Securities and Exchange Commission

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20212022

Commission File No.: 001-16767

Western New England Bancorp, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

141 Elm Street, Westfield, Massachusetts 01085

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

(413) 568-1911

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☒ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☒ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes Yes☒ ☒ No ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2021,2022, was $196,173,752167,596,293. This amount was based on the closing price as of June 30, 20212022 on the NASDAQ Global Select Market (“NASDAQ”) for a share of the registrant’s common stock, which was $8.157.46 on June 30, 2021.2022.

As of March 3, 2022,2023, the registrant had 22,210,653 22,664,878shares of common stock, $0.01 per value, issued and outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:

Portions of the Proxy Statement for the 20222023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report.

WESTERN NEW ENGLAND BANCORP, INC.
ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED
DECEMBER 31, 2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

We may, from time to time, make written or oral “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements contained in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), our reports to shareholders and in other communications by us. This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains “forward-looking statements” with respect to the Company’s financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, future performance, business, measures being taken in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (“COVID-19"COVID-19”) pandemic and the impact of the COVID-19 impact on the Company’s business. Forward-looking statements may be identified by the use of such words as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “should,” “planned,” “estimated,” and “potential.” Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, estimates with respect to our financial condition, results of operations and business that are subject to various factors which could cause actual results to differ materially from these estimates. These factors include, but are not limited to:

Investors should consider these risks, uncertainties, and other factors in addition to the factors under the heading “Risk Factors” included in this filing and our other filings with the SEC.

Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, actual results may differ materially from the results discussed in these forward-looking statements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. We do not undertake any obligation to republish revised forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date hereof or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except to the extent required by law.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, all references in this prospectus to “Western New England Bancorp,” “WNEB,” “we,” “us,” “our company,” and “our” refer to Western New England Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries (including Westfield Bank, CSB Colts, Inc., Elm Street Securities Corporation, WFD Securities, Inc. and WB Real Estate Holdings, LLC).

PART I

General.

Western New England Bancorp, Inc. (“WNEB” or “Company”) (f/k/a “Westfield Financial, Inc.”) headquartered in Westfield, Massachusetts, is a Massachusetts-chartered stock holding company and is registered as a savings and loan holding company with the Federal Reserve Board under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHC Act”). In 2001, the Company reorganized from a Massachusetts-chartered savings bank holding company to a Massachusetts-chartered stock corporation with the second step conversion being completed in 2007. WNEB is the parent company and owns all of the capital stock of Westfield Bank (“Westfield” or “Bank”). The Company is also subject to the jurisdiction of the SEC and is subject to the disclosure and other regulatory requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as administered by the SEC. Western New England Bancorp is traded on the NASDAQ under the ticker symbol “WNEB” and is subject to the NASDAQ stock market rules. At December 31, 2021,2022, WNEB had consolidated total assets of $2.5$2.6 billion, total net loans of $1.8$2.0 billion, total deposits of $2.3$2.2 billion and total shareholders’ equity of $223.7$228.1 million.

Westfield Bank, headquartered in Westfield, Massachusetts, is a federally-chartered savings bank organized in 1853 and is regulated by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”). The Bank is a full-service, community oriented financial institution offering a full range of commercial and retail products and services as well as wealth management financial products. As of December 31, 2021,2022, the Bank had twenty-five branches and seventeenten freestanding automated teller machines (“ATMs”), and an additional five seasonal or temporary ATMs.. The Bank also conducts business through an additional sixfourteen freestanding and thirtythirty-one seasonal or temporary ATMs that are owned and serviced by a third party, whereby the Bank pays a rental fee and shares in the surcharge revenue. All branch and ATM locations serve Hampden County and Hampshire County in western Massachusetts and Hartford County and Tolland County in northern Connecticut. The Bank also provides a variety of banking services including telephone and online banking, remote deposit capture, cash management services, overdraft facilities, night deposit services, and safe deposit facilities. As a member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), the Bank’s deposits are insured up to the maximum FDIC insurance coverage limits. The Bank is also a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston (“FHLB”).

On October 21, 2016, the Company acquired Chicopee Bancorp, Inc. (“Chicopee”), the holding company for Chicopee Savings Bank and in conjunction with the acquisition, the name of the Company was changed to Western New England Bancorp, Inc. The transaction qualified as a tax-free reorganization for federal income tax purposes.

Subsidiary Activities.

Western New England Bancorp, Inc. has two subsidiaries that are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements:

Westfield Bank has three wholly owned subsidiaries that are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements:

Market Area.

