UNITED STATES 

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION 

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20202022

or

☐  TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM_____ TO_____

COMMISSION FILE NUMBER 000-22333 

NANOPHASE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) 

1319 Marquette Drive, Romeoville, Illinois60446

(Address of principal executive offices) (zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (630) (630) 771-6708

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: 

Common Stock, par value $.01 per share

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

 Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant based upon the last reported sale price of the registrant’s common stock on June 30, 20202022 was $6,570,611$47,927,272 as of such date.

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock, par value $.01, as of March 2629, 20212023 was 38, 221,292.49,505,124.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

None.

None.

PART I

Item 1. General

Company Background

Nanophase Technologies Corporation (“Nanophase,” “Company,” “we,” “our,” or “us”), along with its wholly owned subsidiary, Solésence, LLC (our “Solésence beauty science subsidiary”), is a leading innovator in minerals-based and scientifically-driven health care solutions across beauty and life science categories, protecting skin from environmental aggressors and aiding in medical diagnostics. Skin health and medical diagnostics combined currently make up the great majority of our business and drive our forward growth strategy, with additional revenue being generated from other legacy advanced materials applications. The Company was incorporated in Illinois on November 25, 1989 and became a Delaware corporation during November 1997. Our common stock trades on the OTCQB marketplace under the symbol NANX. We have development and application laboratories, and manufacturing capacity in twothree locations in the Chicago, Illinois area.

Leveraging a platform of integrated patented and proprietary technologies, we create products with unique performance to enhance consumers’end-consumers’ health and well-being. We offer soup-to-nuts production, from engineered materials, formulation development, and finished product development, to commercial manufacturing and packaging capabilities. Our expertise in materials engineering allows us to effectively coat and disperse materials on a nano and “non-nano” scale for use in a variety of markets in skin health, including for use in sunscreens as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (“APIs”) and as fully developed prestige skin care products, marketed and sold through our Solésence beauty science subsidiary.  We believe that we have developed technological advantages with respect to our APIs sold for use as ingredients, while our Solésence beauty science technologies lead to enhanced efficacy and aesthetics in our finished products.products, which have received broad acceptance in the marketplace. Due to the enhanced efficacy and aesthetic qualities offered by our proprietary technology platform, Solésence finished products satisfy growing consumer demands around “clean” and inclusive beauty. Solésence beauty science also benefits from the Company’s vertical integration with each product’s key active ingredient that delivers its point-of-difference. This vertical integration helps us to improve efficiency and avoid potential major supply chain challenges while also addressing ongoing sustainability efforts.  

We have seen current conditions significantly increase demand for our medical diagnostics materials. Polymerase Chain Reaction (“PCR”) testing for various viruses, most notably SARS-CoV-2 (“COVID-19”), has become a critical use of our technology in the life science space. While we cannot predict whether the increased demand forThrough our medical diagnosticdiagnostics materials, used inwe have been able to support efforts to curb the COVID-19 testing will continue, wepandemic. We believe that our deep expertise in materials science has created advantages that enable performance in certain tests that may not be achievable through other materials. Outside of life science, we continue to sell advanced materials for use in legacy applications, all of which, along with medical diagnostics, currently fall into the advanced materials product category.

Given our technological position, in addition to the historical market acceptance of our APIs for use in skin health products and sunscreens, rapidly growing sales for our suite of Solésence® finished products, and growingthe expanded use of our diagnostic materials in aiding the fight to curb the spread of COVID-19 and other viruses, in 2021 we haveannounced that we reoriented our Company strategy. We are seeingcontinue to see unprecedented demand in both beauty science, for our APIs and finished products, and life science areas. The markets for both have shown an appetite for what we are producing, and management believes that this growth is happening now due to a confluence of our technology, market conditions that favor what we produce, and our expanded expertise in these areas.  

Nanophase, andprimarily through Solésence, is now partners with brands to develop, manufacture, and market products and ingredients that enhance lives through healthy skin. We are focusing our combined business-, ingredient-, and product-development capabilities on products with unique performance that enhance consumers’ wellbeing through beauty science and life science applications — in skin health and medical diagnostics, respectively.this area. While we will continue to produce and sell materials to our other advanced materials customers, it is not our strategic focus. We may develop additional technologies, or find unique applications outside of our core markets in the future, but to maximize the use of our resources today, we plan on expanding efforts in areas where we have proven we can deliver innovation and growth.

Solésence Beauty Science Business

In 2020, Solésence beauty science has eclipsedfinished products surpassed our personal care ingredients business in terms of total revenue, volumeand in 2020.2021 and 2022, Solésence beauty science more than doubled our revenue from personal care ingredients. We also expectbelieve that Solésence offers the greatest growth potential of any group of products in any marketsmarket in the Company’s history. Our volumes are continuing to grow, limited mainly by our ability to produce enough product to satisfy demand.capacity. We expect our Solésence volume, based on 20212023 shipments and customer orders in-hand, to exceed full year 2020 volume2022 volume.  

The extent to which we grow will be dependent upon our ability to effectively expand our capabilities during 2023. As a result, we plan to continue investments in the first half of 2021.facilities and equipment as well as in human resources, in 2023 and beyond. We are prioritizing facilities expansion, and capital investment in this business to allow for continued profitable growth. growth, and increased profitability.  

During 2015 we were granted a patent on a new type of particle surface treatment (coating) — now called Active Stress Defense™ Technology — which has become the cornerstone of our new product development in our Solésence business, with first revenue recognized during 2017. We now offer a suite of three technologies under our Active Stress Defense™ platform, each of which offers a distinct market advantage.advantage in terms of performance, aesthetics, and/or “clean” positioning in UV and environmental protection, with flexible formulas that allow for adoption by a range of brands with different market positions. We continue to develop and expand our in-house formulating capability, through which we have created, and now sold, more than 100250 SKUs of fully formulated finished cosmetics products in markets focused on skin health, with the majority in prestige beauty. Products developed and sold by our Solésence beauty science subsidiary are all produced under the requirements of current Good Manufacturing Standards (“cGMP”), as enforced by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), which enables us to leverage the expertise we developed in the manufacture of personal care ingredients. Although our Solésence products are fully formulated for consumer use, we do not sell directly to consumers or distribute products to consumers under the Solésence^® brand through intermediaries or resellers. Instead, we sell our Solésence^®products to brand partners as market-ready products, as customized white label products, or as custom-developed products, in each case, for sale or distribution to consumers under our customers’ brand names.

Advanced Materials Business

In 2022, Solésence (through Nanophase, as its parent company) was granted site clearance by Australia’s Therapeutic Goods Administration (“TGA”) for the full finished product manufacture of creams, lotions, sprays, sticks and all topical sunscreen forms. TGA site clearance is legally required for brands to market Solésence-made products as primary sunscreens in Australia. Our second line of business has beeninitial focus continues to be on establishing a footprint with both new and existing Solésence brand partners, to enable the manufacture and sale of advanced nanoparticle materials, includingour patented skin health products as primary sunscreens. Also in 2022, Nanophase was granted a materialpatent in Korea for the Kleair™ technology used exclusively in life science applications to enhanceSolésence products. Shortly thereafter, Solésence Beauty Science received two industry accolades. In July at Cosmoprof North America, Solésence was awarded the performanceCosmopack Award for best Formulation for its product Multi-Cultural Magic SPF 50+ Featuring Kleair™ technology, acknowledging the Company’s technology, formulation and marketing know-how. In September, Solésence was awarded the Cosmetics & Toiletries Allē Award for Most Significant Active Ingredient in Sun/Light Protection for Kleair™ technology, a further acknowledgement of PCR test methods. Given the high levelcompany’s technology know-how, as well as a recognition for the Company in the areas of demand for our medical diagnostics material, this now overwhelmingly composesinnovation and impact. In early 2023, Solésence was named number 2 on Fast Company’s Most Innovative Beauty Businesses list. This is a prestigious award that recognizes the majority of our advanced materials business. We continue to service other profitable markets whereimpact we have had a degreeon the industry we serve and the lives of success in the past — including applications in food packaging, coatings and optical polishing -— butpeople who use our strategic focus and related future development is in the area of life science and any related applications that may be created as we work to develop future materials to satisfy this growing area.products. 

Personal Care Ingredients Business

Historically,Prior to 2020, our largest line of business hashad been the manufacture and sale of APIs in the skin health and sun care markets.  markets, which we deliver to customers through strategic partnerships. We continue to manufacture and supply hundreds of metric tons of surface engineered zinc oxide and titanium dioxide to our customers annually, and these are used by major global consumer products companies for sunscreens and skin health-focused personal care products. We produce these products using proprietary coating and dispersion technologies that comply with the requirements of cGMP and are classified as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, or APIs, by the FDA. We believe we have opportunities for growth in API sales in 2023.

Our third line of business has been the manufacture and sale of advanced nanoparticle materials, including a material used in life science applications to enhance the performance of PCR test methods. Given the high level of demand for our medical diagnostics material during 2020 and 2021, this composes the majority of our advanced materials business. We continue to service other profitable markets where we have had a degree of success in the past, including applications in food packaging, coatings and optical polishing, but our strategic focus and related future development is in the area of improving the health for all human beings, and any related applications that may be created as we work to develop future materials to satisfy this growing area.

Sources and Availability of Raw Materials

Most of the raw materials we use are readily commercially available. In some cases, we rely on sole-source processors of materials that utilize an array of worldwide sources for the raw materials that they process to our specifications. However, certain raw materials that we deal with have a very limited supply, such as cerium oxide, classified as “Rare Earth elements,” for use in surface finishing technologies (polishing) applications, as well as therequire very high purity zinc that we use infor our personal care applications.applications that have occasionally seen shortages in prior years. Although we currently believe we have developed adequate commercial relationships to supply the necessary raw materials for our business which are not readily commercially available, our business is subject to the pricing and availability of certain raw materials.

Some of the raw materials that are critical to the production of our products and parts that are critical to the operation of our equipment are sourced from single suppliers, suppliers from China and Korea, and in some cases, a single supplier from China. In December 2019, a novel strain2022 we continue to monitor delays in shipping exports from China and Korea. Despite the Russian invasion of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, which has subsequently been announced by the World Health Organization to be causing a global pandemic (COVID-19).   Although operations of our third-party suppliers were disrupted to a certain extent in 2020Ukraine, we do not anticipate any directly related supply disruptions as we do not knowingly source any materials directly from the pandemic, particularly related to receiving packaging for our Solésence products on a timely basis, by early 2021, we are seeing less impact from COVID-19 on our suppliers.  However,either country. Additionally, we could be disrupted by conditions unrelated to our business operations or that are beyond our control, including but not limited to international trade restrictions and conditions related to COVID-19 or other epidemics. We typically maintain no less than one month’s supply of raw materials and parts that are sourced from sole suppliers and make efforts to identify additional suppliers who may be able to provide such raw materials or parts.

