone therapy drugs, we continue to manufactureBIJUVA and distribute our prescription prenatal vitamins product lines under our vitaMedMD^® brand name and authorized generic formulationsIMVEXXY for human use outside of some of our prescription prenatal vitamin products under our BocaGreenMD^® Prena1 name. We believe that our vitaMedMD brand name has become a recognized name for high quality women’s health care, while our BocaGreenMD products provide physicians, women, and payers with a lower wholesale acquisition cost alternative for prenatal vitamins. As of January 1, 2017, we decided to focus on selling our prescription vitamins and ceased manufacturing and distributing our over-the-counter, or OTC, product lines,the U.S., except for Iron 21/7 which we ceased manufacturingCanada and distributingIsrael, or the Theramex Territory. Pursuant to the terms of the Theramex License Agreement, Theramex paid us an upfront fee of EUR 14 million in October 2017. Thecash. We are also eligible to receive up to an additional EUR 29.5 million in cash milestone payments, comprised of (i) an aggregate of EUR 2 million in regulatory milestone payments based on regulatory approvals for each of BIJUVA and IMVEXXY in certain specified markets and (ii) an aggregate of EUR 27.5 million in sales milestone payments to be paid in escalating tranches based on Theramex first attaining certain aggregate annual net sales milestones in the Theramex Territory ranging from EUR 25 million to EUR 100 million. We are also entitled to receive quarterly royalty payments based on net sales of discontinued products have declined steadily overBIJUVA and IMVEXXY in the Theramex Territory. Theramex has agreed to submit all regulatory applications, submissions and/or registrations required for regulatory approval to use and commercialize BIJUVA and IMVEXXY in certain specified markets within certain specified time resultingperiods and we may terminate the Theramex License Agreement if Theramex does not submit certain of such regulatory applications, submissions and/or registrations. We may also terminate the Theramex License Agreement if Theramex challenges our patents. Either party may terminate the Theramex License Agreement for any material breach by the other party that is not cured within certain specified time periods or if the other party files for bankruptcy or other related matters. Theramex may sublicense its rights to commercialize BIJUVA and IMVEXXY in immaterial sales.

In March 2012, we launched our first prescription prenatal vitamin, vitaMedMD Plus Rx, with subsequent launches of our second prescription prenatal vitamin, vitaMedMD One Rx, in April 2012 and our third prescription prenatal vitamin, vitaMedMD RediChew™ Rx, in May 2012. In the fourth quarter of 2012, we launched our BocaGreenMD Prena1 line of prescription prenatal vitamins, which included three prescription prenatal vitamins that were authorized generic formulations of our vitaMedMD-branded prescription prenatal vitamins. In the first quarter of 2014, we introduced a new prescription prenatal vitamin product under our branded vitaMedMD name as vitaPearl and under our authorized generic Prena1 name as Prena1 Pearl, which features a unique, proprietary combination of FOLMAX™, FePlus™, and pur-DHA™. In January 2016, we launched vitaTrue. Our current vitamin product line is as follows:

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, approximately 93%, 99.9%, and 99.8%, respectively, of our consolidated revenue was generated by our prenatal vitamin products.

Prenatal Vitamin Market

AccordingTheramex Territory, except for certain specified markets. Pursuant to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there are approximately four million births per year interms of the U.S. Of women giving birth in the U.S., the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reports that approximately 73% received early prenatal care in the first trimester, while 6% began prenatal care in the third trimesterTheramex License Agreement, we agreed to supply, or did not receive any prenatal care. Most doctors encourage taking a prenatal vitamin as the recommended standard of care. Prenatal vitamins are dietary supplements intendedcause to be taken beforesupplied, BIJUVA and during pregnancyIMVEXXY to Theramex. We and during postnatal lactation that provide nutrients recognized by various health organizations as helpfulTheramex have agreed to form a joint product committee responsible for a healthy pregnancy outcome.advising and overseeing activities under the Theramex License Agreement.

The prenatal vitamin market is highly fragmented, with dozens of companies selling hundreds of competitive products. Prenatal vitamin products are marketed as either OTC products or prescription products, with many companies marketing their products through both channels. According to Symphony Health Solutions, during the 12 months ended December 31, 2018, approximately 5.4 million prescriptions for prenatal vitamins were issued in the United States resulting in total sales of approximately $338 million.

Pipeline for Our Hormone Therapy Drug Candidates

TX-002HR

TX-002HR is a natural progesterone formulation for the treatment of secondary amenorrhea without the potentially allergenic component of peanut oil. The hormone therapy drug candidate is bio-identical to – or having the same chemical and molecular structure as - the hormones that naturally occur in a woman’s body. We believe it will be similarly effective to traditional treatments, but may demonstrate efficacy at lower dosages. In January 2014, we began recruitment of patients in the SPRY Trial, a phase 3 clinical trial designed to measure the safety and effectiveness of TX-002HR in the treatment of secondary amenorrhea. During the first two quarters of 2014, the SPRY Trial encountered enrollment challenges because of Institutional Review Board, or IRB, approved clinical trial protocols and FDA inclusion and exclusion criteria. In July 2014, we suspended enrollment and in October 2014 we stopped the SPRY Trial to update the phase 3 protocol based on discussions with the FDA. Our IND related to TX-002HR is currently inactive. We are considering updating the phase 3 protocol to, among other things, target only those women with secondary amenorrhea due to polycystic ovarian syndrome and to amend the primary endpoint of the trial. We believe that the updated phase 3 protocol, if proposed by us and approved by the FDA, would allow us to mitigate the enrollment challenges in, and shorten the duration of, the SPRY Trial. However, there can be no assurance that the FDA will approve the updated phase 3 protocol if we propose it. We have suspended further development of this drug candidate to prioritize our leading drugs.

TX-003HR

TX-003HR is a natural estradiol formulation. This hormone therapy drug candidate is bio-identical to the hormones that naturally occur in a woman’s body. We currently do not have plans to further develop this hormone therapy drug candidate. Our IND related to TX-003HR is currently inactive. We have suspended further development of this drug candidate to prioritize our leading drugs.

Preclinical Development

We have four preclinical projects that include development ofprojects: a progesterone-alone andtransdermal cream (TX-005HR), a combination estradiol and progesterone products transdermal cream (TX-006HR), and a pair of transdermal patch product candidates (TX-007HR and TX-008HR). In vivo and in a topical cream form, which we refervitro proof-of-concept preclinical studies were conducted to asassess TX-005HR and TX-006HR respectively,with respect to penetration of the estradiol and transdermal patch form, which we refer to as TX-00THRprogesterone, and TX-0008HR, respectively. We completed a proof-of-concept preclinical study of TX-005HR in 32 rats. The study used four groups of eight female ovariectomized rats, each of whom were treated with subcutaneous injections of estradiol for eight days. On day four of treatment, they were dosed with a placebo, subcutaneous injections of progesterone, or a dose of TX-005HR topical progesterone cream. The results, presented at NAMS meeting in October 2015, showed that the progesterone in TX-005HR penetrated the skin and opposed the effectsuccessful opposition of subcutaneous estradiol on the endometrium. In the fourth quarter of 2016,addition to menopausal treatments, we submitted an IND application for TX-006HR. In 2018, we investigated the capability of the estradiolare also evaluating various other indications targeted to women’s health and progesterone in TX-006HR to penetrate human skin. This experiment used donated skin from a postmenopausal woman and showed significant penetration of both active ingredients.wellness. We may, in the future, engage with a financing partner to advance our topical cream and transdermal patch projects.one or more of these product candidates. We have also developedone project in clinical development: an oral progesterone and patented novel, oral formulations of progesterone that have shownestradiol formulation (TX-009HR).  Previously, TX-009HR showed improved bioavailability in animals.  In the fourth quarter2019, TX-009HR was tested in a Phase 1 study of 2018, we submitted an IND for TX-009HR, an estradiolhealthy postmenopausal women and progesterone containing oral formulation. In addition to menopausal treatments, we are also evaluating various other indications for our hormone technology, including contraception.was well-tolerated in that study.

Sales Concentration

We sell our prescription prenatal vitamin products and hormone therapy drugpharmaceutical products to wholesale distributors and retail pharmacy distributors. See Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report for a discussion of the concentration of sales of our products.

Seasonality

The pharmaceutical markets in which we compete are not subject to seasonal sales fluctuation. However, our net revenues for the first quarter of each year can be negatively affected by the annual reset of high-deductible commercial insurance plans.

Manufacturing of Our Products

We have sourced and qualified third-party contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, for the commercial supply of our products. The regulations for manufacturing of approved drug products are significantly more stringent than the standards for manufacturing supplements or drug product for clinical trials. Our CMOs are responsible for the manufacture of our products in accordance with our specifications and applicable regulatory requirements. We have entered into long-term supply agreements with Catalent Pharma Solutions, LLC, or Catalent, for the commercial supply of our IMVEXXY®IMVEXXY and BIJUVA™,BIJUVA, and QPharma for the supply of ANNOVERA™.ANNOVERA. Under the terms of the agreements, we are obligated to purchase certain minimum annual amounts of each product. We may terminate the agreement for a particular drug for certain specified reasons. If we are unable to obtain sufficient quantities of drugs or receive raw materials in a timely manner, we could be required to delay our manufacturing and seek alternative manufacturers, which would be costly and time-consuming.

We have a multi-faceted risk management approach to ensure continuous supply from our qualified CMOs for the commercial supply of our products. This approach includes oversight of the manufacturing processes, regular Good Manufacturing Practice, or GMP, audits, a review of their business continuity plans, management of finished product inventory and safety stock, and second sourcing as appropriate.

We have also sourced and qualified manufacturers of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, or APIs, to be used in our drugs and drug candidates. We follow a risk management approach for our API manufacturer similar to that followed for the commercial supply of the finished drug product.

We use third-party manufacturers to manufacture and package our vitamin and supplement products, as well as meet applicable contract and regulatory requirements. We currently obtain all of our vitaMedMD and BocaGreen products from Lang Pharma Nutrition, or Lang, a full-service, private label and corporate brand manufacturer specializing in premium health benefit driven products, including medical foods, nutritional supplements, beverages, bars, and functional foods in the dietary supplement category. As a result, we are dependent on Lang and its subcontractors for the manufacture of our vitamin and supplement products. In addition to manufacturing, Lang also provides a variety of additional services to us, including development processes, prototype development, raw materials sourcing, regulatory review, and packaging production. We believe that Lang maintains multiple supply and purchasing relationships throughout the raw materials marketplace to provide an uninterrupted supply of product to meet our manufacturing requirements.

We have experienced no difficulties in obtaining the vitamin and supplement products we need in the amounts we require and do not anticipate those issues in the future. We believe the terms of our agreements with Lang are competitive with other suppliers and manufacturers. At present, we believe our relationship with Lang is excellent, and we intend to continue to use Lang as our third-party manufacturer for most of our vitamins and supplements. Although we anticipate continuing our relationship with Lang, we believe that we could obtain similar terms with other suppliers to provide the same services in the event our relationship with Lang terminates. Accordingly, we do not believe that such termination would have a material adverse effect on our business.

Quality Control for our Products

Our products are required to be manufactured in accordance with the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practice, or cGMPs. Our third-party suppliers and manufacturers are also responsible for continued compliance with cGMP requirements. We have executed Quality Agreementsquality agreements that delineate the responsibilities of each company in the quality assurance process. To comply with these drug commercialization standards, we have personnel with pharmaceutical development, manufacturing, and quality assurance experience who are responsible for the relationships with our suppliers. We have contracted with Catalent, an established manufacturer of softgel drug products, to manufacture the commercial supply for both IMVEXXY®IMVEXXY and BIJUVA™. In 2018, the Catalent facility that manufactures IMVEXXY® and BIJUVA™ received FDA Form 483 observations from an FDA inspection. For our vitaTrue product, a subcontractor to Lang received FDA Form 483 observations from an FDA inspection during 2018. Neither of these investigations were specific to our products.BIJUVA. We have also contracted with QPharma to manufacture the commercial supply for ANNOVERA™.ANNOVERA. For the prenatal vitamins, our quality assurance team collaborates with Lang to monitor the cGMP compliance of Lang’s contracted manufacturers and packagers. Although each of Catalent, QPharma hasand Lang have received Form FDA Form 483 observations from FDA inspections in the past, we are not aware of any open FDA investigations into itsthe manufacturing and/or packaging processes at the facilities that would beare used to manufacturefor our products.

Our quality assurance team establishes controls that are designed to document the manufacturing process and ensure that our contract manufacturers meet product specifications and that our finished products contain the correct ingredients, purity, strength, and composition in compliance with FDA regulations. OurDepending on their roles and activities, certain of our contractors are subject to applicable requirements to test incoming raw materials and finished goods to ensure they meet or exceed FDA and U.S. Pharmacopeia standards, (when applicable), including quantitative and qualitative assay and microbial and heavy metal contamination (as appropriate).

Distribution of our Products

We distribute our products through our third-party logistics partner, Cardinal Logistics, who shipships to national wholesalerwholesale distributors such as Cardinal, McKesson, and AmerisourceBergen, regional wholesalers such as Smith Drug, Anda, Value Drug and RDC, and alternate distribution partners. Wholesaler product inventory is monitored daily and sales out is monitored weekly. We are subject to compliance responsibilities under the Drug Supply Chain Security Act, or the DSCSA, and the Prescription Drug Marketing Act, or PDMA, in relation to distribution of drug products in the commercial supply and dispensing chain and drug samples to HCPs respectively, and are further subject to state laws on these topics. National and regional retail pharmacies are also an area of focus to make sure our products are purchased and dispensed properly.

Customer Service

Our goal is 100% customer satisfaction by consistently delivering superior customer experiences before, during, and after the sale. To achieve this goal, we maintain a fully-staffedfully staffed customer care center that uses current customer relationship management software to respond to HCPs, pharmacies, and consumers. We believe our customer service initiatives allow us to establish and maintain long-term customer relationships and facilitate repeat visits and purchases.

Our representatives receive regular training so that they can effectively and efficiently field questions from current and prospective customers and are also trained not to answer questions that should be directed to a customer’s physician. Having a quality customer care center allows our representatives to provide an array of valuable data in the areas of sales, market research, quality assurance, lead generation, and customer retention.

Our Return Policy

We sell our prescription products through third-party logistics providers, wholesale distributors, and retail pharmacy distributors, all of whom may return a product within six months before and twelve months after the expiration date of the product. Once customers buy a prescription product from the pharmacy, the product may not be returned.

Our Quality Guarantee

We proudly stand behind the quality of our products. We believe our guarantee makes it easy, convenient, and safe for customers to purchase our products. Under our quality guarantee, we:

We value frequent communication with and feedback from our customers to continue to improve our offerings and services.

Research and Development

Our product development programs are concentrated in advanced hormone therapy pharmaceutical products. We engage in programs to provide alternatives to the FDA and non-FDA-approved compounded bio-identical market for hormone therapy. Our programs seek to bring new products to market in unique delivery systems or formats that enhance the effectiveness, safety, and reliability of existing hormone therapy alternatives.

Our research and development expenses were approximately $27.3 million in 2018, $33.9 million in 2017, and $53.9 million in 2016.

Intellectual Property

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to obtain patents, maintain trade-secret protection, and operate without infringing the proprietary rights of others. Our intellectual property portfolio is one way we attempt to protect our competitive position. We rely primarily on a combination of know-how, trade secrets, patents, trademarks, and contractual restrictions to protect our products and to maintain our competitive position. We are diligently seeking ways to protect our intellectual property through various legal mechanisms in relevant jurisdictions. Where permitted, patents for our hormone therapy drug products have been submitted to the Orange Book.

As of December 31, 2018,2019, we had 2129 issued domestic or U.S. patents and 2430 issued foreign patents, including:

The sponsor of an approved 505(b) drug product, which approval is the first permitted commercial marketing of a drug with that drug’s active ingredient, may apply for a patent term extension (PTE) under 35 U.S.C. § 156. The length of a PTE is calculated based on the “regulatory review period,” which consists of one-half of the time between the initial effective date of the Investigational New Drug, or IND, for the clinical study(ies) supporting FDA approval of the drug and the date of the NDA submission, plus the time between the submission of the NDA and the date of FDA approval. Any period of time during the regulatory review period in which the applicant is deemed to have not acted with due diligence will be deducted from regulatory review period calculation. A PTE may not exceed five years, and the remaining term of a patent as extended by a PTE will be limited as necessary such that the remaining term does not exceed 14 years from the date of the NDA approval. Only one patent may be extended based on a regulatory review period, and a patent may not receive more than one PTE. The rights provided during the term of a PTE generally are limited to the approved use(s) of the product.

As of December 31, 2018,2019, we had filed over 107120 patent applications with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or the USPTO, with respect to our technology or our hormone-therapy drugs and drug candidates, and over 162189 international patent applications with respect to our technology or our hormone-therapy drugs and drug candidates, including Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) and national-stage filings.

We hold multiple U.S. trademark registrations and have numerous pending trademark applications. Issuance of a federally registered trademark creates a rebuttable presumption of ownership of the mark; however, it is subject to challenge by others claiming first use in the mark in some or all the areas in which it is used. Federally registered trademarks have a perpetual life so long as they are maintained and renewed on a timely basis and used properly as trademarks, subject to the rights of third parties to seek cancellation of the trademarks if they claim priority or confusion of usage. We believe our patents and trademarks are valuable and provide us certain benefits in marketing our products.