Westfield Bank’s headquarters are located at 141 Elm Street in Westfield, Massachusetts. The Bank’s primary lending and deposit market areas include all of Hampden County and Hampshire County in western Massachusetts and Hartford and Tolland Counties in northern Connecticut. The Bank operates 25twenty-five banking offices in Agawam, Chicopee, Feeding Hills, East Longmeadow, Holyoke, Huntington, Ludlow, South Hadley, Southwick, Springfield, Ware, West Springfield and Westfield, Massachusetts and Bloomfield, Enfield, Granby and West Hartford, Connecticut. We operate full-service ATMs at our branch locations and have 17ten freestanding ATM locations in Chicopee, Holyoke, Ludlow, Southwick, Springfield, West Springfield and Westfield, Massachusetts and 5 traveling/seasonal ATMs.Massachusetts. The Bank also conducts business through an additional sixfourteen freestanding and thirtythirty-one seasonal or temporary ATMs that are owned and serviced by a third party, whereby the Bank pays a rental fee and shares in the surcharge revenue. In addition, we provide online banking services, including online deposit account opening and residential mortgage and consumer loan applications through our website at www.westfieldbank.com.

The markets served by our branches are primarily suburban markets located in western Massachusetts and in northern Connecticut. Westfield, Massachusetts, is located near the intersection of U.S. Interstates 90 (the Massachusetts Turnpike) and 91. Our middle market and commercial real estate lending team is located in Springfield, the Pioneer Valley’s primary urban market. The Pioneer Valley of western Massachusetts encompasses the sixth largest metropolitan area in New England. The Springfield Metropolitan area covers a relatively diverse area ranging from densely populated urban areas, such as Springfield, to outlying rural areas. Our Financial Services Center in West Hartford serves as our Connecticut hub, housing employees across all commercial and retail lines of business. Our markets fall within New England’s Knowledge Corridor, an interstate partnership of regional economic development, planning, business, tourism and educational institutions that work together to advance the region’s economic progress.

A diversified mix of industry groups are concentrated in western Massachusetts and northern Connecticut, including manufacturing, health care, higher education, wholesale and retail trade and service. The economies of our primary markets have benefited from the presence of large employers such as Baystate Medical Center, Big Y World Class Markets, Center for Human Development, Holyoke Medical Center, MassMutual Financial Group, Mercy Medical Center/Trinity Health of New England, Mestek, Inc., MGM Springfield, Verizon and Westover Air Reserve Base in Massachusetts, and Aetna, Inc., Air National Guard, Collins Aerospace, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford Financial Services Group, Hartford Hospital, Kaman Aerospace Corporation, Lego Systems Inc., Stanadyne LLC, and Talcott Resolution Life Insurance Company and Travelers Indemnity Company in Connecticut. Other employment and economic activity is provided by financial institutions, colleges and universities, hospitals, and a variety of wholesale and retail trade business. Our Hampden County market also enjoys a strong tourism business with attractions such as the Eastern States Exposition, which operates The Big E, the largest fair in the northeast, the Basketball Hall of Fame, MGM Springfield and Six Flags New England.

Competition.

The Bank faces significant competition to attract and retain customers within existing and neighboring geographic markets. This competition stems from national and larger regional banks, numerous local savings banks, commercial banks, cooperative banks and credit unions which have a large presence in the region. Competition for loans, deposits and cash management services, and investment advisory assets also comes from other businesses that provide financial services, including consumer finance companies, mortgage brokers and lenders, private lenders, insurance companies, securities brokerage firms, institutional mutual funds, registered investment advisors, non-bank electronic payment and funding channels, internet-based banks and other financial intermediaries.

We expect competition to increase in the future as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes and the continuing trend of consolidation in the financial services industry. Technological advances, for example, have lowered the barriers to market entry, allowed banks and other lenders to expand their geographic reach by providing services over the internet and made it possible for non-depository institutions to offer products and services that traditionally have been provided by banks. Changes in federal laws permit affiliation among banks, securities firms and insurance companies, which promotes a competitive environment in the financial services industry.

At June 30, 2021,2022, which is the most recent date for which data is available from the FDIC, we held approximately 14.0%13.7% of the deposits in Hampden County, which was the second largest market share out of the 16 banks and thrifts with offices in Hampden County.

Human CapitalCapital.