Markets and Distribution

Solésence Beauty Science Business

We develop and manufacture beauty products for our brand partnerspartner with brands on a global basis.basis to develop, manufacture and market products that enhance lives through healthy skin. These products are fully-formulated solutions built around proprietary Solésence technology.technologies, which are designed to improve skin health for all human beings, and are aligned with consumer demand for “clean” and inclusive beauty products that enhance skin health. Solésence clients, or brand partners, are positioned in skin care, makeup/cosmetics, and sun care markets, with the majority of our partners operating in the prestige beauty segment with retail, direct-to-consumer, and/or omnichannel strategies. This represents a move downstream from our previous position — one of providing ingredients to manufacturers — to offering finished products that we believe offer a clear and distinct market advantage.advantage relative to both aesthetics and performance. With our first Solésence beauty science product revenue recognized during 2017, we had our first material amounts of Solésence product revenue in 2018, and we expectsaw significant expansion in these sales to expand further in 2021.through 2022. Solésence brand partners have experienced strong growth as our products have seen broad acceptance from retailers, adoption by consumers, and recognition by third-party media outlets through awards and accolades. We expect our Solésence beauty science business to enhance both our degree of control of the business development cycle, and to further enable our ability to grow rapidly.

Personal Care Ingredients Business

In addition to serving strategic partners in diverse markets and geographic locations, we will continue to devote significant resources to maintaining and growing our relationship with BASF Corporation (“BASF”), the largest customer in our personal care ingredients line of business. This has been a successful relationship that we expect will contribute to our future growth. BASF, which describes itself as the world’s leading chemical company with annual revenue of approximately $79 billion, is a “globally leading supplier of sustainable high-performance ingredients for the personal care industry,” with recognized brands, significant revenue, and a broad sales network. BASF is primarily responsible for the business development cycle and maintains the direct customer relationships. We have a long-term exclusive relationship with BASF, primarily to provide nano-scale specific zinc oxide-based products made to specific specifications to be used in personal care cosmetics, with sunscreens and daily wear products being the dominant applications.  

On August 9, 2022 BASF filed a complaint in the Superior Court of New Jersey. The New Jersey Complaint claims that Nanophase breached the parties’ 1999 Zinc Oxide Supply Agreement. For additional information about the complaint see Item 3. Legal proceedings.

Advanced Materials Business

Our technologies for engineering and manufacturing life science materials and other nanomaterials, and our understanding of how to make nano-nano-scale and other advanced materials exhibit desirable performance characteristics in various media, have resulted in commercial materials solutions that we believe offer superior performance in many applications. Medical diagnostics, which we view as being a life science application, was the largest market for our advanced materials inbusiness from 2020 through 2022, and we expect this to be true for the foreseeable future. This is oura key area of focus in advanced materials in terms of new business development.  Our legacy markets for advanced materials include architectural coatings, surface treatment (polishing), plastics additives, textiles applications, and others. As advanced materials markets continue to develop and grow, we believe that customers’ preferred delivery formats will often be dispersed and/or coated nanomaterials for life science applications. We believe we are well-positioned with our platform of integrated commercial nanomaterial technologies to respond to this demand, although outside of life science areas, we are currently not actively developing new business in this area.

Personal Care Ingredients Business

In addition to serving customers in diverse markets and geographic locations, we will continue to devote significant resources to maintaining and growing our relationship with BASF Corporation (“BASF”), the largest customer in our personal care ingredients line of business. This has been a successful relationship that we expect will contribute to our future growth. BASF, which describes itself as the world’s leading chemical company with annual revenue of approximately $68 billion.  BASF is a “globally leading supplier of sustainable high-performance ingredients for the personal care industry,” with recognized brands, significant revenue, and a broad sales network. We have a long-term exclusive relationship with BASF, primarily to provide zinc oxide-based products to be used in personal care cosmetics, with sunscreens and daily wear products being the dominant applications. 

Research and Development

Most of our research and development over the past few years has been directly related to Solésence beauty science product and personal care ingredient applications development. In 2020, we increased development of our  medical diagnostics materials as market demand has radically expanded. We endeavor to either meet specific customer needs or to develop applications solutions to address unmet needs in a particular market where we believe our materials will offer a distinct performance advantage. Our efforts in research and development, cosmetic formulating, process engineering and advanced engineering groups are focused in three major areas: 1) application development for our products; 2) creating or obtaining additional core materials technologies and/or materials that have the capability to serve multiple beauty or life science markets; and 3) continuing to improve our core technologies to improve manufacturing operations and reduce costs.

Our total research and development expense, which includes all expenses relating to our technology and advanced engineering groups, during the years ended December 31, 20202022 and 2019,2021, was $1.6$3.0 million and $1.9$2.2 million, respectively. This represents our share of these expenses only and does not take into account amounts spent by any of our customers in support of new product development. Our future success will depend in large part upon our ability to develop products which bring a high degree of value to our customers’ products. Through the three-year period ended December 31, 2020,2022, we had cumulative research and development expenses of approximately $5.5$6.8 million and related cumulative expenditures on equipment and leasehold improvements of approximately $0.3$0.2 million.

Competitive Advantage

In our Solésence beauty science business, our Active Stress Defense ™Defense™ platform of proprietary technologies – which includes Kleair™ – offers unique skin health benefits through performance-related and aesthetic advantages in environmental protection skin health products, including in UVA/UVB, pollution and HEV (blue) light protection. These technologies expand access to healthy skin by improving both the product experience across the full range of skin tones while also leveraging a unique versatility that enables a variety of novel formats to reach the full range of product preferences and lifestyles. By combining our market awareness, proprietary dispersion capabilities and formulation know-how, our Solésence products enable our brand partners to expand the range of products within skin care and color cosmetics categories that can include sun and environmental protection, and their products consequently fill a unique market segment which drives the growing demand for our Solésence products.

In our personal care ingredients business, we believe that targeted collaborations with our long-standing customers in the ingredients space will enable them to have a competitive advantage which will sustain and/or grow their market share in the sunscreen API market. Both the Solesence^® beauty science business and the personal care ingredients business have been positively impacted by the growing interest among consumers for mineral-based sunscreens, which management sees as a validation of the Company strategy.

In our advanced materials business, we have created an integrated platform of commercial nanomaterial technologies that are patented, patent-pending or proprietary, and result in products that see end use in a variety of applications, including use in enhancing the performance of PCR testing for various viruses, including COVID-19. These technologies revolve around our two distinct manufacturing process (PVS – Plasma Vapor Synthesis and NAS – NanoArc^® Synthesis) and are designed to deliver nano- and advanced-materials solutions for a targeted market or a specific customer application. Our platform provides flexibility and capability to engineer nanomaterials that meet a customer’s performance requirements and delivers our nanomaterial solutions in a readily usable format. Our technologies are scalable and robust, having allowed us to produce up to several hundred metric tons in this segment annually.

In our personal care ingredients business, we believe that targeted collaborations with our long-standing customers in the ingredients space will enable them to have a competitive advantage which will sustain and/or grow their market share in the sunscreen API market. Both the Solesence^® beauty science business and the personal care ingredients business have been positively impacted by the growing interest among consumers for mineral-based sunscreens, which management sees as a validation of the Company strategy.

Manufacturing Operations  

We currently have manufacturing capacity based in twothree locations in the Chicago area. At eachtwo of these facilities, we are able to develop and supply engineered materials and bulk finished goods in quantities ranging from grams to metric tons. Our two existing facilities are registered under the ISO 9001, American National Standard, Quality Management System Requirements, and ISO 14001, American National Standard, Environmental Management System Requirements.  We are compliant with cGMP for products under U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) regulation, applying to the manufacture of APIs and OTC Finished Dosage Form materials (primarily used in sun protection). Our third facility, our newest and also in the Chicago area, is compliant with cGMP for products under FDA regulation, applying to the manufacture of APIs and OTC Finished Dosage Form materials (primarily used in sun protection) and we expect to have similar capabilities and registrations as those in our two other manufacturing facilities by the end of 2023. We have registered some of the chemicals we ship to customers in Europe pursuant to the European Chemical Agency’s regulations issued to date pertaining to Registration Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (“REACH”). Currently, we have registered Zinc Oxide, Aluminum Oxide, Iron Oxide and Octyltrimethoxysilane under REACH.

Our operations employ a cellular, team-based manufacturing approach, where workers operate in work “cells,” under a lean manufacturing environment to continuously advance and improve production capabilities. We have also developed a highly flexible workforce that has been cross trained to allow it to be employed broadly across our manufacturing processes. Beginning in late 2019, we also began to employ a significant number of temporary operators to assist us in supporting the production of our Solésence products.  Our manufacturing approach, targeted engineering actions, and capital investment have resulted in continuing process innovations and improvements that have reduced the variable manufacturing cost significantly over the past several years, while increasing our capacity to meet demand.

We are committed to a Lean Six Sigma manufacturing approach, to the extent possible given a certain measure of irregular demand, where we are able to reduce excess labor and manage the lowest practical inventory and supply levels in order to minimize working capital demands. This approach complements two of our major operational goals - (1) to increase output without adding unnecessarily to existing equipment and (2) to continually reduce production costs while consistently producing high quality products.

Intellectual Property and Proprietary Rights

We rely on a combination of patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret and other intellectual property laws, nondisclosure agreements and other protective measures to protect our intellectual property. In addition to obtaining patent and trademarks based on our inventions and products, we may also license certain third-party patents from time-to-time to expand our technology base.

As of the date of this filing, we own 910 U.S. patents and 58 pending U.S. patent applications. We also own 3756 foreign patents and patent applications consisting of 3035 issued or allowed foreign patents and 721 pending foreign patent applications. All of the pending and owned foreign patents are counterparts to domestic filings covering our platform of nanotechnologies and surface treatments.

Competition

Within each of our targeted markets and product applications, we face potential competition from contract manufacturers and developers, advanced materials and chemical companies, and suppliers of traditional materials. In many markets, the actual or potential competitors are larger and more diversified than we are; however, we believe we focus on market segments and opportunities where our materials and related technologies are superior to those of our competitors, often due to our abilityabilities to produce highly engineered ingredients to meet specific performance requirements, develop advanced material solutions for customers’ specific applications, and in the case of Solésence, finished products that impart the benefits of minerals-based products with superior tactile, visual, and visualperformance characteristics.

With respect to traditional suppliers, we may compete against lower priced traditional materials for certain customer applications. In some product or process applications the benefits of using advanced materials do not always justify a process change or outweigh their frequently higher costs. 

We believe that our material technologies and manufacturing platforms are strong. We believe we are well-positioned with our platform of integrated commercial materials technologies and track record of technology improvement and evolution.

In addition to competition in the advanced materials and related markets, our Solésence beauty science subsidiary faces competition from a wide variety of offerings in the field of skin care. Our Solésence products compete with existing solutions as well as new solutions from various sources, including other product developers and manufacturers who seek to serve skin care brands and integrated brands who also manufacture their own products in-house, and we must differentiate theirour value proposition in order to gain traction in this marketplace. The complexities of sunscreen regulation and the nuances of the development and manufacture of sunscreen products present a barrier for brands with integrated manufacturing in other skin care and cosmetics areas. Still, several Solésence customers have internal development and manufacturing capabilities that are similar to the capabilities of Solésence, and can serve as indirect competition to our products and services. We believe that our Solésence beauty science technology and our expertise in the nuances of formulating products that contain UV protection, coupled with our expanding product formulations capability to produce novel formats, will allow us to become a competitive player in this market on a sustainable basis.