We intend to actively protect our intellectual property with patents, trademarks, trade secrets, or other legal avenues for the protection of intellectual property and to aggressively prosecute, enforce, and defend our patents, trademarks, and proprietary technology. The loss, by expiration or otherwise, of any one patent may have a material effect on our business. Defense and enforcement of our intellectual property rights can be expensive and time consuming, even if the outcome is favorable to us. It is possible that the patents issued or licensed to us will be successfully challenged, that a court may find that we are infringing on validly issued patents of third parties, or that we may have to alter or discontinue the development of our products or pay licensing fees to account for patent rights of third parties. See “– Pharmaceutical Regulation – Regulatory Exclusivity” below for information regarding our intellectual property and challenges thereto.

OPERA® is our patented information technology platform used in our business. We believe the deployment of OPERA® and the further development and deployment of related technology creates a sustainable competitive advantage in clinical development and product improvement.

As we continue to develop proprietary intellectual property, we will expand our protection by applying for patents on future technologies. As we examine our current product offerings and new product pipeline, we are in the process of modifying and developing new formulations that will enable us to gain patent protection for these products.

While we seek broad coverage under our patent applications, there is always a risk that an alteration to the process may provide sufficient basis for a competitor to avoid infringement claims. In addition, patents expire, and we cannot provide any assurance that any patents will be issued from our pending application or that any potentially issued patents will adequately protect our intellectual property.

Government Regulation

In the United States, the FDA regulates pharmaceuticals, biologics, medical devices, dietary supplements, and cosmetics under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, and its implementing regulations. These products are also subject to other federal, state, and local statutes and regulations, including federal and state consumer protection laws, laws regarding pricing transparency, laws requiring the implementation of compliance programs, laws requiring the reporting of payments or other transfers of value to HCPs or other healthcare professionals, laws protecting the privacy of health-related information, and laws prohibiting unfair and deceptive acts and trade practices.

Pharmaceutical Regulation

The process required by the FDA before a new drug product may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following:

An IND application is a request for authorization from the FDA to administer an investigational drug product to humans. We have submitted six INDs for our hormone therapy drug candidates, including an IND for TX-009HR in 2018. Thecandidates. Requests to withdraw the INDs for TX-002HR and TX-003HR are currently on inactive status.were submitted in December 2019. The INDs for TX-004HR, TX-001HR, TX-006HR, and TX-009HR remain active. The IND for ANNOVERA was transferred from the Population Council to us in May 2019 and is also active.

Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational drug to human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators in accordance with current Good Clinical Practices, or cGCPs, which include the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent for their participation in the clinical trial. A protocol for each clinical trial and any subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Additionally, approval must also be obtained from and central or each clinical trial site’s institutional review board, or IRB, before the trials may be initiated, and the IRB must monitor the study until completed and re-assess and approve the study at least annually. There are also requirements governing the reporting of ongoing clinical trials and clinical trial results to public registries.

Clinical trials are usually conducted in three phases. Phase 1 clinical trials are normally conducted in small groups of healthy volunteers to assess safety, characterize pharmacokinetics, and assist in finding the potential dosing range. After phase 1,During Phase 2, the drug is administered to small populations of patients (phase 2) to look for initial signs of efficacy in treating the targeted disease or condition and to continue to assess dosing and safety. Phase 3 clinical trials are usually multi-center, double-blind, controlled trials in hundreds or even thousands of subjects at various sites to assess the safety and effectiveness of the drug.

During a clinical trial, we are required to inform the FDA and the IRB about adverse events associated with our drug candidate. The FDA, the IRB, or the clinical trial sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Additionally, some clinical trials are overseen by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the clinical trial sponsor, known as a data safety monitoring board or committee, or DSMB. This group reviews unblinded data from clinical trials and provides authorization for whether or not a trial may move forward at designated check points based on access to certain data from the study. We may also suspend or terminate a clinical trial based on evolving business objectives or competitive climates.

Assuming successful completion of all required testing in accordance with all applicable regulatory requirements, detailed investigational drug product information is submitted to the FDA in the form of an NDA requesting approval to market the product for one or more indications. The application includes all relevant data available from pertinent preclinical and clinical trials, including, among other things, negative or ambiguous results as well as positive findings, together with detailed information relating to the product’s chemistry, manufacturing, controls and proposed labeling, among other things.labeling.

Once the NDA submission has been accepted for filing, the FDA’s goal is to review standard applications within 10 months of the 60-day filing date for new molecular entity NDA and original BLA submissions, or 12within 10 months of receipt for a new molecular entity. However,non-NME and original BLA submissions. For Original Efficacy Supplements, the FDA’s goal is to review the application within 10 months of the receipt date. The review process is often significantlycan be extended by FDA requests for additional information or clarification. The FDA may refer the application to an advisory committee for review, evaluation, and recommendation as to whether the application should be approved. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee, but it typically follows such recommendations.

Post-Approval Regulation

Since regulatory approval of some of our drug products has been obtained, we are required to comply with several post-approval requirements. As a holder of an approved NDA, we are required to report, among other things, certain adverse reactions and production problems to the FDA, to provide updated safety and efficacy information, to adhere to product sampling and distribution requirements, fulfill post-marketing study commitments, and to comply with requirements concerning advertising and promotional labeling for any of our products. drug products, which include, among other things, standards for direct-to-consumer advertising, restrictions that prohibit promoting products for uses or in patient populations that are not described in the product’s approved uses or that are not otherwise consistent with the FDA-required label (known as “off-label use”), limitations on industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities, and requirements for promotional activities involving the internet. Although physicians may prescribe legally available products for off-label use, if they deem such use to be appropriate in their professional medical judgment, manufacturers may not market or promote such off-label uses.

Also, quality control and manufacturing procedures must continue to conform to cGMPcGMPs to ensure and preserve the long-term stability of the drug product. The FDA periodically inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMP which imposes extensive procedural, substantive, and record keeping requirements. For example, Catalent, the CMO that we have contracted with for the commercial supply of our BIJUVA™ and IMVEXXY® hormone therapy drug products, was issued a Form FDA-483 in 2018 with respect to its softgel manufacturing plant. The observations and associated corrective actions identified in Catalent’s response to the Form FDA 483 do not relate specifically to our products. The current status of that Form FDA 483 is No Action Indicated. No Action Indicated status indicates that the FDA is satisfied with Catalent’s responses and proposed corrective measures to the observations and that no further regulatory action is needed following Catalent’s responses.

After regulatory approval of a drug product is obtained, we would be required to comply with several post-approval requirements. As a holder of an approved NDA, we would be required to report,regulations require among other things, certain adverse reactions and production problems to the FDA, to provide updated safety and efficacy information, and to comply with requirements concerning advertising and promotional labeling for any of our products. Also, quality control and manufacturing procedures must continuequality assurance as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and documentation and the obligation to conforminvestigate and correct any deviations from cGMP. Manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved products are, depending on the nature and scope of their activities, subject to cGMP after approvalFDA and certain state agency requirements relating to ensureestablishing and preserve the long-term stability of the drug product. The FDA periodically inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMP, which imposes extensive procedural, substantive, and record keeping requirements.

In addition, changesmaintaining product quality. Changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated, and, depending on the significance of the change, may require prior FDA approval before being implemented. FDA regulations also require investigation and correction of any deviations from cGMP and impose reporting and documentation requirements upon us and any third-party manufacturers that we may decide to use. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in production and quality control to maintain compliance with cGMP and other aspects of regulatory compliance.

The FDA periodically inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMP, which imposes extensive procedural, substantive, and record keeping requirements. For example, Catalent, the CMO that we have contracted with for the commercial supply of our BIJUVA and IMVEXXY hormone therapy drug products, was issued a Form FDA 483 in 2019 with respect to its softgel manufacturing plant. The observations and associated corrective actions identified in Catalent’s response to the Form FDA 483 related to our BIJUVA product. The current inspection classification status of that Form FDA 483 is that the response was adequate and Voluntary Action Indicated. Voluntary Action Indicated status indicates that objectionable conditions or practices were found but the FDA is not prepared to take or recommend any administrative or regulatory action.

We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties to produce clinical and commercial quantities of our drugs and drug candidates. Future FDA and state inspections may identify compliance issues at our facilities or at the facilities of our contract manufacturers that may disrupt production or distribution or require substantial resources to correct. In addition, discovery of previously unknown problems (for example, through adverse events observed in the post-marketing context, or in Phase 4 / post-marketing studies) with a product or the failure to comply with applicable requirements may result in restrictions on a product, manufacturer, or holder of an approved NDA, including withdrawal or recall of the product from the market or other voluntary, FDA-initiated or judicial action that could delay or prohibit further marketing. Newly discovered or developed safety or effectiveness data may require changes to a product’s approved labeling, including the addition of new warnings and contraindications, and may require the implementation of other risk management measures. Also, new government requirements, including those resulting from new legislation, may be established, or the FDA’s policies may change, which could delay or prevent regulatory approval of our products under development.

Regulation of Compounding Pharmacies

Our hormone therapy drugspharmaceutical products and drugproduct candidates may compete with unapproved hormone therapy products supplied by compounding pharmacies. Pharmacy compounding is a practice in which a licensed pharmacist combines, mixes, or alters ingredients in response to a prescription to create a medication tailored to the medical needs of an individual patient. The medications created by the compounding pharmacy are theoretically “new drugs” that would otherwise be subjectnot approved by the FDA and are therefore not reviewed to the new drug approval requirements of the FDCA.evaluate their safety, effectiveness, or quality.

However, forFor approximately 50 years, the FDA left regulation of compounding pharmacies to the states. In 1992, in response to various safety concerns, the FDA issued a Compliance Policy Guide, which announced that the “FDA may, in the exercise of its enforcement discretion, initiate federal enforcement actions...when the scope and nature of a pharmacy’s activities raises the kinds of concerns normally associated with a manufacturer and...results in significant violations of the new drug, adulteration, or misbranding provisions of the Act.” Thereafter, Congress enacted the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997, or FDAMA, which sought to clarify FDA’s regulatory authority over compounding pharmacies. FDAMA exempted “compounded drugs” from the FDA’s standard drug approval requirements as long as the providers of those drugs abide by several restrictions, including that they refrain from advertising or promoting particular compounded drugs. In 2002, though, the Supreme Court declared this provision of FDAMA to be unconstitutional under the First Amendment, effectively re-instatingreinstating the pre-FDAMA regime. Shortly thereafter, the FDA issued its 2002 Compliance Policy Guide 460.200, which states that the FDA will exercise enforcement discretion to exclude compounded drugs from the new drug approval requirements except where compounding pharmacies act more akin to traditional drug manufacturers.

To further clarify the FDA’s jurisdiction, Congress enacted and the President signed into law the Drug Quality and Security Act of 2013, which among other things, formalized the relationship between the FDA and compounding pharmacies by exempting compounding pharmacy products from the FDA approval requirements and the requirement to label products with adequate directions for use, but not the exemption from cGMP requirements. To qualify for this exemption, a compounding pharmacy must register with the FDA as an “outsourcing facility,” subject to FDA inspection and other requirements. The FDA does not exercise the same authority to regulate compounding pharmacies as pharmaceutical manufacturers. For example, compounding pharmacies are not required to report adverse events associated with compounded drugs, while commercial drug manufacturers are subject to stringent regulatory reporting requirements.

New Drug Applications

We received marketing approval for three NDAs in 2018, two for our hormone therapy drug products, IMVEXXY® and BIJUVA™, and one for our in-licensed contraceptive drug ANNOVERA™. Where permitted, patents for our hormone therapy drug products have been submitted to the Orange Book.

Regulatory Exclusivity

A Section 505(b) NDA applicant may be eligible for its own regulatory exclusivity period, such as a five-year or three-year exclusivity. The first approved Section 505(b) NDA applicant for a drug containing a newan active ingredient that has not previously been approved in any other 505(b) NDA (a “new chemical entity,” or NCE,NCE), is entitled toeligible for a five-year Hatch-WaxmanNCE exclusivity period.period starting on the date of the NDA approval. During this period, an Abbreviated New Drug Application, or ANDA, or 505(b)(2) application for a drug containing the protected active ingredient of the NCE product generally cannot be submitted to FDA until the end of the five-year exclusivity period, (orexcept that such applications can be submitted at year four if the product is covered by an Orange Book listed patent).patent and the ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA includes a Paragraph IV Certification challenging such patent. Additional exclusivities may also apply.

The first approved Section 505(b) NDA applicant for a particular condition, or a supplemental NDA approval for a change to a marketed product, such as a new extended release formulation for a previously approved product, may be grantedeligible for a three-year Hatch-Waxman exclusivity if one or more new clinical studies, other than bioavailability or bioequivalence studies, was essential to the approval of the application and was conducted or sponsored by the applicant. Should this occur, the FDA would be precluded from making effectivegranting final approval to any ANDA or 505(b)(2) application for the same condition of use or for a change to the marketingmarketed product that was granted exclusivity until after that three-year exclusivity period has run. Additional exclusivities may also apply.

Additionally, any ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA that references the 505(b) product must include one of several types of patent certifications. If the Section 505(b) NDA applicant may have relevantdrug has one or more unexpired patents listed in the Orange Book, an ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA must include either a “Paragraph III Certification” or a “Paragraph IV Certification.” A Paragraph III Certification identifies the expiration date of the listed patent and if it does, it can initiaterequires FDA to withhold final approval until that patent has expired. A “Paragraph IV Certification” states that, in the applicant’s opinion, the relevant patent is invalid, unenforceable, or would not be infringed by the commercial marketing of the proposed ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA product. The sponsor of a Paragraph IV ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA must also provide the holder of the marketed product NDA, and the owner of the challenged patent, with notification of the Paragraph IV filing along with a detailed statement of the reasons the applicant believes the patent is invalid, unenforceable, or would not be infringed. If the patent owner brings an infringement litigationaction against those applicants that challenge such patents,the Paragraph IV applicant within 45 days of the notification, a statutory stay is imposed which could result in aprevents FDA from granting final approval of the Paragraph IV application for 30 months from the date of the Paragraph IV Notification. Generally, no more than one 30-month stay delayingmay be applied against any specific Paragraph IV ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA. A 30-month stay can be terminated early, and the Paragraph IV application can be immediately approved, if the district court rules in favor of the Paragraph IV applicant that the patent is invalid, unenforceable, or would not be infringed.

On February 20, 2020, we received a Paragraph IV certification notice letter, or the Notice Letter, regarding an ANDA submitted to the FDA by Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc., or Teva. The ANDA seeks approval from the FDA to commercially manufacture, use, or sell a generic version of the 4 mcg and 10 mcg doses of IMVEXXY. In the Notice Letter, Teva alleges that TherapeuticsMD patents listed in the FDA’s approvalOrange Book that claim compositions and methods of ANDA applications further.IMVEXXY, or the IMVEXXY Patents, are invalid, unenforceable, and/or will not be infringed by Teva’s commercial manufacture, use, or sale of its proposed generic drug product. The IMVEXXY Patents identified in the Notice Letter expire in 2032 or 2033. We are currently reviewing the Notice Letter and intend to vigorously enforce our above-described intellectual property rights relating to IMVEXXY.

Dietary Supplement Regulation

Our currently marketed prenatal vitamins are regulated as dietary supplements. The processing, formulation, safety, manufacturing, packaging, labeling, advertising, and distribution of these products are subject to regulation by one or more federal agencies, including the FDA and the Federal Trade Commission, or the FTC, and by various agencies of the states and localities in which our products are sold.

Generally, our nutritional product formulations are proprietary in that in designing them, we attempt to blend an optimal combination of nutrients that appearare intended to have a beneficial impact in prenatal women based upon scientific literature and input from physicians;HCPs; however, we are generally prohibited from making disease treatment and prevention claims in the promotion of our products that use these formulations.

The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, or DSHEA, amended the FDCA to establish a new framework governing the composition, safety, labeling, manufacturing, and marketing of dietary supplements. Generally, under the FDCA, dietary ingredients that were marketed in the United States before October 15, 1994 may be used in dietary supplements without notifying the FDA. “New” dietary ingredients (i.e., dietary ingredients that were “not marketed in the United States before October 15, 1994”) must be the subject of a new dietary ingredient notification submitted to the FDA unless the ingredient has been “present in the food supply as an article used for food” without being “chemically altered.” A new dietary ingredient notification must provide the FDA evidence of a “history of use or other evidence of safety” establishing that use of the dietary ingredient “will reasonably be expected to be safe.” A new dietary ingredient notification must be submitted to the FDA at least 75 days before the initial marketing of the new dietary ingredient. The FDA may determine that a new dietary ingredient notification does not provide an adequate basis to conclude that a dietary ingredient is reasonably expected to be safe. Such a determination could prevent the marketing of such dietary ingredient. The FDA recently issued draft guidance governing the notification of new dietary ingredients. FDA guidance is not mandatory, and companies are free to use an alternative approach if the approach satisfies the requirements of applicable laws and regulations. However, FDA guidance is a strong indication of the FDA’s “current thinking” on the topic discussed in the guidance, including its position on enforcement. The draft guidance on new dietary ingredients is expected to be significantly revised when published in final form. Moreover, Congress can amend the dietary supplement provisions of the FDCA to impose additional restrictions on labeling and marketing of dietary supplements. Such action would have material adverse impact on our business and growth prospects.