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion

We understand that our human capital is the most valuable asset we have and we are committed to fostering, cultivating and preserving a culture of diversity, equity and inclusion. The Company strives to create an intentionally inclusive, diverse and thriving workplace where each person feels valued, respected and understood as well as a respectful, productive environment where everyone is encouraged to achieve their full potential. At December 31, 2022, our employees were representative of our commitment to recruit, develop, and retain diverse individuals, wherein approximately 66% of our employees were women and 18% of our employees were ethnic minorities, veterans or persons with disabilities. We remain focused on bolstering our workforce through inclusive hiring and retention practices, which we feel reflects and better serves our communities.

Talent Management

We remain focused on being a good corporate citizenhave been successful in attracting, developing and creating a culture where we prioritize providing an exceptional customer experienceretaining qualified and empowering our employees.competent staff. The Company believes that it has had and continues to have good employee relations. Our talent management strategy ensures we leverage the talent needed, not just for today, but also for our future. Our employees are the foundation of our success and are responsible for upholding our guiding principles of integrity, trust, empathy, collaboration, strong work ethic, courage,loyalty, inclusion and a professional and positive attitude.

As of December 31, 2021,2022, the Bank employed 355337 total employees, with 298289 employed full-time and 5748 employed part-time. Employee retention helps the Company operate efficiently and effectively. Management promotes its core values through prioritizing concern for employees’ well-being, supporting employees’ career goals, offering competitive wages, and providing valuable fringe benefits. In addition, Bank employees may become stockholders of the Company through participation in its Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”) and its 401(k) retirement plan, which offers a Company stock investment option.

The CompanyThere are many factors that contribute to the success of the Company. We actively encouragesencourage and supportssupport the growth and development of itsour employees. Whenever practical, Management generally seeks to fill positions by promotion and transfer opportunities from within the organization, whenever practical.organization. Career development is advanced through ongoing mentoring and professional development programs, as well as internally and externally developed training programs,programs. In 2021, a customized corporate training engagementsCorporate Leadership Development Program was established for the Company. During 2022, fifty employees were nominated to participate in the program and successfully completed the program. In addition, the Company offers educational reimbursement programs. Reimbursement is availableprograms to employees enrolled in pre-approved degree or certification programs at accredited institutions that teach skills or knowledge relevant to the financial services industry. Each year, we also attract rising juniors and seniors from colleges and universities across our footprint who have the opportunity to be assigned a position withan internship within the Company and have the potential to be hired upon graduation.

InclusionEmployee Compensation and DiversityBenefits

Management promotes its core values through prioritizing concern for employees’ well-being, supporting employees’ career goals, offering competitive wages, and providing valuable fringe benefits. The Company strives to createmaintains a comprehensive employee benefit program providing, among other benefits, group medical, dental and vision insurance, life insurance and disability insurance, a 401(k) Safe Harbor Plan, an intentionally inclusive, diverseemployee stock ownership plan (“ESOP”), short-term and thriving workplace where each person feels valued, respectedlong-term incentive programs, paid time off including vacation days, personal days and understood as well as a respectful, productive environment where everyone is encouraged to achieve their full potential. At December 31, 2021, our employees were representative of our commitment to recruit, develop, and retain diverse individuals, wherein approximately 65% of our employees were women and 21% of our employees are either ethnic minorities, veterans or persons with disabilities. We remain focused on bolstering our workforce through inclusive hiring and retention practices, which we feel reflects and better serves our communities.paid holidays.

Workplace Health and Safety/Well-BeingSafety

The safety, health and wellness of our employees is considered a top priority. The COVID-19 pandemic has presentedOn an ongoing basis, the Company promotes the health and wellness of its employees and strives to keep the employee portion of health care premiums competitive with local competition. We communicate to our employees on a unique challenge with regardmonthly basis through email and the Company’s intranet, sharing articles and best practices on mental, emotional and physical well-being, health savings account and flexible spending account use, resources to maintaining employee safety while continuing successful operations.find cheaper prescriptions and other related topics. Our employees also have access to a platform that gives them access to interactive activities for wellness classes, stress management, mindfulness, healthy eating and health plan literacy. All employees have returned toare working in person; however, when they experience signs or symptoms of a possible COVID-19 illness, they have been asked not to come to work and test for COVID-19 as necessary. We follow the Center for Disease Control (“CDC”) guidance as to when employees may return to in-person work. On an ongoing basis, the Company promotes the health and wellness of its employees and strives to keep the employee portion of health care premiums competitive with local competition.

Lending Activities.