Governmental Regulations, Including Climate Change

The manufacture and use of certain of the products that contain Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients are subject to governmental regulations. As a result, we are required to adhere to the cGMP requirements of the FDA and similar regulations that include testing, control and documentation requirements enforced by periodic inspections. We also comply with the European Chemical Agency’s regulations issued to date pertaining to the chemicals we have registered under REACH. In early 2022, we were granted site clearance by Australia’s TGA for the full finished product manufacture of creams, lotions, sprays, sticks and all topical sunscreen forms. TGA site clearance is legally required for brands to market Solésence-made products as primary sunscreens in Australia. Our initial focus will be on establishing a footprint with both new and existing Solésence brand partners, to enable the sale of our patented skin health products as primary sunscreens.

We are committed to environmental health and safety (“EH&S”). We believe we comply with all applicable exposure limit standards issued by the United States Department of Labor’s Occupational Health and Safety Administration (“OSHA”). Because nanotechnology remains an emerging and evolving science, there are no currently accepted standards, measurements or personal protective equipment available that are specific to nanoparticle safety. Accordingly, we rely on general chemical safety and process safety practices to identify safe personal protective equipment and appropriate handling protocols. We believe that we have taken a leadership position on EH&S in our operations and have internal and external review and monitoring of our practices.

In addition, our facilities and operations are subject to the plant and laboratory safety requirements of various environmental and occupational safety and health laws. We believe we are in compliance with all such laws and regulations, and to date, those regulations have not materially restricted or impeded operations. Further, we believe our processes to be highly efficient, generating very low levels of waste and emissions. For this reason, we do not view issues surrounding climate change and any currently foreseeable related regulations as materially impacting our business and financial statements, beyond any inestimable impact on the macro-economic environment. 

We have taken a responsible, proactive approach to EH&S by implementing appropriate procedures and processes to have our facilities registered under ISO 14001, American National Standard, Environmental Management System Requirements. We are also involved with leading industry groups that are defining nanomaterial standards and protocols. These currently include the ASTM International Committee on Nanotechnology, and the US TAG to ISO TC 229 Nanotechnology committee managed by the American National Standards Institute committee (ANSI). We also participate in FDA reviews relative to cosmetic and applicable drug applications. We have a full-time, advanced degreed professional, along with a supporting staff, who spendsspend a significant amount of time managing governmental regulation compliance and EH&S. We believe that our Company has an exemplary safety record.

Employees

On December 31, 2020,2022, we had a total of 5482 full-time employees, 611 of whom hold advanced degrees. Additionally, we have a number of temporary, and temporary-to-permanent employees, typically 1085 to 25100 on a rotatingdemand-driven basis, and a number of contractors with specific industry experience that have become a part of our talent pool. We have no collective bargaining agreements and believe that we have a strong relationship with our employees, whom management believes represent the strength of our Company.

Backlog

We do not believe that a backlog as of any particular date is indicative of future results. Our sales are primarily pursuant to purchase orders for delivery of our Solésence formulated products, personal care ingredients, and advanced materials. We have some agreements that give customers the right to purchase a specific quantity of ingredients during a specified time period. These agreements, however, do not obligate the customers to purchase any minimum quantity of such ingredients. The quantities actually purchased by the customer, as well as the shipment schedules, are frequently revised during the agreement term to reflect changes in the customer’s needs. For these reasons we do not believe that such agreements are meaningful for determining backlog amounts.

Business Segment and Geographical Information

Our operations comprise a single business segment and all of our long-lived assets are located within the United States. See Note 1413 to the accompanying Financial Statements for additional information.

Key Customers

A limited number of key customers account for a substantial portion of our commercial revenue, and aside from our largest customer, and our medical diagnostics customer, we are seeing the composition of these key customers change with the growth we are experiencing within our Solésence beauty science subsidiary, which had more revenue on a combined basis than either of our two largest customers.has grown to exceed Personal Care Ingredients and Advanced Materials combined.  For 2020,2022, total Solésence revenue amounted to $6.7M$23.1M or 39%62% of total revenue compared to $1.9M,$18.2M, or 15%62% for 2019.2021.  In particular, revenue from four customers -across all business areas, our largest customer in personal care applications (BASF), our medical diagnostics application customer, and twothree of our Solésence customers-customers, constituted approximately 30%, 20%17%, 14%15%, and 11%7%, respectively, of our 20202022 total revenue.

As our Solésence products continue to represent more of our total revenues, we expect to see a number of smaller (sub-10% of revenue) customers represent a more significant portion of our total revenue, as werevenue. We have begunexperienced this in 2022 and 2021 and expect it to see for 2020.continue in 2023 and beyond. Many of our customers are significantly larger than we are and, therefore, may be able to exert a high degree of influence over us. While our agreements with BASF are long-term agreements, they may be terminated by BASF under certain circumstances with reasonable notice and do not provide any guarantees that BASF will buy our products. The loss of one of our largest customers or the failure to attract new customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. To reduce the impact of having a high concentration of sales to a limited number of customers, we have aggressively pursued new customers through our market focused business model, and particularly through our Solésence beauty science subsidiary. To the extent we are successful in both adding a large number of customers through this model, and maintaining or expanding our existing partners, we believe we will be able to best manage the risks associated with customer concentration.

Forward-Looking Statements

We want to provide investors with more meaningful and useful information. As a result, this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Form 10-K”) contains certain “forward-looking statements”, as defined in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These statements reflect our current expectations of the future results of our operations, performance and achievements. Forward-looking statements are covered under the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. We have tried, wherever possible, to identify these statements by using words such as “anticipates”, “believes”, “estimates”, “expects”, “plans”, “intends” and similar expressions. These statements reflect management’s current beliefs and are based on information now available to it. Accordingly, these statements are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and contingencies that could cause our actual results, performance or achievements in 20212023 and beyond to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, such statements. These risks, uncertainties and factors include, without limitation: our ability to be consistently profitable despite the losses we have incurred since our incorporation; a decision by a customer to cancel a purchase order or supply agreement in light of our dependence on a limited number of key customers; the terms of our supply agreements with BASF which could trigger a requirement to transfer technology and/or sell equipment to that customer; our potential inability to obtain working capital when needed on acceptable terms or at all; our ability to obtain materials at costs we can pass through to our customers, including Rare Earth elements, specifically cerium oxide, as well as high purity zinc;zinc, and other items impacted by supply chain pressures; uncertain demand for, and acceptance of, our Solésence products, and our advanced materials; our manufacturing capacity and product mix flexibility in light of customer demand; our limited marketing experience, including with our suite of Solésence products; changes in development and distribution relationships; the impact of competitive products and technologies; our dependence on patents and protection of proprietary information; our ability to maintain an appropriate electronic trading venue for our securities; the impact of any potential new governmental regulations, especially any new governmental regulations focusing on the processing, handling, storage or sale of nanomaterials, that could be difficult to respond to or costly to comply with; business interruptions due to unexpected events or public health crises, including viral pandemics such as COVID-19; and the resolution of litigation or other legal proceedings in which we may become involved. In addition, our forward-looking statements could be affected by general industry and market conditions and growth rates. Readers of this Form 10-K should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Except as required by federal securities laws, we undertake no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements to reflect new events or uncertainties.

Investor Information

We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act and, accordingly, file periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Such reports, proxy statements and other information may be obtained by visiting the Public Reference Room of the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, DC 20549 or by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. In addition, the SEC maintains an Internet site (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically.

Financial and other information may also be accessed at our website. The address is www.nanophase.com. We make available, free of charge, copies of our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after filing such material electronically with, or otherwise furnishing it to, the SEC, and intend to make all such reports and amendments to reports available free of charge on our website. We have included our website address throughout this Form 10-K as textual references only. The information contained on, or accessible through, our website is not incorporated into this Form 10-K.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Not required for a smaller reporting company.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Not required for a smaller reporting company.

Item 2. Properties

We operate twothree facilities in the Chicago suburbs - a 36,000 square-foot production, research and headquarters facility in Romeoville, Illinois, and a 20,000 square-foot production facility in Burr Ridge, Illinois. We also leaseIllinois and a 13,000260,000 square-foot offsiteproduction and warehouse facility in the vicinity of the Romeoville facility.Bolingbrook, Illinois.

Our manufacturing operations in Burr Ridge are registered under ISO 9001, and we believe that our manufacturing operations are within the cGMP requirements of the FDA for products that require such compliance. Our facilities areThis facility is also registered under ISO 14001 which is the international standard for environmental management. The Burr Ridge site is registered with the FDA for API manufacturing.

The Romeoville facility houses our headquarters, advanced engineering, manufacturing (including nanoparticleparticle coating, nanoparticleparticle dispersion and pilot-scale manufacturing), filling and assembly of our  Solésence^® products, and research and development with three applications development and formulating laboratories. The Romeoville facility has a quality control laboratory designed for the dual purposes of validating operations to cGMP and ISO standards and production process control. This laboratory is equipped to handle many routine analytical and in-process techniques that are currently required. All Romeoville manufacturing processes are registered under ISO 9001, ISO 22716 and ISO 14001, and we believe that the particle coating processes used for our ingredients and fully formulated sunscreens and cosmetic products for personal care are in compliance with the cGMP requirements of the FDA. The Romeoville site is registered with the FDA for API manufacturing, manufacturing, and packaging.

The Bolingbrook facility houses our warehousing operations and is being built out to accommodate filling and assembly of our Solésence^® products and additional quality control spaces. The Bolingbrook facility is registered with the FDA for OTC drug manufacturing and packaging.

We lease our Romeoville, and Burr Ridge and Bolingbrook facilities. During October 2016 we entered into an amendment to our Industrial Lease Agreement for the facility in Romeoville, Illinois, which, among other things, extended the term of such lease through December 31, 2024. On March 14, 2017, we entered into a new Building Lease for the Burr Ridge facility that began in September 2017, and will end during September 2021, with our option to further extend this lease by three additional one-year periods. We have exercisedafter exercising the firstfinal lease extension, for the Burr Ridge facilityit now ends in February, 2021.  On August 6, 2019September 2024.  During December 2021, we entered into a new warehouse leaseStandard Form Industrial Lease for a different propertynew facility in Romeoville that began in September 2019 andBolingbrook, Illinois, which, among other things, will end in September 2022,May of 2032, with our optionoptions to extend this lease at market rent for one additional year. each of three concurrent five-year periods.