The FDA or other agencies could take actions against products or product ingredients that in its determination present an unreasonable health risk to consumers that would make it illegal for us to sell such products. In addition, the FDA could issue consumer warnings with respect to the products or ingredients in such products. Such actions or warnings could be based on information received through FDCA-mandated reporting of serious adverse events. The FDCA requires that reports of serious adverse events be submitted to the FDA, and based in part on such reports, the FDA has issued public warnings to consumers to stop using certain third-party dietary supplement products.

The FDCA permits “statements of nutritional support” to be included in labeling for dietary supplements without premarket approval. Such statements must be submitted to the FDA within 30 days of marketing. Such statements may describe how a particular dietary ingredient affects the structure, function, or general well-being of the body, or the mechanism of action by which a dietary ingredient may affect body structure, function, or well-being, but may not expressly or implicitly represent that a dietary supplement will diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent a disease. A company that uses a statement of nutritional support in labeling must possess scientific evidence substantiating that the statement is truthful and not misleading. If the FDA determines that a particular statement of nutritional support is an unacceptable drug claim, conventional food claim, or an unauthorized version of a “health claim,” or, if the FDA determines that a particular claim is not adequately supported by existing scientific data or is false or misleading, we would be prevented from using the claim.

In addition, DSHEA provides that so-called “third-party literature,” such as a reprint of a peer-reviewed scientific publication linking a particular dietary ingredient with health benefits, may be used “in connection with the sale of a dietary supplement to consumers” without the literature being subject to regulation as labeling. The literature: (1) must not be false or misleading; (2) may not “promote” a particular manufacturer or brand dietary supplement; (3) must present a balanced view of the available scientific information on the subject matter; (4) if displayed in establishment, must be physically separate from the dietary supplements; and (5) should not have appended to it any information by sticker or another method. If the literature fails to satisfy each of these requirements, we may be prevented from disseminating such literature with our products, and any dissemination could subject our product to regulatory action as an illegal drug.

In June 2007, pursuant to the authority granted by the FDCA as amended by DSHEA, the FDA published detailed cGMP regulations that govern the manufacturing, packaging, labeling, and holding operations of dietary supplement manufacturers. The cGMP regulations, among other things, impose significant recordkeeping requirements on manufacturers. The cGMP requirements are in effect for all manufacturers, and the FDA is conducting inspections of dietary supplement manufacturers pursuant to these requirements. The failure of a manufacturing facility to comply with the cGMP regulations renders products manufactured in such facility “adulterated,” and subjects such products and the manufacturer to a variety of potential FDA enforcement actions. In addition, under the Food Safety Modernization Act, or FSMA, which was enacted on January 2, 2011, the manufacturing of dietary ingredients contained in dietary supplements are subject to similar or even more burdensome manufacturing requirements, which has the potential to increase the costs of dietary ingredients and subject suppliers of such ingredients to more rigorous inspections and enforcement. The FSMA also requires importers of food, including dietary supplements and dietary ingredients, to conduct verification activities to ensure that the food they might import meets applicable domestic requirements.

The FDA has broad authority to enforce the provisions of federal law applicable to dietary supplements, including powers to issue public Warning Letters or Untitled Letters to a company, publicize information about illegal products, detain products intended for import, require the reporting of serious adverse events, request a recall of illegal or unsafe products from the market, and request that the Department of Justice initiate a seizure action, an injunction action, or a criminal prosecution in the U.S. courts. The FSMA expands the reach and regulatory powers of the FDA with respect to the production and importation of food, including dietary supplements. The expanded reach and regulatory powers include the FDA’s ability to order mandatory recalls, administratively detain domestic products, require certification of compliance with domestic requirements for imported foods associated with safety issues and administratively revoke manufacturing facility registrations, effectively enjoining manufacturing of dietary ingredients and dietary supplements without judicial process. The regulation of dietary supplements may increase or become more restrictive in the future.

The FTC exercises jurisdiction over the advertising of dietary supplements and cosmetics.supplements. In recent years, the FTC has instituted numerous enforcement actions against dietary supplement companies for making false or misleading advertising claims and for failing to adequately substantiate claims made in advertising. These enforcement actions have often resulted in consent decrees and the payment of civil penalties and/or restitution by the companies involved. The FTC also regulates other aspects of consumer purchases, including promotional offers of savings compared policies, telemarketing, continuity plans, and “free” offers.

We are also subject to regulation under various state, local, and international laws that include provisions governing, among other things, the formulation, manufacturing, packaging, labeling, advertising, and distribution of dietary supplements and drugs. For example, Proposition 65 in the state of California is a list of substances deemed to pose a risk of carcinogenicity or birth defects at or above certain levels. If any such ingredient exceeds the permissible levels in a dietary supplement, cosmetic, or drug, the product may be lawfully sold in California only if accompanied by a prominent warning label alerting consumers that the product contains an ingredient linked to cancer or birth defect risk. Private attorney general actions as well as California attorney general actions may be brought against non-compliant parties and can result in substantial costs and fines.

Other U.S. Healthcare Laws and Compliance Requirements

Certain federal and state healthcare laws and regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse and patients’ rights, among other topics, are and will be applicable to our business. We are also subject to additional healthcare regulation and enforcement by both the federal government and the states in which we or our partners conduct our business. Applicable federal and stateThe healthcare laws and regulations include the following:that may affect our ability to operate include:

Pharmaceutical company interactions with HCPs, patient advocacy groups, and patients, including with respect to product and patient assistance programs and other education and support initiatives, have been and continue to be the subject of regulatory scrutiny for compliance with fraud and abuse laws.

In addition to the fraud and abuse laws, we continue to monitor the potential impact of proposals to lower prescription drug costs at the federal and state level. For example, on May 11, 2018, President Trump laid out his administration’s “Blueprint” to lower drug prices and reduce out of pocket costs of drugs, as well as additional proposals to increase drug manufacturer competition, increase the negotiating power of certain federal healthcare programs, and incentivize manufacturers to lower the list price of their products. Although some proposals related to the administration’s Blueprint may require additional authorization to become effective, may ultimately be withdrawn, or may face challenges in the courts, the U.S. Congress and the Trump administration have indicated that they will continue to seek new legislative and administrative measures to control drug costs. Drug pricing remains a key bipartisan issue and drug pricing legislation has been introduced in both the Senate and the House. The Senate Finance Committee released “The Prescription Drug Pricing Reduction Act of 2019” in July 2019 which includes changes to Medicare and Medicaid drug pricing and targets certain pharmacy benefit manager (PBM) and pharmaceutical manufacturer pricing practices. In December 2019, the House passed a drug pricing bill, “Lower Drug Costs Now Act of 2019”, which features Medicare Parts B and D direct negotiation with manufacturers, inflationary rebates, and a restructuring of the Part D benefit. Republicans in both chambers have opposed the drug pricing bills but the Trump administration has expressed support for the Senate bill and continues to push for drug pricing controls. At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. In addition, recent healthcare reform legislation has strengthened these laws. For example, the ACA, among other things, amended the intent requirement of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and certain criminal healthcare fraud statutes. A person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, the ACA codified case law that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False Claims Act.

Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations could be costly. Although we believe that our business practices are structured to be compliant with applicable laws, it is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations, or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our past or present operations, including activities conducted by our sales team or agents, are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal, and administrative penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from third party payer programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. If any of the physicians,HCPs, providers, or entities with whom we do business are found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil, or administrative sanctions, including exclusion from government funded healthcare programs.

Many aspects of these laws have not been definitively interpreted by the regulatory authorities or the courts, and their provisions are open to a variety of subjective interpretations that increases the risk of potential violations. In addition, these laws and their interpretations are subject to change. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses, divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business, and damage our reputation.

In addition, from time to time in the future, we may become subject to additional laws or regulations administered by the FDA, the FTC, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, or by other federal, state, local, or foreign regulatory authorities, toor the repeal of laws or regulations that we generally consider favorable, such as DSHEA, or to more stringent interpretations of current laws or regulations. We are not able to predict the nature of such future laws, regulations, repeals, or interpretations, and we cannot predict what effect additional governmental regulation, if and when it occurs, would have on our business in the future. Such developments could, however, require reformulation of certain products to meet new standards, recalls or discontinuance of certain products not able to be reformulated, additional record-keeping requirements, increased documentation of the properties of certain products, additional or different labeling, additional scientific substantiation, additional personnel, or other new requirements. Any such developments could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The growth and demand for eCommerce could result in more stringent consumer protection laws that impose additional compliance burdens on online retailers. These consumer protection laws could result in substantial compliance costs and could interfere with the conduct of our business. There is currently great uncertainty in many states whether or how existing laws governing issues such as property ownership, sales and other taxes, and libel and personal privacy apply to the Internet and commercial online retailers. These issues may take years to resolve. For example, tax authorities in several states, as well as a Congressional advisory commission, are currently reviewing the appropriate tax treatment of companies engaged in online commerce and new state tax regulations may subject us to additional state sales and income taxes. New legislation or regulation, the application of laws and regulations from jurisdictions whose laws do not currently apply to our business, or a change in application of existing laws and regulations to the Internet and commercial online services could result in significant additional taxes on our business. These taxes could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Employees

As of December 31, 2018,2019, we had 241348 employees, six of whom are executive officers. Our sales force currently consists mainly of contract employees, with the sales management being employees. Additionally, from time to time, we hire temporary contract employees. None of our employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement, and we are unaware of any union organizing efforts. We have never experienced a major work stoppage, strike, or dispute. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.

Our History

On October 3, 2011, we changed our name to TherapeuticsMD, Inc. On October 4, 2011, we closed a reverse merger with VitaMedMD pursuant to which (1) all outstanding membership units of VitaMedMD were exchanged for shares of our common stock, (2) all outstanding VitaMedMD options and warrants were exchanged and converted into options and warrants to purchase shares of our common stock, and (3) VitaMedMD became our wholly owned subsidiary. As of December 31, 2011, we determined that VitaMedMD would become the sole focus of our company and services previously performed relative to the licensing agreement discussed in the following paragraph were discontinued.

We were incorporated in Utah in 1907 under the name Croff Mining Company, or Croff. Prior to 2008, Croff’s operations consisted entirely of oil and natural gas leases. Due to a spin-off of its operations in December 2007, Croff had no business operations or revenue source and had reduced its operations to a minimal level although it continued to file reports required under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act. As a result of the spin-off, Croff was a “shell company” under the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. In July 2009, Croff (i) closed a transaction to acquire America’s Minority Health Network, Inc. as a wholly owned subsidiary, (ii) ceased being a shell company, and (iii) experienced a change in control in which the former stockholders of America’s Minority Health Network, Inc. acquired control of our company. On June 11, 2010, we closed a transaction to acquire Spectrum Health Network, Inc. as a wholly owned subsidiary. On July 20, 2010, we filed Articles of Conversion and Articles of Incorporation to redomicile in the state of Nevada. On July 31, 2010, we transferred the assets of America’s Minority Health Network, Inc. to a secured noteholder in exchange for the satisfaction of certain associated debt. On February 15, 2011, we transferred the assets of Spectrum Health Network, Inc. to a secured noteholder in exchange for the satisfaction of associated debt and in exchange for a licensing agreement under which we subsequently sold subscription services and advertising on the Spectrum Health Network for commissions.

Available Information

We are a Nevada corporation. We maintain our principal executive offices at 6800 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Third Floor,951 Yamato Road, Suite 220, Boca Raton, Florida 33487.33431. Our telephone number is (561) 961-1900. We maintain a corporate website at www.therapeuticsmd.com as well as various product websites. The information contained on our websites or that can be accessed through our websites is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report or in any other report or document we file with the SEC.

We file reports with the SEC, including Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and any other filings required by the SEC. Through our website, we make available free of charge our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, other filings required by the SEC, and all amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC.  These reports may also be obtained directly from the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

Risk Factors

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, together with all of the information included in this Annual Report and our other filings with the SEC, before you decide to purchase shares of our common stock. We believe the risks and uncertainties described below are the most significant we face. Additional risks and uncertainties of which we are unaware, or that we currently deem immaterial, also may become important factors that affect us. If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition, or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business

We have incurred significant operating losses since inception and anticipate that we will incur continued losses for the foreseeable future.

We have incurred recurring net losses, including net losses of approximately $176 million, $133 million, $77 million, and $90$77 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 2016,2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2018,2019, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $519$695 million. We have generated limited revenue and have funded our operations to date primarily from public and private sales of equity and private sales of debt securities. We may incur substantial additional losses over the next few years because of our commercialization, research, development, and clinical trial and commercialization activities. As a result, we may never achieve or maintain profitability, even if we successfully commercialize all of our hormone therapy drugs.pharmaceutical products. If we continue to incur substantial losses and are unable to secure additional financing, we could be forced to discontinue or curtail our business operations, sell assets at unfavorable prices, refinance then-existing debt obligations on terms unfavorable to us, or merge, consolidate, or combine with a company with greater financial resources in a transaction that might be unfavorable to us.

We currently derive all of our revenue from sales or licenses of our women’s health carehealthcare products, and our failure to maintain or increase sales of these products could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects.

In 2018,2019, we derived mostall of our revenue from sales or licenses of our women’s health carehealthcare products, including patient-controlled, long-acting contraceptive, hormone therapy drugs,pharmaceutical products, prenatal and women’s multi-vitamins, and iron supplements. Sales of products varied from 2010 through 2018. We cannot assure you that we will be able to sustain such sales or that such sales will grow. In addition to other risks described herein, our ability to maintain or increase existing product sales is subject to several risks and uncertainties, including the following:

If revenue from sales of our products does not increase, we may be required to reduce our operating expenses or to seek to raise additional funds, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects, or we may not be able to commercialize all of our hormone therapy drugspharmaceutical products or commence or continue clinical trials to seek approval for any other products we may choose to develop in the future.

The commercial success of our existing products and other pharmaceutical products that we may develop, if approved in the future, will depend upon gaining and retaining significant market acceptance of these products among physicians and payers.

Physicians may not prescribe our products, which would prevent us from generating revenue or becoming profitable. Market acceptance of our products, including our hormone therapy pharmaceutical products and patient-controlled, long-acting contraceptive, by physicians, patients, and payers, will depend on a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including the following:

Even if the medical community accepts that our products are safe and effective for their approved indications, physicians may not immediately be receptive to their use or may be slow to adopt our products as an accepted treatment for the symptoms for which they are intended. Labeling approved by the FDA may not permit us to promote our products as being superior to competing products. If our products do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians and payers, we may not generate sufficient or any revenue from these products and we may not become profitable. In addition, our efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payers on the benefits of our products may require significant resources and may never be successful.

Our business may be affected by unfavorable publicity or lack of consumer acceptance.

We are highly dependent upon consumer acceptance of the safety and quality of our products, as well as similar products distributed by other companies. Consumer acceptance of a product can be significantly influenced by scientific research or findings, national media attention, and other publicity about product use, products themselves, or marketing campaigns for our products. A product may be received favorably, resulting in high sales associated with that product that may not be sustainable as consumer preferences change. Future scientific research or publicity could be unfavorable to our industry or any of our products and may not be consistent with earlier favorable research or publicity. A future research report or publicity that is perceived by consumers as less than favorable or that may question earlier favorable research or publicity could have a material adverse effect on sales of our products and our ability to generate revenue. Adverse publicity in the form of published scientific research, statements by regulatory authorities or otherwise, whether or not accurate, that associates use of our products or any other similar products with illness or other adverse effects, or that questions the benefits of our products or similar products, or that claims that such products do not have the effect intended, or that question the marketing of our products, could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, or results of operations.

Our success depends on how efficiently we respond to changing consumer preferences and demand.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to anticipate and respond to changing consumer trends and preferences. We may not be able to respond in a timely or commercially appropriate manner to these changes. Our failure to accurately predict these trends could negatively impact our inventory levels, sales, and consumer opinion of us as a source for the latest product. The success of our new product offerings depends upon several factors, including our ability to achieve the following:

If we do not introduce new products, make enhancements to existing products, or maintain the appropriate inventory levels of our existing products to meet consumers’ demand in a timely manner, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

We may not be able to complete the development and commercialization of our hormone therapy drugpharmaceutical products and development of future product candidates if we fail to obtain additional financing.

We need substantial amounts of cash to complete the commercialization of IMVEXXY®, BIJUVA™IMVEXXY, BIJUVA and ANNOVERA™ANNOVERA and the clinical development and commercialization of future hormone therapy drugpharmaceutical product candidates. Our existing cash may not be sufficient to fund these requirements. In addition, changing circumstances may cause us to consume funds significantly faster than we currently anticipate, and we may need to spend more money than currently expected on these programs. We may attempt to raise additional capital from the issuance of equity securities, collaborations with third parties, licensing of rights to our products, the issuance of debt securities and the incurrence of debt, in each case to the extent permitted under the CreditFinancing Agreement, dated May 1, 2018,as of April 24, 2019, as amended, bywith TPG Specialty Lending, Inc., as administrative agent, or the Administrative Agent or Sixth Street, various lenders from time to time party thereto, and among us andcertain of our subsidiaries party thereto from time to time each as a borrower, MidCap Financial Trust, as an agent and as lender, and the additional lenders party thereto from time to time,guarantors, or the CreditFinancing Agreement, or other means, or a combination of any of the foregoing. Securing additional financing will require a substantial amount of time and attention from our management and may divert a disproportionate amount of management’s attention away from our day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to conduct our day-to-day operations.

We cannot guarantee that future debt or equity financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may be required to take one or more of the following actions:

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significantly delay, scale back, or discontinue our commercialization and product development efforts;efforts.