General. The Company’s loan portfolio totaled $2.0 billion, or 78.0% of total assets, at December 31, 2022, compared to $1.9 billion, or 73.5% of total assets, at December 31, 2021, compared to $1.9 billion, or 81.5% of total assets, at December 31, 2020.2021. The Company lends to individuals, business entities, non-profit organizations and professional practices. The Company’s primary lending focus is on the development of high quality commercial relationships achieved through active business development efforts, long-term relationships with established commercial developers, community involvement, and focused marketing strategies. Loans made to businesses, non-profits, and professional practices may include commercial mortgage loans, construction and land development loans, commercial and industrial loans, including lines of credit and letters of credit. Loans made to individuals may include conventional residential mortgage loans, home equity loans and lines, residential construction loans on owner-occupied primary and secondary residences, and secured and unsecured personal loans and lines of credit. The Company manages its loan portfolio to avoid concentration by industry, relationship size, and source of repayment to lessen its credit risk exposure.

Interest rates on loans may be fixed or variable and variable rate loans may have fixed initial periods before periodic rate adjustments begin. Individual rates offered are dependent on the associated degree of credit risk, term, underwriting and servicing costs, loan amount, and the extent of other banking relationships maintained with the borrower, and may be subject to interest rate floors. Rates are also subject to competitive pressures, the current interest rate environment, availability of funds, and government regulations.

The Company employs a seasoned commercial lending staff, with commercial lenders supporting the Company’s loan growth strategy. The Company contracts with an external loan review company to review the internal credit ratings assigned to loans in the commercial loan portfolio on a pre-determined schedule, based on the type, size, rating, and overall risk of the loan. During the course of their review, the third party examines a sample of loans, including new loans, existing relationships over certain dollar amounts and classified assets. The Company'sCompany’s internal residential origination and underwriting staff originate residential loans and are responsible for compliance with residential lending regulations, consumer protection and internal policy guidelines. The Company'sCompany’s internal compliance department monitors the residential loan origination activity for regulatory compliance.

The Executive Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) approves loan relationships exceeding certain prescribed dollar limits as outlined in the Company’s lending policy.

At December 31, 2021,2022, our general regulatory limit on loans to one borrower was $36.6$39.7 million. Our largest lending exposure was a $24.2$32.2 million commercial lending relationship, of which $19.2$21.1 million was outstanding at December 31, 2021.2022. The relationship is primarily secured by business assets and commercial real estate located in Agawam, Massachusetts. At December 31, 2021,2022, this relationship was performing in accordance with its original terms.

Commercial Real Estate Loans and Commercial and Industrial Loans.

At December 31, 2021,2022, commercial real estate loans totaled $1.1 billion, or 53.8% of total loans, compared to $980.0 million, or 52.6% of total loans, compared to $833.9 million, or 43.3% of total loans, at December 31, 2020.2021.

The Company originates commercial real estate loans throughout its market area for the purpose of acquiring, developing, and refinancing commercial real estate where the property is the primary collateral securing the loan. These loans are typically secured by a variety of commercial and industrial property types, including one-to-four and multi-family apartment buildings, office, industrial, or mixed-use facilities, or other commercial properties, and are generally guaranteed by the principals of the borrower. Commercial real estate loans generally have repayment periods of approximately fifteen to thirty years. Variable interest rate loans in the commercial real estate loan portfolio have a variety of adjustment terms and underlying interest rate indices, and are generally fixed for an initial period before periodic rate adjustments begin.

Commercial construction loans may include the development of residential housing and condominium projects, the development of commercial and industrial use property, and loans for the purchase and improvement of raw land. These loans are secured in whole or in part by underlying real estate collateral and are generally guaranteed by the principals of the borrowers. Construction lenders work to cultivate long-term relationships with established developers. The Company limits the amount of financing provided to any single developer for the construction of properties built on a speculative basis. Funds for construction projects are disbursed as pre-specified stages of construction are completed. Regular site inspections are performed, prior to advancing additional funds, at each construction phase, either by experienced construction lenders on staff or by independent outside inspection companies. Commercial construction loans generally are variable rate loans and lines with interest rates that are periodically adjusted and generally have terms of one to three years. At December 31, 20212022 and December 31, 2020,2021, there was $83.2$91.7 million and $103.3$83.2 million, respectively, in commercial construction loans included within commercial real estate loans.