WeWith the addition of our new Bolingbrook space, we believe that our leased facilities will provide sufficient capacity to fulfill current known customer demand as well as allow for the creation of substantial additional space to enable expansion of key production processes. We believe additional facilities couldwe will be obtained in the area at competitive prices, if necessary,able to expand certain operations, and consolidate others, to support growth.additional growth in an economically efficient manner. We believe that our capital expenditures made in 2020,2022, and projected for 2021,2023, will support currently anticipated demand from existing and expected customers through 2021.2023 and into 2024. Management continues to spend considerable time determining how best to optimize our facilities to maximize growth over the next few years. Our actual future capacity requirements will depend on many factors, including new and potential customer acceptance of our current and potential engineered materials, applications and products, both expected and currently unplanned growth from existing customers, continued progress in our research and development activities and product testing programs and the magnitude of these activities and programs.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

WeOn August 31, 2022, counsel for Nanophase Technologies Corporation (“Nanophase”) received a letter from lawyers representing BASF Corporation (“BASF”) stating that BASF had filed a complaint against Nanophase in the Superior Court of New Jersey (“SCNJ”) on August 9, 2022 (the “New Jersey Complaint”) and that Nanophase’s registered agent for service of process had been served with the New Jersey Complaint on August 11, 2022. The August 31, 2022 letter from BASF’s lawyers was Nanophase’s first notice of the New Jersey Complaint.

The New Jersey Complaint claims that Nanophase breached the Zinc Oxide Supply Agreement dated as of September 16, 1999 between Nanophase and BASF, as assignee, as amended through January 1, 2019 (the “Agreement”). The New Jersey Complaint specifically alleges that Nanophase breached the exclusivity provision of the Agreement by selling zinc oxide to entities other than BASF, including sales to Nanophase’s subsidiary Solésence, LLC (“Solésence”), in markets designated as being in the field of use (the “Field”) under the Agreement. The New Jersey Complaint also relatedly alleges that Nanophase breached the capacity and inventory provisions of the Agreement. In addition, the New Jersey Complaint alleges claims for unjust enrichment and violation of the duty of good faith and fair dealing. The New Jersey Complaint seeks an unspecified amount of damages, a permanent injunction, counsel fees, and litigation expenses. The New Jersey Complaint is not seeking termination of the Agreement.

Management believes that the allegations of BASF’s New Jersey Complaint are without merit and are unsupported by the terms of the Agreement and governing law. On September 8, 2022, Nanophase filed a Motion to Dismiss (“MTD”) the New Jersey Complaint with the SCNJ, arguing that BASF’s claims in its New Jersey Complaint are not supported by the terms of the Agreement. Following completion of briefing and a partyhearing on the MTD, the SCNJ denied Nanophase’s MTD on February 10, 2023, finding that under the “liberality” standards of New Jersey procedure, the allegations of BASF’s complaint were “sufficient to any pending legal proceedings or claimssurvive” the MTD. The SCNJ specifically noted that it did not consider whether BASF could prove its claims. Thereafter, on February 28, 2023, Nanophase answered BASF’s New Jersey Complaint, denying all wrongdoing and, as mandated by New Jersey procedural requirements, certain counterclaims including a request for a declaration that contrary to BASF’s views, the exclusivity provision of the Agreement does not apply to all products containing zinc oxide as an ingredient for uses designated under the Agreement nor does the exclusivity provision prohibit Nanophase’s sales of Solésence products containing zinc oxide as an ingredient. On September 7, 2022, Nanophase filed a Complaint for Declaratory Judgment against BASF in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois (the “Illinois Complaint”). The Illinois Complaint asked the court for a declaration similar to that subsequently sought in Nansphase’s counterclaim in the New Jersey litigation. On November 3, 2022, BASF moved to dismiss Nanophase’s Illinois Complaint, arguing that it duplicates the New Jersey litigation. Following briefing and a hearing, the Illinois court granted BASF’s motion on procedural grounds on March 16, 2023. Discovery in the New Jersey litigation is ongoing.

Given our view, we believe will resulthave decided that it is not appropriate to record a contingent liability relating to these actions at this time.

Nanophase intends to continue negotiating with BASF in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or operating results.good faith to resolve these issues. In the event that an acceptable solution is not reached, and litigation proceeds, the ultimate resolution cannot now be determined with certainty.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with risks discussed in the financial statements and related notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Form 10-K. When used in the following discussions, the words “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and contingencies that could cause actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, such statements. See the “Forward Looking Statements” section in Part 1, Item 1, of this Form 10-K.

Overview

Nanophase is a health-oriented, science-driven company, which, along with its wholly owned subsidiary, Solésence, LLC (our “Solésence beauty science subsidiary”), is focused in various beauty- and life-science markets. Our primary skin health focused company whose primary products are fully developed prestige skin care formulations with mineral-based UV protection, marketed and sold through our Solésence beauty science subsidiary, enabled by our proprietary Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (“APIs”), which are also marketed as APIs for sale to manufacturers of other types of skin health products, including sunscreens and daily care products.  In terms of the balance of our life sciences focus, we have seen current conditions significantly increasecontinued demand for our medical diagnostics ingredients, which are used in testing for various viruses, most notably COVID-19.  Additionally, we continue to sell products in legacy markets forincluding architectural coatings, industrial coating applications, abrasion-resistant additives, plastics additives, and surface finishing technologies (polishing) applications— all of which, along with medical diagnostics, currently fall into the advanced materials product category.

Critical Accounting Estimates

We review long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset’s carrying amount may not be recoverable. We conduct long-lived asset impairment analyses in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 360-10-15, Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets. ASC 360-10-15 requires us to group assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities and evaluate the asset group against the sum of the undiscounted future cash flows. If the undiscounted cash flows do not indicate the carrying amount of the asset is recoverable, an impairment charge is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value based on discounted cash flow analysis or appraisals.

Other critical estimates include the allowance for doubtful accounts applied against our receivables balance as well as an inventory reserve. In the determination of a reserve to apply toward receivables, management considered provisions in FASB ASC 450-20-25 regarding the recognition of loss contingencies and applied a reserve balance against gross receivables to arrive at the net reported balance. Under the guidance referenced above, management judgmentally applied an estimate of the portion of gross receivables for which loss is both probable and can be reasonably estimated and accrued a loss contingency by a charge to income. A bad debt reserve of $139,000 and $60,000 was applied to gross receivables for 2022 and 2021, respectively. Particularly with respect to customers of our Solésence beauty science subsidiary, it can be difficult to estimate collectability. We frequently require significant deposits from customers before ordering materials and scheduling production. This serves as a good indicator of the customer’s wherewithal to pay for the balance of the product when shipped. In cases where it is difficult to establish creditworthiness, we require payment of the full amount before we ship. Notwithstanding these credit security measures, we frequently find that pay cycles get extended for reasons that can be outside of our control. The nature of the business is that there are many product launches, often by smaller or start-up companies, that may not result in initial commercial success. This has resulted in extensions of payment terms, but collectability has ultimately occurred in most cases. As our Solésence beauty science subsidiary grows, we will monitor this closely and adjust estimates as necessary.

Management also monitors the value of inventory for the effects of aging, obsolescence, and seasonality. Consistent with the provisions in FASB ASC 330-10-35, we adjust inventory valuation upon management’s determination that the net realizable value of our inventory, which applies the average cost method, is lower than its historic cost. In the application of this policy in 2022, management deemed a portion of inventory will likely experience such an impairment and elected to apply a $500,000 inventory reserve in anticipation. Some of the materials in question are nearing expiration and therefore more difficult to sell, some represent soon-to-be obsolete products, and some are raw materials that we no longer use regularly.

Certain assumptions are necessary to assess the impact of risks and uncertainties on the financial information, such as cash flow projections, availability of capital if needed to support the ongoing operations of the business, and our expected compliance with contractual commitments. Any changes in those plans or assumptions could have a material impact on our liquidity and financial condition. While we have seen costs continue to increase on an inflationary basis as we enter 2023, it is our belief that we will be able to offset much of this cost as we gain greater production efficiencies and seek to increase our pricing where possible. 

Results of Operations

Years Ended December 31, 20202022 and 20192021

Total revenue increased to $17,123,000$37,317,000 in 2020,2022, compared to $12,509,000$29,475,000 in 2019.2021. A substantial majority of our revenue for each year is from our largest customers, in particular, sales to our largest customer in skin care and sunscreen applications, medical diagnostics, and now finished skin health products marketed through our Solésence beauty science subsidiary. Product revenue, the primary component of our total revenue, increased to $16,422,000$36,731,000 in 2020,2022, compared to $11,852,000$29,325,000 in 2019.2021. This increase was due to rapid growth in the adoption of our Solésence® products, and growth in sales to our medical diagnostics materials,largest customer in our personal care ingredients business, offset by a decrease in revenue from our largestmedical diagnostics materials customer in(within our personal care ingredients business. advanced materials business). 

Current Significant Customers

Cost of revenue generally includes costs associated with commercial production and customer development arrangements. Cost of revenue increased to $11,133,000$28,957,000 in 2020,2022, compared to $9,893,000$20,785,000 in 2019.2021. The increase in cost of revenue was primarily driven by the rapid increases in product revenue volume, along with attendant inefficiencies caused by hitting capacity limits in various critical processes. Lower-then-expected volume in the fourth quarter of 2022, write-downs of obsolete inventory, reduction in contract revenue (which generally has little direct cost associated with it), and changes in product mix, added to relative increases in cost of revenue. All of these factors contributed to a degreereduction of manufacturing inefficiencies relating to several new customer start-up campaigns for our Solésence products. Our annualoverall gross margin increasedpercentage by approximately 14%7% when compared to that of the prior year.2021. We expect to continue new materials development and dispersion technologies for personal care applications and for our formulated Solésence products during 20212022 and beyond.beyond, as part of our business model. At current revenue levels we have generated a positive gross margin, though margins can be impeded by the cyclicality of our demand, often leading to the Company not having enough revenue to efficiently absorb manufacturing overhead that is required to work with current customers and expected future customers. We believe that our current fixed manufacturing cost structure is sufficient to support higher levels of revenue volume. The extent to which margins grow, as a percentage of total revenue, will be dependent upon revenue mix, revenue volume, our ability to continue to cut costs and pass commodity market-driven raw materials increases on to customers, and the speed and efficiency with which we are able to scale up production for our Solésence products. We expect that, as product revenue volume increases, our fixed manufacturing costs will be more efficiently absorbed, which should lead to increased margins as we grow. We expect to continue to focus on reducing controllable variable product manufacturing costs, with potential variability related to the commodity metals markets and cost and wage inflation, but may or may not realize absolute dollar gross margin percentage growth through 20212023 and beyond, dependent upon the factors discussed above.

Research and development expense, which includes all expenses relating to the technology and advanced engineering groups, primarily consists of costs associated with the development or acquisition of new finished product formulations for skin care, new product applications for our skin care ingredients, advancement of our medical diagnostics ingredient knowledge, and the cost of enhancing our manufacturing processes. This includes legal fees related to intellectual property development, protection, and maintenance. As an example, we are currently focusing the bulk of our resources on developing new product formulations, and related new technologies, as we expand marketing and sales efforts relating to our Solésence products. This work has led to several new products and additional potential new products. Our efforts in research and development, cosmetic formulating, process engineering and advanced engineering groups are focused in three major areas: 1) application development for our products; 2) creating or obtaining additional core materials technologies and/or materials that have the capability to serve multiple skin health-related markets; and 3) continuing to improve our core technologies to improve manufacturing operations and reduce costs.