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seek collaborators for our hormone therapy drug products and candidates at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable or on terms that are less favorable than might otherwise be the case; or

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license, potentially on unfavorable terms, our rights to our hormone therapy drug products and candidates that we otherwise would seek to develop or commercialize ourselves.

The CreditFinancing Agreement does, and any agreements governing future debt financing, if available, may, include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, or declaring dividends. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our existing stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these new securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our existing stockholders. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances, or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs, or proposed products or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us.

If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we will be prevented from pursuing discovery,commercialization and development and commercialization efforts, and our ability to generate revenue and achieve or sustain profitability will be substantially harmed.

We are subject to extensive and costly government regulation.

The products we currently market,commercializing, including IMVEXXY®IMVEXXY, BIJUVA and ANNOVERA and our prenatal vitamins, the products that we are currently commercializing, including BIJUVA™ and ANNOVERA™, and the pharmaceutical products we are developing and planning to develop in the future, are subject to extensive and rigorous domestic government regulation, including regulation by the FDA, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, other divisions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, including its Office of Inspector General, the U.S. Department of Justice, the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs, to the extent our products are paid for directly or indirectly by those departments, state and local governments, and their respective foreign equivalents. The FDA regulates dietary supplements, cosmetics, and drugs under different regulatory schemes. For example, the FDA regulates the processing, formulation, safety, manufacturing, packaging, labeling, and distribution of dietary supplements and cosmetics under its dietary supplement and cosmetic authority, respectively. The FDA also regulates the research, development, pre-clinical and clinical testing, manufacture, safety, effectiveness, record keeping, reporting, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale, distribution, import, and export of pharmaceutical products under various regulatory provisions. If any drugpharmaceutical products we develop are tested or marketed abroad, they will also be subject to extensive regulation by foreign governments, whether or not we have obtained FDA approval for a given product and its uses. Such foreign regulation may be equally or more demanding than corresponding U.S. regulation.

We are also subject to additional health carehealthcare regulation and enforcement by the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. Applicable federal and state health carehealthcare laws and regulations include the following:

Many aspects of these laws have not been definitively interpreted by the regulatory authorities or the courts, and their provisions are open to a variety of subjective interpretations that increases the risk of potential violations. In addition, these laws and their interpretations are subject to change. Many state laws differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by federal laws, thus complicating compliance efforts. Moreover, the number and complexity of both federal and state laws continues to increase, and additional governmental resources are being used to enforce these laws and to prosecute companies and individuals who are believed to be violating them. In particular, the ACA includes a number of provisions aimed at strengthening the government’s ability to pursue AKS and FCA cases against pharmaceutical manufacturers and other health carehealthcare entities, including substantially increased funding for health carehealthcare fraud enforcement activities, enhanced investigative powers, and amendments to the FCA that make it easier for the government and whistleblowers to pursue cases for alleged kickback and false claim violations. We anticipate that government scrutiny of pharmaceutical sales and marketing practices will continue for the foreseeable future and subject us to the risk of government investigations and enforcement actions. For example, federal enforcement agencies recently have shown interest in pharmaceutical companies’ product and patient assistance programs, including manufacturer reimbursement support services and relationships with specialty pharmacies. Some of these investigations have resulted in significant civil and criminal settlements.

Efforts to ensure that our operations, including our business arrangements with third parties, comply with applicable health carehealthcare laws and regulations could be costly. In connection with the commercial launchlaunches of IMVEXXY®,IMVEXXY, BIJUVA and ANNOVERA, we have grown our compliance program and are in the process of developing a program based on industry best practices and tailored to evolving risks as we launch additional products, identify new distribution channels and target new customerpatient types. As this program has not yet been tested and the requirements in this area are constantly evolving, our program may not eliminate all areas of potential exposure. Although effective compliance programs can help mitigate the risk of investigation, regulatory and enforcement actions, and prosecution for violations of these laws, the risks cannot be entirely eliminated. Moreover, achieving and sustaining compliance with applicable federal and state fraud, privacy, security, and reporting laws may prove costly. Although we believe that our business practices are structured to be compliant with applicable laws, it is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations, or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other health carehealthcare laws and regulations. If our past or present operations, including activities conducted by our sales team or agents, are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal, and administrative penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from government health carehealthcare programs, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. If any of the physicians, providers, or entities with whom we do business are found to be not in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil, or administrative sanctions, including exclusion from government health carehealthcare programs. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses, divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business, and damage our reputation. In addition, even if we are not determined to have violated these laws, government investigations into these issues typically require the expenditure of significant resources and generate negative publicity, and could result in related shareholderstockholder suits, any of which could also have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, from time to time in the future, we may become subject to additional laws or regulations administered by the FDA, the FTC, or by other federal, state, local, or foreign regulatory authorities, to the repeal of laws or regulations that we generally consider favorable, such as the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, or to more stringent interpretations of current laws or regulations. We are not able to predict the nature of such future laws, regulations, repeals, or interpretations, and we cannot predict what effect additional governmental regulation, if it occurs, would have on our business in the future. Such developments could, however, require reformulation of certain products to meet new standards, recalls or discontinuance of certain products not able to be reformulated, additional record-keeping requirements, increased documentation of the properties of certain products, additional or different labeling, additional scientific substantiation, additional personnel, or other new requirements. Any such developments could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Coverage and reimbursement may not be available for our products, which could make it difficult for us to sell our products profitably, or if available, government mandated rebates may be too high and may adversely affect our profitability.

Market acceptance and sales of our products, including IMVEXXY®, BIJUVA™IMVEXXY, BIJUVA and ANNOVERA™,ANNOVERA, and our hormone therapy drug candidates or prescription vitamins, will depend on coverage and reimbursement policies and may be affected by health carehealthcare reform measures. Government health carehealthcare programs and third-party payers decide which prescription drugpharmaceutical products they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. Payers generally do not cover OTC products, and coverage for prescription vitamins and dietary supplements varies. Many private third-party payers, such as managed care plans, manage access to drugpharmaceutical products’ coverage partly to control costs to their plans, and may use drug formularies and medical policies to limit their exposure. Factors considered by these payers include product efficacy, cost effectiveness, and safety, as well as the availability of other treatments including generic prescription drugs. Our ability to commercialize IMVEXXY®, BIJUVA™IMVEXXY, BIJUVA and ANNOVERA™ANNOVERA successfully depends on coverage and reimbursement levels set by government health carehealthcare programs and third-party private payers. Obtaining and maintaining favorable reimbursement can be a time-consuming and expensive process, and we may not be able to negotiate or continue to negotiate reimbursement or pricing terms for our products with payers at levels that are profitable to us, or at all.

In both the United StatesU.S. and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been several legislative and regulatory proposals to change the health carehealthcare system in ways that could affect our ability to sell our products profitably. In the United States,U.S., the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, also called the Medicare Modernization Act, or MMA, changed the way Medicare covers and pays for pharmaceutical products. The legislation expanded Medicare coverage for drug purchases by the elderly and certain others by establishing a new Part D to the Medicare program. However, unlike Medicare Part A and Part B—through which Medicare provides coverage for certain drugs in certain circumstances—coverage under Part D is provided by private insurers operating under contract with CMS. In addition, this legislation provided authority for limiting the number of certain outpatient drugs that will be covered in any therapeutic class. Because of this legislation and the expansion of federal coverage of drugpharmaceutical products, we expect that there will be additional pressure to contain and reduce costs. These and future cost-reduction initiatives could decrease the coverage and price that we receive for our products from Medicare, if any, including IMVEXXY®, BIJUVA™IMVEXXY, BIJUVA and ANNOVERA™,ANNOVERA, and could significantly harm our business. It was historically unclear whether products approved to treat moderate-to-severe dyspareunia, a symptom of vulvar and vaginal atrophy due to menopause, such as IMVEXXY®,IMVEXXY, were excluded under Medicare Part D, which resulted in limited Medicare coverage for such products. Recent clarification issued by CMS in May 2018 indicated that drugs, such as IMVEXXY®,IMVEXXY, that are approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe dyspareunia (as well as drugs approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe symptoms of vulvar and vaginal atrophy associated with menopause) are not excluded from Medicare Part D coverage. CMS’s clarification, however, is no guarantee that such coverage will be obtained for IMVEXXY®,IMVEXXY and obtaining Medicare or other government health carehealthcare program reimbursement for any new drugpharmaceutical products may take up to several years following FDA approval. While the MMA applies only to drug benefits for Medicare beneficiaries, third-party payers often follow Medicare coverage policies and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement rates, and any reduction in reimbursement under Medicare may result in a similar reduction in payments from third-party payers.

Our ability to commercialize ANNOVERA™ANNOVERA depends on coverage and reimbursement levels set by government health carehealthcare programs and third-party private payers. The ACA mandates that private health plans provide coverage for women’s preventative services, without imposing patient cost-sharing requirements, as recommended by HRSA. HRSA Guidelines require private health plans to cover, with no patient out-of-pocket costs, at least one form of treatment (e.g., one product) in each of the methods (e.g., classes of contraception) identified by the FDA for women in its Birth Control Guide. To the extent ANNOVERA™ANNOVERA is deemed a new class of contraception by the FDA, such a designation could allow for coverage by private health plans with no patient out-of-pocket costs. However, there is no guarantee that such coverage will be obtained, and it is possible that other FDA-approved products could also be included in this new class. For instance, the FDA may find that ANNOVERA fits into the vaginal contraceptive ring class, which it would share with NuvaRing and its generic equivalents, and potentially others. Pursuant to HRSA Guidelines, private payers need only provide no-cost coverage for one product in each class and may use reasonable medical management to determine whether and to what extent to cover other products in the class. Private payers may interpret the statute and its associated rules in ways in which they decline to cover ANNOVERA, even if we believe ANNOVERA should be covered without cost sharing under the ACA framework. To the extent ANNOVERA™ANNOVERA is not the only FDA-approved product in a designated class of contraception, private payers may choose not to cover our one-year vaginal contraceptive system or may require patient cost-sharing obligations. Recently, some states have amended and expanded requirements to match the standard set in the ACA mandate, specifically requiring coverage for the full range of contraceptive methods, counseling and services used by women and eliminating out-of-pocket costs and limiting other health plan restrictions. Despite this favorable development, there is no guarantee that other states will follow and no guarantee that states will retain this mandate, particularly if the ACA mandate is repealed or otherwise eroded. The Trump administration has implemented new policies that permit certain employers to claim a religious or moral objection to the birth control coverage mandate under the ACA. Health plans sponsored by certain exempt religious employers and non-profit religious organizations that certify they have religious objections do not need to offer contraception coverage through their health benefit plans. Further, despite our progress with commercial payers, there is no guarantee that we will be able to retain these agreements or obtain new agreements or that we will be able to negotiate favorable reimbursement or pricing terms for our products in the future. In addition, healthcare reform, including potential repeal of or changes to the ACA, continues to attract significant legislative and administrative interest, legal challenges, regulatory and compliance requirements, new approaches and public attention that create uncertainty and the potential for additional changes. Healthcare reform implementation, additional legislation or regulations, and other changes in government policy or regulation may repeal the contraception coverage mandate, affect our reimbursement or impose additional coverage limitations and/or cost-sharing obligations on patients, any of which could have a material adverse effect on coverage and reimbursement of our products, and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be harmed.

To the extent we obtain coverage for our products by state Medicaid programs, we may be required to pay a rebate to each state Medicaid program for any covered outpatient drugs that are dispensed to Medicaid beneficiaries and paid for by a state Medicaid program, and to comply with all Medicaid rebate requirements of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 and the Veterans Healthcare Act of 1992. Moreover, federal law requires that any company participating in the Medicaid Drug Rebate program also participate in the Public Health Service’s 340B Program, which impose additional requirements.reporting requirements and price concessions. Manufacturer compliance with 340B Program requirements can be costly. In addition, if our products are made available to authorized users of the Federal Supply Schedule of the General Services Administration or to low income patients of certain hospitals, additional laws and requirements may apply.

We expect to experience pricing pressures in connection with the sale of our products generally due to the trend toward managed health care,healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations, the scrutiny of pharmaceutical pricing, the ongoing debates on reducing government spending and additional legislative proposals. As discussed more below, the goal of the ACA, as enacted in 2010, was to reduce the cost of health carehealthcare and substantially change the way health carehealthcare is financed by both government health carehealthcare programs and third-party payers. Among other measures, the ACA increased rebates on manufacturers for certain covered drugpharmaceutical products reimbursed by state Medicaid programs. While we cannot predict the full effect that the ACA will have on government health carehealthcare programs’ reimbursement policies in general or on our business specifically, the ACA may result in downward pressure on drug reimbursement, which could negatively affect market acceptance of our products. In addition, we cannot predict whether new proposals will be made or adopted, when they may be adopted, or what impact they may have on us if they are adopted.

The availability of generic products at lower prices than branded products may substantially reduce the likelihood of reimbursement for branded products, such as IMVEXXY®, BIJUVA™IMVEXXY, BIJUVA and ANNOVERA™.ANNOVERA.

If we fail to successfully secure and maintain adequate coverage and reimbursement for our products or are significantly delayed in doing so, we could have difficulty achieving market acceptance of our products and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be harmed.

Future legislation or regulations may adversely affect reimbursement from government health carehealthcare programs and third-party payers.

Legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the ACA was enacted. In August 2011, President Obama signed into law the Budget Control Act of 2011, which, among other things, created the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to recommend to Congress proposals in spending reductions. The Joint Select Committee did not achieve a targeted deficit reduction, triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction of several government programs. This includes aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to health carehealthcare providers of up to 2.0% per fiscal year, starting in 2013. In January 2013, President Obama signed into law the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to several categories of health carehealthcare providers and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. Under the Trump administration, there have been ongoing efforts to modify or repeal all or certain provisions of the ACA. On December 14, 2018, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas struck down the ACA in Texas v. Azar, deeming it unconstitutional given that Congress repealed the individual mandate in 2017; on July 9, 2019, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit heard arguments on appeal in this matter. On December 15, 2019, the Fifth Circuit struck down the ACA in its entirety given that the TCJA eliminated the tax penalty associated with the individual mandate and therefore it was unconstitutional. The Fifth Circuit further remanded the case to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas to further analyze whether the other provisions of the ACA are serverable as they currently exist under the law. If the ACA or parts of it are repealed, it is unclear what impact that would have on drug reimbursements or coverage and it is also unclear what programs, if any, Congress might enact to replace the repealed portions of the ACA. The Trump administration may also take executive action in the absence of legislative action. For example, in October 2017, the President announced that the administration will withhold the cost-sharing subsidies paid to health insurance exchange plans serving low-income enrollees. With respect to IMVEXXY®, BIJUVA™IMVEXXY, BIJUVA and ANNOVERA™,ANNOVERA, and to the extent we ever obtain regulatory approval and commercialization of our other drugpharmaceutical product candidates, these new laws and policies (as well as proposed legislation, if enacted) may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other health carehealthcare funding, which could have a material adverse effect on our customers and accordingly, our financial operations.

On December 13, 2016, President Obama signed into law the 21st Century Cures Act, which, among other things, may increase the types of clinical trial designs that would be acceptable to support an NDA. It is unclear, at this time, how these provisions will be implemented or whether they would have any effect on our company. Legislative and regulatory proposals have been made to expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for pharmaceutical products. We cannot be sure whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether the FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on our drugpharmaceutical products and drugproduct candidates may be.

There have also been efforts by government officials or legislators to implement measures to regulate prices or payment for pharmaceutical products, including legislation on drug importation. Recently,For example, on December 23, 2019, the Trump administration released a Notice for Proposed Rulemaking to amend the FDA regulations regarding the importation of certain prescription drugs from Canada. If this rule is finalized as proposed, states and certain other non-federal governmental entities would be able to submit important program proposed to the FDA for review and authorization. Proposals to the FDA would need to demonstrate that any drug importation program does not pose any additional risk to the public’s health and safety and an explanation of any results in significant reduction in the cost of covered products to consumers. Additionally, there has recently been considerable public and government scrutiny of pharmaceutical pricing and proposals to address the perceived high cost of pharmaceuticals; proposed and enacted legislation generally have focused on increasing transparency around drug costs or limiting drug prices, including drug rebates. For instance, on May 11, 2018, President Trump laid out his administration’s “Blueprint” to lower drug prices and reduce out of pocket costs of drugs, as well as additional proposals to increase drug manufacturer competition, increase the negotiating power of certain federal healthcare programs, and incentivize manufacturers to lower the list price of their products. Although some proposals related to the administration’s Blueprint may require additional authorization to become effective, may ultimately be withdrawn, or may face challenges in the courts, the U.S. Congress and the Trump administration have each indicated that they will continue to seek new legislative and administrative measures to control drug costs, including by addressing the role of pharmacy benefit managers in the supply chain.

At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, rebate transparency, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. We are unable to predict the future course of federal or state healthcare legislation in the U.S. directed at broadening the availability of healthcare and containing or lowering the cost of healthcare. The ACA and any further changes in the law or regulatory framework that reduce our revenue or increase our costs could also have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, in 2017, California enacted a new law, which went into effect on January 1, 2018, to facilitate greater transparency in brand-name and generic drug pricing through the implementation of specific price reporting requirements for pharmaceutical manufacturers. If adequate reimbursement levels are not maintained by government and third-party payers for our products, our ability to sell our products may be limited and/or our ability to establish acceptable pricing levels may be impaired, thereby reducing anticipated revenues and profitability.