At December 31, 2022, our total commercial and industrial loan portfolio totaled $219.8 million, or 11.0% of our total loans, with commercial and industrial loans totaling $217.6 million, or 10.9% of total loans, and Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans totaling $2.2 million, or 0.1% of total loans. At December 31, 2021, our total commercial and industrial loan portfolio totaled $226.7was $226.6 million, or 12.2% of our total loans, with commercial and industrial loans totaling $201.3 million, or 10.8% of total loans, and Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”)PPP loans totaling $25.3 million, or 1.4% of total loans. This compares to our total commercial and industrial loan portfolio of $379.1 million, or 19.7% of total loans, at December 31, 2020, with commercial and industrial loans totaling $211.8 million, or 11.0% of total loans, and PPP loans totaling $167.3 million, or 8.7% of total loans. Commercial and industrial loans include seasonal revolving lines of credit, working capital loans, equipment financing and term loans. Commercial and industrial credits may be unsecured loans and lines to financially strong borrowers, loans secured in whole or in part by real estate unrelated to the principal purpose of the loan or secured by inventories, equipment, or receivables, and are generally guaranteed by the principals of the borrower. Variable rate loans and lines in this portfolio have interest rates that are periodically adjusted, with loans generally having fixed initial periods. Commercial and industrial loans have average repayment periods of one to seven years. Our commercial and industrial loan portfolio does not have any significant loan concentration by type of property or borrower.

The largest concentration of commercial loans to an industry was to hotels and accommodation, which comprised approximately 6.8%6.9% of the commercial loan portfolio as of December 31, 2021.2022. At December 31, 2021,2022, our largest commercial and industrial loan relationship was $24.2$32.2 million to a hardware merchant wholesaler. The loan relationship is secured by business assets and real estate. At December 31, 2021,2022, this relationship was performing according to its original terms.

As a Preferred Lender with the Small Business Administration (“SBA”), the Company offered PPP loans through the March 27, 2020 $2.2 trillion fiscal stimulus bill known as the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) launched by the U.S. Department of Treasury (“Treasury”) and the SBA. An eligible business was able to apply for a PPP loan up to the lesser of: (1) 2.5 times its average monthly “payroll costs,” or (2) $10.0 million. PPP loans have: (a) an interest rate of 1.0%, (b) a two-year loan term to maturity, subsequently extended to a five-year loan term maturity for loans granted on or after June 5, 2020 and (c) principal and interest payments deferred from six months to ten months from the date of disbursement. The SBA will guarantee 100% of the PPP loans made to eligible borrowers. The entire principal amount of the borrower’s PPP loan, including any accrued interest, is eligible to be reduced by the loan forgiveness amount under the PPP so long as employee and compensation levels of the business are maintained and 60% of the loan proceeds are used for payroll expenses, with the remaining 40% of the loan proceeds used for other qualifying expenses. PPP loans totaled $25.3$2.3 million, or 1.4%0.1% of total loans, at December 31, 2021.2022.

Letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the financial obligation or performance of a customer to a third party. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. If the letter of credit is drawn upon, a loan is created for the customer, generally a commercial loan, with the same criteria associated with similar commercial loans.

The Company participates with other banks in the financing of certain commercial projects. Participating loans with other institutions provide banks the opportunity to retain customer relationships and reduce credit risk exposure among each participating bank, while providing customers with larger credit facilities than the individual bank might be willing or able to offer independently. In some cases, the Company may act as the lead lender, originating and servicing the loans, but participating out a portion of the funding to other banks. In other cases, the Company may participate in loans originated by other institutions. In each case, the participating bank funds a percentage of the loan commitment and takes on the related pro-rata risk. In each case in which the Company participates in a loan, the rights and obligations of each participating bank are divided proportionately among the participating banks in an amount equal to their share of ownership and with equal priority among all banks. The Company performs an independent credit analysis of each commitment and a review of the participating institution prior to participation in the loan, and an annual review of the borrower thereafter. Loans originated by other banks in which the Company is a participating institution are carried in the loan portfolio at the Company’s pro-rata share of ownership. Loans originated by other banks in which the Company is a participating institution amounted to $132.6 million at December 31, 2022 and $121.7 million at December 31, 2021 and $113.0 million at December 31, 2020.2021. The Company was servicing commercial loans originated by the Company and participated out to various other institutions totaling $63.2$70.5 million and $52.9$63.2 million at December 31, 20212022 and December 31, 2020,2021, respectively.

Residential Real Estate Loans.

At December 31, 20212022 and December 31, 2020,2021, the residential real estate loan portfolio totaled $552.3$589.5 million, or 29.6% of total loans, and $604.7$552.3 million, or 31.4%29.6%, of total loans, respectively. The Company originates and funds residential real estate loans, including first mortgages, home equity loans, and home equity lines, secured by one-to-four family residential properties primarily located in western Massachusetts and northern Connecticut. The Company processes and underwrites all of its originations internally through its Residential Loan Center located in Westfield, MA.