Research and development expense decreasedincreased to $1,571,000$3,037,000 in 2020,2022, compared to $1,870,000$2,235,000 in 2019.2021. The primary reasons for this decrease were reductionsincreases in compensation expense and headcount, outside testing, salaries and consulting, and materials charges associated with the development and launch of our Solésence line of personal care products and related capabilities. We increased patent legal spending in 2020, in keeping with our strategy to expand our intellectual property position to protect our unique skin health technology. We expect expenses for research and development to potentially be 30%continue to 40% higher in 2021,increase depending on both growth in our Solésence line of products, and related technologies. This expense growth will be dependent upon the success we have in developing othernew products, in key focus areas.which adds significantly to outside testing fees to both enhance product development and comply with regulatory requirements.

Selling, general and administrative expense decreasedincreased to $2,934,000$7,581,000 in 2020,2022, compared to $3,542,000$3,896,000 in 2019.2021. The net decreaseincrease was primarilylargely attributed to a reductionan increase in compensation expense and headcount, severance charges, business travel,including consultants and a reduction in booth presence at exhibitionsincreases due to the cyber fraud, legal expenses, marketing and tradeshows.trade shows and insurance. We expect 20212023 expenses in this area to be slightly higher, potentially as much as 20% to 35% if growth continues as planned.  We will be augmentingexpanding our selling and marketing efforts, and parts of our administrative functions, including related staffing additions.  The extent to which this increase occurs will be dependent upon growth.

Interest expense was $496,000decreased to $382,000 in 2020,2022, compared to $210,000$1,154,000 in 2019,2021, due mainlylargely to the impactremaining discount-related interest expense, amounting to $814,000, taken on an accelerated basis in May 2021 at the early conversion of our $2,000,000 Convertible Note, partially offset by higher interest rates in 2022. The balance of interest expense for 2021 and 2022 related to interest paid relating to our revolving linelines of credit for working capital funding, cash, and discount-related interest expense on our $2,000,000 Convertible Note, and finance leases and term loans supporting some of our equipment.

Inflation

WeIn Company-wide operations, we believe inflation has not had a material effect on our operations or financial position. However,position for 2022, although we have seen increases in our costs. We expect supplier price increases and wage and benefit inflation, both of which represent a significant component of our costs of operations, may have a material effect on our operations and financial position in 20212023 and beyond ifbeyond. We will apply our best efforts to pass through cost increases to our customers. If we are unable to pass through any increases under present contractsdue to contractual limitations or through toconditions in our markets in general.specifically, this could reduce margins and net income.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

OurCash, cash amounted to $957,000 asproceeds and use of December 31, 2020, compared to $1,194,000 as of December 31, 2019. cash for 2022 and 2021 were:

The $3,971,000 year-over-year decrease in cash used inprovided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $2,061,000 compared to $2,776,000 used for the year ended December 31, 2019. This2022 was mainly due to the Company generating $989,000incurring $2,623,000 in net loss in 2022 compared to $2,320,000 in net income compared to a $3,006,000 net loss year over year, offset by  an increase in inventories and accounts receivable to accommodate revenue growth in 2020. Net cash used in investing activities amounted to $878,000 for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to $740,000 for the year ended December 31, 2019.2021. Cash capital expenditures amounted to approximately $878,000$2,823,000 and $740,000$1,874,000 for the years ended December 31, 20202022 and 2019,2021, respectively. We did not dispose of or sell any assets during 2020, and disposed of a fixed asset in 2019, incurring a $15,000 loss.2022 or 2021.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $2,702,000 in 2020, compared to $3,365,000 in 2019. On April 17, 2020, we received a loan of $952,000 from the Libertyville Bank and Trust Company (“Libertyville”) under the Paycheck Protection Program (the “PPP”).  On May 13, 2019, we sold 4,189,000 sharesThis loan was forgiven by the Small Business Administration (“SBA”) in February 2021. These funds specifically were used to absorb a portion of our common stock to our largest investor for $1,677,000 in proceeds, and had no such sales during 2020. On November 20, 2019, we closed on a Convertible Note from the Company with our largest investor, resulting in $2,000,000 in proceeds. The primary use of these funds has been to fund growth, to support the Company’s expanding working capital needs,salary and to fund capital equipment. No selling commission or other remuneration was paid in connection with any of these transactions. benefit costs.

The Company hasmaintains a business loancredit agreement with Libertyville which had its revolving credit limitto support our obligations under our newly leased manufacturing and warehouse space in Bolingbrook, Illinois. As of $500,000, with certain limitations imposed on our ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness for borrowed money outside the ordinary course of business (like a finance lease, receivables factoring or a mortgage), sell, lease or use our assets as collateral for additional credit, pay cash dividends or engage in certain business transactions without Libertyville’s prior written consent. OutstandingDecember 31, 2022 there was no outstanding borrowings were $500,000 on this line of credit. This credit asagreement has a maturity of December 31, 2020, and December 31, 2019. The maturity date for this Line of Credit Agreement, which has been renewed annually for a number of years, is now April 4, 2021.  During March 2019, we modified the substance of the Agreement to include the addition of language mirroring the requirements for holding $500,000 in inventory and other non-cash items that are discussed within the most recent amendment to the BASF supply agreement in lieu of cash. 22, 2023.

On November 16, 2018, we entered into a Business Loan Agreement (the “Master Agreement”) with Beachcorp, LLC. The Master Agreement relates to two loan facilities, each evidenced by a separate promissory note dated as of November 16, 2018: a term loan to the Company of up to $500,000 to be disbursed in a single advance (the “Term Loan”) with a fixed annual interest rate of 8.25%, payable quarterly, accruing from the date of such advance and with principal due on December 31, 2020; and an asset-based revolving loan facility for the Company of up to $2,000,000 (the “Revolver“A/R Revolver Facility”), with floating interest accruing at the prime rate plus 3% (8.25% minimum) per year, with a borrowing base consisting of qualified accounts receivable of the Company, and with all principal and accrued interest duea maturity of March 31, 2020, as amended. On March 23, 2020, the Company and Beachcorp, LLC executed the First Amendment to our Master Agreement that extendsextended the maturities of both the Term Loan and the A/R Revolver Facility to March 31, 2021. Effective September 8, 2020, the Company and Beachcorp, LLC executed the Second Amendment to our Master Agreement that expandsexpanded the limit on the A/R Revolver Facility from $2,000,000 to $2,750,000.  On December 23, 2020, the Company and Beachcorp, LLC executed the Third Amendment to our Master Agreement that expandsexpanded the limit on the A/R Revolver Facility from $2,750,000 to $4,000,000 and extendsextended the maturities of both the Term Loan and the A/R Revolver Facility to March 31, 2022. TheEffective April 21, 2021 the Company and Beachcorp, LLC executed the Fourth Amendment to our Master Agreement that expanded the limit on the A/R Revolver Facility from $4,000,000 to $6,000,000, changed the interest rate to fully floating and reduced the rate to the prime rate plus 2%, also extending the maturity of the A/R Revolver Facility to March 31, 2023. This amendment also increased the amount of the Term Loan from $500,000 to $1,000,000, changed the interest rate to fully floating and reduced the rate to the prime rate plus 2%. The maturity of the Term Loan remained March 31, 2022.

On January 28, 2022, to support the working capital demands created by the commercial growth of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Solésence, LLC, the Company entered into (i) an Amended and Restated Business Loan Agreement (the “A&R Loan Agreement”), which amends and restates the Master Agreement, (ii) a Business Loan Agreement (the “New Term Loan Agreement”) with Strandler, LLC, (iii) a Business Loan Agreement (the “New Revolving Loan Agreement” and together with the A&R Loan Agreement and the New Term Loan Agreement, the “Loan Agreements”) with Beachcorp, LLC, and (iv) three promissory notes in order to evidence the loans pursuant to the Loan Agreements (the “Notes”). Beachcorp, LLC and Strandler, LLC are affiliates of Mr. Bradford T. Whitmore, who beneficially owns a majority of the Company’s common stock and is the brother of Ms. R. Janet Whitmore, a director of the Company and the chair of the Company’s board of directors.

The Loan Agreements change the terms of both the Company’s asset-based revolving loan facility (the “A/R Revolver Facility”) and the secured advance (the “Term Loan”, which was assigned from Beachcorp, LLC to Strandler, LLC) under the Master Agreement and provide a new asset-based revolving loan facility based on inventory (the “Inventory Facility”). The maximum borrowing amount under the A/R Revolver Facility increases from $6,000,000 to $8,000,000, with a borrowing base consisting of qualified accounts receivable of the Company. The maximum borrowing amount under the Inventory Facility is $4,000,000, with a borrowing base consisting of up to 50% of the value of qualified inventory of the Company. The Loan Agreements also extend the date for which all principal and accrued interest under the A&R Revolver Facility and the Term Loan are due from March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, respectively, to March 31, 2024, which is also the maturity date for the Inventory Facility. The Loan Agreements reduce interest on outstanding borrowings under the A/R Revolver Facility and the Term Loan from the prime rate plus 2% and 5.25% per year, to a floating rate equal to the prime rate plus 0.75%, which is also the interest rate for borrowings under the Inventory Facility. The amount of the Term Loan remains $1,000,000. The A/R Revolver Facility, the Inventory Facility and the Term Loan are all secured by all the unencumbered assets of the Company and subordinated to Libertyville’s secured interest under the New BusinessCompany’s revolving line of credit with Libertyville Bank & Trust. 

On December 31, 2022, the balance on the Term Loan Credit Agreement. was $1,000,000, the balance on the A/R Revolver Facility was $4,282,000, and the balance on the Inventory Facility was $3,000,000. On December 31, 2021, the balances on the Term Loan was $1,000,000, and the balance on the A/R Revolver Facility was $1,351,000.

On May 13, 2019, we sold 4.2 million shares of our common stock to our largest investor for $1.7 million in proceeds and had no such sales during 2020. No selling commission or other remuneration was paid in connection with this transaction. 

In November 2019, we entered in to a 2% Convertible Promissory Note in the original principal amount of $2,000,000. ThisThe maturity date of this note matures onwas May 15, 2024, and iswas payable to our investor at that time in cash, or through conversion of the rights to purchase up to 10,000,000 unregistered shares of the Company’s common stock at $0.20 per share.  TheOur investor chose to exercise his conversion can be done in full or in part, and may be undertaken prior to the note’s maturity date. The Master Agreement substantially restricts the Company’s ability to incur additional indebtedness during the terms of the Term Loan, the Revolver Facility, and the Convertible Promissory Note. On December 31, 2020, the balances on the Term Loan and the Convertible Promissory Note were $500,000 and $2,000,000, respectively, and the balance on the Revolver Facility was $2,155,000.rights effective May 7, 2021. 