Further, if a federal government shutdown were to occur for a prolonged period, federal government payment obligations, including its obligations under Medicaid and Medicare, may be delayed. Similarly, if state government shutdowns were to occur, state payment obligations may be delayed. If the federal or state governments fail to make payments under these programs on a timely basis, our ability to sell our products to government payers may be limited and/or our ability to establish acceptable pricing levels may be impaired, thereby reducing anticipated revenues and profitability.

Our dependence upon third parties for the manufacture and supply of our existing women’s health carehealthcare products and our hormone therapy drugpharmaceutical product candidates may cause delays in, or prevent us from, successfully developing, commercializing, and marketing our products.

We do not currently have, nor do we currently plan to build or acquire, the infrastructure or capability to internally manufacture our existing women’s health carehealthcare products, IMVEXXY®, BIJUVA™, or ANNOVERA™,IMVEXXY, BIJUVA and ANNOVERA, or our hormone therapy drugpharmaceutical product candidates. We have relied, and will continue to rely, on third parties to manufacture these products in accordance with our specifications and in compliance with applicable regulatory requirements.requirements, including cGMPs. We have entered into long-term supply agreements with Catalent for the commercial supply of IMVEXXY®IMVEXXY and BIJUVA™.BIJUVA. Under the terms of the agreements, we are obligated to purchase certain minimum annual amounts of each product once we commence commercial sales of such product following regulatory approval of Catalent as a manufacturer of such product. We have also entered into a long-term supply contract with QPharma AB for ANNOVERA™.ANNOVERA. Under the terms of the QPharma agreement, we are obligated to purchase certain minimum annual amounts of ANNOVERA™.ANNOVERA. We depend on Lang, a full-service, private label and corporate brand manufacturer, to supply approximately 100% of our vitaMedMD and BocaGreen products. We do not have long-term contracts for the commercial supply of our existing women’s health carevitaMedMD and BocaGreen products, however, in certain circumstances, including our failure to satisfy our production forecasts to Lang, we may be obligated to reimburse Lang for the costs of excess raw materials purchased by Lang that it cannot use in another product category that it then sells. We intend to enter into agreements with Crystal Pharma SAU for the commercial supply of one of the active pharmaceutical ingredients for ANNOVERA™. However, if we experience delays in finalizing this agreement or are unable to execute this agreement on commercially reasonable terms, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would result in disruption in our commercialization of ANNOVERA™.

Regulatory requirements could pose barriers to the manufacture of our existing women’s health carehealthcare products and our hormone therapy drugpharmaceutical product and drug candidates. Holders of NDAs, or other forms of FDA approvals or clearances, or those distributing a regulated product under their own name, are ultimately responsible for compliance with manufacturing obligations even if the manufacturing is conducted by a third-party contract manufacturing organization, or CMO. All of our existing products are manufactured by CMOs. These CMOs are required by the terms of our contracts to manufacture our products in compliance with the applicable regulatory requirements. The CMO that manufactures IMVEXXY®IMVEXXY and BIJUVA™BIJUVA has previously been inspected by the FDA and received Form 483 observations with respect to its softgel manufacturing plant that is used for the manufacture of the commercial supply of IMVEXXY®IMVEXXY and BIJUVA™. QPharma, theBIJUVA. The CMO that will manufacture ANNOVERA™,manufactures ANNOVERA, has previously been inspected by the FDA and received Form 483 observations on December 15, 2017, with respect to its facility that will be used for the commercial supply of ANNOVERA™.ANNOVERA. We believe that corrective actions to address the compliance issues identified in the referenced Forms 483 have been implemented by the CMOs; however, the FDA has not yet reinspected the CMOs to confirm that the corrective actions were implemented as described to the agency in the respective Form 483 responses.

If our manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA and any applicable foreign regulatory authority, our regulatory submissions may be delayed or disapproved, and our marketed products may be affected. If these facilities are not in compliance for the manufacture of our vitamin products, our hormone therapy drug product and our drug candidates, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would result in substantial disruptions of our sales of existing products and significant delays of up to several years in obtaining approval for our hormone therapy drugpharmaceutical product candidates. In addition, our manufacturers will be subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and corresponding state and foreign agencies for compliance with cGMPs and similar regulatory requirements. Failure by any of our manufacturers to comply with applicable cGMP regulations or other applicable requirements could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, violation letters, delays, suspensions or withdrawals of approvals, operating restrictions, interruptions in supply, recalls, withdrawals, issuance of safety alerts, and criminal prosecutions, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. We do not currently have alternative manufacturers, and we may not be able to enter into a long-term agreement with alternative manufacturers, or do so on commercially reasonable terms, and if we do enter into agreements with alternative manufacturers, those alternative manufacturers may not be approved by the FDA, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our business. Finally, we also could experience manufacturing delays if our CMOs give greater priority to the supply of other products over our products and proposed products to the delay or other detriment of our products and proposed products, or otherwise do not satisfactorily perform according to the terms of their agreements with us.

We also do not have long-term contracts for the supply of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, used in IMVEXXY®, BIJUVA™IMVEXXY, BIJUVA and ANNOVERA™.ANNOVERA. If any supplier of the API or other products used in our approved products or hormone therapy drugpharmaceutical product candidates experiences any significant difficulties in its respective manufacturing processes, does not comply with the terms of an agreement between us, or does not devote sufficient time, energy, and care to providing our manufacturing needs, we could experience significant interruptions in the supply of our approved products or hormone therapy drugpharmaceutical product candidates, which could impair our ability to supply our approved products or hormone therapy drugpharmaceutical product candidates at the levels required for commercialization and prevent or delay their successful commercialization.

Even after the approval of IMVEXXY®, BIJUVA™IMVEXXY, BIJUVA and ANNOVERA™,ANNOVERA, and even if we obtain regulatory approval for our other hormone therapy drugpharmaceutical product candidates, we will still face extensive, ongoing regulatory requirements and review, and our products may face future development and regulatory difficulties.

With respect to IMVEXXY®, BIJUVA™IMVEXXY, BIJUVA and ANNOVERA™,ANNOVERA, the FDA may still impose significant restrictions on a product’s indicated uses or marketing or to the conditions for approval or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies, including phase 4 clinical trials or post-market surveillance. As a condition to granting marketing approval of a product, the FDA may require a company to conduct additional clinical trials. The results generated in these post-approval clinical trials could result in loss of marketing approval, changes in product labeling, or new or increased concerns about side effects or efficacy of a product. For example, the labeling for IMVEXXY®, BIJUVA™IMVEXXY, BIJUVA and ANNOVERA™ANNOVERA contains restrictions on use and warnings. The Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007, or FDAAA, gives the FDA enhanced post-market authority, including the Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, explicit authority to require post-market studies and clinical trials, labeling changes based on new safety information, and compliance with FDA-approved REMS programs. IMVEXXY®, BIJUVA™IMVEXXY, BIJUVA and ANNOVERA™ANNOVERA will also be subject to ongoing FDA requirements governing the manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, distribution, safety surveillance, advertising, promotion, record keeping, and reporting of safety and other post-market information. The FDA’s exercise of its authority could result in delays or increased costs during product development, clinical trials and regulatory review, increased costs to comply with additional post-approval regulatory requirements, and potential restrictions on sales of approved products. As part of the FDA’s approval of IMVEXXY®,IMVEXXY, we have committed to conduct a post-approval observational study to evaluate the risk of endometrial cancer in post-menopausal women with a uterus who use a low-dose vaginal estrogen unopposed by a progestogen such as IMVEXXY®.IMVEXXY. As part of the FDA’s approval of ANNOVERA™,ANNOVERA, the FDA has required a post-approval observational study be performed to measure the risk of venous thromboembolism. Foreign regulatory agencies often have similar authority and may impose comparable costs. Post-marketing studies, whether conducted by us or by others and whether mandated by regulatory agencies or voluntary, and other emerging data about marketed products, such as adverse event reports, may also adversely affect sales of our hormone therapy drugpharmaceutical product candidates once approved, and potentially our other marketed products. Further, the discovery of significant problems with a product similar to one of our products that implicate (or are perceived to implicate) an entire class of products could have an adverse effect on sales of our approved products. Accordingly, new data about our products could negatively affect demand because of real or perceived side effects or uncertainty regarding efficacy and, in some cases, could result in product withdrawal or recall. Furthermore, new data and information, including information about product misuse, may lead government agencies, professional societies, and practice management groups or organizations involved with various diseases to publish guidelines or recommendations related to the use of our products or the use of related therapies or place restrictions on sales. Such guidelines or recommendations may lead to lower sales of our products.

The holder of an approved NDA also is subject to obligations to monitor and report adverse events and instances of the failure of a product to meet the specifications in the NDA. Application holders must submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product, product labeling, or manufacturing process. Application holders must also submit advertising and other promotional material to the FDA and report on ongoing clinical trials. Legal requirements have also been enacted to require disclosure of certain clinical trial results on a publicly available database.

In addition, manufacturers of drugpharmaceutical products and their facilities are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with the FDA’s cGMPscGMP regulations and other regulatory requirements, such as adverse event reporting. If we or a regulatory agency discovers problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions on that product, the manufacturing facility, or us, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing, requiring new warnings or other labeling changes to limit use of the drug, requiring that we conduct additional clinical trials, imposing new monitoring requirements, or requiring that we establish a REMS program. Advertising and promotional materials must comply with FDA rules in addition to other potentially applicable federal and state laws, and are subject to review by FDA. If the FDA raises concerns regarding our promotional materials or messages, we may be required to modify or discontinue using them and may be required to provide corrective information. Should we fail to comply with these requirements, we may be subject to significant liability including civil and administrative actions as well as criminal sanctions. The

Commercial products must now meet the requirements of the Drug Supply Chain Security Act, or DSCSA, which imposes obligations on manufacturers of prescription pharmaceutical products for commercial distribution, regulating the distribution of product samples to physicians must comply with the products at the federal level, and sets certain standards for federal or state registration and compliance of entities in the supply chain (manufacturers and re-packagers, wholesale distributors, third-party logistics providers, and dispensers). The DSCSA preempts previously enacted state pedigree laws and the pedigree requirements of the Prescription Drug Marketing Act, or PDMA, and its implementing regulations. Trading partners within the drug supply chain must now ensure certain product tracing requirements are met that they are doing business with other authorized trading partners; and they are required to exchange transaction information, transaction history, and transaction statements. Further, the DSCSA limits the distribution of prescription pharmaceutical products and imposes requirements to ensure overall accountability and security in the drug supply chain. As of November 27, 2018, product identifier information (an aspect of the product tracing scheme) is required. Although the PDMA no longer mandates pedigree requirements, manufacturers must follow the requirements pertaining to drug samples for health care professionals. Some states also have their own regulations on drug samples and related interactions with health care professionals.

Our activities are also potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws. If we or our third-party suppliers fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, a regulatory agency may take any of the following actions:

We may initiate product recalls or withdrawals or may be subject to regulatory enforcement actions that could negatively affect our business.

We may be subject to product recalls, withdrawals, or seizures if any of the products we formulate, manufacture, or sell are believed to cause injury or illness or if we are alleged to have violated governmental regulations in the manufacture, labeling, promotion, sale, or distribution of any of our products. A recall, withdrawal, or seizure of any of our products could materially and adversely affect consumer confidence in our brands and lead to decreased demand for our products. In addition, a recall, withdrawal, or seizure of any of our products would require significant management attention, would likely result in substantial and unexpected expenditures, and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Recent government enforcement has targeted pharmaceutical companies for violations of fraud, abuse and other laws.

The AKS has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on one hand and prescribers, purchasers, pharmacies, and formulary managers on the other. Although there are several statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution, the exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly and practices that involve remuneration to those who prescribe, purchase, or recommend pharmaceutical products, including certain discounts, or engagement of speakers or consultants, may be subject to scrutiny if they do not fit squarely within an exemption or safe harbor. Further, the Trumps administration has taken steps to limit applicability of some of these safe harbors, including those related to discounts and rebates, in regulations proposed in February 2019. Our practices with respect to interactions with health carehealthcare professionals, including but not limited to consultant relationships, speaker programs, advisory boards, and scientific/educational grant programs, as well as our arrangements with pharmacies, may not in all cases meet all of the criteria for safe harbor protection from AKS liability. Moreover, there are no safe harbors for many common practices, such as educational and research grants or patient assistance programs. In addition, several states have recently enacted legislation requiring pharmaceutical companies to establish marketing and promotional compliance programs or codes of conduct and/or to file periodic reports with the state or make periodic public disclosures on sales, marketing, pricing, clinical trials, and other activities. Several states have also adopted laws that prohibit or limit certain marketing-related activities, including the provision of gifts, meals or other items to certain health carehealthcare providers.

The FDA also strictly regulates marketing, labeling, advertising, and promotion of products that are placed on the market. A company can make only those claims relating to safety and efficacy, purity, and potency that are approved by the FDA. Physicians, in their independent professional medical judgment, may prescribe legally available products for unapproved indications that are not described in the product’s labeling and that differ from those tested and approved by the FDA. Pharmaceutical companies, however, are required to promote their pharmaceutical products only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off label uses may be subject to significant liability, including, but not limited to, criminal and civil penalties under the FDCA and the FCA, exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs, mandatory compliance programs under corporate integrity agreements, debarment, and refusal of government contracts.

We cannot ensure that our compliance controls, policies and procedures will be sufficient to protect against acts of our employees, business partners or vendors that may violate federal or state fraud and abuse laws or other applicable requirements.

Federal enforcement agencies and private whistleblowers recently have shown interest in pharmaceutical companies’ product and patient assistance programs (PAPs), including reimbursement support, co-pay support, nursing, adherence and educational services, referrals to other providers, donations to independent patient assistance charities, and relationships with specialty pharmacies. Co-pay assistance programs are intended to assist qualified patients with private insurance with any out-of-pocket financial obligations but must exclude any government health carehealthcare program beneficiaries. Several investigations into patient assistance practices have resulted in significant civil and criminal settlements. We offer co-pay assistance for our vitamin products and IMVEXXY®,IMVEXXY and BIJUVA, including co-pay assistance and free drug sample starter packs for IMVEXXY®,IMVEXXY and BIJUVA, and potentially will enter into similar programs for ANNOVERA. While the HHS Office of Inspector General (OIG) has approved certain independent charitable PAPs that help financially needy beneficiaries, advisory opinions on this issue have primarily focused on charities that provide assistance to patients who cannot afford cost-sharing obligations for prescription drugs. A key element for the OIG has been whether the charities are sufficiently independent from drug manufacturer donors. In May 2014, the OIG issued a Supplemental Special Advisory Bulletin regarding Independent Charity Patient Assistance Programs, or the 2014 Special Advisory Bulletin, which updated its 2005 Special Advisory Bulletin relating to PAPs. In the 2014 Special Advisory Bulletin, the OIG stated that although PAPs provide important safety net assistance to financially needy patients, these programs also present a risk of fraud, waste, and abuse with respect to federal health care programs. One of the three factors set forth in the revised guidance was that the PAP could not limit assistance to a single product. In September of 2014, the OIG also released a Special Advisory Bulletin on pharmaceutical manufacturer copayment coupons, specifically stating that manufacturers that did not comply with the law may be subject to sanctions if they fail to take appropriate steps to ensure that such coupons do sonot induce the purchase of Federal health care program items or services, including, but not limited to, drugs paid for BIJUVA™ and ANNOVERA™.by Medicare Part D.  Failure to take such steps may be evidence of intent to induce the purchase of drugs paid for by these programs, in violations of the AKS. PAPs have also been the subject of recent Congressional review. If we fail to structure theseour patient assistance and other support programs to comply with applicable law, we risk becoming subject to government investigations, and potentially, facing penalties or consequences for violations under fraud and abuse laws. Although we believe that our business practices are structured to be compliant with applicable laws, it is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations, or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our past or present operations, including activities conducted by our sales team or agents, are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal, and administrative penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from government healthcare programs, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses, divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business, and damage our reputation. In addition, even if we are not determined to have violated these laws, government investigations into these issues typically require the expenditure of significant resources and generate negative publicity, which could also have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, to the extent we, our subsidiary, VitaCare Prescription Services, or our other contractors or agents receive or obtain individually identifiable health information from patients, health carehealthcare professionals, pharmacies, or other individuals or entities, although we are not directly subject to HIPAA, we could be subject to criminal penalties if we mishandle individually identifiable health information in a manner that is not authorized or permitted by HIPAA. Claims that we have violated individuals’ privacy rights or breached our contractual obligations, even if we are not found liable, could be expensive and time-consuming to defend and could result in adverse publicity that could harm our business. In addition, VitaCare Prescription Services' activities could be subject to regulation and enforcement by the federal government and the states in which VitaCare conducts its business, including state licensing of pharmacies and pharmacists and as a result of potential increased scrutiny of innovation in hub services.

The occurrence of any of the foregoing events or penalties may force us to expend significant amounts of time and money and may significantly inhibit our ability to bring to market or continue to market our products and generate revenue. Similar regulations apply in foreign jurisdictions.

Any failure to adequately expand a direct sales force will impede our growth.

We expect to be substantially dependent on a direct sales force to attract new business and to manage customer relationships. We plan to expand our direct sales force and believe that there is significant competition for qualified, productive direct sales personnel with advanced sales skills and technical knowledge. Our ability to achieve significant growth in revenue in the future will depend, in large part, on our success in recruiting, training, and retaining direct sales personnel. New and future hires may not become as productive as expected, and we may be unable to hire enough qualified individuals in the future in the markets in which we do business. If we are unable to hire and develop enough productive sales personnel or are required to hire more sales personnel than we expect our business prospects could suffer.