These residential properties may serve as the borrower’s primary residence, or as vacation homes or investment properties. Loans are originatedFirst mortgages may be underwritten in amounts up to 97% of the lesser of the appraised value or purchase price of the property.property for owner-occupied homes, 90% for second homes and 85% for investment properties. Private mortgage insurance is required on all loans with a loan-to-value ratiosratio greater than 80%. We do not grant subprime loans. In addition, financing is provided for the construction of owner-occupied primary and secondary residences. Residential mortgage loans may have terms of up to 30 years at either fixed or adjustable rates of interest. Fixed and adjustable rate residential mortgage loans are generally originated using secondary market underwriting and documentation standards. Home equity loans and lines are secured by first or second mortgages on one-to-four family owner-occupied properties. Equity loans and lines are underwritten by a maximum combined loan-to-value of 85% of the appraised value of the property. Underwriting approval is dependent on review of the borrower’s ability to repay and credit history in accordance with Westfield Bank’s policy. The overall health of the economy, including unemployment rates and housing pricing, will have an effect on the credit quality in this segment.

Depending on the current interest rate environment, management may elect to sell those fixed and adjustable rate residential mortgage loans which are eligible for sale in the secondary market, or hold some or all of this residential loan production for the Company’s portfolio. The Company may retain or sell the servicing when selling the loans. The Company is an approved seller and servicer with Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the FHLB. In order to reduce interest rate risk, during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company sold $277,000 and $59.7 million of fixed rate, low coupon residential real estate loans to the secondary market. There were no loans sold during 2020.market, respectively. At December 31, 20212022 and December 31, 2020,2021, the Company serviced $88.2$79.3 million and $38.1$88.2 million, respectively, in residential loans sold to the secondary market. The servicing rights will likely continue to be retained on all loans sold over the life of the loan. The largest owner-occupied residential real estate loan was $2.0$1.9 million and was performing according to its original terms as of December 31, 2021.2022.

Home Equity Loans.

At December 31, 20212022 and December 31, 2020,2021, home equity loans totaled $99.8$105.6 million, or 5.4%5.3% of total loans, and $103.9$99.8 million, or 5.4% of total loans, respectively. The Company originates home equity revolving loans and lines of credit for one-to-four family residential properties with maximum original loan-to-value ratios generally up to 85%. Home equity lines generally have interest rates that adjust monthly based on changes in the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate, although minimum rates may be applicable. Some home equity line rates may be fixed for a period of time and then adjusted monthly thereafter. The payment schedule for home equity lines require interest only payments for the first ten years of the lines. Generally at the end of ten years, the line may be frozen to future advances, and principal plus interest payments are collected over a fifteen-year amortization schedule or, for eligible borrowers meeting certain requirements, the line availability may be extended for an additional interest only period.schedule.

Consumer Loans.

At December 31, 20212022 and December 31, 2020,2021, consumer loans totaled $4.3$5.0 million, or 0.2%0.3%, of total loans and $5.2$4.3 million, or 0.2%, of total loans, respectively. Consumer loans are generally originated at higher interest rates than residential and commercial real estate loans, but they also generally tend to have a higher credit risk than residential real estate loans because they are usually unsecured or secured by rapidly depreciable assets. Management, however, believes that offering consumer loan products helps to expand and create stronger ties to our existing customer base by increasing the number of customer relationships and providing cross-marketing opportunities. We offer a variety of consumer loans to retail customers in the communities we serve. Examples of our consumer loans include automobile loans, spa and pool loans, collateral loans and personal lines of credit tied to deposit accounts to provide overdraft protection.

The following table presents the composition of our loan portfolio in dollar amounts and in percentages of the total portfolio at the dates indicated.

Loan Maturity and Repricing.

The following table shows the repricing dates or contractual maturity dates of our loans as of December 31, 2021.2022. The table does not reflect prepayments or scheduled principal amortization. Demand loans, loans having no stated maturity, and overdrafts are shown as due in within one year.

The following table presents, as of December 31, 2021,2022, the dollar amount of all loans contractually due or scheduled to reprice after December 31, 2022,2023, and whether such loans have fixed interest rates or adjustable interest rates.

The following table presents our loan originations, purchases and principal payments for the years indicated:

Asset Quality.

Maintaining a high level of asset quality continues to be one of the Company’s key objectives. Credit Administration reports directly to the Chief Credit Officer and is responsible for the completion of independent credit analyses for all loans above a specific threshold.