On April 17, 2020, we received a loan of $952,000 from Libertyville under the PPP.  Under the PPP, the Company may apply for forgiveness of the amount due on the loan in an amount equal to the sum of the following costs incurred during the 24-week period beginning on the date of the first disbursement of the Loan: (a) payroll costs, (b) any payment of interest on a covered obligation (which shall not include any prepayment of or payment of principal on a covered mortgage obligation), (c) any payment on a covered rent obligation, and (d) any covered utility payment, calculated in accordance with the terms of the CARES Act. Although management believes that the Company expended the proceeds of the PPP loan principally for forgivable purposes under the CARES Act, no assurance can be provided that the Company will obtain forgiveness of the PPP loan in whole or in part.  The Company applied for PPP forgiveness during the first quarter of 2021. 

For more information regarding the New Business Loan Agreement, see Note 43 to our Financial Statements referred to in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. 

Our supply agreements with our largest customer, BASF, contain certain financial covenants which could potentially impact our liquidity. The most restrictive financial covenants under these agreements require that we maintain a minimum of $1,000,000 in certain current assets; which may be composed of no less than $500,000 cash, cash equivalents, and certain investments, no more than a combined $500,000 of certain related inventory, of which no more than $250,000 can be raw material, and certain receivables, and that we not have the acceleration of any debt maturity having a principal amount of more than $10 million, in order to avoid triggering the customer’s potential right to transfer certain technology and equipment to that customer at a contractually-defined price.  At December 31, 2020, we had approximately $950,000  in cash, and total availability under our revolving loans from Libertyville and Beachcorp, LLC of $621,000. This supply agreement and its covenants are more fully described in Note 13, and our line of credit is more fully described in Note 4, to our Financial Statements referred to in Part II, Item 8, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We believe that cash from operations and cash on hand, in addition to unused borrowing capacity, may not be adequate to fund our operating plans through 2021.  We are working to reduce these risks, but some of this is dependent on several things over which we have limited control. We have seen an increase in sales of our Solésence products through 2020, which we expect to continue in 2021. If that does continue, we will require additional investment in working capital.  Given these issues, and other commercial realities, we are monitoring the additional working capital demands that this could create as we continue to execute on our Solésence growth strategy. The timing of cash flows is critical. If cash generated from operations is not materially consistent with our plans, we believe that we may need to seek additional funding to address working capital demands. This uncertainty has caused us to be unable to assert that, for the next twelve months, we have enough current cash and guaranteed access to financing to fund operations, and to continue with our current growth strategy in terms of investment in capital equipment and in operating expenses related to Solésence, without securing additional financing. We believe that we will be able to secure additional financing if needed, but we do not have any additional financing commitments in place as of today. However, we may not be able to secure additional financing in a timely manner under commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If we are unable to secure additional financing, the operations of the Company might need to be curtailed to a certain degree, and we would need to delay capital expenditures related to our Solésence growth strategy, which could impede growth in 2021 and 2022.

Our actual future capital requirements in 20212023 and beyond will depend on many factors, including customer acceptance of our current and potential finished Solésence  products, APIs sold as ingredients in to the skin health markets, medical diagnostics ingredients, and other engineered materials, applications, and products, continued progress in research and development activities and product testing programs, the magnitude of these activities and programs, and the costs necessary to increase and expand our manufacturing capabilities and to market and sell these products and ingredients. Other important issues that will drive future capital requirements will be the development of new markets and new customers as well as the potential for significant unplanned growth with existing customers. Depending on the success of certain projects, we expect that capital spending relating to currently known capital needs for 20212023 will be between $1,200,000$3 million and $1,800,000,$6 million, to be funded by profit from operations, and our existing loans and lines of credit.credit, and possible new debt financing. If those projects are delayed or ultimately prove unsuccessful, or if we fail to be able to support the additional cost of funding them in the near term, we expect our capital expenditures may fall below the lower end of the range. Similarly, substantial success in business development projects may cause the actual 20212023 capital investment to exceed the top of this range.

InThe Company currently has two areas within its strategic plan that will result in material cash requirements that could have an impact on operations. We have several operating leases (see note 6 to the likely eventfinancial statements) for our facilities that require us to increase our cash outlays for facilities expenses significantly beginning in 2022. The new 260,000 square foot facility we leased in December 2021 exceeds our current needs for space considerably. We consequently have sublet a portion of the facility on shorter term leases. We are growing rapidly and continue to expect significant growth going forward. We will need to seek additional financing, such additional financing may not be available on acceptable terms or even at all, and any such additional financing could be dilutive to our shareholders. Such financing could be necessitated by such things as the loss of an existing customer; a significant decrease in revenue from one or morealso consolidate some of our customers; temporary working capital demands resulting from our expected growth in our Solésence businessfacilities to mitigate costs. Our view was that we cannot fund with existing capital; currently unknown capital requirements considering the factors described above; new regulatory requirements that are outside our control; the need to meet previously discussed cash requirements to avoid a triggering event under our BASF agreement; or various other circumstances coming to pass that we currently do not anticipate. The failure tolack of space would have access to sufficient capital to fund our business plans may result in a curtailment or other change in those plans, and under such circumstances, this raises doubt as tohindered our ability to continue to grow, as well as making it difficult to satisfy existing customer demands on a timely basis if we couldn’t expand our production footprint. We have estimated our future growth through a combination of industry experience, customer feedback, market intelligence, and our successful history in commercializing new products. Sales of our Solésence products have roughly tripled between 2019 and 2021 and increased by 27% in 2022 to have reached $23 million annually. We expect this growth to continue, albeit at less than a multiple of each year’s sales going concern.

Onforward. Many of these estimates are qualitative in nature, but are informed by experience. If we were to not grow more than incrementally in 2023, we would need to re-evaluate our expansion strategy in light of the increases in our facilities costs that extend for as much as ten years into the future. Similarly, our capital spending plan for 2023 will amount to between $3 million and $6 million. We expect our capital spending to increase further in 2024 and 2025. At December 31, 2020, we had a2022, our commitments to equipment suppliers relate mainly to the $1 million of construction in progress, much of which reflects deposits on to-be-delivered equipment. We estimate the unpaid committed capital relating to capital spending to be less than $1 million as of December 31, 2022.

We have federal net operating loss carryforwardcarryforwards for tax purposes of approximately $67$56 million for income tax purposes.on December 31, 2022. We have section 179 carryforwards of approximately $0.5M at December 31,2022. Because the Company may have experiencedexperience “ownership changes” within the meaning of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) in connection with its various priorany future equity offerings, future utilization of this carryforward may be subject to certain limitations as defined by the IRC. If not utilized, $63$51 million of this loss carryforward will expire between 20212023 and 2037. Given changes to the IRC, net operating loss carryforwards generated after January 1, 2018 do not expire, therefore, $5 million in net operating losses generated since January 1, 2018 do not expire. We have Illinois net loss deduction carryforwards for tax purposes of approximately $21 million on December 31, 2022. Due to the provisions of Illinois Public Act 102-0669 signed November 16, 2021, Illinois net loss deductions expire between 2029 and 2039.

As a result of the annual limitation and uncertainty as to the amount of future taxable income that will be earned prior to the expiration of the carryforward, we have concluded that it is likely that some portion of this carryforward will expire before ultimately becoming available to reduce income tax liabilities.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have not created, and are not party to, any special-purpose or off-balance sheet entities for the purposes of raising capital, incurring debt or operating our business. We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements or relationships with entities that are not consolidated into our financial statements that are reasonably likely to materially affect our liquidity or the availability of capital resources.

As more fully described in Note 3 to our Financial Statements, referenced in Part II, Item 8 and set forth on page F-11 of this Form 10-K, during July 2014 we entered into a new bank-issued letter of credit and promissory note for up to $30,000 supporting our obligations under our facility lease agreement. This note expires July 2021. No borrowings have been incurred under this promissory note.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Not required for a smaller reporting company.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The financial statements, with the report of independent auditors, listed in Item 15 appear on pages F-1 through F-20F-21 of this Form 10-K.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. We are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports filed by us under the Exchange Act is: (a) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms; and (b) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. It should be noted that in designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, we recognize that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and that our management necessarily was required to apply its judgment regarding the design of our disclosure controls and procedures. As of the end of the period covered by this report, we conducted an evaluation, under the supervision (and with the participation) of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (our principal executive officer) and our Chief Financial Officer (our principal financial officer), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (which roles are currently filled by the same person), concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at reaching that level of reasonable assurance.

In the period ending December 31, 2021, a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting was identified. The material weakness related to how the Company tracks and accounts for its inventory. Management feels that this material weakness was remediated in 2022. Remediation efforts included increased management personnel in the supply and finance organizations, one result of which was a higher degree of support during the physical inventory counting process as well as in periodic cycle counts. We also centralized the receiving and shipping functions of the Company in a single warehouse and consolidated the majority of our inventory in the new warehouse.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Management is responsible for the preparation, integrity and fair presentation of the financial statements and Notes to the financial statements. The financial statements were prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. and include certain amounts based on management’s judgment and best estimates. Other financial information presented is consistent with the financial statements.

Management is also responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed under the supervision of the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer in order to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020.2022. In making this assessment, management used the criteria established in Internal Control–Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.Commission (“COSO”).

Based on our assessment and those criteria, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (our principal executive officer) and our Chief Financial Officer (our principal financial officer) (which roles are currently filled by the same person), believes that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020.2022.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. The Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer (our principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (our principal financial officer), confirm that there was no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2022 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

This annual report does not include an attestation report of the Company’s registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s registered public accounting firm pursuant to the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit the Company to provide only management’s report in this Form 10-K.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. The Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer (our principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (our principal financial officer), confirm that there was no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2020 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

We intend to renew the Line of Credit Agreement, dated April 4, 2020, with Libertyville, our primary bank, on or before its expiration on April 4, 2021. Under the Line of Credit Agreement, Libertyville will provide a maximum of (i) $500,000 or (ii) two times the sum of (a) 75% of our eligible accounts receivables and (b) our cash deposited with Libertyville, whichever is less, of revolving credit to us, collateralized by a senior priority lien on our accounts receivable, inventory, equipment, general intangibles and fixtures. Interest is payable monthly on any advances at a floating interest rate of the prime rate at the time plus 1%. We must have $500,000 in cash, inclusive of the borrowed amount, at Libertyville on the date of any advance. Advances may only occur at the beginning or end of a fiscal quarter and must be repaid in full within five business days of the advance. Amounts due under the Line of Credit Agreement must be paid in full on April 4, 2021. While the Line of Credit Agreement is in effect, we cannot, among other things, engage in any business activities substantially different than those in which we are presently engaged, and there are limitations imposed on our ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness for borrowed money, including finance leases, sell, transfer, mortgage, assign, pledge, lease or grant a security interest in or encumber any of our assets, sell with recourse any of our accounts other than to Libertyville, cease operations, merge, transfer, acquire or consolidate with any other entity, change our name, dissolve or transfer or sell collateral outside the ordinary course of business, pay any cash dividends, loan, invest in or advance money or assets to any other person or entity, purchase, create or acquire any interest in any other entity, or incur any obligation as a surety or guarantor other than in the ordinary course of business, in each case without Libertyville’s prior written consent.