Other pharmaceutical companies with which we compete for qualified personnel may have greater financial and other resources, different risk profiles, and longer histories than we do. They also may provide more diverse opportunities and better chances for career advancement. Some of these characteristics mayour products can be more appealingprescribed to high-quality candidates than what we offer. If we are unablepatients via virtual health platform, such as PlushCare, a direct-to-consumer telehealth platform offering primary care medical services, subject to continuestate telemedicine and prescribing laws. The federal Ryan Haight Act substantially limits the ability of prescribers to attractprescribe controlled substances via telehealth. While this federal law applies only to federally controlled substances, the permissibility of prescribing other non-controlled substances via a telehealth encounter is addressed at the state level. Constant changes to the telemedicine laws and retain high-quality personnel,regulations as well as state pharmacy and prescribing laws and emerging enforcement priorities by state legislatures, licensing bodies, and attorney generals’ offices, make it difficult to predict our ability to commercialize IMVEXXY®, BIJUVA™effectively penetrate the market for our products via virtual care offerings. We cannot guarantee that prescribers will be able, or willing, to prescribe our products to patients via a telehealth encounter and ANNOVERA™any limitations on such remote prescribing at the state level may be limited.impede our ability to expand access to our products.

Licensing of intellectual property involves complex legal, business and scientific issues, and disputes could jeopardize our rights under such agreements. Additionally, our current licensing agreements contain limitations and restrictions that could limit or adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize other products in the future.

We are currently and may in the future be a party to license agreements of importance to our business and to our current productproducts and product candidates, and we expect to be subject to additional such agreements in the future.candidates. Disputes may arise between us and any of these counterparties regarding intellectual property subject to and each parties’ obligations under such agreements, including:

These or other disputes over our obligations or intellectual property that we have licensed may prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current arrangements on acceptable terms, or may impair the value of the arrangement to us. Any such dispute could have an adverse effect on our business.

If we fail to meet our obligations under a license agreement in a material respect, the respective licensor could have the right to terminate the respective agreement and upon the effective date of such termination, have the right to re-obtain the related technology as well as, potentially, aspects of any intellectual property controlled by us and developed during the period the agreement was in force that relate to the applicable technology. This means that the licensor to each of these agreements could effectively take control of the development and commercialization of the applicable product or product candidate after an uncured, material breach of the agreement by us. This may also be the case if we voluntarily terminate the relevant agreement. Any uncured, material breach under a license agreement could result in our loss of exclusive rights and may lead to a complete termination of our product development and any commercialization efforts for the applicable product or product candidates.

In July 2018, we entered into a license agreement with the Population Council to obtain exclusive U.S. rights to commercialize the Population Council’s segesterone acetate/ethinyl estradiol one-year vaginal system for human contraceptive indications, which was approved by the FDA in August 2018 and which we intend to commercialize under the name ANNOVERA™.ANNOVERA. The agreement requires us to commercialize this product and enter into certain manufacturing agreements, make timely milestone and other payments, provide certain information regarding our activities under the agreement, and indemnify the other party with respect to our development and commercialization activities under the terms of the agreements.

In addition, our current licensing agreement with the Population Council contains limitations and restrictions, including limitations that could limit or adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize this or other product candidates including the following:

In addition, ifWe have also entered into licensing and supply agreements with Knight pursuant to which we granted Knight an exclusive license international rights to our productscommercialize IMVEXXY and BIJUVA in Canada and Israel and with Theramex pursuant to third parties that have the rightwhich we granted Theramex an exclusive license to manufacture such productscommercialize BIJUVA and IMVEXXY outside of the U.S., salesexcept for Canada and Israel.

Sales of our products in the U.S. and our rights to receive royalties with respect to our products sold outside the U.S. could be adversely affected if products manufactured outside of the U.S. or for sale outside of the U.S. under the terms of these licensing and supply agreements are reimported and sold in the U.S. In addition, our rights to receive royalties with respect to our products sold outside the U.S. could be adversely affected if our licensees fail to diligently pursue approval of our products, or opt not to sell our products, in certain jurisdictions where they are not required to do so.

Our level of indebtedness and the terms of the CreditFinancing Agreement could adversely affect our operations and limit our ability to plan for or respond to changes in our business. If we are unable to satisfy certain conditions in our CreditFinancing Agreement, we will be unable to draw down the remaining the facility and if we are unable to comply with restrictions in the CreditFinancing Agreement, the repayment of our existing indebtedness could be accelerated.

Under the CreditFinancing Agreement, we have incurred a substantial amount of debt, which could adversely affect our business. In June 2018,April 2019, we drew down the first tranche of $75.0$200.0 million under the CreditFinancing Agreement and in February 2020 we currentlydrew down the second tranche of $50.0 million under the Financing Agreement. We intend to draw down up to an additional $125.0$50.0 million in the aggregate in two additional tranchestranche under the terms of the CreditFinancing Agreement, when and if the conditions precedent to such tranchestranche have been met.met; however, the Administrative Agent has the sole and absolute discretion to make this additional $50.0 million tranche available to us and there is no assurance that the Administrative Agent will do so. Our high level of indebtedness could affect our business in the following ways, among other things: make it more difficult for us to satisfy our contractual and commercial commitments; require us to use a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations to pay interest and principal, which would reduce funds available for working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes; limit our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other investments or general corporate purposes; heighten our vulnerability to downturns in our business, our industry or in the general economy; place us at a disadvantage compared to those of our competitors that may have proportionately less debt; limit management’s discretion in operating our business; and limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business, the industry in which we operate or the general economy.

We must satisfy certain conditions to be eligible to draw down the second tranche of $75.0 million and the third tranche of $50.0 million.million under the Financing Agreement. The secondthird tranche may be drawn by us on or before May 31, 2019, provided that we satisfy certain conditions described in the Credit Agreement, including (i) the approvalSeptember 22, 2020 (or such later date as may be consented to by the FDAlenders in their sole discretion) in TPG’s sole and absolute discretion either contemporaneously with the delivery of our financial statements for the NDA for BIJUVA™ and (ii) that wefiscal quarter ending June 30, 2020 or at such earlier date as TPG shall have consummated our first commercial sale in the United States of BIJUVA™. The third tranche of $50.0 million may be drawn by us on or before December 31, 2019, provided that we satisfy certain conditions described in the Credit Agreement, including that (i) tranche 2 has been drawn and (ii) we and our subsidiaries party to the Credit Agreement have generated at least $75.0 million of consolidated net revenue attributable to commercial sales of BIJUVA™ and IMVEXXY® during the twelve-month period ending immediately before the funding of tranche 3.consented to. If we are unable to satisfy those conditions, we would not be able to draw down the respective tranche of financing and may not be able to obtain alternative financing on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

The CreditFinancing Agreement requires us to make certain payments of principal and interest over time and contains several other restrictive covenants. Among other requirements of the CreditFinancing Agreement, we and our subsidiaries party to the CreditFinancing Agreement must (i) maintain a minimum unrestricted cash balance of $50.0 million, which amount increased to $60.0 million when we drew done the second tranche of the facility, and (ii) achieve certain minimum consolidated net revenue amounts attributable to commercial sales of our products.products beginning with the fourth quarter of 2020. The CreditFinancing Agreement also contains covenants that limit, among other things, the ability of us and our subsidiaries party to the CreditFinancing Agreement to (i) incur indebtedness, (ii) incur liens on our property, (iii) pay dividends or make other distributions, (iv) sell our assets, (v) make certain loans or investments, (vi) merge or consolidate, (vii) voluntarily repay or prepay certain permitted indebtedness and (viii) enter into transactions with affiliates, in each case subject to certain exceptions. These and other terms in the CreditFinancing Agreement have to be monitored closely for compliance and could restrict our ability to grow our business or enter into transactions that we believe would be beneficial to our business.

Our business may not generate cash flow from operations in the future sufficient to service our debt and support our growth strategies. If we are unable to generate such cash flow, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as selling assets, restructuring debt or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive. Our ability to refinance our indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on desirable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations, including under our current debt obligations.

If our dietary supplement, hormone therapy pharmaceutical products or patient-controlled, long-acting contraceptive products do not have the effects intended or cause undesirable side effects, our business may suffer.

Although many of the ingredients in our current dietary supplement products are vitamins, minerals, and other substances for which there is a long history of human consumption, they also contain innovative ingredients or combinations of ingredients. Furthermore, our hormone therapy or patient-controlled, long-acting contraceptive pharmaceutical products have been approved by the FDA based on its assessment of the safety and efficacy of these products. While we believe that all of these products and the combinations of ingredients in them are safe when taken as directed, the products could have certain undesirable side effects if not taken as directed or if taken by a consumer who has certain medical conditions, such as the potential effect of high doses of folic acid masking pernicious anemia.conditions. In addition, these products may not have the effect intended if they are not taken in accordance with certain instructions, which include certain dietary or other labeling restrictions. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that any of the products, even when used as directed, will have the effects intended or will not have harmful side effects in an unforeseen way or on an unforeseen cohort. If any of our products or products we develop or commercialize in the future are shown to be harmful or generate negative publicity from perceived harmful effects, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be harmed significantly.

Clinical trials are lengthy and expensive with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results.

Clinical trials are expensive, can take many years to complete and have highly uncertain outcomes. For example, we suspended enrollment in and subsequently stopped the SPRY trial for our progesterone-alone drug candidate to update the phase 3 protocol based on discussions with the FDA. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process because of inadequate performance of a drug, inadequate adherence by patients or investigators to clinical trial protocols, or other factors. New drugs in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through earlier clinical trials. Several companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials as a result of a lack of efficacy or adverse safety profiles, despite promising results in earlier trials. Our future clinical trials may not be successful or may be more expensive or time-consuming than we currently expect. Before approving a new drug, the FDA generally requires that the safety and efficacy of the drug be demonstrated in two adequate and well-controlled clinical trials. In some situations, the FDA approves drugs based on a single well-controlled clinical trial. If clinical trials for any of our hormone therapy drug candidates fail to demonstrate safety or efficacy to the satisfaction of the FDA, the FDA will not approve that drug and we would not be able to commercialize it, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Future legislation, or the absence of such legislation, regulations, and policies adopted by the FDA or other regulatory authorities may increase the time and cost required for us to conduct and complete clinical trials for our hormone therapy drug candidates.

The FDA has established regulations, guidelines, and policies to govern the drug development and approval process, as have foreign regulatory authorities. Any change in regulatory requirements resulting from the adoption of new legislation, regulations, or policies may require us to amend existing clinical trial protocols or add new clinical trials to comply with these changes. Such amendments to existing protocols or clinical trial applications or the need for new ones, may significantly and adversely affect the cost, timing, and completion of the clinical trials for our hormone therapy drug candidates.

In addition, the FDA’s policies may change and additional government regulations may be issued that could prevent, limit, or delay regulatory approval of our drug candidates, or impose more stringent product labeling and post-marketing testing and other requirements. For example, in the past the FDA has indicated it would regulate prenatal vitamins containing greater than 0.8 mg of folic acid as a drug under the FDCA. More recently the FDA indicated that there is no specified upper limit on the amount of folic acid permitted in a dietary supplement. If the FDA were to seek to regulate products with higher amounts of folic acid as drugs, it may require us to stop selling certain of our dietary supplement products and otherwise adversely affect our business. If we are slow or unable to adapt to any such changes, our business, prospects, and ability to achieve or sustain profitability could be adversely affected.

Even after we obtainfollowing regulatory approval for our hormone therapy drug candidates,pharmaceutical products and patient-controlled, long-acting contraceptive, we will still face extensive, ongoing regulatory requirements and review, and our products may face future development and regulatory difficulties.

Even after we obtainfollowing regulatory approval for our hormone therapy drug candidatespharmaceutical products in the United States,U. S., the FDA may still impose significant restrictions on a product’s doses, indicated uses, or marketing, or to the conditions for approval, or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies, including phasePhase 4 clinical trials or post-market surveillance. For example, as part of the FDA’s approval of IMVEXXY®,IMVEXXY, we have committed to conductconducting a post-approval observational study to evaluate the risk of endometrial cancer in post-menopausal women with a uterus who use a low-dose vaginal estrogen unopposed by a progestogen such as IMVEXXY®.IMVEXXY. As part of the FDA’s approval of ANNOVERA™,ANNOVERA, the FDA has required a post-approval observational study be performed to measure the risk of venous thromboembolism. As a condition to granting marketing approval of a product, the FDA may require a company to conduct additional clinical trials. The resultsdata generated in these post-approval clinical trials could result in loss of marketing approval, changes in product labeling, or new or increased concerns about side effects or efficacy of a product. For example, the labeling for our hormone therapy drug candidatespharmaceutical products includes restrictions on use or warnings. The Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007, or FDAAA, gives the FDA enhanced post-market authority, including the explicit authority to require post-market studies and clinical trials, labeling changes based on new safety information, and compliance with FDA-approved REMS programs. Our hormone therapy drug candidates willpharmaceutical products are also be subject to ongoing FDA requirements governing the manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, distribution, safety surveillance, advertising, promotion, record keeping, and reporting of safety and other post-market information. The FDA’s exercise of its authority could result in delays or increased costs during product development, clinical trials and regulatory review, increased costs to comply with additional post-approval regulatory requirements, and potential restrictions on sales of approved products. Foreign regulatory agencies often have similar authority and may impose comparable requirements and related costs. Post-marketing studies, whether conducted by us or by others and whether mandated by regulatory agencies or voluntary, and other emerging data about marketed products, such as adverse event reports, may also adversely affect sales of our hormone therapy drug candidates once approved,pharmaceutical products, and potentially our other marketed products. Further, the discovery of significant problems with a product similar to one of our products that implicate (or are perceived to implicate) an entire class of products could have an adverse effect on sales of our approved products. Accordingly, new data about our products could negatively affect demand because of real or perceived side effects or uncertainty regarding efficacy and, in some cases, could result in product withdrawal or recall. Furthermore, new data and information, including information about product misuse, may lead government agencies, professional societies, and practice management groups or organizations involved with various diseases to publish guidelines or recommendations related to the use of our products or the use of related therapies or place restrictions on sales. Such guidelines or recommendations may lead to lower sales of our products.

The holder of an approved NDA also is subject to obligations to monitor and report adverse events and instances of the failure of a product to meet the specifications in the NDA. Application holders must submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product, product labeling, or manufacturing process. Application holders must also submit advertising and other promotional material to the FDA and report on ongoing clinical trials. Legal requirements have also been enacted to require disclosure of clinical trial results on publicly available databases.

In addition, manufacturers of drugpharmaceutical products and their facilities are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with the FDA’s cGMPscGMP regulations. If we or a regulatory agency discovers previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions on that product, the manufacturing facility, or us, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing, requiring new warnings or other labeling changes to limit use of the drug, requiring that we conduct additional clinical trials, imposing new monitoring requirements, or requiring that we establish a REMS program. Advertising and promotional materials must comply with FDA rules in addition to other potentially applicable federal and state laws. The distribution of product samples to physicians must comply with the requirements of the Prescription Drug Marketing Act.PDMA. Sales, marketing, and scientific/educational grant programs must comply with the anti-fraud and abuse provisions of the Social Security Act, the False Claims Act,FCA, and similar state laws. We would also be required under the Sunshine provision of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or collectively, the Affordable Care Act or ACA to report annually to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid ServicesCMS on payments that we make to physicians and teaching hospitals and ownerships interests in the company held by physicians. Pricing and rebate programs must comply with the Medicaid rebate requirements of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 and the Veterans Healthcare Act of 1992. If products are made available to authorized users of the Federal Supply Schedule of the General Services Administration and to low income patients of certain hospitals, additional laws and requirements apply. Our activities are also potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws. If we or our third-party collaborators fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, a regulatory agency may take any of the following actions:

The occurrence of any of the foregoing events or penalties may force us to expend significant amounts of time and money and may significantly inhibit our ability to bring to market or continue to market our products and generate revenue. Similar regulations apply in foreign jurisdictions.

The commercial success of our existing products and other hormone therapy drugs that we may develop, if approved in the future, will depend upon gaining and retaining significant market acceptance of these products among physicians and payers.

Physicians may not prescribe our products which would prevent us from generating revenue or becoming profitable. Market acceptance of our products, including our hormone therapy drug candidates, by physicians, patients, and payers, will depend on a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including the following:

Even if the medical community accepts that our products are safe and efficacious for their approved indications, physicians may not immediately be receptive to the use or may be slow to adopt our products as an accepted treatment for the symptoms for which they are intended. We cannot assure you that any labeling approved by the FDA will permit us to promote our products as being superior to competing products. If our products do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians and payers, we may not generate sufficient or any revenue from these products and we may not become profitable. In addition, our efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payers on the benefits of our products may require significant resources and may never be successful.

Our products face significant competition from branded and generic products, and our operating results will suffer if we fail to compete effectively.