The Company’s policy requires that management continuously monitor the status of the loan portfolio and report to the Board of Directors on a monthly basis. These reports include information on concentration levels, delinquent loans, nonaccrual loans, criticized loans and foreclosed real estate, as well as our actions and plans to cure the nonaccrual status of the loans and to dispose of the foreclosed property.

The Company contracts with an external loan review company to review the internal risk ratings assigned to loans in the commercial loan portfolio on a pre-determined schedule, based on the type, size, rating, and overall risk of the loan. During the course of their review, the third party examines a sample of loans, including new loans, existing relationships over certain dollar amounts and classified assets. The findings are reported to the Chief Credit Officer and the full report is then presented to the Audit Committee.

Potential Problem Loans.

The Company performs an internal analysis of the loan portfolio in order to identify and quantify loans with higher than normal risk. Loans having a higher risk profile are assigned a risk rating corresponding to the level of weakness identified in the loan.

All loans risk rated “Special Mention (5)”, “Substandard (6)”, “Doubtful (7)” and “Loss (8)” are listed on the Company’s criticized report and are reviewed by management not less than on a quarterly basis to assess the level of risk and to ensure that appropriate actions are being taken to minimize potential loss exposure. Loans identified as containing a loss are partially charged-off or fully charged-off. In addition, the Company closely monitors the classified loans for signs of deterioration to mitigate the growth in nonaccrual loans, including performing additional due diligence, updating valuations and requiring additional financial reporting from the borrower. At December 31, 2021,2022, criticized loans, inclusive of “adversely classified loans” (defined as “Substandard,” “Doubtful” or “Loss”), totaled $64.0 million, or 3.2% of total loans, compared to $82.6 million, or 4.4% of total loans, compared to $147.1 million, or 7.6% of total loans, at December 31, 2020.2021.

The Company’s adversely classified loans (defined as "Substandard (6)", "Doubtful (7)" or "Loss (8)") totaled $31.1$42.3 million, or 1.7%2.1% of total loans, at December 31, 20212022 and $55.0$31.1 million, or 2.9%1.7%, of total loans, at December 31, 2020.2021. Adversely classified loans that were performing but possessed potential weaknesses and, as a result, could ultimately become nonperforming loans totaled $36.6 million, or 1.8% of total loans, at December 31, 2022 and $26.4 million, or 1.4% of total loans, at December 31, 2021 and $47.2 million, or 2.4% of total loans, at December 31, 2020.2021. The remaining balance of adversely classified loans were nonaccrual loans totaling $5.7 million, or 0.3% of total loans, at December 31, 2022 and $4.7 million, or 0.3% of total loans, at December 31, 2021 and $7.8 million, or 0.4% of total loans, at December 31, 2020.2021.

Total impaired loans totaled $18.4 million, or 0.9% of total loans, at December 31, 2022 and $20.5 million, or 1.1% of total loans, at December 31, 2021 and $29.1 million, or 1.5% of total loans, at December 31, 2020.2021. Total accruing impaired loans totaled $15.5$12.7 million and $21.3$15.5 million at December 31, 20212022 and December 31, 2020,2021, respectively, while nonaccrual impaired loans totaled $5.0$5.7 million and $7.8$5.0 million as of December 31, 20212022 and December 31, 2020,2021, respectively.

In management’s opinion, all impaired loan balances at December 31, 20212022 and 2020,2021, were supported by expected future cash flows or, for those collateral dependent loans, the net realizable value of the underlying collateral. Based on management’s assessment at December 31, 20212022 and December 31, 2020,2021, no impaired loans required a specific reserve. Management closely monitors these relationships for collateral or credit deterioration.

At December 31, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, nonaccrual loans totaled $5.7 million, or 0.29% of total loans, $5.0 million, or 0.27% of total loans, and $7.8 million, orand 0.41% of total loans, and $9.9 million, and 0.56% of total loans, respectively. If all nonaccrual loans had been performing in accordance with their terms, we would have earned additional interest income of $257,000, $262,000 $275,000 and $651,000$275,000 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 2020 and 2019,2020, respectively.

At December 31, 2022, 2021 2020 and 2019,2020, the Company carried no OREOother real estate owned (“OREO”) balances.

The following table presents, information regarding nonperforming commercial real estate loans, commercial and industrial term loans, residential real estate loans, consumer loans, and foreclosed real estate asfor the years indicated, an analysis of the dates indicated. All loans where the payment is 90 days or more in arrears as of the closing date of each month are placed on nonaccrual status unless theallowance for loan is well securedlosses and in the process of collection.other related data.