We intend to utilize this borrowing capacity for short-term working capital needs on an as-needed basis. The foregoing description is not complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Business Loan Agreement, the Promissory Note and the Commercial Security Agreement between the Company and Libertyville, all of which are dated March 4, 2019 and were executed on March 22, 2019, which are filed as Exhibits 10.33, 10.34 and 10.35, respectively, to this Form 10-K and are incorporated herein by reference.

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

DIRECTORS

Set forth below is certain information regarding the directors of the Company.

Ms. Whitmore joined the board in November 2003. She is a former director of Silverleaf Resorts, Inc., where she served as Chair of the Compensation Committee and as a member of the Audit Committee. She is also a former director of Epoch Biosciences, a supplier of proprietary products used to accelerate genomic analysis. Ms. Whitmore is Founder of Benton Consulting, LLC, which specializes in business development and processes. From 1976 through 1999, Ms. Whitmore held numerous engineering and finance positions at Mobil Corporation, including Mobil’s Chief Financial Analyst and Controller of Mobil’s Global Petrochemicals Division. Ms. Whitmore holds a B.S. degree in Chemical Engineering from Purdue University and an M.B.A. from Lewis University. We believe that Ms. Whitmore’s combination of global financial, engineering, and management expertise makes her a valuable member of our Board of Directors. Ms. Whitmore is the sister of Bradford T. Whitmore.Whitmore, and herself beneficially owned approximately 3% of the outstanding shares of our common stock as of March 29, 2023. Mr. Whitmore, together with his affiliates Strandler, LLC, Grace Brothers, Ltd. and Grace Investments, Ltd., beneficially owned approximately 67%63% of the outstanding shares of our common stock as of March 26, 2021.29, 2023. He is also the manager of Beachcorp, LLC.  The Company has entered into loan agreements with both Beachcorp, LLC, and Mr. Whitmore.Strandler, LLC.

Ms. Bereshas served as a director of the Company since October 2020. She has spent her career in corporate strategy and operations in retail and consumer industries, transforming programs and building new organizational and market-facing capabilities. Ms. Beres currently serves as Senior Director of  Strategic Portfolio DeliveryVice President, Enterprise Transformation at Ulta Beauty, where she leads the company’s investment portfolio, aimed at accelerating growth and the company’s strategic goals. She established and led the Conscious Beauty program, a holistic project that offers enhanced transparency and choice around clean ingredients and sustainability. Previously, she has worked at Deloitte Consulting, advising primarily on growth and transformation strategies in Consumer-Packaged Goods, with additional leadership roles in the CMO practice, developing and executing strategies on large global accounts. Ms. Beres started her career working in the financial services, focused on small and middle market companies, with responsibilities including commercial lending and credit evaluation, and credit transaction negotiation. She earned her M.B.A. from The University of Chicago Booth School of Business, and has a B.S. in Finance and B.A. in Oboe Performance from Butler University. Ms. Beres has also served on Associate and Auxiliary Boards for non-profit organizations in Chicago, as well as the Board of Directors for Chicago Youth Symphony Orchestras. We believe that Ms. Beres’ broad strategic experience in CPG, and specific experience with cosmetics, along with her strong financial background makes her a valuable member of our Board of Directors.

Dr. Siegel is a co-founder of the Company and has served as a director of the Company since 1989. Dr. Siegel served as a consultant to the Company from 1990 to 2002 with regard to the application and commercialization of nanomaterials. Dr. Siegel is an internationally recognized scientist in the field of nanomaterials. During his tenure on the research staff at Argonne National Laboratory from July 1974 to May 1995, he was the principal scientist engaged in research with the laboratory-scale synthesis process that was the progenitor of the Company’s physical-vapor-synthesis production system. Dr. Siegel has beenwas the Robert W. Hunt Professor in Materials Science and Engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute sincefrom June 1995 until his retirement from RPI at the end of 2021, and served as Department Head from 1995 to 2000. Dr. Siegel was the founding Director of both the Rensselaer Nanotechnology Center (2001-2015) and the U.S. National Science Foundation funded Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Directed Assembly of Nanostructures (2001-2013). During the period from 1995 until 1998, he was also a visiting professor at the Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics in Germany on an Alexander von Humboldt Research Prize received in 1994. During the period from 2003 until 2004 he was a visiting professor in Japan on a RIKEN Eminent Scientist Award. He chaired the World Technology Evaluation Center worldwide study of nanostructure science and technology for the U.S. government, has served on the Council of the Materials Research Society and as Chairman of the International Committee on Nanostructured Materials. He also served on the Committee on Materials with Sub-Micron Sized Microstructures of the National Materials Advisory Board and was the co-chairman of the Study Panel on Clusters and Cluster-Assembled Materials for the U.S. Department of Energy. He served on the Nanotechnology Technical Advisory Group to the U.S. President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology during 2003-2009. Dr. Siegel was named a Fellow of the Materials Research Society in 2010, the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering in 2015, and the National Academy of Inventors in 2017. Dr. Siegel holds an A.B. degree in physics from Williams College and an M.S. degree and Ph.D. from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. We believe that Dr. Siegel’s value to our Boardexperience as an internationally recognized scientist in field of Directors, asnanomaterials and a co-founder of the Company and inventor of our initial base technology is self-explanatory. makes him a valuable member of our Board of Directors. 

Mr. Jankowski joined the board in February 2009. He has served as the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer since that time. He is currently serving as the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, in addition to his existing role. After joining the Company in 1995, Mr. Jankowski held offices including Vice President of Finance, Chief Financial Officer, Secretary, Treasurer and Controller. From 1990-1995 he served as Controller for two building and public works contractors in the Chicago area, during which time he had significant business development responsibilities. Mr. Jankowski holds a B.S. from Northern Illinois University and an M.B.A. from Loyola University. He served on the TechAmerica Midwest Board from 2008 to 2012 and was a past member of the TechAmerica Midwest CFO Committee. He was appointed to the Advisory Board of the Nanobusiness Commercialization Association in 2009. Mr. Jankowski was also appointed to the Romeoville Economic Development Commission and served from 2004 to 2010. He has also served on the advisory board of NITECH (Formerly WESTEC), an Illinois Technology Enterprise Center focusing on the commercialization of advanced manufacturing technologies from 2003 to 2008. From 2009 to 2018, Mr. Jankowski was appointed to the board of directors of the Northern Illinois Technology Foundation, an economic development and technology transfer entity that is part of Northern Illinois University. From 2011 to 2015, he served as a subject matter expert for the Invest Illinois Venture Fund. We believe that Mr. Jankowski’s long-term and intimate experience with Nanophase operations, the markets in which it competes, along with his financial and management expertise, makes him a valuable member of our Board of Directors.

Mr. Vincent has served as a director of the Company since November 2007. He is the retired Chairman and President of The HallStar Company, where he served as CEO for twenty years. HallStar is a chemical manufacturer and innovator specializing in materials science, marketing its products worldwide, primarily into the polymer and personal care industries. Prior to HallStar, Mr. Vincent held positions in purchasing, sales, commercial development and strategic planning with FMC Corporation (chemicals) and General Electric Company (chemicals and plastics). Mr. Vincent has served as Chairman of the Illinois Manufacturers’ Association (IMA) and the Chemical Industry Council of Illinois (CICI), as well as Director of the American Chemistry Council (ACC). Mr. Vincent serves on the Boards of several closely held companies in the chemicals and materials industry sector. Mr. Vincent holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Chemistry from Dartmouth College and an M.B.A. degree from Harvard Business School. We believe that Mr. Vincent’s extensive experience in the chemicals industry and management leadership makes him a valuable member of our Board of Directors.

Meetings of the Board and Committees During the year ended December 31, 2020,2022, the Board of Directors (“BOD”) held teneleven meetings.  All directors attended all meetings of the BOD and related committee meetings in 2020.2022.

Committees of the Board of Directors -- The Board of Directors has established an Audit and Finance Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Each operates in accordance with its charter (available on our website www.nanophase.com under the “Investor Relations” section). The current members of the Audit and Finance Committee are Ms. Whitmore (Chair),Ms. Beres, and Dr. Siegel, and Mr. Vincent.Siegel. The members of the Compensation Committee are Ms. Whitmore (Chair), Ms. Beres, and Dr. Siegel, and Mr. Vincent.Siegel. The members of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee are Ms. Whitmore (Chair), Ms. Beres, and Dr. Siegel, and Mr. Vincent.Siegel.

The Audit and Finance Committee generally has responsibility for retaining the Company’s independent public auditors, reviewing the plan and scope of the accountants’ annual audit, reviewing the Company’s internal control functions and financial management policies, reviewing and approving all related party transactions, and reporting to the Board of Directors regarding all of the foregoing. The Audit and Finance Committee held fiveeight meetings during 2020.2022. The Board of Directors has determined that Mr. VincentMs. Whitmore is an “audit committee financial expert” as described in applicable SEC rules.   The Board of Directors has not determined affirmatively that Ms. Whitmore is independent under the Nasdaq Stock Market rules, but such rules are inapplicable to the Company because the Company is no longer listed on Nasdaq.

The Compensation Committee generally has responsibility for establishing executive officer and key employee compensation, reviewing, and establishing the Company’s executive compensation, evaluating our Outside Director compensation, and reporting to the Board of Directors regarding the foregoing. The Compensation Committee also has responsibility for administering the 2019 Equity Compensation Plan (the “2019 Equity Plan”), determining the number of options, if any, to be granted to the Company’s employees and consultants pursuant to the 2019 Equity Plan, and reporting to the Board of Directors regarding the foregoing. Regarding most compensation matters, including executive compensation, our management provides recommendations to the Compensation Committee; however, the Compensation Committee does not delegate any of its functions to others in setting compensation. The Compensation Committee does not currently utilize external consultants in executive or director compensation matters. The Compensation Committee held fivethree meetings during 2020.2022. Each member of the Compensation Committee is a “non-employee director” as defined in Rule 16b-3 under the Exchange Act and is an “Outside Director” as defined by the regulations under Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code.

The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee generally has responsibility for evaluating and nominating candidates to serve on the Board of Directors, and for establishing and reviewing our Corporate Governance Principles. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee held eightthree meetings during 2020.2022.

The Board of Directors considers its role in risk oversight to focus primarily on evaluating risk at the entity and strategic levels, with management primarily responsible for managing day-to-day risk factors and presenting summary materials for those positions to the Board of Directors. Consistent with this philosophy, the Board of Directors has no formal policy as to whether the roles of Chief Executive Officer and board Chair should be segregated or combined. The Board of Directors considers the circumstances of the Company and makes a determination as to the appropriate leadership structure for the Company at that time. As of the time of this filing, the positions of CEO and Board Chair are held by two individuals – Ms. Whitmore serves as Chair and Mr. Jankowski serves as CEO. Ms. Whitmore brings extensive experience in corporate leadership from her own working experience and from a number of boards on which she has served in the past, and Mr. Jankowski is expected to benefit from that experience. The Board of Directors believes this to be the most appropriate structure for the Company at this time. Under our Corporate Governance Principles, in the event that the Chair of the Board is not an Outside Director, the Board will elect a lead independent director, who will have the responsibility to schedule and prepare agendas for meetings of the Outside Directors, communicate with the CEO, disseminate information to the rest of the Board and raise issues with management on behalf of the Outside Directors when appropriate. The Board evaluates its leadership structure on an ongoing basis and may change it as circumstances warrant.

The Board of Directors does not have a stated policy regarding diversity, although pursuant to our Corporate Governance Principles, diversity is one factor that the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee considers when recommending directors for stockholder approval. The Board seeks experienced individuals for service who bring extensive experience in leadership, operations, finance, and engineering, particularly in areas directly applicable to the Company or its intended future endeavors.

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Set forth below is certain information regarding the executive officers of the Company as of the date of this Form 10-K who are not identified above as directors.

Mr. Cureton joined the Company in November 2012 as Vice President of Sales, Marketing and Business Development. Effective January 1, 2018, Mr. Cureton was named Chief Commercial Officer, and became the Company’s Chief Operating Officer in December 2019. His chemical industry experience has spanned more than twenty years, the majority of which has been in the personal care industry, including twelve years at AMCOL International Corporation, where he served as the founder and Managing Director of its skin care and dermatology technology business. Prior to AMCOL, he made significant contributions at Air Products, Borden, and other entities. Mr. Cureton holds a Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from Carnegie Mellon University and an M.B.A. from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.

The Board of Directors elects executive officers and such executive officers, subject to the terms of their employment agreements, serve at the discretion of the Board of Directors. Messrs. Jankowski and Cureton each have employment agreements with the Company. See Item 11 below. There are no family relationships among any of the directors or officers of the Company.

CODE OF ETHICS

We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (“Code of Ethics”) that applies to, among others, our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. The Code of Ethics is posted on our Internet website www.nanophase.com under the “Investor Relations” section. In the event that we make any amendment to, or grant any waiver from, a provision of the Code of Ethics that requires disclosure under applicable SEC rules, we intend to disclose such amendment or waiver on our website. 

Item 11. Executive Compensation

SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE

The following table sets forth a summary of the compensation for each of our named executive officers in U.S. dollars for the years ended December 31, 20202022 and 2019.2021.

Employment Agreements

Effective as of August 12, 2009, we entered into an employment agreement with Jess Jankowski in connection with his services as President and Chief Executive Officer. No term has been assigned to Mr. Jankowski’s employment agreement.

Pursuant to the terms of his employment agreement, Mr. Jankowski will receive an annual base salary of not less than $275,000. In addition, Mr. Jankowski will be eligible for discretionary bonuses for services to be performed as an executive officer of the Company based on performance and achieving milestones approved by our Board of Directors (the “Board”).

Mr. Jankowski will be eligible for such stock options and other equity compensation as the Board deems appropriate, subject to the provisions of the 2019 Equity Compensation Plan. Mr. Jankowski will also be entitled to the employee benefits made available by us generally to all of our other executive officers, subject to the terms and conditions of our employee benefit plan in effect from time to time.

In the event Mr. Jankowski’s employment is terminated other than for “cause” (as such term is defined in the employment agreement), Mr. Jankowski will receive a sum equal to Mr. Jankowski’s base salary in effect at the time of termination for 52 full weeks after the effective date of termination, payable in proportionate amounts on our regular pay cycle for professional employees, provided that Mr. Jankowski signs, without subsequent revocation, a separation agreement and release in a form acceptable to us. In addition, all stock options granted to Mr. Jankowski prior to termination will become fully vested and exercisable in accordance with the applicable option grant agreement and the 2019 Equity Compensation. If he is terminated for cause, or if he resigns as an employee of the Company, Mr. Jankowski will not be entitled to any severance or other benefits accruing after the term of the employment agreement and such rights will be forfeited immediately upon the end of such term.

If, within two years after the occurrence of a change in control, as defined in his employment agreement, Mr. Jankowski’s employment is terminated other than for cause, his responsibilities or annual compensation are materially reduced without his prior consent, or we cease to be publicly held (each, a “Trigger”), then, subject to Mr. Jankowski signing, without subsequently revoking, a separation agreement and release in a form acceptable to us, Mr. Jankowski will receive a sum equal to his base salary for 104 full weeks after the date the Trigger occurs. In addition, all stock options granted to Mr. Jankowski prior to the Trigger will become fully vested and exercisable in accordance with the applicable option grant agreement and the 2019 Equity Compensation Plan. 

 Effective as of November 28, 2012, we entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Kevin Cureton providing for an annual base salary of not less than $190,000. No term has been assigned to Mr. Cureton’s employment agreement. If Mr. Cureton is terminated other than for “cause” (as such term is defined in Mr. Cureton’s employment agreement), then, subject to Mr. Cureton signing, without revoking, a separation agreement and release in a form acceptable to us, Mr. Cureton will receive severance benefits in an amount equal to Mr. Cureton’s base salary for 26 weeks. In addition, all stock options granted to Mr. Cureton prior to termination will become fully vested and exercisable in connection with the applicable option grant agreement and the 2019 Equity Compensation Plan. A signing bonus of $25,000 was paid upon Mr. Cureton’s acceptance of employment.

Effective as of September 25, 2008, we entered into an employment agreement with Ms. Nancy Baldwin providing for an annual full-time base salary of not less than $150,000. No term had been assigned to Ms. Baldwin’s employment agreement. Had Ms. Baldwin been terminated other than for “cause” (as such term is defined in Ms. Baldwin’s employment agreement), Ms. Baldwin would have received severance benefits in an amount equal to Ms. Baldwin’s base salary for 26 weeks. In addition, all stock options granted to Ms. Baldwin prior to termination would have become fully vested and exercisable in connection with the applicable option grant agreement and the 2019 Equity Compensation Plan. Ms. Baldwin retired from the Company on December 31, 2019. 

OUTSTANDING EQUITY AWARDS AT FISCAL YEAR-END

The following table sets forth information regarding each unexercised option held by each of our named executive officers as of December 31, 2020.2022.

POTENTIAL PAYMENT UPON TERMINATION OR CHANGE IN CONTROL

Severance Benefits. Please see discussion of severance benefits under “Employment Agreements” above.

Change in Control. Upon a change in control, the 2019 Equity Compensation Plan provides that: (1) vesting under all outstanding stock options will automatically accelerate and each option will become fully exercisable; (2) the restrictions and conditions on all outstanding restricted shares shall immediately lapse; and (3) the holders of performance shares will receive a payment in settlement of the performance shares, in an amount determined by the Compensation Committee, based on the target payment for the performance period and the portion of the performance period that precedes the change in control. If the Company is not the surviving entity, the successor is required to assume all unexercised options.

Payments. The following table quantifies the estimated payments that would be made in each covered circumstance to the following named executive officers:

DIRECTOR COMPENSATION

Upon first being elected to the Board of Directors, each director of the Company who is not an employee or consultant of the Company (an “Outside Director”) is granted stock options to purchase shares of common stock at the closing price as of the date of issuance (the fair market value). This initial option grant to an Outside Director typically vests over three years, though may accelerate upon termination from the Board of Directors.

In 2020,2022, we paid quarterly compensation to the Chairman of the Board of Directors, for an annual total of $22,500. Two of our$24,000. Our other two Outside Directors, Ms. Beres and Dr. Siegel and Mr. Vincent, were each paid quarterly compensation for an annual total of $16,500. Our newest Outside Director, Ms. Laura Beres, was paid the prorated amount of $3,179 relating to her service for part of the fourth quarter.$18,000. This compensation was made solely for services performed by each in their capacities as directors.

During the secondfourth quarter of 2020,2022, we granted our then Outside Directors stock options totaling 50,000 shares under the 2019 Equity Plan, as follows: the Chairman of the Board of Directors received stock options to purchase 20,000 shares of our common stock, while the other two of the then Outside Directors received stock options to purchase 15,000 shares of our common stock. Upon joining the Board Directors in October 2020, Ms. Beres was granted options to receive 10,000 shares of our common stock. Our current Outside Directors had the following shares of our common stock underlying stock options (both vested and unvested) outstanding as of December 31, 2020:2022: Ms. Whitmore: 121,100131,100 shares; Ms. Beres 40,000 shares; and Dr. Siegel: 116,100 shares; Mr. Vincent: 121,850 shares; and Ms. Beres 10,000126,100 shares.

In 2005, we adopted, and our stockholders approved, the 2005 Non-Employee Director Restricted Stock Plan (the “Director Restricted Stock Plan”) which reserved 150,000 shares of our common stock to be issued to Outside Directors in the form of restricted shares. In 2005, no awards were made under the Director Restricted Stock Plan. In 2005, we also adopted the Non-Employee Director Deferred Compensation Plan (the “Director Deferred Compensation Plan”) which permits an Outside Director to defer the receipt of director fees until separation from service or the Company undergoes a change in control. We amended the Director Restricted Stock Plan in 2005 to permit an Outside Director to defer receipt of restricted stock granted under it. The deferred restricted shares are accounted for under the Director Deferred Compensation Plan and issued upon separation from service or the Company’s change in control. Under the Director Deferred Compensation Plan, the deferred fees that would have been paid in cash are deemed invested in 5-year U.S. Treasury Bonds during the deferral period. The accumulated hypothetical earnings are paid following the Outside Director’s separation from service or the Company’s change in control. The deferred fees that would have been paid as restricted shares are deemed invested in our common stock during the deferral period. The Director Deferred Compensation Plan is an unfunded, nonqualified deferred compensation arrangement. In 2009, all Outside Directors elected to defer receipts of all of the restricted shares they became entitled to under the Director Restricted Stock Plan, which was consolidated into the 2010 Equity Plan. In November 2019, the 2010 Equity Plan was consolidated in to the 2019 Equity Compensation Plan.

All Outside Directors are reimbursed for their reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in attending board and committee meetings. 

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

SECURITIES AUTHORIZED FOR ISSUANCE UNDER EQUITY COMPENSATION PLAN

The following table gives information about our common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of options and rights under our 2019 Equity Compensation Plan (the “2019 Equity Plan”) and our 2010 Equity Compensation Plan (the “2010 Equity Plan”) on December 31, 2020.2022. The 2019 Equity Plan replaced the 2010 Equity Plan.

SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF MANAGEMENT

AND PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS

The following table sets forth, as of March 26, 202129, 2023 certain information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our common stock by (1) each person known by us to own beneficially more than 5% of the outstanding shares of common stock, (2) each of our directors, (3) each of our named executive officers and (4) all of our named executive officers and directors as a group. There were 38,221,29249,505,124 shares of common stock outstanding as of March 26, 2021.29, 2023.