Development and awareness of our brand will depend largely upon our success in increasing our customerconsumer base and maintaining adequate pricing through our exclusivities. The pharmaceutical and dietary supplement and pharmaceutical industries are intensely competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. Our products face intense competition, including from major multinational pharmaceutical and dietary supplement companies, established biotechnology companies, specialty pharmaceutical, and generic drug companies. Many of these companies have greater financial and other resources, such as larger research and development staffs and more experienced marketing and manufacturing organizations. As a result, these companies may obtain regulatory approval more rapidly and may be more effective in selling and marketing their products. They also may invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of novel compounds or to in-license novel compounds that could make the products that we sell or develop obsolete. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large, established companies. If we are unable to economically promote or maintain our brand, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be severely harmed. In addition, our efforts to provide an alternative to the non-FDA-approved compound bioidentical market for estradiol and progesterone products sold by compounding pharmacies may not be successful. Finally, loss of exclusivity may provide opportunity for competing products, particularly generics, to erode pricing and siphon off our customers.consumers.

On February 20, 2020, we received the Notice Letter regarding an ANDA submitted to the FDA by Teva. The ANDA seeks approval from the FDA to commercially manufacture, use, or sell a generic version of the 4 mcg and 10 mcg doses of IMVEXXY. In the Notice Letter, Teva alleges that IMVEXXY Patents listed in the FDA’s Orange Book that claim compositions and methods of IMVEXXY are invalid, unenforceable, and/or will not be infringed by Teva’s commercial manufacture, use, or sale of its proposed generic drug product. The IMVEXXY Patents identified in the Notice Letter expire in 2032 or 2033. We are currently reviewing the Notice Letter and intend to vigorously enforce our intellectual property rights relating to IMVEXXY. Under the Hatch-Waxman Act, we have 45 days from receipt of the Notice Letter to initiate a patent infringement lawsuit against Teva. Such a lawsuit would automatically preclude the FDA from approving Teva’s ANDA until the earlier of 30 months or entry of a district court decision finding the IMVEXXY Patents invalid, unenforceable, or not infringed. We cannot assure you that any patent infringement lawsuit that we may file will prevent the introduction of a generic version of IMVEXXY for any particular length of time, or at all. If Teva’s ANDA is approved, and a generic version of IMVEXXY is introduced, our sales of IMVEXXY could be adversely affected. In addition, we cannot predict what additional ANDAs could be filed by Teva or other potential generic competitors requesting approval to market generic forms of our products, which could require us to incur significant additional expense and result in distraction for our management team, and if approved, result in significant decreases in the revenue derived from sales of our marketed products and thereby materially harm our business and financial condition.

Failure to obtain regulatory approval outside the U.S. will prevent usour licensees from marketing our hormone therapy drugspharmaceutical products in non-U.S. markets.

We are presently attempting, through certain partnering relationships,have entered into licensing and supply agreements with Knight and Theramex to market certain of our hormone therapy drugscommercialize IMVEXXY and BIJUVA in non-U.S. markets. To market our hormone therapy drugsthese products in the European Union and many other non-U.S. jurisdictions, weour licensees must obtain separate regulatory approvals. We have had limited interactions with non-U.S. regulatory authorities, the approval procedures vary among countries and can involve additional testing, and the time required to obtain approval may differ from that required to obtain FDA approval or clearance. Approval or clearance by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries, and approval by one or more non-U.S. regulatory authorities does not ensure approval by other regulatory authorities in other countries or by the FDA. The non-U.S. regulatory approval process may include all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval or clearance. For these non-U.S. regulatory approvals, weour licensees may not obtain them on a timely basis, if at all. Our licensees’ failure to receive necessary non-U.S. regulatory approvals to commercialize our hormone therapy drugsIMVEXXY and BIJUVA in a given market could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

In addition, by seeking to obtain approval to market our hormone therapy drugsIMVEXXY and BIJUVA in one or more non-U.S. markets, we and/or our licensees will be subject to rules and regulations in those markets relating to our product.products. In some countries, particularly countries of the European Union, each of which has developed its own rules and regulations, pricing is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the receipt of regulatory approval for a drug. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, weour licensees may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our drug candidatespharmaceutical product to other available products. If reimbursement of our drug candidatespharmaceutical product is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, weour licensees may be unable to generate revenues and achieve or sustain profitability with respect to any given market, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. If weour licensees obtain approval to market our hormone therapy drugsIMVEXXY or BIJUVA in one or more non-U.S. markets, we will have additional pharmacovigilance reporting requirements for our products. To the extent that the non-U.S. markets wein which our licensees distribute our products in have different pharmacovigilance reporting requirements than the U.S., there is a risk that the marketing of our drugs in those countries may increase the number of adverse events reported for our products.

Product liability lawsuits could divert our resources, result in substantial liabilities and reduce the commercial potential of our products.

We face an inherent risk of product liability claims as a result of the marketingcommercial availability of our current products and the clinical testing of our hormone therapy drugpharmaceutical product candidates despite obtaining appropriate informed consents from our clinical trial participants. Additionally, in light of the history of product liability claims related to other hormone replacement therapy products and contraceptives, we will face an even greater risk through commercialization of our hormone therapy drug candidates in the United States or other additional jurisdictions or if we engage in the clinical testing of proposed new products or commercialize any additional products. For example, we may be sued if any product we develop allegedly causes injury or is found to be otherwise unsuitable during clinical testing, manufacturing, marketing, or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, failures to warn of dangers inherent inassociated with the use of the product, negligence, strict liability, or breaches of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer fraud and protection acts.statutes. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our existing products or hormone therapy drugs. Even successful defense would require significant financial and management resources.pharmaceutical product candidates. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in any of the following:

Although we maintain general liability insurance and clinical trial liability insurance for our hormone therapy drugsproducts and drugproduct candidates, this insurance may not fully cover potential liabilities. The cost of any product liability litigation or other proceeding, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial. In addition, our inability to obtain or maintain sufficient insurance coverage at an acceptable cost or to otherwise protect against potential product liability claims could prevent or inhibit the development and commercial production and sale of our products, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Our business may be affected by unfavorable publicity or lack of consumer acceptance.

We are highly dependent upon consumer acceptance of the safety and quality of our products, as well as similar products distributed by other companies. Consumer acceptance of a product can be significantly influenced by scientific research or findings, national media attention, and other publicity about product use. A product may be received favorably, resulting in high sales associated with that product that may not be sustainable as consumer preferences change. Future scientific research or publicity could be unfavorable to our industry or any of our products and may not be consistent with earlier favorable research or publicity. A future research report or publicity that is perceived by our consumers as less than favorable or that may question earlier favorable research or publicity could have a material adverse effect on our ability to generate revenue. Adverse publicity in the form of published scientific research, statements by regulatory authorities or otherwise, whether or not accurate, that associates consumption of our product or any other similar product with illness or other adverse effects, or that questions the benefits of our product or a similar product, or that claims that such products do not have the effect intended could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, or results of operations.

If we use hazardous materials in a manner that causes injury or violates applicable law, we may be liable for damages.

Our manufacturing and research and development activities involve the controlled use of potentially hazardous substances, including chemical, biological, and radioactive materials. In addition, our operations produce hazardous waste products. Federal, state, and local laws and regulations in the United StatesU.S. govern the use, manufacture, storage, handling, and disposal of hazardous materials. Although we believe that our procedures for use, handling, storing, and disposing of these materials (all of which only occur at third-party sites operated by our contractors) comply with legally prescribed standards, we may incur significant additional costs to comply with applicable laws in the future. We also cannot predict the impact on our business of new or amended environmental laws or regulations or any changes in the way existing and future laws and regulations are interpreted or enforced. Also, even if we are in compliance with applicable laws, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of contamination or injury resulting from hazardous materials, and we may incur liability as a result of any such contamination or injury. In the event of an accident, we could be held liable for damages or penalized with fines, and the liability could exceed our resources, and we do not carry liability insurance covering the use of hazardous materials. If we fail to comply with applicable requirements, we could incur substantial costs, including civil or criminal fines and penalties, clean-up costs, or capital expenditures for control equipment or operational changes necessary to achieve or maintain compliance. Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations is expensive, and current or future environmental regulations may impair our research, development and production efforts, and may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

If we are not successful in attracting and retaining highly qualified personnel, we may not be able to successfully implement our business strategy.

Our ability to compete in the highly competitive pharmaceutical industry depends in large part on our ability to attract and retain highly qualified managerial, scientific, and medical personnel. To induce valuable employees to remain with us, we have, among other things, provided stock-based compensation that vests over time. The value to employees of stock-based compensation will be significantly affected by movements in our stock price that we cannot control and may at any time be insufficient to counteract more lucrative offers from other companies. Despite our efforts to retain valuable employees, members of our management, scientific, and medical teams may terminate their employment with us on short notice. We do notAlthough we have employment agreements with several of our key employees. As a result,employees, most employees are employed on an at-will basis, which means that any of these employees could leave our employment at any time, with or without notice, and may go to work for a competitor. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers or other key employees could potentially harm our business, operating results, and financial condition. Our success also depends on our ability to continue to attract, retain, and motivate highly skilled scientific and medical personnel.

Our success is tied to our distribution channels.

We sell our prescription prenatal vitamin products and hormone therapy drug products to wholesale distributors and retail pharmacy distributors. During 2018,2019, four customers each generated more than 10% of our total revenues; revenue generated from these four customers combined accounted for approximately 76%73% of our total revenue during 2018.2019. Our business would be harmed if any of these customers refused to distribute our products or refused to purchase our products on commercially favorable terms to us.

A failure to maintain optimal inventory levels to meet commercial demand for our products could harm our reputation and subject us to financial losses.

Our ability to maintain optimal inventory levels to meet commercial demand depends on the performance of third-party contract manufacturers. In some instances, our products have unique ingredients used under license arrangements. If our manufacturers are unsuccessful in obtaining raw materials, if we are unable to manufacture and release inventory on a timely and consistent basis, if we fail to maintain an adequate level of product inventory, if inventory is destroyed or damaged, or if our inventory reaches its expiration date, patients might not have access to our products, our reputation and brands could be harmed, and physicians may be less likely to recommend our products in the future, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Delays in clinical trials are common for many reasons, and any such delays could result in increased costs to us and jeopardize or delay our ability to obtain regulatory approval andor commence or continue product sales.

We may experience delays in future clinical trials for our drug candidates.pharmaceutical product candidates or required post-approval clinical trials for our approved products. Clinical trials might not begin on time; may be interrupted, delayed, suspended, or terminated once commenced; might need to be amended or redesigned; might not enroll enough patients; or might not be completed on schedule, if at all. Clinical trials can be delayed for a variety of reasons, including the following:

Patient enrollment, a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials, is affected by many factors, including the size and nature of the patient population, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, the eligibility criteria for the trial, the design of the clinical trial, competing clinical trials, and clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the drug being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new drugs that may be approved for the indications we are investigating. Any of these delays in completing future clinical trials could increase our costs, slow down our product development and approval process, and jeopardize our ability to commence product sales and generate revenue from our drugpharmaceutical product candidates, or continue to generate revenue from our approved products subject to post-approval clinical trials for our approved products, subject to the trial.

Clinical trials are lengthy and expensive with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results.

Clinical trials are expensive, can take many years to complete and have highly uncertain outcomes. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process because of inadequate performance of a drug, inadequate adherence by patients or investigators to clinical trial protocols, or other factors. New drugs in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through earlier clinical trials. Several companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials as a result of a lack of efficacy or adverse safety profiles, despite promising results in earlier trials. Our future clinical trials may not be successful or may be more expensive or time-consuming than we currently expect. Before approving a new drug, the FDA generally requires that the safety and efficacy of the drug be demonstrated in two adequate and well-controlled clinical trials. In some situations, the FDA approves drugs based on a single well-controlled clinical trial. If clinical trials for any of our pharmaceutical product candidates fail to demonstrate safety or efficacy to the satisfaction of the FDA, the FDA will not approve those product candidates and we will not be able to commercialize, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Future legislation, or the absence of such legislation, regulations, and policies adopted by the FDA or other regulatory authorities may increase the time and cost required for us to conduct and complete clinical trials for our pharmaceutical product candidates.

The FDA has established regulations, guidelines, and policies to govern the drug development and approval process, as have foreign regulatory authorities. Any change in regulatory requirements resulting from the adoption of new legislation, regulations, or policies may require us to amend existing clinical trial protocols or add new clinical trials to comply with these changes. Such amendments to existing protocols or clinical trial applications or the need for new ones, may significantly and adversely affect the cost, timing, and completion of the clinical trials for our pharmaceutical product candidates.

In addition, the FDA’s policies may change and additional government regulations may be issued that could prevent, limit, or delay regulatory approval of our pharmaceutical product candidates, or impose more stringent product labeling and post-marketing testing and other requirements. For example, in the past the FDA has indicated it would regulate prenatal vitamins containing greater than 0.8 mg of folic acid as a drug under the FDCA. More recently the FDA indicated that there is no specified upper limit on the amount of folic acid permitted in a dietary supplement. If the FDA were to seek to regulate products with higher amounts of folic acid as drugs, it may require us to stop selling certain of our dietary supplement products and otherwise adversely affect our business. If we are slow or unable to adapt to any such changes, our business, prospects, and ability to achieve or sustain profitability could be adversely affected.

We may be required to suspend or discontinue clinical trials because of adverse side effects or other safety risks that could preclude approval of our drugpharmaceutical product candidates.

Clinical trials may be suspended or terminated at any time for many reasons. A clinical trial may be suspended or terminated by us, our collaborators, the FDA, or other regulatory authorities because of a failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, presentation of unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using the investigational drug, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions, lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial, or negative or equivocal findings of the DSMB or the IRB for a clinical trial. An IRB may also suspend or terminate our clinical trials for failure to protect patient safety or patient rights. We may voluntarily suspend or terminate our clinical trials if at any time we believe that they present an unacceptable risk to participants. In addition, regulatory agencies may order the temporary or permanent discontinuation of our clinical trials at any time if they believe the clinical trials are not being conducted in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements or present an unacceptable safety risk to participants. If we elect or are forced to suspend or terminate any clinical trial of any proposed product that we develop, the commercial prospects of such proposed product will be harmed and our ability to generate product revenue from any of these proposed products will be delayed or eliminated. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects significantly.

We rely on third parties to conduct our research and development activities, including our clinical trials, and we may experience delays in obtaining or may be unsuccessful in obtaining regulatory approval for, or in commercializing, our hormone therapy drugpharmaceutical product candidates if these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines.

We do not have the resources to independently conduct research and development activities. Therefore, we have relied, and plan to continue to rely, on various third-party CROs to conduct our research and development activities and to recruit patients and monitor and manage data for our on-going clinical programs for our hormone therapy drugpharmaceutical product candidates, as well as for the execution of clinical studies. Although we control only certain aspects of our CROs’ activities, we are ultimately responsible for ensuring that each of our studies is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory, and scientific standards and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We cannot assure you that the CROs will conduct the research properly or in a timely manner, or that the results will be reproducible. We and our CROs are required to comply with the FDA’s cGCPs, which areGood Clinical Practice, or cGCP, regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA for all of our products in clinical development. The FDA enforces these cGCPs through periodic and pre-approval inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators, and clinical trial sites. If we or our CROs fail to comply with applicable cGCPs, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable or invalid, and the FDA may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our proposed products. We cannot assure you that, upon inspection, the FDA will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with cGCPs. In addition, to evaluate the safety and effectiveness compared to placebo of our hormone therapy drugpharmaceutical product candidates to a statistically significant degree, our clinical trials will require an adequately large number of test subjects. Any clinical trial that a CRO conducts abroad on our behalf is subject to similar regulation. Accordingly, if our CROs fail to comply with these regulations or recruit enough patients, we may be required to repeat clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process.

In addition, we do not employ the personnel of our CROs, and, except for remedies available to us under our agreements with such organizations, we cannot control whether or not they will devote sufficient time and resources to our on-going clinical and pre-clinical programs. Our CROs may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including one or more of our competitors, for which they may also be conducting clinical studies or other drug development activities, which could impede their ability to devote appropriate time to our clinical programs. If our CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, if they need to be replaced, or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised because of the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements, or for other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed, or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize our hormone therapy drugpharmaceutical product candidates that we seek to develop. As a result, our financial results and the commercial prospects for our hormone therapy drugpharmaceutical product candidates that we seek to develop could be harmed, our costs could increase, and our ability to generate revenue could be delayed or end.

We typically engage one or more CROs on a project-by-project basis for each study or trial. While we have developed and plan to maintain our relationships with CROs that we have previously engaged, we also expect to enter into agreements with other CROs to obtain additional resources and expertise to accelerate our progress with regard to on-going clinical programs and, specifically, the compilation of clinical trial data for submission with an NDA for each of our hormone therapy drugpharmaceutical product candidates. If any of our relationships with these third parties terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs or do so on commercially reasonable terms. Switching or entering into new relationships with CROs involves substantial cost and requires extensive management time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO commences work. As a result, delays occur, which can materially affect our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines and can increase our costs significantly. Although we try to carefully manage our relationships with our CROs, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or prospects.

Our ability to utilize net operating loss carryforwards may be limited.

As of December 31, 2018,2019, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, of approximately $481.4$620.4 million. Subject to applicable limitations, these NOLs may be used to offset future taxable income, to the extent we generate any taxable income, and thereby reduce our future federal income taxes otherwise payable.

Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, imposes limitations on a corporation’s ability to utilize NOLs if it experiences an ownership change as defined in Section 382. In general terms, an ownership change may result from transactions increasing the ownership of certain stockholders in the stock of a corporation by more than 50 percent over a three-year period. If an ownership change has occurred, or were to occur, utilization of our NOLs would be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 determined by multiplying the value of our stock at the time of the ownership change by the applicable long-term tax-exempt rate. Any unused annual limitation may be carried over to later years. We may be found to have experienced an ownership change under Section 382 because of events in the past or the issuance of shares of our common stock in the future. If so, the use of our NOLs, or a portion thereof, against our future taxable income may be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382.

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. federal government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or the Tax Act. The Tax Act makes broad and complex changes to the U.S. federal tax code, including, but not limited to reducing the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 34 percent to 21 percent and imposing new restrictions on the use of NOLs. The Tax Act reduces the corporate tax rate to 21 percent, effective January 1, 2018.  Management assessed the valuation allowance analyses with respect to our NOLs as affected by various aspects of the Tax Act and determined that a full valuation allowance continues to be appropriate. Furthermore, the Tax Act limits the NOL carryover deduction in a taxable year to the lesser of the NOL carryforward or 80 percent of the taxpayer’s taxable income (before considering any deduction on account of such NOLs), which may restrict our ability to offset future taxable income with NOLs and increase our future federal income taxes otherwise payable.

Our business may be impacted by new or changing tax laws or regulations and actions by federal, state, and/or local agencies, or how judicial authorities apply tax laws.

In connection with the products we sell and intend to sell, we calculate, collect, and remit various federal, state, and local taxes, surcharges and regulatory fees, (“tax” or “taxes”)taxes, to numerous federal, state and local governmental authorities. In addition, we incur and pay state and local taxes and fees on purchases of goods and services used in our business.

Tax laws are dynamic and subject to change as new laws are passed and new interpretations of the law are issued or applied. In many cases, the application of tax laws (including the recently enacted Tax Act) is uncertain and subject to differing interpretations, especially when evaluated against new technologies and services. The impact of this tax reform on holders of our common stock is also uncertain and could be adverse. 

If we have incorrectly described, disclosed, calculated, assessed, or remitted amounts that were due to governmental authorities, we could be subject to additional taxes, fines, penalties, or other adverse actions, which could materially impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Our success depends on how efficiently we respondoperations are concentrated in Boca Raton, Florida and interruptions affecting us or our suppliers due to changing consumer preferences and demand.

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to anticipate and respond to changing consumer trends and preferences. We may not be able to respond in a timelynatural disasters or commercially appropriate manner to these changes. Our failure to accurately predict these trends could negatively impact our inventory levels, sales, and consumer opinion of us as a source for the latest product. The success of our new product offerings depends upon several factors, including our ability to achieve the following:

If we do not introduce new products, make enhancements to existing products, or maintain the appropriate inventory levels to meet customers’ demand in a timely manner, our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

We may initiate product recalls or withdrawals or may be subject to regulatory enforcement actions that could negatively affect our business.

We may be subject to product recalls, withdrawals, or seizures if any of the products we formulate, manufacture, or sell are believed to cause injury or illness or if we are alleged to have violated governmental regulations in the manufacture, labeling, promotion, sale, or distribution of any of our products. A recall, withdrawal, or seizure of any of our productsother unforeseen events could materially and adversely affect consumer confidenceour operations.

Our current operations are concentrated in Boca Raton, Florida. A hurricane or other disaster or unforeseen event resulting in significant damage to our brandsfacilities could significantly disrupt or curtail or require us to cease our operations. It would be difficult, costly and leadtime-consuming to decreased demand fortransfer resources from one facility to another or to repair or replace our facility if it is significantly damaged. In addition, our insurance may be insufficient to cover all of our losses and may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, if one of our suppliers, such as Catalent at its manufacturing facility in St. Petersburg, Florida, experiences a similar disaster or unforeseen event, we could face significant delays in obtaining our products. In addition, a recall, withdrawal,Any significant uninsured loss, prolonged or seizure of any ofrepeated disruption to operations or inability to operate, experienced by us or by our products would require significant management attention, would likely result in substantial and unexpected expenditures, andsuppliers, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any failure to adequately maintain a sales force will impede our growth.

We are substantially dependent on a sales force – both those directly employed by us and those engaged through our contract sales organization – to attract new business and to manage existing customer relationships. We believe that there is significant competition for qualified, productive direct sales personnel with advanced sales skills and technical knowledge. Our ability to achieve significant growth in revenue in the future will depend, in large part, on our success in recruiting, training, and retaining direct sales personnel. New and future sales personnel may not become as productive as expected, and we may be unable to hire or engage enough qualified individuals in the future in the markets in which we do business. If we are unable to hire, engage and develop enough productive sales personnel or are required to hire or engage more sales personnel than we expect our business prospects could suffer. In addition to utilizing a contract sales organization for part of our sales force, we also utilize this organization for certain sales support functions, such as fleet and sample management.  We currently intend to insource at least some of these functions and personnel in the future.  If we are unsuccessful in insourcing these functions or personnel, we may face delays or additional costs in commercializing our pharmaceutical products, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Other pharmaceutical companies with which we compete for qualified personnel may have greater financial and other resources, different risk profiles, and longer histories than we do. They also may provide more diverse opportunities and better chances for career advancement. Some of these characteristics may be more appealing to high-quality candidates than what we offer. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain high-quality personnel, our ability to commercialize IMVEXXY, BIJUVA and ANNOVERA may be limited.

We will need to grow our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth, which could disrupt our operations.

As of December 31, 2018,2019, we had 241348 employees. As our development and commercialization plans and strategies develop, we expect to expand our employee base for managerial, operational, financial, sales and marketing, and other resources. Future growth would impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including the need to identify, recruit, maintain, motivate, and integrate additional employees. Also, our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from their day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, give rise to operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of additional drugpharmaceutical product candidates. If we are unable to effectively manage our expected growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to increase revenue could be reduced and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize our hormone therapy drugspharmaceutical products and compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth in our organization.

We may not be able to maintain effective and efficient information systems or properly safeguard our information systems.

Our operations are dependent on uninterrupted performance of our information systems. Failure to maintain reliable information systems, disruptions in our existing information systems or the implementation of new systems could cause disruptions in our business operations, including violations of patient privacy and confidentiality requirements and other regulatory requirements, increased administrative expenses and other adverse consequences.

In addition, information security risks have generally increased in recent years because of new technologies and the increased activities of perpetrators of cyber-attacks resulting in the theft of protected health, business, or financial information. Despite our layered security controls, experienced computer programmers and hackers may be able to penetrate our information systems and misappropriate or compromise sensitive patient or personnel information or proprietary or confidential information, create system disruptions or cause shutdowns. They also may be able to develop and deploy viruses, worms and other malicious software programs that disable our systems or otherwise exploit any security vulnerabilities. Outside parties may also attempt to fraudulently induce employees to take actions, including the release of confidential or sensitive information or to make fraudulent payments, through illegal electronic spamming, phishing, or other tactics.

A failure in or breach of our information systems because of cyber-attacks or other tactics could disrupt our business, result in the release or misuse of protected health information, or PHI, confidential or proprietary business information or financial loss, damage our reputation, increase our administrative expenses, and expose us to additional risk of liability to federal or state governments or individuals. Although we believe that we have robust information security procedures and other safeguards in place, as cyber threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend additional resources to continue to enhance our information security measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities. Our remediation efforts may not be successful and could result in interruptions, delays or cessation of service and loss of existing or potential customerspatients and disruption of our operations. In addition, breaches of our security measures and the unauthorized dissemination of patient healthcare and other sensitive information, proprietary or confidential information about us or other third-parties could expose such persons’ private information to the risk of financial or medical identity theft or expose us or such persons to a risk of loss or misuse of this information, result in litigation and potential liability for us, damage our brand and reputation or otherwise harm our business. Any of these disruptions or breaches of security could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our failure to comply with foreign data protection laws and regulations could lead to government enforcement actions and significant penalties against us, and adversely impact our operating results.

European Union member states and other foreign jurisdictions, including Switzerland, have adopted data protection laws and regulations which impose significant compliance obligations. Moreover, the collection and use of personal health data in the European Union, which was formerly governed by the provisions of the European Union Data Protection Directive, was replaced with the European Union General Data Protection Regulation, or the GDPR, in May 2018. The GDPR, which is wide-ranging in scope, imposes several requirements relating to the consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates, the information provided to the individuals, the security and confidentiality of the personal data, data breach notification and the use of third party processors in connection with the processing of personal data. The GDPR also imposes strict rules on the transfer of personal data out of the European Union to the U.S., provides an enforcement authority and imposes large penalties for noncompliance, including the potential for fines of up to €20 million or 4% of the annual global revenues of the non-compliant company, whichever is greater. The recent implementation of the GDPR has increased our responsibility and liability in relation to personal data that we process, including in clinical trials, and we may in the future be required to put in place additional mechanisms to ensure compliance with the GDPR, which could divert management's attention and increase our cost of doing business. In addition, new regulation or legislative actions regarding data privacy and security (together with applicable industry standards) may increase our costs of doing business. In this regard, we expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations and industry standards relating to privacy and data protection in the U.S., the European Union and other jurisdictions, and we cannot determine the impact such future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business.

Our employees and business partners may not appropriately secure and protect confidential information in their possession.

Each of our employees and business partners is responsible for the security of the information in our systems or under our control and to ensure that private and financial information is kept confidential. Should an employee or business partner not follow appropriate security measures, including those related to cyber threats or attacks or other tactics, as well as our privacy and security policies and procedures, the improper release of personal information, including PHI, or confidential business or financial information, or misappropriation of assets could result. The release of such information or misappropriation of assets could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.

We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include intentional failures to comply with FDA regulations, to provide accurate information to the FDA, to comply with federal and state health carehealthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations, to report financial information or data accurately, or to disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing, and business arrangements in the health carehealthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing, and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs, and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained during clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. We have adopted a Code of Conduct and Ethics, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

Risks Related to our Intellectual Property

Another party could develop hormone therapycompeting pharmaceutical products and obtain FDA regulatory exclusivity in the United StatesU.S. before we do, potentially preventing our ability to commercialize our hormone therapy drug candidatespharmaceutical products and other products in development.

We plan to seek to obtain market exclusivity for our hormone therapy drug candidatespharmaceutical products and any other drugpharmaceutical product candidates we develop in the future. To the extent that patent protection is not available or has expired, FDA marketing exclusivity may be the only available form of exclusivity available for these proposed products. Marketing exclusivityThese FDA exclusivities can delay the submission or the approval of certain marketingdrug applications. Potentially competitive products may also be seeking marketing exclusivityFDA exclusivities and may be in various stages of development, including some more advanced than us. We cannot predict with certainty the timing of FDA approval or whether FDA approval will be granted, nor can we predict with certainty the timing of FDA approval for competing products or whether such approval will be granted. It is possible that competing products may obtain FDA approval with marketing exclusivityexclusivities before we do, which could delay our ability to submit a marketingan application or obtain necessary regulatory approvals, result in lost market opportunities with respect to our hormone therapy drugpharmaceutical product candidates, and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If our efforts to protect the proprietary nature of the intellectual property covering our hormone therapy drug candidatespharmaceutical products and other products are not adequate, we may not be able to compete effectively in our market.

Our commercial success will depend in part on our ability to obtain additional patents and protect our existing patent positions as well as our ability to maintain adequate protection of other intellectual property for our hormone therapy drug candidatespharmaceutical products and other products. If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property, competitors may be able to use our technologies and erode or negate any competitive advantage we may have, which could harm our business and ability to achieve profitability. The patent positions of pharmaceutical companies are highly uncertain. The legal principles applicable to patents are in transition due to changing court precedent and legislative action, and we cannot be certain that the historical legal standards surrounding questions of validity will continue to be applied or that current defenses relating to issued patents in these fields will be sufficient in the future. Changes in patent laws in the United States,U.S., such as the America Invents Act of 2011, may affect the scope, strength, and enforceability of our patent rights or the nature of proceedings that may be brought by us related to our patent rights. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States,U.S., and we may encounter significant problems in protecting our proprietary rights in these countries. We will be able to protect our proprietary rights from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that our proprietary technologies are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets.

These risks include the possibility of the following:

While we apply for patents covering our technologies and products, as we deem appropriate, many third parties may already have filed patent applications or have received patents in our areas of product development. These entities’ applications, patents, and other intellectual property rights may conflict with patent applications to which we have rights and could prevent us from obtaining patents or could call into question the validity of any of our patents, if issued, or could otherwise adversely affect our ability to develop, manufacture, or commercialize our hormone therapy drug candidates.pharmaceutical products. In addition, if third parties file patent applications in the technologies that also claim technology to which we have rights, we may have to participate in interference, derivation, or other proceedings with the USPTO or foreign patent regulatory authorities to determine our rights in the technologies, which may be time-consuming and expensive. Moreover, issued patents may be challenged in the courts or in post-grant proceedings at the USPTO, or in similar proceedings in foreign countries. These proceedings may result in loss of patent claims or adverse changes to the scope of the claims.

If we, our licensors, or our strategic partners fail to obtain and maintain patent protection for our products, or our proprietary technologies and their uses, companies may be dissuaded from collaborating with us. In such event, our ability to commercialize our hormone therapy drugspharmaceutical products may be threatened, we could lose our competitive advantage, and the competition we face could increase, all of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

In addition, mechanisms exist in much of the world permitting some form of challenge by generic drug marketers to our patents before, or immediately following, the expiration of any regulatory exclusivity, and generic companies are increasingly employing aggressive strategies, such as “at risk” launches to challenge relevant patent rights.rights.On February 20, 2020, we received the Notice Letter regarding an ANDA submitted to the FDA by Teva. The ANDA seeks approval from the FDA to commercially manufacture, use, or sell a generic version of the 4 mcg and 10 mcg doses of IMVEXXY. In the Notice Letter, Teva alleges that IMVEXXY Patents listed in the FDA’s Orange Book that claim compositions and methods of IMVEXXY are invalid, unenforceable, and/or will not be infringed by Teva’s commercial manufacture, use, or sale of its proposed generic drug product. The IMVEXXY Patents identified in the Notice Letter expire in 2032 or 2033. We are currently reviewing the Notice Letter and intend to vigorously enforce our intellectual property rights relating to IMVEXXY. Under the Hatch-Waxman Act, we have 45 days from receipt of the Notice Letter to initiate a patent infringement lawsuit against Teva. Such a lawsuit would automatically preclude the FDA from approving Teva’s ANDA until the earlier of 30 months or entry of a district court decision finding the IMVEXXY Patents invalid, unenforceable, or not infringed. We cannot assure you that any patent infringement lawsuit that we may file will prevent the introduction of a generic version of IMVEXXY for any particular length of time, or at all. If Teva’s ANDA is approved, and a generic version of IMVEXXY is introduced, our sales of IMVEXXY could be adversely affected. In addition, we cannot predict what additional ANDAs could be filed by Teva or other potential generic competitors requesting approval to market generic forms of our products, which could require us to incur significant additional expense and result in distraction for our management team, and if approved, result in significant decreases in the revenue derived from sales of our marketed products and thereby materially harm our business and financial condition.

Our business also may rely on unpatented proprietary technology, know-how, and trade secrets. If the confidentiality of this intellectual property is breached, it could adversely impact our business.

If we are sued for infringing intellectual property rights of third parties, litigation will be costly and time consuming and could prevent or delay us from developing or commercializing our drugpharmaceutical product candidates.

Our commercial success depends, in part, on our not infringing the patents and proprietary rights of other parties and not breaching any collaboration or other agreements we have entered into with regard to our technologies and products. We are aware of numerous third-party U.S. and non-U.S. issued patents and pending applications that exist in the technical areas of hormone therapy,our pharmaceutical products, including compounds, formulations, treatment methods, and synthetic processes, which may be applied towards the synthesis of hormones.hormones, for example. Patent applications are confidential when filed and remain confidential until publication, approximately 18 months after initial filing, while some patent applications remain unpublished until issuance. As such, there may be other third-party patents and pending applications of which we are currently unaware with claims directed towards composition of matter, formulations, methods of manufacture, or methods for treatment related to the use or manufacture of our products or drugproduct candidates. Therefore, we cannot ever know with certainty the nature or existence of every third-party patent filing. We cannot provide assurances that we or our partners will be free to manufacture or market our drugproduct candidates as planned or that we or our licensors’ and partners’ patents will not be opposed or litigated by third parties. If any third-party patent was held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover aspects of our materials, formulations, methods of manufacture, or methods of treatment related to the use or manufacture of any of our drugproduct candidates, the holders of any such patent may be able to block our ability to develop and commercialize the applicable drugproduct candidate unless we obtained a license or until such patent expires or is finally determined to be held invalid or unenforceable. There can be no assurances that we will be able to obtain a license to such patent on favorable terms or at all. Failure to obtain such license may have a material adverse effect on our business.

There is a substantial amount of litigation involving intellectual property in the pharmaceutical industry generally. If a third party asserts that we infringe its patents or other proprietary rights, we could face many risks that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, including the following:

We are party from time-to-time to legal proceedings relating to our intellectual property, and third parties in the future may file claims asserting that our technologies, processes, or products infringe on their intellectual property. We cannot predict whether third parties will assert these claims against us or our strategic partners or against the licensors of technology licensed to us, or whether those claims will harm our business. In addition, the outcome of intellectual property litigation is subject to uncertainties that cannot be adequately quantified in advance. If we or our partners were to face infringement claims or challenges by third parties relating to our drugpharmaceutical product candidates, an adverse outcome could subject us to significant liabilities to such third parties, and force us or our partners to curtail or cease the development of some or all of our drugpharmaceutical product candidates, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.