⁽¹⁾ Troubled debt restructurings on accrual status not included above totaled $4.1 million, $9.8 million, $1.5 million, $2.4 million and $1.8 million at December 31, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Allowance for Loan Losses.

The allowance for loan losses is an estimate of probable credit risk inherent in the loan portfolio as of the specified balance sheet dates. On a quarterly basis, management prepares an estimate of the allowance necessary to cover estimated probable credit losses. The Company maintains the allowance at a level that it deems adequate to absorb all reasonably anticipated probable losses from specifically known and other credit risks associated with the portfolio. The Company has deferred the adoption of the Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”) allowance methodology became effective for the Company as permitted by its classification asof January 1, 2023. Upon implementation, the Company elected to leverage a Smaller Reporting Company by the Securities and Exchange Commission.CECL compliant Discounted Cash Flow (“DCF”) model to calculate projected potential loan losses.

The Company maintains an allowance for loan losses to absorb losses inherent in the loan portfolio based on ongoing quarterly assessments of the estimated losses. Our methodology for assessing the appropriateness of the allowance consists of a review of the components, which includes a general allowance for non-impaired loans.

The specific valuation allowance incorporates the results of measuring impairment for specifically identified non-homogenous problem loans and, as applicable, troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”). A loan is recognized as impaired when it is probable that principal and/or interest are not collectible in accordance with the loan’s contractual terms. Impairment is measured on a loan-by-loan basis for commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans by either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. An allowance is established when the discounted cash flows (or collateral value) of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. Once an impairment has been determined, the Company recognizes the charge-off.

The general allowance is calculated by applying loss factors to outstanding loans by loan type, excluding loans determined to be impaired. As part of this analysis, each quarter we prepare an allowance for loan losses worksheet which categorizes the loan portfolio by risk characteristics such as loan type and loan grade. The general allowance is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant change. There are a number of factors that are considered when evaluating the appropriate level of the allowance. These factors include current economic and business conditions that affect our key lending areas, collateral values, loan volumes and concentrations, credit quality trends such as nonperforming loans, delinquency and loan losses, and specific industry concentrations within the portfolio segments that may impact the collectability of the loan portfolio. In 2020, the Bank added a new qualitative factor category to the allowance calculation – “Economic Impact of COVID-19” based upon an analysis of the loan portfolio that included identifying borrowers sensitive to the shutdown. During the year ended December 31, 2020,2021, the Company significantly increasedqualitative adjustment factors related to the general allowanceCOVID-19 pandemic and the uncertainty in the economic environment were reduced as a resultManagement continued to assess the exposure of the Company’s loan portfolio to the COVID-19 pandemic.pandemic related factors, economic trends and their potential effect on asset quality. For information on our methodology for assessing the appropriateness of the allowance for loan losses please see Footnote 1 – “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of our notes to consolidated financial statements.

The allowance for loan losses is established through a provision for loan losses, which is a direct charge to earnings. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes that the collectability of the loan principal is unlikely. Recoveries on loans previously charged-off are credited to the allowance for loan losses.

In making its assessment on the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses, management considers several quantitative and qualitative factors that could have an effect on the credit quality of the portfolio. Management closely monitors the credit quality of individual delinquent and nonperforming relationships, the levels of impaired and adversely classified loans, net charge-offs, the growth and composition of the loan portfolio, expansion in geographic market area, and any material changes in underwriting criteria, and the strength of the local and national economy, among other factors.

The level of delinquent and nonperforming assets is largely a function of economic conditions and the overall banking environment and the individual business circumstances of borrowers. Despite prudent loan underwriting, adverse changes within the Company’s market area, or deterioration in local, regional or national economic conditions, could negatively impact management'smanagement’s estimate of probable credit losses.

Management continues to closely monitor the necessary allowance levels, including specific reserves. The allowance for loan losses to total loans ratio was 1.00% at December 31, 2022 compared to 1.06% at December 31, 2021 compared to 1.10% at December 31, 2020.2021. The allowance for loan losses to total loans ratio, excluding PPP loans, was 1.08%1.00% and 1.20%1.08%, at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The allowance for loan losses to nonperforming loans ratio was 350.0% and 2020,398.6%, at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Based on the foregoing, as well as management'smanagement’s judgment as to the existing credit risks inherent in the loan portfolio, management believes that the Company'sCompany’s allowance for loan losses is adequate to absorb probable losses from specifically known and other probable credit risks associated with the portfolio as of December 31, 2021.2022.

The following table presents the activity in our allowance for loan losses and other ratios at or for the dates indicated.

A summary of the components of the allowance for loan losses is as follows: